{"0":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":1,"title":"Louisiana schools won\u2019t display Ten Commandments before November as lawsuit plays out","sub-title":"Louisiana has agreed to delay implementing a requirement that the Ten Commandments be placed in all of the state\u2019s public school classrooms, at least until November.","author":"Kevin McGill","source":"Associated Press","issue":"7\/19\/24","section":"Education","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/search?q=Louisiana+schools+won%E2%80%99t+display+Ten+Commandments+before+November+as+lawsuit+plays+out#nt=navsearch","article":"Louisiana won\u2019t take official steps to implement a law requiring the Ten Commandments be placed in all of the state\u2019s public school classrooms until at least November as a lawsuit makes its way through the courts, according to an agreement approved by a federal judge Friday.\n\nThe suit was filed in June by parents of Louisiana public school children with various religious backgrounds, who said the law violates First Amendment language forbidding government establishment of religion and guaranteeing religious liberty. Backers of the law argue that the Ten Commandments belong in classrooms because the commandments are historical and are part of the foundation of U.S. law.\n\nThe Louisiana law requires the commandments be posted no later than Jan. 1, a deadline unaffected by Friday\u2019s agreement. The deal assures that the defendants in the lawsuit \u2014 state education officials and several local school boards \u2014 will not post the commandments in classrooms before Nov. 15, and won\u2019t make rules governing the law\u2019s implementation before then.\n\nLester Duhe, a spokesman for Louisiana Attorney General Liz Murrill, said the defendants \u201cagreed to not take public-facing compliance measures until November 15\u201d to provide time for briefs, arguments and a ruling.\n\nIn 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a similar Kentucky law violated the establishment clause of the U.S. Constitution, which says Congress can \u201cmake no law respecting an establishment of religion.\u201d The high court found that the law had no secular purpose but rather served a plainly religious purpose.\n\nIn 2005, the Supreme Court held that such displays in a pair of Kentucky courthouses violated the Constitution. At the same time, the court upheld a Ten Commandments marker on the grounds of the Texas state Capitol in Austin.\n\nLouisiana\u2019s new law does not require school systems to spend public money on Ten Commandments posters. It allows the systems to accept donated posters or money to pay for the displays.\n\nThe law also specifically authorizes but does not require other postings in public schools, including: The Mayflower Compact, which was signed by religious pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 and is often referred to as America\u2019s \u201cFirst Constitution\u201d; the Declaration of Independence; and the Northwest Ordinance, which established a government in the Northwest Territory \u2014 in the present day Midwest \u2014 and created a pathway for admitting new states to the Union.\n\nThe legal challenge to the law came soon after it was signed by Republican Gov. Jeff Landry, a Republican who succeeded two-term Democratic Gov. John Bel Edwards in January. Landry\u2019s inauguration marked a full takeover of state government by the GOP in a Bible Belt state where the party already held other every statewide elected position and a supermajority in the Legislature. ","id":1,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Louisiana won\u2019t take official steps to implement a law requiring the Ten Commandments be placed in all of the state\u2019s public school classrooms until at least November as a lawsuit makes its way through the courts, according to an agreement approved by a federal judge Friday.\\n\\nThe suit was filed in June by parents of Louisiana public school children with various religious backgrounds, who said the law violates First Amendment language forbidding government establishment of religion and guaranteeing religious liberty. Backers of the law argue that the Ten Commandments belong in classrooms because the commandments are historical and are part of the foundation of U.S. law.\\n\\nThe Louisiana law requires the commandments be posted no later than Jan. 1, a deadline unaffected by Friday\u2019s agreement. The deal assures that the defendants in the lawsuit \u2014 state education officials and several local school boards \u2014 will not post the commandments in classrooms before Nov. 15, and won\u2019t make rules governing the law\u2019s implementation before then.\\n\\nLester Duhe, a spokesman for Louisiana Attorney General Liz Murrill, said the defendants \u201cagreed to not take public-facing compliance measures until November 15\u201d to provide time for briefs, arguments and a ruling.\\n\\nIn 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a similar Kentucky law violated the establishment clause of the U.S. Constitution, which says Congress can \u201cmake no law respecting an establishment of religion.\u201d The high court found that the law had no secular purpose but rather served a plainly religious purpose.\\n\\nIn 2005, the Supreme Court held that such displays in a pair of Kentucky courthouses violated the Constitution. At the same time, the court upheld a Ten Commandments marker on the grounds of the Texas state Capitol in Austin.\\n\\nLouisiana\u2019s new law does not require school systems to spend public money on Ten Commandments posters. It allows the systems to accept donated posters or money to pay for the displays.\\n\\nThe law also specifically authorizes but does not require other postings in public schools, including: The Mayflower Compact, which was signed by religious pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 and is often referred to as America\u2019s \u201cFirst Constitution\u201d; the Declaration of Independence; and the Northwest Ordinance, which established a government in the Northwest Territory \u2014 in the present day Midwest \u2014 and created a pathway for admitting new states to the Union.\\n\\nThe legal challenge to the law came soon after it was signed by Republican Gov. Jeff Landry, a Republican who succeeded two-term Democratic Gov. John Bel Edwards in January. Landry\u2019s inauguration marked a full takeover of state government by the GOP in a Bible Belt state where the party already held other every statewide elected position and a supermajority in the Legislature. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.2576580047607422e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Louisiana won\u2019t take official steps to implement a law requiring the Ten Commandments be placed in all of the state\u2019s public school classrooms until at least November as a lawsuit makes its way through the courts, according to an agreement approved by a federal judge Friday.\\n\\nThe suit was filed in June by parents of Louisiana public school children with various religious backgrounds, who said the law violates First Amendment language forbidding government establishment of religion and guaranteeing religious liberty. Backers of the law argue that the Ten Commandments belong in classrooms because the commandments are historical and are part of the foundation of U.S. law.\\n\\nThe Louisiana law requires the commandments be posted no later than Jan. 1, a deadline unaffected by Friday\u2019s agreement. The deal assures that the defendants in the lawsuit \u2014 state education officials and several local school boards \u2014 will not post the commandments in classrooms before Nov. 15, and won\u2019t make rules governing the law\u2019s implementation before then.\\n\\nLester Duhe, a spokesman for Louisiana Attorney General Liz Murrill, said the defendants \u201cagreed to not take public-facing compliance measures until November 15\u201d to provide time for briefs, arguments and a ruling.\\n\\nIn 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a similar Kentucky law violated the establishment clause of the U.S. Constitution, which says Congress can \u201cmake no law respecting an establishment of religion.\u201d The high court found that the law had no secular purpose but rather served a plainly religious purpose.\\n\\nIn 2005, the Supreme Court held that such displays in a pair of Kentucky courthouses violated the Constitution. At the same time, the court upheld a Ten Commandments marker on the grounds of the Texas state Capitol in Austin.\\n\\nLouisiana\u2019s new law does not require school systems to spend public money on Ten Commandments posters. It allows the systems to accept donated posters or money to pay for the displays.\\n\\nThe law also specifically authorizes but does not require other postings in public schools, including: The Mayflower Compact, which was signed by religious pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 and is often referred to as America\u2019s \u201cFirst Constitution\u201d; the Declaration of Independence; and the Northwest Ordinance, which established a government in the Northwest Territory \u2014 in the present day Midwest \u2014 and created a pathway for admitting new states to the Union.\\n\\nThe legal challenge to the law came soon after it was signed by Republican Gov. Jeff Landry, a Republican who succeeded two-term Democratic Gov. John Bel Edwards in January. Landry\u2019s inauguration marked a full takeover of state government by the GOP in a Bible Belt state where the party already held other every statewide elected position and a supermajority in the Legislature. ', 'ai_likelihood': 6.735324859619141e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '36974e56-9957-4fb7-8c3d-62c29d9adbd0', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 8.94583536137361e-06, 'sentence': \"Louisiana won't take official steps to implement a law requiring the Ten Commandments be placed in all of the state's public school classrooms until at least November as a lawsuit makes its way through the courts, according to an agreement approved by a federal judge Friday.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.1305618500045966e-05, 'sentence': 'The suit was filed in June by parents of Louisiana public school children with various religious backgrounds, who said the law violates First Amendment language forbidding government establishment of religion and guaranteeing religious liberty.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.376963134855032e-06, 'sentence': 'Backers of the law argue that the Ten Commandments belong in classrooms because the commandments are historical and are part of the foundation of U.S. law.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.665419954922982e-06, 'sentence': \"The Louisiana law requires the commandments be posted no later than Jan. 1, a deadline unaffected by Friday's agreement.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.88017711986322e-06, 'sentence': \"The deal assures that the defendants in the lawsuit \u1173 state education officials and several local school boards \u1173 will not post the commandments in classrooms before Nov. 15, and won't make rules governing the law's implementation before then.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.026211955642793e-06, 'sentence': 'Lester Duhe, a spokesman for Louisiana Attorney General Liz Murrill, said the defendants \u201cagreed to not take public-facing compliance measures until November 15\u201d to provide time for briefs, arguments and a ruling.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.2428846275724936e-05, 'sentence': 'In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a similar Kentucky law violated the establishment clause of the U.S. Constitution, which says Congress can \u201cmake no law respecting an establishment of religion.\u201d The high court found that the law had no secular purpose but rather served a plainly religious purpose.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010378417558968067, 'sentence': 'In 2005, the Supreme Court held that such displays in a pair of Kentucky courthouses violated the Constitution.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007171613164246082, 'sentence': 'At the same time, the court upheld a Ten Commandments marker on the grounds of the Texas state Capitol in Austin.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.005966783035546541, 'sentence': \"Louisiana's new law does not require school systems to spend public money on Ten Commandments posters.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0077964928932487965, 'sentence': 'It allows the systems to accept donated posters or money to pay for the displays.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.005481452215462923, 'sentence': \"The law also specifically authorizes but does not require other postings in public schools, including: The Mayflower Compact, which was signed by religious pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 and is often referred to as America's \u201cFirst Constitution\u201d; the Declaration of Independence; and the Northwest Ordinance, which established a government in the Northwest Territory \u1173 in the present day Midwest \u1173 and created a pathway for admitting new states to the Union.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00782050471752882, 'sentence': 'The legal challenge to the law came soon after it was signed by Republican Gov.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.005613786168396473, 'sentence': 'Jeff Landry, a Republican who succeeded two-term Democratic Gov.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010041311383247375, 'sentence': 'John Bel Edwards in January.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007005711086094379, 'sentence': \"Landry's inauguration marked a full takeover of state government by the GOP in a Bible Belt state where the party already held other every statewide elected position and a supermajority in the Legislature.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 12, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.009998674697021016, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.990001325302979, 'ai': 0.009998674697021016, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.990001325302979, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.009998674697021016, 'human': 0.990001325302979, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Louisiana won\u2019t take official steps to implement a law requiring the Ten Commandments be placed in all of the state\u2019s public school classrooms until at least November as a lawsuit makes its way through the courts, according to an agreement approved by a federal judge Friday.\\n\\nThe suit was filed in June by parents of Louisiana public school children with various religious backgrounds, who said the law violates First Amendment language forbidding government establishment of religion and guaranteeing religious liberty. Backers of the law argue that the Ten Commandments belong in classrooms because the commandments are historical and are part of the foundation of U.S. law.\\n\\nThe Louisiana law requires the commandments be posted no later than Jan. 1, a deadline unaffected by Friday\u2019s agreement. The deal assures that the defendants in the lawsuit \u2014 state education officials and several local school boards \u2014 will not post the commandments in classrooms before Nov. 15, and won\u2019t make rules governing the law\u2019s implementation before then.\\n\\nLester Duhe, a spokesman for Louisiana Attorney General Liz Murrill, said the defendants \u201cagreed to not take public-facing compliance measures until November 15\u201d to provide time for briefs, arguments and a ruling.\\n\\nIn 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a similar Kentucky law violated the establishment clause of the U.S. Constitution, which says Congress can \u201cmake no law respecting an establishment of religion.\u201d The high court found that the law had no secular purpose but rather served a plainly religious purpose.\\n\\nIn 2005, the Supreme Court held that such displays in a pair of Kentucky courthouses violated the Constitution. At the same time, the court upheld a Ten Commandments marker on the grounds of the Texas state Capitol in Austin.\\n\\nLouisiana\u2019s new law does not require school systems to spend public money on Ten Commandments posters. It allows the systems to accept donated posters or money to pay for the displays.\\n\\nThe law also specifically authorizes but does not require other postings in public schools, including: The Mayflower Compact, which was signed by religious pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 and is often referred to as America\u2019s \u201cFirst Constitution\u201d; the Declaration of Independence; and the Northwest Ordinance, which established a government in the Northwest Territory \u2014 in the present day Midwest \u2014 and created a pathway for admitting new states to the Union.\\n\\nThe legal challenge to the law came soon after it was signed by Republican Gov. Jeff Landry, a Republican who succeeded two-term Democratic Gov. John Bel Edwards in January. Landry\u2019s inauguration marked a full takeover of state government by the GOP in a Bible Belt state where the party already held other every statewide elected position and a supermajority in the Legislature. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.539955914,"RADAR":0.0092169307,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article overall is very factual and looks quite well-researched. It reads like a standard news story, which makes me lean towards it being human-generated. There are no clear AI markers, and there seems to be some subtle bias against the laws being passed, which would be indicative of a human writer. The quotes being short snippets also makes me think they're real, as the writer had to find a way to fit them into the text, rather than them just perfectly stating either side's views. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I don't see any of the typical words used by AI. Also, the sentences are longer and more complex than AI-generated ones usually are. The concluding sentence doesn't sum up the previous paragraphs, which is what AI usually does."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Some of the phrasing sounds slightly awkward (highlighted), and there're places where the punctuation is off. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article appears human-written. While many of the sentences are long, they're packed with information, using proper nouns and various punctuation markers to organize it. Dashes, commas, colons, and quotation markers are used, such as \"Northwest Territory \u2014 in the present day Midwest \u2014 and created a pathway\" and he defendants \u201cagreed to not take public-facing compliance measures until November 15\u201d\". Alongside that, the article presents its information in a professional, neutral tone, and writes information in a way that, while could be shortened or rewritten, feels appropriate for the context, such as with \"grounds of the Texas state Capitol in Austin\", which could be rewritten as \"in Austin, TX, the state Capitol.\" So, I am highly confident it is human-generated. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Although the author tries to report only facts, the final sentence clearly signals criticism of the new law, a subtlety that I doubt AI could manage. The first and last sentences are too complex to have been produced by AI."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"1":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":2,"title":"When the first warm-blooded dinosaurs roamed Earth","sub-title":"A new study suggests that the first warm-blooded dinosaurs may have roamed Earth about 180 million years ago.","author":"Adithi Ramakrishnan","source":"Associated Press","issue":"5\/15\/24","section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/warm-blooded-dinosaur-jurassic-fossil-68d21d8778440825ed8dccfd8efb5186","article":"Scientists once thought of dinosaurs as sluggish, cold-blooded creatures. Then research suggested that some could control their body temperature, but when and how that shift came about remained a mystery.\n\nNow, a new study estimates that the first warm-blooded dinosaurs may have roamed the Earth about 180 million years ago, about halfway through the creatures\u2019 time on the planet.\n\nWarm-blooded creatures \u2014 including birds, who are descended from dinosaurs, and humans \u2014 keep their body temperature constant whether the world around them runs cold or hot. Cold-blooded animals, including reptiles like snakes and lizards, depend on outside sources to control their temperature: For example, basking in the sun to warm up.\n\nKnowing when dinosaurs evolved their stable internal thermometer could help scientists answer other questions about how they lived, including how active and social they were.\n\nTo estimate the origin of the first warm-blooded dinosaurs, researchers analyzed over 1,000 fossils, climate models and dinosaurs\u2019 family trees. They found that two major groups of dinosaurs \u2014 which include Tyrannosaurus rex, velociraptors and relatives of triceratops \u2014 migrated to chillier areas during the Early Jurassic period, indicating they may have developed the ability to stay warm. A third crop of dinosaurs, which includes brontosaurs, stuck to warmer areas.\n\n\u201cIf something is capable of living in the Arctic, or very cold regions, it must have some way of heating up,\u201d said Alfio Allesandro Chiarenza, a study author and a postdoctoral fellow at University College London.\n\nThe research was published Wednesday in the journal Current Biology.\n\nJasmina Wiemann, a postdoctoral fellow at the Field Museum in Chicago, said a dinosaur\u2019s location is not the only way to determine whether it is warm-blooded. Research by Wiemann, who was not involved with the latest study, suggests that warm-blooded dinosaurs may have evolved closer to the beginning of their time on Earth, around 250 million years ago.\nShe said compiling clues from multiple aspects of dinosaurs\u2019 lives \u2014 including their body temperatures and diets \u2014 may help scientists paint a clearer picture of when they evolved to be warm-blooded. ","id":3,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Scientists once thought of dinosaurs as sluggish, cold-blooded creatures. Then research suggested that some could control their body temperature, but when and how that shift came about remained a mystery.\\n\\nNow, a new study estimates that the first warm-blooded dinosaurs may have roamed the Earth about 180 million years ago, about halfway through the creatures\u2019 time on the planet.\\n\\nWarm-blooded creatures \u2014 including birds, who are descended from dinosaurs, and humans \u2014 keep their body temperature constant whether the world around them runs cold or hot. Cold-blooded animals, including reptiles like snakes and lizards, depend on outside sources to control their temperature: For example, basking in the sun to warm up.\\n\\nKnowing when dinosaurs evolved their stable internal thermometer could help scientists answer other questions about how they lived, including how active and social they were.\\n\\nTo estimate the origin of the first warm-blooded dinosaurs, researchers analyzed over 1,000 fossils, climate models and dinosaurs\u2019 family trees. They found that two major groups of dinosaurs \u2014 which include Tyrannosaurus rex, velociraptors and relatives of triceratops \u2014 migrated to chillier areas during the Early Jurassic period, indicating they may have developed the ability to stay warm. A third crop of dinosaurs, which includes brontosaurs, stuck to warmer areas.\\n\\n\u201cIf something is capable of living in the Arctic, or very cold regions, it must have some way of heating up,\u201d said Alfio Allesandro Chiarenza, a study author and a postdoctoral fellow at University College London.\\n\\nThe research was published Wednesday in the journal Current Biology.\\n\\nJasmina Wiemann, a postdoctoral fellow at the Field Museum in Chicago, said a dinosaur\u2019s location is not the only way to determine whether it is warm-blooded. Research by Wiemann, who was not involved with the latest study, suggests that warm-blooded dinosaurs may have evolved closer to the beginning of their time on Earth, around 250 million years ago.\\nShe said compiling clues from multiple aspects of dinosaurs\u2019 lives \u2014 including their body temperatures and diets \u2014 may help scientists paint a clearer picture of when they evolved to be warm-blooded. ', 'ai_likelihood': 9.369850158691406e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Scientists once thought of dinosaurs as sluggish, cold-blooded creatures. Then research suggested that some could control their body temperature, but when and how that shift came about remained a mystery.\\n\\nNow, a new study estimates that the first warm-blooded dinosaurs may have roamed the Earth about 180 million years ago, about halfway through the creatures\u2019 time on the planet.\\n\\nWarm-blooded creatures \u2014 including birds, who are descended from dinosaurs, and humans \u2014 keep their body temperature constant whether the world around them runs cold or hot. Cold-blooded animals, including reptiles like snakes and lizards, depend on outside sources to control their temperature: For example, basking in the sun to warm up.\\n\\nKnowing when dinosaurs evolved their stable internal thermometer could help scientists answer other questions about how they lived, including how active and social they were.\\n\\nTo estimate the origin of the first warm-blooded dinosaurs, researchers analyzed over 1,000 fossils, climate models and dinosaurs\u2019 family trees. They found that two major groups of dinosaurs \u2014 which include Tyrannosaurus rex, velociraptors and relatives of triceratops \u2014 migrated to chillier areas during the Early Jurassic period, indicating they may have developed the ability to stay warm. A third crop of dinosaurs, which includes brontosaurs, stuck to warmer areas.\\n\\n\u201cIf something is capable of living in the Arctic, or very cold regions, it must have some way of heating up,\u201d said Alfio Allesandro Chiarenza, a study author and a postdoctoral fellow at University College London.\\n\\nThe research was published Wednesday in the journal Current Biology.\\n\\nJasmina Wiemann, a postdoctoral fellow at the Field Museum in Chicago, said a dinosaur\u2019s location is not the only way to determine whether it is warm-blooded. Research by Wiemann, who was not involved with the latest study, suggests that warm-blooded dinosaurs may have evolved closer to the beginning of their time on Earth, around 250 million years ago.\\nShe said compiling clues from multiple aspects of dinosaurs\u2019 lives \u2014 including their body temperatures and diets \u2014 may help scientists paint a clearer picture of when they evolved to be warm-blooded. ', 'ai_likelihood': 4.649162292480469e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '6c621578-cf70-40a7-92f7-af5f8b435cf9', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0001645159354666248, 'sentence': 'Scientists once thought of dinosaurs as sluggish, cold-blooded creatures.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014362347428686917, 'sentence': 'Then research suggested that some could control their body temperature, but when and how that shift came about remained a mystery.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012866363977082074, 'sentence': \"Now, a new study estimates that the first warm-blooded dinosaurs may have roamed the Earth about 180 million years ago, about halfway through the creatures' time on the planet.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.578272874932736e-05, 'sentence': 'Warm-blooded creatures \u1173 including birds, who are descended from dinosaurs, and humans \u1173 keep their body temperature constant whether the world around them runs cold or hot.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010273185034748167, 'sentence': 'Cold-blooded animals, including reptiles like snakes and lizards, depend on outside sources to control their temperature: For example, basking in the sun to warm up.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.243582851719111e-05, 'sentence': 'Knowing when dinosaurs evolved their stable internal thermometer could help scientists answer other questions about how they lived, including how active and social they were.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011417439964134246, 'sentence': \"To estimate the origin of the first warm-blooded dinosaurs, researchers analyzed over 1,000 fossils, climate models and dinosaurs' family trees.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011884728883160278, 'sentence': 'They found that two major groups of dinosaurs \u1173 which include Tyrannosaurus rex, velociraptors and relatives of triceratops \u1173 migrated to chillier areas during the Early Jurassic period, indicating they may have developed the ability to stay warm.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.890554792946205e-05, 'sentence': 'A third crop of dinosaurs, which includes brontosaurs, stuck to warmer areas.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014774098235648125, 'sentence': '\u201cIf something is capable of living in the Arctic, or very cold regions, it must have some way of heating up,\u201d said Alfio Allesandro Chiarenza, a study author and a postdoctoral fellow at University College London.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021179708710405976, 'sentence': 'The research was published Wednesday in the journal Current Biology.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019772123778238893, 'sentence': \"Jasmina Wiemann, a postdoctoral fellow at the Field Museum in Chicago, said a dinosaur's location is not the only way to determine whether it is warm-blooded.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00022981911024544388, 'sentence': 'Research by Wiemann, who was not involved with the latest study, suggests that warm-blooded dinosaurs may have evolved closer to the beginning of their time on Earth, around 250 million years ago.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00024980129092000425, 'sentence': \"She said compiling clues from multiple aspects of dinosaurs' lives \u1173 including their body temperatures and diets \u1173 may help scientists paint a clearer picture of when they evolved to be warm-blooded.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.005094666659406877, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.994866846888669, 'ai': 0.005094666659406877, 'mixed': 3.8486451924161746e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.994866846888669, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.005094666659406877, 'human': 0.994866846888669, 'mixed': 3.8486451924161746e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Scientists once thought of dinosaurs as sluggish, cold-blooded creatures. Then research suggested that some could control their body temperature, but when and how that shift came about remained a mystery.\\n\\nNow, a new study estimates that the first warm-blooded dinosaurs may have roamed the Earth about 180 million years ago, about halfway through the creatures\u2019 time on the planet.\\n\\nWarm-blooded creatures \u2014 including birds, who are descended from dinosaurs, and humans \u2014 keep their body temperature constant whether the world around them runs cold or hot. Cold-blooded animals, including reptiles like snakes and lizards, depend on outside sources to control their temperature: For example, basking in the sun to warm up.\\n\\nKnowing when dinosaurs evolved their stable internal thermometer could help scientists answer other questions about how they lived, including how active and social they were.\\n\\nTo estimate the origin of the first warm-blooded dinosaurs, researchers analyzed over 1,000 fossils, climate models and dinosaurs\u2019 family trees. They found that two major groups of dinosaurs \u2014 which include Tyrannosaurus rex, velociraptors and relatives of triceratops \u2014 migrated to chillier areas during the Early Jurassic period, indicating they may have developed the ability to stay warm. A third crop of dinosaurs, which includes brontosaurs, stuck to warmer areas.\\n\\n\u201cIf something is capable of living in the Arctic, or very cold regions, it must have some way of heating up,\u201d said Alfio Allesandro Chiarenza, a study author and a postdoctoral fellow at University College London.\\n\\nThe research was published Wednesday in the journal Current Biology.\\n\\nJasmina Wiemann, a postdoctoral fellow at the Field Museum in Chicago, said a dinosaur\u2019s location is not the only way to determine whether it is warm-blooded. Research by Wiemann, who was not involved with the latest study, suggests that warm-blooded dinosaurs may have evolved closer to the beginning of their time on Earth, around 250 million years ago.\\nShe said compiling clues from multiple aspects of dinosaurs\u2019 lives \u2014 including their body temperatures and diets \u2014 may help scientists paint a clearer picture of when they evolved to be warm-blooded. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.0602952093,"RADAR":0.0148708969,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article quotes two postdoctoral researchers, neither of whom it refers to as Doctor X. Unlike the previous article on this same subject that had a vague and dubious-sounding reason for why they think dinosaurs might be warm-blooded, this one had a well-reasoned argument. The conclusion is also quite human-sounding as rather than trying to give the reader hope and inspiration, it simply provides a direction that the research could continue in. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"There are several words used in the text that AI doesn't normally use. The conclusion is different from how AI ends an article (by summing up everything said previously)."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: repetition of 'about'. Sentence structure. Use of a spaced en dash rather than an em dash. Phrasing like 'runs cold or hot'. Grammatical errors, for e.g. using 'who' for birds instead of 'which'. No Oxford comma. Use of the word 'crop'. Missing punctuation marks. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am quite confident this is human-written. The sentences throughout the article have facts that get to the point of the article, avoiding any of the usual embellishments and summarizing I see common with AI. It provides visual descriptors for the context of the article with quotes such as \"migrated to chillier areas during the Early Jurassic period\", and \"depend on outside sources to control their temperature: For example, basking in the sun to warm up.\" and uses punctuations such as colons and dashes to control how the information is paced and presented. Some sentences are even left in their own section, such as \"The research was published Wednesday in the journal Current Biology.\", hanging loosely, but allow time for the reader to absorb the information. It keeps its facts clear and concise, and it's reading comprehension simple to understand. So, it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Easy to verify the study cited (Alfio Allesandro Chiarenza in the journal mentioned)\u2014unlike the citations AI seemed to have dreamt up when it discussed the same topic. Ditto for Jasmina Wiemann (a bit of plagiarism but verifiable all the same).  The author uses too many dashes but that is a human habit not attributable to AI."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"2":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":3,"title":"Parents will have to set aside some earnings for child influencers under new California laws","sub-title":"Parents and guardians who profit from social media posts featuring their children will soon be required to set aside some earnings for the starlets.","author":"Tran Nguyen","source":"Associated Press","issue":"9\/26\/24","section":"U.S. News","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/child-vloggers-social-media-influencers-financial-abuse-0c4c95e4353b95aeee0c2db8bf06236e","article":"Parents in California who profit from social media posts featuring their children will be required to set aside some earnings for their minor influencers under a pair of measures signed Thursday by Gov. Gavin Newsom.\n\nCalifornia led the nation nearly 80 years ago in setting ground rules to protect child performers from financial abuse, but those regulations needed updating, Newsom said. The existing law covers children working in movies and TV but doesn\u2019t extend to minors making their names on platforms such as TikTok and Instagram.\n\nFamily-style vlogs, where influencers share details of their daily lives with countless strangers on the internet, have become a popular and lucrative way to earn money for many.\n\nBesides coordinated dances and funny toddler comments, family vlogs nowadays may share intimate details of their children\u2019s lives \u2014 grades, potty training, illnesses, misbehaviors, first periods \u2014 for strangers to view. Brand deals featuring the internet\u2019s darlings can reap tens of thousands of dollars per video, but there have been minimal regulations for the \u201csharenthood\u201d industry, which experts say can cause serious harm to children.\n\n\u201cA lot has changed since Hollywood\u2019s early days, but here in California, our laser focus on protecting kids from exploitation remains the same,\u201d he said in a statement. \u201cIn old Hollywood, child actors were exploited. In 2024, it\u2019s now child influencers. Today, that modern exploitation ends through two new laws to protect young influencers on TikTok, Instagram, YouTube, and other social media platforms.\u201d\n\nThe California laws protecting child social media influencers follow the first-in-the-nation legislation in Illinois that took effect this July. The California measures apply to all children under 18, while the Illinois law covers those under 16.\n\nThe California measures, which received overwhelming bipartisan support, require parents and guardians who monetize their children\u2019s online presence to establish a trust for the starlets. Parents will have to keep records of how many minutes the children appear in their online content and how much money they earn from those posts, among other things.\n\nThe laws entitle child influencers to a percentage of earnings based on how often they appear on video blogs or online content that generates at least 10 cents per view. The children could sue their parents for failing to do so.\n\nChildren employed as content creators on platforms such as YouTube will also have at least 15% of their earnings deposited in a trust for when they turn 18. An existing state law has provided such protection to child actors since 1939 after a silent film-era child actor Jackie Coogan sued his parents for squandering his earnings.\n\n<b>The new laws will take effect next year.<\/b>\n\nThe laws have the support from The Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, or, SAG-AFTRA, and singer Demi Lovato, a former child star who has spoken publicly about child performers abuse.\n\n\u201cIn order to build a better future for the next generation of child stars, we need to put protections in place for minors working in the digital space,\u201d Lovato said in a statement. \u201cI\u2019m grateful to Governor Newsom for taking action with this update to the Coogan Law that will ensure children featured on social media are granted agency when they come of age and are properly compensated for the use of their name and likeness.\u201d\n\nThe new laws protecting child influencers are part of ongoing efforts by Newsom to address the mental health impacts of social media on children. Newsom earlier this month also signed a bill to curb student phone access at schools and ban social media platforms from knowingly providing addictive feeds to children without parental consent. \n","id":5,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Parents in California who profit from social media posts featuring their children will be required to set aside some earnings for their minor influencers under a pair of measures signed Thursday by Gov. Gavin Newsom.\\n\\nCalifornia led the nation nearly 80 years ago in setting ground rules to protect child performers from financial abuse, but those regulations needed updating, Newsom said. The existing law covers children working in movies and TV but doesn\u2019t extend to minors making their names on platforms such as TikTok and Instagram.\\n\\nFamily-style vlogs, where influencers share details of their daily lives with countless strangers on the internet, have become a popular and lucrative way to earn money for many.\\n\\nBesides coordinated dances and funny toddler comments, family vlogs nowadays may share intimate details of their children\u2019s lives \u2014 grades, potty training, illnesses, misbehaviors, first periods \u2014 for strangers to view. Brand deals featuring the internet\u2019s darlings can reap tens of thousands of dollars per video, but there have been minimal regulations for the \u201csharenthood\u201d industry, which experts say can cause serious harm to children.\\n\\n\u201cA lot has changed since Hollywood\u2019s early days, but here in California, our laser focus on protecting kids from exploitation remains the same,\u201d he said in a statement. \u201cIn old Hollywood, child actors were exploited. In 2024, it\u2019s now child influencers. Today, that modern exploitation ends through two new laws to protect young influencers on TikTok, Instagram, YouTube, and other social media platforms.\u201d\\n\\nThe California laws protecting child social media influencers follow the first-in-the-nation legislation in Illinois that took effect this July. The California measures apply to all children under 18, while the Illinois law covers those under 16.\\n\\nThe California measures, which received overwhelming bipartisan support, require parents and guardians who monetize their children\u2019s online presence to establish a trust for the starlets. Parents will have to keep records of how many minutes the children appear in their online content and how much money they earn from those posts, among other things.\\n\\nThe laws entitle child influencers to a percentage of earnings based on how often they appear on video blogs or online content that generates at least 10 cents per view. The children could sue their parents for failing to do so.\\n\\nChildren employed as content creators on platforms such as YouTube will also have at least 15% of their earnings deposited in a trust for when they turn 18. An existing state law has provided such protection to child actors since 1939 after a silent film-era child actor Jackie Coogan sued his parents for squandering his earnings.\\n\\n<b>The new laws will take effect next year.<\/b>\\n\\nThe laws have the support from The Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, or, SAG-AFTRA, and singer Demi Lovato, a former child star who has spoken publicly about child performers abuse.\\n\\n\u201cIn order to build a better future for the next generation of child stars, we need to put protections in place for minors working in the digital space,\u201d Lovato said in a statement. \u201cI\u2019m grateful to Governor Newsom for taking action with this update to the Coogan Law that will ensure children featured on social media are granted agency when they come of age and are properly compensated for the use of their name and likeness.\u201d\\n\\nThe new laws protecting child influencers are part of ongoing efforts by Newsom to address the mental health impacts of social media on children. Newsom earlier this month also signed a bill to curb student phone access at schools and ban social media platforms from knowingly providing addictive feeds to children without parental consent. \\n', 'ai_likelihood': 5.358457565307617e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Parents in California who profit from social media posts featuring their children will be required to set aside some earnings for their minor influencers under a pair of measures signed Thursday by Gov. Gavin Newsom.\\n\\nCalifornia led the nation nearly 80 years ago in setting ground rules to protect child performers from financial abuse, but those regulations needed updating, Newsom said. The existing law covers children working in movies and TV but doesn\u2019t extend to minors making their names on platforms such as TikTok and Instagram.\\n\\nFamily-style vlogs, where influencers share details of their daily lives with countless strangers on the internet, have become a popular and lucrative way to earn money for many.\\n\\nBesides coordinated dances and funny toddler comments, family vlogs nowadays may share intimate details of their children\u2019s lives \u2014 grades, potty training, illnesses, misbehaviors, first periods \u2014 for strangers to view. Brand deals featuring the internet\u2019s darlings can reap tens of thousands of dollars per video, but there have been minimal regulations for the \u201csharenthood\u201d industry, which experts say can cause serious harm to children.\\n\\n\u201cA lot has changed since Hollywood\u2019s early days, but here in California, our laser focus on protecting kids from exploitation remains the same,\u201d he said in a statement. \u201cIn old Hollywood, child actors were exploited. In 2024, it\u2019s now child influencers. Today, that modern exploitation ends through two new laws to protect young influencers on TikTok, Instagram, YouTube, and other social media platforms.\u201d\\n\\nThe California laws protecting child social media influencers follow the first-in-the-nation legislation in Illinois that took effect this July. The California measures apply to all children under 18, while the Illinois law covers those under 16.\\n\\nThe California measures, which received overwhelming bipartisan support, require parents and guardians who monetize their children\u2019s online presence to establish a trust for the starlets. Parents will have to keep records of how many minutes the children appear in their online content and how much money they earn from those posts, among other things.\\n\\nThe laws entitle child influencers to a percentage of earnings based on how often they appear on video blogs or online content that generates at least 10 cents per view. The children could sue their parents for failing to do so.\\n\\nChildren employed as content creators on platforms such as YouTube will also have at least 15% of their earnings deposited in a trust for when they turn 18. An existing state law has provided such protection to child actors since 1939 after a silent film-era child actor Jackie Coogan sued his parents for squandering his earnings.\\n\\n<b>The new laws will take effect next year.<\/b>\\n\\nThe laws have the support from The Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, or, SAG-AFTRA, and singer Demi Lovato, a former child star who has spoken publicly about child performers abuse.\\n\\n\u201cIn order to build a better future for the next generation of child stars, we need to put protections in place for minors working in the digital space,\u201d Lovato said in a statement. \u201cI\u2019m grateful to Governor Newsom for taking action with this update to the Coogan Law that will ensure children featured on social media are granted agency when they come of age and are properly compensated for the use of their name and likeness.\u201d\\n\\nThe new laws protecting child influencers are part of ongoing efforts by Newsom to address the mental health impacts of social media on children. Newsom earlier this month also signed a bill to curb student phone access at schools and ban social media platforms from knowingly providing addictive feeds to children without parental consent. \\n', 'ai_likelihood': 3.427267074584961e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '0016fed5-fb17-482e-be80-96f6cf6cd998', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.074321648455225e-05, 'sentence': 'Parents in California who profit from social media posts featuring their children will be required to set aside some earnings for their minor influencers under a pair of measures signed Thursday by Gov.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.545173447288107e-05, 'sentence': 'Gavin Newsom.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 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phone access at schools and ban social media platforms from knowingly providing addictive feeds to children without parental consent.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 17, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 19, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 20, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 21, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 23, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.024462635563563526, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9755373644364365, 'ai': 0.024462635563563526, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9755373644364365, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.024462635563563526, 'human': 0.9755373644364365, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Parents in California who profit from social media posts featuring their children will be required to set aside some earnings for their minor influencers under a pair of measures signed Thursday by Gov. Gavin Newsom.\\n\\nCalifornia led the nation nearly 80 years ago in setting ground rules to protect child performers from financial abuse, but those regulations needed updating, Newsom said. The existing law covers children working in movies and TV but doesn\u2019t extend to minors making their names on platforms such as TikTok and Instagram.\\n\\nFamily-style vlogs, where influencers share details of their daily lives with countless strangers on the internet, have become a popular and lucrative way to earn money for many.\\n\\nBesides coordinated dances and funny toddler comments, family vlogs nowadays may share intimate details of their children\u2019s lives \u2014 grades, potty training, illnesses, misbehaviors, first periods \u2014 for strangers to view. Brand deals featuring the internet\u2019s darlings can reap tens of thousands of dollars per video, but there have been minimal regulations for the \u201csharenthood\u201d industry, which experts say can cause serious harm to children.\\n\\n\u201cA lot has changed since Hollywood\u2019s early days, but here in California, our laser focus on protecting kids from exploitation remains the same,\u201d he said in a statement. \u201cIn old Hollywood, child actors were exploited. In 2024, it\u2019s now child influencers. Today, that modern exploitation ends through two new laws to protect young influencers on TikTok, Instagram, YouTube, and other social media platforms.\u201d\\n\\nThe California laws protecting child social media influencers follow the first-in-the-nation legislation in Illinois that took effect this July. The California measures apply to all children under 18, while the Illinois law covers those under 16.\\n\\nThe California measures, which received overwhelming bipartisan support, require parents and guardians who monetize their children\u2019s online presence to establish a trust for the starlets. Parents will have to keep records of how many minutes the children appear in their online content and how much money they earn from those posts, among other things.\\n\\nThe laws entitle child influencers to a percentage of earnings based on how often they appear on video blogs or online content that generates at least 10 cents per view. The children could sue their parents for failing to do so.\\n\\nChildren employed as content creators on platforms such as YouTube will also have at least 15% of their earnings deposited in a trust for when they turn 18. An existing state law has provided such protection to child actors since 1939 after a silent film-era child actor Jackie Coogan sued his parents for squandering his earnings.\\n\\n<b>The new laws will take effect next year.<\/b>\\n\\nThe laws have the support from The Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, or, SAG-AFTRA, and singer Demi Lovato, a former child star who has spoken publicly about child performers abuse.\\n\\n\u201cIn order to build a better future for the next generation of child stars, we need to put protections in place for minors working in the digital space,\u201d Lovato said in a statement. \u201cI\u2019m grateful to Governor Newsom for taking action with this update to the Coogan Law that will ensure children featured on social media are granted agency when they come of age and are properly compensated for the use of their name and likeness.\u201d\\n\\nThe new laws protecting child influencers are part of ongoing efforts by Newsom to address the mental health impacts of social media on children. Newsom earlier this month also signed a bill to curb student phone access at schools and ban social media platforms from knowingly providing addictive feeds to children without parental consent. \\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4173780084,"RADAR":0.0091911154,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I would expect AI to shy away from topics like child potty training and first periods, especially in the context of this being shared on the internet. The article also contains references to child abuse and exploitation, more topics which machine-generated content would avoid. The article is overall a bit too real and gritty, it feels like it's designed to shock with statements like \"where influencers share details of their daily lives with countless strangers on the internet\". AI would rather focus on how the problems are being solved and give a much more positive outlook. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Varied sentence types and structure. A couple of errors that AI doesn't usually make: possessive apostrophe omitted after \"performers\" and the use of \"In order to\" which AI usually corrects to \"To\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"Again, there are a few punctuational errors and awkward phrasing that make me think this piece was human-generated. Also, AI favours title case headings, and would write something more straightforward than what's written. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Because of the topic of the article, every aspect of it was written concisely. While sentences were long and lacked variety, the sentences weren't filled with fluffy sentiments or filler statements. Each sentence had some fact to explain, or an idea to convey, such as \"The children could sue their parents for failing to do so.\" and \"Family-style vlogs, where influencers share details of their daily lives with countless strangers on the internet, have become a popular and lucrative way to earn money for many.\" Some sentences had dashes to separate ideas into readable chunks, and phrases such as \"\u201csharenthood\u201d industry,\" and \"among other things.\" helped add some measure of character to the article. So, I am highly confident it is human written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Novel word coinage (\"first-in-the-nation\", \"sharenthood\"),  existential \"there\", and frequent use of wh- conjunctions. I suspect that AI would not have used the abbreviation \"Gov.\" and I doubt it would have been trained on data as recent as 2024. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"3":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":4,"title":"Hand gestures may have sparked human language","sub-title":"Our unique language systems distinguish us from other species. But did early hand gestures pave the way for civilization? Researchers disagree.","author":"Sara Novak","source":"Discover","issue":"Sep-24","section":"The Sciences","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/the-sciences\/hand-gestures-may-have-been-the-start-of-human-language","article":"Language gave humans a leg up compared to all other species. By working together outside of the family unit through spoken \u2014 and later written \u2014 communication, we were able to hunt and gather, farm, and build great civilizations.\n\nThere\u2019s a lot we don\u2019t know about how it all started, though. That\u2019s because there were no recording devices, and the first writing didn\u2019t occur until around 3200 B.C.E. As a result, there\u2019s no record of how language began.\n\nIt\u2019s important to note that researchers don\u2019t agree on what the origins of language are. What we do know is that language gave humans an extraordinary ability to cooperate with people to whom they weren\u2019t related, says Mark Pagel, a professor of evolutionary biology and expert in the origins of language at the University of Reading in the U.K.\n\n\u201cLanguage is the conduit that allows us to figure out who we\u2019re going to cooperate with,\u201d Pagel says. When we talk to people, we gather information that allows us to decide who we will work with in order to accomplish tasks; through language, we decide who\u2019s allowed within our network. \u201cNo other species does this the way that humans do,\u201d adds Pagel.\n\nRichard Furtell, an associate professor at the University of California, Irvine, Department of Language Science, contends that considering the origins of human language means starting with what other animals have: a small repertoire of sounds and signals with various meanings. \u201cWe really don\u2019t have any evidence for what would have happened in between\u201d that and our language, says Futrell.\n\nGestures, says Futrell, would have been paired with vocalizations, gradually turning into what we have today.\nOne possibility is that humans started off with a limited set of vocal sounds, and as we got more intelligent, needed to communicate more complex ideas. At that point, we started combining these sounds to form sentences. Another thought is that language got started by using hand gestures. \u201cWe do see complex communication by hand gestures among the great apes, our closest evolutionary ancestor,\u201d says Futrell.\n\nIndeed, a study published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences in 2022 \u201csupports the hypothesis that gesture is the primary modality for language creation.\u201d Gestures, says Futrell, would have at some point been paired with vocalizations, which would have gradually turned into what we have today.\n\nPagel, on the other hand, is less sure about hand gestures. He says that nobody really knows whether hand gestures were involved, but we do know that humans are \u201cvirtuosos at making sound.\u201d As such, while we may have used gestures to emphasize communication, sound was the basis of it.\n\nTaking that argument even further, Pagel says that it\u2019s a questionable assertion to contend that language started with hand gestures \u2014 though they may have played a role, sound is what really separates humans from all other species. ","id":7,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Language gave humans a leg up compared to all other species. By working together outside of the family unit through spoken \u2014 and later written \u2014 communication, we were able to hunt and gather, farm, and build great civilizations.\\n\\nThere\u2019s a lot we don\u2019t know about how it all started, though. That\u2019s because there were no recording devices, and the first writing didn\u2019t occur until around 3200 B.C.E. As a result, there\u2019s no record of how language began.\\n\\nIt\u2019s important to note that researchers don\u2019t agree on what the origins of language are. What we do know is that language gave humans an extraordinary ability to cooperate with people to whom they weren\u2019t related, says Mark Pagel, a professor of evolutionary biology and expert in the origins of language at the University of Reading in the U.K.\\n\\n\u201cLanguage is the conduit that allows us to figure out who we\u2019re going to cooperate with,\u201d Pagel says. When we talk to people, we gather information that allows us to decide who we will work with in order to accomplish tasks; through language, we decide who\u2019s allowed within our network. \u201cNo other species does this the way that humans do,\u201d adds Pagel.\\n\\nRichard Furtell, an associate professor at the University of California, Irvine, Department of Language Science, contends that considering the origins of human language means starting with what other animals have: a small repertoire of sounds and signals with various meanings. \u201cWe really don\u2019t have any evidence for what would have happened in between\u201d that and our language, says Futrell.\\n\\nGestures, says Futrell, would have been paired with vocalizations, gradually turning into what we have today.\\nOne possibility is that humans started off with a limited set of vocal sounds, and as we got more intelligent, needed to communicate more complex ideas. At that point, we started combining these sounds to form sentences. Another thought is that language got started by using hand gestures. \u201cWe do see complex communication by hand gestures among the great apes, our closest evolutionary ancestor,\u201d says Futrell.\\n\\nIndeed, a study published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences in 2022 \u201csupports the hypothesis that gesture is the primary modality for language creation.\u201d Gestures, says Futrell, would have at some point been paired with vocalizations, which would have gradually turned into what we have today.\\n\\nPagel, on the other hand, is less sure about hand gestures. He says that nobody really knows whether hand gestures were involved, but we do know that humans are \u201cvirtuosos at making sound.\u201d As such, while we may have used gestures to emphasize communication, sound was the basis of it.\\n\\nTaking that argument even further, Pagel says that it\u2019s a questionable assertion to contend that language started with hand gestures \u2014 though they may have played a role, sound is what really separates humans from all other species. ', 'ai_likelihood': 3.5762786865234375e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Language gave humans a leg up compared to all other species. By working together outside of the family unit through spoken \u2014 and later written \u2014 communication, we were able to hunt and gather, farm, and build great civilizations.\\n\\nThere\u2019s a lot we don\u2019t know about how it all started, though. That\u2019s because there were no recording devices, and the first writing didn\u2019t occur until around 3200 B.C.E. As a result, there\u2019s no record of how language began.\\n\\nIt\u2019s important to note that researchers don\u2019t agree on what the origins of language are. What we do know is that language gave humans an extraordinary ability to cooperate with people to whom they weren\u2019t related, says Mark Pagel, a professor of evolutionary biology and expert in the origins of language at the University of Reading in the U.K.\\n\\n\u201cLanguage is the conduit that allows us to figure out who we\u2019re going to cooperate with,\u201d Pagel says. When we talk to people, we gather information that allows us to decide who we will work with in order to accomplish tasks; through language, we decide who\u2019s allowed within our network. \u201cNo other species does this the way that humans do,\u201d adds Pagel.\\n\\nRichard Furtell, an associate professor at the University of California, Irvine, Department of Language Science, contends that considering the origins of human language means starting with what other animals have: a small repertoire of sounds and signals with various meanings. \u201cWe really don\u2019t have any evidence for what would have happened in between\u201d that and our language, says Futrell.\\n\\nGestures, says Futrell, would have been paired with vocalizations, gradually turning into what we have today.\\nOne possibility is that humans started off with a limited set of vocal sounds, and as we got more intelligent, needed to communicate more complex ideas. At that point, we started combining these sounds to form sentences. Another thought is that language got started by using hand gestures. \u201cWe do see complex communication by hand gestures among the great apes, our closest evolutionary ancestor,\u201d says Futrell.\\n\\nIndeed, a study published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences in 2022 \u201csupports the hypothesis that gesture is the primary modality for language creation.\u201d Gestures, says Futrell, would have at some point been paired with vocalizations, which would have gradually turned into what we have today.\\n\\nPagel, on the other hand, is less sure about hand gestures. He says that nobody really knows whether hand gestures were involved, but we do know that humans are \u201cvirtuosos at making sound.\u201d As such, while we may have used gestures to emphasize communication, sound was the basis of it.\\n\\nTaking that argument even further, Pagel says that it\u2019s a questionable assertion to contend that language started with hand gestures \u2014 though they may have played a role, sound is what really separates humans from all other species. ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.384185791015625e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '63323f35-3191-4361-8bf3-7c72323e8c58', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0003501292085275054, 'sentence': 'Language gave humans a leg up compared to all other species.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00024463661247864366, 'sentence': 'By working together outside of the family unit through spoken \u1173 and later written \u1173 communication, we were able to hunt and gather, farm, and build great civilizations.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002352190058445558, 'sentence': \"There's a lot we don't know about how it all started, though.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00022287230240181088, 'sentence': \"That's because there were no recording devices, and the first writing didn't occur until around 3200 B.C.E.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00030192648409865797, 'sentence': \"As a result, there's no record of how language began.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00031193983159027994, 'sentence': \"It's important to note that researchers don't agree on what the origins of language are.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00024335073248948902, 'sentence': \"What we do know is that language gave humans an extraordinary ability to cooperate with people to whom they weren't related, says Mark Pagel, a professor of evolutionary biology and expert in the origins of language at the University of Reading in the U.K.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00020237657008692622, 'sentence': \"\u201cLanguage is the conduit that allows us to figure out who we're going to cooperate with,\u201d Pagel says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015467287448700517, 'sentence': \"When we talk to people, we gather information that allows us to decide who we will work with in order to accomplish tasks; through language, we decide who's allowed within our network.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00027228976250626147, 'sentence': '\u201cNo other species does this the way that humans do,\u201d adds Pagel.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003721679386217147, 'sentence': 'Richard Furtell, an associate professor at the University of California, Irvine, Department of Language Science, contends that considering the origins of human language means starting with what other animals have: a small repertoire of sounds and signals with various meanings.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003906207566615194, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe really don't have any evidence for what would have happened in between\u201d that and our language, says Futrell.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.029031001031398773, 'sentence': 'Gestures, says Futrell, would have been paired with vocalizations, gradually turning into what we have today.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.034234434366226196, 'sentence': 'One possibility is that humans started off with a limited set of vocal sounds, and as we got more intelligent, needed to communicate more complex ideas.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.042508408427238464, 'sentence': 'At that point, we started combining these sounds to form sentences.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.042627740651369095, 'sentence': 'Another thought is that language got started by using hand gestures.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.04872073978185654, 'sentence': '\u201cWe do see complex communication by hand gestures among the great apes, our closest evolutionary ancestor,\u201d says Futrell.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.02531646564602852, 'sentence': 'Indeed, a study published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences in 2022 \u201csupports the hypothesis that gesture is the primary modality for language creation.\u201d Gestures, says Futrell, would have at some point been paired with vocalizations, which would have gradually turned into what we have today.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003695837687700987, 'sentence': 'Pagel, on the other hand, is less sure about hand gestures.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0029801870696246624, 'sentence': 'He says that nobody really knows whether hand gestures were involved, but we do know that humans are \u201cvirtuosos at making sound.\u201d As such, while we may have used gestures to emphasize communication, sound was the basis of it.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0023491261526942253, 'sentence': \"Taking that argument even further, Pagel says that it's a questionable assertion to contend that language started with hand gestures \u1173 though they may have played a role, sound is what really separates humans from all other species.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 12, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 17, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 18, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 20, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.013975655722662189, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9857335886104308, 'ai': 0.013975655722662189, 'mixed': 0.00029075566690698034}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9857335886104308, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.013975655722662189, 'human': 0.9857335886104308, 'mixed': 0.00029075566690698034}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Language gave humans a leg up compared to all other species. By working together outside of the family unit through spoken \u2014 and later written \u2014 communication, we were able to hunt and gather, farm, and build great civilizations.\\n\\nThere\u2019s a lot we don\u2019t know about how it all started, though. That\u2019s because there were no recording devices, and the first writing didn\u2019t occur until around 3200 B.C.E. As a result, there\u2019s no record of how language began.\\n\\nIt\u2019s important to note that researchers don\u2019t agree on what the origins of language are. What we do know is that language gave humans an extraordinary ability to cooperate with people to whom they weren\u2019t related, says Mark Pagel, a professor of evolutionary biology and expert in the origins of language at the University of Reading in the U.K.\\n\\n\u201cLanguage is the conduit that allows us to figure out who we\u2019re going to cooperate with,\u201d Pagel says. When we talk to people, we gather information that allows us to decide who we will work with in order to accomplish tasks; through language, we decide who\u2019s allowed within our network. \u201cNo other species does this the way that humans do,\u201d adds Pagel.\\n\\nRichard Furtell, an associate professor at the University of California, Irvine, Department of Language Science, contends that considering the origins of human language means starting with what other animals have: a small repertoire of sounds and signals with various meanings. \u201cWe really don\u2019t have any evidence for what would have happened in between\u201d that and our language, says Futrell.\\n\\nGestures, says Futrell, would have been paired with vocalizations, gradually turning into what we have today.\\nOne possibility is that humans started off with a limited set of vocal sounds, and as we got more intelligent, needed to communicate more complex ideas. At that point, we started combining these sounds to form sentences. Another thought is that language got started by using hand gestures. \u201cWe do see complex communication by hand gestures among the great apes, our closest evolutionary ancestor,\u201d says Futrell.\\n\\nIndeed, a study published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences in 2022 \u201csupports the hypothesis that gesture is the primary modality for language creation.\u201d Gestures, says Futrell, would have at some point been paired with vocalizations, which would have gradually turned into what we have today.\\n\\nPagel, on the other hand, is less sure about hand gestures. He says that nobody really knows whether hand gestures were involved, but we do know that humans are \u201cvirtuosos at making sound.\u201d As such, while we may have used gestures to emphasize communication, sound was the basis of it.\\n\\nTaking that argument even further, Pagel says that it\u2019s a questionable assertion to contend that language started with hand gestures \u2014 though they may have played a role, sound is what really separates humans from all other species. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1494160146,"RADAR":0.3526209295,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The quotes in this piece of text come across as very natural. Some fit in well, others need surrounding text to make sense, and the sources are varied. The professors are also not referred to as doctors, even though they're probably qualified enough. There's also just an absence of anything that might point towards it being AI-generated. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There are none of the usual AI-repeated words. There is a wider range of vocabulary than usual for AI."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: Instead of saying things like 'researchers don't agree on' AI would have said 'researchers disagree on'. Missing punctuation marks. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"While the writing is more simplistic, it's able to convey the topic well. It uses dashes, colons, and commas to intersperse information with quotes, works with simple, easy to understand phrases such as \"a leg up compared to all other species.\" and \"Pagel, on the other hand, is less sure about hand gestures.\" as a way to explain information in a readable format. It even adds unique phrases, such as \"a small repertoire of sounds and signals with various meanings\" to add to the content. While there's not much sentence variety and creative flair, it doesn't appear AI-generated because it keeps its information concise. So, it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Extensive use of personal pronouns. Quotations provide detail. Distinct variation in sentence and paragraph length. Highlighted sentence, for e.g., is 40 words. Rare in machine-generated text territory. Use of idiom in introductory sentence."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"4":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":5,"title":"What The Jet Stream And Climate Change Had To Do With The Hottest Summer On Record","sub-title":"The Eastern U.S. started summer 2024 under a record-breaking heat dome, leaving many outdoor workers struggling with the heat.","author":"Shuang-Ye Wu","source":"Discover","issue":"Sep-24","section":"Environment","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/environment\/what-the-jet-stream-and-climate-change-had-to-do-with-the-hottest-summer-on","article":"Summer 2024 was officially the Northern Hemisphere\u2019s hottest on record. In the United States, fierce heat waves seemed to hit somewhere almost every day.\n\nPhoenix reached 100 degrees for more than 100 days straight. The 2024 Olympic Games started in the midst of a long-running heat wave in Europe that included the three hottest days on record globally, July 21-23. August was Earth\u2019s hottest month in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s 175-year record.\n\nOverall, the global average temperature was 2.74 degrees Fahrenheit (1.52 degrees Celsius) above the 20th-century average.\n\nThat might seem small, but temperature increases associated with human-induced climate change do not manifest as small\u2014even increases everywhere on the planet. Rather, they result in more frequent and severe episodes of heat waves, as the world saw in 2024.\n\n<b>What the Jet Stream Has to Do with Heat Domes<\/b>\n\nIf you listened to weather forecasts during the summer of 2024, you probably heard the term \u201cheat dome\u201d a lot.\n\nA heat dome is a persistent high-pressure system over a large area. It is created by sinking air. As air sinks, it warms up, decreasing relative humidity and leaving sunny weather. The high pressure also serves as a lid that keeps hot air on the surface from rising and dissipating. The resulting heat dome can persist for days or even weeks.\n\nThe longer a heat dome lingers, the more heat will build up, creating sweltering conditions for the people on the ground.\n\nThe jet stream is a narrow band of strong winds in the upper atmosphere, about 30,000 feet above sea level. It moves from west to east due to the Earth\u2019s rotation. The strong winds result from the sharp temperature difference where the warm tropical air meets the cold polar air from the north in the mid-latitudes.\n\nThe jet stream does not flow along a straight path. Rather, it meanders to the north and south in a wavy pattern. These giant meanders are known as the Rossby waves, and they have a major influence on weather.\n\nWhere the jet stream arcs northward, forming a ridge, it creates a high-pressure system south of the wave. Where the jet stream dips southward, forming a trough, it creates a low-pressure system north of the jet stream. A low-pressure system contains rising air in the center, which cools and tends to generate precipitation and storms.\n\nMost of our weather is modulated by the position and characteristics of the jet stream.\n\n<b>How Climate Change Affects the Jet Stream<\/b>\n\nThe jet stream, or any wind, is the result of differences in surface temperature.\n\nIn simple terms, warm air rises, creating low pressure, and cold air sinks, creating high pressure. Wind is the movement of the air from high to low pressure. Greater differences in temperature produce stronger winds.\n\nFor the Earth as a whole, warm air rises near the equator, and cold air sinks near the poles. The temperature difference between the equator and the pole determines the strength of the jet stream in each hemisphere.\n\nHowever, that temperature difference has been changing, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. The Arctic region has been warming about three times faster than the global average. This phenomenon, known as Arctic amplification, is largely caused by the melting of Arctic sea ice, which allows the exposed dark water to absorb more of the Sun\u2019s radiation and heat up faster.\n\nBecause the Arctic is warming faster than the tropics, the temperature difference between the two regions is lessened. And that slows the jet stream.\n\nAs the jet stream slows, it tends to meander more, causing bigger waves. The bigger waves create larger high-pressure systems. These can often be blocked by the deep low-pressure systems on both sides, causing the high-pressure system to sit over a large area for a long period of time.\n\nTypically, waves in the jet stream pass through the continental United States in around three to five days. When blocking occurs, however, the high-pressure system could stagnate for days to weeks. This allows the heat to build up underneath, leading to blistering heat waves.\n\nSince the jet stream circles around the globe, stagnating waves could occur in multiple places, leading to simultaneous heat waves at the mid-latitude around the world. That happened in 2024, with long-lasting heat waves in Europe, North America, Central Asia and China.\n\n<b>Jet Stream Behavior Affects Winter, Too<\/b>\n\nThe same meandering behavior of the jet stream also plays a role in extreme winter weather. That includes the southward intrusion of frigid polar air from the polar vortex and conditions for severe winter storms.\n\nMany of these atmospheric changes, driven by human-caused global warming, have significant impacts on people\u2019s health, property, and ecosystems around the world.\n","id":9,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Summer 2024 was officially the Northern Hemisphere\u2019s hottest on record. In the United States, fierce heat waves seemed to hit somewhere almost every day.\\n\\nPhoenix reached 100 degrees for more than 100 days straight. The 2024 Olympic Games started in the midst of a long-running heat wave in Europe that included the three hottest days on record globally, July 21-23. August was Earth\u2019s hottest month in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s 175-year record.\\n\\nOverall, the global average temperature was 2.74 degrees Fahrenheit (1.52 degrees Celsius) above the 20th-century average.\\n\\nThat might seem small, but temperature increases associated with human-induced climate change do not manifest as small\u2014even increases everywhere on the planet. Rather, they result in more frequent and severe episodes of heat waves, as the world saw in 2024.\\n\\n<b>What the Jet Stream Has to Do with Heat Domes<\/b>\\n\\nIf you listened to weather forecasts during the summer of 2024, you probably heard the term \u201cheat dome\u201d a lot.\\n\\nA heat dome is a persistent high-pressure system over a large area. It is created by sinking air. As air sinks, it warms up, decreasing relative humidity and leaving sunny weather. The high pressure also serves as a lid that keeps hot air on the surface from rising and dissipating. The resulting heat dome can persist for days or even weeks.\\n\\nThe longer a heat dome lingers, the more heat will build up, creating sweltering conditions for the people on the ground.\\n\\nThe jet stream is a narrow band of strong winds in the upper atmosphere, about 30,000 feet above sea level. It moves from west to east due to the Earth\u2019s rotation. The strong winds result from the sharp temperature difference where the warm tropical air meets the cold polar air from the north in the mid-latitudes.\\n\\nThe jet stream does not flow along a straight path. Rather, it meanders to the north and south in a wavy pattern. These giant meanders are known as the Rossby waves, and they have a major influence on weather.\\n\\nWhere the jet stream arcs northward, forming a ridge, it creates a high-pressure system south of the wave. Where the jet stream dips southward, forming a trough, it creates a low-pressure system north of the jet stream. A low-pressure system contains rising air in the center, which cools and tends to generate precipitation and storms.\\n\\nMost of our weather is modulated by the position and characteristics of the jet stream.\\n\\n<b>How Climate Change Affects the Jet Stream<\/b>\\n\\nThe jet stream, or any wind, is the result of differences in surface temperature.\\n\\nIn simple terms, warm air rises, creating low pressure, and cold air sinks, creating high pressure. Wind is the movement of the air from high to low pressure. Greater differences in temperature produce stronger winds.\\n\\nFor the Earth as a whole, warm air rises near the equator, and cold air sinks near the poles. The temperature difference between the equator and the pole determines the strength of the jet stream in each hemisphere.\\n\\nHowever, that temperature difference has been changing, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. The Arctic region has been warming about three times faster than the global average. This phenomenon, known as Arctic amplification, is largely caused by the melting of Arctic sea ice, which allows the exposed dark water to absorb more of the Sun\u2019s radiation and heat up faster.\\n\\nBecause the Arctic is warming faster than the tropics, the temperature difference between the two regions is lessened. And that slows the jet stream.\\n\\nAs the jet stream slows, it tends to meander more, causing bigger waves. The bigger waves create larger high-pressure systems. These can often be blocked by the deep low-pressure systems on both sides, causing the high-pressure system to sit over a large area for a long period of time.\\n\\nTypically, waves in the jet stream pass through the continental United States in around three to five days. When blocking occurs, however, the high-pressure system could stagnate for days to weeks. This allows the heat to build up underneath, leading to blistering heat waves.\\n\\nSince the jet stream circles around the globe, stagnating waves could occur in multiple places, leading to simultaneous heat waves at the mid-latitude around the world. That happened in 2024, with long-lasting heat waves in Europe, North America, Central Asia and China.\\n\\n<b>Jet Stream Behavior Affects Winter, Too<\/b>\\n\\nThe same meandering behavior of the jet stream also plays a role in extreme winter weather. That includes the southward intrusion of frigid polar air from the polar vortex and conditions for severe winter storms.\\n\\nMany of these atmospheric changes, driven by human-caused global warming, have significant impacts on people\u2019s health, property, and ecosystems around the world.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00034737586975097656, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Summer 2024 was officially the Northern Hemisphere\u2019s hottest on record. In the United States, fierce heat waves seemed to hit somewhere almost every day.\\n\\nPhoenix reached 100 degrees for more than 100 days straight. The 2024 Olympic Games started in the midst of a long-running heat wave in Europe that included the three hottest days on record globally, July 21-23. August was Earth\u2019s hottest month in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s 175-year record.\\n\\nOverall, the global average temperature was 2.74 degrees Fahrenheit (1.52 degrees Celsius) above the 20th-century average.\\n\\nThat might seem small, but temperature increases associated with human-induced climate change do not manifest as small\u2014even increases everywhere on the planet. Rather, they result in more frequent and severe episodes of heat waves, as the world saw in 2024.\\n\\n<b>What the Jet Stream Has to Do with Heat Domes<\/b>\\n\\nIf you listened to weather forecasts during the summer of 2024, you probably heard the term \u201cheat dome\u201d a lot.\\n\\nA heat dome is a persistent high-pressure system over a large area. It is created by sinking air. As air sinks, it warms up, decreasing relative humidity and leaving sunny weather. The high pressure also serves as a lid that keeps hot air on the surface from rising and dissipating. The resulting heat dome can persist for days or even weeks.\\n\\nThe longer a heat dome lingers, the more heat will build up, creating sweltering conditions for the people on the ground.\\n\\nThe jet stream is a narrow band of strong winds in the upper atmosphere, about 30,000 feet above sea level. It moves from west to east due to the Earth\u2019s rotation. The strong winds result from the sharp temperature difference where the warm tropical air meets the cold polar air from the north in the mid-latitudes.\\n\\nThe jet stream does not flow along a straight path. Rather, it meanders to the north and south in a wavy pattern. These giant meanders are known as the Rossby waves, and they have a major influence on weather.\\n\\nWhere the jet stream arcs northward, forming a ridge, it creates a high-pressure system south of the wave. Where the jet stream dips southward, forming a trough, it creates a low-pressure system north of the jet stream. A low-pressure system contains rising air in the center, which cools and tends to generate precipitation and storms.\\n\\nMost of our weather is modulated by the position and characteristics of the jet stream.\\n\\n<b>How Climate Change Affects the Jet Stream<\/b>\\n\\nThe jet stream, or any wind, is the result of differences in surface temperature.\\n\\nIn simple terms, warm air rises, creating low pressure, and cold air sinks, creating high pressure. Wind is the movement of the air from high to low pressure. Greater differences in temperature produce stronger winds.\\n\\nFor the Earth as a whole, warm air rises near the equator, and cold air sinks near the poles. The temperature difference between the equator and the pole determines the strength of the jet stream in each hemisphere.\\n\\nHowever, that temperature difference has been changing, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. The Arctic region has been warming about three times faster than the global average. This phenomenon, known as Arctic amplification, is largely caused by the melting of Arctic sea ice, which allows the exposed dark water to absorb more of the Sun\u2019s radiation and heat up faster.\\n\\nBecause the Arctic is warming faster than the tropics, the temperature difference between the two regions is lessened. And that slows the jet stream.\\n\\nAs the jet stream slows, it tends to meander more, causing bigger waves. The bigger waves create larger high-pressure systems. These can often be blocked by the deep low-pressure systems on both sides, causing the high-pressure system to sit over a large area for a long period of time.\\n\\nTypically, waves in the jet stream pass through the continental United States in around three to five days. When blocking occurs, however, the high-pressure system could stagnate for days to weeks. This allows the heat to build up underneath, leading to blistering heat waves.\\n\\nSince the jet stream circles around the globe, stagnating waves could occur in multiple places, leading to simultaneous heat waves at the mid-latitude around the world. That happened in 2024, with long-lasting heat waves in Europe, North America, Central Asia and China.\\n\\n<b>Jet Stream Behavior Affects Winter, Too<\/b>\\n\\nThe same meandering behavior of the jet stream also plays a role in extreme winter weather. That includes the southward intrusion of frigid polar air from the polar vortex and conditions for severe winter storms.\\n\\nMany of these atmospheric changes, driven by human-caused global warming, have significant impacts on people\u2019s health, property, and ecosystems around the world.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00274658203125, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '2eba9265-bd7c-4ce0-b80b-d3e94440ad1a', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0027953223325312138, 'sentence': \"Summer 2024 was officially the Northern Hemisphere's hottest on record.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004043621011078358, 'sentence': 'In the United States, fierce heat waves seemed to hit somewhere almost every day.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, 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0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Summer 2024 was officially the Northern Hemisphere\u2019s hottest on record. In the United States, fierce heat waves seemed to hit somewhere almost every day.\\n\\nPhoenix reached 100 degrees for more than 100 days straight. The 2024 Olympic Games started in the midst of a long-running heat wave in Europe that included the three hottest days on record globally, July 21-23. August was Earth\u2019s hottest month in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s 175-year record.\\n\\nOverall, the global average temperature was 2.74 degrees Fahrenheit (1.52 degrees Celsius) above the 20th-century average.\\n\\nThat might seem small, but temperature increases associated with human-induced climate change do not manifest as small\u2014even increases everywhere on the planet. Rather, they result in more frequent and severe episodes of heat waves, as the world saw in 2024.\\n\\n<b>What the Jet Stream Has to Do with Heat Domes<\/b>\\n\\nIf you listened to weather forecasts during the summer of 2024, you probably heard the term \u201cheat dome\u201d a lot.\\n\\nA heat dome is a persistent high-pressure system over a large area. It is created by sinking air. As air sinks, it warms up, decreasing relative humidity and leaving sunny weather. The high pressure also serves as a lid that keeps hot air on the surface from rising and dissipating. The resulting heat dome can persist for days or even weeks.\\n\\nThe longer a heat dome lingers, the more heat will build up, creating sweltering conditions for the people on the ground.\\n\\nThe jet stream is a narrow band of strong winds in the upper atmosphere, about 30,000 feet above sea level. It moves from west to east due to the Earth\u2019s rotation. The strong winds result from the sharp temperature difference where the warm tropical air meets the cold polar air from the north in the mid-latitudes.\\n\\nThe jet stream does not flow along a straight path. Rather, it meanders to the north and south in a wavy pattern. These giant meanders are known as the Rossby waves, and they have a major influence on weather.\\n\\nWhere the jet stream arcs northward, forming a ridge, it creates a high-pressure system south of the wave. Where the jet stream dips southward, forming a trough, it creates a low-pressure system north of the jet stream. A low-pressure system contains rising air in the center, which cools and tends to generate precipitation and storms.\\n\\nMost of our weather is modulated by the position and characteristics of the jet stream.\\n\\n<b>How Climate Change Affects the Jet Stream<\/b>\\n\\nThe jet stream, or any wind, is the result of differences in surface temperature.\\n\\nIn simple terms, warm air rises, creating low pressure, and cold air sinks, creating high pressure. Wind is the movement of the air from high to low pressure. Greater differences in temperature produce stronger winds.\\n\\nFor the Earth as a whole, warm air rises near the equator, and cold air sinks near the poles. The temperature difference between the equator and the pole determines the strength of the jet stream in each hemisphere.\\n\\nHowever, that temperature difference has been changing, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. The Arctic region has been warming about three times faster than the global average. This phenomenon, known as Arctic amplification, is largely caused by the melting of Arctic sea ice, which allows the exposed dark water to absorb more of the Sun\u2019s radiation and heat up faster.\\n\\nBecause the Arctic is warming faster than the tropics, the temperature difference between the two regions is lessened. And that slows the jet stream.\\n\\nAs the jet stream slows, it tends to meander more, causing bigger waves. The bigger waves create larger high-pressure systems. These can often be blocked by the deep low-pressure systems on both sides, causing the high-pressure system to sit over a large area for a long period of time.\\n\\nTypically, waves in the jet stream pass through the continental United States in around three to five days. When blocking occurs, however, the high-pressure system could stagnate for days to weeks. This allows the heat to build up underneath, leading to blistering heat waves.\\n\\nSince the jet stream circles around the globe, stagnating waves could occur in multiple places, leading to simultaneous heat waves at the mid-latitude around the world. That happened in 2024, with long-lasting heat waves in Europe, North America, Central Asia and China.\\n\\n<b>Jet Stream Behavior Affects Winter, Too<\/b>\\n\\nThe same meandering behavior of the jet stream also plays a role in extreme winter weather. That includes the southward intrusion of frigid polar air from the polar vortex and conditions for severe winter storms.\\n\\nMany of these atmospheric changes, driven by human-caused global warming, have significant impacts on people\u2019s health, property, and ecosystems around the world.\\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2838333547,"RADAR":0.2389049679,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The article contains various facts from 2024, especially in the opening paragraph. LLMs don't typically have access to data that recent, and they seem to avoid such specific and detailed facts, especially recent ones. Apart from that there was nothing that pointed very strongly one way or the other which is why I marked 3\/5 on confidence. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There's a variety of sentence types. A couple of errors are clues that it's human-generated: \"period of time\" is usually fixed by AI to \"period\"; there's a sentence beginning with a conjunction (and) which is an error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Again, I was slightly thrown by this one. There isn't anything massively wrong with it, but it includes slightly choppy sentences. And, the headings and phrasing is slightly off in places (highlighted). "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This article appears human-written, due to the fact that almost every sentence used in it contains a kernel of information that's valuable to the reader. Even while the article doesn't play around with sentence length and punctuation, it's still able to convey information that's valuable, and even visually engaging at times. Phrases such as \"the exposed dark water,\" \"seemed to hit somewhere almost every day,\" and \"you probably heard the term \u201cheat dome\u201d a lot.\" are able to portray a sense of relatability to the reader, all while educating them on the matter at hand.  Words like \"meander\" are used, but are used sparingly to create better flow of ideas, and its writing style is simplified in the best way possible. So, it's human-written. \n"},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The story appears to be a mix of machine-generated with human restructuring. The lacklustre last sentence is a typical AI conclusion. However, AI would avoid obvious repetitions (like meander), and varied number of paragraphs under each heading. Three paragraphs per section seems to be AI's magic number. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"5":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":6,"title":"Monkeys in Puerto Rico Became Kinder to Each Other After Hurricane Maria","sub-title":"When Hurricane Maria tore through Puerto Rico, rhesus macaques reevaluated their survival strategies.","author":"Joshua Rapp Learn","source":"Discover","issue":"Sep-24","section":"Planet Earth","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/planet-earth\/monkeys-in-puerto-rico-became-kinder-to-each-other-after-hurricane-maria","article":"Hard times can sometimes bring people together. For rhesus macaques, a destructive hurricane made their group an altogether friendlier place and helped increase individual survival year over year.\n\n\u201cIt\u2019s crazy \u2014 things have changed so much since the hurricane,\u201d says Camille Testard, an ethologist at Harvard University. \u201cThe monkeys are less aggressive \u2014 they form these larger groups and interact with monkeys they\u2019ve never interacted with.\u201d\n\nRhesus macaques are native to Asia. But primatologist Clarence Carpenter introduced a colony of hundreds of them in Puerto Rico in the 1930s in an effort to study the creatures closer to his home. He set the colony up on Cayo Santiago, a small rocky isle off the east coast of the main island of Puerto Rico. Researchers have studied the colony off and on ever since.\n\n<b>Social Structure and Aggression in Rhesus Macaques<\/b>\n\nRhesus macaques typically live in large colonies with multiple males and females. These groups are hierarchical, and macaques on Cayo Santiago used to be quite aggressive to other members of their group. Individuals would even try to climb the pecking order to enforce their position. Social status determines overall access to food and other resources.\n\n\u201cThey are really hierarchical,\u201d Testard says.\n\nWhen she began to study the macaques as part of her graduate studies, it was right after Hurricane Maria had cut a destructive path through Puerto Rico in 2017. Cayo Santiago saw some of the strongest winds on the island during the storm, and many trees were knocked down. Researchers monitoring macaque groups before Testard arrived noticed a change in their social behavior after the storm.\n\n\u201cThey started associating with each other more and being nicer to each other,\u201d she says. \u201cWe are seeing a change from a very aggressive hierarchical society to a less aggressive hierarchical society.\u201d\n\n<b>Rhesus Monkey Sharing Behavior After Hurricane Maria<\/b>\n\nThis was especially notable in their use of shade. After the hurricane, there weren\u2019t many trees left on Cayo Santiago, where daytime temperatures can exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit in the sun. Since macaques don\u2019t swim, shade is crucial.\n\n\u201cThey are actually terrified of the water, so the only way they can lower their body temperature is by accessing shade,\u201d Testard says.\n\nWith fewer trees, they had to clump together more to stay cooler. With these crowded conditions, the Rhesus macaques also had to improve their social tolerance. And this behavior didn\u2019t just happen on hot days \u2014 they acted generally less aggressive and more tolerant even at night or when it wasn\u2019t so hot.\n\nTestard says this tolerance, even when there was no need for shade, was a good predictor of future access to shade when needed. Macaques that were nicer all the time were more likely not to be driven out of shady spots on the hot days.\n\n<b>Improving Macaque Survival<\/b>\n\nLong-term work on the study shows that this change in tolerance was linked to survival. Before the storm, monkeys died more often from injuries from fights with others. But after, heat stress was a much bigger cause of death. This was linked to individual behavior.\n\nBefore the hurricane, being less tolerant and more aggressive wasn\u2019t related to a monkey\u2019s chances of survival every year. But afterwards, things changed. Monkeys who tolerated 10 or more new partners in society had a 43 percent decrease in mortality risk every year.\n\n\u201cThe rules of the game have changed,\u201d Testard says.\n\nThis change has lasted for years \u2014 the study was based on observations through 2022, and Testard says that the same tolerance existed last year as well. She\u2019s curious to see how long it lasts. She says that this study shows how macaques can adapt their relationships.\n\n\u201cIt really highlights the important of social relationships in the context of climate change,\u201d Testard says.\n \n","id":11,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Hard times can sometimes bring people together. For rhesus macaques, a destructive hurricane made their group an altogether friendlier place and helped increase individual survival year over year.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s crazy \u2014 things have changed so much since the hurricane,\u201d says Camille Testard, an ethologist at Harvard University. \u201cThe monkeys are less aggressive \u2014 they form these larger groups and interact with monkeys they\u2019ve never interacted with.\u201d\\n\\nRhesus macaques are native to Asia. But primatologist Clarence Carpenter introduced a colony of hundreds of them in Puerto Rico in the 1930s in an effort to study the creatures closer to his home. He set the colony up on Cayo Santiago, a small rocky isle off the east coast of the main island of Puerto Rico. Researchers have studied the colony off and on ever since.\\n\\n<b>Social Structure and Aggression in Rhesus Macaques<\/b>\\n\\nRhesus macaques typically live in large colonies with multiple males and females. These groups are hierarchical, and macaques on Cayo Santiago used to be quite aggressive to other members of their group. Individuals would even try to climb the pecking order to enforce their position. Social status determines overall access to food and other resources.\\n\\n\u201cThey are really hierarchical,\u201d Testard says.\\n\\nWhen she began to study the macaques as part of her graduate studies, it was right after Hurricane Maria had cut a destructive path through Puerto Rico in 2017. Cayo Santiago saw some of the strongest winds on the island during the storm, and many trees were knocked down. Researchers monitoring macaque groups before Testard arrived noticed a change in their social behavior after the storm.\\n\\n\u201cThey started associating with each other more and being nicer to each other,\u201d she says. \u201cWe are seeing a change from a very aggressive hierarchical society to a less aggressive hierarchical society.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Rhesus Monkey Sharing Behavior After Hurricane Maria<\/b>\\n\\nThis was especially notable in their use of shade. After the hurricane, there weren\u2019t many trees left on Cayo Santiago, where daytime temperatures can exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit in the sun. Since macaques don\u2019t swim, shade is crucial.\\n\\n\u201cThey are actually terrified of the water, so the only way they can lower their body temperature is by accessing shade,\u201d Testard says.\\n\\nWith fewer trees, they had to clump together more to stay cooler. With these crowded conditions, the Rhesus macaques also had to improve their social tolerance. And this behavior didn\u2019t just happen on hot days \u2014 they acted generally less aggressive and more tolerant even at night or when it wasn\u2019t so hot.\\n\\nTestard says this tolerance, even when there was no need for shade, was a good predictor of future access to shade when needed. Macaques that were nicer all the time were more likely not to be driven out of shady spots on the hot days.\\n\\n<b>Improving Macaque Survival<\/b>\\n\\nLong-term work on the study shows that this change in tolerance was linked to survival. Before the storm, monkeys died more often from injuries from fights with others. But after, heat stress was a much bigger cause of death. This was linked to individual behavior.\\n\\nBefore the hurricane, being less tolerant and more aggressive wasn\u2019t related to a monkey\u2019s chances of survival every year. But afterwards, things changed. Monkeys who tolerated 10 or more new partners in society had a 43 percent decrease in mortality risk every year.\\n\\n\u201cThe rules of the game have changed,\u201d Testard says.\\n\\nThis change has lasted for years \u2014 the study was based on observations through 2022, and Testard says that the same tolerance existed last year as well. She\u2019s curious to see how long it lasts. She says that this study shows how macaques can adapt their relationships.\\n\\n\u201cIt really highlights the important of social relationships in the context of climate change,\u201d Testard says.\\n \\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.3113021850585938e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Hard times can sometimes bring people together. For rhesus macaques, a destructive hurricane made their group an altogether friendlier place and helped increase individual survival year over year.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s crazy \u2014 things have changed so much since the hurricane,\u201d says Camille Testard, an ethologist at Harvard University. \u201cThe monkeys are less aggressive \u2014 they form these larger groups and interact with monkeys they\u2019ve never interacted with.\u201d\\n\\nRhesus macaques are native to Asia. But primatologist Clarence Carpenter introduced a colony of hundreds of them in Puerto Rico in the 1930s in an effort to study the creatures closer to his home. He set the colony up on Cayo Santiago, a small rocky isle off the east coast of the main island of Puerto Rico. Researchers have studied the colony off and on ever since.\\n\\n<b>Social Structure and Aggression in Rhesus Macaques<\/b>\\n\\nRhesus macaques typically live in large colonies with multiple males and females. These groups are hierarchical, and macaques on Cayo Santiago used to be quite aggressive to other members of their group. Individuals would even try to climb the pecking order to enforce their position. Social status determines overall access to food and other resources.\\n\\n\u201cThey are really hierarchical,\u201d Testard says.\\n\\nWhen she began to study the macaques as part of her graduate studies, it was right after Hurricane Maria had cut a destructive path through Puerto Rico in 2017. Cayo Santiago saw some of the strongest winds on the island during the storm, and many trees were knocked down. Researchers monitoring macaque groups before Testard arrived noticed a change in their social behavior after the storm.\\n\\n\u201cThey started associating with each other more and being nicer to each other,\u201d she says. \u201cWe are seeing a change from a very aggressive hierarchical society to a less aggressive hierarchical society.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Rhesus Monkey Sharing Behavior After Hurricane Maria<\/b>\\n\\nThis was especially notable in their use of shade. After the hurricane, there weren\u2019t many trees left on Cayo Santiago, where daytime temperatures can exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit in the sun. Since macaques don\u2019t swim, shade is crucial.\\n\\n\u201cThey are actually terrified of the water, so the only way they can lower their body temperature is by accessing shade,\u201d Testard says.\\n\\nWith fewer trees, they had to clump together more to stay cooler. With these crowded conditions, the Rhesus macaques also had to improve their social tolerance. And this behavior didn\u2019t just happen on hot days \u2014 they acted generally less aggressive and more tolerant even at night or when it wasn\u2019t so hot.\\n\\nTestard says this tolerance, even when there was no need for shade, was a good predictor of future access to shade when needed. Macaques that were nicer all the time were more likely not to be driven out of shady spots on the hot days.\\n\\n<b>Improving Macaque Survival<\/b>\\n\\nLong-term work on the study shows that this change in tolerance was linked to survival. Before the storm, monkeys died more often from injuries from fights with others. But after, heat stress was a much bigger cause of death. This was linked to individual behavior.\\n\\nBefore the hurricane, being less tolerant and more aggressive wasn\u2019t related to a monkey\u2019s chances of survival every year. But afterwards, things changed. Monkeys who tolerated 10 or more new partners in society had a 43 percent decrease in mortality risk every year.\\n\\n\u201cThe rules of the game have changed,\u201d Testard says.\\n\\nThis change has lasted for years \u2014 the study was based on observations through 2022, and Testard says that the same tolerance existed last year as well. She\u2019s curious to see how long it lasts. She says that this study shows how macaques can adapt their relationships.\\n\\n\u201cIt really highlights the important of social relationships in the context of climate change,\u201d Testard says.\\n \\n', 'ai_likelihood': 2.682209014892578e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'f21b58ed-9efa-4de9-9a2f-7c10dc3ab86f', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 4.722387529909611e-05, 'sentence': 'Hard times can sometimes bring people together.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.673422179417685e-05, 'sentence': 'For rhesus macaques, a destructive hurricane made their group an altogether friendlier place and helped increase individual survival year over year.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.9216261939145625e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's crazy \u1173 things have changed so much since the hurricane,\u201d says Camille Testard, an ethologist at Harvard University.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.981761256000027e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cThe monkeys are less aggressive \u1173 they form these larger groups and interact with monkeys they've never interacted with.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.6695131964515895e-05, 'sentence': 'Rhesus macaques are native to Asia.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.394799179863185e-05, 'sentence': 'But primatologist Clarence Carpenter introduced a colony of hundreds of them in Puerto Rico in the 1930s in an effort to study the creatures closer to his home.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.959317448083311e-05, 'sentence': 'He set the colony up on Cayo Santiago, a small rocky isle off the 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'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0016188363078981638, 'sentence': 'Before the storm, monkeys died more often from injuries from fights with others.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001287998864427209, 'sentence': 'But after, heat stress was a much bigger cause of death.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010880898917093873, 'sentence': 'This was linked to individual behavior.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0013515012105926871, 'sentence': \"Before the hurricane, being less tolerant and more aggressive wasn't related to a monkey's chances of survival every year.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012762618716806173, 'sentence': 'But afterwards, things changed.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0017088723834604025, 'sentence': 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'sentence': '\u201cIt really highlights the important of social relationships in the context of climate change,\u201d Testard says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 14, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 17, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 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'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 41, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.009180599824664711, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9907801111847393, 'ai': 0.009180599824664711, 'mixed': 3.928899059593116e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9907801111847393, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.009180599824664711, 'human': 0.9907801111847393, 'mixed': 3.928899059593116e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Hard times can sometimes bring people together. For rhesus macaques, a destructive hurricane made their group an altogether friendlier place and helped increase individual survival year over year.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s crazy \u2014 things have changed so much since the hurricane,\u201d says Camille Testard, an ethologist at Harvard University. \u201cThe monkeys are less aggressive \u2014 they form these larger groups and interact with monkeys they\u2019ve never interacted with.\u201d\\n\\nRhesus macaques are native to Asia. But primatologist Clarence Carpenter introduced a colony of hundreds of them in Puerto Rico in the 1930s in an effort to study the creatures closer to his home. He set the colony up on Cayo Santiago, a small rocky isle off the east coast of the main island of Puerto Rico. Researchers have studied the colony off and on ever since.\\n\\n<b>Social Structure and Aggression in Rhesus Macaques<\/b>\\n\\nRhesus macaques typically live in large colonies with multiple males and females. These groups are hierarchical, and macaques on Cayo Santiago used to be quite aggressive to other members of their group. Individuals would even try to climb the pecking order to enforce their position. Social status determines overall access to food and other resources.\\n\\n\u201cThey are really hierarchical,\u201d Testard says.\\n\\nWhen she began to study the macaques as part of her graduate studies, it was right after Hurricane Maria had cut a destructive path through Puerto Rico in 2017. Cayo Santiago saw some of the strongest winds on the island during the storm, and many trees were knocked down. Researchers monitoring macaque groups before Testard arrived noticed a change in their social behavior after the storm.\\n\\n\u201cThey started associating with each other more and being nicer to each other,\u201d she says. \u201cWe are seeing a change from a very aggressive hierarchical society to a less aggressive hierarchical society.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Rhesus Monkey Sharing Behavior After Hurricane Maria<\/b>\\n\\nThis was especially notable in their use of shade. After the hurricane, there weren\u2019t many trees left on Cayo Santiago, where daytime temperatures can exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit in the sun. Since macaques don\u2019t swim, shade is crucial.\\n\\n\u201cThey are actually terrified of the water, so the only way they can lower their body temperature is by accessing shade,\u201d Testard says.\\n\\nWith fewer trees, they had to clump together more to stay cooler. With these crowded conditions, the Rhesus macaques also had to improve their social tolerance. And this behavior didn\u2019t just happen on hot days \u2014 they acted generally less aggressive and more tolerant even at night or when it wasn\u2019t so hot.\\n\\nTestard says this tolerance, even when there was no need for shade, was a good predictor of future access to shade when needed. Macaques that were nicer all the time were more likely not to be driven out of shady spots on the hot days.\\n\\n<b>Improving Macaque Survival<\/b>\\n\\nLong-term work on the study shows that this change in tolerance was linked to survival. Before the storm, monkeys died more often from injuries from fights with others. But after, heat stress was a much bigger cause of death. This was linked to individual behavior.\\n\\nBefore the hurricane, being less tolerant and more aggressive wasn\u2019t related to a monkey\u2019s chances of survival every year. But afterwards, things changed. Monkeys who tolerated 10 or more new partners in society had a 43 percent decrease in mortality risk every year.\\n\\n\u201cThe rules of the game have changed,\u201d Testard says.\\n\\nThis change has lasted for years \u2014 the study was based on observations through 2022, and Testard says that the same tolerance existed last year as well. She\u2019s curious to see how long it lasts. She says that this study shows how macaques can adapt their relationships.\\n\\n\u201cIt really highlights the important of social relationships in the context of climate change,\u201d Testard says.\\n \\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4403999448,"RADAR":0.1072603166,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The introduction and conclusion feel quite unique, which makes me lean towards the text being written by a human. There also isn't too much of a conclusion, where AI would usually want to put a full paragraph about hope for the future. There are only quotes from a couple of experts, who are referred to by their last names, \"he\", or \"she\" rather than \"Doctor Tessard\". A couple of experts seems much more realistic than some of the other AI-written articles where they had 5+ people for one shortish article. The references to death and violence (even if it's just monkeys) also seems much more human. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I'm not seeing any of the usual AI-repeated words such as \"crucial\" (this was only used once) or \"navigating\" or \"not only...but also.\" The sentence style is different too \u2013  longer and shorter sentences are used. There is a more extensive and descriptive vocabulary than used by AI such as \"an altogether friendlier place\", \"a small rocky isle\". AI seldom uses \"really\" as this is a redundant word. It also seldom uses contractions like \"it's\" and \"they've\"."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"AI wouldn't use vague language like 'quite', 'even', 'actually' or really'. Nor would it begin sentences with coordinating conjunctions like 'and or 'but'. Some of the phrasing is also slightly off. For example, 'year over year' should probably be 'year on year', and 'off and on' would likely be 'on and off'. And I doubt AI would have used short, inexplicable quotes like '\"They are really hierarchical,\" Testard says.' It seems like the text may have been translated. Overall, it's pretty poorly written. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident that this is human-written. It maintains a good flow of information, it varies in sentence structure, and doesn't try to sugar-coat information with condensed, flowery wordage. It was able to provide information relevant to the topic when needed, and certain sections such as \"Researchers have studied the colony off and on ever since.\" and \"This was linked to individual behavior.\" are short and to the point. So, it appears human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Too many single-sentence paragraphs for an AI to generate in one story. Author maintains a formal tone without sounding stodgy. Use of idiom \"climb the pecking order\" in this context (monkeys literally climbing trees and figuratively increasing their social status) shows a semantic understanding and creative use of language one doesn't find in AI texts. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"6":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":7,"title":"How Ancient Societies Viewed Mental Illness and the Horrific Treatments of That Time","sub-title":"When it comes to mental illness, we\u2019ve come a long way since the days of superstition and sorcery. But we still have work to do.","author":"Avery Hurt","source":"Discover","issue":"9\/18\/24","section":"Mind","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/mind\/how-ancient-societies-viewed-mental-illness-and-the-horrific-treatments-of","article":"Mental illness of today was typically thought of as supernatural phenomenon in ancient times. People often thought that sorcery, demons, or gods were punishing a person for their sin, explains Andrew Scull, one of the world\u2019s foremost scholars of the history of madness.\n\nLacking a better understanding of its causes, mental illness \u2014 from melancholy to murderous rages \u2014 was blamed on gods and demons. There is no historical corroboration to understand this, yet there are stories that reflect the conflation of madness with supernatural intervention that was common.\n\nTake the familiar story of the Greek hero Heracles (also known as Hercules). The goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus, hated Heracles because he was the son of Zeus by another (human) woman. Hera drove Heracles mad, causing him to murder his own children. From ancient times to the Middle Ages, to today, mental illness was often misunderstood.\n\n<b>Mental Illness in the Middle Ages<\/b>\n\nIn Europe in the Middle Ages, people often saw mental illness as a spiritual malady. In A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century, historian Barbara Tuchman writes that while depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses by this time, the symptoms of depression, such as despair, melancholy, and lethargy, were considered by the Church to be the sin of accidia, better known today as sloth. And, of course, during much of the Middle Ages, people with symptoms of mental illness were often accused of being witches.\n\nEven as late as the 17th and even 18th century, says Scull, bishops and sometimes priests were sought out to cast demons from people. However, he points out that gradually, the \u201cmedical interpretation\u201d became a dominant method.\n\nBy the 19th century, religious ideas and superstition about the cause of mental illnesses had not completely disappeared, but overwhelmingly, Scull says, these illnesses were seen in medical terms \u2014 and were starting to be called mental illness.\n\n<b>Horrific Treatments for Mental Illness Through History<\/b>\n\nTreatments for mental illness had their own trajectory. In ancient times, when demons and vengeful gods were thought to be the cause, people would have priests and prayer treat mental illness. But as time progressed and medical causes were acknowledged, people advocated for medical cures.\n\nThe problem was, there were seldom any medical cures of the time. Often, the mentally ill were confined to mental hospitals or asylums.\n\nThe oldest and most famous of these in England was Bethlem Hospital (often called Bedlam for short). While the hospital was originally built in London in 1247, in 1574, Henry VIII confiscated the property and made Bethlem a civic institution. The Great Fire of London of 1666 destroyed the original building, but afterward, it was rebuilt.\n\n\u201cBy the end of the 18th century, about 300 patients are crammed in there, being treated very little,\u201d Scull says. \u201cBut to the extent they are treated, they\u2019re treated with bleeding and purging.\u201d Bloodletting as a remedy for mental illness didn\u2019t die out until the 1850s.\n\nCompared to some so-called treatments, bloodletting and purging are enlightened. Here\u2019s how Scull describes one method of treatment (though he says these kinds of practices were often about discipline as much as treatment): Patients were strapped into a chair that dangled from a pendulum. The chair was spun around so violently that patients vomited, voided their bladders and bowels, and their hair stood on end.\n\nAnother \u201cremedy\u201d was putting the patient in an iron cage suspended over water, dropping the cage into the water by means of a pulley system, then pulling it back up, nearly drowning the patient.\n\n\u201cThere are others I could mention,\u201d Scull offers. But I think we'll agree that\u2019s quite enough. Asylums were not the only place where the mentally ill faced horrors.\n\n\u201cThe Nazis murdered, with \u2014 and I can\u2019t emphasize this enough \u2014 the active collaboration of most German psychiatrists, perhaps a quarter million mental patients,\u201d says Scull. \u201cThe technology of the gas chamber was developed to kill mental patients, and then that equipment was moved to the extermination camps and used in the ways we know. So among the very first victims of the Final Solution were the mentally ill.\u201d\n\n<b>Modern Understanding of Mental Illness and Treatments<\/b>\n\nToday, we\u2019re much more enlightened. Experts understand that mental illness is the result of the interaction of biochemical, social, and genetic factors. Mental conditions are not signs of demonic possession or failures of character, but are illnesses to be treated with compassion and care.\n\nStill, our society's attitude and policy regarding mental illness could use some improvement. Many organizations labor tirelessly to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness, redress inequities in care, and address the social determinants of health that often are at the root of mental illness. \n\nWe have a lot of work to do to find effective treatments for mental illnesses and provide food and shelter for those whose illnesses make it impossible for them to function in society.","id":13,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"Mental illness of today was typically thought of as supernatural phenomenon in ancient times. People often thought that sorcery, demons, or gods were punishing a person for their sin, explains Andrew Scull, one of the world\u2019s foremost scholars of the history of madness.\\n\\nLacking a better understanding of its causes, mental illness \u2014 from melancholy to murderous rages \u2014 was blamed on gods and demons. There is no historical corroboration to understand this, yet there are stories that reflect the conflation of madness with supernatural intervention that was common.\\n\\nTake the familiar story of the Greek hero Heracles (also known as Hercules). The goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus, hated Heracles because he was the son of Zeus by another (human) woman. Hera drove Heracles mad, causing him to murder his own children. From ancient times to the Middle Ages, to today, mental illness was often misunderstood.\\n\\n<b>Mental Illness in the Middle Ages<\/b>\\n\\nIn Europe in the Middle Ages, people often saw mental illness as a spiritual malady. In A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century, historian Barbara Tuchman writes that while depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses by this time, the symptoms of depression, such as despair, melancholy, and lethargy, were considered by the Church to be the sin of accidia, better known today as sloth. And, of course, during much of the Middle Ages, people with symptoms of mental illness were often accused of being witches.\\n\\nEven as late as the 17th and even 18th century, says Scull, bishops and sometimes priests were sought out to cast demons from people. However, he points out that gradually, the \u201cmedical interpretation\u201d became a dominant method.\\n\\nBy the 19th century, religious ideas and superstition about the cause of mental illnesses had not completely disappeared, but overwhelmingly, Scull says, these illnesses were seen in medical terms \u2014 and were starting to be called mental illness.\\n\\n<b>Horrific Treatments for Mental Illness Through History<\/b>\\n\\nTreatments for mental illness had their own trajectory. In ancient times, when demons and vengeful gods were thought to be the cause, people would have priests and prayer treat mental illness. But as time progressed and medical causes were acknowledged, people advocated for medical cures.\\n\\nThe problem was, there were seldom any medical cures of the time. Often, the mentally ill were confined to mental hospitals or asylums.\\n\\nThe oldest and most famous of these in England was Bethlem Hospital (often called Bedlam for short). While the hospital was originally built in London in 1247, in 1574, Henry VIII confiscated the property and made Bethlem a civic institution. The Great Fire of London of 1666 destroyed the original building, but afterward, it was rebuilt.\\n\\n\u201cBy the end of the 18th century, about 300 patients are crammed in there, being treated very little,\u201d Scull says. \u201cBut to the extent they are treated, they\u2019re treated with bleeding and purging.\u201d Bloodletting as a remedy for mental illness didn\u2019t die out until the 1850s.\\n\\nCompared to some so-called treatments, bloodletting and purging are enlightened. Here\u2019s how Scull describes one method of treatment (though he says these kinds of practices were often about discipline as much as treatment): Patients were strapped into a chair that dangled from a pendulum. The chair was spun around so violently that patients vomited, voided their bladders and bowels, and their hair stood on end.\\n\\nAnother \u201cremedy\u201d was putting the patient in an iron cage suspended over water, dropping the cage into the water by means of a pulley system, then pulling it back up, nearly drowning the patient.\\n\\n\u201cThere are others I could mention,\u201d Scull offers. But I think we'll agree that\u2019s quite enough. Asylums were not the only place where the mentally ill faced horrors.\\n\\n\u201cThe Nazis murdered, with \u2014 and I can\u2019t emphasize this enough \u2014 the active collaboration of most German psychiatrists, perhaps a quarter million mental patients,\u201d says Scull. \u201cThe technology of the gas chamber was developed to kill mental patients, and then that equipment was moved to the extermination camps and used in the ways we know. So among the very first victims of the Final Solution were the mentally ill.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Modern Understanding of Mental Illness and Treatments<\/b>\\n\\nToday, we\u2019re much more enlightened. Experts understand that mental illness is the result of the interaction of biochemical, social, and genetic factors. Mental conditions are not signs of demonic possession or failures of character, but are illnesses to be treated with compassion and care.\\n\\nStill, our society's attitude and policy regarding mental illness could use some improvement. Many organizations labor tirelessly to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness, redress inequities in care, and address the social determinants of health that often are at the root of mental illness. \\n\\nWe have a lot of work to do to find effective treatments for mental illnesses and provide food and shelter for those whose illnesses make it impossible for them to function in society.\", 'ai_likelihood': 4.827976226806641e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"Mental illness of today was typically thought of as supernatural phenomenon in ancient times. People often thought that sorcery, demons, or gods were punishing a person for their sin, explains Andrew Scull, one of the world\u2019s foremost scholars of the history of madness.\\n\\nLacking a better understanding of its causes, mental illness \u2014 from melancholy to murderous rages \u2014 was blamed on gods and demons. There is no historical corroboration to understand this, yet there are stories that reflect the conflation of madness with supernatural intervention that was common.\\n\\nTake the familiar story of the Greek hero Heracles (also known as Hercules). The goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus, hated Heracles because he was the son of Zeus by another (human) woman. Hera drove Heracles mad, causing him to murder his own children. From ancient times to the Middle Ages, to today, mental illness was often misunderstood.\\n\\n<b>Mental Illness in the Middle Ages<\/b>\\n\\nIn Europe in the Middle Ages, people often saw mental illness as a spiritual malady. In A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century, historian Barbara Tuchman writes that while depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses by this time, the symptoms of depression, such as despair, melancholy, and lethargy, were considered by the Church to be the sin of accidia, better known today as sloth. And, of course, during much of the Middle Ages, people with symptoms of mental illness were often accused of being witches.\\n\\nEven as late as the 17th and even 18th century, says Scull, bishops and sometimes priests were sought out to cast demons from people. However, he points out that gradually, the \u201cmedical interpretation\u201d became a dominant method.\\n\\nBy the 19th century, religious ideas and superstition about the cause of mental illnesses had not completely disappeared, but overwhelmingly, Scull says, these illnesses were seen in medical terms \u2014 and were starting to be called mental illness.\\n\\n<b>Horrific Treatments for Mental Illness Through History<\/b>\\n\\nTreatments for mental illness had their own trajectory. In ancient times, when demons and vengeful gods were thought to be the cause, people would have priests and prayer treat mental illness. But as time progressed and medical causes were acknowledged, people advocated for medical cures.\\n\\nThe problem was, there were seldom any medical cures of the time. Often, the mentally ill were confined to mental hospitals or asylums.\\n\\nThe oldest and most famous of these in England was Bethlem Hospital (often called Bedlam for short). While the hospital was originally built in London in 1247, in 1574, Henry VIII confiscated the property and made Bethlem a civic institution. The Great Fire of London of 1666 destroyed the original building, but afterward, it was rebuilt.\\n\\n\u201cBy the end of the 18th century, about 300 patients are crammed in there, being treated very little,\u201d Scull says. \u201cBut to the extent they are treated, they\u2019re treated with bleeding and purging.\u201d Bloodletting as a remedy for mental illness didn\u2019t die out until the 1850s.\\n\\nCompared to some so-called treatments, bloodletting and purging are enlightened. Here\u2019s how Scull describes one method of treatment (though he says these kinds of practices were often about discipline as much as treatment): Patients were strapped into a chair that dangled from a pendulum. The chair was spun around so violently that patients vomited, voided their bladders and bowels, and their hair stood on end.\\n\\nAnother \u201cremedy\u201d was putting the patient in an iron cage suspended over water, dropping the cage into the water by means of a pulley system, then pulling it back up, nearly drowning the patient.\\n\\n\u201cThere are others I could mention,\u201d Scull offers. But I think we'll agree that\u2019s quite enough. Asylums were not the only place where the mentally ill faced horrors.\\n\\n\u201cThe Nazis murdered, with \u2014 and I can\u2019t emphasize this enough \u2014 the active collaboration of most German psychiatrists, perhaps a quarter million mental patients,\u201d says Scull. \u201cThe technology of the gas chamber was developed to kill mental patients, and then that equipment was moved to the extermination camps and used in the ways we know. So among the very first victims of the Final Solution were the mentally ill.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Modern Understanding of Mental Illness and Treatments<\/b>\\n\\nToday, we\u2019re much more enlightened. Experts understand that mental illness is the result of the interaction of biochemical, social, and genetic factors. Mental conditions are not signs of demonic possession or failures of character, but are illnesses to be treated with compassion and care.\\n\\nStill, our society's attitude and policy regarding mental illness could use some improvement. Many organizations labor tirelessly to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness, redress inequities in care, and address the social determinants of health that often are at the root of mental illness. \\n\\nWe have a lot of work to do to find effective treatments for mental illnesses and provide food and shelter for those whose illnesses make it impossible for them to function in society.\", 'ai_likelihood': 5.960464477539062e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '21ec975d-1f21-4e0c-9e52-8d39e0929341', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.00038201332790777087, 'sentence': 'Mental illness of today was typically thought of as supernatural phenomenon in ancient times.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004794824926648289, 'sentence': \"People often thought that sorcery, demons, or gods were punishing a person for their sin, explains Andrew Scull, one of the world's foremost scholars of the history of madness.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00046923922491259873, 'sentence': 'Lacking a better understanding of its causes, mental illness \u1173 from melancholy to murderous rages \u1173 was blamed on gods and demons.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00040807112236507237, 'sentence': 'There is no historical corroboration to understand this, yet there are stories that reflect the conflation of madness with supernatural intervention that was common.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006695335614494979, 'sentence': 'Take the familiar story of the Greek hero Heracles (also known as Hercules).', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004733698151540011, 'sentence': 'The goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus, hated Heracles because he was the son of Zeus by another (human) woman.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003701360838022083, 'sentence': 'Hera drove Heracles mad, causing him to murder his own children.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00044770969543606043, 'sentence': 'From ancient times to the Middle Ages, to today, mental illness was often misunderstood.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00034921898622997105, 'sentence': '<b>Mental Illness in the Middle Ages<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005240559112280607, 'sentence': 'In Europe in the Middle Ages, people often saw mental illness as a spiritual malady.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005024934653192759, 'sentence': 'In A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century, historian Barbara Tuchman writes that while depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses by this time, the symptoms of depression, such as despair, melancholy, and lethargy, were considered by the Church to be the sin of accidia, better known today as sloth.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005497487145476043, 'sentence': 'And, of course, during much of the Middle Ages, people with symptoms of mental illness were often accused of being witches.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006106817745603621, 'sentence': 'Even as late as the 17th and even 18th century, says Scull, bishops and sometimes priests were sought out to cast demons from people.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006645433604717255, 'sentence': 'However, he points out that gradually, the \u201cmedical interpretation\u201d became a dominant method.', 'perplexity': 0, 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{'generated_prob': 0.0015340929385274649, 'sentence': 'But as time progressed and medical causes were acknowledged, people advocated for medical cures.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011399359209463, 'sentence': 'The problem was, there were seldom any medical cures of the time.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0013905439991503954, 'sentence': 'Often, the mentally ill were confined to mental hospitals or asylums.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008671535179018974, 'sentence': 'The oldest and most famous of these in England was Bethlem Hospital (often called Bedlam for short).', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010810930980369449, 'sentence': 'While the hospital was originally built in London in 1247, in 1574, Henry VIII confiscated the property and made Bethlem a civic institution.', 'perplexity': 0, 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'sentence': \"Here's how Scull describes one method of treatment (though he says these kinds of practices were often about discipline as much as treatment): Patients were strapped into a chair that dangled from a pendulum.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0037011653184890747, 'sentence': 'The chair was spun around so violently that patients vomited, voided their bladders and bowels, and their hair stood on end.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007905945181846619, 'sentence': 'Another \u201cremedy\u201d was putting the patient in an iron cage suspended over water, dropping the cage into the water by means of a pulley system, then pulling it back up, nearly drowning the patient.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.04036196321249008, 'sentence': '\u201cThere are others I could mention,\u201d Scull offers.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.03721198812127113, 'sentence': \"But I think we'll agree that's quite enough.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.14702031016349792, 'sentence': 'Asylums were not the only place where the mentally ill faced horrors.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.08764538168907166, 'sentence': \"\u201cThe Nazis murdered, with \u1173 and I can't emphasize this enough \u1173 the active collaboration of most German psychiatrists, perhaps a quarter million mental patients,\u201d says Scull.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0931471735239029, 'sentence': '\u201cThe technology of the gas chamber was developed to kill mental patients, and then that equipment was moved to the extermination camps and used in the ways we know.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.09591104835271835, 'sentence': 'So among the very first victims of the Final Solution were the mentally ill.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.158629909157753, 'sentence': '<b>Modern Understanding of Mental Illness and Treatments<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.11958761513233185, 'sentence': \"Today, we're much more enlightened.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.15783800184726715, 'sentence': 'Experts understand that mental illness is the result of the interaction of biochemical, social, and genetic factors.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.1992151141166687, 'sentence': 'Mental conditions are not signs of demonic possession or failures of character, but are illnesses to be treated with compassion and care.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.15453626215457916, 'sentence': \"Still, our society's attitude and policy 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0.9576304380595639, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.04148363016684409, 'human': 0.9576304380595639, 'mixed': 0.0008859317735921093}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': \"Mental illness of today was typically thought of as supernatural phenomenon in ancient times. People often thought that sorcery, demons, or gods were punishing a person for their sin, explains Andrew Scull, one of the world\u2019s foremost scholars of the history of madness.\\n\\nLacking a better understanding of its causes, mental illness \u2014 from melancholy to murderous rages \u2014 was blamed on gods and demons. There is no historical corroboration to understand this, yet there are stories that reflect the conflation of madness with supernatural intervention that was common.\\n\\nTake the familiar story of the Greek hero Heracles (also known as Hercules). The goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus, hated Heracles because he was the son of Zeus by another (human) woman. Hera drove Heracles mad, causing him to murder his own children. From ancient times to the Middle Ages, to today, mental illness was often misunderstood.\\n\\n<b>Mental Illness in the Middle Ages<\/b>\\n\\nIn Europe in the Middle Ages, people often saw mental illness as a spiritual malady. In A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century, historian Barbara Tuchman writes that while depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses by this time, the symptoms of depression, such as despair, melancholy, and lethargy, were considered by the Church to be the sin of accidia, better known today as sloth. And, of course, during much of the Middle Ages, people with symptoms of mental illness were often accused of being witches.\\n\\nEven as late as the 17th and even 18th century, says Scull, bishops and sometimes priests were sought out to cast demons from people. However, he points out that gradually, the \u201cmedical interpretation\u201d became a dominant method.\\n\\nBy the 19th century, religious ideas and superstition about the cause of mental illnesses had not completely disappeared, but overwhelmingly, Scull says, these illnesses were seen in medical terms \u2014 and were starting to be called mental illness.\\n\\n<b>Horrific Treatments for Mental Illness Through History<\/b>\\n\\nTreatments for mental illness had their own trajectory. In ancient times, when demons and vengeful gods were thought to be the cause, people would have priests and prayer treat mental illness. But as time progressed and medical causes were acknowledged, people advocated for medical cures.\\n\\nThe problem was, there were seldom any medical cures of the time. Often, the mentally ill were confined to mental hospitals or asylums.\\n\\nThe oldest and most famous of these in England was Bethlem Hospital (often called Bedlam for short). While the hospital was originally built in London in 1247, in 1574, Henry VIII confiscated the property and made Bethlem a civic institution. The Great Fire of London of 1666 destroyed the original building, but afterward, it was rebuilt.\\n\\n\u201cBy the end of the 18th century, about 300 patients are crammed in there, being treated very little,\u201d Scull says. \u201cBut to the extent they are treated, they\u2019re treated with bleeding and purging.\u201d Bloodletting as a remedy for mental illness didn\u2019t die out until the 1850s.\\n\\nCompared to some so-called treatments, bloodletting and purging are enlightened. Here\u2019s how Scull describes one method of treatment (though he says these kinds of practices were often about discipline as much as treatment): Patients were strapped into a chair that dangled from a pendulum. The chair was spun around so violently that patients vomited, voided their bladders and bowels, and their hair stood on end.\\n\\nAnother \u201cremedy\u201d was putting the patient in an iron cage suspended over water, dropping the cage into the water by means of a pulley system, then pulling it back up, nearly drowning the patient.\\n\\n\u201cThere are others I could mention,\u201d Scull offers. But I think we'll agree that\u2019s quite enough. Asylums were not the only place where the mentally ill faced horrors.\\n\\n\u201cThe Nazis murdered, with \u2014 and I can\u2019t emphasize this enough \u2014 the active collaboration of most German psychiatrists, perhaps a quarter million mental patients,\u201d says Scull. \u201cThe technology of the gas chamber was developed to kill mental patients, and then that equipment was moved to the extermination camps and used in the ways we know. So among the very first victims of the Final Solution were the mentally ill.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Modern Understanding of Mental Illness and Treatments<\/b>\\n\\nToday, we\u2019re much more enlightened. Experts understand that mental illness is the result of the interaction of biochemical, social, and genetic factors. Mental conditions are not signs of demonic possession or failures of character, but are illnesses to be treated with compassion and care.\\n\\nStill, our society's attitude and policy regarding mental illness could use some improvement. Many organizations labor tirelessly to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness, redress inequities in care, and address the social determinants of health that often are at the root of mental illness. \\n\\nWe have a lot of work to do to find effective treatments for mental illnesses and provide food and shelter for those whose illnesses make it impossible for them to function in society.\"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4745403826,"RADAR":0.1859256476,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article has one expert who it doesn't refer to as a doctor and quotes throughout. This seems very realistic and his quotes have a different style to the rest of the text. It also mentions several topics that would be seen as harmful by AI like mental patients being killed in gas chambers and child murder. The conclusion mentioning people who cannot function in society also seems a bit harsh for AI, which I would expect to conclude with something hopeful\/inspirational instead. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The first sentence is written a little strangely and I had to reread it to make sense of it. This means it could be human-generated. In my experience, AI uses a lot of em dashes. It tends to start sentences with the word \"But.\" It tends to use lists of ideas joined with commas. However, I'm not confident in my response as this isn't as obviously AI-generated as many texts I've seen. It may be human-generated. The book title \"In a Distant Mirror\" is neither italicized nor in inverted commas which may be a human error. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"With this text, there are a few grammatical and stylistic issues that AI wouldn't have overlooked. For example,  AI would know to use italics for book titles; favours closed em dashes to open en dashes; and coordinating conjunctions like 'additionally' and 'furthermore' to 'and' and 'but'. AI would know not to capitalise 'the Church' unless it was being used as a proper noun.  And it wouldn't overlook speech brackets or missing commas as easily. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I believe this is human-generated because of a few factors involved: first, there is a lot more use of passive voice in this article, such as \"bishops and sometimes priests were sought out..\" By most SEO standards today, many SEO ranking tools used to push articles to better rankings in Google's algorithm focus on using active voice for their writing style, and AI utilizes that. Second, AI models don't often vary in sentence structures, so the inclusion of \"\u2014\" and parentheses in these sentences, such as \"mental illness \u2014 from melancholy to murderous rages \u2014 was blamed on gods and demons.\" allow for better use of conveying information on an academic level. It also actively references sources within the article by name instead of hyperlinks, although AI could be prompted to do those things if someone were to write it for a college assignment. Because of these aspects, I am fairly confident it is human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The first clue is that the writer uses punctuation to signal their attitude or offer an opinion, e.g. using inverted commas with \"medical interpretation\" and \"remedy\" tells me they doubt the effectiveness of these methods. Parentheses and dashes are used  appropriately in the same way. The second reason is that the writer does not shy away from personal pronouns, uses quotations correctly, and maintains a conversational tone that is usually absent in machine-generated text. This little essay may have a few silly errors, but at least is not littered with the usual bombast of an AI-generated product. So I'm pretty confident that this was written by a person."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"7":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":8,"title":"How Moo Deng the pygmy hippo is different from common hippos","sub-title":"With Moo Deng's adorable behavior and panicked expressions going viral, experts weigh in on this lesser-known hippo species evolved from its much larger cousins.","author":"Jason Bittel","source":"National Geographic","issue":"17-Sep-24","section":"Animals","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/animals\/article\/moo-deng-pygmy-hippo-differences","article":"Moo Deng\u2014a squishy, shiny, purple-pink pygmy hippo born this summer at a zoo in Thailand, and whose name means \u201cbouncing pig\u201d \u2014has taken the internet by storm.\n\nAnd that might have folks wondering, what is a pygmy hippo, anyway?\n\nThe pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) is one of two living hippo species. The other is more well-known, which is reflected in its name, the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius).\n\nWhile these creatures have similar shapes and colors, put these hippo species side-by-side, and you\u2019d quickly realize just how different they are.\n\n\u201cSize is the main difference,\u201d says Karen Vacco, assistant mammal curator at the Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium, which also houses a pygmy hippo. \u201cThe pygmy hippo is 10 times smaller than a common hippo.\u201d\n\nAs adults, pygmy hippos can weigh up to 600 pounds, which may sound like a lot, until you learn that their cousins, the common hippos, sometimes weigh up to 4.5 tons, which is 9,000 pounds. \n\nScientists have investigated exactly what sets these two species apart\u2014even making some intriguing evolutionary discoveries.\n\n<b>Similarities and differences<\/b>\n\nThe size of both hippos and pygmy hippos is rather impressive when you consider that each species is largely herbivorous. In the wild, pygmy hippos eat mainly grasses and aquatic plants, says Vacco. However, Moo Deng and other pygmy hippos that live in zoos eat mainly greens, vegetables, and what\u2019s known as \u201cherbivore biscuits,\u201d which provide extra nutrients.\n\nGeographic range is another big difference among the hippo species. Common hippos can be found across central and southern Africa, including a small sliver of territory that follows the Nile River north to the Mediterranean.\n\nMeanwhile, pygmy hippos are native to the forests and swamps of West Africa, where they live mostly solitary lives\u2014which Vacco says is another divergence from common hippos that live in herds of around 40 individuals or as many 200. \n\nOne thing both species have in common, and something you should watch out for when visiting them at the zoo or on safari? The splash zone.\n\n\u201cHippos spray their feces like a sprinkler by wagging their tail back and forth,\u201d says Vacco.\n\n<b>Evolution of the hippo family tree<\/b>\n\nScientists were curious about how closely the related the species are, too, so in 2023, they decided to use molecular data to investigate the only two living members of the hippo family tree. And what they found was rather surprising.\n\n\u201cOur study found that they split around four million years ago, which is more recently than previously thought,\u201d says Jan Janecka, a geneticist at Duquesne University.\n\nTo put those figures into perspective, this means that pygmy hippos and common hippos diverged about one to two million years before humans and chimpanzees or lions and tigers, says Janecka. Or about the same amount of time ago as American black bears and brown bears.\n\nWhile no one knows for sure, Janecka and his coauthors think that the hippo species may have gone down different evolutionary pathways as the pygmy hippos became smaller and more adapted to life on land.\n\nIn turn, common hippos may have been allowed to grow larger because they spend much of their lives in water, which helps supports their considerable heft.  \n\n\u201cIt\u2019s fun to think about,\u201d says Janecka.","id":15,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Moo Deng\u2014a squishy, shiny, purple-pink pygmy hippo born this summer at a zoo in Thailand, and whose name means \u201cbouncing pig\u201d \u2014has taken the internet by storm.\\n\\nAnd that might have folks wondering, what is a pygmy hippo, anyway?\\n\\nThe pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) is one of two living hippo species. The other is more well-known, which is reflected in its name, the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius).\\n\\nWhile these creatures have similar shapes and colors, put these hippo species side-by-side, and you\u2019d quickly realize just how different they are.\\n\\n\u201cSize is the main difference,\u201d says Karen Vacco, assistant mammal curator at the Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium, which also houses a pygmy hippo. \u201cThe pygmy hippo is 10 times smaller than a common hippo.\u201d\\n\\nAs adults, pygmy hippos can weigh up to 600 pounds, which may sound like a lot, until you learn that their cousins, the common hippos, sometimes weigh up to 4.5 tons, which is 9,000 pounds. \\n\\nScientists have investigated exactly what sets these two species apart\u2014even making some intriguing evolutionary discoveries.\\n\\n<b>Similarities and differences<\/b>\\n\\nThe size of both hippos and pygmy hippos is rather impressive when you consider that each species is largely herbivorous. In the wild, pygmy hippos eat mainly grasses and aquatic plants, says Vacco. However, Moo Deng and other pygmy hippos that live in zoos eat mainly greens, vegetables, and what\u2019s known as \u201cherbivore biscuits,\u201d which provide extra nutrients.\\n\\nGeographic range is another big difference among the hippo species. Common hippos can be found across central and southern Africa, including a small sliver of territory that follows the Nile River north to the Mediterranean.\\n\\nMeanwhile, pygmy hippos are native to the forests and swamps of West Africa, where they live mostly solitary lives\u2014which Vacco says is another divergence from common hippos that live in herds of around 40 individuals or as many 200. \\n\\nOne thing both species have in common, and something you should watch out for when visiting them at the zoo or on safari? The splash zone.\\n\\n\u201cHippos spray their feces like a sprinkler by wagging their tail back and forth,\u201d says Vacco.\\n\\n<b>Evolution of the hippo family tree<\/b>\\n\\nScientists were curious about how closely the related the species are, too, so in 2023, they decided to use molecular data to investigate the only two living members of the hippo family tree. And what they found was rather surprising.\\n\\n\u201cOur study found that they split around four million years ago, which is more recently than previously thought,\u201d says Jan Janecka, a geneticist at Duquesne University.\\n\\nTo put those figures into perspective, this means that pygmy hippos and common hippos diverged about one to two million years before humans and chimpanzees or lions and tigers, says Janecka. Or about the same amount of time ago as American black bears and brown bears.\\n\\nWhile no one knows for sure, Janecka and his coauthors think that the hippo species may have gone down different evolutionary pathways as the pygmy hippos became smaller and more adapted to life on land.\\n\\nIn turn, common hippos may have been allowed to grow larger because they spend much of their lives in water, which helps supports their considerable heft.  \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s fun to think about,\u201d says Janecka.', 'ai_likelihood': 5.960464477539063e-08, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Moo Deng\u2014a squishy, shiny, purple-pink pygmy hippo born this summer at a zoo in Thailand, and whose name means \u201cbouncing pig\u201d \u2014has taken the internet by storm.\\n\\nAnd that might have folks wondering, what is a pygmy hippo, anyway?\\n\\nThe pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) is one of two living hippo species. The other is more well-known, which is reflected in its name, the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius).\\n\\nWhile these creatures have similar shapes and colors, put these hippo species side-by-side, and you\u2019d quickly realize just how different they are.\\n\\n\u201cSize is the main difference,\u201d says Karen Vacco, assistant mammal curator at the Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium, which also houses a pygmy hippo. \u201cThe pygmy hippo is 10 times smaller than a common hippo.\u201d\\n\\nAs adults, pygmy hippos can weigh up to 600 pounds, which may sound like a lot, until you learn that their cousins, the common hippos, sometimes weigh up to 4.5 tons, which is 9,000 pounds. \\n\\nScientists have investigated exactly what sets these two species apart\u2014even making some intriguing evolutionary discoveries.\\n\\n<b>Similarities and differences<\/b>\\n\\nThe size of both hippos and pygmy hippos is rather impressive when you consider that each species is largely herbivorous. In the wild, pygmy hippos eat mainly grasses and aquatic plants, says Vacco. However, Moo Deng and other pygmy hippos that live in zoos eat mainly greens, vegetables, and what\u2019s known as \u201cherbivore biscuits,\u201d which provide extra nutrients.\\n\\nGeographic range is another big difference among the hippo species. Common hippos can be found across central and southern Africa, including a small sliver of territory that follows the Nile River north to the Mediterranean.\\n\\nMeanwhile, pygmy hippos are native to the forests and swamps of West Africa, where they live mostly solitary lives\u2014which Vacco says is another divergence from common hippos that live in herds of around 40 individuals or as many 200. \\n\\nOne thing both species have in common, and something you should watch out for when visiting them at the zoo or on safari? The splash zone.\\n\\n\u201cHippos spray their feces like a sprinkler by wagging their tail back and forth,\u201d says Vacco.\\n\\n<b>Evolution of the hippo family tree<\/b>\\n\\nScientists were curious about how closely the related the species are, too, so in 2023, they decided to use molecular data to investigate the only two living members of the hippo family tree. And what they found was rather surprising.\\n\\n\u201cOur study found that they split around four million years ago, which is more recently than previously thought,\u201d says Jan Janecka, a geneticist at Duquesne University.\\n\\nTo put those figures into perspective, this means that pygmy hippos and common hippos diverged about one to two million years before humans and chimpanzees or lions and tigers, says Janecka. Or about the same amount of time ago as American black bears and brown bears.\\n\\nWhile no one knows for sure, Janecka and his coauthors think that the hippo species may have gone down different evolutionary pathways as the pygmy hippos became smaller and more adapted to life on land.\\n\\nIn turn, common hippos may have been allowed to grow larger because they spend much of their lives in water, which helps supports their considerable heft.  \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s fun to think about,\u201d says Janecka.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.913309097290039e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '32f64bdb-f59a-4fe5-b4f9-ac2ec473df53', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0005146475159563124, 'sentence': 'Moo Deng\u1173a squishy, shiny, purple-pink pygmy hippo born this summer at a zoo in Thailand, and whose 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'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Moo Deng\u2014a squishy, shiny, purple-pink pygmy hippo born this summer at a zoo in Thailand, and whose name means \u201cbouncing pig\u201d \u2014has taken the internet by storm.\\n\\nAnd that might have folks wondering, what is a pygmy hippo, anyway?\\n\\nThe pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) is one of two living hippo species. The other is more well-known, which is reflected in its name, the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius).\\n\\nWhile these creatures have similar shapes and colors, put these hippo species side-by-side, and you\u2019d quickly realize just how different they are.\\n\\n\u201cSize is the main difference,\u201d says Karen Vacco, assistant mammal curator at the Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium, which also houses a pygmy hippo. \u201cThe pygmy hippo is 10 times smaller than a common hippo.\u201d\\n\\nAs adults, pygmy hippos can weigh up to 600 pounds, which may sound like a lot, until you learn that their cousins, the common hippos, sometimes weigh up to 4.5 tons, which is 9,000 pounds. \\n\\nScientists have investigated exactly what sets these two species apart\u2014even making some intriguing evolutionary discoveries.\\n\\n<b>Similarities and differences<\/b>\\n\\nThe size of both hippos and pygmy hippos is rather impressive when you consider that each species is largely herbivorous. In the wild, pygmy hippos eat mainly grasses and aquatic plants, says Vacco. However, Moo Deng and other pygmy hippos that live in zoos eat mainly greens, vegetables, and what\u2019s known as \u201cherbivore biscuits,\u201d which provide extra nutrients.\\n\\nGeographic range is another big difference among the hippo species. Common hippos can be found across central and southern Africa, including a small sliver of territory that follows the Nile River north to the Mediterranean.\\n\\nMeanwhile, pygmy hippos are native to the forests and swamps of West Africa, where they live mostly solitary lives\u2014which Vacco says is another divergence from common hippos that live in herds of around 40 individuals or as many 200. \\n\\nOne thing both species have in common, and something you should watch out for when visiting them at the zoo or on safari? The splash zone.\\n\\n\u201cHippos spray their feces like a sprinkler by wagging their tail back and forth,\u201d says Vacco.\\n\\n<b>Evolution of the hippo family tree<\/b>\\n\\nScientists were curious about how closely the related the species are, too, so in 2023, they decided to use molecular data to investigate the only two living members of the hippo family tree. And what they found was rather surprising.\\n\\n\u201cOur study found that they split around four million years ago, which is more recently than previously thought,\u201d says Jan Janecka, a geneticist at Duquesne University.\\n\\nTo put those figures into perspective, this means that pygmy hippos and common hippos diverged about one to two million years before humans and chimpanzees or lions and tigers, says Janecka. Or about the same amount of time ago as American black bears and brown bears.\\n\\nWhile no one knows for sure, Janecka and his coauthors think that the hippo species may have gone down different evolutionary pathways as the pygmy hippos became smaller and more adapted to life on land.\\n\\nIn turn, common hippos may have been allowed to grow larger because they spend much of their lives in water, which helps supports their considerable heft.  \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s fun to think about,\u201d says Janecka.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.270712018,"RADAR":0.0520554744,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The opening sentence is fun, unique, and contains some alliteration; it's exactly the kind of sentence AI wouldn't open with. The quotes sound real, especially the one about hippos spraying their faeces like a sprinkler, which is something most AI models would probably rather avoid. There are a number of facts which seem quite accurate, including the hippo size information which I know from personal experience, and I've noticed some AI models struggle with statistics on animal sizes. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Varying sentence lengths and richer vocabulary make me think this is human-generated. Also, there are none of the typical words used by AI."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I started out thinking this was AI, and then the typos and spelling mistakes revealed it was human-generated. There is some inconsistency with capitalisation, the sentences vary in length (AI tends to stick to a strict formula) and the headings are sentence case. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am fairly confident this is human-written, but considering the spacing pattern I've seen with previous entries, I am not 100 percent certain. To me, it's the conversational tone used throughout the article, with phrases such as \"you'd quickly realize just how different they are.\" and \"To put those figures into perspective.\" that help aid in my assessment. Alongside that, it's able to place facts throughout the article to give relevance to the topic, which helps add context for the quotes used. Punctuation such as dashes  help control how the information is presented, and words like \"think\" \"more recently\" \"mostly\" and \"side-by-side\" are not needed, but add to the character of the article. So, I think it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The text is refreshingly free from excessive verbiage. The author gives me a few interesting facts without feeling the need to rabbit on about the \"impacts\" these hippopotami have on the rich tapestry of life. Formally stated: the structural features of the text are typically human."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"8":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":9,"title":"How one bag of chips disrupted an entire ecosystem","sub-title":"You've heard \"leave no trace\" when hiking\u2014here\u2019s the science behind why it\u2019s crucial to leave wild environments the way you found them.","author":"Melissa Hobson","source":"National Geographic","issue":"9\/18\/24","section":"Environment","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/leave-no-trace-science-ecosystem","article":"A dropped bag of Cheetos dramatically disturbed a delicate cave ecosystem in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico, according to a Facebook post from park officials on September 6.\n\nThis cavern is almost entirely cut off from the outside world so introducing anything alien can be catastrophic. \u201cThe cave has 90 to 100 percent humidity so things get soggy pretty quickly,\u201d says park guide Ashley Parsons. The mushy snack attracts microbes, encouraging mold growth. Soon, critters\u2014like crickets, spiders, and bats\u2014swoop in to feed, spreading contamination.\n\nRangers found the Cheetos within four or five hours. \u201cBut that can be all it takes,\u201d says Parsons. \u201cI\u2019m sure some cave crickets got a bit of a snack,\u201d \n\nWith more than 500 million people visiting American public lands each year, there are countless opportunities to harm our wild places. \u201cWhen you look at the scale, it's incredible,\u201d says Dana Watts, executive director of the Leave No Trace Center in Colorado.  \n\nVisiting a park without leaving a trace isn\u2019t just about keeping nature clean\u2014here\u2019s the science behind why it protects wildlife. \n\n<b>Don\u2019t leave food waste<\/b>\n\nWhile the discarded chips were quickly removed from Carlsbad Caverns, food waste can take a long time to decompose, especially in certain environments. \u201cIt takes much longer for an apple core or banana peel to decompose in a desert versus a wetland area or boreal forest,\u201d says Clara-Jane Blye, assistant professor of sustainable tourism at the University of Utah and board member of Leave No Trace Canada.\n\nPackaging is even worse. \u201cIf we drop things like plastic bags or metal cans or other trash into the ocean, the decay times might be centuries to millennia,\u201d says Carlos Duarte, professor of marine science at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia.\n\nLeaving waste introduces animals to an unnatural diet and changes their behavior with sometimes catastrophic consequences. When birds or fish mistake plastic for food, it fills up their stomachs so they can\u2019t eat. \u201cThey basically starve to death,\u201d says Blye.  \n\nBears who get a taste for garbage and become a \u2018nuisance\u2019 to humans may have to be put down. \u201cBears can become habituated to human food in three weeks,\u201d says Watts. \u201cEverybody loses in that case.\u201d\n\nBiological waste is also problematic. Dog feces introduce new pathogens into the ecosystem and the trace of this predator disturbs ungulate species, like deer and elk. Meanwhile, human excrement and toilet paper introduces e-coli into water sources. \u201cIt can make us very, very sick,\u201d says Blye.\n\nExperts recommend relieving yourself into a \u2018WAG bag\u2019 and taking it with you when you leave. \u201cI know it sounds really strange to poo into a bag,\u201d she says. \u201cBut it's weird to go into a hole, too.\u201d \n\n<b>Stay on the designated trail <\/b>\n\nIn national parks, designated trails are carefully designed to avoid sensitive areas. Stepping off the trail, even for a quick photo, can scare wildlife away. \u201cThey stop foraging, they leave really good nesting and denning sites, they're less likely to return,\u201d says Blye.\n\nCumulative impacts from many visitors results in long-term damage to nature and wildlife. But people don\u2019t think of that when they see the perfect photo opportunity. \u201cIt's just such a hard thing to resist,\u201d she says. \n\nThe risk to sensitive ecosystems, like desert crust, can't be seen with the naked eye.\n\n\u201cIt's pretty easy for us to be like, oh, there's wildflowers over there. I shouldn't step on that,\u201d says Blye, but these inconspicuous biocrusts are full of microscopic organisms essential to desert life.\n\nThese tiny ecosystems provide many benefits, including reducing the risk of erosion and helping absorb rainfall, and can take hundreds of years to return to its original state.\n\n<b>Leave souvenirs behind<\/b>\n\nWhen visiting ocean environments, it\u2019s important to consider \u201chow do we get there? How do we depart?\u201d says Duarte. Boats can leach oil or toxic chemicals into the water and dropping anchor can smash up coral reefs.\n\nTourists themselves can introduce harmful chemicals\u2014 \u201cWe cover ourselves in a sunscreen lotion that has also been proven to be toxic, not just to the corals but to ourselves,\u201d says Duarte\u2014or damage corals by kicking or touching them. Accidentally breaking a tiny piece of coral, \u201cmight be doing damage that will last for decades,\u201d he says.\n\n\u201cProbably the most challenging principle for a lot of people, is leaving what you find\u201d, says Watts, because people love to keep souvenirs. But taking a memento strips the ecosystem of its resources. For example, mass tourism has made it harder to find seashells.\n\nFor Watts, experiencing nature is good for people\u2019s mental and physical health but the Cheetos\u2019 incident \u201cillustrates the need for people to understand their own impacts.\u201d","id":17,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"A dropped bag of Cheetos dramatically disturbed a delicate cave ecosystem in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico, according to a Facebook post from park officials on September 6.\\n\\nThis cavern is almost entirely cut off from the outside world so introducing anything alien can be catastrophic. \u201cThe cave has 90 to 100 percent humidity so things get soggy pretty quickly,\u201d says park guide Ashley Parsons. The mushy snack attracts microbes, encouraging mold growth. Soon, critters\u2014like crickets, spiders, and bats\u2014swoop in to feed, spreading contamination.\\n\\nRangers found the Cheetos within four or five hours. \u201cBut that can be all it takes,\u201d says Parsons. \u201cI\u2019m sure some cave crickets got a bit of a snack,\u201d \\n\\nWith more than 500 million people visiting American public lands each year, there are countless opportunities to harm our wild places. \u201cWhen you look at the scale, it's incredible,\u201d says Dana Watts, executive director of the Leave No Trace Center in Colorado.  \\n\\nVisiting a park without leaving a trace isn\u2019t just about keeping nature clean\u2014here\u2019s the science behind why it protects wildlife. \\n\\n<b>Don\u2019t leave food waste<\/b>\\n\\nWhile the discarded chips were quickly removed from Carlsbad Caverns, food waste can take a long time to decompose, especially in certain environments. \u201cIt takes much longer for an apple core or banana peel to decompose in a desert versus a wetland area or boreal forest,\u201d says Clara-Jane Blye, assistant professor of sustainable tourism at the University of Utah and board member of Leave No Trace Canada.\\n\\nPackaging is even worse. \u201cIf we drop things like plastic bags or metal cans or other trash into the ocean, the decay times might be centuries to millennia,\u201d says Carlos Duarte, professor of marine science at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia.\\n\\nLeaving waste introduces animals to an unnatural diet and changes their behavior with sometimes catastrophic consequences. When birds or fish mistake plastic for food, it fills up their stomachs so they can\u2019t eat. \u201cThey basically starve to death,\u201d says Blye.  \\n\\nBears who get a taste for garbage and become a \u2018nuisance\u2019 to humans may have to be put down. \u201cBears can become habituated to human food in three weeks,\u201d says Watts. \u201cEverybody loses in that case.\u201d\\n\\nBiological waste is also problematic. Dog feces introduce new pathogens into the ecosystem and the trace of this predator disturbs ungulate species, like deer and elk. 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But people don\u2019t think of that when they see the perfect photo opportunity. \u201cIt's just such a hard thing to resist,\u201d she says. \\n\\nThe risk to sensitive ecosystems, like desert crust, can't be seen with the naked eye.\\n\\n\u201cIt's pretty easy for us to be like, oh, there's wildflowers over there. I shouldn't step on that,\u201d says Blye, but these inconspicuous biocrusts are full of microscopic organisms essential to desert life.\\n\\nThese tiny ecosystems provide many benefits, including reducing the risk of erosion and helping absorb rainfall, and can take hundreds of years to return to its original state.\\n\\n<b>Leave souvenirs behind<\/b>\\n\\nWhen visiting ocean environments, it\u2019s important to consider \u201chow do we get there? How do we depart?\u201d says Duarte. Boats can leach oil or toxic chemicals into the water and dropping anchor can smash up coral reefs.\\n\\nTourists themselves can introduce harmful chemicals\u2014 \u201cWe cover ourselves in a sunscreen lotion that has also been proven to be toxic, not just to the corals but to ourselves,\u201d says Duarte\u2014or damage corals by kicking or touching them. Accidentally breaking a tiny piece of coral, \u201cmight be doing damage that will last for decades,\u201d he says.\\n\\n\u201cProbably the most challenging principle for a lot of people, is leaving what you find\u201d, says Watts, because people love to keep souvenirs. But taking a memento strips the ecosystem of its resources. 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When birds or fish mistake plastic for food, it fills up their stomachs so they can\u2019t eat. \u201cThey basically starve to death,\u201d says Blye.  \\n\\nBears who get a taste for garbage and become a \u2018nuisance\u2019 to humans may have to be put down. \u201cBears can become habituated to human food in three weeks,\u201d says Watts. \u201cEverybody loses in that case.\u201d\\n\\nBiological waste is also problematic. Dog feces introduce new pathogens into the ecosystem and the trace of this predator disturbs ungulate species, like deer and elk. 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When birds or fish mistake plastic for food, it fills up their stomachs so they can\u2019t eat. \u201cThey basically starve to death,\u201d says Blye.  \\n\\nBears who get a taste for garbage and become a \u2018nuisance\u2019 to humans may have to be put down. \u201cBears can become habituated to human food in three weeks,\u201d says Watts. \u201cEverybody loses in that case.\u201d\\n\\nBiological waste is also problematic. Dog feces introduce new pathogens into the ecosystem and the trace of this predator disturbs ungulate species, like deer and elk. Meanwhile, human excrement and toilet paper introduces e-coli into water sources. \u201cIt can make us very, very sick,\u201d says Blye.\\n\\nExperts recommend relieving yourself into a \u2018WAG bag\u2019 and taking it with you when you leave. \u201cI know it sounds really strange to poo into a bag,\u201d she says. \u201cBut it's weird to go into a hole, too.\u201d \\n\\n<b>Stay on the designated trail <\/b>\\n\\nIn national parks, designated trails are carefully designed to avoid sensitive areas. Stepping off the trail, even for a quick photo, can scare wildlife away. \u201cThey stop foraging, they leave really good nesting and denning sites, they're less likely to return,\u201d says Blye.\\n\\nCumulative impacts from many visitors results in long-term damage to nature and wildlife. But people don\u2019t think of that when they see the perfect photo opportunity. \u201cIt's just such a hard thing to resist,\u201d she says. \\n\\nThe risk to sensitive ecosystems, like desert crust, can't be seen with the naked eye.\\n\\n\u201cIt's pretty easy for us to be like, oh, there's wildflowers over there. I shouldn't step on that,\u201d says Blye, but these inconspicuous biocrusts are full of microscopic organisms essential to desert life.\\n\\nThese tiny ecosystems provide many benefits, including reducing the risk of erosion and helping absorb rainfall, and can take hundreds of years to return to its original state.\\n\\n<b>Leave souvenirs behind<\/b>\\n\\nWhen visiting ocean environments, it\u2019s important to consider \u201chow do we get there? How do we depart?\u201d says Duarte. Boats can leach oil or toxic chemicals into the water and dropping anchor can smash up coral reefs.\\n\\nTourists themselves can introduce harmful chemicals\u2014 \u201cWe cover ourselves in a sunscreen lotion that has also been proven to be toxic, not just to the corals but to ourselves,\u201d says Duarte\u2014or damage corals by kicking or touching them. Accidentally breaking a tiny piece of coral, \u201cmight be doing damage that will last for decades,\u201d he says.\\n\\n\u201cProbably the most challenging principle for a lot of people, is leaving what you find\u201d, says Watts, because people love to keep souvenirs. But taking a memento strips the ecosystem of its resources. For example, mass tourism has made it harder to find seashells.\\n\\nFor Watts, experiencing nature is good for people\u2019s mental and physical health but the Cheetos\u2019 incident \u201cillustrates the need for people to understand their own impacts.\u201d\"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8714879155,"RADAR":0.0652376115,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"At first, I wasn't sure because the article feels almost like a parody. The quotes from people in this article do sound quite realistic though. They're not overly polished like AI-generated quotes often are, they sound more like natural speech. The introduction and conclusion are also quite unique, starting out with alliteration, and ending with a quote. The main point that tipped me towards human-generated was the article mentioning of human excrement. The AI models I've worked with are always trained to avoid any mentions of it. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There is a rich use of vocabulary here. The sentences are of varying lengths and styles. There are a few mistakes that AI probably would have picked up like \"its original state\" instead of \"their original state.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I started off thinking this was AI then I noticed some errors and typos. Also the headings aren't capitalised. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article's able to combine information seamlessly with quotes, and uses different punctuation markers to help organize information better. Each sentence provides context for the quotes, and helps pace the tone and language of the text. Phrases such as \"Stepping off the trail, even for a quick photo, can scare wildlife away.\" and \"become a \u2018nuisance\u2019 to humans may have to be put down.\" show and explain the reason why the topic is important to read about, and are written in a way that gets straight to the point. So, in my opinion, I am confident it is human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Quotations integrated into the author's sentences, instead of being standalone sentences or paragraphs. Enough detail to contextualize the content. The author moves smoothly from the specific to the general without losing the reader on the way. The final sentence wraps the piece up into a satisfying package."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"9":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":10,"title":"Here's why Friday the 13th scares us","sub-title":"Find out how the date got its unlucky reputation and how even nonbelievers may be influenced by our collective triskaidekaphobia.","author":"Brian Handwerk","source":"National Geographic","issue":"9\/13\/24","section":"History & Culture","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/science\/article\/what-is-friday-13th-superstition-facts-science","article":"The creepiest day on the calendar has returned: Friday the 13th.\n\nIn 2022, there was just one ill-fated Friday\u2014May 13. Last year, the inauspicious day occurred twice: January 13 and October 13, 2023. This year, we're seeing two Friday the 13th's again, but in the colder months. With one falling on September 13 and the other on December 13, 2024, the eerie day may give us even more to shiver about.\n\nIt seems that no matter how many of these frightening Fridays we survive unharmed, the dreaded day continues to inspire unease and fears of misfortune.\n\nThere's no logical reason to fear the occasional coincidence of any day and date governed by the 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar. But Friday the 13th can still have noticeable impacts. Sometimes we create them in our own minds\u2014for good and ill.\n\n<b>Why even skeptics can be superstitious<\/b>\n\nJane Risen, a behavioral scientist at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, has found that superstitions can influence even nonbelievers. In one 2016 study, Risen found that people who identify as superstitious and non-superstitious both believe a bad outcome is more likely when they've been jinxed. For example, they worry that stating they definitely won't get into a car accident will make it more likely to happen.\n\n\u201cGenerally speaking, I find that this occurs because the bad outcome springs to mind and is imagined more clearly following the jinx,\u201d she explains. \u201cPeople use the ease of imagining something as a cue to its likelihood.\u201d\n\nThis kind of thinking may be more widespread on Friday the 13th: \u201cEven if I don't actively believe, just that fact that Friday the 13th exists as a known cultural element means that I entertain it as a possibility,\u201d she says. When otherwise unremarkable events occur on that date, we tend to notice.\n\n\u201cThat adds a bit more fuel to this intuition, makes it feel a bit more true, even when you recognize that it's not true.\u201d\n\nFortunately, Risen's research also suggests that performing rituals that ward off bad luck\u2014like knocking on wood or throwing salt\u2014can have surprising results. In a 2014 study, she found that some people use them even when they don't actively believe, and when tested, both types of people reported benefits from such acts.\n\n\u201cWe find that people who jinx themselves don\u2019t think the bad outcome is especially likely if they knock down on wood,\u201d Risen says. \u201cSo, the ritual does seem to help manage their concern.\u201d\n\nIn that way, simply being aware of superstitions may help to instill a sense of order in a world of random and uncontrollable worries, according to Rebecca Borah, a professor of English at the University of Cincinnati.\n\n\"When you have rules and you know how to play by them, it always seems a lot easier,\" she told National Geographic in 2014. On Friday the 13th, \"we don't do anything too scary today, or double-check that there's enough gas in the car, or whatever it might be.\u201d\n\n\u201cSome people may even stay at home\u2014although statistically, most accidents happen in the home, so that may not be the best strategy.\"\n\n<b>The origins of our Friday the 13th fears<\/b>\n\nIt's difficult to pin down the origins and evolution of a superstition. But Stuart Vyse, an author and former professor of psychology at Connecticut College in New London, told National Geographic in 2014 that our fear of Friday the 13th may be rooted in religious beliefs surrounding the 13th guest at the Last Supper\u2014Judas, the apostle said to have betrayed Jesus\u2014and the crucifixion of Jesus on a Friday, which was known as hangman's day.\n","id":19,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'The creepiest day on the calendar has returned: Friday the 13th.\\n\\nIn 2022, there was just one ill-fated Friday\u2014May 13. Last year, the inauspicious day occurred twice: January 13 and October 13, 2023. This year, we\\'re seeing two Friday the 13th\\'s again, but in the colder months. With one falling on September 13 and the other on December 13, 2024, the eerie day may give us even more to shiver about.\\n\\nIt seems that no matter how many of these frightening Fridays we survive unharmed, the dreaded day continues to inspire unease and fears of misfortune.\\n\\nThere\\'s no logical reason to fear the occasional coincidence of any day and date governed by the 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar. But Friday the 13th can still have noticeable impacts. Sometimes we create them in our own minds\u2014for good and ill.\\n\\n<b>Why even skeptics can be superstitious<\/b>\\n\\nJane Risen, a behavioral scientist at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, has found that superstitions can influence even nonbelievers. In one 2016 study, Risen found that people who identify as superstitious and non-superstitious both believe a bad outcome is more likely when they\\'ve been jinxed. For example, they worry that stating they definitely won\\'t get into a car accident will make it more likely to happen.\\n\\n\u201cGenerally speaking, I find that this occurs because the bad outcome springs to mind and is imagined more clearly following the jinx,\u201d she explains. \u201cPeople use the ease of imagining something as a cue to its likelihood.\u201d\\n\\nThis kind of thinking may be more widespread on Friday the 13th: \u201cEven if I don\\'t actively believe, just that fact that Friday the 13th exists as a known cultural element means that I entertain it as a possibility,\u201d she says. When otherwise unremarkable events occur on that date, we tend to notice.\\n\\n\u201cThat adds a bit more fuel to this intuition, makes it feel a bit more true, even when you recognize that it\\'s not true.\u201d\\n\\nFortunately, Risen\\'s research also suggests that performing rituals that ward off bad luck\u2014like knocking on wood or throwing salt\u2014can have surprising results. In a 2014 study, she found that some people use them even when they don\\'t actively believe, and when tested, both types of people reported benefits from such acts.\\n\\n\u201cWe find that people who jinx themselves don\u2019t think the bad outcome is especially likely if they knock down on wood,\u201d Risen says. \u201cSo, the ritual does seem to help manage their concern.\u201d\\n\\nIn that way, simply being aware of superstitions may help to instill a sense of order in a world of random and uncontrollable worries, according to Rebecca Borah, a professor of English at the University of Cincinnati.\\n\\n\"When you have rules and you know how to play by them, it always seems a lot easier,\" she told National Geographic in 2014. On Friday the 13th, \"we don\\'t do anything too scary today, or double-check that there\\'s enough gas in the car, or whatever it might be.\u201d\\n\\n\u201cSome people may even stay at home\u2014although statistically, most accidents happen in the home, so that may not be the best strategy.\"\\n\\n<b>The origins of our Friday the 13th fears<\/b>\\n\\nIt\\'s difficult to pin down the origins and evolution of a superstition. But Stuart Vyse, an author and former professor of psychology at Connecticut College in New London, told National Geographic in 2014 that our fear of Friday the 13th may be rooted in religious beliefs surrounding the 13th guest at the Last Supper\u2014Judas, the apostle said to have betrayed Jesus\u2014and the crucifixion of Jesus on a Friday, which was known as hangman\\'s day.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0005660057067871094, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'The creepiest day on the calendar has returned: Friday the 13th.\\n\\nIn 2022, there was just one ill-fated Friday\u2014May 13. Last year, the inauspicious day occurred twice: January 13 and October 13, 2023. This year, we\\'re seeing two Friday the 13th\\'s again, but in the colder months. With one falling on September 13 and the other on December 13, 2024, the eerie day may give us even more to shiver about.\\n\\nIt seems that no matter how many of these frightening Fridays we survive unharmed, the dreaded day continues to inspire unease and fears of misfortune.\\n\\nThere\\'s no logical reason to fear the occasional coincidence of any day and date governed by the 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar. But Friday the 13th can still have noticeable impacts. Sometimes we create them in our own minds\u2014for good and ill.\\n\\n<b>Why even skeptics can be superstitious<\/b>\\n\\nJane Risen, a behavioral scientist at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, has found that superstitions can influence even nonbelievers. In one 2016 study, Risen found that people who identify as superstitious and non-superstitious both believe a bad outcome is more likely when they\\'ve been jinxed. For example, they worry that stating they definitely won\\'t get into a car accident will make it more likely to happen.\\n\\n\u201cGenerally speaking, I find that this occurs because the bad outcome springs to mind and is imagined more clearly following the jinx,\u201d she explains. \u201cPeople use the ease of imagining something as a cue to its likelihood.\u201d\\n\\nThis kind of thinking may be more widespread on Friday the 13th: \u201cEven if I don\\'t actively believe, just that fact that Friday the 13th exists as a known cultural element means that I entertain it as a possibility,\u201d she says. When otherwise unremarkable events occur on that date, we tend to notice.\\n\\n\u201cThat adds a bit more fuel to this intuition, makes it feel a bit more true, even when you recognize that it\\'s not true.\u201d\\n\\nFortunately, Risen\\'s research also suggests that performing rituals that ward off bad luck\u2014like knocking on wood or throwing salt\u2014can have surprising results. In a 2014 study, she found that some people use them even when they don\\'t actively believe, and when tested, both types of people reported benefits from such acts.\\n\\n\u201cWe find that people who jinx themselves don\u2019t think the bad outcome is especially likely if they knock down on wood,\u201d Risen says. \u201cSo, the ritual does seem to help manage their concern.\u201d\\n\\nIn that way, simply being aware of superstitions may help to instill a sense of order in a world of random and uncontrollable worries, according to Rebecca Borah, a professor of English at the University of Cincinnati.\\n\\n\"When you have rules and you know how to play by them, it always seems a lot easier,\" she told National Geographic in 2014. On Friday the 13th, \"we don\\'t do anything too scary today, or double-check that there\\'s enough gas in the car, or whatever it might be.\u201d\\n\\n\u201cSome people may even stay at home\u2014although statistically, most accidents happen in the home, so that may not be the best strategy.\"\\n\\n<b>The origins of our Friday the 13th fears<\/b>\\n\\nIt\\'s difficult to pin down the origins and evolution of a superstition. But Stuart Vyse, an author and former professor of psychology at Connecticut College in New London, told National Geographic in 2014 that our fear of Friday the 13th may be rooted in religious beliefs surrounding the 13th guest at the Last Supper\u2014Judas, the apostle said to have betrayed Jesus\u2014and the crucifixion of Jesus on a Friday, which was known as hangman\\'s day.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 8.058547973632812e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'd5a7a107-1f1a-4aef-9505-2cf6a19ea3f1', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.006851112470030785, 'sentence': 'The creepiest day on the calendar has returned: Friday the 13th.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01003980077803135, 'sentence': 'In 2022, there was just one ill-fated Friday\u1173May 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detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'The creepiest day on the calendar has returned: Friday the 13th.\\n\\nIn 2022, there was just one ill-fated Friday\u2014May 13. Last year, the inauspicious day occurred twice: January 13 and October 13, 2023. This year, we\\'re seeing two Friday the 13th\\'s again, but in the colder months. With one falling on September 13 and the other on December 13, 2024, the eerie day may give us even more to shiver about.\\n\\nIt seems that no matter how many of these frightening Fridays we survive unharmed, the dreaded day continues to inspire unease and fears of misfortune.\\n\\nThere\\'s no logical reason to fear the occasional coincidence of any day and date governed by the 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar. But Friday the 13th can still have noticeable impacts. Sometimes we create them in our own minds\u2014for good and ill.\\n\\n<b>Why even skeptics can be superstitious<\/b>\\n\\nJane Risen, a behavioral scientist at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, has found that superstitions can influence even nonbelievers. In one 2016 study, Risen found that people who identify as superstitious and non-superstitious both believe a bad outcome is more likely when they\\'ve been jinxed. For example, they worry that stating they definitely won\\'t get into a car accident will make it more likely to happen.\\n\\n\u201cGenerally speaking, I find that this occurs because the bad outcome springs to mind and is imagined more clearly following the jinx,\u201d she explains. \u201cPeople use the ease of imagining something as a cue to its likelihood.\u201d\\n\\nThis kind of thinking may be more widespread on Friday the 13th: \u201cEven if I don\\'t actively believe, just that fact that Friday the 13th exists as a known cultural element means that I entertain it as a possibility,\u201d she says. When otherwise unremarkable events occur on that date, we tend to notice.\\n\\n\u201cThat adds a bit more fuel to this intuition, makes it feel a bit more true, even when you recognize that it\\'s not true.\u201d\\n\\nFortunately, Risen\\'s research also suggests that performing rituals that ward off bad luck\u2014like knocking on wood or throwing salt\u2014can have surprising results. In a 2014 study, she found that some people use them even when they don\\'t actively believe, and when tested, both types of people reported benefits from such acts.\\n\\n\u201cWe find that people who jinx themselves don\u2019t think the bad outcome is especially likely if they knock down on wood,\u201d Risen says. \u201cSo, the ritual does seem to help manage their concern.\u201d\\n\\nIn that way, simply being aware of superstitions may help to instill a sense of order in a world of random and uncontrollable worries, according to Rebecca Borah, a professor of English at the University of Cincinnati.\\n\\n\"When you have rules and you know how to play by them, it always seems a lot easier,\" she told National Geographic in 2014. On Friday the 13th, \"we don\\'t do anything too scary today, or double-check that there\\'s enough gas in the car, or whatever it might be.\u201d\\n\\n\u201cSome people may even stay at home\u2014although statistically, most accidents happen in the home, so that may not be the best strategy.\"\\n\\n<b>The origins of our Friday the 13th fears<\/b>\\n\\nIt\\'s difficult to pin down the origins and evolution of a superstition. But Stuart Vyse, an author and former professor of psychology at Connecticut College in New London, told National Geographic in 2014 that our fear of Friday the 13th may be rooted in religious beliefs surrounding the 13th guest at the Last Supper\u2014Judas, the apostle said to have betrayed Jesus\u2014and the crucifixion of Jesus on a Friday, which was known as hangman\\'s day.\\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3151661158,"RADAR":0.4318065941,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The fact that multiple experts \"told National Geographic\" leads me to believe that this is taken from a real article written for National Geographic. The experts, who are professors, also aren't referred to by Dr. There's a certain realness to the quotes which is difficult to define. They use filler words and repeat themselves in a way that seems like natural human speech rather than AI repetition. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The clever use of alliteration isn't an AI trait. THere's a richness of vocabulary and the use of different sentence types and lengths. Plus, there are a couple of errors that AI probably would have picked up, such as the lack of capital letters for \"Hangman's Day\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The sentence structure is slightly off which makes me think this is human-generated. Also the headings use sentence case. It's less preened than AI. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am highly confident this is human-written. To me, the article provides a clear flow of information that's direct and to the point, while also maintaining a visual quality that conveys its information well. It brings variety to its sentence structure and length with the inclusion of colons and dashes, even interspersing them with quotes to create a direct connection between ideas. Longer sentences, such as \"...occasional coincidence of any day and date governed by the 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar.\" and  \"...simply being aware of superstitions may help to instill a sense of order in a world of random and uncontrollable worries...\" are longer sentences that could be shortened for brevity, but aren't, which makes it unique. Even the format of the article's headers help convince me, as they lack capitalization and the \"how-to\" format I often see in marketing blog campaigns trying to reach SEO rankings. So, it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Engaging narrative flow.The personal pronouns used throughout the story sound natural instead of forced as often happens in AI-generated text. Effective use of various punctuation marks, especially dashes. Gives appropriate details that are contextually relevant."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"10":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":11,"title":"How the Paralympic movement evolved into a major sporting event","sub-title":"First founded as an archery contest for 16 disabled veterans, the games now rival the Olympics as an athletic spectacle.","author":"Tucker C. Toole","source":"National Geographic","issue":"8\/30\/24","section":"History & Culture","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/how-the-paralympic-movement-evolved-into-major-sporting-event","article":"Jessica Long is one of the most decorated athletes in the United States. The 32-year-old swimmer won five medals at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games, bringing her total count to 29. For years, the games have given her the chance to compete at the highest level\u2014and something to look forward to every four years.\n\n\u201cSince I was 12, when I won my first gold in Athens, I wanted people to know what the Paralympic Games were,\u201d says Long, whose lower legs were amputated when she was a baby due to a congenital condition. \u201cEach year the excitement and the build-up for the Paralympic Games has grown more and more.\u201d\n\nParticipation in the Paralympics is at an all-time high. At the Paris games, which began on August 28 after the conclusion of the Olympics, more than 4,400 athletes from countries around the world are taking part.\n\nBut how did the Paralympics begin? Here's a brief history of the games.\n\n<b>The first Paralympic Games<\/b>\n\nThe Paralympic Games are relatively new compared to the Olympics. But the event has evolved dramatically from its beginnings. Every four years the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) has included more athletes with a wider array of disabilities, and from a larger number of countries, playing more sports.\n\nThe first Paralympic Games were played in 1948, although sporting activities for athletes with physical impairments had existed for at least 60 years before that. Deaf athletes created their own sports clubs in Berlin as early as 1888.\n\nBut the idea of competitions for disabled athletes didn\u2019t spread widely until World War II, when it became a way to assist injured veterans and civilians. Ludwig Guttmann, a doctor who ran a spinal injury center in Great Britain, spearheaded the movement.  He believed that participating in athletics would be a form of mental and physical rehabilitation. Concerned that people with disabilities were often neglected, Guttmann saw sports as part of \u201cthe social reintegration of the paralyzed into society.\u201d\n\n\u201cI found that sport for the disabled has a tremendous effect on the social point of view,\u201d Guttmann said in an interview on the IPC website. \u201cWhen I saw how sport is accepted by the paralyzed it was logical to start a sports movement.\u201d\n\nIn 1948, on the same day as the opening ceremonies for the Olympic Games in London, Guttmann organized the first contest for impaired athletes, which he named the International Wheelchair Games. Sixteen ex-servicemen and women in wheelchairs competed in archery during the games.\n\nThe games became an annual event, each year expanding to more athletes. Javelin throwing was soon added to the lineup. The name changed to the Stoke Mandeville Games, after the hospital where Guttman worked, and in 1952 the Netherlands sent a team, making the competition international.\n\nIn 1960 the Stoke Mandeville Games officially became the Paralympic Games. That year, more than 400 athletes with disabilities from 23 countries gathered at the Olympic Stadium in Rome following the conclusion of the Summer Olympics. They competed in archery, basketball, swimming, fencing, javelin, shotput, club throwing, swimming, table tennis, pentathlon, and even snooker.\n\nSince then, the Paralympics have been held immediately after the Olympics in the same host city. The name \u201cParalympics\u201d reflects the games\u2019 parallel nature: It comes from the Greek preposition \"para,\" which means \"beside.\u201d The Olympics and Paralympics exist in tandem.\n\nAn aerial shot of two male basketball players in wheelchairs looking up through the hoop waiting for the ball to land. \n\n<b>The explosive growth of Paralympics popularity<\/b>\n\nThe growth of the Paralympics was swift. At the 1976 games in Toronto, over 1,500 athletes from 40 countries participated in 13 different sports. That year also saw the first Winter Paralympic games, which were held in Sweden. By the 1988 Paralympics in Seoul, the Paralympics were using the same facilities as the Olympics. By 1996, the Atlanta games were billed as \u201cThe World\u2019s Second Largest Sporting Event\u201d and the games were televised.\n\nThe increased exposure to the event led to more inclusivity. Guttman\u2019s games had been designed for veterans with spinal injuries. Eventually the games opened to civilians, but they were still limited to participants with spinal injuries. By in 1976, athletes with disabilities beyond spinal cord injuries\u2014for instance, amputees and those with vision impairments\u2014were invited to compete.\n\nThat raised the question of how to make contests fair\u2014so the least-disabled person wouldn\u2019t always win. Paralympics organizers started to classify competitors by the extent and type of their disabilities. The classifications fall into three broad categories\u2014physical, visual, and intellectual\u2014and determine whether athletes are eligible to compete in a sport and how competitors are grouped together for events.  \n\nFor Long, the games have been a gift. She is one of the most decorated Paralympians\u2014and has more medals than Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps. \u201cI don\u2019t know where life is going to take me,\u201d she says, \u201cbut the Paralympic movement has given me this entire, wild, amazing journey.\u201d","id":21,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Jessica Long is one of the most decorated athletes in the United States. The 32-year-old swimmer won five medals at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games, bringing her total count to 29. For years, the games have given her the chance to compete at the highest level\u2014and something to look forward to every four years.\\n\\n\u201cSince I was 12, when I won my first gold in Athens, I wanted people to know what the Paralympic Games were,\u201d says Long, whose lower legs were amputated when she was a baby due to a congenital condition. \u201cEach year the excitement and the build-up for the Paralympic Games has grown more and more.\u201d\\n\\nParticipation in the Paralympics is at an all-time high. At the Paris games, which began on August 28 after the conclusion of the Olympics, more than 4,400 athletes from countries around the world are taking part.\\n\\nBut how did the Paralympics begin? Here\\'s a brief history of the games.\\n\\n<b>The first Paralympic Games<\/b>\\n\\nThe Paralympic Games are relatively new compared to the Olympics. But the event has evolved dramatically from its beginnings. Every four years the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) has included more athletes with a wider array of disabilities, and from a larger number of countries, playing more sports.\\n\\nThe first Paralympic Games were played in 1948, although sporting activities for athletes with physical impairments had existed for at least 60 years before that. Deaf athletes created their own sports clubs in Berlin as early as 1888.\\n\\nBut the idea of competitions for disabled athletes didn\u2019t spread widely until World War II, when it became a way to assist injured veterans and civilians. Ludwig Guttmann, a doctor who ran a spinal injury center in Great Britain, spearheaded the movement.  He believed that participating in athletics would be a form of mental and physical rehabilitation. Concerned that people with disabilities were often neglected, Guttmann saw sports as part of \u201cthe social reintegration of the paralyzed into society.\u201d\\n\\n\u201cI found that sport for the disabled has a tremendous effect on the social point of view,\u201d Guttmann said in an interview on the IPC website. \u201cWhen I saw how sport is accepted by the paralyzed it was logical to start a sports movement.\u201d\\n\\nIn 1948, on the same day as the opening ceremonies for the Olympic Games in London, Guttmann organized the first contest for impaired athletes, which he named the International Wheelchair Games. Sixteen ex-servicemen and women in wheelchairs competed in archery during the games.\\n\\nThe games became an annual event, each year expanding to more athletes. Javelin throwing was soon added to the lineup. The name changed to the Stoke Mandeville Games, after the hospital where Guttman worked, and in 1952 the Netherlands sent a team, making the competition international.\\n\\nIn 1960 the Stoke Mandeville Games officially became the Paralympic Games. That year, more than 400 athletes with disabilities from 23 countries gathered at the Olympic Stadium in Rome following the conclusion of the Summer Olympics. They competed in archery, basketball, swimming, fencing, javelin, shotput, club throwing, swimming, table tennis, pentathlon, and even snooker.\\n\\nSince then, the Paralympics have been held immediately after the Olympics in the same host city. The name \u201cParalympics\u201d reflects the games\u2019 parallel nature: It comes from the Greek preposition \"para,\" which means \"beside.\u201d The Olympics and Paralympics exist in tandem.\\n\\nAn aerial shot of two male basketball players in wheelchairs looking up through the hoop waiting for the ball to land. \\n\\n<b>The explosive growth of Paralympics popularity<\/b>\\n\\nThe growth of the Paralympics was swift. At the 1976 games in Toronto, over 1,500 athletes from 40 countries participated in 13 different sports. That year also saw the first Winter Paralympic games, which were held in Sweden. By the 1988 Paralympics in Seoul, the Paralympics were using the same facilities as the Olympics. By 1996, the Atlanta games were billed as \u201cThe World\u2019s Second Largest Sporting Event\u201d and the games were televised.\\n\\nThe increased exposure to the event led to more inclusivity. Guttman\u2019s games had been designed for veterans with spinal injuries. Eventually the games opened to civilians, but they were still limited to participants with spinal injuries. By in 1976, athletes with disabilities beyond spinal cord injuries\u2014for instance, amputees and those with vision impairments\u2014were invited to compete.\\n\\nThat raised the question of how to make contests fair\u2014so the least-disabled person wouldn\u2019t always win. Paralympics organizers started to classify competitors by the extent and type of their disabilities. The classifications fall into three broad categories\u2014physical, visual, and intellectual\u2014and determine whether athletes are eligible to compete in a sport and how competitors are grouped together for events.  \\n\\nFor Long, the games have been a gift. She is one of the most decorated Paralympians\u2014and has more medals than Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps. \u201cI don\u2019t know where life is going to take me,\u201d she says, \u201cbut the Paralympic movement has given me this entire, wild, amazing journey.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 1.2516975402832031e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Jessica Long is one of the most decorated athletes in the United States. The 32-year-old swimmer won five medals at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games, bringing her total count to 29. For years, the games have given her the chance to compete at the highest level\u2014and something to look forward to every four years.\\n\\n\u201cSince I was 12, when I won my first gold in Athens, I wanted people to know what the Paralympic Games were,\u201d says Long, whose lower legs were amputated when she was a baby due to a congenital condition. \u201cEach year the excitement and the build-up for the Paralympic Games has grown more and more.\u201d\\n\\nParticipation in the Paralympics is at an all-time high. At the Paris games, which began on August 28 after the conclusion of the Olympics, more than 4,400 athletes from countries around the world are taking part.\\n\\nBut how did the Paralympics begin? Here\\'s a brief history of the games.\\n\\n<b>The first Paralympic Games<\/b>\\n\\nThe Paralympic Games are relatively new compared to the Olympics. But the event has evolved dramatically from its beginnings. Every four years the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) has included more athletes with a wider array of disabilities, and from a larger number of countries, playing more sports.\\n\\nThe first Paralympic Games were played in 1948, although sporting activities for athletes with physical impairments had existed for at least 60 years before that. Deaf athletes created their own sports clubs in Berlin as early as 1888.\\n\\nBut the idea of competitions for disabled athletes didn\u2019t spread widely until World War II, when it became a way to assist injured veterans and civilians. Ludwig Guttmann, a doctor who ran a spinal injury center in Great Britain, spearheaded the movement.  He believed that participating in athletics would be a form of mental and physical rehabilitation. Concerned that people with disabilities were often neglected, Guttmann saw sports as part of \u201cthe social reintegration of the paralyzed into society.\u201d\\n\\n\u201cI found that sport for the disabled has a tremendous effect on the social point of view,\u201d Guttmann said in an interview on the IPC website. \u201cWhen I saw how sport is accepted by the paralyzed it was logical to start a sports movement.\u201d\\n\\nIn 1948, on the same day as the opening ceremonies for the Olympic Games in London, Guttmann organized the first contest for impaired athletes, which he named the International Wheelchair Games. Sixteen ex-servicemen and women in wheelchairs competed in archery during the games.\\n\\nThe games became an annual event, each year expanding to more athletes. Javelin throwing was soon added to the lineup. The name changed to the Stoke Mandeville Games, after the hospital where Guttman worked, and in 1952 the Netherlands sent a team, making the competition international.\\n\\nIn 1960 the Stoke Mandeville Games officially became the Paralympic Games. That year, more than 400 athletes with disabilities from 23 countries gathered at the Olympic Stadium in Rome following the conclusion of the Summer Olympics. They competed in archery, basketball, swimming, fencing, javelin, shotput, club throwing, swimming, table tennis, pentathlon, and even snooker.\\n\\nSince then, the Paralympics have been held immediately after the Olympics in the same host city. The name \u201cParalympics\u201d reflects the games\u2019 parallel nature: It comes from the Greek preposition \"para,\" which means \"beside.\u201d The Olympics and Paralympics exist in tandem.\\n\\nAn aerial shot of two male basketball players in wheelchairs looking up through the hoop waiting for the ball to land. \\n\\n<b>The explosive growth of Paralympics popularity<\/b>\\n\\nThe growth of the Paralympics was swift. At the 1976 games in Toronto, over 1,500 athletes from 40 countries participated in 13 different sports. That year also saw the first Winter Paralympic games, which were held in Sweden. By the 1988 Paralympics in Seoul, the Paralympics were using the same facilities as the Olympics. By 1996, the Atlanta games were billed as \u201cThe World\u2019s Second Largest Sporting Event\u201d and the games were televised.\\n\\nThe increased exposure to the event led to more inclusivity. Guttman\u2019s games had been designed for veterans with spinal injuries. Eventually the games opened to civilians, but they were still limited to participants with spinal injuries. By in 1976, athletes with disabilities beyond spinal cord injuries\u2014for instance, amputees and those with vision impairments\u2014were invited to compete.\\n\\nThat raised the question of how to make contests fair\u2014so the least-disabled person wouldn\u2019t always win. Paralympics organizers started to classify competitors by the extent and type of their disabilities. The classifications fall into three broad categories\u2014physical, visual, and intellectual\u2014and determine whether athletes are eligible to compete in a sport and how competitors are grouped together for events.  \\n\\nFor Long, the games have been a gift. She is one of the most decorated Paralympians\u2014and has more medals than Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps. \u201cI don\u2019t know where life is going to take me,\u201d she says, \u201cbut the Paralympic movement has given me this entire, wild, amazing journey.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 1.6689300537109375e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '5fb23e8c-f705-4c5c-a267-060e73855758', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.01036215852946043, 'sentence': 'Jessica Long is one of the most decorated athletes in the United States.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.005138714797794819, 'sentence': 'The 32-year-old swimmer won five medals at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games, bringing her total count to 29.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, 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'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01644950360059738, 'sentence': 'Paralympics organizers started to classify competitors by the extent and type of their disabilities.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.011891968548297882, 'sentence': 'The classifications fall into three broad categories\u1173physical, visual, and intellectual\u1173and determine whether athletes are eligible to compete in a sport and how competitors are grouped together for events.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.02018868550658226, 'sentence': 'For Long, the games have been a gift.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.025789441540837288, 'sentence': 'She is one of the most decorated Paralympians\u1173and has more medals than Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.020568806678056717, 'sentence': \"\u201cI don't know where life is going to take me,\u201d she says, \u201cbut the Paralympic movement has given me this entire, wild, amazing journey.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 4, 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'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Jessica Long is one of the most decorated athletes in the United States. The 32-year-old swimmer won five medals at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games, bringing her total count to 29. For years, the games have given her the chance to compete at the highest level\u2014and something to look forward to every four years.\\n\\n\u201cSince I was 12, when I won my first gold in Athens, I wanted people to know what the Paralympic Games were,\u201d says Long, whose lower legs were amputated when she was a baby due to a congenital condition. \u201cEach year the excitement and the build-up for the Paralympic Games has grown more and more.\u201d\\n\\nParticipation in the Paralympics is at an all-time high. At the Paris games, which began on August 28 after the conclusion of the Olympics, more than 4,400 athletes from countries around the world are taking part.\\n\\nBut how did the Paralympics begin? Here\\'s a brief history of the games.\\n\\n<b>The first Paralympic Games<\/b>\\n\\nThe Paralympic Games are relatively new compared to the Olympics. But the event has evolved dramatically from its beginnings. Every four years the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) has included more athletes with a wider array of disabilities, and from a larger number of countries, playing more sports.\\n\\nThe first Paralympic Games were played in 1948, although sporting activities for athletes with physical impairments had existed for at least 60 years before that. Deaf athletes created their own sports clubs in Berlin as early as 1888.\\n\\nBut the idea of competitions for disabled athletes didn\u2019t spread widely until World War II, when it became a way to assist injured veterans and civilians. Ludwig Guttmann, a doctor who ran a spinal injury center in Great Britain, spearheaded the movement.  He believed that participating in athletics would be a form of mental and physical rehabilitation. Concerned that people with disabilities were often neglected, Guttmann saw sports as part of \u201cthe social reintegration of the paralyzed into society.\u201d\\n\\n\u201cI found that sport for the disabled has a tremendous effect on the social point of view,\u201d Guttmann said in an interview on the IPC website. \u201cWhen I saw how sport is accepted by the paralyzed it was logical to start a sports movement.\u201d\\n\\nIn 1948, on the same day as the opening ceremonies for the Olympic Games in London, Guttmann organized the first contest for impaired athletes, which he named the International Wheelchair Games. Sixteen ex-servicemen and women in wheelchairs competed in archery during the games.\\n\\nThe games became an annual event, each year expanding to more athletes. Javelin throwing was soon added to the lineup. The name changed to the Stoke Mandeville Games, after the hospital where Guttman worked, and in 1952 the Netherlands sent a team, making the competition international.\\n\\nIn 1960 the Stoke Mandeville Games officially became the Paralympic Games. That year, more than 400 athletes with disabilities from 23 countries gathered at the Olympic Stadium in Rome following the conclusion of the Summer Olympics. They competed in archery, basketball, swimming, fencing, javelin, shotput, club throwing, swimming, table tennis, pentathlon, and even snooker.\\n\\nSince then, the Paralympics have been held immediately after the Olympics in the same host city. The name \u201cParalympics\u201d reflects the games\u2019 parallel nature: It comes from the Greek preposition \"para,\" which means \"beside.\u201d The Olympics and Paralympics exist in tandem.\\n\\nAn aerial shot of two male basketball players in wheelchairs looking up through the hoop waiting for the ball to land. \\n\\n<b>The explosive growth of Paralympics popularity<\/b>\\n\\nThe growth of the Paralympics was swift. At the 1976 games in Toronto, over 1,500 athletes from 40 countries participated in 13 different sports. That year also saw the first Winter Paralympic games, which were held in Sweden. By the 1988 Paralympics in Seoul, the Paralympics were using the same facilities as the Olympics. By 1996, the Atlanta games were billed as \u201cThe World\u2019s Second Largest Sporting Event\u201d and the games were televised.\\n\\nThe increased exposure to the event led to more inclusivity. Guttman\u2019s games had been designed for veterans with spinal injuries. Eventually the games opened to civilians, but they were still limited to participants with spinal injuries. By in 1976, athletes with disabilities beyond spinal cord injuries\u2014for instance, amputees and those with vision impairments\u2014were invited to compete.\\n\\nThat raised the question of how to make contests fair\u2014so the least-disabled person wouldn\u2019t always win. Paralympics organizers started to classify competitors by the extent and type of their disabilities. The classifications fall into three broad categories\u2014physical, visual, and intellectual\u2014and determine whether athletes are eligible to compete in a sport and how competitors are grouped together for events.  \\n\\nFor Long, the games have been a gift. She is one of the most decorated Paralympians\u2014and has more medals than Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps. \u201cI don\u2019t know where life is going to take me,\u201d she says, \u201cbut the Paralympic movement has given me this entire, wild, amazing journey.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.148644954,"RADAR":0.4275041223,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I think this sentence \"An aerial shot of two male basketball players in wheelchairs looking up through the hoop waiting for the ball to land.\" was probably left in by mistake. It makes it pretty clear that the article has been taken from a website, and is, therefore, most likely human-generated. I would have put it as human-generated anyway, largely due to the number of well-researched seeming facts complete with dates. However, I would probably have put it at 4\/5 confidence. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The sentences are of differing length and style. There are a couple of errors that AI probably would have picked up, such as \"By in 1976\" and \"grouped together.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I'm on the fence about this one, but I think it's human-generated. The reason is, it doesn't contain the usual AI-loved words, and its structure is slightly off. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"I am less confident, but I believe it's human-written. While it has similar patterns in its sentence structures that I often see with AI, what convinces me that it's human-written is the use of less commonly known words and attempts at pacing information. Phrases such as \"spearheaded the movement.\" and \"Javelin throwing was soon added to the lineup.\" helped convince me that, while the writing is amateur, it's written to try and place information in some semblance of clarity order.  I don't know if this counts, but the spelling mistake \"By in 1976\" helped convince me, as AI doesn't make grammar mistakes in that way. So, it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The author gives the reader a reason to care about the history of the Games with a brief story of an admirable athlete to whom the Games are important. Context is king (or queen in this case). Instead of peddling mawkish sentiment, the author shows the non-impaired world that the disabled don't need our pity. Someone with a background in pragmatics will be able to give you a list of the discourse markers that signal \"human\" as opposed to AI. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"11":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":12,"title":"Did Babe Ruth really \u2018call\u2019 this legendary home run?","sub-title":"Legend goes that the lefthanded slugger of the New York Yankees predicted he would hit a homer in the 1932 World Series against the Chicago Cubs.","author":"Dave Kindy","source":"National Geographic","issue":"8\/30\/24","section":"History & Culture","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/babe-ruth-called-shot-home-run","article":"It is one of those moments that is etched in history forever.\n\nIn the 1932 World Series, Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees was at the plate, facing pitcher Charlie Root of the Chicago Cubs. With two strikes and the score tied 4-4 in the fifth inning, the slugger pointed toward center field. He then proceeded to whack the next pitch over the ivy-covered brick wall at Wrigley Field and rounded the bases for a home run. It proved to be the game-winning hit, giving the Yankees a 3-0 Series lead.\n\n<b>But is that really what happened?<\/b>\n\nMany think so, including an unidentified purchaser who recently spent more than $24 million on the jersey Babe Ruth wore for the \u201cCalled Shot,\u201d as that impressive feat became known. The gray Yankees uniform top with his name stitched on the inside sold at auction on August 25 to \u201cbecome the world\u2019s most valuable sports collectible,\u201d according to Heritage Auctions.\n\nHowever, others are not so sure Ruth was actually predicting he would hit a homer. They think the legendary lefthanded slugger might been indicating something else. \u201cThe \u2018Called Shot\u2019 remains one of the most enduring stories of the Ruth legend,\u201d says John Thorn, official historian of Major League Baseball. \u201cWhy is America still fascinated with this athlete, who retired nearly 90 years ago?\u201d\n\nPerhaps the legend of the \u201cCalled Shot\u201d lives on because Ruth himself was a larger-than-life personality and talented player who could do things like no one else on a baseball diamond. Bombastic, colorful, and extremely gifted, he lived a lavish life as the game\u2019s highest-paid player, yet reportedly existed on beer and hotdogs. And he was still able to hit moonshot homers.\n\n<b>A called shot\u2014or a warning to hecklers?<\/b>\n\nWhat exactly happened that fall day in Chicago is open to debate. Ruth told several versions about what he did during that at-bat.\n\nInitially, Ruth stated he was pointing at the Cubs bench, which had been heckling the immortal ballplayer, to indicate he still had one strike.\n\nThorn explains that the Cubs players had been razzing Ruth throughout the game as part of an ongoing dispute between the clubs over Mark Koenig\u2019s share of his World Series bonus.\n\nKoenig had been a Yankees shortstop until he was traded mid-season to the Cubs. Because he had only been with the team half a year, Chicago players voted him a half share of the postseason money. Many Yankees were not pleased. Ruth reportedly hollered \u201cCheap bums\u201d at the Cubs bench during Game 1 of the World Series, which got the Windy City players jeering back.\n\nBut in a subsequent interview with Movietone News, Ruth changed his story, saying he was indeed indicating that he would smash one out of the park:\n\n\u201cWell, I looked out to center field and I pointed. I said, \u2018I\u2019m going to hit the next pitched ball right past the flagpole.\u2019 Well, the good Lord must have been with me.\u201d\n\nSo what really happened?\n\n<b>Let\u2019s take a look at the tape<\/b>\n\nOne witness who believed Ruth predicted the homer was the late Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens. In a 2010 The New Yorker article, he remembered what he saw as a 12-year-old fan attending the game at Wrigley Field:\n\n\u201cRuth did point to the center-field scoreboard. And he did hit the ball out of the park after he pointed with his bat. So it really happened.\u201d\n\nAfter the ball cleared the wall, Chicago Cubs shortstop Billy Jurges also thought Ruth had signaled he was planning to hit a home run. Then he spoke with his teammate, catcher Gabby Hartnett, who was standing next to the slugger when he made the gesture.\n\n\u201cGabby Hartnett told me that the Babe said, \u2018Well, that\u2019s only two strikes,\u2019\u201d Jurges recounted in a 1994 interview\u2014which would seem to support the argument that he was signaling to the Cubs bench that he still had one strike left.\n\nFilm of the historic at-bat is inconclusive, however, showing Ruth raising his arm with two fingers extended. Was he pointing to center field, responding to Chicago criticism, or something else?\n\nWe may never know for sure. What is known are the prodigious statistics of George Herman Ruth, who retired in 1935 and was one of five players automatically selected to initially enter the then-new Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.\n\nDuring his 22-year career, the Sultan of Swat finished with 714 home runs\u2014a record that stood for 39 years\u2014as well as a .342 batting average, 2,214 RBI, 2,873 hits and 2,174 runs. Epic numbers, by any standard, especially for someone who learned to play baseball at reform school.\n\n\u201cBabe Ruth had ascended to the level of myth long before he died, starting with \u2018poor boy makes good,\u2019 then living his life like a king among mere mortals, but also ascending heights in the game previously unimagined, changing it forever,\u201d Thorn says. \u201cI recall telling my eldest son bedtime stories about Ruth\u2019s exploits, which at some point elicited, \u2018Wait ... you mean he's real?\u2019\u201d","id":23,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"It is one of those moments that is etched in history forever.\\n\\nIn the 1932 World Series, Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees was at the plate, facing pitcher Charlie Root of the Chicago Cubs. With two strikes and the score tied 4-4 in the fifth inning, the slugger pointed toward center field. He then proceeded to whack the next pitch over the ivy-covered brick wall at Wrigley Field and rounded the bases for a home run. It proved to be the game-winning hit, giving the Yankees a 3-0 Series lead.\\n\\n<b>But is that really what happened?<\/b>\\n\\nMany think so, including an unidentified purchaser who recently spent more than $24 million on the jersey Babe Ruth wore for the \u201cCalled Shot,\u201d as that impressive feat became known. The gray Yankees uniform top with his name stitched on the inside sold at auction on August 25 to \u201cbecome the world\u2019s most valuable sports collectible,\u201d according to Heritage Auctions.\\n\\nHowever, others are not so sure Ruth was actually predicting he would hit a homer. They think the legendary lefthanded slugger might been indicating something else. \u201cThe \u2018Called Shot\u2019 remains one of the most enduring stories of the Ruth legend,\u201d says John Thorn, official historian of Major League Baseball. \u201cWhy is America still fascinated with this athlete, who retired nearly 90 years ago?\u201d\\n\\nPerhaps the legend of the \u201cCalled Shot\u201d lives on because Ruth himself was a larger-than-life personality and talented player who could do things like no one else on a baseball diamond. Bombastic, colorful, and extremely gifted, he lived a lavish life as the game\u2019s highest-paid player, yet reportedly existed on beer and hotdogs. And he was still able to hit moonshot homers.\\n\\n<b>A called shot\u2014or a warning to hecklers?<\/b>\\n\\nWhat exactly happened that fall day in Chicago is open to debate. Ruth told several versions about what he did during that at-bat.\\n\\nInitially, Ruth stated he was pointing at the Cubs bench, which had been heckling the immortal ballplayer, to indicate he still had one strike.\\n\\nThorn explains that the Cubs players had been razzing Ruth throughout the game as part of an ongoing dispute between the clubs over Mark Koenig\u2019s share of his World Series bonus.\\n\\nKoenig had been a Yankees shortstop until he was traded mid-season to the Cubs. Because he had only been with the team half a year, Chicago players voted him a half share of the postseason money. Many Yankees were not pleased. Ruth reportedly hollered \u201cCheap bums\u201d at the Cubs bench during Game 1 of the World Series, which got the Windy City players jeering back.\\n\\nBut in a subsequent interview with Movietone News, Ruth changed his story, saying he was indeed indicating that he would smash one out of the park:\\n\\n\u201cWell, I looked out to center field and I pointed. I said, \u2018I\u2019m going to hit the next pitched ball right past the flagpole.\u2019 Well, the good Lord must have been with me.\u201d\\n\\nSo what really happened?\\n\\n<b>Let\u2019s take a look at the tape<\/b>\\n\\nOne witness who believed Ruth predicted the homer was the late Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens. In a 2010 The New Yorker article, he remembered what he saw as a 12-year-old fan attending the game at Wrigley Field:\\n\\n\u201cRuth did point to the center-field scoreboard. And he did hit the ball out of the park after he pointed with his bat. So it really happened.\u201d\\n\\nAfter the ball cleared the wall, Chicago Cubs shortstop Billy Jurges also thought Ruth had signaled he was planning to hit a home run. Then he spoke with his teammate, catcher Gabby Hartnett, who was standing next to the slugger when he made the gesture.\\n\\n\u201cGabby Hartnett told me that the Babe said, \u2018Well, that\u2019s only two strikes,\u2019\u201d Jurges recounted in a 1994 interview\u2014which would seem to support the argument that he was signaling to the Cubs bench that he still had one strike left.\\n\\nFilm of the historic at-bat is inconclusive, however, showing Ruth raising his arm with two fingers extended. Was he pointing to center field, responding to Chicago criticism, or something else?\\n\\nWe may never know for sure. What is known are the prodigious statistics of George Herman Ruth, who retired in 1935 and was one of five players automatically selected to initially enter the then-new Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.\\n\\nDuring his 22-year career, the Sultan of Swat finished with 714 home runs\u2014a record that stood for 39 years\u2014as well as a .342 batting average, 2,214 RBI, 2,873 hits and 2,174 runs. Epic numbers, by any standard, especially for someone who learned to play baseball at reform school.\\n\\n\u201cBabe Ruth had ascended to the level of myth long before he died, starting with \u2018poor boy makes good,\u2019 then living his life like a king among mere mortals, but also ascending heights in the game previously unimagined, changing it forever,\u201d Thorn says. \u201cI recall telling my eldest son bedtime stories about Ruth\u2019s exploits, which at some point elicited, \u2018Wait ... you mean he's real?\u2019\u201d\", 'ai_likelihood': 1.430511474609375e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"It is one of those moments that is etched in history forever.\\n\\nIn the 1932 World Series, Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees was at the plate, facing pitcher Charlie Root of the Chicago Cubs. With two strikes and the score tied 4-4 in the fifth inning, the slugger pointed toward center field. He then proceeded to whack the next pitch over the ivy-covered brick wall at Wrigley Field and rounded the bases for a home run. It proved to be the game-winning hit, giving the Yankees a 3-0 Series lead.\\n\\n<b>But is that really what happened?<\/b>\\n\\nMany think so, including an unidentified purchaser who recently spent more than $24 million on the jersey Babe Ruth wore for the \u201cCalled Shot,\u201d as that impressive feat became known. The gray Yankees uniform top with his name stitched on the inside sold at auction on August 25 to \u201cbecome the world\u2019s most valuable sports collectible,\u201d according to Heritage Auctions.\\n\\nHowever, others are not so sure Ruth was actually predicting he would hit a homer. They think the legendary lefthanded slugger might been indicating something else. \u201cThe \u2018Called Shot\u2019 remains one of the most enduring stories of the Ruth legend,\u201d says John Thorn, official historian of Major League Baseball. \u201cWhy is America still fascinated with this athlete, who retired nearly 90 years ago?\u201d\\n\\nPerhaps the legend of the \u201cCalled Shot\u201d lives on because Ruth himself was a larger-than-life personality and talented player who could do things like no one else on a baseball diamond. Bombastic, colorful, and extremely gifted, he lived a lavish life as the game\u2019s highest-paid player, yet reportedly existed on beer and hotdogs. And he was still able to hit moonshot homers.\\n\\n<b>A called shot\u2014or a warning to hecklers?<\/b>\\n\\nWhat exactly happened that fall day in Chicago is open to debate. Ruth told several versions about what he did during that at-bat.\\n\\nInitially, Ruth stated he was pointing at the Cubs bench, which had been heckling the immortal ballplayer, to indicate he still had one strike.\\n\\nThorn explains that the Cubs players had been razzing Ruth throughout the game as part of an ongoing dispute between the clubs over Mark Koenig\u2019s share of his World Series bonus.\\n\\nKoenig had been a Yankees shortstop until he was traded mid-season to the Cubs. Because he had only been with the team half a year, Chicago players voted him a half share of the postseason money. Many Yankees were not pleased. Ruth reportedly hollered \u201cCheap bums\u201d at the Cubs bench during Game 1 of the World Series, which got the Windy City players jeering back.\\n\\nBut in a subsequent interview with Movietone News, Ruth changed his story, saying he was indeed indicating that he would smash one out of the park:\\n\\n\u201cWell, I looked out to center field and I pointed. I said, \u2018I\u2019m going to hit the next pitched ball right past the flagpole.\u2019 Well, the good Lord must have been with me.\u201d\\n\\nSo what really happened?\\n\\n<b>Let\u2019s take a look at the tape<\/b>\\n\\nOne witness who believed Ruth predicted the homer was the late Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens. In a 2010 The New Yorker article, he remembered what he saw as a 12-year-old fan attending the game at Wrigley Field:\\n\\n\u201cRuth did point to the center-field scoreboard. And he did hit the ball out of the park after he pointed with his bat. So it really happened.\u201d\\n\\nAfter the ball cleared the wall, Chicago Cubs shortstop Billy Jurges also thought Ruth had signaled he was planning to hit a home run. Then he spoke with his teammate, catcher Gabby Hartnett, who was standing next to the slugger when he made the gesture.\\n\\n\u201cGabby Hartnett told me that the Babe said, \u2018Well, that\u2019s only two strikes,\u2019\u201d Jurges recounted in a 1994 interview\u2014which would seem to support the argument that he was signaling to the Cubs bench that he still had one strike left.\\n\\nFilm of the historic at-bat is inconclusive, however, showing Ruth raising his arm with two fingers extended. Was he pointing to center field, responding to Chicago criticism, or something else?\\n\\nWe may never know for sure. What is known are the prodigious statistics of George Herman Ruth, who retired in 1935 and was one of five players automatically selected to initially enter the then-new Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.\\n\\nDuring his 22-year career, the Sultan of Swat finished with 714 home runs\u2014a record that stood for 39 years\u2014as well as a .342 batting average, 2,214 RBI, 2,873 hits and 2,174 runs. Epic numbers, by any standard, especially for someone who learned to play baseball at reform school.\\n\\n\u201cBabe Ruth had ascended to the level of myth long before he died, starting with \u2018poor boy makes good,\u2019 then living his life like a king among mere mortals, but also ascending heights in the game previously unimagined, changing it forever,\u201d Thorn says. \u201cI recall telling my eldest son bedtime stories about Ruth\u2019s exploits, which at some point elicited, \u2018Wait ... you mean he's real?\u2019\u201d\", 'ai_likelihood': 5.9604644775390625e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '7e69d6d8-2ed8-49ce-a8c0-34f71c5601fe', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0007296606781892478, 'sentence': 'It is one of those moments that is etched in history forever.', 'perplexity': 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indicating something else.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00029029749566689134, 'sentence': \"\u201cThe 'Called Shot' remains one of the most enduring stories of the Ruth legend,\u201d says John Thorn, official historian of Major League Baseball.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002388388238614425, 'sentence': '\u201cWhy is America still fascinated with this athlete, who retired nearly 90 years ago?\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003266293788328767, 'sentence': 'Perhaps the legend of the \u201cCalled Shot\u201d lives on because Ruth himself was a larger-than-life personality and talented player who could do things like no one else on a baseball diamond.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00025052245473489165, 'sentence': \"Bombastic, colorful, and extremely gifted, he lived a lavish life as the game's highest-paid player, yet reportedly existed on beer and hotdogs.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003354591899551451, 'sentence': 'And he was still able to hit moonshot homers.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006616844912059605, 'sentence': '<b>A called shot\u1173or a warning to hecklers?<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009543889318592846, 'sentence': 'What exactly happened that fall day in Chicago is open to debate.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007355932029895484, 'sentence': 'Ruth told several versions about what he did during that at-bat.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008087158785201609, 'sentence': 'Initially, Ruth stated he was pointing at the Cubs bench, which had been heckling the immortal ballplayer, to indicate he still had one strike.', 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0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': \"It is one of those moments that is etched in history forever.\\n\\nIn the 1932 World Series, Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees was at the plate, facing pitcher Charlie Root of the Chicago Cubs. With two strikes and the score tied 4-4 in the fifth inning, the slugger pointed toward center field. He then proceeded to whack the next pitch over the ivy-covered brick wall at Wrigley Field and rounded the bases for a home run. It proved to be the game-winning hit, giving the Yankees a 3-0 Series lead.\\n\\n<b>But is that really what happened?<\/b>\\n\\nMany think so, including an unidentified purchaser who recently spent more than $24 million on the jersey Babe Ruth wore for the \u201cCalled Shot,\u201d as that impressive feat became known. The gray Yankees uniform top with his name stitched on the inside sold at auction on August 25 to \u201cbecome the world\u2019s most valuable sports collectible,\u201d according to Heritage Auctions.\\n\\nHowever, others are not so sure Ruth was actually predicting he would hit a homer. They think the legendary lefthanded slugger might been indicating something else. \u201cThe \u2018Called Shot\u2019 remains one of the most enduring stories of the Ruth legend,\u201d says John Thorn, official historian of Major League Baseball. \u201cWhy is America still fascinated with this athlete, who retired nearly 90 years ago?\u201d\\n\\nPerhaps the legend of the \u201cCalled Shot\u201d lives on because Ruth himself was a larger-than-life personality and talented player who could do things like no one else on a baseball diamond. Bombastic, colorful, and extremely gifted, he lived a lavish life as the game\u2019s highest-paid player, yet reportedly existed on beer and hotdogs. And he was still able to hit moonshot homers.\\n\\n<b>A called shot\u2014or a warning to hecklers?<\/b>\\n\\nWhat exactly happened that fall day in Chicago is open to debate. Ruth told several versions about what he did during that at-bat.\\n\\nInitially, Ruth stated he was pointing at the Cubs bench, which had been heckling the immortal ballplayer, to indicate he still had one strike.\\n\\nThorn explains that the Cubs players had been razzing Ruth throughout the game as part of an ongoing dispute between the clubs over Mark Koenig\u2019s share of his World Series bonus.\\n\\nKoenig had been a Yankees shortstop until he was traded mid-season to the Cubs. Because he had only been with the team half a year, Chicago players voted him a half share of the postseason money. Many Yankees were not pleased. Ruth reportedly hollered \u201cCheap bums\u201d at the Cubs bench during Game 1 of the World Series, which got the Windy City players jeering back.\\n\\nBut in a subsequent interview with Movietone News, Ruth changed his story, saying he was indeed indicating that he would smash one out of the park:\\n\\n\u201cWell, I looked out to center field and I pointed. I said, \u2018I\u2019m going to hit the next pitched ball right past the flagpole.\u2019 Well, the good Lord must have been with me.\u201d\\n\\nSo what really happened?\\n\\n<b>Let\u2019s take a look at the tape<\/b>\\n\\nOne witness who believed Ruth predicted the homer was the late Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens. In a 2010 The New Yorker article, he remembered what he saw as a 12-year-old fan attending the game at Wrigley Field:\\n\\n\u201cRuth did point to the center-field scoreboard. And he did hit the ball out of the park after he pointed with his bat. So it really happened.\u201d\\n\\nAfter the ball cleared the wall, Chicago Cubs shortstop Billy Jurges also thought Ruth had signaled he was planning to hit a home run. Then he spoke with his teammate, catcher Gabby Hartnett, who was standing next to the slugger when he made the gesture.\\n\\n\u201cGabby Hartnett told me that the Babe said, \u2018Well, that\u2019s only two strikes,\u2019\u201d Jurges recounted in a 1994 interview\u2014which would seem to support the argument that he was signaling to the Cubs bench that he still had one strike left.\\n\\nFilm of the historic at-bat is inconclusive, however, showing Ruth raising his arm with two fingers extended. Was he pointing to center field, responding to Chicago criticism, or something else?\\n\\nWe may never know for sure. What is known are the prodigious statistics of George Herman Ruth, who retired in 1935 and was one of five players automatically selected to initially enter the then-new Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.\\n\\nDuring his 22-year career, the Sultan of Swat finished with 714 home runs\u2014a record that stood for 39 years\u2014as well as a .342 batting average, 2,214 RBI, 2,873 hits and 2,174 runs. Epic numbers, by any standard, especially for someone who learned to play baseball at reform school.\\n\\n\u201cBabe Ruth had ascended to the level of myth long before he died, starting with \u2018poor boy makes good,\u2019 then living his life like a king among mere mortals, but also ascending heights in the game previously unimagined, changing it forever,\u201d Thorn says. \u201cI recall telling my eldest son bedtime stories about Ruth\u2019s exploits, which at some point elicited, \u2018Wait ... you mean he's real?\u2019\u201d\"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7396908402,"RADAR":0.3212640882,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Overall the article feels too well-written to be AI and it's much closer to the level of a professional journalist or writer. The author has a style that feels both unique and engaging while avoiding any repetition you would typically find in AI text. The way characters are quoted is also very different to AI, and some words and phrases like \"razzled\" sound very human. The introduction and conclusion are also quite unique, whereas AI would feel much more formulaic. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There are no typical AI words. There are a couple of errors that AI probably would have picked up, namely, there's no comma after \"hollered\" and the use of sometimes single, sometimes double quotation marks. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's machine-generated: colloquial phrases. Colourful adjectives. Typos. Sentence structure and phrasing is nuanced. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article appears human-written because not only is there an excellent flow of ideas that connect to each other in the article, but it's also implicated to have its own tone of voice. Phrases such as \"It is one of those moments that is etched in history forever.\" and \"So, what really happened?\" help set the tone for the article, all while keeping it short and simple. it's able to reference sources and information in varying styles and use dashes and quotes to help control the flow of the article's topic. I am fairly confident it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Effective (and brief) first and last sentences. No formulaic textual structure. Introductory phrases of the three paragraphs in section 1 use a familiar rhetorical device not in the AI arsenal (yet)."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"12":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":13,"title":"How Caribbean Pepper Sauce Gets Its Fire","sub-title":"Across the region and the diaspora, the Scotch bonnet lends its distinctive, tart, numbing heat to this hot sauce, offering a taste of the islands and a punch of flavor.","author":"Korsha Wilson","source":"New York Times","issue":"9\/25\/24","section":"Dining","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/09\/25\/dining\/caribbean-pepper-sauce.html","article":"As a child, the cookbook author Lesley Enston learned maybe the most important lesson about pepper sauce from her uncle Richard in Trinidad and Tobago: Be very careful when handling Scotch bonnet chiles.\n\n\u201cI will always remember coming back to the house in Princes Town and finding him on the couch with his hands up in the air covered in Vaseline,\u201d she writes in her book, \u201cBelly Full: Exploring Caribbean Cuisine Through 11 Fundamental Ingredients and Over 100 Recipes\u201d (Ten Speed Press) released this month.\n\nAsked what had happened, he shrugged. He said he\u2019d just finished making a batch of his famous sauce, and the Scotch bonnets\u2019 intense heat had burned his hands.\n\nUncle Richard\u2019s recipe inspired Ms. Enston\u2019s own, run through with earthy culantro (a fresh herb not to be confused with cilantro), garlic, whole-grain mustard and fresh ginger bolstering the fiery flavor of the essential Scotch bonnets.\n\nThroughout the English- and French-speaking Caribbean, hot sauces \u2014 featuring a rotating cast of aromatics, vinegars, herbs, spices, even fruit \u2014 fill water bottles and jars in hues of oranges, reds, greens and light pinks. Some are chunky, others thin, but all carry fruit-forward heat and complexity when gently tipped on a plate of rice and peas, tender stewed saltfish or other dishes that benefit from its touch. But the Scotch bonnet, with its distinctive, tart, numbing heat, is always at the heart, adding a Caribbean inflection to dishes.\n\n\u201cThey make me think of smoldering coals,\u201d Ms. Enston said, speaking to their smoky, musky nature, adding, \u201cI look at them, and I see my people: colorful, vibrant, spicy.\u201d\n\nNamed for their bonnet-like shape, Scotch bonnet chiles are native to South America and crisscrossed the Atlantic Ocean as a result of the spice trade, taking root in Africa and Asia as well as Europe. In the Caribbean, they can be found piled high at grocery stores and markets, ready to be tossed whole into a bubbling pot of stew or cut and blended into pepper or \u201cpeppa\u201d sauce.\n\n\u201cWe love that pepper so much in the Caribbean,\u201d said Andre Springer, the Barbadian American founder of Shaquanda\u2019s Hot Pepper Sauce, a line of bottled hot sauces bearing the name of Mr. Springer\u2019s drag persona. He often experiments with flavors when creating his pepper sauces, but Scotch bonnet is always included.\n\n\u201cHot sauces can really be memories and homages to culture and experiences,\u201d Mr. Springer said.\n\nGrowing up in Toronto, Ms. Enston\u2019s mother would keep a bottle of her uncle Richard\u2019s pepper sauce, carefully doling out a dollop of the yellow-orange sauce \u2014 \u201cnever pouring\u201d \u2014 onto her plate. A little goes a long way.\n\n\u201cIt\u2019s not just the heat, it\u2019s the flavors that come with it,\u201d Ms. Enston said in her kitchen in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, where her daughter cuts the garlic, peels fresh ginger and adds them to the blender. (Ms. Enston takes care of the Scotch bonnets.) After a few seconds of blitzing them until nearly smooth, Ms. Enston jars the sauce for future use.\n\n\u201cThe stuff lasts forever,\u201d she said, placing the sauce in the refrigerator. \u201cBut not in this house.\u201d ","id":25,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'As a child, the cookbook author Lesley Enston learned maybe the most important lesson about pepper sauce from her uncle Richard in Trinidad and Tobago: Be very careful when handling Scotch bonnet chiles.\\n\\n\u201cI will always remember coming back to the house in Princes Town and finding him on the couch with his hands up in the air covered in Vaseline,\u201d she writes in her book, \u201cBelly Full: Exploring Caribbean Cuisine Through 11 Fundamental Ingredients and Over 100 Recipes\u201d (Ten Speed Press) released this month.\\n\\nAsked what had happened, he shrugged. He said he\u2019d just finished making a batch of his famous sauce, and the Scotch bonnets\u2019 intense heat had burned his hands.\\n\\nUncle Richard\u2019s recipe inspired Ms. Enston\u2019s own, run through with earthy culantro (a fresh herb not to be confused with cilantro), garlic, whole-grain mustard and fresh ginger bolstering the fiery flavor of the essential Scotch bonnets.\\n\\nThroughout the English- and French-speaking Caribbean, hot sauces \u2014 featuring a rotating cast of aromatics, vinegars, herbs, spices, even fruit \u2014 fill water bottles and jars in hues of oranges, reds, greens and light pinks. Some are chunky, others thin, but all carry fruit-forward heat and complexity when gently tipped on a plate of rice and peas, tender stewed saltfish or other dishes that benefit from its touch. But the Scotch bonnet, with its distinctive, tart, numbing heat, is always at the heart, adding a Caribbean inflection to dishes.\\n\\n\u201cThey make me think of smoldering coals,\u201d Ms. Enston said, speaking to their smoky, musky nature, adding, \u201cI look at them, and I see my people: colorful, vibrant, spicy.\u201d\\n\\nNamed for their bonnet-like shape, Scotch bonnet chiles are native to South America and crisscrossed the Atlantic Ocean as a result of the spice trade, taking root in Africa and Asia as well as Europe. In the Caribbean, they can be found piled high at grocery stores and markets, ready to be tossed whole into a bubbling pot of stew or cut and blended into pepper or \u201cpeppa\u201d sauce.\\n\\n\u201cWe love that pepper so much in the Caribbean,\u201d said Andre Springer, the Barbadian American founder of Shaquanda\u2019s Hot Pepper Sauce, a line of bottled hot sauces bearing the name of Mr. Springer\u2019s drag persona. He often experiments with flavors when creating his pepper sauces, but Scotch bonnet is always included.\\n\\n\u201cHot sauces can really be memories and homages to culture and experiences,\u201d Mr. Springer said.\\n\\nGrowing up in Toronto, Ms. Enston\u2019s mother would keep a bottle of her uncle Richard\u2019s pepper sauce, carefully doling out a dollop of the yellow-orange sauce \u2014 \u201cnever pouring\u201d \u2014 onto her plate. A little goes a long way.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not just the heat, it\u2019s the flavors that come with it,\u201d Ms. Enston said in her kitchen in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, where her daughter cuts the garlic, peels fresh ginger and adds them to the blender. (Ms. Enston takes care of the Scotch bonnets.) After a few seconds of blitzing them until nearly smooth, Ms. Enston jars the sauce for future use.\\n\\n\u201cThe stuff lasts forever,\u201d she said, placing the sauce in the refrigerator. \u201cBut not in this house.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.138448715209961e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'As a child, the cookbook author Lesley Enston learned maybe the most important lesson about pepper sauce from her uncle Richard in Trinidad and Tobago: Be very careful when handling Scotch bonnet chiles.\\n\\n\u201cI will always remember coming back to the house in Princes Town and finding him on the couch with his hands up in the air covered in Vaseline,\u201d she writes in her book, \u201cBelly Full: Exploring Caribbean Cuisine Through 11 Fundamental Ingredients and Over 100 Recipes\u201d (Ten Speed Press) released this month.\\n\\nAsked what had happened, he shrugged. He said he\u2019d just finished making a batch of his famous sauce, and the Scotch bonnets\u2019 intense heat had burned his hands.\\n\\nUncle Richard\u2019s recipe inspired Ms. Enston\u2019s own, run through with earthy culantro (a fresh herb not to be confused with cilantro), garlic, whole-grain mustard and fresh ginger bolstering the fiery flavor of the essential Scotch bonnets.\\n\\nThroughout the English- and French-speaking Caribbean, hot sauces \u2014 featuring a rotating cast of aromatics, vinegars, herbs, spices, even fruit \u2014 fill water bottles and jars in hues of oranges, reds, greens and light pinks. Some are chunky, others thin, but all carry fruit-forward heat and complexity when gently tipped on a plate of rice and peas, tender stewed saltfish or other dishes that benefit from its touch. But the Scotch bonnet, with its distinctive, tart, numbing heat, is always at the heart, adding a Caribbean inflection to dishes.\\n\\n\u201cThey make me think of smoldering coals,\u201d Ms. Enston said, speaking to their smoky, musky nature, adding, \u201cI look at them, and I see my people: colorful, vibrant, spicy.\u201d\\n\\nNamed for their bonnet-like shape, Scotch bonnet chiles are native to South America and crisscrossed the Atlantic Ocean as a result of the spice trade, taking root in Africa and Asia as well as Europe. In the Caribbean, they can be found piled high at grocery stores and markets, ready to be tossed whole into a bubbling pot of stew or cut and blended into pepper or \u201cpeppa\u201d sauce.\\n\\n\u201cWe love that pepper so much in the Caribbean,\u201d said Andre Springer, the Barbadian American founder of Shaquanda\u2019s Hot Pepper Sauce, a line of bottled hot sauces bearing the name of Mr. Springer\u2019s drag persona. He often experiments with flavors when creating his pepper sauces, but Scotch bonnet is always included.\\n\\n\u201cHot sauces can really be memories and homages to culture and experiences,\u201d Mr. Springer said.\\n\\nGrowing up in Toronto, Ms. Enston\u2019s mother would keep a bottle of her uncle Richard\u2019s pepper sauce, carefully doling out a dollop of the yellow-orange sauce \u2014 \u201cnever pouring\u201d \u2014 onto her plate. A little goes a long way.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not just the heat, it\u2019s the flavors that come with it,\u201d Ms. Enston said in her kitchen in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, where her daughter cuts the garlic, peels fresh ginger and adds them to the blender. (Ms. Enston takes care of the Scotch bonnets.) After a few seconds of blitzing them until nearly smooth, Ms. Enston jars the sauce for future use.\\n\\n\u201cThe stuff lasts forever,\u201d she said, placing the sauce in the refrigerator. \u201cBut not in this house.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00020503997802734375, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '8c8d6cbf-7d25-46fd-b546-e579176b59b1', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.00011882380931638181, 'sentence': 'As a child, the cookbook author Lesley Enston learned maybe the most important lesson about pepper sauce from her uncle Richard in Trinidad and Tobago: Be very careful when handling Scotch bonnet chiles.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.905736078508198e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cI will always remember coming back to the house in Princes Town and finding him on the couch with his hands up in the air covered in Vaseline,\u201d she writes in her book, \u201cBelly Full: Exploring Caribbean Cuisine Through 11 Fundamental Ingredients and Over 100 Recipes\u201d (Ten Speed Press) released this month.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001033354492392391, 'sentence': 'Asked what had happened, he shrugged.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014248215302359313, 'sentence': \"He said he'd just finished making a batch of his famous sauce, and the Scotch bonnets' intense heat had burned his hands.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012786693696398288, 'sentence': \"Uncle Richard's recipe inspired Ms. Enston's own, run through with earthy culantro (a fresh herb not to be confused with cilantro), garlic, whole-grain mustard and fresh ginger bolstering the fiery flavor of the essential Scotch bonnets.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014762859791517258, 'sentence': 'Throughout the English- and French-speaking Caribbean, hot sauces \u1173 featuring a rotating cast of aromatics, vinegars, herbs, spices, even fruit \u1173 fill water bottles and jars in hues of oranges, reds, greens and light pinks.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015189169789664447, 'sentence': 'Some are chunky, others thin, but all carry fruit-forward heat and complexity when gently tipped on a plate of rice and peas, tender stewed saltfish or other dishes that benefit from its touch.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002797246852423996, 'sentence': 'But the Scotch bonnet, with its distinctive, tart, numbing heat, is always at the heart, adding a Caribbean inflection to dishes.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021385468426160514, 'sentence': '\u201cThey make me think of smoldering coals,\u201d Ms. Enston said, speaking to their smoky, musky nature, adding, \u201cI look at them, and I see my people: colorful, vibrant, spicy.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021084610489197075, 'sentence': 'Named for their bonnet-like shape, Scotch bonnet chiles are native to South America and crisscrossed the Atlantic Ocean as a result of the spice trade, taking root in Africa and Asia as well as Europe.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002385779662290588, 'sentence': 'In the Caribbean, they can be found piled high at grocery stores and markets, ready to be tossed whole into a bubbling pot of stew or cut and blended into pepper or \u201cpeppa\u201d sauce.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001020298688672483, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe love that pepper so much in the Caribbean,\u201d said Andre Springer, the Barbadian American founder of Shaquanda's Hot Pepper Sauce, a line of bottled hot sauces bearing the name of Mr. Springer's drag persona.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0014081972185522318, 'sentence': 'He often experiments with flavors when creating his pepper sauces, but Scotch bonnet is always included.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009600939811207354, 'sentence': '\u201cHot sauces can really be memories and homages to culture and experiences,\u201d Mr. Springer said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012136995792388916, 'sentence': \"Growing up in Toronto, Ms. Enston's mother would keep a bottle of her uncle Richard's pepper sauce, carefully doling out a dollop of the yellow-orange sauce \u1173 \u201cnever pouring\u201d \u1173 onto her plate.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0017162759322673082, 'sentence': 'A little goes a long way.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001014381879940629, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's not just the heat, it's the flavors that come with it,\u201d Ms. Enston said in her kitchen in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, where her daughter cuts the garlic, peels fresh ginger and adds them to the blender.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0015112580731511116, 'sentence': '(Ms. Enston takes care of the Scotch bonnets.)', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0015864332672208548, 'sentence': 'After a few seconds of blitzing them until nearly smooth, Ms. Enston jars the sauce for future use.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010675936937332153, 'sentence': '\u201cThe stuff lasts forever,\u201d she said, placing the sauce in the refrigerator.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001225402345880866, 'sentence': '\u201cBut not in this house.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 14, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 19, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.006608679833334143, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9933913201666659, 'ai': 0.006608679833334143, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9933913201666659, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.006608679833334143, 'human': 0.9933913201666659, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'As a child, the cookbook author Lesley Enston learned maybe the most important lesson about pepper sauce from her uncle Richard in Trinidad and Tobago: Be very careful when handling Scotch bonnet chiles.\\n\\n\u201cI will always remember coming back to the house in Princes Town and finding him on the couch with his hands up in the air covered in Vaseline,\u201d she writes in her book, \u201cBelly Full: Exploring Caribbean Cuisine Through 11 Fundamental Ingredients and Over 100 Recipes\u201d (Ten Speed Press) released this month.\\n\\nAsked what had happened, he shrugged. He said he\u2019d just finished making a batch of his famous sauce, and the Scotch bonnets\u2019 intense heat had burned his hands.\\n\\nUncle Richard\u2019s recipe inspired Ms. Enston\u2019s own, run through with earthy culantro (a fresh herb not to be confused with cilantro), garlic, whole-grain mustard and fresh ginger bolstering the fiery flavor of the essential Scotch bonnets.\\n\\nThroughout the English- and French-speaking Caribbean, hot sauces \u2014 featuring a rotating cast of aromatics, vinegars, herbs, spices, even fruit \u2014 fill water bottles and jars in hues of oranges, reds, greens and light pinks. Some are chunky, others thin, but all carry fruit-forward heat and complexity when gently tipped on a plate of rice and peas, tender stewed saltfish or other dishes that benefit from its touch. But the Scotch bonnet, with its distinctive, tart, numbing heat, is always at the heart, adding a Caribbean inflection to dishes.\\n\\n\u201cThey make me think of smoldering coals,\u201d Ms. Enston said, speaking to their smoky, musky nature, adding, \u201cI look at them, and I see my people: colorful, vibrant, spicy.\u201d\\n\\nNamed for their bonnet-like shape, Scotch bonnet chiles are native to South America and crisscrossed the Atlantic Ocean as a result of the spice trade, taking root in Africa and Asia as well as Europe. In the Caribbean, they can be found piled high at grocery stores and markets, ready to be tossed whole into a bubbling pot of stew or cut and blended into pepper or \u201cpeppa\u201d sauce.\\n\\n\u201cWe love that pepper so much in the Caribbean,\u201d said Andre Springer, the Barbadian American founder of Shaquanda\u2019s Hot Pepper Sauce, a line of bottled hot sauces bearing the name of Mr. Springer\u2019s drag persona. He often experiments with flavors when creating his pepper sauces, but Scotch bonnet is always included.\\n\\n\u201cHot sauces can really be memories and homages to culture and experiences,\u201d Mr. Springer said.\\n\\nGrowing up in Toronto, Ms. Enston\u2019s mother would keep a bottle of her uncle Richard\u2019s pepper sauce, carefully doling out a dollop of the yellow-orange sauce \u2014 \u201cnever pouring\u201d \u2014 onto her plate. A little goes a long way.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not just the heat, it\u2019s the flavors that come with it,\u201d Ms. Enston said in her kitchen in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, where her daughter cuts the garlic, peels fresh ginger and adds them to the blender. (Ms. Enston takes care of the Scotch bonnets.) After a few seconds of blitzing them until nearly smooth, Ms. Enston jars the sauce for future use.\\n\\n\u201cThe stuff lasts forever,\u201d she said, placing the sauce in the refrigerator. \u201cBut not in this house.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7153055668,"RADAR":0.0074027069,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"A hot sauce bearing the name of a person's drag persona feels way too creative for AI to have come up with it. The same goes for a person covering their hands in Vaseline after handling chillies. The introduction pulls you in and the conclusion is somewhat humorous, pointing to human writing. AI sentences tend to feel more self-contained, whereas real writers more often have setup creating suspense and then pay-off in a later sentence. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I'm fairly confident this text is human-generated. It uses varying lengths and sentences of different styles. AI tends to use just a few basic tenses, while this uses past perfect tense in places. Also, there are some errors with leaving out the Oxford comma. AI doesn't make this mistake. AI doesn't generally use contractions like \"he'd\" and \"it's\". There is a wider vocabulary here than generally used by AI such as \"smoky, musky nature\" and \"crisscrossed\"."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Again their are grammatical and punctuational issues that AI wouldn't have overlooked. Rather than using a mix of tenses (for e.g.), AI would have followed a more textbook standard structure. Furthermore, I very much doubt AI would have used adventurous adjectives like 'chunky', 'musky' or 'thin' to describe food. Nor would it have used verbs like 'blitzing' or 'bolstering'. It would have used a more bog-standard, or 'preppy' choice, as I like to call it. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"While I had a harder time with this article, I believe it's human-written. Because of the topic and tone written, this article feels like one you'd find in your online local newspaper from a reporter. Sentences such as \"But the Scotch bonnet, with its distinctive, tart, numbing heat, is always at the heart, adding a Caribbean inflection to dishes.\", while they still use some larger vocabulary words, offset it with simplistic phrases that convey its intended meaning, especially with \"is always at the heart.\". Dashes, parenthesis, and other addons help portray the information well, something I don't often see with AI. Sentence length varies throughout each section, and the imagery is vivid with each description. So, it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Pretty sure this is written by a human. Variation of paragraph and sentence length, narrative style, and the appropriate use of normal-sounding dialogue are not usually found in AI texts.  Word choice is evocative and novel analogies are used. The writer uses simple tenses and active verbs, and does not begin virtually every sentence with a relative clause\u2014as do our friendly AI tools."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"13":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":14,"title":"What Is Parkinson\u2019s Disease?","sub-title":"Brett Favre announced his diagnosis on Tuesday. Here\u2019s what we know about the disease and its relationship to head injuries.","author":"Emily Schmall and Nina Agrawal","source":"New York Times","issue":"9\/25\/24","section":"Article","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/article\/parkinsons-disease-head-injury.html","article":"The retired N.F.L. quarterback Brett Favre told a congressional committee on Tuesday that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson\u2019s disease, a progressive, incurable condition that causes tremors and stiffness, often resulting in impaired movement and speech.\n\nThe Republican-led committee was hearing testimony related to a sprawling welfare scandal in Mississippi in which millions of federal dollars earmarked for needy families went instead to the wealthy and powerful, including Mr. Favre.\n\nHere\u2019s what to know about the diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of the condition, which affects at least 1 percent of people over 60.\n\n<b>What is Parkinson\u2019s disease?<\/b>\n\nParkinson\u2019s disease affects the central nervous system. It causes nerve cells in the brain to weaken and eventually die, leading to symptoms that include tremors and impaired balance, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Slowness of movement is the classic feature, said Dr. Vikas Kotagal, an associate professor of neurology at the University of Michigan.\n\nAs symptoms progress, people with Parkinson\u2019s disease may struggle to walk, speak and carry out other basic tasks. An estimated three-quarters of people living with Parkinson\u2019s for more than 10 years will develop dementia.\n\n<b>Who is at risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease?<\/b>\n\nGenetic mutations are linked to about 10 to 15 percent of Parkinson\u2019s diagnoses, said Dr. Michael S. Okun, a neurologist at the University of Florida.\n\nEnvironmental and other factors are at play much more often. Farmers who worked with pesticides and factory workers exposed to toxic chemicals are at greater risk of developing Parkinson\u2019s, he said.\n\nSome patients will never progress beyond early stages of the disease, whereas others will advance quickly to being unable to walk or even stand without using a walker, Dr. Kotagal said.\n\n<b>Can head injuries like concussions cause Parkinson\u2019s?<\/b>\n\nA traumatic blow to the head, with or without loss of consciousness, may also increase a person\u2019s risk of developing Parkinson\u2019s, research has found. This link gained popular attention after the boxer Muhammad Ali was diagnosed at age 42 in 1984.\n\nThere\u2019s growing evidence that head trauma and concussion are associated with a higher risk of developing the disease, said Dr. Okun, who was on Mr. Ali\u2019s team of specialists.\n\nA 2018 study of U.S. military veterans found that those who had suffered mild traumatic brain injuries, including concussion, had a 56 percent increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s, even after controlling for demographics and other medical conditions. Those with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injuries had an 83 percent increased risk.\n\n\u201cWe don\u2019t know exactly what the mechanism is,\u201d said Dr. Kristine Yaffe, the senior author of that study and a professor of psychiatry, neurology and epidemiology at the University of California, San Francisco.\n\nOne leading theory is that something about these head injuries causes abnormal protein buildup in the brain, Dr. Yaffe said. Another is that head trauma causes inflammation and changes to blood flow and blood vessels that in turn leads to the death of brain cells.\n\n<b>How is Parkinson\u2019s diagnosed?<\/b>\n\nA neurologist makes a diagnosis based on a patient\u2019s medical history, a review of symptoms, and a physical and neurological exam. That exam tests memory, mental acuity, coordination and reflexes.\n\nIn people with a family history of Parkinson\u2019s, genetic tests can be ordered to look for gene mutations that are associated with the disease.\n\nThe first signs that a patient may have Parkinson\u2019s can be quite varied. Loss of smell, constipation, the acting out of vivid dreams, anxiety and depression can all manifest before the signature symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s, like a resting tremor or stiffness.\n\n\u201cWe\u2019ve learned there can be clues that appear first,\u201d Dr. Okun said.\n\nBecause of the huge range of potential symptoms and the slow progression of the disease, Dr. Okun said that Parkinson\u2019s was considered one of \u201cthe most complex diseases in medicine.\u201d\n\n<b>How is Parkinson\u2019s treated?<\/b>\n\nIn the 1960s, Oleh Hornykiewicz, a pharmacologist, was among a handful of scientists to identify a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine as a cause of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Dr. Hornykiewicz and his assistant then developed a treatment with L-dopa, a chemical precursor to dopamine.\n\nL-dopa, or Levodopa, is still a mainstay treatment for Parkinson\u2019s disease, especially in the early stages, said Dr. Kotagal. It can help patients with their speed of walking and fine motor skills \u2014 like buttoning buttons, zipping zippers and holding utensils.\n\nIn later stages of the disease, Dr. Kotagal said, treatment consists mainly of administering as much Levodopa as is helpful without getting disabling side effects, and managing other symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s like depression and lightheadedness.\n\nA type of brain surgery called deep brain stimulation can benefit a small minority of patients, Dr. Kotagal said. And with no cure or treatment yet to halt Parkinson\u2019s, researchers are studying personalized therapies to tailor electrical stimulation to a patient\u2019s individual symptoms, and looking at whether a medication similar to popular obesity drugs can slow down the progression of the disease.","id":27,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'The retired N.F.L. quarterback Brett Favre told a congressional committee on Tuesday that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson\u2019s disease, a progressive, incurable condition that causes tremors and stiffness, often resulting in impaired movement and speech.\\n\\nThe Republican-led committee was hearing testimony related to a sprawling welfare scandal in Mississippi in which millions of federal dollars earmarked for needy families went instead to the wealthy and powerful, including Mr. Favre.\\n\\nHere\u2019s what to know about the diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of the condition, which affects at least 1 percent of people over 60.\\n\\n<b>What is Parkinson\u2019s disease?<\/b>\\n\\nParkinson\u2019s disease affects the central nervous system. It causes nerve cells in the brain to weaken and eventually die, leading to symptoms that include tremors and impaired balance, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Slowness of movement is the classic feature, said Dr. Vikas Kotagal, an associate professor of neurology at the University of Michigan.\\n\\nAs symptoms progress, people with Parkinson\u2019s disease may struggle to walk, speak and carry out other basic tasks. An estimated three-quarters of people living with Parkinson\u2019s for more than 10 years will develop dementia.\\n\\n<b>Who is at risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease?<\/b>\\n\\nGenetic mutations are linked to about 10 to 15 percent of Parkinson\u2019s diagnoses, said Dr. Michael S. Okun, a neurologist at the University of Florida.\\n\\nEnvironmental and other factors are at play much more often. Farmers who worked with pesticides and factory workers exposed to toxic chemicals are at greater risk of developing Parkinson\u2019s, he said.\\n\\nSome patients will never progress beyond early stages of the disease, whereas others will advance quickly to being unable to walk or even stand without using a walker, Dr. Kotagal said.\\n\\n<b>Can head injuries like concussions cause Parkinson\u2019s?<\/b>\\n\\nA traumatic blow to the head, with or without loss of consciousness, may also increase a person\u2019s risk of developing Parkinson\u2019s, research has found. This link gained popular attention after the boxer Muhammad Ali was diagnosed at age 42 in 1984.\\n\\nThere\u2019s growing evidence that head trauma and concussion are associated with a higher risk of developing the disease, said Dr. Okun, who was on Mr. Ali\u2019s team of specialists.\\n\\nA 2018 study of U.S. military veterans found that those who had suffered mild traumatic brain injuries, including concussion, had a 56 percent increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s, even after controlling for demographics and other medical conditions. Those with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injuries had an 83 percent increased risk.\\n\\n\u201cWe don\u2019t know exactly what the mechanism is,\u201d said Dr. Kristine Yaffe, the senior author of that study and a professor of psychiatry, neurology and epidemiology at the University of California, San Francisco.\\n\\nOne leading theory is that something about these head injuries causes abnormal protein buildup in the brain, Dr. Yaffe said. Another is that head trauma causes inflammation and changes to blood flow and blood vessels that in turn leads to the death of brain cells.\\n\\n<b>How is Parkinson\u2019s diagnosed?<\/b>\\n\\nA neurologist makes a diagnosis based on a patient\u2019s medical history, a review of symptoms, and a physical and neurological exam. That exam tests memory, mental acuity, coordination and reflexes.\\n\\nIn people with a family history of Parkinson\u2019s, genetic tests can be ordered to look for gene mutations that are associated with the disease.\\n\\nThe first signs that a patient may have Parkinson\u2019s can be quite varied. Loss of smell, constipation, the acting out of vivid dreams, anxiety and depression can all manifest before the signature symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s, like a resting tremor or stiffness.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019ve learned there can be clues that appear first,\u201d Dr. Okun said.\\n\\nBecause of the huge range of potential symptoms and the slow progression of the disease, Dr. Okun said that Parkinson\u2019s was considered one of \u201cthe most complex diseases in medicine.\u201d\\n\\n<b>How is Parkinson\u2019s treated?<\/b>\\n\\nIn the 1960s, Oleh Hornykiewicz, a pharmacologist, was among a handful of scientists to identify a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine as a cause of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Dr. Hornykiewicz and his assistant then developed a treatment with L-dopa, a chemical precursor to dopamine.\\n\\nL-dopa, or Levodopa, is still a mainstay treatment for Parkinson\u2019s disease, especially in the early stages, said Dr. Kotagal. It can help patients with their speed of walking and fine motor skills \u2014 like buttoning buttons, zipping zippers and holding utensils.\\n\\nIn later stages of the disease, Dr. Kotagal said, treatment consists mainly of administering as much Levodopa as is helpful without getting disabling side effects, and managing other symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s like depression and lightheadedness.\\n\\nA type of brain surgery called deep brain stimulation can benefit a small minority of patients, Dr. Kotagal said. And with no cure or treatment yet to halt Parkinson\u2019s, researchers are studying personalized therapies to tailor electrical stimulation to a patient\u2019s individual symptoms, and looking at whether a medication similar to popular obesity drugs can slow down the progression of the disease.', 'ai_likelihood': 9.685754776000977e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'The retired N.F.L. quarterback Brett Favre told a congressional committee on Tuesday that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson\u2019s disease, a progressive, incurable condition that causes tremors and stiffness, often resulting in impaired movement and speech.\\n\\nThe Republican-led committee was hearing testimony related to a sprawling welfare scandal in Mississippi in which millions of federal dollars earmarked for needy families went instead to the wealthy and powerful, including Mr. Favre.\\n\\nHere\u2019s what to know about the diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of the condition, which affects at least 1 percent of people over 60.\\n\\n<b>What is Parkinson\u2019s disease?<\/b>\\n\\nParkinson\u2019s disease affects the central nervous system. It causes nerve cells in the brain to weaken and eventually die, leading to symptoms that include tremors and impaired balance, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Slowness of movement is the classic feature, said Dr. Vikas Kotagal, an associate professor of neurology at the University of Michigan.\\n\\nAs symptoms progress, people with Parkinson\u2019s disease may struggle to walk, speak and carry out other basic tasks. An estimated three-quarters of people living with Parkinson\u2019s for more than 10 years will develop dementia.\\n\\n<b>Who is at risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease?<\/b>\\n\\nGenetic mutations are linked to about 10 to 15 percent of Parkinson\u2019s diagnoses, said Dr. Michael S. Okun, a neurologist at the University of Florida.\\n\\nEnvironmental and other factors are at play much more often. Farmers who worked with pesticides and factory workers exposed to toxic chemicals are at greater risk of developing Parkinson\u2019s, he said.\\n\\nSome patients will never progress beyond early stages of the disease, whereas others will advance quickly to being unable to walk or even stand without using a walker, Dr. Kotagal said.\\n\\n<b>Can head injuries like concussions cause Parkinson\u2019s?<\/b>\\n\\nA traumatic blow to the head, with or without loss of consciousness, may also increase a person\u2019s risk of developing Parkinson\u2019s, research has found. This link gained popular attention after the boxer Muhammad Ali was diagnosed at age 42 in 1984.\\n\\nThere\u2019s growing evidence that head trauma and concussion are associated with a higher risk of developing the disease, said Dr. Okun, who was on Mr. Ali\u2019s team of specialists.\\n\\nA 2018 study of U.S. military veterans found that those who had suffered mild traumatic brain injuries, including concussion, had a 56 percent increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s, even after controlling for demographics and other medical conditions. Those with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injuries had an 83 percent increased risk.\\n\\n\u201cWe don\u2019t know exactly what the mechanism is,\u201d said Dr. Kristine Yaffe, the senior author of that study and a professor of psychiatry, neurology and epidemiology at the University of California, San Francisco.\\n\\nOne leading theory is that something about these head injuries causes abnormal protein buildup in the brain, Dr. Yaffe said. Another is that head trauma causes inflammation and changes to blood flow and blood vessels that in turn leads to the death of brain cells.\\n\\n<b>How is Parkinson\u2019s diagnosed?<\/b>\\n\\nA neurologist makes a diagnosis based on a patient\u2019s medical history, a review of symptoms, and a physical and neurological exam. That exam tests memory, mental acuity, coordination and reflexes.\\n\\nIn people with a family history of Parkinson\u2019s, genetic tests can be ordered to look for gene mutations that are associated with the disease.\\n\\nThe first signs that a patient may have Parkinson\u2019s can be quite varied. Loss of smell, constipation, the acting out of vivid dreams, anxiety and depression can all manifest before the signature symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s, like a resting tremor or stiffness.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019ve learned there can be clues that appear first,\u201d Dr. Okun said.\\n\\nBecause of the huge range of potential symptoms and the slow progression of the disease, Dr. Okun said that Parkinson\u2019s was considered one of \u201cthe most complex diseases in medicine.\u201d\\n\\n<b>How is Parkinson\u2019s treated?<\/b>\\n\\nIn the 1960s, Oleh Hornykiewicz, a pharmacologist, was among a handful of scientists to identify a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine as a cause of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Dr. Hornykiewicz and his assistant then developed a treatment with L-dopa, a chemical precursor to dopamine.\\n\\nL-dopa, or Levodopa, is still a mainstay treatment for Parkinson\u2019s disease, especially in the early stages, said Dr. Kotagal. It can help patients with their speed of walking and fine motor skills \u2014 like buttoning buttons, zipping zippers and holding utensils.\\n\\nIn later stages of the disease, Dr. Kotagal said, treatment consists mainly of administering as much Levodopa as is helpful without getting disabling side effects, and managing other symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s like depression and lightheadedness.\\n\\nA type of brain surgery called deep brain stimulation can benefit a small minority of patients, Dr. Kotagal said. And with no cure or treatment yet to halt Parkinson\u2019s, researchers are studying personalized therapies to tailor electrical stimulation to a patient\u2019s individual symptoms, and looking at whether a medication similar to popular obesity drugs can slow down the progression of the disease.', 'ai_likelihood': 5.143880844116211e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '5282ee8a-e9b2-4df7-b542-22676becfb9c', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 1.7049862435669638e-05, 'sentence': 'The retired N.F.L.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.0670940355339553e-05, 'sentence': \"quarterback Brett Favre told a congressional committee on Tuesday that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, a progressive, incurable condition that causes tremors and stiffness, often resulting in impaired movement and speech.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.4074717000767123e-05, 'sentence': 'The Republican-led committee was hearing testimony related to a sprawling welfare scandal in Mississippi in which millions of federal dollars earmarked for needy families went instead to the wealthy and powerful, including Mr. Favre.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.6273737855954096e-05, 'sentence': \"Here's what to know about the diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of the condition, which affects at least 1 percent of people over 60.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.469508399371989e-05, 'sentence': \"<b>What is Parkinson's disease?<\/b>\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.6450004952494055e-05, 'sentence': \"Parkinson's disease affects the central nervous system.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.915950997499749e-05, 'sentence': 'It causes nerve cells in the brain to weaken and eventually die, leading to symptoms that include tremors and impaired balance, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.0373894585645758e-05, 'sentence': 'Slowness of movement is the classic feature, said Dr. Vikas Kotagal, an associate professor of neurology at the University of Michigan.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.029985625995323e-05, 'sentence': \"As symptoms progress, people with Parkinson's disease may struggle to walk, speak and carry out other basic tasks.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.175931876990944e-05, 'sentence': \"An estimated three-quarters of people living with Parkinson's for more than 10 years will develop dementia.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.7311276678810827e-05, 'sentence': \"<b>Who is at risk of Parkinson's disease?<\/b>\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.3157381292548962e-05, 'sentence': \"Genetic mutations are linked to about 10 to 15 percent of Parkinson's diagnoses, said Dr. Michael S. 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'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9912000326997541, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.00879996730024586, 'human': 0.9912000326997541, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'The retired N.F.L. quarterback Brett Favre told a congressional committee on Tuesday that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson\u2019s disease, a progressive, incurable condition that causes tremors and stiffness, often resulting in impaired movement and speech.\\n\\nThe Republican-led committee was hearing testimony related to a sprawling welfare scandal in Mississippi in which millions of federal dollars earmarked for needy families went instead to the wealthy and powerful, including Mr. Favre.\\n\\nHere\u2019s what to know about the diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of the condition, which affects at least 1 percent of people over 60.\\n\\n<b>What is Parkinson\u2019s disease?<\/b>\\n\\nParkinson\u2019s disease affects the central nervous system. It causes nerve cells in the brain to weaken and eventually die, leading to symptoms that include tremors and impaired balance, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Slowness of movement is the classic feature, said Dr. Vikas Kotagal, an associate professor of neurology at the University of Michigan.\\n\\nAs symptoms progress, people with Parkinson\u2019s disease may struggle to walk, speak and carry out other basic tasks. An estimated three-quarters of people living with Parkinson\u2019s for more than 10 years will develop dementia.\\n\\n<b>Who is at risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease?<\/b>\\n\\nGenetic mutations are linked to about 10 to 15 percent of Parkinson\u2019s diagnoses, said Dr. Michael S. Okun, a neurologist at the University of Florida.\\n\\nEnvironmental and other factors are at play much more often. Farmers who worked with pesticides and factory workers exposed to toxic chemicals are at greater risk of developing Parkinson\u2019s, he said.\\n\\nSome patients will never progress beyond early stages of the disease, whereas others will advance quickly to being unable to walk or even stand without using a walker, Dr. Kotagal said.\\n\\n<b>Can head injuries like concussions cause Parkinson\u2019s?<\/b>\\n\\nA traumatic blow to the head, with or without loss of consciousness, may also increase a person\u2019s risk of developing Parkinson\u2019s, research has found. This link gained popular attention after the boxer Muhammad Ali was diagnosed at age 42 in 1984.\\n\\nThere\u2019s growing evidence that head trauma and concussion are associated with a higher risk of developing the disease, said Dr. Okun, who was on Mr. Ali\u2019s team of specialists.\\n\\nA 2018 study of U.S. military veterans found that those who had suffered mild traumatic brain injuries, including concussion, had a 56 percent increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s, even after controlling for demographics and other medical conditions. Those with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injuries had an 83 percent increased risk.\\n\\n\u201cWe don\u2019t know exactly what the mechanism is,\u201d said Dr. Kristine Yaffe, the senior author of that study and a professor of psychiatry, neurology and epidemiology at the University of California, San Francisco.\\n\\nOne leading theory is that something about these head injuries causes abnormal protein buildup in the brain, Dr. Yaffe said. Another is that head trauma causes inflammation and changes to blood flow and blood vessels that in turn leads to the death of brain cells.\\n\\n<b>How is Parkinson\u2019s diagnosed?<\/b>\\n\\nA neurologist makes a diagnosis based on a patient\u2019s medical history, a review of symptoms, and a physical and neurological exam. That exam tests memory, mental acuity, coordination and reflexes.\\n\\nIn people with a family history of Parkinson\u2019s, genetic tests can be ordered to look for gene mutations that are associated with the disease.\\n\\nThe first signs that a patient may have Parkinson\u2019s can be quite varied. Loss of smell, constipation, the acting out of vivid dreams, anxiety and depression can all manifest before the signature symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s, like a resting tremor or stiffness.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019ve learned there can be clues that appear first,\u201d Dr. Okun said.\\n\\nBecause of the huge range of potential symptoms and the slow progression of the disease, Dr. Okun said that Parkinson\u2019s was considered one of \u201cthe most complex diseases in medicine.\u201d\\n\\n<b>How is Parkinson\u2019s treated?<\/b>\\n\\nIn the 1960s, Oleh Hornykiewicz, a pharmacologist, was among a handful of scientists to identify a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine as a cause of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Dr. Hornykiewicz and his assistant then developed a treatment with L-dopa, a chemical precursor to dopamine.\\n\\nL-dopa, or Levodopa, is still a mainstay treatment for Parkinson\u2019s disease, especially in the early stages, said Dr. Kotagal. It can help patients with their speed of walking and fine motor skills \u2014 like buttoning buttons, zipping zippers and holding utensils.\\n\\nIn later stages of the disease, Dr. Kotagal said, treatment consists mainly of administering as much Levodopa as is helpful without getting disabling side effects, and managing other symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s like depression and lightheadedness.\\n\\nA type of brain surgery called deep brain stimulation can benefit a small minority of patients, Dr. Kotagal said. And with no cure or treatment yet to halt Parkinson\u2019s, researchers are studying personalized therapies to tailor electrical stimulation to a patient\u2019s individual symptoms, and looking at whether a medication similar to popular obesity drugs can slow down the progression of the disease.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.6213179827,"RADAR":0.2746017575,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The way the article quotes various doctors from universities would normally make me lean towards AI, if not for it being about a medical condition. It seems human-generated, but it still has a somewhat AI style. The part about money for needy families going to the wealthy is a bit dark for AI, it also uses \"like\" instead of \"such as\" and the listing of symptoms is quite harsh for AI. That said, I put 3\/5 because it still has a somewhat AI feel like a human fixed an AI article or used ChatGPT to help with their writing. If I had to guess, I'd say it was written for SEO purposes. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There are none of the usual AI-repeated words or phrases. The sentences are of varied style and length. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I know all the tells now, which are: missing quotation marks. Speech tags. Structure. Syntax. Sentence case headings. en dashes. No Oxford comma. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"While I am less confident with this article, I feel that the base of the article is human-written. The reason I struggle with identifying this article is due to its tone and sentence structure. It uses a sentence length similar to AI generations, but structures the sentences in a highly neutral tone. Everything is uniform, but not overtly flowery or tries to summarize. What indicates as human to me is the addition of extra, unnecessary words in sentences, or words not often used, such as  \"who was on Mr. Ali\u2019s team of specialists.\", \"still a mainstay treatment,\" and the constant addition of the referenced people for sentences with \"Dr. Yaffe said\" and \"Dr. Kotagal said\". While most of the facts presented are written with longer sentences separated by commas, the tone remains static, which while AI can write that way, it's not often seen with just a general response without any specific instructions to the prompt. So, it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The fact that all the people the author quotes only \"said\" and didn't state, voice, declare, pronounce, express, etc. makes me think that a human produced this story. I'm somewhat puzzled why the author added paragraph 2 because it has no relevance to anything else in the text and the \"scandal\" is not mentioned again. Despite the \"a\/an + job description\" after people's names frequently found in AI texts, I would rate this as human-authored. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"14":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":15,"title":"What to Know About Non-Alcoholic Beverages","sub-title":"Sales of NA beer, wine and spirits are soaring. What\u2019s in them and how healthy are they?","author":"Dana G. Smith","source":"New York Times","issue":"8\/17\/24","section":"Wellness","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/08\/17\/well\/eat\/nonalcoholic-beverages-health-benefits.html","article":"Nonalcoholic beverages used to be the butt of jokes. Now, they\u2019re the fastest-growing sector of the alcohol market. Sales of nonalcoholic beer, wine and liquor increased by 32 percent from 2022 to 2023, while total alcohol sales grew by just 1 percent. As of early 2024, the top-selling beer at Whole Foods was nonalcoholic.\n\nThis growth likely stems from increasing awareness of the health harms of alcohol and a rising interest in sobriety and moderation. One recent study found that health consciousness, curiosity and a desire to avoid the negative effects of alcohol (like hangovers) were among people\u2019s top reasons for consuming nonalcoholic beverages. There are also many more \u2014 and better \u2014 nonalcoholic options on the market today.\n\nSo, how much healthier are nonalcoholic (or \u201cNA\u201d) beverages than the real deal? Are they safe for everyone? And do they contain other ingredients people should watch out for?\n\n<b>What is a \u2018nonalcoholic beverage\u2019?<\/b>\n\nTo qualify as nonalcoholic, a beverage must have less than 0.5 percent alcohol by volume (A.B.V.). Traditionally, brands use methods like filtration or distillation to remove the alcohol from their products. Newer techniques alter the fermentation process, so the sugar in the beverage isn\u2019t turned into alcohol. Other drinks marketed as alcohol alternatives don\u2019t try to mimic beer, wine or liquor and are made with juice or botanicals.\n\nThe main harmful ingredient in alcoholic beverages \u2014 the one that damages the liver and contributes to cancer \u2014 is the alcohol, so once that\u2019s been almost entirely removed, the health risks associated with booze pretty much disappear.\n\n\u201cFrom a health perspective, very small amounts of alcohol in your drink probably don\u2019t make a huge deal of difference,\u201d said John Holmes, a professor of alcohol policy at the University of Sheffield in England.\n\nIt\u2019s possible you could consume a substantial amount of alcohol by drinking NA beverages, \u201cbut it would be a lot of work,\u201d said Dr. Tim Naimi, the director of the University of Victoria\u2019s Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research. \u201cYou\u2019d have to drink 20 cans of 0.5 percent A.B.V. beer to get even up to two drinks a day.\u201d\n\nHowever, the experts cautioned that a drink with less than 0.5 percent alcohol could still cause problems in some cases. For people with an alcohol use disorder, substituting nonalcoholic beer, wine or liquor could help them cut down on their drinking or stop completely, said Molly Bowdring, a postdoctoral scholar in clinical psychology at Stanford University. But these beverages could also serve as a trigger for relapse.\n\n\u201cThey\u2019re so similar in taste and flavor,\u201d she said. \u201cThat can make it a helpful substitute, but it also includes all of those cues that might activate craving.\u201d\nFor pregnant women, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists hasn\u2019t weighed in on NA beverages specifically, but its website states: \u201cThere is no safe amount or type of alcohol use during pregnancy.\u201d\n\nFor people with other conditions that can be negatively affected by alcohol, like liver disease, the experts recommended asking a doctor if nonalcoholic beverages were OK to drink.\n\nAlcohol alternatives made with juice or botanicals don\u2019t come with the concerns around alcoholic content, but they can have other problematic ingredients, so it\u2019s important to read labels closely. For example, some drinks contain CBD or THC, or plants like ashwagandha, which has been linked to liver injury and could be harmful during pregnancy.\n\n<b>Can they improve your health? <\/b>\n\nData suggest that over 80 percent of people who purchase nonalcoholic beverages also buy alcoholic ones. And as of 2022, NA products made up less than 1 percent of total alcohol sales. But if people are replacing some of their beer, wine or liquor with nonalcoholic versions, that can have a positive impact on health.\n\n\u201cThe more you drink, the more any reduction will benefit you,\u201d Dr. Holmes said. \u201cSo if you\u2019re drinking ten drinks a week, going down to nine will still benefit your health.\u201d\n\nAccording to a study Dr. Bowdring conducted, roughly half of people who drink NA beverages reported that they were consuming less alcohol because of them.\n\nNot everyone is convinced that people are substituting nonalcoholic beverages for alcoholic ones: Dr. Naimi said people may be drinking them in addition to the alcohol they already consume. \u201cThe impact of no- or low-alcohol beverages might be to displace the consumption of alcoholic beverages,\u201d he said. Or, \u201cit might be to displace the consumption of soda or seltzer water.\u201d\n\nThat reflects what Athletic Brewing Company, the leading nonalcoholic beer brand, sees among many of its customers. \u201cWhere people maybe only drink on Friday and Saturday nights previously,\u201d now they\u2019re having a nonalcoholic beer \u201cevery night of the week with their dinner,\u201d said Bill Shufelt, the company\u2019s co-founder and C.E.O.\n\nThe experts stressed there\u2019s no evidence of any harm in doing that \u2014 it just raises the question of whether these beverages will have a positive impact on public health.\n\n\u201cThe growth of the category is interesting,\u201d Dr. Naimi said. \u201cBut what really matters, the eye on the prize, is how it affects the total sale of alcohol. And I think that\u2019s the million dollar question.\u201d","id":29,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Nonalcoholic beverages used to be the butt of jokes. Now, they\u2019re the fastest-growing sector of the alcohol market. Sales of nonalcoholic beer, wine and liquor increased by 32 percent from 2022 to 2023, while total alcohol sales grew by just 1 percent. As of early 2024, the top-selling beer at Whole Foods was nonalcoholic.\\n\\nThis growth likely stems from increasing awareness of the health harms of alcohol and a rising interest in sobriety and moderation. One recent study found that health consciousness, curiosity and a desire to avoid the negative effects of alcohol (like hangovers) were among people\u2019s top reasons for consuming nonalcoholic beverages. There are also many more \u2014 and better \u2014 nonalcoholic options on the market today.\\n\\nSo, how much healthier are nonalcoholic (or \u201cNA\u201d) beverages than the real deal? Are they safe for everyone? And do they contain other ingredients people should watch out for?\\n\\n<b>What is a \u2018nonalcoholic beverage\u2019?<\/b>\\n\\nTo qualify as nonalcoholic, a beverage must have less than 0.5 percent alcohol by volume (A.B.V.). Traditionally, brands use methods like filtration or distillation to remove the alcohol from their products. Newer techniques alter the fermentation process, so the sugar in the beverage isn\u2019t turned into alcohol. Other drinks marketed as alcohol alternatives don\u2019t try to mimic beer, wine or liquor and are made with juice or botanicals.\\n\\nThe main harmful ingredient in alcoholic beverages \u2014 the one that damages the liver and contributes to cancer \u2014 is the alcohol, so once that\u2019s been almost entirely removed, the health risks associated with booze pretty much disappear.\\n\\n\u201cFrom a health perspective, very small amounts of alcohol in your drink probably don\u2019t make a huge deal of difference,\u201d said John Holmes, a professor of alcohol policy at the University of Sheffield in England.\\n\\nIt\u2019s possible you could consume a substantial amount of alcohol by drinking NA beverages, \u201cbut it would be a lot of work,\u201d said Dr. Tim Naimi, the director of the University of Victoria\u2019s Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research. \u201cYou\u2019d have to drink 20 cans of 0.5 percent A.B.V. beer to get even up to two drinks a day.\u201d\\n\\nHowever, the experts cautioned that a drink with less than 0.5 percent alcohol could still cause problems in some cases. For people with an alcohol use disorder, substituting nonalcoholic beer, wine or liquor could help them cut down on their drinking or stop completely, said Molly Bowdring, a postdoctoral scholar in clinical psychology at Stanford University. But these beverages could also serve as a trigger for relapse.\\n\\n\u201cThey\u2019re so similar in taste and flavor,\u201d she said. \u201cThat can make it a helpful substitute, but it also includes all of those cues that might activate craving.\u201d\\nFor pregnant women, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists hasn\u2019t weighed in on NA beverages specifically, but its website states: \u201cThere is no safe amount or type of alcohol use during pregnancy.\u201d\\n\\nFor people with other conditions that can be negatively affected by alcohol, like liver disease, the experts recommended asking a doctor if nonalcoholic beverages were OK to drink.\\n\\nAlcohol alternatives made with juice or botanicals don\u2019t come with the concerns around alcoholic content, but they can have other problematic ingredients, so it\u2019s important to read labels closely. For example, some drinks contain CBD or THC, or plants like ashwagandha, which has been linked to liver injury and could be harmful during pregnancy.\\n\\n<b>Can they improve your health? <\/b>\\n\\nData suggest that over 80 percent of people who purchase nonalcoholic beverages also buy alcoholic ones. And as of 2022, NA products made up less than 1 percent of total alcohol sales. But if people are replacing some of their beer, wine or liquor with nonalcoholic versions, that can have a positive impact on health.\\n\\n\u201cThe more you drink, the more any reduction will benefit you,\u201d Dr. Holmes said. \u201cSo if you\u2019re drinking ten drinks a week, going down to nine will still benefit your health.\u201d\\n\\nAccording to a study Dr. Bowdring conducted, roughly half of people who drink NA beverages reported that they were consuming less alcohol because of them.\\n\\nNot everyone is convinced that people are substituting nonalcoholic beverages for alcoholic ones: Dr. Naimi said people may be drinking them in addition to the alcohol they already consume. \u201cThe impact of no- or low-alcohol beverages might be to displace the consumption of alcoholic beverages,\u201d he said. Or, \u201cit might be to displace the consumption of soda or seltzer water.\u201d\\n\\nThat reflects what Athletic Brewing Company, the leading nonalcoholic beer brand, sees among many of its customers. \u201cWhere people maybe only drink on Friday and Saturday nights previously,\u201d now they\u2019re having a nonalcoholic beer \u201cevery night of the week with their dinner,\u201d said Bill Shufelt, the company\u2019s co-founder and C.E.O.\\n\\nThe experts stressed there\u2019s no evidence of any harm in doing that \u2014 it just raises the question of whether these beverages will have a positive impact on public health.\\n\\n\u201cThe growth of the category is interesting,\u201d Dr. Naimi said. \u201cBut what really matters, the eye on the prize, is how it affects the total sale of alcohol. And I think that\u2019s the million dollar question.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 6.127357482910156e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Nonalcoholic beverages used to be the butt of jokes. Now, they\u2019re the fastest-growing sector of the alcohol market. Sales of nonalcoholic beer, wine and liquor increased by 32 percent from 2022 to 2023, while total alcohol sales grew by just 1 percent. As of early 2024, the top-selling beer at Whole Foods was nonalcoholic.\\n\\nThis growth likely stems from increasing awareness of the health harms of alcohol and a rising interest in sobriety and moderation. One recent study found that health consciousness, curiosity and a desire to avoid the negative effects of alcohol (like hangovers) were among people\u2019s top reasons for consuming nonalcoholic beverages. There are also many more \u2014 and better \u2014 nonalcoholic options on the market today.\\n\\nSo, how much healthier are nonalcoholic (or \u201cNA\u201d) beverages than the real deal? Are they safe for everyone? And do they contain other ingredients people should watch out for?\\n\\n<b>What is a \u2018nonalcoholic beverage\u2019?<\/b>\\n\\nTo qualify as nonalcoholic, a beverage must have less than 0.5 percent alcohol by volume (A.B.V.). Traditionally, brands use methods like filtration or distillation to remove the alcohol from their products. Newer techniques alter the fermentation process, so the sugar in the beverage isn\u2019t turned into alcohol. Other drinks marketed as alcohol alternatives don\u2019t try to mimic beer, wine or liquor and are made with juice or botanicals.\\n\\nThe main harmful ingredient in alcoholic beverages \u2014 the one that damages the liver and contributes to cancer \u2014 is the alcohol, so once that\u2019s been almost entirely removed, the health risks associated with booze pretty much disappear.\\n\\n\u201cFrom a health perspective, very small amounts of alcohol in your drink probably don\u2019t make a huge deal of difference,\u201d said John Holmes, a professor of alcohol policy at the University of Sheffield in England.\\n\\nIt\u2019s possible you could consume a substantial amount of alcohol by drinking NA beverages, \u201cbut it would be a lot of work,\u201d said Dr. Tim Naimi, the director of the University of Victoria\u2019s Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research. \u201cYou\u2019d have to drink 20 cans of 0.5 percent A.B.V. beer to get even up to two drinks a day.\u201d\\n\\nHowever, the experts cautioned that a drink with less than 0.5 percent alcohol could still cause problems in some cases. For people with an alcohol use disorder, substituting nonalcoholic beer, wine or liquor could help them cut down on their drinking or stop completely, said Molly Bowdring, a postdoctoral scholar in clinical psychology at Stanford University. But these beverages could also serve as a trigger for relapse.\\n\\n\u201cThey\u2019re so similar in taste and flavor,\u201d she said. \u201cThat can make it a helpful substitute, but it also includes all of those cues that might activate craving.\u201d\\nFor pregnant women, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists hasn\u2019t weighed in on NA beverages specifically, but its website states: \u201cThere is no safe amount or type of alcohol use during pregnancy.\u201d\\n\\nFor people with other conditions that can be negatively affected by alcohol, like liver disease, the experts recommended asking a doctor if nonalcoholic beverages were OK to drink.\\n\\nAlcohol alternatives made with juice or botanicals don\u2019t come with the concerns around alcoholic content, but they can have other problematic ingredients, so it\u2019s important to read labels closely. For example, some drinks contain CBD or THC, or plants like ashwagandha, which has been linked to liver injury and could be harmful during pregnancy.\\n\\n<b>Can they improve your health? <\/b>\\n\\nData suggest that over 80 percent of people who purchase nonalcoholic beverages also buy alcoholic ones. And as of 2022, NA products made up less than 1 percent of total alcohol sales. But if people are replacing some of their beer, wine or liquor with nonalcoholic versions, that can have a positive impact on health.\\n\\n\u201cThe more you drink, the more any reduction will benefit you,\u201d Dr. Holmes said. \u201cSo if you\u2019re drinking ten drinks a week, going down to nine will still benefit your health.\u201d\\n\\nAccording to a study Dr. Bowdring conducted, roughly half of people who drink NA beverages reported that they were consuming less alcohol because of them.\\n\\nNot everyone is convinced that people are substituting nonalcoholic beverages for alcoholic ones: Dr. Naimi said people may be drinking them in addition to the alcohol they already consume. \u201cThe impact of no- or low-alcohol beverages might be to displace the consumption of alcoholic beverages,\u201d he said. Or, \u201cit might be to displace the consumption of soda or seltzer water.\u201d\\n\\nThat reflects what Athletic Brewing Company, the leading nonalcoholic beer brand, sees among many of its customers. \u201cWhere people maybe only drink on Friday and Saturday nights previously,\u201d now they\u2019re having a nonalcoholic beer \u201cevery night of the week with their dinner,\u201d said Bill Shufelt, the company\u2019s co-founder and C.E.O.\\n\\nThe experts stressed there\u2019s no evidence of any harm in doing that \u2014 it just raises the question of whether these beverages will have a positive impact on public health.\\n\\n\u201cThe growth of the category is interesting,\u201d Dr. Naimi said. \u201cBut what really matters, the eye on the prize, is how it affects the total sale of alcohol. And I think that\u2019s the million dollar question.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 4.4345855712890625e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'bfd386a9-4d2c-4b1a-a286-654839af90af', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.13552071154117584, 'sentence': 'Nonalcoholic beverages used to be the butt of jokes.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.11217872053384781, 'sentence': \"Now, they're the fastest-growing sector of the alcohol market.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.12547807395458221, 'sentence': 'Sales of nonalcoholic beer, wine and liquor increased by 32 percent from 2022 to 2023, while total alcohol sales grew by just 1 percent.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 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their beer, wine or liquor with nonalcoholic versions, that can have a positive impact on health.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002927185036242008, 'sentence': '\u201cThe more you drink, the more any reduction will benefit you,\u201d Dr. Holmes said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0034251930192112923, 'sentence': \"\u201cSo if you're drinking ten drinks a week, going down to nine will still benefit your health.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0023603136651217937, 'sentence': 'According to a study Dr. Bowdring conducted, roughly half of people who drink NA beverages reported that they were consuming less alcohol because of them.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002512747421860695, 'sentence': 'Not everyone is convinced that people are substituting nonalcoholic beverages for alcoholic ones: Dr. Naimi said people may be drinking them in addition to the alcohol they already consume.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0028949992265552282, 'sentence': '\u201cThe impact of no- or low-alcohol beverages might be to displace the consumption of alcoholic beverages,\u201d he said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0028338320553302765, 'sentence': 'Or, \u201cit might be to displace the consumption of soda or seltzer water.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002377921249717474, 'sentence': 'That reflects what Athletic Brewing Company, the leading nonalcoholic beer brand, sees among many of its customers.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002789975143969059, 'sentence': \"\u201cWhere people maybe only drink on Friday and Saturday nights previously,\u201d now they're having a nonalcoholic beer \u201cevery night of the week with their dinner,\u201d said Bill Shufelt, the company's co-founder and C.E.O.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004054810851812363, 'sentence': \"The experts stressed there's no evidence of any harm in doing that \u1173 it just raises the question of whether these beverages will have a positive impact on public health.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0033964249305427074, 'sentence': '\u201cThe growth of the category is interesting,\u201d Dr. Naimi said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.005320049822330475, 'sentence': '\u201cBut what really matters, the eye on the prize, is how it affects the total sale of alcohol.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003331773681566119, 'sentence': \"And I think that's the million dollar question.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 17, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 20, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 23, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 25, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 26, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 27, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 29, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 31, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 34, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 36, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 37, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 40, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 42, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 43, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.024461651786716186, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9754981327244504, 'ai': 0.024461651786716186, 'mixed': 4.0215488833363626e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9754981327244504, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.024461651786716186, 'human': 0.9754981327244504, 'mixed': 4.0215488833363626e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Nonalcoholic beverages used to be the butt of jokes. Now, they\u2019re the fastest-growing sector of the alcohol market. Sales of nonalcoholic beer, wine and liquor increased by 32 percent from 2022 to 2023, while total alcohol sales grew by just 1 percent. As of early 2024, the top-selling beer at Whole Foods was nonalcoholic.\\n\\nThis growth likely stems from increasing awareness of the health harms of alcohol and a rising interest in sobriety and moderation. One recent study found that health consciousness, curiosity and a desire to avoid the negative effects of alcohol (like hangovers) were among people\u2019s top reasons for consuming nonalcoholic beverages. There are also many more \u2014 and better \u2014 nonalcoholic options on the market today.\\n\\nSo, how much healthier are nonalcoholic (or \u201cNA\u201d) beverages than the real deal? Are they safe for everyone? And do they contain other ingredients people should watch out for?\\n\\n<b>What is a \u2018nonalcoholic beverage\u2019?<\/b>\\n\\nTo qualify as nonalcoholic, a beverage must have less than 0.5 percent alcohol by volume (A.B.V.). Traditionally, brands use methods like filtration or distillation to remove the alcohol from their products. Newer techniques alter the fermentation process, so the sugar in the beverage isn\u2019t turned into alcohol. Other drinks marketed as alcohol alternatives don\u2019t try to mimic beer, wine or liquor and are made with juice or botanicals.\\n\\nThe main harmful ingredient in alcoholic beverages \u2014 the one that damages the liver and contributes to cancer \u2014 is the alcohol, so once that\u2019s been almost entirely removed, the health risks associated with booze pretty much disappear.\\n\\n\u201cFrom a health perspective, very small amounts of alcohol in your drink probably don\u2019t make a huge deal of difference,\u201d said John Holmes, a professor of alcohol policy at the University of Sheffield in England.\\n\\nIt\u2019s possible you could consume a substantial amount of alcohol by drinking NA beverages, \u201cbut it would be a lot of work,\u201d said Dr. Tim Naimi, the director of the University of Victoria\u2019s Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research. \u201cYou\u2019d have to drink 20 cans of 0.5 percent A.B.V. beer to get even up to two drinks a day.\u201d\\n\\nHowever, the experts cautioned that a drink with less than 0.5 percent alcohol could still cause problems in some cases. For people with an alcohol use disorder, substituting nonalcoholic beer, wine or liquor could help them cut down on their drinking or stop completely, said Molly Bowdring, a postdoctoral scholar in clinical psychology at Stanford University. But these beverages could also serve as a trigger for relapse.\\n\\n\u201cThey\u2019re so similar in taste and flavor,\u201d she said. \u201cThat can make it a helpful substitute, but it also includes all of those cues that might activate craving.\u201d\\nFor pregnant women, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists hasn\u2019t weighed in on NA beverages specifically, but its website states: \u201cThere is no safe amount or type of alcohol use during pregnancy.\u201d\\n\\nFor people with other conditions that can be negatively affected by alcohol, like liver disease, the experts recommended asking a doctor if nonalcoholic beverages were OK to drink.\\n\\nAlcohol alternatives made with juice or botanicals don\u2019t come with the concerns around alcoholic content, but they can have other problematic ingredients, so it\u2019s important to read labels closely. For example, some drinks contain CBD or THC, or plants like ashwagandha, which has been linked to liver injury and could be harmful during pregnancy.\\n\\n<b>Can they improve your health? <\/b>\\n\\nData suggest that over 80 percent of people who purchase nonalcoholic beverages also buy alcoholic ones. And as of 2022, NA products made up less than 1 percent of total alcohol sales. But if people are replacing some of their beer, wine or liquor with nonalcoholic versions, that can have a positive impact on health.\\n\\n\u201cThe more you drink, the more any reduction will benefit you,\u201d Dr. Holmes said. \u201cSo if you\u2019re drinking ten drinks a week, going down to nine will still benefit your health.\u201d\\n\\nAccording to a study Dr. Bowdring conducted, roughly half of people who drink NA beverages reported that they were consuming less alcohol because of them.\\n\\nNot everyone is convinced that people are substituting nonalcoholic beverages for alcoholic ones: Dr. Naimi said people may be drinking them in addition to the alcohol they already consume. \u201cThe impact of no- or low-alcohol beverages might be to displace the consumption of alcoholic beverages,\u201d he said. Or, \u201cit might be to displace the consumption of soda or seltzer water.\u201d\\n\\nThat reflects what Athletic Brewing Company, the leading nonalcoholic beer brand, sees among many of its customers. \u201cWhere people maybe only drink on Friday and Saturday nights previously,\u201d now they\u2019re having a nonalcoholic beer \u201cevery night of the week with their dinner,\u201d said Bill Shufelt, the company\u2019s co-founder and C.E.O.\\n\\nThe experts stressed there\u2019s no evidence of any harm in doing that \u2014 it just raises the question of whether these beverages will have a positive impact on public health.\\n\\n\u201cThe growth of the category is interesting,\u201d Dr. Naimi said. \u201cBut what really matters, the eye on the prize, is how it affects the total sale of alcohol. And I think that\u2019s the million dollar question.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4066935778,"RADAR":0.101973556,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The opening sentence immediately seems like it was written by a human, referencing nonalcoholic drinks as the \"butt of jokes\" just doesn't sound like something AI would ever write. The general way the subject matter is handled with references to alcoholism, damaged pregnancies, and cancer, seems a bit direct for AI which would rather avoid such subjects. Overall it seems reasonably well-written and researched, with plenty of reasonable-looking statistics. Lastly, it quotes a postdoctoral scholar but doesn't refer to them as Doctor Bowdring. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I don't see any typical AI words or phrases. THere is a \"chatty\" informal tone to the writing which sounds more human than AI. The use of conjunctions at the beginning of sentences is a mistake I don't think AI usually makes."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: no Oxford comma. AI prefers to use the percentage symbol. Colloquial terms. Awkward phrasing. Missing punctuation.  Text isn't very well written and sounds quite amateur. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am quite confident this is human-written. The article presents its information well, providing context for the topic with not only facts that are easy to understand, but also provide relevance to the quotes placed throughout it. It's a conversational tone that's relatable and reliance, as seen with phrases such as \"so once that\u2019s been almost entirely removed, the health risks associated with booze pretty much disappear.\" and \"it just raises the question of whether these beverages will have a positive impact on public health.\". Some quotes are placed strategically, such as with \"\u201cbut it would be a lot of work,\u201d said Dr. Tim Naimi, \" and the article uses dashes and parentheses to add information and control pacing. It also uses phrases that are widely understood to a larger audience, such as \"used to be the butt of jokes.\" indicating a command of language without losing its professionalism. So, it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"A considerable number of sentences begin with coordinating conjunctions, which facilitate textual coherence and flow. Two sentences use repetition as a rhetorical device, not a feature in AI text. The author uses modals that express possibility rather than certainty, whereas AI is usually pretty sure of itself. Punctuation typical of human authors."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"15":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":16,"title":"This Chatbot Pulls People Away From Conspiracy Theories","sub-title":"In a new study, many people doubted or abandoned false beliefs after a short conversation with the DebunkBot.","author":"Teddy Rosenbluth","source":"New York Times","issue":"9\/12\/24","section":"Health","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/09\/12\/health\/chatbot-debunk-conspiracy-theories.html","article":"Shortly after generative artificial intelligence hit the mainstream, researchers warned that chatbots would create a dire problem: As disinformation became easier to create, conspiracy theories would spread rampantly.\n\nNow, researchers wonder if chatbots might also offer a solution.\n\nDebunkBot, an A.I. chatbot designed by researchers to \u201cvery effectively persuade\u201d users to stop believing unfounded conspiracy theories, made significant and long-lasting progress at changing people\u2019s convictions, according to a study published on Thursday in the journal Science.\n\nIndeed, false theories are believed by up to half of the American public and can have damaging consequences, like discouraging vaccinations or fueling discrimination.\n\nThe new findings challenge the widely held belief that facts and logic cannot combat conspiracy theories. The DebunkBot, built on the technology that underlies ChatGPT, may offer a practical way to channel facts.\n\n\u201cThe work does overturn a lot of how we thought about conspiracies,\u201d said Gordon Pennycook, a psychology professor at Cornell University and author of the study.\n\nUntil now, conventional wisdom held that once someone fell down the conspiratorial rabbit hole, no amount of arguing or explaining would pull that person out.\n\nThe theory was that people adopt conspiracy theories to sate an underlying need to explain and control their environment, said Thomas Costello, another author of the study and assistant professor of psychology at American University.\n\nBut Dr. Costello and his colleagues wondered whether there might be another explanation: What if debunking attempts just haven\u2019t been personalized enough?\n\nSince conspiracy theories vary so much from person to person \u2014 and each person may cite different pieces of evidence to support one\u2019s ideas \u2014 perhaps a one-size-fits-all debunking script isn\u2019t the best strategy.\n\nA chatbot that can counter each person\u2019s conspiratorial claim of choice with troves of information might be much more effective, the researchers thought.\n\nTo test that hypothesis, they recruited more than 2,000 adults across the country, asked them to elaborate on a conspiracy that they believed in and rate how much they believed it on a scale from zero to 100.\n\nPeople described a wide range of beliefs, including theories that the moon landing had been staged, that Covid-19 had been created by humans to shrink the population and that President John F. Kennedy had been killed by the Central Intelligence Agency.\n\nThen, some of the participants had a brief discussion with the chatbot. They knew they were chatting with an A.I., but didn\u2019t know the purpose of the discussion.\n\nParticipants were free to present the evidence that they believed supported their positions.\n\nOne participant, for example, believed the 9\/11 terrorist attacks were an \u201cinside job\u201d because jet fuel couldn\u2019t have burned hot enough to melt the steel beams of the World Trade Center. The chatbot responded:\n\n\u201cIt is a common misconception that the steel needed to melt for the World Trade Center towers to collapse,\u201d it wrote. \u201cSteel starts to lose strength and becomes more pliable at temperatures much lower than its melting point, which is around 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit.\u201d\n\nAfter three exchanges, which lasted about eight minutes on average, participants rated how strongly they felt about their beliefs again.\n\nOn average, their ratings dropped by about 20 percent; about a quarter of participants no longer believed the falsehood. The effect also spilled into their attitudes toward other poorly supported theories, making the participants slightly less conspiratorial in general.\n\nEthan Porter, a misinformation researcher at George Washington University not associated with the study, said that what separated the chatbot from other misinformation interventions was how robust the effect seemed to be.\n\nWhen participants were surveyed two months later, the chatbot\u2019s impact on mistaken beliefs remained unchanged.\n\n\u201cOftentimes, when we study efforts to combat misinformation, we find that even the most effective interventions can have short shelf lives,\u201d Dr. Porter said. \u201cThat\u2019s not what happened with this intervention.\u201d\n\nResearchers are still teasing out exactly why the DebunkBot works so well.\n\nAn unpublished follow-up study, in which researchers stripped out the chatbot\u2019s niceties (\u201cI appreciate that you\u2019ve taken the time to research the J.F.K. assassination\u201d) bore the same results, suggesting that it\u2019s the information, not the chatbot itself, that\u2019s changing people\u2019s minds, said David Rand, a computational social scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an author of the paper.\n\n\u201cIt is the facts and evidence themselves that are really doing the work here,\u201d he said.\n\nThe authors are currently exploring how they might recreate this effect in the real world, where people don\u2019t necessarily seek out information that disproves their beliefs.\n\nThey have considered linking the chatbot in forums where these beliefs are shared, or buying ads that pop up when someone searches a keyword related to a common conspiracy theory.\n\nFor a more targeted approach, Dr. Rand said, the chatbot might be useful in a doctor\u2019s office to help debunk misapprehensions about vaccinations.\n\nBrendan Nyhan, a misperception researcher at Dartmouth College also not associated with the study, said he wondered whether the reputation of generative A.I. might eventually change, making the chatbot less trusted and therefore less effective.\n\n\u201cYou can imagine a world where A.I. information is seen the way mainstream media is seen,\u201d he said. \u201cI do wonder if how people react to this stuff is potentially time-bound.\u201d ","id":31,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Shortly after generative artificial intelligence hit the mainstream, researchers warned that chatbots would create a dire problem: As disinformation became easier to create, conspiracy theories would spread rampantly.\\n\\nNow, researchers wonder if chatbots might also offer a solution.\\n\\nDebunkBot, an A.I. chatbot designed by researchers to \u201cvery effectively persuade\u201d users to stop believing unfounded conspiracy theories, made significant and long-lasting progress at changing people\u2019s convictions, according to a study published on Thursday in the journal Science.\\n\\nIndeed, false theories are believed by up to half of the American public and can have damaging consequences, like discouraging vaccinations or fueling discrimination.\\n\\nThe new findings challenge the widely held belief that facts and logic cannot combat conspiracy theories. The DebunkBot, built on the technology that underlies ChatGPT, may offer a practical way to channel facts.\\n\\n\u201cThe work does overturn a lot of how we thought about conspiracies,\u201d said Gordon Pennycook, a psychology professor at Cornell University and author of the study.\\n\\nUntil now, conventional wisdom held that once someone fell down the conspiratorial rabbit hole, no amount of arguing or explaining would pull that person out.\\n\\nThe theory was that people adopt conspiracy theories to sate an underlying need to explain and control their environment, said Thomas Costello, another author of the study and assistant professor of psychology at American University.\\n\\nBut Dr. Costello and his colleagues wondered whether there might be another explanation: What if debunking attempts just haven\u2019t been personalized enough?\\n\\nSince conspiracy theories vary so much from person to person \u2014 and each person may cite different pieces of evidence to support one\u2019s ideas \u2014 perhaps a one-size-fits-all debunking script isn\u2019t the best strategy.\\n\\nA chatbot that can counter each person\u2019s conspiratorial claim of choice with troves of information might be much more effective, the researchers thought.\\n\\nTo test that hypothesis, they recruited more than 2,000 adults across the country, asked them to elaborate on a conspiracy that they believed in and rate how much they believed it on a scale from zero to 100.\\n\\nPeople described a wide range of beliefs, including theories that the moon landing had been staged, that Covid-19 had been created by humans to shrink the population and that President John F. Kennedy had been killed by the Central Intelligence Agency.\\n\\nThen, some of the participants had a brief discussion with the chatbot. They knew they were chatting with an A.I., but didn\u2019t know the purpose of the discussion.\\n\\nParticipants were free to present the evidence that they believed supported their positions.\\n\\nOne participant, for example, believed the 9\/11 terrorist attacks were an \u201cinside job\u201d because jet fuel couldn\u2019t have burned hot enough to melt the steel beams of the World Trade Center. The chatbot responded:\\n\\n\u201cIt is a common misconception that the steel needed to melt for the World Trade Center towers to collapse,\u201d it wrote. \u201cSteel starts to lose strength and becomes more pliable at temperatures much lower than its melting point, which is around 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit.\u201d\\n\\nAfter three exchanges, which lasted about eight minutes on average, participants rated how strongly they felt about their beliefs again.\\n\\nOn average, their ratings dropped by about 20 percent; about a quarter of participants no longer believed the falsehood. The effect also spilled into their attitudes toward other poorly supported theories, making the participants slightly less conspiratorial in general.\\n\\nEthan Porter, a misinformation researcher at George Washington University not associated with the study, said that what separated the chatbot from other misinformation interventions was how robust the effect seemed to be.\\n\\nWhen participants were surveyed two months later, the chatbot\u2019s impact on mistaken beliefs remained unchanged.\\n\\n\u201cOftentimes, when we study efforts to combat misinformation, we find that even the most effective interventions can have short shelf lives,\u201d Dr. Porter said. \u201cThat\u2019s not what happened with this intervention.\u201d\\n\\nResearchers are still teasing out exactly why the DebunkBot works so well.\\n\\nAn unpublished follow-up study, in which researchers stripped out the chatbot\u2019s niceties (\u201cI appreciate that you\u2019ve taken the time to research the J.F.K. assassination\u201d) bore the same results, suggesting that it\u2019s the information, not the chatbot itself, that\u2019s changing people\u2019s minds, said David Rand, a computational social scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an author of the paper.\\n\\n\u201cIt is the facts and evidence themselves that are really doing the work here,\u201d he said.\\n\\nThe authors are currently exploring how they might recreate this effect in the real world, where people don\u2019t necessarily seek out information that disproves their beliefs.\\n\\nThey have considered linking the chatbot in forums where these beliefs are shared, or buying ads that pop up when someone searches a keyword related to a common conspiracy theory.\\n\\nFor a more targeted approach, Dr. Rand said, the chatbot might be useful in a doctor\u2019s office to help debunk misapprehensions about vaccinations.\\n\\nBrendan Nyhan, a misperception researcher at Dartmouth College also not associated with the study, said he wondered whether the reputation of generative A.I. might eventually change, making the chatbot less trusted and therefore less effective.\\n\\n\u201cYou can imagine a world where A.I. information is seen the way mainstream media is seen,\u201d he said. \u201cI do wonder if how people react to this stuff is potentially time-bound.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1801719665527344e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Shortly after generative artificial intelligence hit the mainstream, researchers warned that chatbots would create a dire problem: As disinformation became easier to create, conspiracy theories would spread rampantly.\\n\\nNow, researchers wonder if chatbots might also offer a solution.\\n\\nDebunkBot, an A.I. chatbot designed by researchers to \u201cvery effectively persuade\u201d users to stop believing unfounded conspiracy theories, made significant and long-lasting progress at changing people\u2019s convictions, according to a study published on Thursday in the journal Science.\\n\\nIndeed, false theories are believed by up to half of the American public and can have damaging consequences, like discouraging vaccinations or fueling discrimination.\\n\\nThe new findings challenge the widely held belief that facts and logic cannot combat conspiracy theories. The DebunkBot, built on the technology that underlies ChatGPT, may offer a practical way to channel facts.\\n\\n\u201cThe work does overturn a lot of how we thought about conspiracies,\u201d said Gordon Pennycook, a psychology professor at Cornell University and author of the study.\\n\\nUntil now, conventional wisdom held that once someone fell down the conspiratorial rabbit hole, no amount of arguing or explaining would pull that person out.\\n\\nThe theory was that people adopt conspiracy theories to sate an underlying need to explain and control their environment, said Thomas Costello, another author of the study and assistant professor of psychology at American University.\\n\\nBut Dr. Costello and his colleagues wondered whether there might be another explanation: What if debunking attempts just haven\u2019t been personalized enough?\\n\\nSince conspiracy theories vary so much from person to person \u2014 and each person may cite different pieces of evidence to support one\u2019s ideas \u2014 perhaps a one-size-fits-all debunking script isn\u2019t the best strategy.\\n\\nA chatbot that can counter each person\u2019s conspiratorial claim of choice with troves of information might be much more effective, the researchers thought.\\n\\nTo test that hypothesis, they recruited more than 2,000 adults across the country, asked them to elaborate on a conspiracy that they believed in and rate how much they believed it on a scale from zero to 100.\\n\\nPeople described a wide range of beliefs, including theories that the moon landing had been staged, that Covid-19 had been created by humans to shrink the population and that President John F. Kennedy had been killed by the Central Intelligence Agency.\\n\\nThen, some of the participants had a brief discussion with the chatbot. They knew they were chatting with an A.I., but didn\u2019t know the purpose of the discussion.\\n\\nParticipants were free to present the evidence that they believed supported their positions.\\n\\nOne participant, for example, believed the 9\/11 terrorist attacks were an \u201cinside job\u201d because jet fuel couldn\u2019t have burned hot enough to melt the steel beams of the World Trade Center. The chatbot responded:\\n\\n\u201cIt is a common misconception that the steel needed to melt for the World Trade Center towers to collapse,\u201d it wrote. \u201cSteel starts to lose strength and becomes more pliable at temperatures much lower than its melting point, which is around 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit.\u201d\\n\\nAfter three exchanges, which lasted about eight minutes on average, participants rated how strongly they felt about their beliefs again.\\n\\nOn average, their ratings dropped by about 20 percent; about a quarter of participants no longer believed the falsehood. The effect also spilled into their attitudes toward other poorly supported theories, making the participants slightly less conspiratorial in general.\\n\\nEthan Porter, a misinformation researcher at George Washington University not associated with the study, said that what separated the chatbot from other misinformation interventions was how robust the effect seemed to be.\\n\\nWhen participants were surveyed two months later, the chatbot\u2019s impact on mistaken beliefs remained unchanged.\\n\\n\u201cOftentimes, when we study efforts to combat misinformation, we find that even the most effective interventions can have short shelf lives,\u201d Dr. Porter said. \u201cThat\u2019s not what happened with this intervention.\u201d\\n\\nResearchers are still teasing out exactly why the DebunkBot works so well.\\n\\nAn unpublished follow-up study, in which researchers stripped out the chatbot\u2019s niceties (\u201cI appreciate that you\u2019ve taken the time to research the J.F.K. assassination\u201d) bore the same results, suggesting that it\u2019s the information, not the chatbot itself, that\u2019s changing people\u2019s minds, said David Rand, a computational social scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an author of the paper.\\n\\n\u201cIt is the facts and evidence themselves that are really doing the work here,\u201d he said.\\n\\nThe authors are currently exploring how they might recreate this effect in the real world, where people don\u2019t necessarily seek out information that disproves their beliefs.\\n\\nThey have considered linking the chatbot in forums where these beliefs are shared, or buying ads that pop up when someone searches a keyword related to a common conspiracy theory.\\n\\nFor a more targeted approach, Dr. Rand said, the chatbot might be useful in a doctor\u2019s office to help debunk misapprehensions about vaccinations.\\n\\nBrendan Nyhan, a misperception researcher at Dartmouth College also not associated with the study, said he wondered whether the reputation of generative A.I. might eventually change, making the chatbot less trusted and therefore less effective.\\n\\n\u201cYou can imagine a world where A.I. information is seen the way mainstream media is seen,\u201d he said. \u201cI do wonder if how people react to this stuff is potentially time-bound.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 7.867813110351562e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'a94b86d7-5db1-4236-a261-c87a2f12d1fe', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.904025288647972e-05, 'sentence': 'Shortly after generative artificial intelligence hit the mainstream, researchers warned that chatbots would create a dire problem: As disinformation became easier to create, conspiracy theories would spread rampantly.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.415812898310833e-05, 'sentence': 'Now, researchers wonder if chatbots might also offer a solution.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.891125743393786e-05, 'sentence': 'DebunkBot, an A.I.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.25589207932353e-05, 'sentence': \"chatbot designed by researchers to \u201cvery effectively persuade\u201d users to stop believing unfounded conspiracy theories, made significant and long-lasting progress at changing people's convictions, according to a study published on Thursday in the journal Science.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.14708153787069e-05, 'sentence': 'Indeed, false theories are believed by up to half of the American public and can have damaging consequences, like discouraging vaccinations or fueling discrimination.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.871567969326861e-05, 'sentence': 'The new findings challenge the widely held belief that facts and logic cannot combat conspiracy theories.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.5955166569910944e-05, 'sentence': 'The DebunkBot, built on the technology that underlies ChatGPT, may offer a practical way to channel facts.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.2953379306709394e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cThe work does overturn a lot of how we thought about conspiracies,\u201d said Gordon Pennycook, a psychology professor at Cornell University and author of the study.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.546236232272349e-05, 'sentence': 'Until now, conventional wisdom held that once someone fell down the conspiratorial rabbit hole, no amount of arguing or explaining would pull that person out.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.2300369639415294e-05, 'sentence': 'The theory was that people adopt conspiracy theories to sate an underlying need to explain and control their environment, said Thomas Costello, another author of the study and assistant professor of psychology at American University.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.052100510103628e-05, 'sentence': \"But Dr. Costello and his colleagues wondered whether there might be another explanation: What if debunking attempts just haven't been personalized enough?\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.124877159483731e-05, 'sentence': \"Since conspiracy theories vary so much from person to person \u1173 and each person may cite different pieces of evidence to support one's ideas \u1173 perhaps a one-size-fits-all debunking script isn't the best strategy.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005041621625423431, 'sentence': \"A chatbot that can counter each person's conspiratorial claim of choice with troves of information might be much more effective, the researchers thought.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005748915718868375, 'sentence': 'To test that hypothesis, they recruited more than 2,000 adults across the country, asked them to elaborate on a conspiracy that they believed in and rate how much they believed it on a scale from zero to 100.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006943466141819954, 'sentence': 'People described a wide range of beliefs, including theories that the moon landing had been staged, that Covid-19 had been created by humans to shrink the population and that President John F. Kennedy had been killed by the Central Intelligence Agency.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005617232527583838, 'sentence': 'Then, some of the participants had a brief discussion with the chatbot.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005510344635695219, 'sentence': \"They knew they were chatting with an A.I., but didn't know the purpose of the discussion.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004221040871925652, 'sentence': 'Participants were free to present the evidence that they believed supported their positions.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005662650801241398, 'sentence': \"One participant, for example, believed the 9\/11 terrorist attacks were an \u201cinside job\u201d because jet fuel couldn't have burned hot enough to melt the steel beams of the World Trade Center.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005553462542593479, 'sentence': 'The chatbot responded:', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00048133436939679086, 'sentence': '\u201cIt is a common misconception that the steel needed to melt for the World Trade Center towers to collapse,\u201d it wrote.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005034235073253512, 'sentence': '\u201cSteel starts to lose strength and becomes more pliable at temperatures much lower than its melting point, which is around 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003291539032943547, 'sentence': 'After three exchanges, which lasted about eight minutes on average, participants rated how strongly they felt about their beliefs again.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00036599559825845063, 'sentence': 'On average, their ratings dropped by about 20 percent; about a quarter of participants no longer believed the falsehood.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00043412542436271906, 'sentence': 'The effect also spilled into their attitudes toward other poorly supported theories, making the participants slightly less conspiratorial in general.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006417885306291282, 'sentence': 'Ethan Porter, a misinformation researcher at George Washington University not associated with the study, said that what separated the chatbot from other misinformation interventions was how robust the effect seemed to be.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.011280156672000885, 'sentence': \"When participants were surveyed two months later, the chatbot's impact on mistaken beliefs remained unchanged.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.008833101950585842, 'sentence': '\u201cOftentimes, when we study efforts to combat misinformation, we find that even the most effective interventions can have short shelf lives,\u201d Dr. Porter said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010128135792911053, 'sentence': \"\u201cThat's not what happened with this intervention.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007419009227305651, 'sentence': 'Researchers are still teasing out exactly why the DebunkBot works so well.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007101547089405358, 'sentence': \"An unpublished follow-up study, in which researchers stripped out the chatbot's niceties (\u201cI appreciate that you've taken the time to research the J.F.K.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000462235213490203, 'sentence': \"assassination\u201d) bore the same results, suggesting that it's the information, not the chatbot itself, that's changing people's minds, said David Rand, a computational social scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an author of the paper.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005874147755093873, 'sentence': '\u201cIt is the facts and evidence themselves that are really doing the work here,\u201d he said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006920741870999336, 'sentence': \"The authors are currently exploring how they might recreate this effect in the real world, where people don't necessarily seek out information that disproves their beliefs.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005558417178690434, 'sentence': 'They have considered linking the chatbot in forums where these beliefs are shared, or buying ads that pop up when someone searches a keyword related to a common 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'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Shortly after generative artificial intelligence hit the mainstream, researchers warned that chatbots would create a dire problem: As disinformation became easier to create, conspiracy theories would spread rampantly.\\n\\nNow, researchers wonder if chatbots might also offer a solution.\\n\\nDebunkBot, an A.I. chatbot designed by researchers to \u201cvery effectively persuade\u201d users to stop believing unfounded conspiracy theories, made significant and long-lasting progress at changing people\u2019s convictions, according to a study published on Thursday in the journal Science.\\n\\nIndeed, false theories are believed by up to half of the American public and can have damaging consequences, like discouraging vaccinations or fueling discrimination.\\n\\nThe new findings challenge the widely held belief that facts and logic cannot combat conspiracy theories. The DebunkBot, built on the technology that underlies ChatGPT, may offer a practical way to channel facts.\\n\\n\u201cThe work does overturn a lot of how we thought about conspiracies,\u201d said Gordon Pennycook, a psychology professor at Cornell University and author of the study.\\n\\nUntil now, conventional wisdom held that once someone fell down the conspiratorial rabbit hole, no amount of arguing or explaining would pull that person out.\\n\\nThe theory was that people adopt conspiracy theories to sate an underlying need to explain and control their environment, said Thomas Costello, another author of the study and assistant professor of psychology at American University.\\n\\nBut Dr. Costello and his colleagues wondered whether there might be another explanation: What if debunking attempts just haven\u2019t been personalized enough?\\n\\nSince conspiracy theories vary so much from person to person \u2014 and each person may cite different pieces of evidence to support one\u2019s ideas \u2014 perhaps a one-size-fits-all debunking script isn\u2019t the best strategy.\\n\\nA chatbot that can counter each person\u2019s conspiratorial claim of choice with troves of information might be much more effective, the researchers thought.\\n\\nTo test that hypothesis, they recruited more than 2,000 adults across the country, asked them to elaborate on a conspiracy that they believed in and rate how much they believed it on a scale from zero to 100.\\n\\nPeople described a wide range of beliefs, including theories that the moon landing had been staged, that Covid-19 had been created by humans to shrink the population and that President John F. Kennedy had been killed by the Central Intelligence Agency.\\n\\nThen, some of the participants had a brief discussion with the chatbot. They knew they were chatting with an A.I., but didn\u2019t know the purpose of the discussion.\\n\\nParticipants were free to present the evidence that they believed supported their positions.\\n\\nOne participant, for example, believed the 9\/11 terrorist attacks were an \u201cinside job\u201d because jet fuel couldn\u2019t have burned hot enough to melt the steel beams of the World Trade Center. The chatbot responded:\\n\\n\u201cIt is a common misconception that the steel needed to melt for the World Trade Center towers to collapse,\u201d it wrote. \u201cSteel starts to lose strength and becomes more pliable at temperatures much lower than its melting point, which is around 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit.\u201d\\n\\nAfter three exchanges, which lasted about eight minutes on average, participants rated how strongly they felt about their beliefs again.\\n\\nOn average, their ratings dropped by about 20 percent; about a quarter of participants no longer believed the falsehood. The effect also spilled into their attitudes toward other poorly supported theories, making the participants slightly less conspiratorial in general.\\n\\nEthan Porter, a misinformation researcher at George Washington University not associated with the study, said that what separated the chatbot from other misinformation interventions was how robust the effect seemed to be.\\n\\nWhen participants were surveyed two months later, the chatbot\u2019s impact on mistaken beliefs remained unchanged.\\n\\n\u201cOftentimes, when we study efforts to combat misinformation, we find that even the most effective interventions can have short shelf lives,\u201d Dr. Porter said. \u201cThat\u2019s not what happened with this intervention.\u201d\\n\\nResearchers are still teasing out exactly why the DebunkBot works so well.\\n\\nAn unpublished follow-up study, in which researchers stripped out the chatbot\u2019s niceties (\u201cI appreciate that you\u2019ve taken the time to research the J.F.K. assassination\u201d) bore the same results, suggesting that it\u2019s the information, not the chatbot itself, that\u2019s changing people\u2019s minds, said David Rand, a computational social scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an author of the paper.\\n\\n\u201cIt is the facts and evidence themselves that are really doing the work here,\u201d he said.\\n\\nThe authors are currently exploring how they might recreate this effect in the real world, where people don\u2019t necessarily seek out information that disproves their beliefs.\\n\\nThey have considered linking the chatbot in forums where these beliefs are shared, or buying ads that pop up when someone searches a keyword related to a common conspiracy theory.\\n\\nFor a more targeted approach, Dr. Rand said, the chatbot might be useful in a doctor\u2019s office to help debunk misapprehensions about vaccinations.\\n\\nBrendan Nyhan, a misperception researcher at Dartmouth College also not associated with the study, said he wondered whether the reputation of generative A.I. might eventually change, making the chatbot less trusted and therefore less effective.\\n\\n\u201cYou can imagine a world where A.I. information is seen the way mainstream media is seen,\u201d he said. \u201cI do wonder if how people react to this stuff is potentially time-bound.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4527618885,"RADAR":0.0251839086,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The way in which everyone is introduced in the study feels very formulaic, which is typical of AI. Dr x of y university, associated\/not associated with the study. There are however other portions that feel very human-generated, like \"Researchers are still teasing out...\" This feels like a human typo and it should have been \"testing out\" instead. The article also uses \"he said\" in other places instead of \"Dr Nyhan said\", which is a more human thing to do as it provides variance and keeps readers interested. I'm not very confident overall because it feels like a mixture of human and machine-generated text"},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I'm not seeing any generic AI words and phrases. The text is rich with unusual turns of phrase and interesting word use."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: awkward phrasing and redundancies. Sounds slightly juvenile in places. Inconsistencies. Missing punctuation. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This article is definitely human-written. Not only does the article present information clearly, it paces the information well, spacing the article out for each sentence to have its own impact. It uses story-telling methods to lead the reader on, such as  with \"To test that hypothesis...\" and \"Then, some of the participants had a brief discussion with the chatbot.\" to indicate action, flow, and a lead up to results. It doesn't try to make generalized statements, nor does it try to amplify its importance with sentiments. It sticks to facts and places quotes relevantly to add additional context. So, I am confident it is human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The structure of this text fails the AI test. There are too many discourse markers that AI has not mastered yet, which gives the story momentum and interest. Complete absence of the usual LLM marker words."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"16":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":17,"title":"If You See a Paw-Print Sticker on a Mailbox, Here\u2019s What It Means","sub-title":"We asked a veteran mail carrier to explain what those paw-print stickers mean\u2014and how pet owners can help protect postal workers from dog bites","author":"Charlotte Hilton Anderson","source":"Readers Digest","issue":"9\/16\/24","section":"Animals","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/mail-carrier-dog-safety\/","article":"We asked a veteran mail carrier to explain what those paw-print stickers mean\u2014and how pet owners can help protect postal workers from dog bites\n\nIf there\u2019s one thing that Tara Snyder, a veteran mail carrier for the U.S. Postal Service, teaches every new mail carrier she trains, it\u2019s this: \u201cEven if a dog is friendly to you 364 days a year, they can have a bad day too\u2014and bite you. If they have teeth, they can bite.\u201d\n\nShe knows of what she speaks. In April 2024, Snyder was doing her usual route in Pennsylvania when she approached a resident\u2019s door to get a signature for a piece of mail. Before she realized what was happening, a 70-pound dog launched out the door and went right for her hand. She tried to block it with her mailbag, but it was too late. \u201cIt ripped my hand open pretty bad,\u201d she says, noting that she ended up needing 17 stitches, a tetanus shot, a round of antibiotics and three weeks off work to recover. \u201cThe worst part was that it bit my right hand, and I\u2019m right-handed.\u201d\n\nIt wasn\u2019t the first or last confrontation between a mail carrier and a vicious dog at that address. In fact, a different dog cornered Snyder on the porch during a separate visit. (Thankfully, she wasn\u2019t bitten that time.) Animal Control is looking into the owners, and the Postal Service is doing everything it can to stop its mail carriers from getting bitten. Because the fact is, Snyder is not alone: There were 5,800 incidents involving dogs and postal workers in 2023, according to Postal Service data.\n\nThat brings us to the colored paw-print stickers you may have spotted on mailboxes. Ahead, we\u2019ll explain their meaning, the replacement system that\u2019s keeping mail carriers safe and what you can do if you\u2019re a dog owner.\n\n<b>The Paws mailbox sticker program<\/b>\n\nIn 2020, the Postal Service rolled out the Paws Program in select cities around the country. Workers placed paw-print stickers on the mailboxes of homes known to have dogs: an orange sticker to indicate that a dog lives at that address and a yellow sticker to signal that a dog lives next door. The goal was to let Postal Service workers and other delivery people know they should be on the lookout for dogs or other animals at that address\u2014especially dogs who don\u2019t react well to mail carriers.\n\nThe program is no longer active, though you may still spy the stickers on some mailboxes. If you see one on someone else\u2019s mailbox, leave it where it is and take it as a sign that a dog may live there. If you see a sticker on your own mailbox, you can either leave it or remove it.\n\n<b>The new Postal Service dog-alert system<\/b>\n\n\u201cThe Postal Service has pivoted away from the sticker-based Paw Program and implemented a digital and more effective, sustainable method for alerting letter carriers of potential dangers,\u201d says Amy Gibbs, a spokesperson for the service.\n\nThat\u2019s right: Your mail carriers have gone high-tech. The same scanner they use on packages now customizes warnings to the exact location, time and situation of individual postal workers.\n\n\u201cTo help protect our employees, the hand-held scanners used by our carriers to confirm customer delivery include a feature to indicate the presence of a dog at an address,\u201d Gibbs explains. \u201cAnd the USPS Informed Delivery service alerts customers to mail and packages coming to their homes, allowing them to plan for the carrier\u2019s arrival and secure their dogs safely.\u201d\n\nSnyder loves the new program\u2014it\u2019s part of the National Dog Bite Awareness Campaign\u2014as it can alert mail carriers about all kinds of dangers and provide updates on the go. The only downside of the digital system for her: \u201cIt doesn\u2019t help other delivery people, like DoorDash drivers or FedEx, and I don\u2019t know if they have a similar warning system,\u201d she says.\n\n\u201cI am such an animal lover, and I never want to have anything bad happen to a dog,\u201d Snyder says. \u201cPreventing animal attacks is the best way to protect us and your dog. And don\u2019t say, \u2018My dog would never.\u2019 Because any dog can bite under the wrong circumstances.\u201d\n\nThe No. 1 tip for preventing your dog from biting a mail carrier? \u201cSecure your dog,\u201d both Snyder and Gibbs say. This starts with putting your dog inside when you know the mail carrier is coming, but it doesn\u2019t stop there.\n\n\u201cBe aware of what your dog can do,\u201d Snyder says. \u201cMany dogs can open latch doors by jumping on the handle, leap over fences or gates, or barrel through screen doors if they feel threatened. You may need to add extra locks.\u201d\n\n<b>Other tips for dog owners:<\/b>\n\n\u2022 Tell your mail carrier ahead of time about your dog.\n\u2022 Don\u2019t allow your dog to roam freely.\n\u2022 Fence in your yard, and put your mailbox outside the fence.\n\u2022 Use Informed Delivery (it\u2019s a free service!) for packages that need to be brought to your door.\n\u2022 Don\u2019t allow children to accept mail directly from the carrier, as the dog may become protective of the child.\n\u2022 Keep your dog current on its vaccines, including rabies.\n\u2022 Ensure your dog is covered under your homeowners or renters insurance policy.\n\nThat last one is important. Many people don\u2019t realize that they will be held personally responsible for the medical bills, lost wages and uniform-replacement costs associated with their dog biting a mail carrier, Gibbs says.\n\nThe Postal Service takes steps to educate and equip their workers to prevent animal bites, but at the end of the day, the responsibility is on the pet owner, Gibbs says. One of the things your mail carrier may not tell you? If you don\u2019t or can\u2019t secure your dog, you may not be able to have your mail delivered anymore. \u201cIf a carrier feels threatened by a vicious dog, or if a dog is running loose, we may ask the owner to pick up their mail at the post office,\u201d she says.","id":33,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'We asked a veteran mail carrier to explain what those paw-print stickers mean\u2014and how pet owners can help protect postal workers from dog bites\\n\\nIf there\u2019s one thing that Tara Snyder, a veteran mail carrier for the U.S. Postal Service, teaches every new mail carrier she trains, it\u2019s this: \u201cEven if a dog is friendly to you 364 days a year, they can have a bad day too\u2014and bite you. If they have teeth, they can bite.\u201d\\n\\nShe knows of what she speaks. In April 2024, Snyder was doing her usual route in Pennsylvania when she approached a resident\u2019s door to get a signature for a piece of mail. Before she realized what was happening, a 70-pound dog launched out the door and went right for her hand. She tried to block it with her mailbag, but it was too late. \u201cIt ripped my hand open pretty bad,\u201d she says, noting that she ended up needing 17 stitches, a tetanus shot, a round of antibiotics and three weeks off work to recover. \u201cThe worst part was that it bit my right hand, and I\u2019m right-handed.\u201d\\n\\nIt wasn\u2019t the first or last confrontation between a mail carrier and a vicious dog at that address. In fact, a different dog cornered Snyder on the porch during a separate visit. (Thankfully, she wasn\u2019t bitten that time.) Animal Control is looking into the owners, and the Postal Service is doing everything it can to stop its mail carriers from getting bitten. Because the fact is, Snyder is not alone: There were 5,800 incidents involving dogs and postal workers in 2023, according to Postal Service data.\\n\\nThat brings us to the colored paw-print stickers you may have spotted on mailboxes. Ahead, we\u2019ll explain their meaning, the replacement system that\u2019s keeping mail carriers safe and what you can do if you\u2019re a dog owner.\\n\\n<b>The Paws mailbox sticker program<\/b>\\n\\nIn 2020, the Postal Service rolled out the Paws Program in select cities around the country. Workers placed paw-print stickers on the mailboxes of homes known to have dogs: an orange sticker to indicate that a dog lives at that address and a yellow sticker to signal that a dog lives next door. The goal was to let Postal Service workers and other delivery people know they should be on the lookout for dogs or other animals at that address\u2014especially dogs who don\u2019t react well to mail carriers.\\n\\nThe program is no longer active, though you may still spy the stickers on some mailboxes. If you see one on someone else\u2019s mailbox, leave it where it is and take it as a sign that a dog may live there. If you see a sticker on your own mailbox, you can either leave it or remove it.\\n\\n<b>The new Postal Service dog-alert system<\/b>\\n\\n\u201cThe Postal Service has pivoted away from the sticker-based Paw Program and implemented a digital and more effective, sustainable method for alerting letter carriers of potential dangers,\u201d says Amy Gibbs, a spokesperson for the service.\\n\\nThat\u2019s right: Your mail carriers have gone high-tech. The same scanner they use on packages now customizes warnings to the exact location, time and situation of individual postal workers.\\n\\n\u201cTo help protect our employees, the hand-held scanners used by our carriers to confirm customer delivery include a feature to indicate the presence of a dog at an address,\u201d Gibbs explains. \u201cAnd the USPS Informed Delivery service alerts customers to mail and packages coming to their homes, allowing them to plan for the carrier\u2019s arrival and secure their dogs safely.\u201d\\n\\nSnyder loves the new program\u2014it\u2019s part of the National Dog Bite Awareness Campaign\u2014as it can alert mail carriers about all kinds of dangers and provide updates on the go. The only downside of the digital system for her: \u201cIt doesn\u2019t help other delivery people, like DoorDash drivers or FedEx, and I don\u2019t know if they have a similar warning system,\u201d she says.\\n\\n\u201cI am such an animal lover, and I never want to have anything bad happen to a dog,\u201d Snyder says. \u201cPreventing animal attacks is the best way to protect us and your dog. And don\u2019t say, \u2018My dog would never.\u2019 Because any dog can bite under the wrong circumstances.\u201d\\n\\nThe No. 1 tip for preventing your dog from biting a mail carrier? \u201cSecure your dog,\u201d both Snyder and Gibbs say. This starts with putting your dog inside when you know the mail carrier is coming, but it doesn\u2019t stop there.\\n\\n\u201cBe aware of what your dog can do,\u201d Snyder says. \u201cMany dogs can open latch doors by jumping on the handle, leap over fences or gates, or barrel through screen doors if they feel threatened. You may need to add extra locks.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Other tips for dog owners:<\/b>\\n\\n\u2022 Tell your mail carrier ahead of time about your dog.\\n\u2022 Don\u2019t allow your dog to roam freely.\\n\u2022 Fence in your yard, and put your mailbox outside the fence.\\n\u2022 Use Informed Delivery (it\u2019s a free service!) for packages that need to be brought to your door.\\n\u2022 Don\u2019t allow children to accept mail directly from the carrier, as the dog may become protective of the child.\\n\u2022 Keep your dog current on its vaccines, including rabies.\\n\u2022 Ensure your dog is covered under your homeowners or renters insurance policy.\\n\\nThat last one is important. Many people don\u2019t realize that they will be held personally responsible for the medical bills, lost wages and uniform-replacement costs associated with their dog biting a mail carrier, Gibbs says.\\n\\nThe Postal Service takes steps to educate and equip their workers to prevent animal bites, but at the end of the day, the responsibility is on the pet owner, Gibbs says. One of the things your mail carrier may not tell you? If you don\u2019t or can\u2019t secure your dog, you may not be able to have your mail delivered anymore. \u201cIf a carrier feels threatened by a vicious dog, or if a dog is running loose, we may ask the owner to pick up their mail at the post office,\u201d she says.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.3887882232666016e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'We asked a veteran mail carrier to explain what those paw-print stickers mean\u2014and how pet owners can help protect postal workers from dog bites\\n\\nIf there\u2019s one thing that Tara Snyder, a veteran mail carrier for the U.S. Postal Service, teaches every new mail carrier she trains, it\u2019s this: \u201cEven if a dog is friendly to you 364 days a year, they can have a bad day too\u2014and bite you. If they have teeth, they can bite.\u201d\\n\\nShe knows of what she speaks. In April 2024, Snyder was doing her usual route in Pennsylvania when she approached a resident\u2019s door to get a signature for a piece of mail. Before she realized what was happening, a 70-pound dog launched out the door and went right for her hand. She tried to block it with her mailbag, but it was too late. \u201cIt ripped my hand open pretty bad,\u201d she says, noting that she ended up needing 17 stitches, a tetanus shot, a round of antibiotics and three weeks off work to recover. \u201cThe worst part was that it bit my right hand, and I\u2019m right-handed.\u201d\\n\\nIt wasn\u2019t the first or last confrontation between a mail carrier and a vicious dog at that address. In fact, a different dog cornered Snyder on the porch during a separate visit. (Thankfully, she wasn\u2019t bitten that time.) Animal Control is looking into the owners, and the Postal Service is doing everything it can to stop its mail carriers from getting bitten. Because the fact is, Snyder is not alone: There were 5,800 incidents involving dogs and postal workers in 2023, according to Postal Service data.\\n\\nThat brings us to the colored paw-print stickers you may have spotted on mailboxes. Ahead, we\u2019ll explain their meaning, the replacement system that\u2019s keeping mail carriers safe and what you can do if you\u2019re a dog owner.\\n\\n<b>The Paws mailbox sticker program<\/b>\\n\\nIn 2020, the Postal Service rolled out the Paws Program in select cities around the country. Workers placed paw-print stickers on the mailboxes of homes known to have dogs: an orange sticker to indicate that a dog lives at that address and a yellow sticker to signal that a dog lives next door. The goal was to let Postal Service workers and other delivery people know they should be on the lookout for dogs or other animals at that address\u2014especially dogs who don\u2019t react well to mail carriers.\\n\\nThe program is no longer active, though you may still spy the stickers on some mailboxes. If you see one on someone else\u2019s mailbox, leave it where it is and take it as a sign that a dog may live there. If you see a sticker on your own mailbox, you can either leave it or remove it.\\n\\n<b>The new Postal Service dog-alert system<\/b>\\n\\n\u201cThe Postal Service has pivoted away from the sticker-based Paw Program and implemented a digital and more effective, sustainable method for alerting letter carriers of potential dangers,\u201d says Amy Gibbs, a spokesperson for the service.\\n\\nThat\u2019s right: Your mail carriers have gone high-tech. The same scanner they use on packages now customizes warnings to the exact location, time and situation of individual postal workers.\\n\\n\u201cTo help protect our employees, the hand-held scanners used by our carriers to confirm customer delivery include a feature to indicate the presence of a dog at an address,\u201d Gibbs explains. \u201cAnd the USPS Informed Delivery service alerts customers to mail and packages coming to their homes, allowing them to plan for the carrier\u2019s arrival and secure their dogs safely.\u201d\\n\\nSnyder loves the new program\u2014it\u2019s part of the National Dog Bite Awareness Campaign\u2014as it can alert mail carriers about all kinds of dangers and provide updates on the go. The only downside of the digital system for her: \u201cIt doesn\u2019t help other delivery people, like DoorDash drivers or FedEx, and I don\u2019t know if they have a similar warning system,\u201d she says.\\n\\n\u201cI am such an animal lover, and I never want to have anything bad happen to a dog,\u201d Snyder says. \u201cPreventing animal attacks is the best way to protect us and your dog. And don\u2019t say, \u2018My dog would never.\u2019 Because any dog can bite under the wrong circumstances.\u201d\\n\\nThe No. 1 tip for preventing your dog from biting a mail carrier? \u201cSecure your dog,\u201d both Snyder and Gibbs say. This starts with putting your dog inside when you know the mail carrier is coming, but it doesn\u2019t stop there.\\n\\n\u201cBe aware of what your dog can do,\u201d Snyder says. \u201cMany dogs can open latch doors by jumping on the handle, leap over fences or gates, or barrel through screen doors if they feel threatened. You may need to add extra locks.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Other tips for dog owners:<\/b>\\n\\n\u2022 Tell your mail carrier ahead of time about your dog.\\n\u2022 Don\u2019t allow your dog to roam freely.\\n\u2022 Fence in your yard, and put your mailbox outside the fence.\\n\u2022 Use Informed Delivery (it\u2019s a free service!) for packages that need to be brought to your door.\\n\u2022 Don\u2019t allow children to accept mail directly from the carrier, as the dog may become protective of the child.\\n\u2022 Keep your dog current on its vaccines, including rabies.\\n\u2022 Ensure your dog is covered under your homeowners or renters insurance policy.\\n\\nThat last one is important. Many people don\u2019t realize that they will be held personally responsible for the medical bills, lost wages and uniform-replacement costs associated with their dog biting a mail carrier, Gibbs says.\\n\\nThe Postal Service takes steps to educate and equip their workers to prevent animal bites, but at the end of the day, the responsibility is on the pet owner, Gibbs says. One of the things your mail carrier may not tell you? If you don\u2019t or can\u2019t secure your dog, you may not be able to have your mail delivered anymore. \u201cIf a carrier feels threatened by a vicious dog, or if a dog is running loose, we may ask the owner to pick up their mail at the post office,\u201d she says.', 'ai_likelihood': 5.245208740234375e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '061a9ca2-b919-47f9-907c-da508189d3ba', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0021173018030822277, 'sentence': 'We asked a veteran mail carrier to explain what those paw-print stickers mean\u1173and how pet owners can help protect postal workers from dog bites', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0018741554813459516, 'sentence': \"If there's one thing that Tara Snyder, a veteran mail carrier for the U.S.\", 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'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 47, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 49, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 50, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 51, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 52, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 54, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.026084826710515686, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.972481672477468, 'ai': 0.026084826710515686, 'mixed': 0.0014335008120164073}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.972481672477468, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.026084826710515686, 'human': 0.972481672477468, 'mixed': 0.0014335008120164073}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'We asked a veteran mail carrier to explain what those paw-print stickers mean\u2014and how pet owners can help protect postal workers from dog bites\\n\\nIf there\u2019s one thing that Tara Snyder, a veteran mail carrier for the U.S. Postal Service, teaches every new mail carrier she trains, it\u2019s this: \u201cEven if a dog is friendly to you 364 days a year, they can have a bad day too\u2014and bite you. If they have teeth, they can bite.\u201d\\n\\nShe knows of what she speaks. In April 2024, Snyder was doing her usual route in Pennsylvania when she approached a resident\u2019s door to get a signature for a piece of mail. Before she realized what was happening, a 70-pound dog launched out the door and went right for her hand. She tried to block it with her mailbag, but it was too late. \u201cIt ripped my hand open pretty bad,\u201d she says, noting that she ended up needing 17 stitches, a tetanus shot, a round of antibiotics and three weeks off work to recover. \u201cThe worst part was that it bit my right hand, and I\u2019m right-handed.\u201d\\n\\nIt wasn\u2019t the first or last confrontation between a mail carrier and a vicious dog at that address. In fact, a different dog cornered Snyder on the porch during a separate visit. (Thankfully, she wasn\u2019t bitten that time.) Animal Control is looking into the owners, and the Postal Service is doing everything it can to stop its mail carriers from getting bitten. Because the fact is, Snyder is not alone: There were 5,800 incidents involving dogs and postal workers in 2023, according to Postal Service data.\\n\\nThat brings us to the colored paw-print stickers you may have spotted on mailboxes. Ahead, we\u2019ll explain their meaning, the replacement system that\u2019s keeping mail carriers safe and what you can do if you\u2019re a dog owner.\\n\\n<b>The Paws mailbox sticker program<\/b>\\n\\nIn 2020, the Postal Service rolled out the Paws Program in select cities around the country. Workers placed paw-print stickers on the mailboxes of homes known to have dogs: an orange sticker to indicate that a dog lives at that address and a yellow sticker to signal that a dog lives next door. The goal was to let Postal Service workers and other delivery people know they should be on the lookout for dogs or other animals at that address\u2014especially dogs who don\u2019t react well to mail carriers.\\n\\nThe program is no longer active, though you may still spy the stickers on some mailboxes. If you see one on someone else\u2019s mailbox, leave it where it is and take it as a sign that a dog may live there. If you see a sticker on your own mailbox, you can either leave it or remove it.\\n\\n<b>The new Postal Service dog-alert system<\/b>\\n\\n\u201cThe Postal Service has pivoted away from the sticker-based Paw Program and implemented a digital and more effective, sustainable method for alerting letter carriers of potential dangers,\u201d says Amy Gibbs, a spokesperson for the service.\\n\\nThat\u2019s right: Your mail carriers have gone high-tech. The same scanner they use on packages now customizes warnings to the exact location, time and situation of individual postal workers.\\n\\n\u201cTo help protect our employees, the hand-held scanners used by our carriers to confirm customer delivery include a feature to indicate the presence of a dog at an address,\u201d Gibbs explains. \u201cAnd the USPS Informed Delivery service alerts customers to mail and packages coming to their homes, allowing them to plan for the carrier\u2019s arrival and secure their dogs safely.\u201d\\n\\nSnyder loves the new program\u2014it\u2019s part of the National Dog Bite Awareness Campaign\u2014as it can alert mail carriers about all kinds of dangers and provide updates on the go. The only downside of the digital system for her: \u201cIt doesn\u2019t help other delivery people, like DoorDash drivers or FedEx, and I don\u2019t know if they have a similar warning system,\u201d she says.\\n\\n\u201cI am such an animal lover, and I never want to have anything bad happen to a dog,\u201d Snyder says. \u201cPreventing animal attacks is the best way to protect us and your dog. And don\u2019t say, \u2018My dog would never.\u2019 Because any dog can bite under the wrong circumstances.\u201d\\n\\nThe No. 1 tip for preventing your dog from biting a mail carrier? \u201cSecure your dog,\u201d both Snyder and Gibbs say. This starts with putting your dog inside when you know the mail carrier is coming, but it doesn\u2019t stop there.\\n\\n\u201cBe aware of what your dog can do,\u201d Snyder says. \u201cMany dogs can open latch doors by jumping on the handle, leap over fences or gates, or barrel through screen doors if they feel threatened. You may need to add extra locks.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Other tips for dog owners:<\/b>\\n\\n\u2022 Tell your mail carrier ahead of time about your dog.\\n\u2022 Don\u2019t allow your dog to roam freely.\\n\u2022 Fence in your yard, and put your mailbox outside the fence.\\n\u2022 Use Informed Delivery (it\u2019s a free service!) for packages that need to be brought to your door.\\n\u2022 Don\u2019t allow children to accept mail directly from the carrier, as the dog may become protective of the child.\\n\u2022 Keep your dog current on its vaccines, including rabies.\\n\u2022 Ensure your dog is covered under your homeowners or renters insurance policy.\\n\\nThat last one is important. Many people don\u2019t realize that they will be held personally responsible for the medical bills, lost wages and uniform-replacement costs associated with their dog biting a mail carrier, Gibbs says.\\n\\nThe Postal Service takes steps to educate and equip their workers to prevent animal bites, but at the end of the day, the responsibility is on the pet owner, Gibbs says. One of the things your mail carrier may not tell you? If you don\u2019t or can\u2019t secure your dog, you may not be able to have your mail delivered anymore. \u201cIf a carrier feels threatened by a vicious dog, or if a dog is running loose, we may ask the owner to pick up their mail at the post office,\u201d she says.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3931008577,"RADAR":0.011859267,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The opening sentence lacks a full stop which isn't a mistake you would expect in machine-generated text. The article takes a fairly aggressive tone towards pet owners who don't restrain their dogs or notify their mail carriers about them. AI would usually try and be more impartial and less offensive; quotes like \"if it has teeth it can bite\" and the references to a hand being ripped open feel far too direct and real for AI. The people interviewed also feel quite real, with a worker and a spokesperson, and no doctors who are experts from universities. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The choice of wording is distinctly human. That is, there are unusual ways of saying things here such as \"She knows of what she speaks\" and \"Ahead, we'll explain...\" and \"spy the stickers\". Some of the sentences are started with a conjunction \u2013 an error or style quirk that AI doesn't normally use. For example, \"And don't say,\" and \"Because the fact is\". Also, AI doesn't normally use \"In fact\" because it's a redundant part of speech."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"There's missing punctuation and grammatical errors right from the get-go. There are also a few awkwardly phrased sentences that seem amateurish and not something AI would write. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written because not only is the information presented in an easy-to-read manner, but is also contains tone and writer personality that is unique to this article. Phrases such as \" She tried to block it with her mailbag, but it was too late. \" add movement to the article, and commentary phrases in parentheses such as \"(Thankfully, she wasn\u2019t bitten that time.)\" and \"(it\u2019s a free service!)\" help add character. It simplifies explanations, leads into quotes with sentences that actively work to add context to the quotes, and adds different punctuations like colons and long dashes to control the pace of the article. So, it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"In contrast to my complaint about the way AI uses quotations, the ones used in this piece are informative and at times entertaining. The author does not feel the need to use a quotation to reiterate what they already wrote but integrates their quotes into the narrative so that the text progresses smoothly. I marked those sentences that are clear indications that a human authored the text. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"17":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":18,"title":"Brooklyn\u2019s Hippest Neighborhood Proves It\u2019s Cool to Be Kind","sub-title":"This diverse, fast-growing New York City neighborhood is changing. Locals strive to ensure it's for the better.","author":"Caroline Fanning","source":"Readers Digest","issue":"9\/25\/24","section":"Travel","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/fort-greene-brooklyn\/","article":"Last year, Emily Anadu answered a call from New York City\u2019s Parks and Recreation Department.\n\n\u201cEmily, I\u2019m mad at you,\u201d the man on the other end of the line told her.\n\nAnadu, 45, and thousands of other Brooklynites had just convened in Fort Greene Park for the Lay Out, an annual gathering the Sunday before Juneteenth. People come together to eat, buy clothes and crafts, and just bond with one another.\n\n\u201cOh, no,\u201d Anadu replied, \u201cdid we do something wrong?\u201d\n\n\u201cNo,\u201d he said. \u201cYou didn\u2019t leave anything for us to do.\u201d Attendees and organizers had returned the park in better condition than it was given. That spirit of help and community is nothing new for residents of this Brooklyn enclave, despite changes to the neighborhood over the past few decades, but it is something they\u2019re working to protect and prioritize.\n\n<b>A storied history<\/b>\n\nDecades ago, Fort Greene, a section of Brooklyn just off the Manhattan Bridge, was largely populated by first-time-homeowning Black families living on tree-lined streets where the sky\u2019s view inspired limitless possibilities. It was a place where folks knew their butcher\u2019s name. Kids played outside till dusk. You saw the same people every day.\n\nThe neighborhood became a mecca for art and culture, championed by filmmaker and hometown hero Spike Lee, who set his first movies there. In the 1840s, Walt Whitman helped found Fort Greene Park, the neighborhood\u2019s beating heart, and almost a century later, Richard Wright wrote parts of Native Son in the 30-acre green space.\n\n\u201cIt was more family oriented, and you felt that family love. Every parent had permission to check someone\u2019s child,\u201d says Carlos Jones, 56, CEO and co-founder of Switching Lifestylez, a group of volunteers in Fort Greene who help de-\u00acescalate conflict among youth. On any given day, members might walk kids home from school, step in if they see trouble brewing or just lend an ear.\n\n\u201cNow, it\u2019s totally different, but we are bringing that vibe back,\u201d he says of this 2024 Reader\u2019s Digest Nicest Places in America finalist.\n\n<b>A community worth protecting<\/b>\n\nThings have changed, as anyone would expect. Skyrocketing housing costs and stark economic disparity between longtime residents and newer, wealthier residents have forced lifelong Fort Greeners out of certain parts of the neighborhood, if not out entirely. Amid it all, one thing remains firm: an intrinsic sense of both camaraderie and mutual support.\n\nIt\u2019s that sense of belonging that the Lay Out aims to protect. The idea was born in a group chat during 2020\u2019s Black Lives Matter marches\u2014Anadu and friends just wanted to create a safe space in the park, which is beloved to Fort Greeners. Anadu knows it so well, she can follow its pathways while reading a book. During the COVID-19 lockdowns, she picked up trash alongside maintenance crews on her daily walks.\n\n\u201cI\u2019m desperately trying to hold on to the history of this neighborhood, trying to make sure that Black people always have a presence,\u201d says Anadu.\n\nThe Lay Out is more than a celebration in the park. Its organizers have created an entire ecosystem, with a network of more than 500 Black-owned businesses and cooking classes whose ticket proceeds keep community fridges stocked with delicious food, free for the taking, to name a few ongoing efforts. But Anadu stresses how important simply gathering in Fort Greene Park, a space that felt increasingly encroached upon, can be for residents to bask in the joy of shared connection.\n\n\u201cIt was about reclaiming space, reclaiming each other, and this idea that peace is a form of resistance,\u201d she says.\n\nThe neighborhood is a master class in preserving the mores of old while making just enough room for what\u2019s new, dynamic and curative.\n\n\u201cI want people to see we aren\u2019t like every other community,\u201d says Jones. \u201cFort Greene is a wonderful place with a vibe like no other.\u201d","id":35,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Last year, Emily Anadu answered a call from New York City\u2019s Parks and Recreation Department.\\n\\n\u201cEmily, I\u2019m mad at you,\u201d the man on the other end of the line told her.\\n\\nAnadu, 45, and thousands of other Brooklynites had just convened in Fort Greene Park for the Lay Out, an annual gathering the Sunday before Juneteenth. People come together to eat, buy clothes and crafts, and just bond with one another.\\n\\n\u201cOh, no,\u201d Anadu replied, \u201cdid we do something wrong?\u201d\\n\\n\u201cNo,\u201d he said. \u201cYou didn\u2019t leave anything for us to do.\u201d Attendees and organizers had returned the park in better condition than it was given. That spirit of help and community is nothing new for residents of this Brooklyn enclave, despite changes to the neighborhood over the past few decades, but it is something they\u2019re working to protect and prioritize.\\n\\n<b>A storied history<\/b>\\n\\nDecades ago, Fort Greene, a section of Brooklyn just off the Manhattan Bridge, was largely populated by first-time-homeowning Black families living on tree-lined streets where the sky\u2019s view inspired limitless possibilities. It was a place where folks knew their butcher\u2019s name. Kids played outside till dusk. You saw the same people every day.\\n\\nThe neighborhood became a mecca for art and culture, championed by filmmaker and hometown hero Spike Lee, who set his first movies there. In the 1840s, Walt Whitman helped found Fort Greene Park, the neighborhood\u2019s beating heart, and almost a century later, Richard Wright wrote parts of Native Son in the 30-acre green space.\\n\\n\u201cIt was more family oriented, and you felt that family love. Every parent had permission to check someone\u2019s child,\u201d says Carlos Jones, 56, CEO and co-founder of Switching Lifestylez, a group of volunteers in Fort Greene who help de-\u00acescalate conflict among youth. On any given day, members might walk kids home from school, step in if they see trouble brewing or just lend an ear.\\n\\n\u201cNow, it\u2019s totally different, but we are bringing that vibe back,\u201d he says of this 2024 Reader\u2019s Digest Nicest Places in America finalist.\\n\\n<b>A community worth protecting<\/b>\\n\\nThings have changed, as anyone would expect. Skyrocketing housing costs and stark economic disparity between longtime residents and newer, wealthier residents have forced lifelong Fort Greeners out of certain parts of the neighborhood, if not out entirely. Amid it all, one thing remains firm: an intrinsic sense of both camaraderie and mutual support.\\n\\nIt\u2019s that sense of belonging that the Lay Out aims to protect. The idea was born in a group chat during 2020\u2019s Black Lives Matter marches\u2014Anadu and friends just wanted to create a safe space in the park, which is beloved to Fort Greeners. Anadu knows it so well, she can follow its pathways while reading a book. During the COVID-19 lockdowns, she picked up trash alongside maintenance crews on her daily walks.\\n\\n\u201cI\u2019m desperately trying to hold on to the history of this neighborhood, trying to make sure that Black people always have a presence,\u201d says Anadu.\\n\\nThe Lay Out is more than a celebration in the park. Its organizers have created an entire ecosystem, with a network of more than 500 Black-owned businesses and cooking classes whose ticket proceeds keep community fridges stocked with delicious food, free for the taking, to name a few ongoing efforts. But Anadu stresses how important simply gathering in Fort Greene Park, a space that felt increasingly encroached upon, can be for residents to bask in the joy of shared connection.\\n\\n\u201cIt was about reclaiming space, reclaiming each other, and this idea that peace is a form of resistance,\u201d she says.\\n\\nThe neighborhood is a master class in preserving the mores of old while making just enough room for what\u2019s new, dynamic and curative.\\n\\n\u201cI want people to see we aren\u2019t like every other community,\u201d says Jones. \u201cFort Greene is a wonderful place with a vibe like no other.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 4.172325134277344e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Last year, Emily Anadu answered a call from New York City\u2019s Parks and Recreation Department.\\n\\n\u201cEmily, I\u2019m mad at you,\u201d the man on the other end of the line told her.\\n\\nAnadu, 45, and thousands of other Brooklynites had just convened in Fort Greene Park for the Lay Out, an annual gathering the Sunday before Juneteenth. People come together to eat, buy clothes and crafts, and just bond with one another.\\n\\n\u201cOh, no,\u201d Anadu replied, \u201cdid we do something wrong?\u201d\\n\\n\u201cNo,\u201d he said. \u201cYou didn\u2019t leave anything for us to do.\u201d Attendees and organizers had returned the park in better condition than it was given. That spirit of help and community is nothing new for residents of this Brooklyn enclave, despite changes to the neighborhood over the past few decades, but it is something they\u2019re working to protect and prioritize.\\n\\n<b>A storied history<\/b>\\n\\nDecades ago, Fort Greene, a section of Brooklyn just off the Manhattan Bridge, was largely populated by first-time-homeowning Black families living on tree-lined streets where the sky\u2019s view inspired limitless possibilities. It was a place where folks knew their butcher\u2019s name. Kids played outside till dusk. You saw the same people every day.\\n\\nThe neighborhood became a mecca for art and culture, championed by filmmaker and hometown hero Spike Lee, who set his first movies there. In the 1840s, Walt Whitman helped found Fort Greene Park, the neighborhood\u2019s beating heart, and almost a century later, Richard Wright wrote parts of Native Son in the 30-acre green space.\\n\\n\u201cIt was more family oriented, and you felt that family love. Every parent had permission to check someone\u2019s child,\u201d says Carlos Jones, 56, CEO and co-founder of Switching Lifestylez, a group of volunteers in Fort Greene who help de-\u00acescalate conflict among youth. On any given day, members might walk kids home from school, step in if they see trouble brewing or just lend an ear.\\n\\n\u201cNow, it\u2019s totally different, but we are bringing that vibe back,\u201d he says of this 2024 Reader\u2019s Digest Nicest Places in America finalist.\\n\\n<b>A community worth protecting<\/b>\\n\\nThings have changed, as anyone would expect. Skyrocketing housing costs and stark economic disparity between longtime residents and newer, wealthier residents have forced lifelong Fort Greeners out of certain parts of the neighborhood, if not out entirely. Amid it all, one thing remains firm: an intrinsic sense of both camaraderie and mutual support.\\n\\nIt\u2019s that sense of belonging that the Lay Out aims to protect. The idea was born in a group chat during 2020\u2019s Black Lives Matter marches\u2014Anadu and friends just wanted to create a safe space in the park, which is beloved to Fort Greeners. Anadu knows it so well, she can follow its pathways while reading a book. During the COVID-19 lockdowns, she picked up trash alongside maintenance crews on her daily walks.\\n\\n\u201cI\u2019m desperately trying to hold on to the history of this neighborhood, trying to make sure that Black people always have a presence,\u201d says Anadu.\\n\\nThe Lay Out is more than a celebration in the park. Its organizers have created an entire ecosystem, with a network of more than 500 Black-owned businesses and cooking classes whose ticket proceeds keep community fridges stocked with delicious food, free for the taking, to name a few ongoing efforts. But Anadu stresses how important simply gathering in Fort Greene Park, a space that felt increasingly encroached upon, can be for residents to bask in the joy of shared connection.\\n\\n\u201cIt was about reclaiming space, reclaiming each other, and this idea that peace is a form of resistance,\u201d she says.\\n\\nThe neighborhood is a master class in preserving the mores of old while making just enough room for what\u2019s new, dynamic and curative.\\n\\n\u201cI want people to see we aren\u2019t like every other community,\u201d says Jones. \u201cFort Greene is a wonderful place with a vibe like no other.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 5.185604095458984e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '8d3430ad-38c2-47a2-9d8e-a238dd5a6e86', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.7516884207725525, 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{'generated_prob': 0.3177087903022766, 'sentence': '\u201cNo,\u201d he said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6155234575271606, 'sentence': \"\u201cYou didn't leave anything for us to do.\u201d Attendees and organizers had returned the park in better condition than it was given.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6779394149780273, 'sentence': \"That spirit of help and community is nothing new for residents of this Brooklyn enclave, despite changes to the neighborhood over the past few decades, but it is something they're working to protect and prioritize.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6809995174407959, 'sentence': '<b>A storied history<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7256656885147095, 'sentence': \"Decades ago, Fort Greene, a section of Brooklyn just off the Manhattan Bridge, was largely populated by first-time-homeowning Black families living on tree-lined streets where the sky's view inspired limitless possibilities.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6193960905075073, 'sentence': \"It was a place where folks knew their butcher's name.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.8231649994850159, 'sentence': 'Kids played outside till dusk.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7907600402832031, 'sentence': 'You saw the same people every day.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6628488898277283, 'sentence': 'The neighborhood became a mecca for art and culture, championed by filmmaker and hometown hero Spike Lee, who set his first movies there.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6163931488990784, 'sentence': \"In the 1840s, Walt Whitman helped found Fort Greene Park, the neighborhood's beating heart, and almost a century later, Richard Wright wrote parts of Native Son in the 30-acre green space.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.814242959022522, 'sentence': '\u201cIt was more family oriented, and you felt that family love.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.8231480121612549, 'sentence': \"Every parent had permission to check someone's child,\u201d says Carlos Jones, 56, CEO and co-founder of Switching Lifestylez, a group of volunteers in Fort Greene who help de-\u00acescalate conflict among youth.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7531891465187073, 'sentence': 'On any given day, members might walk kids home from school, step in if they see trouble brewing or just lend an ear.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7725881338119507, 'sentence': \"\u201cNow, it's totally different, but we are bringing that vibe back,\u201d he says of this 2024 Reader's Digest Nicest Places in America finalist.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7717177867889404, 'sentence': '<b>A community worth protecting<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.5588352084159851, 'sentence': 'Things have changed, as anyone would expect.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.35012826323509216, 'sentence': 'Skyrocketing housing costs and stark economic disparity between longtime residents and newer, wealthier residents have forced lifelong Fort Greeners out of certain parts of the neighborhood, if not out entirely.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.5191933512687683, 'sentence': 'Amid it all, one thing remains firm: an intrinsic sense of both camaraderie and mutual support.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.39055749773979187, 'sentence': \"It's that sense of belonging that the Lay Out aims to protect.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.2698182463645935, 'sentence': \"The idea was born in a group chat during 2020's Black Lives Matter marches\u1173Anadu and friends just wanted to create a safe space in the park, which is beloved to Fort Greeners.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.36975613236427307, 'sentence': 'Anadu knows it so well, she can follow its pathways while reading a book.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.3589663505554199, 'sentence': 'During the COVID-19 lockdowns, she picked up trash alongside maintenance crews on her daily walks.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.3186819553375244, 'sentence': \"\u201cI'm desperately trying to hold on to the history of this neighborhood, trying to make sure that Black people always have a presence,\u201d says Anadu.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.4064587354660034, 'sentence': 'The Lay Out is more than a celebration in the park.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.24878843128681183, 'sentence': 'Its organizers have created an entire ecosystem, with a network of more than 500 Black-owned businesses and cooking classes whose ticket proceeds keep community fridges stocked with delicious food, free for the taking, to name a few ongoing efforts.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.25711554288864136, 'sentence': 'But Anadu stresses how important simply gathering in Fort Greene Park, a space that felt increasingly encroached upon, can be for residents to bask in the joy of shared connection.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.23467618227005005, 'sentence': '\u201cIt was about reclaiming space, reclaiming each other, and this idea that peace is a form of resistance,\u201d she says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.2730819582939148, 'sentence': \"The neighborhood is a master class in preserving the mores of old while making just enough room for what's new, dynamic and curative.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.18610171973705292, 'sentence': \"\u201cI want people to see we aren't like every other community,\u201d says Jones.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.1997600793838501, 'sentence': '\u201cFort Greene is a wonderful place with a vibe like no other.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.013701276613118245}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.45887534985363754}, {'start_sentence_index': 18, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 19, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 20, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 23, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 27, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 28, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 31, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 32, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 33, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.4946996466431095, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.5053003533568904, 'ai': 0.4946996466431095, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.5053003533568904, 'confidence_category': 'low', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.4946996466431095, 'human': 0.5053003533568904, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly uncertain about this document. The writing style and content are not particularly AI-like.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Last year, Emily Anadu answered a call from New York City\u2019s Parks and Recreation Department.\\n\\n\u201cEmily, I\u2019m mad at you,\u201d the man on the other end of the line told her.\\n\\nAnadu, 45, and thousands of other Brooklynites had just convened in Fort Greene Park for the Lay Out, an annual gathering the Sunday before Juneteenth. People come together to eat, buy clothes and crafts, and just bond with one another.\\n\\n\u201cOh, no,\u201d Anadu replied, \u201cdid we do something wrong?\u201d\\n\\n\u201cNo,\u201d he said. \u201cYou didn\u2019t leave anything for us to do.\u201d Attendees and organizers had returned the park in better condition than it was given. That spirit of help and community is nothing new for residents of this Brooklyn enclave, despite changes to the neighborhood over the past few decades, but it is something they\u2019re working to protect and prioritize.\\n\\n<b>A storied history<\/b>\\n\\nDecades ago, Fort Greene, a section of Brooklyn just off the Manhattan Bridge, was largely populated by first-time-homeowning Black families living on tree-lined streets where the sky\u2019s view inspired limitless possibilities. It was a place where folks knew their butcher\u2019s name. Kids played outside till dusk. You saw the same people every day.\\n\\nThe neighborhood became a mecca for art and culture, championed by filmmaker and hometown hero Spike Lee, who set his first movies there. In the 1840s, Walt Whitman helped found Fort Greene Park, the neighborhood\u2019s beating heart, and almost a century later, Richard Wright wrote parts of Native Son in the 30-acre green space.\\n\\n\u201cIt was more family oriented, and you felt that family love. Every parent had permission to check someone\u2019s child,\u201d says Carlos Jones, 56, CEO and co-founder of Switching Lifestylez, a group of volunteers in Fort Greene who help de-\u00acescalate conflict among youth. On any given day, members might walk kids home from school, step in if they see trouble brewing or just lend an ear.\\n\\n\u201cNow, it\u2019s totally different, but we are bringing that vibe back,\u201d he says of this 2024 Reader\u2019s Digest Nicest Places in America finalist.\\n\\n<b>A community worth protecting<\/b>\\n\\nThings have changed, as anyone would expect. Skyrocketing housing costs and stark economic disparity between longtime residents and newer, wealthier residents have forced lifelong Fort Greeners out of certain parts of the neighborhood, if not out entirely. Amid it all, one thing remains firm: an intrinsic sense of both camaraderie and mutual support.\\n\\nIt\u2019s that sense of belonging that the Lay Out aims to protect. The idea was born in a group chat during 2020\u2019s Black Lives Matter marches\u2014Anadu and friends just wanted to create a safe space in the park, which is beloved to Fort Greeners. Anadu knows it so well, she can follow its pathways while reading a book. During the COVID-19 lockdowns, she picked up trash alongside maintenance crews on her daily walks.\\n\\n\u201cI\u2019m desperately trying to hold on to the history of this neighborhood, trying to make sure that Black people always have a presence,\u201d says Anadu.\\n\\nThe Lay Out is more than a celebration in the park. Its organizers have created an entire ecosystem, with a network of more than 500 Black-owned businesses and cooking classes whose ticket proceeds keep community fridges stocked with delicious food, free for the taking, to name a few ongoing efforts. But Anadu stresses how important simply gathering in Fort Greene Park, a space that felt increasingly encroached upon, can be for residents to bask in the joy of shared connection.\\n\\n\u201cIt was about reclaiming space, reclaiming each other, and this idea that peace is a form of resistance,\u201d she says.\\n\\nThe neighborhood is a master class in preserving the mores of old while making just enough room for what\u2019s new, dynamic and curative.\\n\\n\u201cI want people to see we aren\u2019t like every other community,\u201d says Jones. \u201cFort Greene is a wonderful place with a vibe like no other.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8856945038,"RADAR":0.1124983877,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article itself leans on the political side, with references to Black Lives Matter marches, phrases like \"trying to make sure Black people always have a presence\", and mention of \"Black families\" specifically. I feel like most AI articles would try to avoid mention of race altogether as they strive to be as inoffensive\/sensitive\/harmless as possible. The capitalization of \"Black\" feels like a deliberate human choice, but this might also just be a regional difference. The phrases used in some places feel a bit too casual for AI, for example, \"check someone's child\". "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There are some punctuation and grammar errors that AI doesn't usually make. The vocab is quite rich and nuanced. There is a variety of tenses and sentence types."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This is why I think it's human-generated: Awkward sentence structure. Doesn't follow the traditional AI structure. Some quite choppy sentences. Punctuational errors. Missing punctuation. No Oxford comma. No textbook conclusion. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I believe this is human-written. The article's able to not only report on the topic, but convey it in a way that makes it feel like you're reading a story. Some of the biggest indicators for me are its unique word choices, such as \"lifelong Fort Greeners\", \"a mecca for art and culture.\" and \"first-time-home-owning Black families\" indicating that not only is the writer familiar with the subject, but can use colloquialisms correctly. AI would have a harder time parsing that information and would probably try to separate those concepts such as \"residents living near Fort Green park\" or write \"a testament to Brooklyn's art and culture, a place of transformative growth for families.\" or something sentimental along those lines. It adds enough flexibility with its word choice, and even with some sentimental parts that appear AI, it maintains good pacing and makes sure that the quotes are the priority of the story. So, I am very confident that it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Colloquialisms like Juneteenth, vibe, and Greeners. Rich vocabulary (storied, mecca, championed, skyrocketing, a master class) adds emotional depth. First two sentences intriguing enough to get reader's interest."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"18":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":19,"title":"This Is What the Code on Your Milk Jug Means","sub-title":"Moo-ve over expiration dates. There's another important code on your milk carton.","author":"Nina Derwin","source":"Readers Digest","issue":"8\/7\/24","section":"Food","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/milk-location-code\/","article":"If there\u2019s a cardinal rule of grocery shopping, it\u2019s this: Always check the sell-by date before buying milk. It\u2019s usually easy to spot, printed toward the top of the milk carton in black letters. And it\u2019s what saves us from doing the sniff test the minute we get our milk home from the store. (We save that for Week 2, naturally.)\n\nBut did you know there\u2019s another important number\u2014sort of like a \u201csecret\u201d code\u2014printed just beneath the sell-by date? If you\u2019ve never noticed it before, you certainly will now. Like milk label colors (which also have secret meanings!), this string of numbers might just change the way you shop for milk from here on out. Read on to learn what it means and how to find it on your next gallon.\n\n<b>What do the numbers on your milk jug mean?<\/b>\n\nHere\u2019s a fun fact: Those seemingly random numbers near the top of your milk container are not arbitrary at all. Usually located just beside or beneath the sell-by date, they\u2019re a little-known code that tells you where the milk was bottled before it was delivered to your grocery store.\n\nPay attention, and you\u2019ll spot these codes on other dairy products too. The numbers are printed on containers of butter, cottage cheese, yogurt, ice cream and more.\n\n<b>How do you decipher the code? <\/b>\n\nThe code on your milk may seem like a jumble of numbers at first, but it\u2019s actually a smart and easy-to-follow system if you know how to read it. Here\u2019s how to interpret those numbers:\n\n1. Find the secret code, which is usually near the sell-by date. Hint: It always begins with two numbers followed by a dash and ends with a series of one to five additional numbers and\/or letters. It will typically look like this: 01-2345 or 01-23.\n2. Visit Where Is My Milk From and type in the code.\n3. Voila! You\u2019ll see exactly where your milk was bottled.\n\nCurious how those numbers can point to the diary that produced your milk? Let\u2019s break it down: The first two numbers, which range from 01 to 56, indicate the state where your milk came from. The series of numbers (or numbers and letters) after the dash tells you the dairy farm it came from.\n\n<b>Why is it important to know where your milk came from? <\/b>\n\nSometimes knowing where your milk was bottled before it made its way to your fridge is just fun, pure and simple. This is doubly true for kids. Just think of how a child\u2019s imagination could run wild thinking about their moo juice\u2019s journey from the dairy farm to the grocery store to their cookies-and-milk dessert.\n\nAnd both adults and kids may find it interesting to learn whether their milk was sourced from a local farm or came from another state.\n\nBut there\u2019s another reason you may be interested in where your milk originated, especially if you try to stick to an organic diet or prefer to purchase organic dairy. According to the Cornucopia Institute, a nonprofit organization focused on finding the truth behind organic agricultural practices, not all farms that claim to use organic practices abide by the rules as strictly as they should. Paying attention to the supply chain of your milk can help you avoid purchasing products from farms that use industrialized practices that strip away healthy fats.\n\n<b>Do these numbers have anything to do with the milk\u2019s expiration date?\n\nThe code that tells you where your milk was bottled usually appears beside the milk\u2019s sell-by date, so does it have anything to with how long a carton of milk will last? Nope! The two numbers are unrelated.\n\nMilk bottled at any location can have any expiration date. It all depends on when it was produced.\n\n<b>What if my milk doesn\u2019t have a code? <\/b>\n\nIf you can\u2019t find the code on your container of milk, don\u2019t worry. Not all dairy products have codes. Sometimes this is because the product is dairy-free\u2014you won\u2019t find this code on oat milk or almond milk, for instance.\n\nAnother reason you\u2019re looking at a codeless carton of milk? It was produced at a new dairy farm that has not yet been added to the Where Is My Milk From database.\n\nIn short, this code isn\u2019t essential, but if it appears on your carton, it can provide useful info and fun insight into your milk\u2019s journey to your refrigerator.","id":37,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'If there\u2019s a cardinal rule of grocery shopping, it\u2019s this: Always check the sell-by date before buying milk. It\u2019s usually easy to spot, printed toward the top of the milk carton in black letters. And it\u2019s what saves us from doing the sniff test the minute we get our milk home from the store. (We save that for Week 2, naturally.)\\n\\nBut did you know there\u2019s another important number\u2014sort of like a \u201csecret\u201d code\u2014printed just beneath the sell-by date? If you\u2019ve never noticed it before, you certainly will now. Like milk label colors (which also have secret meanings!), this string of numbers might just change the way you shop for milk from here on out. Read on to learn what it means and how to find it on your next gallon.\\n\\n<b>What do the numbers on your milk jug mean?<\/b>\\n\\nHere\u2019s a fun fact: Those seemingly random numbers near the top of your milk container are not arbitrary at all. Usually located just beside or beneath the sell-by date, they\u2019re a little-known code that tells you where the milk was bottled before it was delivered to your grocery store.\\n\\nPay attention, and you\u2019ll spot these codes on other dairy products too. The numbers are printed on containers of butter, cottage cheese, yogurt, ice cream and more.\\n\\n<b>How do you decipher the code? <\/b>\\n\\nThe code on your milk may seem like a jumble of numbers at first, but it\u2019s actually a smart and easy-to-follow system if you know how to read it. Here\u2019s how to interpret those numbers:\\n\\n1. Find the secret code, which is usually near the sell-by date. Hint: It always begins with two numbers followed by a dash and ends with a series of one to five additional numbers and\/or letters. It will typically look like this: 01-2345 or 01-23.\\n2. Visit Where Is My Milk From and type in the code.\\n3. Voila! You\u2019ll see exactly where your milk was bottled.\\n\\nCurious how those numbers can point to the diary that produced your milk? Let\u2019s break it down: The first two numbers, which range from 01 to 56, indicate the state where your milk came from. The series of numbers (or numbers and letters) after the dash tells you the dairy farm it came from.\\n\\n<b>Why is it important to know where your milk came from? <\/b>\\n\\nSometimes knowing where your milk was bottled before it made its way to your fridge is just fun, pure and simple. This is doubly true for kids. Just think of how a child\u2019s imagination could run wild thinking about their moo juice\u2019s journey from the dairy farm to the grocery store to their cookies-and-milk dessert.\\n\\nAnd both adults and kids may find it interesting to learn whether their milk was sourced from a local farm or came from another state.\\n\\nBut there\u2019s another reason you may be interested in where your milk originated, especially if you try to stick to an organic diet or prefer to purchase organic dairy. According to the Cornucopia Institute, a nonprofit organization focused on finding the truth behind organic agricultural practices, not all farms that claim to use organic practices abide by the rules as strictly as they should. Paying attention to the supply chain of your milk can help you avoid purchasing products from farms that use industrialized practices that strip away healthy fats.\\n\\n<b>Do these numbers have anything to do with the milk\u2019s expiration date?\\n\\nThe code that tells you where your milk was bottled usually appears beside the milk\u2019s sell-by date, so does it have anything to with how long a carton of milk will last? Nope! The two numbers are unrelated.\\n\\nMilk bottled at any location can have any expiration date. It all depends on when it was produced.\\n\\n<b>What if my milk doesn\u2019t have a code? <\/b>\\n\\nIf you can\u2019t find the code on your container of milk, don\u2019t worry. Not all dairy products have codes. Sometimes this is because the product is dairy-free\u2014you won\u2019t find this code on oat milk or almond milk, for instance.\\n\\nAnother reason you\u2019re looking at a codeless carton of milk? It was produced at a new dairy farm that has not yet been added to the Where Is My Milk From database.\\n\\nIn short, this code isn\u2019t essential, but if it appears on your carton, it can provide useful info and fun insight into your milk\u2019s journey to your refrigerator.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.6450881958007812e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'If there\u2019s a cardinal rule of grocery shopping, it\u2019s this: Always check the sell-by date before buying milk. It\u2019s usually easy to spot, printed toward the top of the milk carton in black letters. And it\u2019s what saves us from doing the sniff test the minute we get our milk home from the store. (We save that for Week 2, naturally.)\\n\\nBut did you know there\u2019s another important number\u2014sort of like a \u201csecret\u201d code\u2014printed just beneath the sell-by date? If you\u2019ve never noticed it before, you certainly will now. Like milk label colors (which also have secret meanings!), this string of numbers might just change the way you shop for milk from here on out. Read on to learn what it means and how to find it on your next gallon.\\n\\n<b>What do the numbers on your milk jug mean?<\/b>\\n\\nHere\u2019s a fun fact: Those seemingly random numbers near the top of your milk container are not arbitrary at all. Usually located just beside or beneath the sell-by date, they\u2019re a little-known code that tells you where the milk was bottled before it was delivered to your grocery store.\\n\\nPay attention, and you\u2019ll spot these codes on other dairy products too. The numbers are printed on containers of butter, cottage cheese, yogurt, ice cream and more.\\n\\n<b>How do you decipher the code? <\/b>\\n\\nThe code on your milk may seem like a jumble of numbers at first, but it\u2019s actually a smart and easy-to-follow system if you know how to read it. Here\u2019s how to interpret those numbers:\\n\\n1. Find the secret code, which is usually near the sell-by date. Hint: It always begins with two numbers followed by a dash and ends with a series of one to five additional numbers and\/or letters. It will typically look like this: 01-2345 or 01-23.\\n2. Visit Where Is My Milk From and type in the code.\\n3. Voila! You\u2019ll see exactly where your milk was bottled.\\n\\nCurious how those numbers can point to the diary that produced your milk? Let\u2019s break it down: The first two numbers, which range from 01 to 56, indicate the state where your milk came from. The series of numbers (or numbers and letters) after the dash tells you the dairy farm it came from.\\n\\n<b>Why is it important to know where your milk came from? <\/b>\\n\\nSometimes knowing where your milk was bottled before it made its way to your fridge is just fun, pure and simple. This is doubly true for kids. Just think of how a child\u2019s imagination could run wild thinking about their moo juice\u2019s journey from the dairy farm to the grocery store to their cookies-and-milk dessert.\\n\\nAnd both adults and kids may find it interesting to learn whether their milk was sourced from a local farm or came from another state.\\n\\nBut there\u2019s another reason you may be interested in where your milk originated, especially if you try to stick to an organic diet or prefer to purchase organic dairy. According to the Cornucopia Institute, a nonprofit organization focused on finding the truth behind organic agricultural practices, not all farms that claim to use organic practices abide by the rules as strictly as they should. Paying attention to the supply chain of your milk can help you avoid purchasing products from farms that use industrialized practices that strip away healthy fats.\\n\\n<b>Do these numbers have anything to do with the milk\u2019s expiration date?\\n\\nThe code that tells you where your milk was bottled usually appears beside the milk\u2019s sell-by date, so does it have anything to with how long a carton of milk will last? Nope! The two numbers are unrelated.\\n\\nMilk bottled at any location can have any expiration date. It all depends on when it was produced.\\n\\n<b>What if my milk doesn\u2019t have a code? <\/b>\\n\\nIf you can\u2019t find the code on your container of milk, don\u2019t worry. Not all dairy products have codes. Sometimes this is because the product is dairy-free\u2014you won\u2019t find this code on oat milk or almond milk, for instance.\\n\\nAnother reason you\u2019re looking at a codeless carton of milk? It was produced at a new dairy farm that has not yet been added to the Where Is My Milk From database.\\n\\nIn short, this code isn\u2019t essential, but if it appears on your carton, it can provide useful info and fun insight into your milk\u2019s journey to your refrigerator.', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0002512931823730469, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '83dcb19e-68a8-410e-bdcd-8daa118feaca', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0006446957122534513, 'sentence': \"If there's a cardinal rule of grocery shopping, it's this: Always check the sell-by date before buying milk.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007396569708362222, 'sentence': \"It's usually easy to spot, printed toward the top of the milk carton in black letters.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010050785494968295, 'sentence': \"And it's what saves us from doing the sniff test the minute we get our milk home from the store.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004995669587515295, 'sentence': '(We save that for Week 2, naturally.)', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007356824353337288, 'sentence': \"But did you know there's another important number\u1173sort of like a \u201csecret\u201d code\u1173printed just beneath the sell-by date?\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006003102171234787, 'sentence': \"If you've never noticed it before, you certainly will now.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005823439569212496, 'sentence': 'Like milk label colors (which also have secret meanings!', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008186011109501123, 'sentence': '), this string of numbers might just change the way you shop for milk from here on out.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008616168634034693, 'sentence': 'Read on to learn what it means and how to find it on your next gallon.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0015805355506017804, 'sentence': '<b>What do the numbers on your milk jug mean?<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0013799273874610662, 'sentence': \"Here's a fun fact: Those seemingly random numbers near the top of your milk container are not arbitrary at all.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012743114493787289, 'sentence': \"Usually located just beside or beneath the sell-by date, they're a little-known code that tells you where the milk was bottled before it was delivered to your grocery store.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010831316467374563, 'sentence': \"Pay attention, and you'll spot these codes on other dairy products too.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009434095118194818, 'sentence': 'The numbers are printed on containers of butter, cottage cheese, yogurt, ice cream and more.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012455359101295471, 'sentence': '<b>How do you decipher the code?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0016347912605851889, 'sentence': '<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011493611382320523, 'sentence': \"The code on your milk may seem like a jumble of numbers at first, but it's actually a smart and easy-to-follow system if you know how to read it.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0025426619686186314, 'sentence': \"Here's how to interpret those numbers:\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008878833614289761, 'sentence': '1. Find the secret code, which is usually near the sell-by date.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007957227644510567, 'sentence': 'Hint: It always begins with two numbers followed by a dash and ends with a series of one to five additional numbers and\/or letters.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011086807353422046, 'sentence': 'It will typically look like this: 01-2345 or 01-23.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009549072710797191, 'sentence': '2. Visit Where Is My Milk From and type in the code.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001388235599733889, 'sentence': '3. Voila!', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010014488361775875, 'sentence': \"You'll see exactly where your milk was bottled.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000960092234890908, 'sentence': 'Curious how those numbers can point to the diary that produced your milk?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00104435533285141, 'sentence': \"Let's break it down: The first two numbers, which range from 01 to 56, indicate the state where your milk came from.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010782856261357665, 'sentence': 'The series of numbers (or numbers and letters) after the dash tells you the dairy farm it came from.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011896765790879726, 'sentence': '<b>Why is it important to know where your milk came from?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.11803781986236572, 'sentence': '<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.11537694931030273, 'sentence': 'Sometimes knowing where your milk was bottled before it made its way to your fridge is just fun, pure and simple.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.11547714471817017, 'sentence': 'This is doubly true for kids.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.11760561913251877, 'sentence': \"Just think of how a child's imagination could run wild thinking about their moo juice's journey from the dairy farm to the grocery store to their cookies-and-milk dessert.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.09953203797340393, 'sentence': 'And both adults and kids may find it interesting to learn whether their milk was sourced from a local farm or came from another state.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.06360947340726852, 'sentence': \"But there's another reason you may be interested in where your milk originated, especially if you try to stick to an organic diet or prefer to purchase organic dairy.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.05763944238424301, 'sentence': 'According to the Cornucopia Institute, a nonprofit organization focused on finding the truth behind organic agricultural practices, not all farms that claim to use organic practices abide by the rules as strictly as they should.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.04687201976776123, 'sentence': 'Paying attention to the supply chain of your milk can help you avoid purchasing products from farms that use industrialized practices that strip away healthy fats.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.03814966231584549, 'sentence': \"<b>Do these numbers have anything to do with the milk's expiration date?\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.05719366297125816, 'sentence': \"The code that tells you where your milk was bottled usually appears beside the milk's sell-by date, so does it have anything to with how long a carton of milk will last?\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.07580548524856567, 'sentence': 'Nope!', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.046986110508441925, 'sentence': 'The two numbers are unrelated.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.04170797020196915, 'sentence': 'Milk bottled at any location can have any expiration date.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.035787273198366165, 'sentence': 'It all depends on when it was produced.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.04778149351477623, 'sentence': \"<b>What if my milk doesn't have a code?\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.025010090321302414, 'sentence': '<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.06203904747962952, 'sentence': \"If you can't find the code on your container of milk, don't worry.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.05552180856466293, 'sentence': 'Not all dairy products have codes.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.043775774538517, 'sentence': \"Sometimes this is because the product is dairy-free\u1173you won't find this code on oat milk or almond milk, for instance.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0890568420290947, 'sentence': \"Another reason you're looking at a codeless carton of milk?\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.07312428206205368, 'sentence': 'It was produced at a new dairy farm that has not yet been added to the Where Is My Milk From database.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.17039629817008972, 'sentence': \"In short, this code isn't essential, but if it appears on your carton, it can provide useful info and fun insight into your milk's journey to your refrigerator.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 12, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 14, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 18, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 21, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 22, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 24, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 27, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 29, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 32, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 33, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 36, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 37, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 40, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 42, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 44, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 47, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 49, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.04148943387332883, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.957764413942605, 'ai': 0.04148943387332883, 'mixed': 0.0007461521840661657}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.957764413942605, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.04148943387332883, 'human': 0.957764413942605, 'mixed': 0.0007461521840661657}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'If there\u2019s a cardinal rule of grocery shopping, it\u2019s this: Always check the sell-by date before buying milk. It\u2019s usually easy to spot, printed toward the top of the milk carton in black letters. And it\u2019s what saves us from doing the sniff test the minute we get our milk home from the store. (We save that for Week 2, naturally.)\\n\\nBut did you know there\u2019s another important number\u2014sort of like a \u201csecret\u201d code\u2014printed just beneath the sell-by date? If you\u2019ve never noticed it before, you certainly will now. Like milk label colors (which also have secret meanings!), this string of numbers might just change the way you shop for milk from here on out. Read on to learn what it means and how to find it on your next gallon.\\n\\n<b>What do the numbers on your milk jug mean?<\/b>\\n\\nHere\u2019s a fun fact: Those seemingly random numbers near the top of your milk container are not arbitrary at all. Usually located just beside or beneath the sell-by date, they\u2019re a little-known code that tells you where the milk was bottled before it was delivered to your grocery store.\\n\\nPay attention, and you\u2019ll spot these codes on other dairy products too. The numbers are printed on containers of butter, cottage cheese, yogurt, ice cream and more.\\n\\n<b>How do you decipher the code? <\/b>\\n\\nThe code on your milk may seem like a jumble of numbers at first, but it\u2019s actually a smart and easy-to-follow system if you know how to read it. Here\u2019s how to interpret those numbers:\\n\\n1. Find the secret code, which is usually near the sell-by date. Hint: It always begins with two numbers followed by a dash and ends with a series of one to five additional numbers and\/or letters. It will typically look like this: 01-2345 or 01-23.\\n2. Visit Where Is My Milk From and type in the code.\\n3. Voila! You\u2019ll see exactly where your milk was bottled.\\n\\nCurious how those numbers can point to the diary that produced your milk? Let\u2019s break it down: The first two numbers, which range from 01 to 56, indicate the state where your milk came from. The series of numbers (or numbers and letters) after the dash tells you the dairy farm it came from.\\n\\n<b>Why is it important to know where your milk came from? <\/b>\\n\\nSometimes knowing where your milk was bottled before it made its way to your fridge is just fun, pure and simple. This is doubly true for kids. Just think of how a child\u2019s imagination could run wild thinking about their moo juice\u2019s journey from the dairy farm to the grocery store to their cookies-and-milk dessert.\\n\\nAnd both adults and kids may find it interesting to learn whether their milk was sourced from a local farm or came from another state.\\n\\nBut there\u2019s another reason you may be interested in where your milk originated, especially if you try to stick to an organic diet or prefer to purchase organic dairy. According to the Cornucopia Institute, a nonprofit organization focused on finding the truth behind organic agricultural practices, not all farms that claim to use organic practices abide by the rules as strictly as they should. Paying attention to the supply chain of your milk can help you avoid purchasing products from farms that use industrialized practices that strip away healthy fats.\\n\\n<b>Do these numbers have anything to do with the milk\u2019s expiration date?\\n\\nThe code that tells you where your milk was bottled usually appears beside the milk\u2019s sell-by date, so does it have anything to with how long a carton of milk will last? Nope! The two numbers are unrelated.\\n\\nMilk bottled at any location can have any expiration date. It all depends on when it was produced.\\n\\n<b>What if my milk doesn\u2019t have a code? <\/b>\\n\\nIf you can\u2019t find the code on your container of milk, don\u2019t worry. Not all dairy products have codes. Sometimes this is because the product is dairy-free\u2014you won\u2019t find this code on oat milk or almond milk, for instance.\\n\\nAnother reason you\u2019re looking at a codeless carton of milk? It was produced at a new dairy farm that has not yet been added to the Where Is My Milk From database.\\n\\nIn short, this code isn\u2019t essential, but if it appears on your carton, it can provide useful info and fun insight into your milk\u2019s journey to your refrigerator.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4951946139,"RADAR":0.0905785933,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article has a unique introduction, humour, and refers to milk as \"moo juice\" in one section. It also encourages the reader to \"read on\" which is probably for a very human goal of getting better site metrics for an article, or convincing a reader to pay for a subscription\/magazine\/newspaper. The author has quite a relatable writing style, like one person having a friendly conversation with another, not like AI-generated text."},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The text has a conversational tone and includes relatable examples that engage readers, particularly in the context of children's imagination. It references specific organizations and practices in a way that suggests a depth of understanding and concern about food sourcing. The personal touch and narrative style suggest it's human-generated. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think this is human-generated: Formatting (use of bold etc.). Titles use sentence case.  No Oxford comma. Sentences begin with coordinating conjunctions. Mix of numerals and written numbers. Mix of tenses. Colloquial terms like 'nope'. The use of a question mark towards the end was a clincher. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This article appears human-written because it's able to convey the topic in a simple, easy-to-digest manner. Phrases such as \"cardinal rule of grocery shopping\", \"moo juice\u2019s journey\", and \"jumble of numbers\" add to the article's unique character and friendly tone, and provides it in a way that informs the reader with information rather than eloquent fluff I often see with AI generated articles. It add words that, while may not be necessary, contribute to the tone, such as \"seemingly\", \"may find it interesting\", and \"strictly as it should.\", making it approachable for any audience. Also, it adds parenthesis, quotes around certain words, and long dashes to control the pace of the writing itself. I'm fairly confident it is human written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The style is typical of a chatty blog post that could have been generated by AI\u2014and nowadays mostly is. However, the last sentence of the introduction, the use of \"moo juice\", and the cobbled together adjective \"cookies-and-milk\" make me lean toward human not AI. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"19":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":20,"title":"Scientists Make \u2018Cyborg Worms\u2019 with a Brain Guided by AI","sub-title":"AI and tiny worms team up to get to treats","author":"Matthew Hutson","source":"Scientific American","issue":"9\/2\/24","section":"Artificial Intelligence","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/scientists-make-cyborg-worms-with-a-brain-guided-by-ai\/","article":"Scientists have given artificial intelligence a direct line into the nervous systems of millimeter-long worms, letting it guide the creatures to a tasty target\u2014and demonstrating intriguing brain-AI collaboration. They trained the AI with a methodology called deep-reinforcement learning; the same is used to help AI players learn to master games such as Go. An artificial neural network, software roughly modeled on biological brains, analyzes strings of actions and outcomes, extracting strategies for an AI \u201cagent\u201d to interact with its environment and achieve a goal.\n\nIn the study, published in Nature Machine Intelligence, researchers trained an AI agent to direct one-millimeter-long Caenorhabditis elegans worms toward tasty patches of Escherichia coli in a four-centimeter dish. A nearby camera recorded the location and orientation of every worm\u2019s head and body; three times per second the agent received this information for the previous 15 frames, giving it a sense of the past and present at each moment. The agent could also turn on or off a light aimed at the dish. The worms were optogenetically engineered so certain neurons would become active or inactive in response to the light, sometimes prompting movement.\n\nThe research team tested six genetic lines in which the number of light-sensitive neurons ranged from one to all 302 the worms possessed. Stimulation had a different effect in each line, making the worm turn, for instance, or preventing it from turning. The scientists first collected training data by flashing lights randomly at the worms for five hours, then fed the data to the AI agent to find patterns before setting the agent loose.\n\nWith five of the six lines, including the line where all neurons responded to light, the agent learned to direct the worm to the target faster than if the worm had been left alone or the light had flashed randomly. What\u2019s more, the agent and the worm cooperated: if the agent steered the worm straight toward a target but there were small obstacles in the path, the worm would crawl around them.\n\nT. Thang Vo-Doan, an engineer at the University of Queensland in Australia, who has independently worked on cyborg insects, praised the work for its simple setup\u2014reinforcement learning is flexible, and AI based on it can figure out how to perform complex tasks. According to Harvard University biophysicist Chenguang Li, the paper\u2019s lead author, \u201cone can easily see how it might be extended to harder problems.\u201d Her team is now exploring whether their method can improve electrical deep-brain stimulation to treat Parkinson\u2019s disease in humans by adjusting the voltage used and its timing. One day reinforcement learning plus implants might even give us new skills, Li says\u2014artificial and real neural nets united.","id":39,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Scientists have given artificial intelligence a direct line into the nervous systems of millimeter-long worms, letting it guide the creatures to a tasty target\u2014and demonstrating intriguing brain-AI collaboration. They trained the AI with a methodology called deep-reinforcement learning; the same is used to help AI players learn to master games such as Go. An artificial neural network, software roughly modeled on biological brains, analyzes strings of actions and outcomes, extracting strategies for an AI \u201cagent\u201d to interact with its environment and achieve a goal.\\n\\nIn the study, published in Nature Machine Intelligence, researchers trained an AI agent to direct one-millimeter-long Caenorhabditis elegans worms toward tasty patches of Escherichia coli in a four-centimeter dish. A nearby camera recorded the location and orientation of every worm\u2019s head and body; three times per second the agent received this information for the previous 15 frames, giving it a sense of the past and present at each moment. The agent could also turn on or off a light aimed at the dish. The worms were optogenetically engineered so certain neurons would become active or inactive in response to the light, sometimes prompting movement.\\n\\nThe research team tested six genetic lines in which the number of light-sensitive neurons ranged from one to all 302 the worms possessed. Stimulation had a different effect in each line, making the worm turn, for instance, or preventing it from turning. The scientists first collected training data by flashing lights randomly at the worms for five hours, then fed the data to the AI agent to find patterns before setting the agent loose.\\n\\nWith five of the six lines, including the line where all neurons responded to light, the agent learned to direct the worm to the target faster than if the worm had been left alone or the light had flashed randomly. What\u2019s more, the agent and the worm cooperated: if the agent steered the worm straight toward a target but there were small obstacles in the path, the worm would crawl around them.\\n\\nT. Thang Vo-Doan, an engineer at the University of Queensland in Australia, who has independently worked on cyborg insects, praised the work for its simple setup\u2014reinforcement learning is flexible, and AI based on it can figure out how to perform complex tasks. According to Harvard University biophysicist Chenguang Li, the paper\u2019s lead author, \u201cone can easily see how it might be extended to harder problems.\u201d Her team is now exploring whether their method can improve electrical deep-brain stimulation to treat Parkinson\u2019s disease in humans by adjusting the voltage used and its timing. One day reinforcement learning plus implants might even give us new skills, Li says\u2014artificial and real neural nets united.', 'ai_likelihood': 5.185604095458984e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Scientists have given artificial intelligence a direct line into the nervous systems of millimeter-long worms, letting it guide the creatures to a tasty target\u2014and demonstrating intriguing brain-AI collaboration. They trained the AI with a methodology called deep-reinforcement learning; the same is used to help AI players learn to master games such as Go. An artificial neural network, software roughly modeled on biological brains, analyzes strings of actions and outcomes, extracting strategies for an AI \u201cagent\u201d to interact with its environment and achieve a goal.\\n\\nIn the study, published in Nature Machine Intelligence, researchers trained an AI agent to direct one-millimeter-long Caenorhabditis elegans worms toward tasty patches of Escherichia coli in a four-centimeter dish. A nearby camera recorded the location and orientation of every worm\u2019s head and body; three times per second the agent received this information for the previous 15 frames, giving it a sense of the past and present at each moment. The agent could also turn on or off a light aimed at the dish. The worms were optogenetically engineered so certain neurons would become active or inactive in response to the light, sometimes prompting movement.\\n\\nThe research team tested six genetic lines in which the number of light-sensitive neurons ranged from one to all 302 the worms possessed. Stimulation had a different effect in each line, making the worm turn, for instance, or preventing it from turning. The scientists first collected training data by flashing lights randomly at the worms for five hours, then fed the data to the AI agent to find patterns before setting the agent loose.\\n\\nWith five of the six lines, including the line where all neurons responded to light, the agent learned to direct the worm to the target faster than if the worm had been left alone or the light had flashed randomly. What\u2019s more, the agent and the worm cooperated: if the agent steered the worm straight toward a target but there were small obstacles in the path, the worm would crawl around them.\\n\\nT. Thang Vo-Doan, an engineer at the University of Queensland in Australia, who has independently worked on cyborg insects, praised the work for its simple setup\u2014reinforcement learning is flexible, and AI based on it can figure out how to perform complex tasks. According to Harvard University biophysicist Chenguang Li, the paper\u2019s lead author, \u201cone can easily see how it might be extended to harder problems.\u201d Her team is now exploring whether their method can improve electrical deep-brain stimulation to treat Parkinson\u2019s disease in humans by adjusting the voltage used and its timing. One day reinforcement learning plus implants might even give us new skills, Li says\u2014artificial and real neural nets united.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.341104507446289e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '3bb2beec-92f9-42f7-835c-2bc21aac306a', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 2.4098695575958118e-05, 'sentence': 'Scientists have given artificial intelligence a direct line into the nervous systems of millimeter-long worms, letting it guide the creatures to a tasty target\u1173and demonstrating intriguing brain-AI collaboration.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.3587515897816047e-05, 'sentence': 'They trained the AI with a methodology called deep-reinforcement learning; the same is used to help AI players learn to master games such as Go.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.5159168217214756e-05, 'sentence': 'An artificial neural network, software roughly modeled on biological brains, analyzes strings of actions and outcomes, extracting strategies for an AI \u201cagent\u201d to interact with its environment and achieve a goal.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.562287772889249e-05, 'sentence': 'In the study, published in Nature Machine Intelligence, researchers trained an AI agent to direct one-millimeter-long Caenorhabditis elegans worms toward tasty patches of Escherichia coli in a four-centimeter dish.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.15348370349966e-05, 'sentence': \"A nearby camera recorded the location and orientation of every worm's head and body; three times per second the agent received this information for the previous 15 frames, giving it a sense of the past and present at each moment.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.962537473649718e-05, 'sentence': 'The agent could also turn on or off a light aimed at the dish.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.720947643159889e-05, 'sentence': 'The worms were optogenetically engineered so certain neurons would become active or inactive in response to the light, sometimes prompting movement.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.524398198351264e-05, 'sentence': 'The research team tested six genetic lines in which the number of light-sensitive neurons ranged from one to all 302 the worms possessed.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.4180684451712295e-05, 'sentence': 'Stimulation had a different effect in each line, making the worm turn, for instance, or preventing it from turning.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.012446860782802105, 'sentence': 'The scientists first collected training data by flashing lights randomly at the worms for five hours, then fed the data to the AI agent to find patterns before setting the agent loose.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010240796953439713, 'sentence': 'With five of the six lines, including the line where all neurons responded to light, the agent learned to direct the worm to the target faster than if the worm had been left alone or the light had flashed randomly.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007181106600910425, 'sentence': \"What's more, the agent and the worm cooperated: if the agent steered the worm straight toward a target but there were small obstacles in the path, the worm would crawl around them.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0017807468539103866, 'sentence': 'T. Thang Vo-Doan, an engineer at the University of Queensland in Australia, who has independently worked on cyborg insects, praised the work for its simple setup\u1173reinforcement learning is flexible, and AI based on it can figure out how to perform complex tasks.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0021065904293209314, 'sentence': \"According to Harvard University biophysicist Chenguang Li, the paper's lead author, \u201cone can easily see how it might be extended to harder problems.\u201d Her team is now exploring whether their method can improve electrical deep-brain stimulation to treat Parkinson's disease in humans by adjusting the voltage used and its timing.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0020771254785358906, 'sentence': 'One day reinforcement learning plus implants might even give us new skills, Li says\u1173artificial and real neural nets united.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 12, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.010647891959681275, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9893113230945234, 'ai': 0.010647891959681275, 'mixed': 4.0784945795346054e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9893113230945234, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.010647891959681275, 'human': 0.9893113230945234, 'mixed': 4.0784945795346054e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Scientists have given artificial intelligence a direct line into the nervous systems of millimeter-long worms, letting it guide the creatures to a tasty target\u2014and demonstrating intriguing brain-AI collaboration. They trained the AI with a methodology called deep-reinforcement learning; the same is used to help AI players learn to master games such as Go. An artificial neural network, software roughly modeled on biological brains, analyzes strings of actions and outcomes, extracting strategies for an AI \u201cagent\u201d to interact with its environment and achieve a goal.\\n\\nIn the study, published in Nature Machine Intelligence, researchers trained an AI agent to direct one-millimeter-long Caenorhabditis elegans worms toward tasty patches of Escherichia coli in a four-centimeter dish. A nearby camera recorded the location and orientation of every worm\u2019s head and body; three times per second the agent received this information for the previous 15 frames, giving it a sense of the past and present at each moment. The agent could also turn on or off a light aimed at the dish. The worms were optogenetically engineered so certain neurons would become active or inactive in response to the light, sometimes prompting movement.\\n\\nThe research team tested six genetic lines in which the number of light-sensitive neurons ranged from one to all 302 the worms possessed. Stimulation had a different effect in each line, making the worm turn, for instance, or preventing it from turning. The scientists first collected training data by flashing lights randomly at the worms for five hours, then fed the data to the AI agent to find patterns before setting the agent loose.\\n\\nWith five of the six lines, including the line where all neurons responded to light, the agent learned to direct the worm to the target faster than if the worm had been left alone or the light had flashed randomly. What\u2019s more, the agent and the worm cooperated: if the agent steered the worm straight toward a target but there were small obstacles in the path, the worm would crawl around them.\\n\\nT. Thang Vo-Doan, an engineer at the University of Queensland in Australia, who has independently worked on cyborg insects, praised the work for its simple setup\u2014reinforcement learning is flexible, and AI based on it can figure out how to perform complex tasks. According to Harvard University biophysicist Chenguang Li, the paper\u2019s lead author, \u201cone can easily see how it might be extended to harder problems.\u201d Her team is now exploring whether their method can improve electrical deep-brain stimulation to treat Parkinson\u2019s disease in humans by adjusting the voltage used and its timing. One day reinforcement learning plus implants might even give us new skills, Li says\u2014artificial and real neural nets united.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4712490737,"RADAR":0.0068901391,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Referring to a patch of Escherichia coli (which I'm guessing is E. coli) as \"a tasty snack\" is a funny contradiction, and definitely not something I would expect from machine-generated text. The purpose and methodology of the study are also quite detailed and well-explained, whereas AI seems to be vague around these subjects as it feels like it lacks understanding and would rather say less than be incorrect. What's more, none of the experts are referred to as Doctor x. despite probably having the credentials. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There are none of the words AI usually favors. There are a few mistakes AI probably would have detected, namely, the Latin names are not italicized and \"one\" should be capitalized as it's at the beginning of a spoken sentence."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"This one was difficult. I couldn't see anything glaringly wrong with it, but the missing quotation marks as the end made me think this was human-generated. It also doesn't follow the formulaic structure that AI likes to use, e.g. there's no bland conclusion at the end. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This article feels human-written. I believe it's human-written because while there is a certain pattern to the sentence's structure, it's a unique way of writing, because while the sentences are long, it uses punctuations such as semi-colons and colons to extend sentences, connecting pieces of information together for a singular flow. It also uses some active verbage that provides visuals instead of sentiments, such as \"setting the agent loose\" and \"Li says - artificial and real neural nets united.\" Even how the article phrases its facts with \"ranged from one to all 302 the worms possessed.\" could have been shortened, but isn't, which adds the writing style. So, I am highly confident it is human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Some of the author's assertions are so garbled that only a human who doesn't quite understand the process, or is an L2 English speaker, must have written it. Maybe the latter, when one considers that the author wants to set \"the agent loose\" upon those poor worms. The reason for treating Parkinson's \"by adjusting the voltage used and its timing\"\u2014voltage of what and how does this link to worms and AI?\u2014is as clear as mud. Could be a language barrier."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"20":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":21,"title":"Mars Missions May Be Blocked by Kidney Stones","sub-title":"Astronauts may have the guts for space travel\u2014but not the kidneys","author":"Max Springer","source":"Scientific American","issue":"Oct-24","section":"Space Exploration","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/mars-missions-may-be-blocked-by-kidney-stones\/","article":"In searching for potential dangers humans would face on a long Mars mission, scientists are leaving no stone unturned\u2014including the ones that show up at weirdly high rates in astronauts\u2019 kidneys.\n\nHealthy kidneys filter blood to balance the body\u2019s water, salts and minerals, expelling waste as urine. When this process goes awry, painful kidney stones\u2014hard accumulations of salts and materials such as calcium\u2014can form in this essential organ. Researchers have theorized that astronauts are prone to kidney stones because bones degrade faster in microgravity, increasing calcium levels in the blood. But these stones\u2019 surprising frequency among space travelers even years after they return to Earth suggests other factors are involved.\n\nTo investigate, the authors of a recent study in Nature Communications explored how microgravity and galactic cosmic radiation affect kidney function\u2014particularly parts of the kidney called tubules, which help to maintain healthy salt and mineral levels. The team analyzed data from astronauts in space and from rodents both in space and on the ground: those in space experience the combined impact of microgravity and radiation forces, and ground-based experiments let the scientists isolate the effects of each.\n\nKidneys are exceptionally responsive and adaptable\u2014but these traits can work against them. When microgravity shifts the body\u2019s distribution of internal fluids, kidney tubules tend to shrink; this action hinders the organ\u2019s ability to properly filter calcium and salts, increasing the risk of kidney stones and other health issues. And diminished tubules are more vulnerable to high-energy cosmic rays. \u201cThere\u2019s an unholy alliance between microgravity and galactic radiation,\u201d says study lead author Keith Siew, a kidney physiologist at University College London.\n\nMicrogravity\u2019s effects may be reversible back on Earth. But radiation is \u201clike a bowling ball where you grab it and throw it\u201d at the body\u2019s cells, says Evagelia Laiakis, a radiotherapy researcher at Georgetown University. \u201cYou\u2019re going to damage DNA, proteins and organelles,\u201d possibly causing permanent injury. Outside Earth\u2019s protective atmosphere, a high-energy particle stream bombards and decommissions power-generating mitochondria while disrupting key protein-production processes. And tubular remodeling caused by microgravity may stiffen vital blood vessels, increasing their susceptibility to radiation-induced inflammation and tissue damage.\n\nSiew says these daunting results may even underestimate the risks of damage to astronauts\u2019 kidneys. More research is urgently needed into how to strengthen spacecraft shields meant to scatter incoming radiation, he adds.\n\n\u201cThis is a gateway study,\u201d says Matthew Bailey, a kidney physiologist at the University of Edinburgh. The results could help illuminate kidney disease mechanisms on Earth, and they could suggest more effective ways to protect organs from radiation\u2014allowing for expanded radiotherapy against cancer.\n\n\u201cWe are restless explorers; there\u2019s no question we\u2019re going [to Mars],\u201d Bailey adds. \u201cBut most people don\u2019t think of the needed health research to make it possible.\u201d","id":41,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'In searching for potential dangers humans would face on a long Mars mission, scientists are leaving no stone unturned\u2014including the ones that show up at weirdly high rates in astronauts\u2019 kidneys.\\n\\nHealthy kidneys filter blood to balance the body\u2019s water, salts and minerals, expelling waste as urine. When this process goes awry, painful kidney stones\u2014hard accumulations of salts and materials such as calcium\u2014can form in this essential organ. Researchers have theorized that astronauts are prone to kidney stones because bones degrade faster in microgravity, increasing calcium levels in the blood. But these stones\u2019 surprising frequency among space travelers even years after they return to Earth suggests other factors are involved.\\n\\nTo investigate, the authors of a recent study in Nature Communications explored how microgravity and galactic cosmic radiation affect kidney function\u2014particularly parts of the kidney called tubules, which help to maintain healthy salt and mineral levels. The team analyzed data from astronauts in space and from rodents both in space and on the ground: those in space experience the combined impact of microgravity and radiation forces, and ground-based experiments let the scientists isolate the effects of each.\\n\\nKidneys are exceptionally responsive and adaptable\u2014but these traits can work against them. When microgravity shifts the body\u2019s distribution of internal fluids, kidney tubules tend to shrink; this action hinders the organ\u2019s ability to properly filter calcium and salts, increasing the risk of kidney stones and other health issues. And diminished tubules are more vulnerable to high-energy cosmic rays. \u201cThere\u2019s an unholy alliance between microgravity and galactic radiation,\u201d says study lead author Keith Siew, a kidney physiologist at University College London.\\n\\nMicrogravity\u2019s effects may be reversible back on Earth. But radiation is \u201clike a bowling ball where you grab it and throw it\u201d at the body\u2019s cells, says Evagelia Laiakis, a radiotherapy researcher at Georgetown University. \u201cYou\u2019re going to damage DNA, proteins and organelles,\u201d possibly causing permanent injury. Outside Earth\u2019s protective atmosphere, a high-energy particle stream bombards and decommissions power-generating mitochondria while disrupting key protein-production processes. And tubular remodeling caused by microgravity may stiffen vital blood vessels, increasing their susceptibility to radiation-induced inflammation and tissue damage.\\n\\nSiew says these daunting results may even underestimate the risks of damage to astronauts\u2019 kidneys. More research is urgently needed into how to strengthen spacecraft shields meant to scatter incoming radiation, he adds.\\n\\n\u201cThis is a gateway study,\u201d says Matthew Bailey, a kidney physiologist at the University of Edinburgh. The results could help illuminate kidney disease mechanisms on Earth, and they could suggest more effective ways to protect organs from radiation\u2014allowing for expanded radiotherapy against cancer.\\n\\n\u201cWe are restless explorers; there\u2019s no question we\u2019re going [to Mars],\u201d Bailey adds. \u201cBut most people don\u2019t think of the needed health research to make it possible.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00013399124145507812, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'In searching for potential dangers humans would face on a long Mars mission, scientists are leaving no stone unturned\u2014including the ones that show up at weirdly high rates in astronauts\u2019 kidneys.\\n\\nHealthy kidneys filter blood to balance the body\u2019s water, salts and minerals, expelling waste as urine. When this process goes awry, painful kidney stones\u2014hard accumulations of salts and materials such as calcium\u2014can form in this essential organ. Researchers have theorized that astronauts are prone to kidney stones because bones degrade faster in microgravity, increasing calcium levels in the blood. But these stones\u2019 surprising frequency among space travelers even years after they return to Earth suggests other factors are involved.\\n\\nTo investigate, the authors of a recent study in Nature Communications explored how microgravity and galactic cosmic radiation affect kidney function\u2014particularly parts of the kidney called tubules, which help to maintain healthy salt and mineral levels. The team analyzed data from astronauts in space and from rodents both in space and on the ground: those in space experience the combined impact of microgravity and radiation forces, and ground-based experiments let the scientists isolate the effects of each.\\n\\nKidneys are exceptionally responsive and adaptable\u2014but these traits can work against them. When microgravity shifts the body\u2019s distribution of internal fluids, kidney tubules tend to shrink; this action hinders the organ\u2019s ability to properly filter calcium and salts, increasing the risk of kidney stones and other health issues. And diminished tubules are more vulnerable to high-energy cosmic rays. \u201cThere\u2019s an unholy alliance between microgravity and galactic radiation,\u201d says study lead author Keith Siew, a kidney physiologist at University College London.\\n\\nMicrogravity\u2019s effects may be reversible back on Earth. But radiation is \u201clike a bowling ball where you grab it and throw it\u201d at the body\u2019s cells, says Evagelia Laiakis, a radiotherapy researcher at Georgetown University. \u201cYou\u2019re going to damage DNA, proteins and organelles,\u201d possibly causing permanent injury. Outside Earth\u2019s protective atmosphere, a high-energy particle stream bombards and decommissions power-generating mitochondria while disrupting key protein-production processes. And tubular remodeling caused by microgravity may stiffen vital blood vessels, increasing their susceptibility to radiation-induced inflammation and tissue damage.\\n\\nSiew says these daunting results may even underestimate the risks of damage to astronauts\u2019 kidneys. More research is urgently needed into how to strengthen spacecraft shields meant to scatter incoming radiation, he adds.\\n\\n\u201cThis is a gateway study,\u201d says Matthew Bailey, a kidney physiologist at the University of Edinburgh. The results could help illuminate kidney disease mechanisms on Earth, and they could suggest more effective ways to protect organs from radiation\u2014allowing for expanded radiotherapy against cancer.\\n\\n\u201cWe are restless explorers; there\u2019s no question we\u2019re going [to Mars],\u201d Bailey adds. \u201cBut most people don\u2019t think of the needed health research to make it possible.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0001596212387084961, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '5320a12f-b95e-40e9-ba6d-3a6a3f40d925', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0009367801249027252, 'sentence': \"In searching for potential dangers humans would face on a long Mars mission, scientists are leaving no stone unturned\u1173including the ones that show up at weirdly high rates in astronauts' kidneys.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002092010108754039, 'sentence': \"Healthy kidneys filter blood to balance the body's water, salts and minerals, expelling waste as urine.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007086436380632222, 'sentence': 'When this process goes awry, painful kidney stones\u1173hard accumulations of salts and materials such as calcium\u1173can form in this essential organ.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007997569045983255, 'sentence': 'Researchers have theorized that astronauts are prone to kidney stones because bones degrade faster in microgravity, increasing calcium levels in the blood.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002120557939633727, 'sentence': \"But these stones' surprising frequency among space travelers even years after they return to Earth suggests other factors are involved.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010825798381119967, 'sentence': 'To investigate, the authors of a recent study in Nature Communications explored how microgravity and galactic cosmic radiation affect kidney function\u1173particularly parts of the kidney called tubules, which help to maintain healthy salt and mineral levels.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010939727071672678, 'sentence': 'The team analyzed data from astronauts in space and from rodents both in space and on the ground: those in space experience the combined impact of microgravity and radiation forces, and ground-based experiments let the scientists isolate the effects of each.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007395417778752744, 'sentence': 'Kidneys are exceptionally responsive and adaptable\u1173but these traits can work against them.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012272536987438798, 'sentence': \"When microgravity shifts the body's distribution of internal fluids, kidney tubules tend to shrink; this action hinders the organ's ability to properly filter calcium and salts, increasing the risk of kidney stones and other health issues.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006797366659156978, 'sentence': 'And diminished tubules are more vulnerable to high-energy cosmic rays.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.424406193313189e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cThere's an unholy alliance between microgravity and galactic radiation,\u201d says study lead author Keith Siew, a kidney physiologist at University College London.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.8881954019889235e-05, 'sentence': \"Microgravity's effects may be reversible back on Earth.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.971899291675072e-05, 'sentence': \"But radiation is \u201clike a bowling ball where you grab it and throw it\u201d at the body's cells, says Evagelia Laiakis, a radiotherapy researcher at Georgetown University.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.138886156899389e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cYou're going to damage DNA, proteins and organelles,\u201d possibly causing permanent injury.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.6845602405956015e-05, 'sentence': \"Outside Earth's protective atmosphere, a high-energy particle stream bombards and decommissions power-generating mitochondria while disrupting key protein-production processes.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.502747520338744e-05, 'sentence': 'And tubular remodeling caused by microgravity may stiffen vital blood vessels, increasing their susceptibility to radiation-induced inflammation and tissue damage.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.3615273676114157e-05, 'sentence': \"Siew says these daunting results may even underestimate the risks of damage to astronauts' kidneys.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.9341088773217052e-05, 'sentence': 'More research is urgently needed into how to strengthen spacecraft shields meant to scatter incoming radiation, he adds.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.5878475096542388e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cThis is a gateway study,\u201d says Matthew Bailey, a kidney physiologist at the University of Edinburgh.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.528574648546055e-05, 'sentence': 'The results could help illuminate kidney disease mechanisms on Earth, and they could suggest more effective ways to protect organs from radiation\u1173allowing for expanded radiotherapy against cancer.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.642473944230005e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe are restless explorers; there's no question we're going [to Mars],\u201d Bailey adds.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.041452535195276e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cBut most people don't think of the needed health research to make it possible.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 18, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 20, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.009782813243742878, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9902171867562571, 'ai': 0.009782813243742878, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9902171867562571, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.009782813243742878, 'human': 0.9902171867562571, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'In searching for potential dangers humans would face on a long Mars mission, scientists are leaving no stone unturned\u2014including the ones that show up at weirdly high rates in astronauts\u2019 kidneys.\\n\\nHealthy kidneys filter blood to balance the body\u2019s water, salts and minerals, expelling waste as urine. When this process goes awry, painful kidney stones\u2014hard accumulations of salts and materials such as calcium\u2014can form in this essential organ. Researchers have theorized that astronauts are prone to kidney stones because bones degrade faster in microgravity, increasing calcium levels in the blood. But these stones\u2019 surprising frequency among space travelers even years after they return to Earth suggests other factors are involved.\\n\\nTo investigate, the authors of a recent study in Nature Communications explored how microgravity and galactic cosmic radiation affect kidney function\u2014particularly parts of the kidney called tubules, which help to maintain healthy salt and mineral levels. The team analyzed data from astronauts in space and from rodents both in space and on the ground: those in space experience the combined impact of microgravity and radiation forces, and ground-based experiments let the scientists isolate the effects of each.\\n\\nKidneys are exceptionally responsive and adaptable\u2014but these traits can work against them. When microgravity shifts the body\u2019s distribution of internal fluids, kidney tubules tend to shrink; this action hinders the organ\u2019s ability to properly filter calcium and salts, increasing the risk of kidney stones and other health issues. And diminished tubules are more vulnerable to high-energy cosmic rays. \u201cThere\u2019s an unholy alliance between microgravity and galactic radiation,\u201d says study lead author Keith Siew, a kidney physiologist at University College London.\\n\\nMicrogravity\u2019s effects may be reversible back on Earth. But radiation is \u201clike a bowling ball where you grab it and throw it\u201d at the body\u2019s cells, says Evagelia Laiakis, a radiotherapy researcher at Georgetown University. \u201cYou\u2019re going to damage DNA, proteins and organelles,\u201d possibly causing permanent injury. Outside Earth\u2019s protective atmosphere, a high-energy particle stream bombards and decommissions power-generating mitochondria while disrupting key protein-production processes. And tubular remodeling caused by microgravity may stiffen vital blood vessels, increasing their susceptibility to radiation-induced inflammation and tissue damage.\\n\\nSiew says these daunting results may even underestimate the risks of damage to astronauts\u2019 kidneys. More research is urgently needed into how to strengthen spacecraft shields meant to scatter incoming radiation, he adds.\\n\\n\u201cThis is a gateway study,\u201d says Matthew Bailey, a kidney physiologist at the University of Edinburgh. The results could help illuminate kidney disease mechanisms on Earth, and they could suggest more effective ways to protect organs from radiation\u2014allowing for expanded radiotherapy against cancer.\\n\\n\u201cWe are restless explorers; there\u2019s no question we\u2019re going [to Mars],\u201d Bailey adds. \u201cBut most people don\u2019t think of the needed health research to make it possible.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3086475432,"RADAR":0.0067322562,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The introduction feels too smart and humorous to be machine-generated. A couple of the experts also have quite unique names, and none of them are referred to as Dr. X (bonus points for none of them being named Emily). The quotes have personality and they don't fit perfectly with the text, surrounding text has to be added to make them make sense. This feels like real quotes taken from people talking. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There are several grammatical errors that aren't usually made by AI such as starting several sentences with conjunctions and not italicizing the name of the journal. Also, the Oxford comma has sometimes been left out."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: No Oxford comma. Missing parenthetical commas. The sentence structure is slightly off and needs editing. Sentences that begin with 'and'. Issues with punctuation. Missing punctuation marks. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am highly confident this is human-written. Almost every sentence used throughout the article conveys some level of information, and paces that information well. The article uses long dashes, colons, semicolons, and even square brackets in quotes to separate and isolate information into different parts. Even parts of sentences, such as \"even years after they return,\" and \"let the scientists isolate the effects of each.\" could be condensed, but aren't because they aid in understanding. So, it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Use of formal academic register without becoming stodgy. Use of existential \u201cThere\u201d. Diversity of punctuation marks (dashes, colons, square brackets, semi-colons) that improve readability. Words (what are they called again: ordinal adjectives?) like the \"ones\", \"those\", of \"each\" used as nouns."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"21":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":22,"title":"Domestication Squished Dogs\u2019 Heads and Obscured Their Emotions","sub-title":"Pugs, Boston terriers, bulldogs and boxers\u2014dogs with less wolflike facial features are worse at conveying their feelings","author":"Lori Youmshajekian","source":"Scientific American","issue":"Sep-24","section":"Animals","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/dogs-visible-emotions-are-muddled-by-floppy-ears-and-short-squished-faces\/","article":"Centuries of breeding to make our canine companions suit human aesthetics have left them less able to communicate through facial expressions than their wolf ancestors were, new research shows.\n\nDogs with exaggerated physical traits, such as floppy ears and the short, squashed muzzles of pugs and Boston terriers, fared worst at expressing themselves with their faces alone, according to a study in Scientific Reports. Long fur and prominent flews (the loose upper lip seen in bulldogs and boxers) also obscured dogs\u2019 expressions. In general, the less wolflike a dog\u2019s facial features, the weaker its ability to express emotion, says study lead author Elana R. Hobkirk, a canine behavioral ecologist at Durham University in England.\n\nTo measure how well a canine face reveals the animal\u2019s emotions, Hobkirk logged the subtle facial movements of captive wolves and kenneled rescue dogs while they were interacting with one another or with humans and as they responded to various stimuli; a squeaking sound with no visible toy, for example, elicited curiosity. By looking at recordings of the canines\u2019 reactions, Hobkirk identified nine emotions (such as anxiety, curiosity, happiness and surprise) and then tested how well they could be detected based on only facial-movement data, excluding barks and body language.\n\nThe researchers found that facial movements revealed domestic dogs\u2019 emotions about two thirds of the time. Their model struggled, however, with breeds that look less like wolves, which accounted for nearly all of the incorrect predictions. (Wolves\u2019 expressions were accurately interpreted three quarters of the time.) Domestic dogs\u2019 features can prevent them from expressing cues with their ears and minimize their ability to bare their teeth. Fear was most often confused for other emotions, especially happiness\u2014a particular concern for people who are less familiar with dogs. If you misinterpret a dog\u2019s face when approaching it, \u201cyou could get bitten,\u201d Hobkirk says.\n\n\u201cWe don\u2019t yet have comprehensive knowledge about how dogs may use those expressions they produce differently than wolves,\u201d says canine researcher Annika Bremhorst of the University of Bern, who hopes to see further research on this topic. The study notes that dogs with impaired facial expression appear to compensate by using communication cues such as barking to convey emotion.","id":43,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Centuries of breeding to make our canine companions suit human aesthetics have left them less able to communicate through facial expressions than their wolf ancestors were, new research shows.\\n\\nDogs with exaggerated physical traits, such as floppy ears and the short, squashed muzzles of pugs and Boston terriers, fared worst at expressing themselves with their faces alone, according to a study in Scientific Reports. Long fur and prominent flews (the loose upper lip seen in bulldogs and boxers) also obscured dogs\u2019 expressions. In general, the less wolflike a dog\u2019s facial features, the weaker its ability to express emotion, says study lead author Elana R. Hobkirk, a canine behavioral ecologist at Durham University in England.\\n\\nTo measure how well a canine face reveals the animal\u2019s emotions, Hobkirk logged the subtle facial movements of captive wolves and kenneled rescue dogs while they were interacting with one another or with humans and as they responded to various stimuli; a squeaking sound with no visible toy, for example, elicited curiosity. By looking at recordings of the canines\u2019 reactions, Hobkirk identified nine emotions (such as anxiety, curiosity, happiness and surprise) and then tested how well they could be detected based on only facial-movement data, excluding barks and body language.\\n\\nThe researchers found that facial movements revealed domestic dogs\u2019 emotions about two thirds of the time. Their model struggled, however, with breeds that look less like wolves, which accounted for nearly all of the incorrect predictions. (Wolves\u2019 expressions were accurately interpreted three quarters of the time.) Domestic dogs\u2019 features can prevent them from expressing cues with their ears and minimize their ability to bare their teeth. Fear was most often confused for other emotions, especially happiness\u2014a particular concern for people who are less familiar with dogs. If you misinterpret a dog\u2019s face when approaching it, \u201cyou could get bitten,\u201d Hobkirk says.\\n\\n\u201cWe don\u2019t yet have comprehensive knowledge about how dogs may use those expressions they produce differently than wolves,\u201d says canine researcher Annika Bremhorst of the University of Bern, who hopes to see further research on this topic. The study notes that dogs with impaired facial expression appear to compensate by using communication cues such as barking to convey emotion.', 'ai_likelihood': 6.157159805297852e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Centuries of breeding to make our canine companions suit human aesthetics have left them less able to communicate through facial expressions than their wolf ancestors were, new research shows.\\n\\nDogs with exaggerated physical traits, such as floppy ears and the short, squashed muzzles of pugs and Boston terriers, fared worst at expressing themselves with their faces alone, according to a study in Scientific Reports. Long fur and prominent flews (the loose upper lip seen in bulldogs and boxers) also obscured dogs\u2019 expressions. In general, the less wolflike a dog\u2019s facial features, the weaker its ability to express emotion, says study lead author Elana R. Hobkirk, a canine behavioral ecologist at Durham University in England.\\n\\nTo measure how well a canine face reveals the animal\u2019s emotions, Hobkirk logged the subtle facial movements of captive wolves and kenneled rescue dogs while they were interacting with one another or with humans and as they responded to various stimuli; a squeaking sound with no visible toy, for example, elicited curiosity. By looking at recordings of the canines\u2019 reactions, Hobkirk identified nine emotions (such as anxiety, curiosity, happiness and surprise) and then tested how well they could be detected based on only facial-movement data, excluding barks and body language.\\n\\nThe researchers found that facial movements revealed domestic dogs\u2019 emotions about two thirds of the time. Their model struggled, however, with breeds that look less like wolves, which accounted for nearly all of the incorrect predictions. (Wolves\u2019 expressions were accurately interpreted three quarters of the time.) Domestic dogs\u2019 features can prevent them from expressing cues with their ears and minimize their ability to bare their teeth. Fear was most often confused for other emotions, especially happiness\u2014a particular concern for people who are less familiar with dogs. If you misinterpret a dog\u2019s face when approaching it, \u201cyou could get bitten,\u201d Hobkirk says.\\n\\n\u201cWe don\u2019t yet have comprehensive knowledge about how dogs may use those expressions they produce differently than wolves,\u201d says canine researcher Annika Bremhorst of the University of Bern, who hopes to see further research on this topic. The study notes that dogs with impaired facial expression appear to compensate by using communication cues such as barking to convey emotion.', 'ai_likelihood': 2.872943878173828e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '0f4b7a8f-db70-4474-bce0-ddbd6da553bb', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 2.4114673578878865e-05, 'sentence': 'Centuries of breeding to make our canine companions suit human aesthetics have left them less able to communicate through facial expressions than their wolf ancestors were, new research shows.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.1433870642795227e-05, 'sentence': 'Dogs with exaggerated physical traits, such as floppy ears and the short, squashed muzzles of pugs and Boston terriers, fared worst at expressing themselves with their faces alone, according to a study in Scientific Reports.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.9820068700937554e-05, 'sentence': \"Long fur and prominent flews (the loose upper lip seen in bulldogs and boxers) also obscured dogs' expressions.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.727905146253761e-05, 'sentence': \"In general, the less wolflike a dog's facial features, the weaker its ability to express emotion, says study lead author Elana R. Hobkirk, a canine behavioral ecologist at Durham University in England.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.624903416086454e-05, 'sentence': \"To measure how well a canine face reveals the animal's emotions, Hobkirk logged the subtle facial movements of captive wolves and kenneled rescue dogs while they were interacting with one another or with humans and as they responded to various stimuli; a squeaking sound with no visible toy, for example, elicited curiosity.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.006629222072660923, 'sentence': \"By looking at recordings of the canines' reactions, Hobkirk identified nine emotions (such as anxiety, curiosity, happiness and surprise) and then tested how well they could be detected based on only facial-movement data, excluding barks and body language.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.012895600870251656, 'sentence': \"The researchers found that facial movements revealed domestic dogs' emotions about two thirds of the time.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010097433812916279, 'sentence': 'Their model struggled, however, with breeds that look less like wolves, which accounted for nearly all of the incorrect predictions.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01566563919186592, 'sentence': \"(Wolves' expressions were accurately interpreted three quarters of the time.)\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01287921704351902, 'sentence': \"Domestic dogs' features can prevent them from expressing cues with their ears and minimize their ability to bare their teeth.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010727324523031712, 'sentence': 'Fear was most often confused for other emotions, especially happiness\u1173a particular concern for people who are less familiar with dogs.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007385587319731712, 'sentence': \"If you misinterpret a dog's face when approaching it, \u201cyou could get bitten,\u201d Hobkirk says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.009220430627465248, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe don't yet have comprehensive knowledge about how dogs may use those expressions they produce differently than wolves,\u201d says canine researcher Annika Bremhorst of the University of Bern, who hopes to see further research on this topic.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.023204905912280083, 'sentence': 'The study notes that dogs with impaired facial expression appear to compensate by using communication cues such as barking to convey emotion.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.474742012248794e-05}, {'start_sentence_index': 12, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.01666837706656291, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9832910861754778, 'ai': 0.01666837706656291, 'mixed': 4.0536757959336665e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9832910861754778, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.01666837706656291, 'human': 0.9832910861754778, 'mixed': 4.0536757959336665e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Centuries of breeding to make our canine companions suit human aesthetics have left them less able to communicate through facial expressions than their wolf ancestors were, new research shows.\\n\\nDogs with exaggerated physical traits, such as floppy ears and the short, squashed muzzles of pugs and Boston terriers, fared worst at expressing themselves with their faces alone, according to a study in Scientific Reports. Long fur and prominent flews (the loose upper lip seen in bulldogs and boxers) also obscured dogs\u2019 expressions. In general, the less wolflike a dog\u2019s facial features, the weaker its ability to express emotion, says study lead author Elana R. Hobkirk, a canine behavioral ecologist at Durham University in England.\\n\\nTo measure how well a canine face reveals the animal\u2019s emotions, Hobkirk logged the subtle facial movements of captive wolves and kenneled rescue dogs while they were interacting with one another or with humans and as they responded to various stimuli; a squeaking sound with no visible toy, for example, elicited curiosity. By looking at recordings of the canines\u2019 reactions, Hobkirk identified nine emotions (such as anxiety, curiosity, happiness and surprise) and then tested how well they could be detected based on only facial-movement data, excluding barks and body language.\\n\\nThe researchers found that facial movements revealed domestic dogs\u2019 emotions about two thirds of the time. Their model struggled, however, with breeds that look less like wolves, which accounted for nearly all of the incorrect predictions. (Wolves\u2019 expressions were accurately interpreted three quarters of the time.) Domestic dogs\u2019 features can prevent them from expressing cues with their ears and minimize their ability to bare their teeth. Fear was most often confused for other emotions, especially happiness\u2014a particular concern for people who are less familiar with dogs. If you misinterpret a dog\u2019s face when approaching it, \u201cyou could get bitten,\u201d Hobkirk says.\\n\\n\u201cWe don\u2019t yet have comprehensive knowledge about how dogs may use those expressions they produce differently than wolves,\u201d says canine researcher Annika Bremhorst of the University of Bern, who hopes to see further research on this topic. The study notes that dogs with impaired facial expression appear to compensate by using communication cues such as barking to convey emotion.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1416567564,"RADAR":0.0036991604,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article explains the methodology of the study very well, which leads me to believe that it's a real article written by a human. Specific details like the squeaking sound used to elicit curiosity and the number of emotions identified make it. The experts aren't referred to as Dr. X, their names seem quite unique, and their quotes seem realistic. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There is a wider vocabulary here than is usual for AI. The sentences are of varying lengths and styles."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Again, I could tell from the first sentence that this was written by a human. The phrasing and syntax is off. It's also missing punctuation in places. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I feel quite confident that this is human-written. The sentences are long, the words often used are repetitive, but it presents the information throughout it well, keeping the tone neutral and professional without adding any flowery language. Phrases such as \"the short, squashed muzzles of pugs and Boston terriers, fared worst at expressing themselves,\" and \"while they were interacting with one another or with humans\" are long-winded, but believable that someone wrote this themselves. While the sentences can be cut down, it would only impair how the reader absorbs that information. Alongside that, the use of parenthesis and long dashes help create that sense of legitimacy. Therefore, it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The text is a straightforward report on a verifiable study. The author paraphrases some of the researcher's findings without feeling it necessary to add a quote too. Use of brackets and dashes are typical of human-authored text."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"22":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":23,"title":"The Celtic Origins of Trick-or-Treating","sub-title":"The spine-tingling roots of a mischievous Halloween tradition","author":"Brandon Tensley","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":"September\/October 2024","section":"History","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/history\/celtic-origins-trick-treating-halloween-180984916\/","article":"Between themed TV specials, novelty candy flavors and the pageantry of the mass-produced costume, Halloween has become so thoroughly Americanized that we often forget the holiday grew from much more far-flung, and much more ancient, roots.\n\nCostumed trick-or-treating takes its inspiration from the Celtic holiday Samhain\u2014\u201csummer\u2019s end\u201d in Irish\u2014more than 2,000 years ago. Samhain marked New Year\u2019s Day and fell around November 1 in the modern calendar. On the eve of each new year, the Celts believed, the barrier between the living and the dead became porous, allowing a host of supernatural entities\u2014including fairies and demons\u2014to emerge and stalk the earth for one spine-chilling night. To pacify these spirits and ward off trouble, people would leave out offerings of food. As an extra precaution, they\u2019d disguise themselves as beasts or monsters to blend in with the otherworldly visitors.\n\nIn the seventh or eighth century, Samhain took on a second name: All Saints\u2019 Day, or, in Middle English, All-Hallows; the night before, when those demons walked the Earth, became known as All Hallows\u2019 Eve, or Halloween. (The change likely came when Pope Gregory III moved the church\u2019s celebration of saints from May 13 to November 1, to assimilate pagan influences as Christianity was working to win crucial converts.) \n\nBy the 16th century, \u201cguising\u201d was common in Scotland and Ireland on All Hallows\u2019 Eve: Children, disguised as ghouls, made the rounds, receiving treats to ward off malign spirits. In England, even poor adults would sometimes beg for biscuits; in return, they would send up a prayer for that person\u2019s lost loved ones. \n\nHalloween didn\u2019t properly reach the United States until the 1840s, with the mass arrival of immigrants from Ireland and Scotland. These newcomers brought their many traditions with them\u2014including begging for treats. But trick-or-treating\u2014a term that only started appearing in the 1920s\u2014really took off stateside after World War II, when sugar rationing ended. Burgeoning new suburbs provided accessible Halloween routes for families, and the rise of individually wrapped pieces of candy made it easy for adults to distribute treats to children\u2014and to help stave off the pranking that had become popular among ghoulish American youngsters starting in the 1920s. As one man put it in a letter to the editor in the 1940s, trick-or-treating \u201cis, obviously, a mild kind of blackmail in which\u2014whatever the motives\u2014the treats are always forthcoming.\u201d\n","id":45,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Between themed TV specials, novelty candy flavors and the pageantry of the mass-produced costume, Halloween has become so thoroughly Americanized that we often forget the holiday grew from much more far-flung, and much more ancient, roots.\\n\\nCostumed trick-or-treating takes its inspiration from the Celtic holiday Samhain\u2014\u201csummer\u2019s end\u201d in Irish\u2014more than 2,000 years ago. Samhain marked New Year\u2019s Day and fell around November 1 in the modern calendar. On the eve of each new year, the Celts believed, the barrier between the living and the dead became porous, allowing a host of supernatural entities\u2014including fairies and demons\u2014to emerge and stalk the earth for one spine-chilling night. To pacify these spirits and ward off trouble, people would leave out offerings of food. As an extra precaution, they\u2019d disguise themselves as beasts or monsters to blend in with the otherworldly visitors.\\n\\nIn the seventh or eighth century, Samhain took on a second name: All Saints\u2019 Day, or, in Middle English, All-Hallows; the night before, when those demons walked the Earth, became known as All Hallows\u2019 Eve, or Halloween. (The change likely came when Pope Gregory III moved the church\u2019s celebration of saints from May 13 to November 1, to assimilate pagan influences as Christianity was working to win crucial converts.) \\n\\nBy the 16th century, \u201cguising\u201d was common in Scotland and Ireland on All Hallows\u2019 Eve: Children, disguised as ghouls, made the rounds, receiving treats to ward off malign spirits. In England, even poor adults would sometimes beg for biscuits; in return, they would send up a prayer for that person\u2019s lost loved ones. \\n\\nHalloween didn\u2019t properly reach the United States until the 1840s, with the mass arrival of immigrants from Ireland and Scotland. These newcomers brought their many traditions with them\u2014including begging for treats. But trick-or-treating\u2014a term that only started appearing in the 1920s\u2014really took off stateside after World War II, when sugar rationing ended. Burgeoning new suburbs provided accessible Halloween routes for families, and the rise of individually wrapped pieces of candy made it easy for adults to distribute treats to children\u2014and to help stave off the pranking that had become popular among ghoulish American youngsters starting in the 1920s. As one man put it in a letter to the editor in the 1940s, trick-or-treating \u201cis, obviously, a mild kind of blackmail in which\u2014whatever the motives\u2014the treats are always forthcoming.\u201d\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.8656253814697266e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Between themed TV specials, novelty candy flavors and the pageantry of the mass-produced costume, Halloween has become so thoroughly Americanized that we often forget the holiday grew from much more far-flung, and much more ancient, roots.\\n\\nCostumed trick-or-treating takes its inspiration from the Celtic holiday Samhain\u2014\u201csummer\u2019s end\u201d in Irish\u2014more than 2,000 years ago. Samhain marked New Year\u2019s Day and fell around November 1 in the modern calendar. On the eve of each new year, the Celts believed, the barrier between the living and the dead became porous, allowing a host of supernatural entities\u2014including fairies and demons\u2014to emerge and stalk the earth for one spine-chilling night. To pacify these spirits and ward off trouble, people would leave out offerings of food. As an extra precaution, they\u2019d disguise themselves as beasts or monsters to blend in with the otherworldly visitors.\\n\\nIn the seventh or eighth century, Samhain took on a second name: All Saints\u2019 Day, or, in Middle English, All-Hallows; the night before, when those demons walked the Earth, became known as All Hallows\u2019 Eve, or Halloween. (The change likely came when Pope Gregory III moved the church\u2019s celebration of saints from May 13 to November 1, to assimilate pagan influences as Christianity was working to win crucial converts.) \\n\\nBy the 16th century, \u201cguising\u201d was common in Scotland and Ireland on All Hallows\u2019 Eve: Children, disguised as ghouls, made the rounds, receiving treats to ward off malign spirits. In England, even poor adults would sometimes beg for biscuits; in return, they would send up a prayer for that person\u2019s lost loved ones. \\n\\nHalloween didn\u2019t properly reach the United States until the 1840s, with the mass arrival of immigrants from Ireland and Scotland. These newcomers brought their many traditions with them\u2014including begging for treats. But trick-or-treating\u2014a term that only started appearing in the 1920s\u2014really took off stateside after World War II, when sugar rationing ended. Burgeoning new suburbs provided accessible Halloween routes for families, and the rise of individually wrapped pieces of candy made it easy for adults to distribute treats to children\u2014and to help stave off the pranking that had become popular among ghoulish American youngsters starting in the 1920s. As one man put it in a letter to the editor in the 1940s, trick-or-treating \u201cis, obviously, a mild kind of blackmail in which\u2014whatever the motives\u2014the treats are always forthcoming.\u201d\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1026859283447266e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'bbba742b-c687-4cc0-aa8a-4969d3d33a30', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0001754504191922024, 'sentence': 'Between themed TV specials, novelty candy flavors and the pageantry of the mass-produced costume, Halloween has become so thoroughly Americanized that we often forget the holiday grew from much more far-flung, and much more ancient, roots.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014611048391088843, 'sentence': \"Costumed trick-or-treating takes its inspiration from the Celtic holiday Samhain\u1173\u201csummer's end\u201d in Irish\u1173more than 2,000 years ago.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015444842574652284, 'sentence': \"Samhain marked New Year's Day and fell around November 1 in the modern calendar.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.228635462932289e-05, 'sentence': 'On the eve of each new year, the Celts believed, the barrier between the living and the dead became porous, allowing a host of supernatural entities\u1173including fairies and demons\u1173to emerge and stalk the earth for one spine-chilling night.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.246918489225209e-05, 'sentence': 'To pacify these spirits and ward off trouble, people would leave out offerings of food.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.453912207391113e-05, 'sentence': \"As an extra precaution, they'd disguise themselves as beasts or monsters to blend in with the otherworldly visitors.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011085411097155884, 'sentence': \"In the seventh or eighth century, Samhain took on a second name: All Saints' Day, or, in Middle English, All-Hallows; the night before, when those demons walked the Earth, became known as All Hallows' Eve, or Halloween.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013997856876812875, 'sentence': \"(The change likely came when Pope Gregory III moved the church's celebration of saints from May 13 to November 1, to assimilate pagan influences as Christianity was working to win crucial converts.)\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00035587328602559865, 'sentence': \"By the 16th century, \u201cguising\u201d was common in Scotland and Ireland on All Hallows' Eve: Children, disguised as ghouls, made the rounds, receiving treats to ward off malign spirits.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004587237199302763, 'sentence': \"In England, even poor adults would sometimes beg for biscuits; in return, they would send up a prayer for that person's lost loved ones.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003881750744767487, 'sentence': \"Halloween didn't properly reach the United States until the 1840s, with the mass arrival of immigrants from Ireland and Scotland.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00029057025676593184, 'sentence': 'These newcomers brought their many traditions with them\u1173including begging for treats.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001798965677153319, 'sentence': 'But trick-or-treating\u1173a term that only started appearing in the 1920s\u1173really took off stateside after World War II, when sugar rationing ended.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002600050938781351, 'sentence': 'Burgeoning new suburbs provided accessible Halloween routes for families, and the rise of individually wrapped pieces of candy made it easy for adults to distribute treats to children\u1173and to help stave off the pranking that had become popular among ghoulish American youngsters starting in the 1920s.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00020667840726673603, 'sentence': 'As one man put it in a letter to the editor in the 1940s, trick-or-treating \u201cis, obviously, a mild kind of blackmail in which\u1173whatever the motives\u1173the treats are always forthcoming.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.006576924694833349, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9934230753051666, 'ai': 0.006576924694833349, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9934230753051666, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.006576924694833349, 'human': 0.9934230753051666, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Between themed TV specials, novelty candy flavors and the pageantry of the mass-produced costume, Halloween has become so thoroughly Americanized that we often forget the holiday grew from much more far-flung, and much more ancient, roots.\\n\\nCostumed trick-or-treating takes its inspiration from the Celtic holiday Samhain\u2014\u201csummer\u2019s end\u201d in Irish\u2014more than 2,000 years ago. Samhain marked New Year\u2019s Day and fell around November 1 in the modern calendar. On the eve of each new year, the Celts believed, the barrier between the living and the dead became porous, allowing a host of supernatural entities\u2014including fairies and demons\u2014to emerge and stalk the earth for one spine-chilling night. To pacify these spirits and ward off trouble, people would leave out offerings of food. As an extra precaution, they\u2019d disguise themselves as beasts or monsters to blend in with the otherworldly visitors.\\n\\nIn the seventh or eighth century, Samhain took on a second name: All Saints\u2019 Day, or, in Middle English, All-Hallows; the night before, when those demons walked the Earth, became known as All Hallows\u2019 Eve, or Halloween. (The change likely came when Pope Gregory III moved the church\u2019s celebration of saints from May 13 to November 1, to assimilate pagan influences as Christianity was working to win crucial converts.) \\n\\nBy the 16th century, \u201cguising\u201d was common in Scotland and Ireland on All Hallows\u2019 Eve: Children, disguised as ghouls, made the rounds, receiving treats to ward off malign spirits. In England, even poor adults would sometimes beg for biscuits; in return, they would send up a prayer for that person\u2019s lost loved ones. \\n\\nHalloween didn\u2019t properly reach the United States until the 1840s, with the mass arrival of immigrants from Ireland and Scotland. These newcomers brought their many traditions with them\u2014including begging for treats. But trick-or-treating\u2014a term that only started appearing in the 1920s\u2014really took off stateside after World War II, when sugar rationing ended. Burgeoning new suburbs provided accessible Halloween routes for families, and the rise of individually wrapped pieces of candy made it easy for adults to distribute treats to children\u2014and to help stave off the pranking that had become popular among ghoulish American youngsters starting in the 1920s. As one man put it in a letter to the editor in the 1940s, trick-or-treating \u201cis, obviously, a mild kind of blackmail in which\u2014whatever the motives\u2014the treats are always forthcoming.\u201d\\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.528075397,"RADAR":0.004172408,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The writer's general attitude towards Halloween's trick or treating \"begging for treats\", \"even poor adults would sometimes beg\", and the quote of it being \"a mild kind of blackmail\" is much too cynical for AI. The article also feels too well-written for AI with phrases like \"to emerge and stalk the earth for one spine-chilling night\" being both too creepy and well-written to not be a real person. Christians changing festivals to win converts is an interesting fact, although one which some find offensive, which again points to the text being human-generated. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There's a richness of language in this text that makes me think it's human-generated. There is a variety of sentence types and lengths, with some sentences being almost too wordy and long. There are several descriptive and unusual words such as \"pageantry\", \"spine-chilling\", burgeoning\", \"stave off the pranking\", \"ghoulish\", and \"forthcoming\". However, there are one or two places that could be AI such as the em-dashes and the use of the word \"crucial\"."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I could tell from the first sentence that this was written by a human. It feels more colloquial than AI. AI doesn't normally use contractions ( for e.g.) and there are a few issues with syntax. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"AI models, in my opinion, struggles with word choice and flow, and in this article, I feel that it uses bright, vivid imagery to convey its information well. The sentences are more creative and impactful - for instance, the word \"Americanized\" is not something that I've seen AI generate, as it's an opinion-based word, and I feel that these kinds of words can come from a person that has the experience and foreknowledge to use that word effectively. It uses different sentence pauses (the dash) and parentheses to control the pacing of the information read. This article also avoids using complex verbs, letting the nouns, adjectives, and pronouns convey the information instead. It is creative with not only its imagery, but how the writer controls the tone and pace of the article itself. So, I highly believe this article is human-written.  "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The text is informative without being overwhelming or tedious. Judicious use of punctuation means that the length of the 3 sentences that make up par. 2 does not hamper comprehension. The writer may have used AI as a assistive tool but the text comes across as primarily human."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"23":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":24,"title":"Scientists Discover a New Species of Elusive Ghost Shark","sub-title":"Called the Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish, the cryptic species lives deep in the ocean off the coasts of New Zealand and Australia","author":"Sarah Kuta","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":"9\/25\/24","section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/scientists-discover-a-new-species-of-elusive-ghost-shark-180985145\/","article":"Meet the Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish, a mysterious creature with a skinny, whip-like tail and a thin snout lurking deep in the waters off New Zealand and Australia.\n\nScientists with New Zealand\u2019s National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research recently discovered the elusive fish, which lives on the ocean floor at depths of more than 1.5 miles. They initially thought it belonged to a known, globally distributed species, but later showed the animal was genetically and morphologically unique, according to a new paper published in the journal Environmental Biology of Fishes.\n\n\u201cWe are still describing new species on a regular basis, and sometimes these discoveries have been right under our noses the whole time,\u201d says Brit Finucci, the fisheries scientist who described the new species, to NBC News\u2019 Peter Guo.\n\nThe Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish is a type of chimaera, a group of deep sea-dwelling fish with skeletons made of cartilage. They are closely related to rays and sharks and have smooth, scale-free skin. Chimaeras use their beak-like teeth to munch on shrimp, mollusks and other crustaceans that live on the ocean floor. Their large pectoral fins help them \u201cfly\u201d through the water, which is why they\u2019re sometimes referred to as the \u201cocean\u2019s butterflies,\u201d per the Guardian\u2019s Eva Corlett.\n\nIn addition to \u201cspookfish,\u201d species of chimaera have several other nicknames, including ghost shark, elephant fish, rat fish and rabbit fish.\n\nChimaeras have been around for more than 400 million years, and the earliest known chimaera fossil is 280 million years old. But despite their long lineage, scientists know very little about them. This makes every new revelation \u201ceven more exciting,\u201d Finucci says in a statement.\n\nWhile brainstorming the new species\u2019 scientific name, Finucci thought about the chimaera\u2019s long history, as well as one of her favorite relatives. In the end, she named it Harriotta avia in honor of her grandmother.\n\n\u201cAvia means grandmother in Latin,\u201d she says in the statement. \u201cI wanted to give this nod to her, because she proudly supported me through my career as a scientist. Chimaeras are also rather ancient relatives\u2014the grandmas and grandpas\u2014of fish, and I thought the name was well suited.\u201d\n\nResearchers found the Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish while conducting surveys for Fishers New Zealand. They gathered specimens from the Chatham Rise, a region of the ocean floor east of New Zealand. In 2022, scientists surveying the same area discovered a rare baby ghost shark.\n\n\u201cIt just goes to show how little we know about our oceans, particularly the deep sea,\u201d Finucci tells NBC News.\n\nScientists have identified more than 50 known species of chimaera, most within the last two decades. But their deep-sea habitats are hard for researchers to access, which makes it challenging to study and monitor these elusive fish. Scientists don\u2019t know how many individual chimaeras are swimming around in the world\u2019s oceans, nor how long they live. They\u2019re also still trying to figure out what role they play in the ecosystem.\n\n\u201cGhost sharks are incredibly under-studied, there is a lot we don\u2019t know about them,\u201d Finucci tells the Guardian. \u201cChimaeras are quite cryptic in nature \u2026 and they generally don\u2019t get the same attention sharks do, when it comes to research.\u201d\n\nSome evidence suggests that certain chimaera species might disappear before researchers can unravel their many mysteries. In 2020, the Shark Specialist Group, an arm of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, determined that 16 percent of ghost shark species are either \u201cthreatened\u201d or \u201cnear threatened.\u201d They couldn\u2019t assess the extinction risk of 15 percent of species, because so little information about them is available.\n\n\u201cHow can we start to wrap our head around keeping them from going extinct if we don\u2019t know anything about them?\u201d Dominique Didier, an ichthyologist at Millersville University, told the New York Times\u2019 Annie Roth in 2020.\n","id":47,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Meet the Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish, a mysterious creature with a skinny, whip-like tail and a thin snout lurking deep in the waters off New Zealand and Australia.\\n\\nScientists with New Zealand\u2019s National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research recently discovered the elusive fish, which lives on the ocean floor at depths of more than 1.5 miles. They initially thought it belonged to a known, globally distributed species, but later showed the animal was genetically and morphologically unique, according to a new paper published in the journal Environmental Biology of Fishes.\\n\\n\u201cWe are still describing new species on a regular basis, and sometimes these discoveries have been right under our noses the whole time,\u201d says Brit Finucci, the fisheries scientist who described the new species, to NBC News\u2019 Peter Guo.\\n\\nThe Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish is a type of chimaera, a group of deep sea-dwelling fish with skeletons made of cartilage. They are closely related to rays and sharks and have smooth, scale-free skin. Chimaeras use their beak-like teeth to munch on shrimp, mollusks and other crustaceans that live on the ocean floor. Their large pectoral fins help them \u201cfly\u201d through the water, which is why they\u2019re sometimes referred to as the \u201cocean\u2019s butterflies,\u201d per the Guardian\u2019s Eva Corlett.\\n\\nIn addition to \u201cspookfish,\u201d species of chimaera have several other nicknames, including ghost shark, elephant fish, rat fish and rabbit fish.\\n\\nChimaeras have been around for more than 400 million years, and the earliest known chimaera fossil is 280 million years old. But despite their long lineage, scientists know very little about them. This makes every new revelation \u201ceven more exciting,\u201d Finucci says in a statement.\\n\\nWhile brainstorming the new species\u2019 scientific name, Finucci thought about the chimaera\u2019s long history, as well as one of her favorite relatives. In the end, she named it Harriotta avia in honor of her grandmother.\\n\\n\u201cAvia means grandmother in Latin,\u201d she says in the statement. \u201cI wanted to give this nod to her, because she proudly supported me through my career as a scientist. Chimaeras are also rather ancient relatives\u2014the grandmas and grandpas\u2014of fish, and I thought the name was well suited.\u201d\\n\\nResearchers found the Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish while conducting surveys for Fishers New Zealand. They gathered specimens from the Chatham Rise, a region of the ocean floor east of New Zealand. In 2022, scientists surveying the same area discovered a rare baby ghost shark.\\n\\n\u201cIt just goes to show how little we know about our oceans, particularly the deep sea,\u201d Finucci tells NBC News.\\n\\nScientists have identified more than 50 known species of chimaera, most within the last two decades. But their deep-sea habitats are hard for researchers to access, which makes it challenging to study and monitor these elusive fish. Scientists don\u2019t know how many individual chimaeras are swimming around in the world\u2019s oceans, nor how long they live. They\u2019re also still trying to figure out what role they play in the ecosystem.\\n\\n\u201cGhost sharks are incredibly under-studied, there is a lot we don\u2019t know about them,\u201d Finucci tells the Guardian. \u201cChimaeras are quite cryptic in nature \u2026 and they generally don\u2019t get the same attention sharks do, when it comes to research.\u201d\\n\\nSome evidence suggests that certain chimaera species might disappear before researchers can unravel their many mysteries. In 2020, the Shark Specialist Group, an arm of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, determined that 16 percent of ghost shark species are either \u201cthreatened\u201d or \u201cnear threatened.\u201d They couldn\u2019t assess the extinction risk of 15 percent of species, because so little information about them is available.\\n\\n\u201cHow can we start to wrap our head around keeping them from going extinct if we don\u2019t know anything about them?\u201d Dominique Didier, an ichthyologist at Millersville University, told the New York Times\u2019 Annie Roth in 2020.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 6.598234176635742e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Meet the Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish, a mysterious creature with a skinny, whip-like tail and a thin snout lurking deep in the waters off New Zealand and Australia.\\n\\nScientists with New Zealand\u2019s National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research recently discovered the elusive fish, which lives on the ocean floor at depths of more than 1.5 miles. They initially thought it belonged to a known, globally distributed species, but later showed the animal was genetically and morphologically unique, according to a new paper published in the journal Environmental Biology of Fishes.\\n\\n\u201cWe are still describing new species on a regular basis, and sometimes these discoveries have been right under our noses the whole time,\u201d says Brit Finucci, the fisheries scientist who described the new species, to NBC News\u2019 Peter Guo.\\n\\nThe Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish is a type of chimaera, a group of deep sea-dwelling fish with skeletons made of cartilage. They are closely related to rays and sharks and have smooth, scale-free skin. Chimaeras use their beak-like teeth to munch on shrimp, mollusks and other crustaceans that live on the ocean floor. Their large pectoral fins help them \u201cfly\u201d through the water, which is why they\u2019re sometimes referred to as the \u201cocean\u2019s butterflies,\u201d per the Guardian\u2019s Eva Corlett.\\n\\nIn addition to \u201cspookfish,\u201d species of chimaera have several other nicknames, including ghost shark, elephant fish, rat fish and rabbit fish.\\n\\nChimaeras have been around for more than 400 million years, and the earliest known chimaera fossil is 280 million years old. But despite their long lineage, scientists know very little about them. This makes every new revelation \u201ceven more exciting,\u201d Finucci says in a statement.\\n\\nWhile brainstorming the new species\u2019 scientific name, Finucci thought about the chimaera\u2019s long history, as well as one of her favorite relatives. In the end, she named it Harriotta avia in honor of her grandmother.\\n\\n\u201cAvia means grandmother in Latin,\u201d she says in the statement. \u201cI wanted to give this nod to her, because she proudly supported me through my career as a scientist. Chimaeras are also rather ancient relatives\u2014the grandmas and grandpas\u2014of fish, and I thought the name was well suited.\u201d\\n\\nResearchers found the Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish while conducting surveys for Fishers New Zealand. They gathered specimens from the Chatham Rise, a region of the ocean floor east of New Zealand. In 2022, scientists surveying the same area discovered a rare baby ghost shark.\\n\\n\u201cIt just goes to show how little we know about our oceans, particularly the deep sea,\u201d Finucci tells NBC News.\\n\\nScientists have identified more than 50 known species of chimaera, most within the last two decades. But their deep-sea habitats are hard for researchers to access, which makes it challenging to study and monitor these elusive fish. Scientists don\u2019t know how many individual chimaeras are swimming around in the world\u2019s oceans, nor how long they live. They\u2019re also still trying to figure out what role they play in the ecosystem.\\n\\n\u201cGhost sharks are incredibly under-studied, there is a lot we don\u2019t know about them,\u201d Finucci tells the Guardian. \u201cChimaeras are quite cryptic in nature \u2026 and they generally don\u2019t get the same attention sharks do, when it comes to research.\u201d\\n\\nSome evidence suggests that certain chimaera species might disappear before researchers can unravel their many mysteries. In 2020, the Shark Specialist Group, an arm of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, determined that 16 percent of ghost shark species are either \u201cthreatened\u201d or \u201cnear threatened.\u201d They couldn\u2019t assess the extinction risk of 15 percent of species, because so little information about them is available.\\n\\n\u201cHow can we start to wrap our head around keeping them from going extinct if we don\u2019t know anything about them?\u201d Dominique Didier, an ichthyologist at Millersville University, told the New York Times\u2019 Annie Roth in 2020.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 6.133317947387695e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '2d30148b-cba4-467d-8b2d-acc2356b34c4', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 7.30633910279721e-05, 'sentence': 'Meet the Australasian 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'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9947760116103915, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.005223988389608424, 'human': 0.9947760116103915, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Meet the Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish, a mysterious creature with a skinny, whip-like tail and a thin snout lurking deep in the waters off New Zealand and Australia.\\n\\nScientists with New Zealand\u2019s National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research recently discovered the elusive fish, which lives on the ocean floor at depths of more than 1.5 miles. They initially thought it belonged to a known, globally distributed species, but later showed the animal was genetically and morphologically unique, according to a new paper published in the journal Environmental Biology of Fishes.\\n\\n\u201cWe are still describing new species on a regular basis, and sometimes these discoveries have been right under our noses the whole time,\u201d says Brit Finucci, the fisheries scientist who described the new species, to NBC News\u2019 Peter Guo.\\n\\nThe Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish is a type of chimaera, a group of deep sea-dwelling fish with skeletons made of cartilage. They are closely related to rays and sharks and have smooth, scale-free skin. Chimaeras use their beak-like teeth to munch on shrimp, mollusks and other crustaceans that live on the ocean floor. Their large pectoral fins help them \u201cfly\u201d through the water, which is why they\u2019re sometimes referred to as the \u201cocean\u2019s butterflies,\u201d per the Guardian\u2019s Eva Corlett.\\n\\nIn addition to \u201cspookfish,\u201d species of chimaera have several other nicknames, including ghost shark, elephant fish, rat fish and rabbit fish.\\n\\nChimaeras have been around for more than 400 million years, and the earliest known chimaera fossil is 280 million years old. But despite their long lineage, scientists know very little about them. This makes every new revelation \u201ceven more exciting,\u201d Finucci says in a statement.\\n\\nWhile brainstorming the new species\u2019 scientific name, Finucci thought about the chimaera\u2019s long history, as well as one of her favorite relatives. In the end, she named it Harriotta avia in honor of her grandmother.\\n\\n\u201cAvia means grandmother in Latin,\u201d she says in the statement. \u201cI wanted to give this nod to her, because she proudly supported me through my career as a scientist. Chimaeras are also rather ancient relatives\u2014the grandmas and grandpas\u2014of fish, and I thought the name was well suited.\u201d\\n\\nResearchers found the Australasian narrow-nosed spookfish while conducting surveys for Fishers New Zealand. They gathered specimens from the Chatham Rise, a region of the ocean floor east of New Zealand. In 2022, scientists surveying the same area discovered a rare baby ghost shark.\\n\\n\u201cIt just goes to show how little we know about our oceans, particularly the deep sea,\u201d Finucci tells NBC News.\\n\\nScientists have identified more than 50 known species of chimaera, most within the last two decades. But their deep-sea habitats are hard for researchers to access, which makes it challenging to study and monitor these elusive fish. Scientists don\u2019t know how many individual chimaeras are swimming around in the world\u2019s oceans, nor how long they live. They\u2019re also still trying to figure out what role they play in the ecosystem.\\n\\n\u201cGhost sharks are incredibly under-studied, there is a lot we don\u2019t know about them,\u201d Finucci tells the Guardian. \u201cChimaeras are quite cryptic in nature \u2026 and they generally don\u2019t get the same attention sharks do, when it comes to research.\u201d\\n\\nSome evidence suggests that certain chimaera species might disappear before researchers can unravel their many mysteries. In 2020, the Shark Specialist Group, an arm of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, determined that 16 percent of ghost shark species are either \u201cthreatened\u201d or \u201cnear threatened.\u201d They couldn\u2019t assess the extinction risk of 15 percent of species, because so little information about them is available.\\n\\n\u201cHow can we start to wrap our head around keeping them from going extinct if we don\u2019t know anything about them?\u201d Dominique Didier, an ichthyologist at Millersville University, told the New York Times\u2019 Annie Roth in 2020.\\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2010994852,"RADAR":0.0705760196,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article has various experts who it could call Dr. but doesn't, which points towards it being human-generated. This is supported by the quotes having personality and a different style to the rest of the text. The quote with ellipsis is also much more like real human text and the spacing isn't consistent with AI formatting. I also failed to find any generic AI words or phrases in the text. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual AI-repeated words or phrases. There are quite a few errors that I think AI would have detected, For instance, mistakes in tense: tells instead of told. Also, Harriotta avia should be italicized but it's not."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: Syntax (highlighted). Rather than say things like 'Finucci says in a statement', AI would say 'Finucci states'. No Oxford comma. Well-suited should have a hyphen. The text feels cut off at the end; it doesn't have the classic textbook conclusion. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"To me, while I am not as confident as I usually am with marketing\/sales blog content, I believe this was AI-generated, but human-edited. The article's sentence structure is uniform, stringing concepts together only by commas. While there is a lack of flowery, poetic conclusion sentences in the article, it is the way that the article structures the information given, with sentences such as \"Chimaeras have been around for more than 400 million years, and the earliest known chimaera fossil is 280 million years old.\" and \"While brainstorming the new species\u2019 scientific name, Finucci thought about the chimaera\u2019s long history, as well as one of her favorite relatives.\" that gives me this impression. It a tell, not show article. and from what I've learned in my writing career, good writing comes from showing how and why this information is relevant. So, it's AI-generated. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The text conveys quite a bit of information without resorting to the \"chunking\" AI has probably been trained to produce when it has to write anything remotely scientific. Introductory sentence uses an effective rhetorical device to pique interest. Final paragraph has irrelevant information that detracts from the intended effect. Good narrative flow."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"24":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":25,"title":"How Dungeons & Dragons Sparked a Revolution in How We Play Just About Everything","sub-title":"Created more than 50 years ago, the game has captured the imaginations of generations of Americans, and not just the nerdy ones","author":"David M. Perry","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":"July\/August 2024","section":"Arts & Culture","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/arts-culture\/how-dungeons-dragons-sparked-revolution-how-we-play-everything-180984498\/","article":"In February 1973, Dave Arneson, a history major at the University of Minnesota and part-time security guard, drove with a friend from the Twin Cities to the resort town of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. They were on a quest to meet Gary Gygax, an insurance underwriter. What brought the three together was a deep devotion to playing strategic tabletop war games. Gygax had co-written a medieval fantasy game inspired by The Lord of the Rings, full of elves and orcs. Together, the trio embarked on a novel approach: Instead of pitting player against player, Arneson suggested having all characters fight their way together through a mystical realm\u2014sometimes as friends, sometimes as foes\u2014under the watchful eye of what Arneson envisioned as a \u201csadistic referee.\u201d Gone was author J.R.R. Tolkien\u2019s Shire. In its place? The Dungeon.\n\nThat cold visit in Wisconsin convinced Arneson and Gygax that this nascent game was worth pursuing, so the two quickly established the basic rules for what they decided to call Dungeons & Dragons. The following year, Gygax\u2019s new gaming company, Tactical Studies Rules (later TSR), published the first publicly available rules for D&D, explained in three slim booklets: one on how to make a character, another on monsters and treasure, and a final one of scenarios for adventures. The illustrations were amateurish; the print quality low; the concepts mere sketches of ideas about how to create characters and goals. But over the past 50 years, those first booklets revolutionized tabletop games\u2014and established the imaginative basis for the video games that were about to consume a huge chunk of the entertainment industry. As Dan Rawson, senior vice president of Wizards of the Coast, the company that makes the game today, says: \u201cThe nerds emerged from the basement.\u201d\n\nThe early game was a mess, requiring players to improvise constantly. What really helped develop it was a national network of gamers who collaborated at conventions and communicated via self-published magazines. This network was primed to analyze any new tabletop game, figure out what did and didn\u2019t work\u2014and then spread the word.\n\nCompared with war games of the era\u2014which tended to model real-world military conflicts with lots of tokens or pieces, so you could play out a Civil War battle with Gettysburg, for example\u2014D&D offered something immersive and even serene, enchanting gamers in college dorms around the country by allowing groups of players to tour an imaginary space in collective wonder. When a character did come upon a battle, they could level up indefinitely, growing in power session after session, even year after year, attaining higher ranks with more experience points as they moved through the game. D&D thus offers a sort of comforting feedback loop, where improving in the game feels good, so you want to keep gaming, so you can keep improving\u2014and the story never has to end. Both experience points and collective exploration were new. People loved it.\n\nWithin its first decade, D&D sales soared to more than $16 million a year. But its success also provoked a bitter legal fight between Gygax and Arneson over royalties and credit. During the 1980s, some Parent Teacher Associations and school administrators began to denounce the game, full of occult lore, as un-Christian and even devilish, and many schools banned D&D amid periodic paranoias now known as the \u201cSatanic Panic.\u201d When I was a Boy Scout in Nashville in that era, my Baptist scoutmaster told me I had to choose between playing D&D, which he equated to demon worship, and \u201cleveling up\u201d as a Boy Scout. I never became an Eagle Scout.\n\nToday, leveling up is everywhere. It has become the norm among the games for which consumers spend hundreds of billions of dollars every year\u2014not to mention a key strategy by game-makers to keep players glued to the screen in hopes of everlasting advancement. But D&D\u2019s legacy goes far beyond tabletop or video games to include the \u201cgamification\u201d that you encounter every time you gain a new badge or rank with a credit card or hotel loyalty program. As D&D marks its 50th anniversary this year, and amid massive ongoing enthusiasm for fantasy realms, the newest versions of the game have become wildly popular: Between the recent Dungeons & Dragons movie, video games and the tabletop original, the franchise, now owned by Hasbro, claims 54 million fans worldwide. And the game itself is more accessible than ever\u2014not least because of YouTube, where you can watch people playing D&D and learn new gambits.\n\nIt turns out that what Gygax and Arneson and all their first-generation wizards and clerics created was a vehicle for human imagination\u2014the power to create and inhabit fantasy worlds where the delights and marvels have not dimmed after half a century. In other words, we\u2019re all nerds now, no basement required.\n","id":49,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'In February 1973, Dave Arneson, a history major at the University of Minnesota and part-time security guard, drove with a friend from the Twin Cities to the resort town of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. They were on a quest to meet Gary Gygax, an insurance underwriter. What brought the three together was a deep devotion to playing strategic tabletop war games. Gygax had co-written a medieval fantasy game inspired by The Lord of the Rings, full of elves and orcs. Together, the trio embarked on a novel approach: Instead of pitting player against player, Arneson suggested having all characters fight their way together through a mystical realm\u2014sometimes as friends, sometimes as foes\u2014under the watchful eye of what Arneson envisioned as a \u201csadistic referee.\u201d Gone was author J.R.R. Tolkien\u2019s Shire. In its place? The Dungeon.\\n\\nThat cold visit in Wisconsin convinced Arneson and Gygax that this nascent game was worth pursuing, so the two quickly established the basic rules for what they decided to call Dungeons & Dragons. The following year, Gygax\u2019s new gaming company, Tactical Studies Rules (later TSR), published the first publicly available rules for D&D, explained in three slim booklets: one on how to make a character, another on monsters and treasure, and a final one of scenarios for adventures. The illustrations were amateurish; the print quality low; the concepts mere sketches of ideas about how to create characters and goals. But over the past 50 years, those first booklets revolutionized tabletop games\u2014and established the imaginative basis for the video games that were about to consume a huge chunk of the entertainment industry. As Dan Rawson, senior vice president of Wizards of the Coast, the company that makes the game today, says: \u201cThe nerds emerged from the basement.\u201d\\n\\nThe early game was a mess, requiring players to improvise constantly. What really helped develop it was a national network of gamers who collaborated at conventions and communicated via self-published magazines. This network was primed to analyze any new tabletop game, figure out what did and didn\u2019t work\u2014and then spread the word.\\n\\nCompared with war games of the era\u2014which tended to model real-world military conflicts with lots of tokens or pieces, so you could play out a Civil War battle with Gettysburg, for example\u2014D&D offered something immersive and even serene, enchanting gamers in college dorms around the country by allowing groups of players to tour an imaginary space in collective wonder. When a character did come upon a battle, they could level up indefinitely, growing in power session after session, even year after year, attaining higher ranks with more experience points as they moved through the game. D&D thus offers a sort of comforting feedback loop, where improving in the game feels good, so you want to keep gaming, so you can keep improving\u2014and the story never has to end. Both experience points and collective exploration were new. People loved it.\\n\\nWithin its first decade, D&D sales soared to more than $16 million a year. But its success also provoked a bitter legal fight between Gygax and Arneson over royalties and credit. During the 1980s, some Parent Teacher Associations and school administrators began to denounce the game, full of occult lore, as un-Christian and even devilish, and many schools banned D&D amid periodic paranoias now known as the \u201cSatanic Panic.\u201d When I was a Boy Scout in Nashville in that era, my Baptist scoutmaster told me I had to choose between playing D&D, which he equated to demon worship, and \u201cleveling up\u201d as a Boy Scout. I never became an Eagle Scout.\\n\\nToday, leveling up is everywhere. It has become the norm among the games for which consumers spend hundreds of billions of dollars every year\u2014not to mention a key strategy by game-makers to keep players glued to the screen in hopes of everlasting advancement. But D&D\u2019s legacy goes far beyond tabletop or video games to include the \u201cgamification\u201d that you encounter every time you gain a new badge or rank with a credit card or hotel loyalty program. As D&D marks its 50th anniversary this year, and amid massive ongoing enthusiasm for fantasy realms, the newest versions of the game have become wildly popular: Between the recent Dungeons & Dragons movie, video games and the tabletop original, the franchise, now owned by Hasbro, claims 54 million fans worldwide. And the game itself is more accessible than ever\u2014not least because of YouTube, where you can watch people playing D&D and learn new gambits.\\n\\nIt turns out that what Gygax and Arneson and all their first-generation wizards and clerics created was a vehicle for human imagination\u2014the power to create and inhabit fantasy worlds where the delights and marvels have not dimmed after half a century. In other words, we\u2019re all nerds now, no basement required.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.430511474609375e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'In February 1973, Dave Arneson, a history major at the University of Minnesota and part-time security guard, drove with a friend from the Twin Cities to the resort town of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. They were on a quest to meet Gary Gygax, an insurance underwriter. What brought the three together was a deep devotion to playing strategic tabletop war games. Gygax had co-written a medieval fantasy game inspired by The Lord of the Rings, full of elves and orcs. Together, the trio embarked on a novel approach: Instead of pitting player against player, Arneson suggested having all characters fight their way together through a mystical realm\u2014sometimes as friends, sometimes as foes\u2014under the watchful eye of what Arneson envisioned as a \u201csadistic referee.\u201d Gone was author J.R.R. Tolkien\u2019s Shire. In its place? The Dungeon.\\n\\nThat cold visit in Wisconsin convinced Arneson and Gygax that this nascent game was worth pursuing, so the two quickly established the basic rules for what they decided to call Dungeons & Dragons. The following year, Gygax\u2019s new gaming company, Tactical Studies Rules (later TSR), published the first publicly available rules for D&D, explained in three slim booklets: one on how to make a character, another on monsters and treasure, and a final one of scenarios for adventures. The illustrations were amateurish; the print quality low; the concepts mere sketches of ideas about how to create characters and goals. But over the past 50 years, those first booklets revolutionized tabletop games\u2014and established the imaginative basis for the video games that were about to consume a huge chunk of the entertainment industry. As Dan Rawson, senior vice president of Wizards of the Coast, the company that makes the game today, says: \u201cThe nerds emerged from the basement.\u201d\\n\\nThe early game was a mess, requiring players to improvise constantly. What really helped develop it was a national network of gamers who collaborated at conventions and communicated via self-published magazines. This network was primed to analyze any new tabletop game, figure out what did and didn\u2019t work\u2014and then spread the word.\\n\\nCompared with war games of the era\u2014which tended to model real-world military conflicts with lots of tokens or pieces, so you could play out a Civil War battle with Gettysburg, for example\u2014D&D offered something immersive and even serene, enchanting gamers in college dorms around the country by allowing groups of players to tour an imaginary space in collective wonder. When a character did come upon a battle, they could level up indefinitely, growing in power session after session, even year after year, attaining higher ranks with more experience points as they moved through the game. D&D thus offers a sort of comforting feedback loop, where improving in the game feels good, so you want to keep gaming, so you can keep improving\u2014and the story never has to end. Both experience points and collective exploration were new. People loved it.\\n\\nWithin its first decade, D&D sales soared to more than $16 million a year. But its success also provoked a bitter legal fight between Gygax and Arneson over royalties and credit. During the 1980s, some Parent Teacher Associations and school administrators began to denounce the game, full of occult lore, as un-Christian and even devilish, and many schools banned D&D amid periodic paranoias now known as the \u201cSatanic Panic.\u201d When I was a Boy Scout in Nashville in that era, my Baptist scoutmaster told me I had to choose between playing D&D, which he equated to demon worship, and \u201cleveling up\u201d as a Boy Scout. I never became an Eagle Scout.\\n\\nToday, leveling up is everywhere. It has become the norm among the games for which consumers spend hundreds of billions of dollars every year\u2014not to mention a key strategy by game-makers to keep players glued to the screen in hopes of everlasting advancement. But D&D\u2019s legacy goes far beyond tabletop or video games to include the \u201cgamification\u201d that you encounter every time you gain a new badge or rank with a credit card or hotel loyalty program. As D&D marks its 50th anniversary this year, and amid massive ongoing enthusiasm for fantasy realms, the newest versions of the game have become wildly popular: Between the recent Dungeons & Dragons movie, video games and the tabletop original, the franchise, now owned by Hasbro, claims 54 million fans worldwide. And the game itself is more accessible than ever\u2014not least because of YouTube, where you can watch people playing D&D and learn new gambits.\\n\\nIt turns out that what Gygax and Arneson and all their first-generation wizards and clerics created was a vehicle for human imagination\u2014the power to create and inhabit fantasy worlds where the delights and marvels have not dimmed after half a century. In other words, we\u2019re all nerds now, no basement required.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0001163482666015625, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'db712273-dbb4-490b-861a-25b1af149eb0', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 7.73175634094514e-05, 'sentence': 'In February 1973, Dave Arneson, a history major at the University of Minnesota and part-time security guard, drove with a friend from the Twin Cities to the resort town of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.779978139093146e-05, 'sentence': 'They were on a quest to meet Gary Gygax, an insurance underwriter.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.667502697790042e-05, 'sentence': 'What brought the three together was a deep devotion to playing 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False}, {'generated_prob': 3.8625010347459465e-05, 'sentence': 'The Dungeon.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.65897646790836e-05, 'sentence': 'That cold visit in Wisconsin convinced Arneson and Gygax that this nascent game was worth pursuing, so the two quickly established the basic rules for what they decided to call Dungeons & Dragons.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.8400001105619594e-05, 'sentence': \"The following year, Gygax's new gaming company, Tactical Studies Rules (later TSR), published the first publicly available rules for D&D, explained in three slim booklets: one on how to make a character, another on monsters and treasure, and a final one of scenarios for adventures.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.163242167327553e-05, 'sentence': 'The illustrations were amateurish; the print quality low; the concepts mere sketches of ideas about how to 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'completely_generated_prob': 3.002405151306975e-07}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 21, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 25, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 30, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.006754980621615862, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9932450193783842, 'ai': 0.006754980621615862, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9932450193783842, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.006754980621615862, 'human': 0.9932450193783842, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'In February 1973, Dave Arneson, a history major at the University of Minnesota and part-time security guard, drove with a friend from the Twin Cities to the resort town of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. They were on a quest to meet Gary Gygax, an insurance underwriter. What brought the three together was a deep devotion to playing strategic tabletop war games. Gygax had co-written a medieval fantasy game inspired by The Lord of the Rings, full of elves and orcs. Together, the trio embarked on a novel approach: Instead of pitting player against player, Arneson suggested having all characters fight their way together through a mystical realm\u2014sometimes as friends, sometimes as foes\u2014under the watchful eye of what Arneson envisioned as a \u201csadistic referee.\u201d Gone was author J.R.R. Tolkien\u2019s Shire. In its place? The Dungeon.\\n\\nThat cold visit in Wisconsin convinced Arneson and Gygax that this nascent game was worth pursuing, so the two quickly established the basic rules for what they decided to call Dungeons & Dragons. The following year, Gygax\u2019s new gaming company, Tactical Studies Rules (later TSR), published the first publicly available rules for D&D, explained in three slim booklets: one on how to make a character, another on monsters and treasure, and a final one of scenarios for adventures. The illustrations were amateurish; the print quality low; the concepts mere sketches of ideas about how to create characters and goals. But over the past 50 years, those first booklets revolutionized tabletop games\u2014and established the imaginative basis for the video games that were about to consume a huge chunk of the entertainment industry. As Dan Rawson, senior vice president of Wizards of the Coast, the company that makes the game today, says: \u201cThe nerds emerged from the basement.\u201d\\n\\nThe early game was a mess, requiring players to improvise constantly. What really helped develop it was a national network of gamers who collaborated at conventions and communicated via self-published magazines. This network was primed to analyze any new tabletop game, figure out what did and didn\u2019t work\u2014and then spread the word.\\n\\nCompared with war games of the era\u2014which tended to model real-world military conflicts with lots of tokens or pieces, so you could play out a Civil War battle with Gettysburg, for example\u2014D&D offered something immersive and even serene, enchanting gamers in college dorms around the country by allowing groups of players to tour an imaginary space in collective wonder. When a character did come upon a battle, they could level up indefinitely, growing in power session after session, even year after year, attaining higher ranks with more experience points as they moved through the game. D&D thus offers a sort of comforting feedback loop, where improving in the game feels good, so you want to keep gaming, so you can keep improving\u2014and the story never has to end. Both experience points and collective exploration were new. People loved it.\\n\\nWithin its first decade, D&D sales soared to more than $16 million a year. But its success also provoked a bitter legal fight between Gygax and Arneson over royalties and credit. During the 1980s, some Parent Teacher Associations and school administrators began to denounce the game, full of occult lore, as un-Christian and even devilish, and many schools banned D&D amid periodic paranoias now known as the \u201cSatanic Panic.\u201d When I was a Boy Scout in Nashville in that era, my Baptist scoutmaster told me I had to choose between playing D&D, which he equated to demon worship, and \u201cleveling up\u201d as a Boy Scout. I never became an Eagle Scout.\\n\\nToday, leveling up is everywhere. It has become the norm among the games for which consumers spend hundreds of billions of dollars every year\u2014not to mention a key strategy by game-makers to keep players glued to the screen in hopes of everlasting advancement. But D&D\u2019s legacy goes far beyond tabletop or video games to include the \u201cgamification\u201d that you encounter every time you gain a new badge or rank with a credit card or hotel loyalty program. As D&D marks its 50th anniversary this year, and amid massive ongoing enthusiasm for fantasy realms, the newest versions of the game have become wildly popular: Between the recent Dungeons & Dragons movie, video games and the tabletop original, the franchise, now owned by Hasbro, claims 54 million fans worldwide. And the game itself is more accessible than ever\u2014not least because of YouTube, where you can watch people playing D&D and learn new gambits.\\n\\nIt turns out that what Gygax and Arneson and all their first-generation wizards and clerics created was a vehicle for human imagination\u2014the power to create and inhabit fantasy worlds where the delights and marvels have not dimmed after half a century. In other words, we\u2019re all nerds now, no basement required.\\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5267660618,"RADAR":0.005874549,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The author has a unique writing style, which can most easily be seen in their use of \"so\". They start a sentence saying one thing and then join the next part of the sentence with \", so...\" There's also a personal anecdote from the writer which would be unusual for AI. The anecdote itself paints a religion in an unfavourable light, which is not something AI would readily do. They also vary their sentence length very well, which keeps the reader engaged and is something machine-generated writing tends to lack. As a whole it's a bit too engaging and well-written to be AI. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The text has a nuanced style and some personal anecdotes, suggesting it was likely written by a human rather than AI. The sentences are quite long and complex, There's also no sign of any words AI tends to use."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I'm going to say human-generated for this one as there definitely should not be a question mark in the last sentence in the beginning paragraph. There are also a few awkwardly constructed phrases and some of the punctuation is off. I also don't think AI would use slightly juvenile words like 'mess' or 'nerds', regardless of whether they were used in a direct quote. The clincher though, is the phrase 'when I was a Boy Scout in ...' it's too personal. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Funny enough, while AI likes to use the words \"journey\" or \"embark\" as part of its linguistic choices, these words feel relevant here due to the topic at hand: D&D. The article, in my opinion, is well-written. It gives extensive detail on how D&D was created. It kept every aspect of the story and information right to the point, with phrases such as \"a sort of comforting feedback loop\", \"People loved it.\", and \"periodic paranoias now known as the \u201cSatanic Panic.\u201d its own character. It even creatively brings back a previous statement, intertwining Dan Rawson's quote about nerds in the basement into a conclusion sentence with \"In other words, we\u2019re all nerds now, no basement required.\", wrapping it up and giving it context. So, it's human-written, and I am highly confident with this choice. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Diversity in sentence and paragraph length. The author references himself as \"I\" and tells a personal story. The last sentence references a sentence used earlier in the text\u2014with a subtle twist. Writing that \"people\" (not individuals) loved the game."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"25":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":26,"title":"A Japanese Soldier\u2019s Son Receives a Memento of His Father, Who Was Killed During World War II","sub-title":"The so-called good-luck flag, which hung on an American veteran\u2019s wall for many years, returned home last month after nearly eight decades","author":"Ellen Wexler","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":"9\/23\/24","section":"Smart News","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/a-japanese-soldiers-son-receives-a-memento-of-his-father-who-was-killed-during-world-war-ii-180985121\/","article":"On the day Asae Hiyama gave birth to a son, her husband left to serve in the Imperial Japanese Army.\n\nIt was the summer of 1943, and the young couple had been married for a year. Asae waited dutifully until 1945, when she learned that her husband, Yukikazu Hiyama, had died in China. Officials said that he had been killed in combat, but Asae never received his remains or any of his possessions.\n\nWithout any material confirmation of Yukikazu\u2019s death, Asae felt as if he had vanished. Their son, Tsukasa Hiyama, grew up knowing very little about his father, though he thought of him often.\n\n\u201cSince childhood, I often imagined what my father was like,\u201d Tsukasa, now 81, tells the Washington Post\u2019s Cathy Free. \u201cWhat kind of person was he? What did he smell like?\u201d\n\nThese questions lingered, but Tsukasa received few answers. He and his mother rarely spoke about Yukikazu. At the same time, Asae seemed to believe that he might one day walk through the door. Up until her death in 2000, she never received the closure she needed.\n\nThen, in April, Tsukasa got a phone call. Researchers had identified a Japanese flag that had belonged to Yukikazu. They had been working for years to track down Tsukasa, who had never possessed a memento of his father.\n\nDuring World War II, many Japanese soldiers carried good-luck flags, which featured handwritten well wishes from friends and loved ones. They varied in size but were usually small enough for their owners to fold up and wear inside their uniforms. They also happened to be an item that Allied soldiers collected as battlefield souvenirs.\n\nOne of those soldiers was Bernard Stein, who served in the Philippines with the United States Army\u2019s 38th Infantry Division. When he returned from the Pacific, he brought Yukikazu\u2019s flag home with him and hung it up in his den.\n\n\u201cHe never talked about his wartime experiences,\u201d Bernard\u2019s grandson, Scott Stein, tells Stars and Stripes\u2019 Seth Robson and Hana Kusumoto. \u201cHe must have seen some intense stuff in the war, but there were no mental health things when he returned. He just kept it bottled up.\u201d\n\nScott has distinct memories of seeing the flag on the wall as a small child. He wondered where it came from, but like Tsukasa, he rarely asked about such matters. Still, he sensed that the flag was important to his grandfather.\n\n\u201cI would stare at it in fascination,\u201d Scott tells Fox 5 New York\u2019s Jennifer Williams. \u201cMy grandfather told me one day that it would be mine.\u201d\n\nWhen Bernard died, Scott inherited the flag, which he initially hung on his own wall. Eventually, however, he took the war souvenir down and stored it away. \u201cI started to realize a while back that maybe it wasn\u2019t the best home decor,\u201d he tells the Post. As time passed, he also realized that he didn\u2019t want to pass the flag down to the next generation. Instead, he wanted to send it home.\n\nAround 2017, Scott learned about the OBON Society, an Oregon-based organization that works to return missing good-luck flags and other belongings to the families of Japanese soldiers. Since it launched in 2009, the group has identified the rightful owners of more than 600 flags.\n\nWhen the researchers received Scott\u2019s flag, they spotted numerous clues: Yukikazu\u2019s full name is written on it, as are the names of his well-wishers. Still, it took them a long time to find Tsukasa, who lives in Tottori, Japan\u2019s least populous prefecture. He has no siblings, as his mother never had any other children.\n\n\u201cShe never remarried because she never believed her husband was dead,\u201d Rex Ziak, the OBON Society\u2019s president and co-founder, tells Smithsonian magazine. \u201cShe always expected him to come home to her and held that hope until her final breath.\u201d\n\nAt a ceremony last month, Tsukasa accepted his father\u2019s flag. He invited dozens of friends, family and community members to witness the return. Some of them had their own connections to the artifact, as their ancestors\u2019 names are featured on it, too.\n\n\u201cThe return of my father\u2019s flag has brought a significant sense of closure,\u201d Tsukasa tells the Post. \u201cWhen I held the flag in my hands, it felt as if I could sense my father\u2019s warmth for the first time.\u201d\n\nHe also brought the flag to his mother\u2019s gravesite, where he unfurled it as his wife and family looked on. After all these years, a memento of Asae\u2019s husband had finally come home. ","id":51,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'On the day Asae Hiyama gave birth to a son, her husband left to serve in the Imperial Japanese Army.\\n\\nIt was the summer of 1943, and the young couple had been married for a year. Asae waited dutifully until 1945, when she learned that her husband, Yukikazu Hiyama, had died in China. Officials said that he had been killed in combat, but Asae never received his remains or any of his possessions.\\n\\nWithout any material confirmation of Yukikazu\u2019s death, Asae felt as if he had vanished. Their son, Tsukasa Hiyama, grew up knowing very little about his father, though he thought of him often.\\n\\n\u201cSince childhood, I often imagined what my father was like,\u201d Tsukasa, now 81, tells the Washington Post\u2019s Cathy Free. \u201cWhat kind of person was he? What did he smell like?\u201d\\n\\nThese questions lingered, but Tsukasa received few answers. He and his mother rarely spoke about Yukikazu. At the same time, Asae seemed to believe that he might one day walk through the door. Up until her death in 2000, she never received the closure she needed.\\n\\nThen, in April, Tsukasa got a phone call. Researchers had identified a Japanese flag that had belonged to Yukikazu. They had been working for years to track down Tsukasa, who had never possessed a memento of his father.\\n\\nDuring World War II, many Japanese soldiers carried good-luck flags, which featured handwritten well wishes from friends and loved ones. They varied in size but were usually small enough for their owners to fold up and wear inside their uniforms. 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Still, he sensed that the flag was important to his grandfather.\\n\\n\u201cI would stare at it in fascination,\u201d Scott tells Fox 5 New York\u2019s Jennifer Williams. \u201cMy grandfather told me one day that it would be mine.\u201d\\n\\nWhen Bernard died, Scott inherited the flag, which he initially hung on his own wall. Eventually, however, he took the war souvenir down and stored it away. \u201cI started to realize a while back that maybe it wasn\u2019t the best home decor,\u201d he tells the Post. As time passed, he also realized that he didn\u2019t want to pass the flag down to the next generation. Instead, he wanted to send it home.\\n\\nAround 2017, Scott learned about the OBON Society, an Oregon-based organization that works to return missing good-luck flags and other belongings to the families of Japanese soldiers. 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Asae waited dutifully until 1945, when she learned that her husband, Yukikazu Hiyama, had died in China. Officials said that he had been killed in combat, but Asae never received his remains or any of his possessions.\\n\\nWithout any material confirmation of Yukikazu\u2019s death, Asae felt as if he had vanished. Their son, Tsukasa Hiyama, grew up knowing very little about his father, though he thought of him often.\\n\\n\u201cSince childhood, I often imagined what my father was like,\u201d Tsukasa, now 81, tells the Washington Post\u2019s Cathy Free. \u201cWhat kind of person was he? What did he smell like?\u201d\\n\\nThese questions lingered, but Tsukasa received few answers. He and his mother rarely spoke about Yukikazu. At the same time, Asae seemed to believe that he might one day walk through the door. Up until her death in 2000, she never received the closure she needed.\\n\\nThen, in April, Tsukasa got a phone call. 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husband left to serve in the Imperial Japanese Army.\\n\\nIt was the summer of 1943, and the young couple had been married for a year. Asae waited dutifully until 1945, when she learned that her husband, Yukikazu Hiyama, had died in China. Officials said that he had been killed in combat, but Asae never received his remains or any of his possessions.\\n\\nWithout any material confirmation of Yukikazu\u2019s death, Asae felt as if he had vanished. Their son, Tsukasa Hiyama, grew up knowing very little about his father, though he thought of him often.\\n\\n\u201cSince childhood, I often imagined what my father was like,\u201d Tsukasa, now 81, tells the Washington Post\u2019s Cathy Free. \u201cWhat kind of person was he? What did he smell like?\u201d\\n\\nThese questions lingered, but Tsukasa received few answers. He and his mother rarely spoke about Yukikazu. At the same time, Asae seemed to believe that he might one day walk through the door. Up until her death in 2000, she never received the closure she needed.\\n\\nThen, in April, Tsukasa got a phone call. Researchers had identified a Japanese flag that had belonged to Yukikazu. They had been working for years to track down Tsukasa, who had never possessed a memento of his father.\\n\\nDuring World War II, many Japanese soldiers carried good-luck flags, which featured handwritten well wishes from friends and loved ones. They varied in size but were usually small enough for their owners to fold up and wear inside their uniforms. They also happened to be an item that Allied soldiers collected as battlefield souvenirs.\\n\\nOne of those soldiers was Bernard Stein, who served in the Philippines with the United States Army\u2019s 38th Infantry Division. When he returned from the Pacific, he brought Yukikazu\u2019s flag home with him and hung it up in his den.\\n\\n\u201cHe never talked about his wartime experiences,\u201d Bernard\u2019s grandson, Scott Stein, tells Stars and Stripes\u2019 Seth Robson and Hana Kusumoto. \u201cHe must have seen some intense stuff in the war, but there were no mental health things when he returned. He just kept it bottled up.\u201d\\n\\nScott has distinct memories of seeing the flag on the wall as a small child. He wondered where it came from, but like Tsukasa, he rarely asked about such matters. Still, he sensed that the flag was important to his grandfather.\\n\\n\u201cI would stare at it in fascination,\u201d Scott tells Fox 5 New York\u2019s Jennifer Williams. \u201cMy grandfather told me one day that it would be mine.\u201d\\n\\nWhen Bernard died, Scott inherited the flag, which he initially hung on his own wall. Eventually, however, he took the war souvenir down and stored it away. \u201cI started to realize a while back that maybe it wasn\u2019t the best home decor,\u201d he tells the Post. As time passed, he also realized that he didn\u2019t want to pass the flag down to the next generation. Instead, he wanted to send it home.\\n\\nAround 2017, Scott learned about the OBON Society, an Oregon-based organization that works to return missing good-luck flags and other belongings to the families of Japanese soldiers. Since it launched in 2009, the group has identified the rightful owners of more than 600 flags.\\n\\nWhen the researchers received Scott\u2019s flag, they spotted numerous clues: Yukikazu\u2019s full name is written on it, as are the names of his well-wishers. Still, it took them a long time to find Tsukasa, who lives in Tottori, Japan\u2019s least populous prefecture. He has no siblings, as his mother never had any other children.\\n\\n\u201cShe never remarried because she never believed her husband was dead,\u201d Rex Ziak, the OBON Society\u2019s president and co-founder, tells Smithsonian magazine. \u201cShe always expected him to come home to her and held that hope until her final breath.\u201d\\n\\nAt a ceremony last month, Tsukasa accepted his father\u2019s flag. He invited dozens of friends, family and community members to witness the return. Some of them had their own connections to the artifact, as their ancestors\u2019 names are featured on it, too.\\n\\n\u201cThe return of my father\u2019s flag has brought a significant sense of closure,\u201d Tsukasa tells the Post. \u201cWhen I held the flag in my hands, it felt as if I could sense my father\u2019s warmth for the first time.\u201d\\n\\nHe also brought the flag to his mother\u2019s gravesite, where he unfurled it as his wife and family looked on. After all these years, a memento of Asae\u2019s husband had finally come home. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2986781895,"RADAR":0.0910279378,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The atmosphere of the article is overall much too dark for AI. There's death, war, mental health problems, and battleground souvenirs. There's also the fact that a woman never remarried because she thought her husband might still be alive when he was in fact dead the entire time. The son wondering what his father smelled like is also very specific and doesn't seem like something AI would come up with. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There's broader vocabulary than used by AI such as in the first highlighted sentence (\"lingered\", \"rarely spoke\" ). The last 3 paragraphs are the same  rich in human sentiment and emotion. These sentences are somewhat emotive too, suggesting human creation. I see none of the usual words AI uses such as \"crucial\"."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Some of the phrasing sounds very human. For example, AI would say something like 'received a phone call', instead of 'got a phone call'. There are also a couple of instances of misplaced modifiers that make the text slightly confusing. AI would have followed a more rigid structure. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"I'll admit, I am less confident with this one than I was with the other ones, because in my line of freelance work, I don't usually write news articles for clients. However, I believe it's AI-generated, and human-edited for readability, only because of the sentence structure. It's uniform, barely varying in sentence length, and while it lacks the flowery language often seen in unprompted AI generations, the strings of sentences and how they're separated by commas, such as \"Officials said that he had been killed in combat, but Asae never received his remains or any of his possessions.\" For those in the journalism industry, writing is a craft, an artistry of conveying topics to create meaning and connections to people's experiences. There's no visual imagery used in this article that helps identify the topic to the reader. So, it's AI-generated. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The opening paragraph has one sentence. Lots of proper nouns, references to time, and places. Effective narrative structure. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"26":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":27,"title":"Virginia State Parks Install Viewfinders for People With Colorblindness, Just in Time for Leaf-Peeping Season","sub-title":"The viewfinders are outfitted with special lenses that help people with red-green colorblindness distinguish between hues","author":"Sarah Kuta","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":"9\/23\/24","section":"Travel","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/virginia-state-parks-install-viewfinders-for-people-with-colorblindness-just-in-time-for-leaf-peeping-season-180985105\/","article":"An estimated 300 to 350 million people worldwide are affected by colorblindness, a condition that makes it difficult to distinguish between certain hues. In nature, this means flowers, insects and animals may appear to be less vibrant.\n\nThe differences can be especially pronounced during leaf-peeping season, when the leaves of deciduous trees turn red, orange and gold. To people with colorblindness, the dazzling fall foliage can look drab or muted.\n\nVirginia wants to change that. Crews have installed special viewfinders at all 43 Virginia state parks so that more visitors can experience \u201ca world of vibrant color,\u201d says Matt Wells, director of the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, in a statement.\n\nThe viewfinders are designed for people with red-green colorblindness, which is the most common form of the condition. Subtypes of red-green colorblindness exist, but they all affect how people perceive shades with reds and greens in them.\n\nCreated by SeeCoast Manufacturing, the viewfinders are outfitted with special lenses made by EnChroma that help people with red-green colorblindness distinguish between hues. Similar to binoculars, the viewfinders also magnify whatever\u2019s in view. (EnChroma also makes glasses for people who are colorblind.)\n\nIn Virginia, the project kicked off last summer at Natural Tunnel State Park, located near the far western tip of the state. Ethan Howes, the chief ranger of visitor experience for the park, is colorblind. When he learned about the viewfinders, he was intrigued.\n\nNatural Tunnel State Park installed a viewfinder at its gazebo, an overlook that offers a 360-degree view of the surrounding scenery. That first viewfinder was such a big hit that the state decided to bring them to the rest of Virginia\u2019s state parks. Funding for the project came from donations made by visitors through the \u201cRound-Up for Parks\u201d program.\n\nTo celebrate the installation at all 43 parks, the state invited six people with red-green colorblindness to Pocahontas State Park in Chesterfield, Virginia, in July.\n\n\u201cYou all see this every day, huh?\u201d said Bryan Wagner, one of the participants, per a statement from Virginia State Parks. \u201cEverything\u2019s not the same green. The colors are more vibrant.\u201d\n\nVisitors who are not colorblind can also see more vivid colors and sharper contrasts when they peer through the viewfinders, reports Virginia Public Radio\u2019s Roxy Todd.\n\nColor blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is typically an inherited condition, though it can also result from certain medical conditions, medications or environmental exposures. Inherited red-green colorblindness primarily affects men and people assigned male at birth, because the genetic mutation that causes it occurs on the X chromosome.\n\nWomen have two X chromosomes, while men have just one. As such, \u201cif the one X in a male contains abnormal genes, the color blindness will reveal itself, while females can compensate with the other normal gene on the second X chromosome,\u201d according to the Cleveland Clinic.\n\nAn estimated 1 in 12 men have color vision deficiency, compared to 1 in 200 women.\n\nThe colorblind-friendly viewfinders aren\u2019t the only way Virginia is making its parks more accessible. This summer, Natural Bridge State Park also began offering a free mobile app designed for people who are blind or visually impaired, reports WFXR\u2019s Thad Randazzo. Called RightHear, the app provides audio instructions in 26 languages to help users navigate the park. Using Bluetooth beacons throughout the park, the app also provides real-time audio descriptions of the user\u2019s surroundings.\n\nFor example, as a user gets close to a trailhead, the app will say: \u201cYou are now at the beginning of Cedar Creek Trail. This trail is one mile long and leads to the Natural Bridge. The terrain is moderate.\u201d\n\nIn other regions of the country, state parks are working to become more inclusive by building out fleets of off-road wheelchairs, developing trails for people with autism, and constructing playgrounds for children with disabilities.\n ","id":53,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'An estimated 300 to 350 million people worldwide are affected by colorblindness, a condition that makes it difficult to distinguish between certain hues. In nature, this means flowers, insects and animals may appear to be less vibrant.\\n\\nThe differences can be especially pronounced during leaf-peeping season, when the leaves of deciduous trees turn red, orange and gold. To people with colorblindness, the dazzling fall foliage can look drab or muted.\\n\\nVirginia wants to change that. Crews have installed special viewfinders at all 43 Virginia state parks so that more visitors can experience \u201ca world of vibrant color,\u201d says Matt Wells, director of the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, in a statement.\\n\\nThe viewfinders are designed for people with red-green colorblindness, which is the most common form of the condition. Subtypes of red-green colorblindness exist, but they all affect how people perceive shades with reds and greens in them.\\n\\nCreated by SeeCoast Manufacturing, the viewfinders are outfitted with special lenses made by EnChroma that help people with red-green colorblindness distinguish between hues. Similar to binoculars, the viewfinders also magnify whatever\u2019s in view. (EnChroma also makes glasses for people who are colorblind.)\\n\\nIn Virginia, the project kicked off last summer at Natural Tunnel State Park, located near the far western tip of the state. Ethan Howes, the chief ranger of visitor experience for the park, is colorblind. When he learned about the viewfinders, he was intrigued.\\n\\nNatural Tunnel State Park installed a viewfinder at its gazebo, an overlook that offers a 360-degree view of the surrounding scenery. That first viewfinder was such a big hit that the state decided to bring them to the rest of Virginia\u2019s state parks. Funding for the project came from donations made by visitors through the \u201cRound-Up for Parks\u201d program.\\n\\nTo celebrate the installation at all 43 parks, the state invited six people with red-green colorblindness to Pocahontas State Park in Chesterfield, Virginia, in July.\\n\\n\u201cYou all see this every day, huh?\u201d said Bryan Wagner, one of the participants, per a statement from Virginia State Parks. \u201cEverything\u2019s not the same green. The colors are more vibrant.\u201d\\n\\nVisitors who are not colorblind can also see more vivid colors and sharper contrasts when they peer through the viewfinders, reports Virginia Public Radio\u2019s Roxy Todd.\\n\\nColor blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is typically an inherited condition, though it can also result from certain medical conditions, medications or environmental exposures. Inherited red-green colorblindness primarily affects men and people assigned male at birth, because the genetic mutation that causes it occurs on the X chromosome.\\n\\nWomen have two X chromosomes, while men have just one. As such, \u201cif the one X in a male contains abnormal genes, the color blindness will reveal itself, while females can compensate with the other normal gene on the second X chromosome,\u201d according to the Cleveland Clinic.\\n\\nAn estimated 1 in 12 men have color vision deficiency, compared to 1 in 200 women.\\n\\nThe colorblind-friendly viewfinders aren\u2019t the only way Virginia is making its parks more accessible. This summer, Natural Bridge State Park also began offering a free mobile app designed for people who are blind or visually impaired, reports WFXR\u2019s Thad Randazzo. Called RightHear, the app provides audio instructions in 26 languages to help users navigate the park. Using Bluetooth beacons throughout the park, the app also provides real-time audio descriptions of the user\u2019s surroundings.\\n\\nFor example, as a user gets close to a trailhead, the app will say: \u201cYou are now at the beginning of Cedar Creek Trail. This trail is one mile long and leads to the Natural Bridge. The terrain is moderate.\u201d\\n\\nIn other regions of the country, state parks are working to become more inclusive by building out fleets of off-road wheelchairs, developing trails for people with autism, and constructing playgrounds for children with disabilities.\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 3.534555435180664e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'An estimated 300 to 350 million people worldwide are affected by colorblindness, a condition that makes it difficult to distinguish between certain hues. In nature, this means flowers, insects and animals may appear to be less vibrant.\\n\\nThe differences can be especially pronounced during leaf-peeping season, when the leaves of deciduous trees turn red, orange and gold. To people with colorblindness, the dazzling fall foliage can look drab or muted.\\n\\nVirginia wants to change that. Crews have installed special viewfinders at all 43 Virginia state parks so that more visitors can experience \u201ca world of vibrant color,\u201d says Matt Wells, director of the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, in a statement.\\n\\nThe viewfinders are designed for people with red-green colorblindness, which is the most common form of the condition. Subtypes of red-green colorblindness exist, but they all affect how people perceive shades with reds and greens in them.\\n\\nCreated by SeeCoast Manufacturing, the viewfinders are outfitted with special lenses made by EnChroma that help people with red-green colorblindness distinguish between hues. Similar to binoculars, the viewfinders also magnify whatever\u2019s in view. (EnChroma also makes glasses for people who are colorblind.)\\n\\nIn Virginia, the project kicked off last summer at Natural Tunnel State Park, located near the far western tip of the state. Ethan Howes, the chief ranger of visitor experience for the park, is colorblind. When he learned about the viewfinders, he was intrigued.\\n\\nNatural Tunnel State Park installed a viewfinder at its gazebo, an overlook that offers a 360-degree view of the surrounding scenery. That first viewfinder was such a big hit that the state decided to bring them to the rest of Virginia\u2019s state parks. Funding for the project came from donations made by visitors through the \u201cRound-Up for Parks\u201d program.\\n\\nTo celebrate the installation at all 43 parks, the state invited six people with red-green colorblindness to Pocahontas State Park in Chesterfield, Virginia, in July.\\n\\n\u201cYou all see this every day, huh?\u201d said Bryan Wagner, one of the participants, per a statement from Virginia State Parks. \u201cEverything\u2019s not the same green. The colors are more vibrant.\u201d\\n\\nVisitors who are not colorblind can also see more vivid colors and sharper contrasts when they peer through the viewfinders, reports Virginia Public Radio\u2019s Roxy Todd.\\n\\nColor blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is typically an inherited condition, though it can also result from certain medical conditions, medications or environmental exposures. Inherited red-green colorblindness primarily affects men and people assigned male at birth, because the genetic mutation that causes it occurs on the X chromosome.\\n\\nWomen have two X chromosomes, while men have just one. As such, \u201cif the one X in a male contains abnormal genes, the color blindness will reveal itself, while females can compensate with the other normal gene on the second X chromosome,\u201d according to the Cleveland Clinic.\\n\\nAn estimated 1 in 12 men have color vision deficiency, compared to 1 in 200 women.\\n\\nThe colorblind-friendly viewfinders aren\u2019t the only way Virginia is making its parks more accessible. This summer, Natural Bridge State Park also began offering a free mobile app designed for people who are blind or visually impaired, reports WFXR\u2019s Thad Randazzo. Called RightHear, the app provides audio instructions in 26 languages to help users navigate the park. Using Bluetooth beacons throughout the park, the app also provides real-time audio descriptions of the user\u2019s surroundings.\\n\\nFor example, as a user gets close to a trailhead, the app will say: \u201cYou are now at the beginning of Cedar Creek Trail. This trail is one mile long and leads to the Natural Bridge. The terrain is moderate.\u201d\\n\\nIn other regions of the country, state parks are working to become more inclusive by building out fleets of off-road wheelchairs, developing trails for people with autism, and constructing playgrounds for children with disabilities.\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.537799835205078e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'e1c8d9cc-a45f-45c9-8312-afdb3970b5c3', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 2.7248022888670675e-05, 'sentence': 'An estimated 300 to 350 million people worldwide are affected by colorblindness, a condition that makes it difficult to distinguish between certain hues.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.915087497967761e-05, 'sentence': 'In nature, this means flowers, insects and animals may appear to be less 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{'start_sentence_index': 27, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 31, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 34, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 1, 'ai': 0, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 1, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0, 'human': 1, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'An estimated 300 to 350 million people worldwide are affected by colorblindness, a condition that makes it difficult to distinguish between certain hues. In nature, this means flowers, insects and animals may appear to be less vibrant.\\n\\nThe differences can be especially pronounced during leaf-peeping season, when the leaves of deciduous trees turn red, orange and gold. To people with colorblindness, the dazzling fall foliage can look drab or muted.\\n\\nVirginia wants to change that. Crews have installed special viewfinders at all 43 Virginia state parks so that more visitors can experience \u201ca world of vibrant color,\u201d says Matt Wells, director of the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, in a statement.\\n\\nThe viewfinders are designed for people with red-green colorblindness, which is the most common form of the condition. Subtypes of red-green colorblindness exist, but they all affect how people perceive shades with reds and greens in them.\\n\\nCreated by SeeCoast Manufacturing, the viewfinders are outfitted with special lenses made by EnChroma that help people with red-green colorblindness distinguish between hues. Similar to binoculars, the viewfinders also magnify whatever\u2019s in view. (EnChroma also makes glasses for people who are colorblind.)\\n\\nIn Virginia, the project kicked off last summer at Natural Tunnel State Park, located near the far western tip of the state. Ethan Howes, the chief ranger of visitor experience for the park, is colorblind. When he learned about the viewfinders, he was intrigued.\\n\\nNatural Tunnel State Park installed a viewfinder at its gazebo, an overlook that offers a 360-degree view of the surrounding scenery. That first viewfinder was such a big hit that the state decided to bring them to the rest of Virginia\u2019s state parks. Funding for the project came from donations made by visitors through the \u201cRound-Up for Parks\u201d program.\\n\\nTo celebrate the installation at all 43 parks, the state invited six people with red-green colorblindness to Pocahontas State Park in Chesterfield, Virginia, in July.\\n\\n\u201cYou all see this every day, huh?\u201d said Bryan Wagner, one of the participants, per a statement from Virginia State Parks. \u201cEverything\u2019s not the same green. The colors are more vibrant.\u201d\\n\\nVisitors who are not colorblind can also see more vivid colors and sharper contrasts when they peer through the viewfinders, reports Virginia Public Radio\u2019s Roxy Todd.\\n\\nColor blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is typically an inherited condition, though it can also result from certain medical conditions, medications or environmental exposures. Inherited red-green colorblindness primarily affects men and people assigned male at birth, because the genetic mutation that causes it occurs on the X chromosome.\\n\\nWomen have two X chromosomes, while men have just one. As such, \u201cif the one X in a male contains abnormal genes, the color blindness will reveal itself, while females can compensate with the other normal gene on the second X chromosome,\u201d according to the Cleveland Clinic.\\n\\nAn estimated 1 in 12 men have color vision deficiency, compared to 1 in 200 women.\\n\\nThe colorblind-friendly viewfinders aren\u2019t the only way Virginia is making its parks more accessible. This summer, Natural Bridge State Park also began offering a free mobile app designed for people who are blind or visually impaired, reports WFXR\u2019s Thad Randazzo. Called RightHear, the app provides audio instructions in 26 languages to help users navigate the park. Using Bluetooth beacons throughout the park, the app also provides real-time audio descriptions of the user\u2019s surroundings.\\n\\nFor example, as a user gets close to a trailhead, the app will say: \u201cYou are now at the beginning of Cedar Creek Trail. This trail is one mile long and leads to the Natural Bridge. The terrain is moderate.\u201d\\n\\nIn other regions of the country, state parks are working to become more inclusive by building out fleets of off-road wheelchairs, developing trails for people with autism, and constructing playgrounds for children with disabilities.\\n '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2295019031,"RADAR":0.0398628749,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Normally I consider \"vibrant\" to be an AI word. However, considering this article is about colourblindness, it's more understandable for it to be used here. The quotes feel quite natural, especially the fact that they're taken from park statements, apps, and clinics rather than exclusively doctors named Emily. I put 4\/5 for confidence because vibrant is a bit overused and the article is a bit generic and formulaic. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I see no signs of AI here. There are a couple of errors that AI probably would have picked up (missing Oxford comma), \"if\" not capitalized in the quotation."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"This one was difficult to decipher, but I think it's human-generated because there's inconsistency with the use of the Oxford comma, which AI generally likes to use. There's also some slightly awkward phrasing. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident that this article is human-written. Some of the sentences have simplified phrases, such as \"was such as big hit,\" and \"may appear less vibrant,\" which AI would try to shorten and condense and summarize with flowery explanations. The article uses colons and parentheses at some points, and purposely places information that helps with reading flow, such as \"An estimated 1 in 12 men have color vision deficiency...\" which makes the writing feel concise with how it conveys information. Because of these reasons, I believe it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I would guess that English is the author's L2: quite a few instances of non-standard syntax, for example. The word \"leaf-peeping\" is probably a translation from the author's L1. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"27":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":28,"title":"Keurig Dr Pepper Said Its K-Cups Could Be Recycled. Not So, Says SEC","sub-title":"The company will pay a $1.5 million penalty after being charged with making inaccurate statements","author":"Claire Brown","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":"9\/10\/24","section":"Sustainable Business","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/keurig-dr-pepper-said-its-k-cups-could-be-recycled-not-so-says-sec-3766e992","article":"Keurig Dr Pepper has agreed to pay a civil penalty to settle U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charges over claims made by the beverage company that its single-serve pods, or K-Cups, could be \"effectively\" recycled.\n\nThe statements were misleading, the SEC said. Keurig Dr Pepper neither denied nor admitted the regulator's findings in the $1.5 million settlement agreement.\n\nThe SEC said Keurig Dr Pepper wrote in annual reports in 2019 and 2020 its K-Cup pods could be \"effectively\" recycled, but didn't mention that two of the largest recycling companies in the U.S. expressed concerns about that and said they didn't intend to recycle the pods.\n\nThe omission violated the Securities Exchange Act, which requires companies to make accurate disclosures, the regulator said.\n\nKeurig Dr Pepper changed the type of plastic used in the K-Cup pods in 2020, saying that made them easier to recycle. However, many recycling facilities still don't accept the new packaging , which is made of polypropylene plastic.\n\nA spokesperson said the company encourages consumers to check with their local recycling facilities about the pods, \"as they are not recycled in many communities.\"\n\nKeurig Dr Pepper announced plans to launch compostable pods earlier this year. \"We remain committed to a better, more standardized U.S. recycling system,\" the spokesperson added.\n\nK-Cup sales made up a significant portion of the company's coffee sales in 2019 and 2020, and internal company research showed environmental concerns about pod disposal were a significant factor for consumers thinking about buying Keurig machines, according to the SEC.\n\n\"A lot of recycling companies are actually faced with issues of 'wishful-cycling,' as it's called,\" said Yuliya Strizhakova, an associate professor of marketing at Rutgers School of Business-Camden who has studied single-serve beverage pods. \"Consumers tend to recycle more things, and they hope they can be recycled\u2026when in fact, they cannot, for various reasons.\"\n\nThe settlement comes as regulators take a hard look at green claims made by companies. The European Commission recently sent warning letters to 20 airlines about overstating the use of low-carbon fuels. In the U.S., the Federal Trade Commission, which regulates advertising, in coming months is expected to release updated guidelines for marketers regarding green claims. The SEC has proposed a rule requiring companies to disclose greenhouse gas emissions, though the rollout has been paused pending legal challenges.\n\n\"On the positive side, it's good to see that they're following through,\" said Frank Maguire, vice president at the advertising exchange Sharethrough, of recent regulatory actions. \"On the other side, I think brands and major companies are still hesitant to talk about sustainability efforts for a number of reasons, one of which is just the fear of being called out for saying the wrong thing.\"\n\nAs part of the settlement, Keurig Dr Pepper also agreed to a cease-and-desist order, according to the SEC, meaning the company will abide by the law when publishing annual reports.\n\n\"Hopefully the big takeaway is for other companies to be much more careful with using recyclable claims or green claims, and be more accountable for what they claim,\" Strizhakova said.","id":55,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Keurig Dr Pepper has agreed to pay a civil penalty to settle U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charges over claims made by the beverage company that its single-serve pods, or K-Cups, could be \"effectively\" recycled.\\n\\nThe statements were misleading, the SEC said. Keurig Dr Pepper neither denied nor admitted the regulator\\'s findings in the $1.5 million settlement agreement.\\n\\nThe SEC said Keurig Dr Pepper wrote in annual reports in 2019 and 2020 its K-Cup pods could be \"effectively\" recycled, but didn\\'t mention that two of the largest recycling companies in the U.S. expressed concerns about that and said they didn\\'t intend to recycle the pods.\\n\\nThe omission violated the Securities Exchange Act, which requires companies to make accurate disclosures, the regulator said.\\n\\nKeurig Dr Pepper changed the type of plastic used in the K-Cup pods in 2020, saying that made them easier to recycle. However, many recycling facilities still don\\'t accept the new packaging , which is made of polypropylene plastic.\\n\\nA spokesperson said the company encourages consumers to check with their local recycling facilities about the pods, \"as they are not recycled in many communities.\"\\n\\nKeurig Dr Pepper announced plans to launch compostable pods earlier this year. \"We remain committed to a better, more standardized U.S. recycling system,\" the spokesperson added.\\n\\nK-Cup sales made up a significant portion of the company\\'s coffee sales in 2019 and 2020, and internal company research showed environmental concerns about pod disposal were a significant factor for consumers thinking about buying Keurig machines, according to the SEC.\\n\\n\"A lot of recycling companies are actually faced with issues of \\'wishful-cycling,\\' as it\\'s called,\" said Yuliya Strizhakova, an associate professor of marketing at Rutgers School of Business-Camden who has studied single-serve beverage pods. \"Consumers tend to recycle more things, and they hope they can be recycled\u2026when in fact, they cannot, for various reasons.\"\\n\\nThe settlement comes as regulators take a hard look at green claims made by companies. The European Commission recently sent warning letters to 20 airlines about overstating the use of low-carbon fuels. In the U.S., the Federal Trade Commission, which regulates advertising, in coming months is expected to release updated guidelines for marketers regarding green claims. The SEC has proposed a rule requiring companies to disclose greenhouse gas emissions, though the rollout has been paused pending legal challenges.\\n\\n\"On the positive side, it\\'s good to see that they\\'re following through,\" said Frank Maguire, vice president at the advertising exchange Sharethrough, of recent regulatory actions. \"On the other side, I think brands and major companies are still hesitant to talk about sustainability efforts for a number of reasons, one of which is just the fear of being called out for saying the wrong thing.\"\\n\\nAs part of the settlement, Keurig Dr Pepper also agreed to a cease-and-desist order, according to the SEC, meaning the company will abide by the law when publishing annual reports.\\n\\n\"Hopefully the big takeaway is for other companies to be much more careful with using recyclable claims or green claims, and be more accountable for what they claim,\" Strizhakova said.', 'ai_likelihood': 5.167722702026367e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Keurig Dr Pepper has agreed to pay a civil penalty to settle U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charges over claims made by the beverage company that its single-serve pods, or K-Cups, could be \"effectively\" recycled.\\n\\nThe statements were misleading, the SEC said. Keurig Dr Pepper neither denied nor admitted the regulator\\'s findings in the $1.5 million settlement agreement.\\n\\nThe SEC said Keurig Dr Pepper wrote in annual reports in 2019 and 2020 its K-Cup pods could be \"effectively\" recycled, but didn\\'t mention that two of the largest recycling companies in the U.S. expressed concerns about that and said they didn\\'t intend to recycle the pods.\\n\\nThe omission violated the Securities Exchange Act, which requires companies to make accurate disclosures, the regulator said.\\n\\nKeurig Dr Pepper changed the type of plastic used in the K-Cup pods in 2020, saying that made them easier to recycle. However, many recycling facilities still don\\'t accept the new packaging , which is made of polypropylene plastic.\\n\\nA spokesperson said the company encourages consumers to check with their local recycling facilities about the pods, \"as they are not recycled in many communities.\"\\n\\nKeurig Dr Pepper announced plans to launch compostable pods earlier this year. \"We remain committed to a better, more standardized U.S. recycling system,\" the spokesperson added.\\n\\nK-Cup sales made up a significant portion of the company\\'s coffee sales in 2019 and 2020, and internal company research showed environmental concerns about pod disposal were a significant factor for consumers thinking about buying Keurig machines, according to the SEC.\\n\\n\"A lot of recycling companies are actually faced with issues of \\'wishful-cycling,\\' as it\\'s called,\" said Yuliya Strizhakova, an associate professor of marketing at Rutgers School of Business-Camden who has studied single-serve beverage pods. \"Consumers tend to recycle more things, and they hope they can be recycled\u2026when in fact, they cannot, for various reasons.\"\\n\\nThe settlement comes as regulators take a hard look at green claims made by companies. The European Commission recently sent warning letters to 20 airlines about overstating the use of low-carbon fuels. In the U.S., the Federal Trade Commission, which regulates advertising, in coming months is expected to release updated guidelines for marketers regarding green claims. The SEC has proposed a rule requiring companies to disclose greenhouse gas emissions, though the rollout has been paused pending legal challenges.\\n\\n\"On the positive side, it\\'s good to see that they\\'re following through,\" said Frank Maguire, vice president at the advertising exchange Sharethrough, of recent regulatory actions. \"On the other side, I think brands and major companies are still hesitant to talk about sustainability efforts for a number of reasons, one of which is just the fear of being called out for saying the wrong thing.\"\\n\\nAs part of the settlement, Keurig Dr Pepper also agreed to a cease-and-desist order, according to the SEC, meaning the company will abide by the law when publishing annual reports.\\n\\n\"Hopefully the big takeaway is for other companies to be much more careful with using recyclable claims or green claims, and be more accountable for what they claim,\" Strizhakova said.', 'ai_likelihood': 3.0994415283203125e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely 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detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Keurig Dr Pepper has agreed to pay a civil penalty to settle U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charges over claims made by the beverage company that its single-serve pods, or K-Cups, could be \"effectively\" recycled.\\n\\nThe statements were misleading, the SEC said. Keurig Dr Pepper neither denied nor admitted the regulator\\'s findings in the $1.5 million settlement agreement.\\n\\nThe SEC said Keurig Dr Pepper wrote in annual reports in 2019 and 2020 its K-Cup pods could be \"effectively\" recycled, but didn\\'t mention that two of the largest recycling companies in the U.S. expressed concerns about that and said they didn\\'t intend to recycle the pods.\\n\\nThe omission violated the Securities Exchange Act, which requires companies to make accurate disclosures, the regulator said.\\n\\nKeurig Dr Pepper changed the type of plastic used in the K-Cup pods in 2020, saying that made them easier to recycle. However, many recycling facilities still don\\'t accept the new packaging , which is made of polypropylene plastic.\\n\\nA spokesperson said the company encourages consumers to check with their local recycling facilities about the pods, \"as they are not recycled in many communities.\"\\n\\nKeurig Dr Pepper announced plans to launch compostable pods earlier this year. \"We remain committed to a better, more standardized U.S. recycling system,\" the spokesperson added.\\n\\nK-Cup sales made up a significant portion of the company\\'s coffee sales in 2019 and 2020, and internal company research showed environmental concerns about pod disposal were a significant factor for consumers thinking about buying Keurig machines, according to the SEC.\\n\\n\"A lot of recycling companies are actually faced with issues of \\'wishful-cycling,\\' as it\\'s called,\" said Yuliya Strizhakova, an associate professor of marketing at Rutgers School of Business-Camden who has studied single-serve beverage pods. \"Consumers tend to recycle more things, and they hope they can be recycled\u2026when in fact, they cannot, for various reasons.\"\\n\\nThe settlement comes as regulators take a hard look at green claims made by companies. The European Commission recently sent warning letters to 20 airlines about overstating the use of low-carbon fuels. In the U.S., the Federal Trade Commission, which regulates advertising, in coming months is expected to release updated guidelines for marketers regarding green claims. The SEC has proposed a rule requiring companies to disclose greenhouse gas emissions, though the rollout has been paused pending legal challenges.\\n\\n\"On the positive side, it\\'s good to see that they\\'re following through,\" said Frank Maguire, vice president at the advertising exchange Sharethrough, of recent regulatory actions. \"On the other side, I think brands and major companies are still hesitant to talk about sustainability efforts for a number of reasons, one of which is just the fear of being called out for saying the wrong thing.\"\\n\\nAs part of the settlement, Keurig Dr Pepper also agreed to a cease-and-desist order, according to the SEC, meaning the company will abide by the law when publishing annual reports.\\n\\n\"Hopefully the big takeaway is for other companies to be much more careful with using recyclable claims or green claims, and be more accountable for what they claim,\" Strizhakova said.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1547629535,"RADAR":0.0933348462,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article is very factual, with details about the dates, materials used, and sales portions. AI tends to make statements without specific facts, possibly because it gets them wrong quite often. Overall this article seems too well-researched and factual for AI. The quotes are also very natural, some are portions of sentences, some are full sentences, and they have a different, slightly more casual style than the rest of the article which is very factual and professional. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I don't see any of the usual AI-used words or phrases. The sentences are of varying length, complexity, and style, which hints at human writing."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I remember this text, and I listed it as AI-generated. it follows a very clear structure. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am quite confident this is human-written. Every sentence contains some sense of relevance within the context of the article, and it plays with intermixing partial quotes with those sentences to add to it. Phrases such as \"pods, \"as they are not recycled in many communities.\" and \"agreed to a cease-and-desist order, according to the SEC, meaning the company will abide by the law when publishing annual reports\" all provide information in a seamless order without using any flowery tone or larger vocabulary often found in AI-generated content. So, I believe it's human-written."},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The use of scare quotes tells the reader of the author's attitude towards the company's claims. Other than that, the text is written in typical news-story style without the usual AI embellishments."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"28":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":29,"title":"How Caitlin Clark Fever Upended a WNBA Doormat","sub-title":"Sold-out arenas. Social-media outrage. Fake names at hotels. The WNBA rookie drew such outsize attention to her Indiana team that it felt like being in the NBA or NFL.","author":"Rachel Bachman","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":"9\/24\/24","section":"Sports","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/sports\/basketball\/caitlin-clark-indiana-fever-wnba-playoffs-d7d72a3d?mod=hp_major_pos3","article":"Christie Sides has spent most of her life in basketball. She played on Louisiana Tech's 1999 Final Four team, was an assistant coach for Louisiana State's Final Four teams and spent a decade as an assistant in the WNBA.\n\nBut none of that prepared Sides for her second season as head coach of the Indiana Fever. That was when the team used the No. 1 overall pick to draft a sharpshooter from the University of Iowa named Caitlin Clark\u2014and their entire world was turned upside down.\n\nAn early hint of how dramatically different this year would be came when the team went on an early-season road trip. Before this year, Sides says, she had never received a call on her hotel phone from a random member of the public. This season, she got a bunch of voice mails from people\u2014\"wanting to meet players, wanting tickets, wanting, you know, an autograph.\"\n\nLike any good coach confronted with an unfamiliar situation, Sides said she \"made some adjustments.\"\n\nThat included checking into hotels under aliases to avoid the sudden burst of outsize attention.\n\n\"Yeah, I think there's some of us that have some fake names out there, you know, at hotels,\" Sides said. \"I mean, it's crazy when you just said that, just to think about, that that's what's happening.\"\n\nEntering the season, the Fever were a young, rebuilding team that Sides thought would take until 2025 or 2026 to reach the playoffs. Instead, with Clark averaging more than 19 points and 8.4 assists per game\u2014and winning WNBA rookie of the year\u2014they made it this season. Indiana is down 0-1 to the Connecticut Sun and faces a must-win road game in a best-of-3 first-round series on Wednesday.\n\nWhen the Fever started the season 1-8, a legion of mostly new fans had strong and sometimes ornery opinions about their play on the court. Sides would often trend on social media\u2014mostly because people were calling for her to be fired.\n\n\"I've talked to some NFL coaches, I've talked to some NBA head coaches, and they've gone through this,\" Sides said. \"This has been their life for years, so they're used to it. We didn't have a scouting report on it, so we weren't prepared.\"\n\nWhen Fever forward Aliyah Boston, the 2023 No. 1 overall pick from South Carolina, struggled at the season's start, she was attacked on social media so relentlessly that she logged out of her accounts.\n\nAt road games, Fever fans show up by the hundreds or even thousands. (At the first playoff game, a Connecticut announcer trolled visitors by putting them on a \"Bandwagon Cam\" and labeling them \"Fever Fan Since 2024.\")\n\nThe Fever started pulling into underground parking garages at their hotels, Sides said, rather than wade through the large crowds of people that gather in the lobby and at the front door. Players can no longer go out to eat by themselves. The Fever travel with four security guards, and \"nobody leaves the hotel without a security person,\" Fever general manager Lin Dunn said.\n\nIndiana's home arena, Gainbridge Fieldhouse, used to open an hour before games. But so many fans lined up in anticipation of games that they were spilling out into the street.\n\n\"So we had to make an executive decision to open the doors 90 minutes before the game so that we could get the people off the streets that were blocking the traffic,\" Dunn said.\n\nOnce inside, fans hoovered up Fever merchandise in unheard-of quantities.\n\n\"I think by mid season, we'd already sold more merchandise up until that point than the Pacers sold the whole NBA season,\" Dunn said. That team was no slouch, either: The Pacers reached the Eastern Conference finals.\n\nThe fervor around Clark started building at Iowa, where she became major-college basketball's all-time leading scorer. Clark mania jumped to the Fever last Feb. 29, when she declared she would skip her extra year of eligibility for the Covid-19 pandemic and go to the WNBA.\n\nEven before Indiana selected Clark No. 1 overall, an unprecedented ticket-buying frenzy ensued.\n\nIn 2022, the team played at the state-fairgrounds venue Indiana Farmers Coliseum, because their regular arena was being renovated. The Fever went a franchise-worst 5-31 that season and averaged fewer than 2,000 fans per game.\n\nThis year, Indiana drew an all-time WNBA-record 17,036 fans per game. That's more than the 16,526 average for the 2023-24 Pacers.\n\n\"We used to play in a barn with six fans,\" third-year Fever forward NaLyssa Smith marveled, a few weeks before Indiana's May 14 season opener. \"Now we're going to be playing in sold-out arenas.\"","id":57,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Christie Sides has spent most of her life in basketball. She played on Louisiana Tech\\'s 1999 Final Four team, was an assistant coach for Louisiana State\\'s Final Four teams and spent a decade as an assistant in the WNBA.\\n\\nBut none of that prepared Sides for her second season as head coach of the Indiana Fever. That was when the team used the No. 1 overall pick to draft a sharpshooter from the University of Iowa named Caitlin Clark\u2014and their entire world was turned upside down.\\n\\nAn early hint of how dramatically different this year would be came when the team went on an early-season road trip. Before this year, Sides says, she had never received a call on her hotel phone from a random member of the public. This season, she got a bunch of voice mails from people\u2014\"wanting to meet players, wanting tickets, wanting, you know, an autograph.\"\\n\\nLike any good coach confronted with an unfamiliar situation, Sides said she \"made some adjustments.\"\\n\\nThat included checking into hotels under aliases to avoid the sudden burst of outsize attention.\\n\\n\"Yeah, I think there\\'s some of us that have some fake names out there, you know, at hotels,\" Sides said. \"I mean, it\\'s crazy when you just said that, just to think about, that that\\'s what\\'s happening.\"\\n\\nEntering the season, the Fever were a young, rebuilding team that Sides thought would take until 2025 or 2026 to reach the playoffs. Instead, with Clark averaging more than 19 points and 8.4 assists per game\u2014and winning WNBA rookie of the year\u2014they made it this season. Indiana is down 0-1 to the Connecticut Sun and faces a must-win road game in a best-of-3 first-round series on Wednesday.\\n\\nWhen the Fever started the season 1-8, a legion of mostly new fans had strong and sometimes ornery opinions about their play on the court. Sides would often trend on social media\u2014mostly because people were calling for her to be fired.\\n\\n\"I\\'ve talked to some NFL coaches, I\\'ve talked to some NBA head coaches, and they\\'ve gone through this,\" Sides said. \"This has been their life for years, so they\\'re used to it. We didn\\'t have a scouting report on it, so we weren\\'t prepared.\"\\n\\nWhen Fever forward Aliyah Boston, the 2023 No. 1 overall pick from South Carolina, struggled at the season\\'s start, she was attacked on social media so relentlessly that she logged out of her accounts.\\n\\nAt road games, Fever fans show up by the hundreds or even thousands. (At the first playoff game, a Connecticut announcer trolled visitors by putting them on a \"Bandwagon Cam\" and labeling them \"Fever Fan Since 2024.\")\\n\\nThe Fever started pulling into underground parking garages at their hotels, Sides said, rather than wade through the large crowds of people that gather in the lobby and at the front door. Players can no longer go out to eat by themselves. The Fever travel with four security guards, and \"nobody leaves the hotel without a security person,\" Fever general manager Lin Dunn said.\\n\\nIndiana\\'s home arena, Gainbridge Fieldhouse, used to open an hour before games. But so many fans lined up in anticipation of games that they were spilling out into the street.\\n\\n\"So we had to make an executive decision to open the doors 90 minutes before the game so that we could get the people off the streets that were blocking the traffic,\" Dunn said.\\n\\nOnce inside, fans hoovered up Fever merchandise in unheard-of quantities.\\n\\n\"I think by mid season, we\\'d already sold more merchandise up until that point than the Pacers sold the whole NBA season,\" Dunn said. That team was no slouch, either: The Pacers reached the Eastern Conference finals.\\n\\nThe fervor around Clark started building at Iowa, where she became major-college basketball\\'s all-time leading scorer. Clark mania jumped to the Fever last Feb. 29, when she declared she would skip her extra year of eligibility for the Covid-19 pandemic and go to the WNBA.\\n\\nEven before Indiana selected Clark No. 1 overall, an unprecedented ticket-buying frenzy ensued.\\n\\nIn 2022, the team played at the state-fairgrounds venue Indiana Farmers Coliseum, because their regular arena was being renovated. The Fever went a franchise-worst 5-31 that season and averaged fewer than 2,000 fans per game.\\n\\nThis year, Indiana drew an all-time WNBA-record 17,036 fans per game. That\\'s more than the 16,526 average for the 2023-24 Pacers.\\n\\n\"We used to play in a barn with six fans,\" third-year Fever forward NaLyssa Smith marveled, a few weeks before Indiana\\'s May 14 season opener. \"Now we\\'re going to be playing in sold-out arenas.\"', 'ai_likelihood': 1.8537044525146484e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Christie Sides has spent most of her life in basketball. She played on Louisiana Tech\\'s 1999 Final Four team, was an assistant coach for Louisiana State\\'s Final Four teams and spent a decade as an assistant in the WNBA.\\n\\nBut none of that prepared Sides for her second season as head coach of the Indiana Fever. That was when the team used the No. 1 overall pick to draft a sharpshooter from the University of Iowa named Caitlin Clark\u2014and their entire world was turned upside down.\\n\\nAn early hint of how dramatically different this year would be came when the team went on an early-season road trip. Before this year, Sides says, she had never received a call on her hotel phone from a random member of the public. This season, she got a bunch of voice mails from people\u2014\"wanting to meet players, wanting tickets, wanting, you know, an autograph.\"\\n\\nLike any good coach confronted with an unfamiliar situation, Sides said she \"made some adjustments.\"\\n\\nThat included checking into hotels under aliases to avoid the sudden burst of outsize attention.\\n\\n\"Yeah, I think there\\'s some of us that have some fake names out there, you know, at hotels,\" Sides said. \"I mean, it\\'s crazy when you just said that, just to think about, that that\\'s what\\'s happening.\"\\n\\nEntering the season, the Fever were a young, rebuilding team that Sides thought would take until 2025 or 2026 to reach the playoffs. Instead, with Clark averaging more than 19 points and 8.4 assists per game\u2014and winning WNBA rookie of the year\u2014they made it this season. Indiana is down 0-1 to the Connecticut Sun and faces a must-win road game in a best-of-3 first-round series on Wednesday.\\n\\nWhen the Fever started the season 1-8, a legion of mostly new fans had strong and sometimes ornery opinions about their play on the court. Sides would often trend on social media\u2014mostly because people were calling for her to be fired.\\n\\n\"I\\'ve talked to some NFL coaches, I\\'ve talked to some NBA head coaches, and they\\'ve gone through this,\" Sides said. \"This has been their life for years, so they\\'re used to it. We didn\\'t have a scouting report on it, so we weren\\'t prepared.\"\\n\\nWhen Fever forward Aliyah Boston, the 2023 No. 1 overall pick from South Carolina, struggled at the season\\'s start, she was attacked on social media so relentlessly that she logged out of her accounts.\\n\\nAt road games, Fever fans show up by the hundreds or even thousands. (At the first playoff game, a Connecticut announcer trolled visitors by putting them on a \"Bandwagon Cam\" and labeling them \"Fever Fan Since 2024.\")\\n\\nThe Fever started pulling into underground parking garages at their hotels, Sides said, rather than wade through the large crowds of people that gather in the lobby and at the front door. Players can no longer go out to eat by themselves. The Fever travel with four security guards, and \"nobody leaves the hotel without a security person,\" Fever general manager Lin Dunn said.\\n\\nIndiana\\'s home arena, Gainbridge Fieldhouse, used to open an hour before games. But so many fans lined up in anticipation of games that they were spilling out into the street.\\n\\n\"So we had to make an executive decision to open the doors 90 minutes before the game so that we could get the people off the streets that were blocking the traffic,\" Dunn said.\\n\\nOnce inside, fans hoovered up Fever merchandise in unheard-of quantities.\\n\\n\"I think by mid season, we\\'d already sold more merchandise up until that point than the Pacers sold the whole NBA season,\" Dunn said. That team was no slouch, either: The Pacers reached the Eastern Conference finals.\\n\\nThe fervor around Clark started building at Iowa, where she became major-college basketball\\'s all-time leading scorer. Clark mania jumped to the Fever last Feb. 29, when she declared she would skip her extra year of eligibility for the Covid-19 pandemic and go to the WNBA.\\n\\nEven before Indiana selected Clark No. 1 overall, an unprecedented ticket-buying frenzy ensued.\\n\\nIn 2022, the team played at the state-fairgrounds venue Indiana Farmers Coliseum, because their regular arena was being renovated. The Fever went a franchise-worst 5-31 that season and averaged fewer than 2,000 fans per game.\\n\\nThis year, Indiana drew an all-time WNBA-record 17,036 fans per game. That\\'s more than the 16,526 average for the 2023-24 Pacers.\\n\\n\"We used to play in a barn with six fans,\" third-year Fever forward NaLyssa Smith marveled, a few weeks before Indiana\\'s May 14 season opener. \"Now we\\'re going to be playing in sold-out arenas.\"', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00011146068572998047, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '61b33bcb-197b-4672-aed9-a48816da3598', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 6.753742491127923e-05, 'sentence': 'Christie Sides has spent most of her life in basketball.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.212529868003912e-05, 'sentence': \"She played on Louisiana Tech's 1999 Final Four team, was an assistant coach for Louisiana State's Final Four teams and spent a decade as an assistant in the WNBA.\", 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'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 41, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.039828139852797, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9598887277771326, 'ai': 0.039828139852797, 'mixed': 0.0002831323700704621}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9598887277771326, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.039828139852797, 'human': 0.9598887277771326, 'mixed': 0.0002831323700704621}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Christie Sides has spent most of her life in basketball. She played on Louisiana Tech\\'s 1999 Final Four team, was an assistant coach for Louisiana State\\'s Final Four teams and spent a decade as an assistant in the WNBA.\\n\\nBut none of that prepared Sides for her second season as head coach of the Indiana Fever. That was when the team used the No. 1 overall pick to draft a sharpshooter from the University of Iowa named Caitlin Clark\u2014and their entire world was turned upside down.\\n\\nAn early hint of how dramatically different this year would be came when the team went on an early-season road trip. Before this year, Sides says, she had never received a call on her hotel phone from a random member of the public. This season, she got a bunch of voice mails from people\u2014\"wanting to meet players, wanting tickets, wanting, you know, an autograph.\"\\n\\nLike any good coach confronted with an unfamiliar situation, Sides said she \"made some adjustments.\"\\n\\nThat included checking into hotels under aliases to avoid the sudden burst of outsize attention.\\n\\n\"Yeah, I think there\\'s some of us that have some fake names out there, you know, at hotels,\" Sides said. \"I mean, it\\'s crazy when you just said that, just to think about, that that\\'s what\\'s happening.\"\\n\\nEntering the season, the Fever were a young, rebuilding team that Sides thought would take until 2025 or 2026 to reach the playoffs. Instead, with Clark averaging more than 19 points and 8.4 assists per game\u2014and winning WNBA rookie of the year\u2014they made it this season. Indiana is down 0-1 to the Connecticut Sun and faces a must-win road game in a best-of-3 first-round series on Wednesday.\\n\\nWhen the Fever started the season 1-8, a legion of mostly new fans had strong and sometimes ornery opinions about their play on the court. Sides would often trend on social media\u2014mostly because people were calling for her to be fired.\\n\\n\"I\\'ve talked to some NFL coaches, I\\'ve talked to some NBA head coaches, and they\\'ve gone through this,\" Sides said. \"This has been their life for years, so they\\'re used to it. We didn\\'t have a scouting report on it, so we weren\\'t prepared.\"\\n\\nWhen Fever forward Aliyah Boston, the 2023 No. 1 overall pick from South Carolina, struggled at the season\\'s start, she was attacked on social media so relentlessly that she logged out of her accounts.\\n\\nAt road games, Fever fans show up by the hundreds or even thousands. (At the first playoff game, a Connecticut announcer trolled visitors by putting them on a \"Bandwagon Cam\" and labeling them \"Fever Fan Since 2024.\")\\n\\nThe Fever started pulling into underground parking garages at their hotels, Sides said, rather than wade through the large crowds of people that gather in the lobby and at the front door. Players can no longer go out to eat by themselves. The Fever travel with four security guards, and \"nobody leaves the hotel without a security person,\" Fever general manager Lin Dunn said.\\n\\nIndiana\\'s home arena, Gainbridge Fieldhouse, used to open an hour before games. But so many fans lined up in anticipation of games that they were spilling out into the street.\\n\\n\"So we had to make an executive decision to open the doors 90 minutes before the game so that we could get the people off the streets that were blocking the traffic,\" Dunn said.\\n\\nOnce inside, fans hoovered up Fever merchandise in unheard-of quantities.\\n\\n\"I think by mid season, we\\'d already sold more merchandise up until that point than the Pacers sold the whole NBA season,\" Dunn said. That team was no slouch, either: The Pacers reached the Eastern Conference finals.\\n\\nThe fervor around Clark started building at Iowa, where she became major-college basketball\\'s all-time leading scorer. Clark mania jumped to the Fever last Feb. 29, when she declared she would skip her extra year of eligibility for the Covid-19 pandemic and go to the WNBA.\\n\\nEven before Indiana selected Clark No. 1 overall, an unprecedented ticket-buying frenzy ensued.\\n\\nIn 2022, the team played at the state-fairgrounds venue Indiana Farmers Coliseum, because their regular arena was being renovated. The Fever went a franchise-worst 5-31 that season and averaged fewer than 2,000 fans per game.\\n\\nThis year, Indiana drew an all-time WNBA-record 17,036 fans per game. That\\'s more than the 16,526 average for the 2023-24 Pacers.\\n\\n\"We used to play in a barn with six fans,\" third-year Fever forward NaLyssa Smith marveled, a few weeks before Indiana\\'s May 14 season opener. \"Now we\\'re going to be playing in sold-out arenas.\"'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5738585591,"RADAR":0.0240805224,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Overall the article feels a bit too \"real\" to be AI. The mentions of attacks on social media, calling for the coach to be fired, using fake names, and the need for security guards are examples of this. \"Fans hoovered up merchandise\" is pretty funny, which would be unusual for AI as it tends to lack humour. The same goes for fans being trolled with a \"Bandwagon Cam\", it just feels too casual and humorous. The quotes also feel like real quotes, somewhat disjointed and not necessarily being the best way of saying something. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"No signs of the usual AI words or sentence style. Rich vocabulary and an original concluding sentence."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: no Oxford comma. Some of the phrasing sounds very humanlike (highlighted). The punctuation is off. Use of colloquial terms and expressions. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am highly confident this is human-written. Not only are the sentences and paragraphs spaced well, there is actually story-telling here in this article. Phrases of quotes are interspersed with text, such as with \"she got a bunch of voice mails from people\u2014\"wanting to meet players, wanting tickets, wanting, you know, an autograph.\"\", alongside the use of dashes, parentheses, and varying sentences lengths. But more than that, there's visuals to this story, as with \"she was attacked on social media so relentlessly that she logged out of her accounts.\" that it makes the story relatable. The context of the article is clear and present, something that I feel AI generally lacks. So, it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The author maintains a conversational tone without degenerating into informality. Words like \"ornery\" and \"hoovered up\" are regional and contextually appropriate. The writing style is typical of sports commentators without the artificial rigidity found in AI texts. Use of parentheses support the tone of the text."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"29":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":30,"title":"Want to Look Taller, Guys? Try the 'Rule of Thirds' Style Formula","sub-title":"Rooted in age-old geometry, this fashion hack has surfaced in Hollywood (and on TikTok). Here's how to make it work in your wardrobe.","author":"Jessica Salter","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":"9\/19\/24","section":"Style","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/style\/fashion\/want-to-look-taller-guys-try-the-rule-of-thirds-style-formula-c073b9ff?mod=style_feat2_fashion_pos2","article":"When David Lane first started teaching, one of his students called him \"Humpty Dumpty.\" That was enough for the high-school art instructor in Rochester, N.Y., to swap his low-slung pants, held up with suspenders, for ones that hit higher. Though it felt like a small adjustment, Lane found the altered shape a big confidence booster. \"It lengthens your legs,\" said the 45-year-old, who stands at 5'10. \"It makes me feel taller.\"\n\nHe didn't yet know it, but Lane was embracing the \"rule of thirds,\" a Hollywood styling trick that dictates that a man's shirt or sweater should cover the upper third of his body, and his pants fill out the lower two. The goal: to mimic the classic proportions of old-school movie-star garb\u2014think Cary Grant's tailored slacks from the '50s that, with their higher-rise, fastened neatly around the navel. \"It looks sharp,\" said British designer Charlie Casely-Hayford, noting that no matter one's body type, the technique helps \"balance it out.\"\n\nCasely-Hayford considers the \"rule of thirds\" to be a cousin to art's \"Golden Ratio,\" which holds that in a painting, visual harmony is achieved when smaller sections are in specific proportion to larger ones\u2014much like the sections of an outfit. \"It applies some of that traditional compositional thinking\" to a look, he explained. Still, you needn't be a wonk to work out how high to hoist your pants: \"It's generally the natural waist point, around the belly button,\" he said.\n\nThis idea might be based on age-old geometry, but it has modern fans. Celebrities like Donald Glover, Paul Mescal and Harry Styles now play by the rule in higher-waisted trousers with tucked tops. The style hack has also gone viral: TikTok videos tagged with \"rule of thirds\" have been viewed more than five million times.\n\nBut though the technique is trendy, it's not exactly easy. \"You have to know your proportions,\" explained London stylist Eric Down, who works with stars like Chris Hemsworth and Henry Cavill. Added Sean Dixon, the co-founder of Savile Row tailor Richard James, \"There's a definite balance to be struck, depending on the individual figure.\"\n\nThat's especially true for men with rounder builds. Casely-Hayford noted that clients with \"a slight paunch\" should find pants that hit just above the belly button. \"Nearly every time, that really flatters their shape.\"\n\n\"If your pants hit at the widest point of your stomach, they can draw attention to that,\" said Down. For huskier bodies, he recommends pairing such pants with a jacket or button-up that falls a little lower, just above the hip, which \"draws the eye down.\"\n\nBryan O'Sullivan, 42, an interior designer based in London and New York, said that along with \"pulling in the tummy,\" the technique helps his backside seem more toned, especially with darker denim or crisp khaki, which drapes nicely across the curve of the lower torso. \"It gives you a good bum,\" he said.\n\nFor best results, consider slacks with straight, slightly wider legs . \"Pants tend to fall cleaner when they're cut straight,\" said Peter Zottolo, 48, a photographer from San Francisco, who recommends khakis from J.Crew and denim from Ben Davis. Stylist Down said pants in thicker fabrics, such as the trousers by British designer Nigel Cabourn, \"fall better with a bit of weight.\" Skinny belts help add some subtle definition between the waist and chest.\n\nAs for tops, consider shorter, even boxier shapes . Buck Mason and Lady White Co. make shirts with slightly abbreviated hems. An unexpected jacket can also make the proportions more modern. O'Sullivan layers a cropped, colorful Bode jacket over a tightly tucked white tee and wide-leg trousers, \"which gives it a spin.\"\n\nHe also adds rubber clogs, like those from Simone Rocha, for a contemporary edge. Even though the silhouette riffs on old movies, O'Sullivan said, \"you don't want to actually dress like a person from the 1940s.\"\n\nFans of the \"rule of thirds\" admit that some mental recalibration is needed to adopt the technique. \"It does feel a bit odd the first time you do it,\" said Lane, the high-school teacher. But now that he's in the high-waisted club, he says he can't go back. \"I just wore a pair of lower waisted, slim-fitting pants that I always thought looked great,\" he said. But after seeing himself in photos, Lane realized those low-slung pants now seemed dated. \"I've changed gears. They just felt wrong.\"","id":59,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'When David Lane first started teaching, one of his students called him \"Humpty Dumpty.\" That was enough for the high-school art instructor in Rochester, N.Y., to swap his low-slung pants, held up with suspenders, for ones that hit higher. Though it felt like a small adjustment, Lane found the altered shape a big confidence booster. \"It lengthens your legs,\" said the 45-year-old, who stands at 5\\'10. \"It makes me feel taller.\"\\n\\nHe didn\\'t yet know it, but Lane was embracing the \"rule of thirds,\" a Hollywood styling trick that dictates that a man\\'s shirt or sweater should cover the upper third of his body, and his pants fill out the lower two. The goal: to mimic the classic proportions of old-school movie-star garb\u2014think Cary Grant\\'s tailored slacks from the \\'50s that, with their higher-rise, fastened neatly around the navel. \"It looks sharp,\" said British designer Charlie Casely-Hayford, noting that no matter one\\'s body type, the technique helps \"balance it out.\"\\n\\nCasely-Hayford considers the \"rule of thirds\" to be a cousin to art\\'s \"Golden Ratio,\" which holds that in a painting, visual harmony is achieved when smaller sections are in specific proportion to larger ones\u2014much like the sections of an outfit. \"It applies some of that traditional compositional thinking\" to a look, he explained. Still, you needn\\'t be a wonk to work out how high to hoist your pants: \"It\\'s generally the natural waist point, around the belly button,\" he said.\\n\\nThis idea might be based on age-old geometry, but it has modern fans. Celebrities like Donald Glover, Paul Mescal and Harry Styles now play by the rule in higher-waisted trousers with tucked tops. The style hack has also gone viral: TikTok videos tagged with \"rule of thirds\" have been viewed more than five million times.\\n\\nBut though the technique is trendy, it\\'s not exactly easy. \"You have to know your proportions,\" explained London stylist Eric Down, who works with stars like Chris Hemsworth and Henry Cavill. Added Sean Dixon, the co-founder of Savile Row tailor Richard James, \"There\\'s a definite balance to be struck, depending on the individual figure.\"\\n\\nThat\\'s especially true for men with rounder builds. Casely-Hayford noted that clients with \"a slight paunch\" should find pants that hit just above the belly button. \"Nearly every time, that really flatters their shape.\"\\n\\n\"If your pants hit at the widest point of your stomach, they can draw attention to that,\" said Down. For huskier bodies, he recommends pairing such pants with a jacket or button-up that falls a little lower, just above the hip, which \"draws the eye down.\"\\n\\nBryan O\\'Sullivan, 42, an interior designer based in London and New York, said that along with \"pulling in the tummy,\" the technique helps his backside seem more toned, especially with darker denim or crisp khaki, which drapes nicely across the curve of the lower torso. \"It gives you a good bum,\" he said.\\n\\nFor best results, consider slacks with straight, slightly wider legs . \"Pants tend to fall cleaner when they\\'re cut straight,\" said Peter Zottolo, 48, a photographer from San Francisco, who recommends khakis from J.Crew and denim from Ben Davis. Stylist Down said pants in thicker fabrics, such as the trousers by British designer Nigel Cabourn, \"fall better with a bit of weight.\" Skinny belts help add some subtle definition between the waist and chest.\\n\\nAs for tops, consider shorter, even boxier shapes . Buck Mason and Lady White Co. make shirts with slightly abbreviated hems. An unexpected jacket can also make the proportions more modern. O\\'Sullivan layers a cropped, colorful Bode jacket over a tightly tucked white tee and wide-leg trousers, \"which gives it a spin.\"\\n\\nHe also adds rubber clogs, like those from Simone Rocha, for a contemporary edge. Even though the silhouette riffs on old movies, O\\'Sullivan said, \"you don\\'t want to actually dress like a person from the 1940s.\"\\n\\nFans of the \"rule of thirds\" admit that some mental recalibration is needed to adopt the technique. \"It does feel a bit odd the first time you do it,\" said Lane, the high-school teacher. But now that he\\'s in the high-waisted club, he says he can\\'t go back. \"I just wore a pair of lower waisted, slim-fitting pants that I always thought looked great,\" he said. But after seeing himself in photos, Lane realized those low-slung pants now seemed dated. \"I\\'ve changed gears. They just felt wrong.\"', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00010180473327636719, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'When David Lane first started teaching, one of his students called him \"Humpty Dumpty.\" That was enough for the high-school art instructor in Rochester, N.Y., to swap his low-slung pants, held up with suspenders, for ones that hit higher. Though it felt like a small adjustment, Lane found the altered shape a big confidence booster. \"It lengthens your legs,\" said the 45-year-old, who stands at 5\\'10. \"It makes me feel taller.\"\\n\\nHe didn\\'t yet know it, but Lane was embracing the \"rule of thirds,\" a Hollywood styling trick that dictates that a man\\'s shirt or sweater should cover the upper third of his body, and his pants fill out the lower two. The goal: to mimic the classic proportions of old-school movie-star garb\u2014think Cary Grant\\'s tailored slacks from the \\'50s that, with their higher-rise, fastened neatly around the navel. \"It looks sharp,\" said British designer Charlie Casely-Hayford, noting that no matter one\\'s body type, the technique helps \"balance it out.\"\\n\\nCasely-Hayford considers the \"rule of thirds\" to be a cousin to art\\'s \"Golden Ratio,\" which holds that in a painting, visual harmony is achieved when smaller sections are in specific proportion to larger ones\u2014much like the sections of an outfit. \"It applies some of that traditional compositional thinking\" to a look, he explained. Still, you needn\\'t be a wonk to work out how high to hoist your pants: \"It\\'s generally the natural waist point, around the belly button,\" he said.\\n\\nThis idea might be based on age-old geometry, but it has modern fans. Celebrities like Donald Glover, Paul Mescal and Harry Styles now play by the rule in higher-waisted trousers with tucked tops. The style hack has also gone viral: TikTok videos tagged with \"rule of thirds\" have been viewed more than five million times.\\n\\nBut though the technique is trendy, it\\'s not exactly easy. \"You have to know your proportions,\" explained London stylist Eric Down, who works with stars like Chris Hemsworth and Henry Cavill. Added Sean Dixon, the co-founder of Savile Row tailor Richard James, \"There\\'s a definite balance to be struck, depending on the individual figure.\"\\n\\nThat\\'s especially true for men with rounder builds. Casely-Hayford noted that clients with \"a slight paunch\" should find pants that hit just above the belly button. \"Nearly every time, that really flatters their shape.\"\\n\\n\"If your pants hit at the widest point of your stomach, they can draw attention to that,\" said Down. For huskier bodies, he recommends pairing such pants with a jacket or button-up that falls a little lower, just above the hip, which \"draws the eye down.\"\\n\\nBryan O\\'Sullivan, 42, an interior designer based in London and New York, said that along with \"pulling in the tummy,\" the technique helps his backside seem more toned, especially with darker denim or crisp khaki, which drapes nicely across the curve of the lower torso. \"It gives you a good bum,\" he said.\\n\\nFor best results, consider slacks with straight, slightly wider legs . \"Pants tend to fall cleaner when they\\'re cut straight,\" said Peter Zottolo, 48, a photographer from San Francisco, who recommends khakis from J.Crew and denim from Ben Davis. Stylist Down said pants in thicker fabrics, such as the trousers by British designer Nigel Cabourn, \"fall better with a bit of weight.\" Skinny belts help add some subtle definition between the waist and chest.\\n\\nAs for tops, consider shorter, even boxier shapes . Buck Mason and Lady White Co. make shirts with slightly abbreviated hems. An unexpected jacket can also make the proportions more modern. O\\'Sullivan layers a cropped, colorful Bode jacket over a tightly tucked white tee and wide-leg trousers, \"which gives it a spin.\"\\n\\nHe also adds rubber clogs, like those from Simone Rocha, for a contemporary edge. Even though the silhouette riffs on old movies, O\\'Sullivan said, \"you don\\'t want to actually dress like a person from the 1940s.\"\\n\\nFans of the \"rule of thirds\" admit that some mental recalibration is needed to adopt the technique. \"It does feel a bit odd the first time you do it,\" said Lane, the high-school teacher. But now that he\\'s in the high-waisted club, he says he can\\'t go back. \"I just wore a pair of lower waisted, slim-fitting pants that I always thought looked great,\" he said. But after seeing himself in photos, Lane realized those low-slung pants now seemed dated. \"I\\'ve changed gears. They just felt wrong.\"', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0018529891967773438, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '8c83ae06-91ff-4b77-addd-bfd0ecc87f10', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0002661194885149598, 'sentence': 'When David Lane first started teaching, one of his students called him \"Humpty Dumpty.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001881582720670849, 'sentence': 'That was enough for the high-school art instructor in Rochester, N.Y., to swap his low-slung pants, held up with suspenders, for ones that hit higher.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002492354833520949, 'sentence': 'Though it felt like a small adjustment, Lane found the altered shape a big confidence booster.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001142416222137399, 'sentence': '\"It lengthens your legs,\" said the 45-year-old, who stands at 5\\'10.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012175298616057262, 'sentence': '\"It makes me feel taller.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021608074894174933, 'sentence': 'He didn\\'t yet know it, but Lane was embracing the \"rule of thirds,\" a Hollywood styling trick that dictates that a man\\'s shirt or sweater should cover the upper third of his body, and his pants fill out the lower two.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00022658637317363173, 'sentence': \"The goal: to mimic the classic proportions of old-school movie-star garb\u1173think Cary Grant's tailored slacks from the '50s that, with their higher-rise, fastened neatly around the navel.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014644110342487693, 'sentence': '\"It looks sharp,\" said British designer Charlie Casely-Hayford, noting that no matter one\\'s body type, the technique helps \"balance it out.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00020772010611835867, 'sentence': 'Casely-Hayford considers the \"rule of thirds\" to be a cousin to art\\'s \"Golden Ratio,\" which holds that in a painting, visual harmony is achieved when smaller sections are in specific proportion to larger ones\u1173much like the sections of an outfit.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001957953063538298, 'sentence': '\"It applies some of that traditional compositional thinking\" to a look, he explained.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001853255380410701, 'sentence': 'Still, you needn\\'t be a wonk to work out how high to hoist your pants: \"It\\'s generally the natural waist point, around the belly button,\" he said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.029530666768550873, 'sentence': 'This idea might be based on age-old geometry, but it has modern fans.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.022453077137470245, 'sentence': 'Celebrities like Donald Glover, Paul Mescal and Harry Styles now play by the rule in higher-waisted trousers with tucked tops.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.032084476202726364, 'sentence': 'The style hack has also gone viral: TikTok videos tagged with \"rule of thirds\" have been viewed more than five million times.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.05463673546910286, 'sentence': \"But though the technique is trendy, it's not exactly easy.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.02627556398510933, 'sentence': '\"You have to know your proportions,\" explained London stylist Eric Down, who works with stars like Chris Hemsworth and Henry Cavill.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.055178720504045486, 'sentence': 'Added Sean Dixon, the co-founder of Savile Row tailor Richard James, \"There\\'s a definite balance to be struck, depending on the individual figure.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.05092775076627731, 'sentence': \"That's especially true for men with rounder builds.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01527569629251957, 'sentence': 'Casely-Hayford noted that clients with \"a slight paunch\" should find pants that hit just above the belly button.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.012775612063705921, 'sentence': '\"Nearly every time, that really flatters their shape.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.026802513748407364, 'sentence': '\"If your pants hit at the widest point of your stomach, they can draw attention to that,\" said Down.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.013716361485421658, 'sentence': 'For huskier bodies, he recommends pairing such pants with a jacket or button-up that falls a little lower, just above the hip, which \"draws the eye down.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.006559687200933695, 'sentence': 'Bryan O\\'Sullivan, 42, an interior designer based in London and New York, said that along with \"pulling in the tummy,\" the technique helps his backside seem more toned, especially with darker denim or crisp khaki, which drapes nicely across the curve of the lower torso.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003751221811398864, 'sentence': '\"It gives you a good bum,\" he said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004391815047711134, 'sentence': 'For best results, consider slacks with straight, slightly wider legs.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001834074646467343, 'sentence': '\"Pants tend to fall cleaner when they\\'re cut straight,\" said Peter Zottolo, 48, a photographer from San Francisco, who recommends khakis from J.Crew and denim from Ben Davis.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002115456882165745, 'sentence': 'Stylist Down said pants in thicker fabrics, such as the trousers by British designer Nigel Cabourn, \"fall better with a bit of weight.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00016598733782302588, 'sentence': 'Skinny belts help add some subtle definition between the waist and chest.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002923659631051123, 'sentence': 'As for tops, consider shorter, even boxier shapes.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00027853858773596585, 'sentence': 'Buck Mason and Lady White Co. make shirts with slightly abbreviated hems.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002056359953712672, 'sentence': 'An unexpected jacket can also make the proportions more modern.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00024903006851673126, 'sentence': 'O\\'Sullivan layers a cropped, colorful Bode jacket over a tightly tucked white tee and wide-leg trousers, \"which gives it a spin.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00022211593750398606, 'sentence': 'He also adds rubber clogs, like those from Simone Rocha, for a contemporary edge.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002121936558978632, 'sentence': 'Even though the silhouette riffs on old movies, O\\'Sullivan said, \"you don\\'t want to actually dress like a person from the 1940s.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001853970461525023, 'sentence': 'Fans of the \"rule of thirds\" admit that some mental recalibration is needed to adopt the technique.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013732057414017618, 'sentence': '\"It does feel a bit odd the first time you do it,\" said Lane, the high-school teacher.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010990104783559218, 'sentence': \"But now that he's in the high-waisted club, he says he can't go back.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001295011752517894, 'sentence': '\"I just wore a pair of lower waisted, slim-fitting pants that I always thought looked great,\" he said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00018258002819493413, 'sentence': 'But after seeing himself in photos, Lane realized those low-slung pants now seemed dated.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002498537360224873, 'sentence': '\"I\\'ve changed gears.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005055314395576715, 'sentence': 'They just felt wrong.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 14, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 17, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 20, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 22, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 24, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 28, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 32, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 34, 'num_sentences': 7, 'completely_generated_prob': 2.1228438805416278e-06}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.006608679833334143, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9933913201666659, 'ai': 0.006608679833334143, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9933913201666659, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.006608679833334143, 'human': 0.9933913201666659, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'When David Lane first started teaching, one of his students called him \"Humpty Dumpty.\" That was enough for the high-school art instructor in Rochester, N.Y., to swap his low-slung pants, held up with suspenders, for ones that hit higher. Though it felt like a small adjustment, Lane found the altered shape a big confidence booster. \"It lengthens your legs,\" said the 45-year-old, who stands at 5\\'10. \"It makes me feel taller.\"\\n\\nHe didn\\'t yet know it, but Lane was embracing the \"rule of thirds,\" a Hollywood styling trick that dictates that a man\\'s shirt or sweater should cover the upper third of his body, and his pants fill out the lower two. The goal: to mimic the classic proportions of old-school movie-star garb\u2014think Cary Grant\\'s tailored slacks from the \\'50s that, with their higher-rise, fastened neatly around the navel. \"It looks sharp,\" said British designer Charlie Casely-Hayford, noting that no matter one\\'s body type, the technique helps \"balance it out.\"\\n\\nCasely-Hayford considers the \"rule of thirds\" to be a cousin to art\\'s \"Golden Ratio,\" which holds that in a painting, visual harmony is achieved when smaller sections are in specific proportion to larger ones\u2014much like the sections of an outfit. \"It applies some of that traditional compositional thinking\" to a look, he explained. Still, you needn\\'t be a wonk to work out how high to hoist your pants: \"It\\'s generally the natural waist point, around the belly button,\" he said.\\n\\nThis idea might be based on age-old geometry, but it has modern fans. Celebrities like Donald Glover, Paul Mescal and Harry Styles now play by the rule in higher-waisted trousers with tucked tops. The style hack has also gone viral: TikTok videos tagged with \"rule of thirds\" have been viewed more than five million times.\\n\\nBut though the technique is trendy, it\\'s not exactly easy. \"You have to know your proportions,\" explained London stylist Eric Down, who works with stars like Chris Hemsworth and Henry Cavill. Added Sean Dixon, the co-founder of Savile Row tailor Richard James, \"There\\'s a definite balance to be struck, depending on the individual figure.\"\\n\\nThat\\'s especially true for men with rounder builds. Casely-Hayford noted that clients with \"a slight paunch\" should find pants that hit just above the belly button. \"Nearly every time, that really flatters their shape.\"\\n\\n\"If your pants hit at the widest point of your stomach, they can draw attention to that,\" said Down. For huskier bodies, he recommends pairing such pants with a jacket or button-up that falls a little lower, just above the hip, which \"draws the eye down.\"\\n\\nBryan O\\'Sullivan, 42, an interior designer based in London and New York, said that along with \"pulling in the tummy,\" the technique helps his backside seem more toned, especially with darker denim or crisp khaki, which drapes nicely across the curve of the lower torso. \"It gives you a good bum,\" he said.\\n\\nFor best results, consider slacks with straight, slightly wider legs . \"Pants tend to fall cleaner when they\\'re cut straight,\" said Peter Zottolo, 48, a photographer from San Francisco, who recommends khakis from J.Crew and denim from Ben Davis. Stylist Down said pants in thicker fabrics, such as the trousers by British designer Nigel Cabourn, \"fall better with a bit of weight.\" Skinny belts help add some subtle definition between the waist and chest.\\n\\nAs for tops, consider shorter, even boxier shapes . Buck Mason and Lady White Co. make shirts with slightly abbreviated hems. An unexpected jacket can also make the proportions more modern. O\\'Sullivan layers a cropped, colorful Bode jacket over a tightly tucked white tee and wide-leg trousers, \"which gives it a spin.\"\\n\\nHe also adds rubber clogs, like those from Simone Rocha, for a contemporary edge. Even though the silhouette riffs on old movies, O\\'Sullivan said, \"you don\\'t want to actually dress like a person from the 1940s.\"\\n\\nFans of the \"rule of thirds\" admit that some mental recalibration is needed to adopt the technique. \"It does feel a bit odd the first time you do it,\" said Lane, the high-school teacher. But now that he\\'s in the high-waisted club, he says he can\\'t go back. \"I just wore a pair of lower waisted, slim-fitting pants that I always thought looked great,\" he said. But after seeing himself in photos, Lane realized those low-slung pants now seemed dated. \"I\\'ve changed gears. They just felt wrong.\"'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4654635489,"RADAR":0.0063626696,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"A student calling an overweight teacher \"humpty dumpty\" is too creative for AI, and might be considered on the harmful side. The quotes also feel quite real, rather than explaining the entire story, the article explains the point and then supplements it with a quote. AI tends to make entire quotes say exactly what the article wants to. The overall writing style also just feels different to AI, with phrases like \"it gives you a good bum\" and words like \"huskier\". "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This article includes rich vocabulary, varying sentence types and lengths, and is more interesting to read than the usual bland offerings presented by AI. There are none of the trademark AI words, either."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: awkward phrasing. Issues with punctuation. Colloquial phrasing. Doesn't follow the usual AI textbook style. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"This feels human-written, primarily because there's more variety in how some of the sentences are written. It uses more simplistic language, seen in sentences such as \"But though the technique is trendy, it's not exactly easy.\" and \"But though the technique is trendy, it's not exactly easy.\" There are long dashes, colons, and even portrays some commonly seen writing styles used in AP style writing, such as writing the name, age, and occupation within the first sentence to introduce a new person into the article's topic. One sentence in particular, \"This idea might be based on age-old geometry, but it has modern fans.\" plays on age and modernity, which I don't see with AI, because most of the time when AI is writing, it lacks context and can't always connect ideas together. So, because of these reasons, it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I read the same information a few stories up from this one generated in mind-numbing AI style. This author varied their paragraph & sentence length, incorporated short quoted phrases into their sentences, and used a bit of humor to make the text interesting to read. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"30":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":1,"title":"Why Japan\u2019s Shogun Executed Dozens of Christians During the Great Genna Martyrdom of 1622","sub-title":"On September 10, 1622, Japanese officials burned alive or beheaded 55 missionaries and laypeople alike. The violence coincided with Japan\u2019s push to expel all foreign influences","author":"Meilan Solly","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":"9\/10\/24","section":"History","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/history\/why-japans-shogun-executed-dozens-christians-great-genna-martyrdom-1622-180985023\/","article":"On an early September day in 1622, a large group of Christians gathered on a hill in Nagasaki, Japan, to bear witness. Dozens of their fellow believers had been rounded up and sentenced to be tortured for their illicit faith.\n\nChristianity had taken root in the seven decades since its arrival on Japan\u2019s shores, surviving through Jesuit missionaries and underground communities. When Japan\u2019s leaders closed the country to foreigners in the early 17th century, however, they banned the religion as an insidious influence.\n\nAs the crowd looked on that day in Nagasaki, government officials, \u201cwith unmerciful ferocity, cut off the heads\u201d of 30 Christians, according to a contemporary pamphlet. The executioners then placed the severed heads in front of 25 other prisoners who were tied to stakes nearby. Asked why they had beheaded some before killing the others, the officials responded that \u201cit was for the purpose of frightening the confessors of Christ, and thus disheartening them for the torture of burning.\u201d\n\nThe martyrs remained steadfast as they died in the flames, enduring their pain as if they were made \u201cof marble, so calm and motionless they stood,\u201d the pamphlet stated. Within a few hours, all were dead. The prisoners\u2019 remains were burned to ashes and scattered at sea to prevent the crowd from venerating them as relics. In total, 55 Christians died on Nishizaka Hill on September 10, 1622, joining the ranks of more than 400 people killed in Japan for their religious beliefs between 1597 and 1637. The mass execution is known today as the Great Genna Martyrdom, after Japan\u2019s Genna era, which spanned 1615 to 1624.\n\nMissionaries had introduced Christianity to Japan in 1549 during a pivotal period in the country\u2019s history. For more than a century, between 1467 and 1603, rival feudal lords known as daimyo fought for control of the Asian archipelago, attempting\u2014with varying degrees of success\u2014to unite the warring states. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was the first to achieve this goal, unifying Japan by 1590; beginning in 1603, Hideyoshi\u2019s successors, the Tokugawa shogunate, oversaw an era of relative peace and prosperity.\n\nInitially, many of the warring feudal lords embraced Christianity, viewing it as a way of undermining those in power. At its peak, Christianity in Japan boasted some 500,000 adherents, the majority of them clustered in Nagasaki. \u201cOppressed peasants\u201d were attracted to Christianity by the promise of salvation, while merchants and \u201ctrade-conscious daimyos\u201d were more concerned with the economic opportunities afforded by the new religion.\n\nBut Hideyoshi quickly grew skeptical of a belief system with such close ties to foreign powers: namely, Portugal, the home of many Jesuit missionaries, and Rome, where the Catholic Church was based. Japan\u2019s leaders \u201cwere looking to get rid of Christianity, but they were also looking to remove the foreigners as a political threat to [the] security of the state \u2026 so the two things were related,\u201d Kiri Paramore, a historian at the National University of Ireland, told BBC News in 2019.\n\nIn 1587, Hideyoshi expelled Christian missionaries, accusing them of committing \u201cthe illegal act of destroying the teachings of Buddha\u201d\u2014the dominant faith in Japan at the time. A decade later, the warlord ordered the executions of 26 Catholics, including Franciscan missionaries and Japanese converts. The youngest martyr, a 12-year-old boy named Luis Ibaraki, reportedly refused the chance to save his life by renouncing Christianity, instead declaring, \u201cI do not want to live on that condition, for it is not reasonable to exchange a life that has no end for one that soon finishes.\u201d All of the Christians were crucified on Nishizaka Hill, the same spot where 55 martyrs would die 25 years later on the orders of Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada.\n\nBy the time of the Great Genna Martyrdom, Christianity was struggling to survive in Japan. Catholics continued to face severe persecution under the shogunate. In addition to holding public executions, the government tortured missionaries and converts by pouring boiling water on them, freezing them to death in ice water and hanging them upside down in pits filled with excrement.\n\nAuthorities also forced suspected Christians to trample on a brass likeness of Jesus or the Virgin Mary\u2014a blasphemous act. Those who succumbed to government pressure would often \u201creturn home, begging God to forgive them,\u201d Simon Hull, an expert on Japanese Catholicism, told BBC News in 2019. \u201cIn one community, they would even burn the sandals they had worn, mixing the ashes with water before drinking it as an expression of their profound penitence.\u201d\n\nIt was only in the mid-19th century, after American Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japan to open its ports to foreign powers, that the country\u2019s hidden Christian communities started to resurface. Today, Catholics represent less than 1 percent of Japan\u2019s population.","id":1,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'On an early September day in 1622, a large group of Christians gathered on a hill in Nagasaki, Japan, to bear witness. Dozens of their fellow believers had been rounded up and sentenced to be tortured for their illicit faith.\\n\\nChristianity had taken root in the seven decades since its arrival on Japan\u2019s shores, surviving through Jesuit missionaries and underground communities. When Japan\u2019s leaders closed the country to foreigners in the early 17th century, however, they banned the religion as an insidious influence.\\n\\nAs the crowd looked on that day in Nagasaki, government officials, \u201cwith unmerciful ferocity, cut off the heads\u201d of 30 Christians, according to a contemporary pamphlet. The executioners then placed the severed heads in front of 25 other prisoners who were tied to stakes nearby. Asked why they had beheaded some before killing the others, the officials responded that \u201cit was for the purpose of frightening the confessors of Christ, and thus disheartening them for the torture of burning.\u201d\\n\\nThe martyrs remained steadfast as they died in the flames, enduring their pain as if they were made \u201cof marble, so calm and motionless they stood,\u201d the pamphlet stated. Within a few hours, all were dead. The prisoners\u2019 remains were burned to ashes and scattered at sea to prevent the crowd from venerating them as relics. In total, 55 Christians died on Nishizaka Hill on September 10, 1622, joining the ranks of more than 400 people killed in Japan for their religious beliefs between 1597 and 1637. The mass execution is known today as the Great Genna Martyrdom, after Japan\u2019s Genna era, which spanned 1615 to 1624.\\n\\nMissionaries had introduced Christianity to Japan in 1549 during a pivotal period in the country\u2019s history. For more than a century, between 1467 and 1603, rival feudal lords known as daimyo fought for control of the Asian archipelago, attempting\u2014with varying degrees of success\u2014to unite the warring states. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was the first to achieve this goal, unifying Japan by 1590; beginning in 1603, Hideyoshi\u2019s successors, the Tokugawa shogunate, oversaw an era of relative peace and prosperity.\\n\\nInitially, many of the warring feudal lords embraced Christianity, viewing it as a way of undermining those in power. At its peak, Christianity in Japan boasted some 500,000 adherents, the majority of them clustered in Nagasaki. \u201cOppressed peasants\u201d were attracted to Christianity by the promise of salvation, while merchants and \u201ctrade-conscious daimyos\u201d were more concerned with the economic opportunities afforded by the new religion.\\n\\nBut Hideyoshi quickly grew skeptical of a belief system with such close ties to foreign powers: namely, Portugal, the home of many Jesuit missionaries, and Rome, where the Catholic Church was based. Japan\u2019s leaders \u201cwere looking to get rid of Christianity, but they were also looking to remove the foreigners as a political threat to [the] security of the state \u2026 so the two things were related,\u201d Kiri Paramore, a historian at the National University of Ireland, told BBC News in 2019.\\n\\nIn 1587, Hideyoshi expelled Christian missionaries, accusing them of committing \u201cthe illegal act of destroying the teachings of Buddha\u201d\u2014the dominant faith in Japan at the time. A decade later, the warlord ordered the executions of 26 Catholics, including Franciscan missionaries and Japanese converts. The youngest martyr, a 12-year-old boy named Luis Ibaraki, reportedly refused the chance to save his life by renouncing Christianity, instead declaring, \u201cI do not want to live on that condition, for it is not reasonable to exchange a life that has no end for one that soon finishes.\u201d All of the Christians were crucified on Nishizaka Hill, the same spot where 55 martyrs would die 25 years later on the orders of Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada.\\n\\nBy the time of the Great Genna Martyrdom, Christianity was struggling to survive in Japan. Catholics continued to face severe persecution under the shogunate. In addition to holding public executions, the government tortured missionaries and converts by pouring boiling water on them, freezing them to death in ice water and hanging them upside down in pits filled with excrement.\\n\\nAuthorities also forced suspected Christians to trample on a brass likeness of Jesus or the Virgin Mary\u2014a blasphemous act. Those who succumbed to government pressure would often \u201creturn home, begging God to forgive them,\u201d Simon Hull, an expert on Japanese Catholicism, told BBC News in 2019. \u201cIn one community, they would even burn the sandals they had worn, mixing the ashes with water before drinking it as an expression of their profound penitence.\u201d\\n\\nIt was only in the mid-19th century, after American Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japan to open its ports to foreign powers, that the country\u2019s hidden Christian communities started to resurface. Today, Catholics represent less than 1 percent of Japan\u2019s population.', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0005817413330078125, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'On an early September day in 1622, a large group of Christians gathered on a hill in Nagasaki, Japan, to bear witness. Dozens of their fellow believers had been rounded up and sentenced to be tortured for their illicit faith.\\n\\nChristianity had taken root in the seven decades since its arrival on Japan\u2019s shores, surviving through Jesuit missionaries and underground communities. When Japan\u2019s leaders closed the country to foreigners in the early 17th century, however, they banned the religion as an insidious influence.\\n\\nAs the crowd looked on that day in Nagasaki, government officials, \u201cwith unmerciful ferocity, cut off the heads\u201d of 30 Christians, according to a contemporary pamphlet. The executioners then placed the severed heads in front of 25 other prisoners who were tied to stakes nearby. Asked why they had beheaded some before killing the others, the officials responded that \u201cit was for the purpose of frightening the confessors of Christ, and thus disheartening them for the torture of burning.\u201d\\n\\nThe martyrs remained steadfast as they died in the flames, enduring their pain as if they were made \u201cof marble, so calm and motionless they stood,\u201d the pamphlet stated. Within a few hours, all were dead. The prisoners\u2019 remains were burned to ashes and scattered at sea to prevent the crowd from venerating them as relics. In total, 55 Christians died on Nishizaka Hill on September 10, 1622, joining the ranks of more than 400 people killed in Japan for their religious beliefs between 1597 and 1637. The mass execution is known today as the Great Genna Martyrdom, after Japan\u2019s Genna era, which spanned 1615 to 1624.\\n\\nMissionaries had introduced Christianity to Japan in 1549 during a pivotal period in the country\u2019s history. For more than a century, between 1467 and 1603, rival feudal lords known as daimyo fought for control of the Asian archipelago, attempting\u2014with varying degrees of success\u2014to unite the warring states. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was the first to achieve this goal, unifying Japan by 1590; beginning in 1603, Hideyoshi\u2019s successors, the Tokugawa shogunate, oversaw an era of relative peace and prosperity.\\n\\nInitially, many of the warring feudal lords embraced Christianity, viewing it as a way of undermining those in power. At its peak, Christianity in Japan boasted some 500,000 adherents, the majority of them clustered in Nagasaki. \u201cOppressed peasants\u201d were attracted to Christianity by the promise of salvation, while merchants and \u201ctrade-conscious daimyos\u201d were more concerned with the economic opportunities afforded by the new religion.\\n\\nBut Hideyoshi quickly grew skeptical of a belief system with such close ties to foreign powers: namely, Portugal, the home of many Jesuit missionaries, and Rome, where the Catholic Church was based. Japan\u2019s leaders \u201cwere looking to get rid of Christianity, but they were also looking to remove the foreigners as a political threat to [the] security of the state \u2026 so the two things were related,\u201d Kiri Paramore, a historian at the National University of Ireland, told BBC News in 2019.\\n\\nIn 1587, Hideyoshi expelled Christian missionaries, accusing them of committing \u201cthe illegal act of destroying the teachings of Buddha\u201d\u2014the dominant faith in Japan at the time. A decade later, the warlord ordered the executions of 26 Catholics, including Franciscan missionaries and Japanese converts. The youngest martyr, a 12-year-old boy named Luis Ibaraki, reportedly refused the chance to save his life by renouncing Christianity, instead declaring, \u201cI do not want to live on that condition, for it is not reasonable to exchange a life that has no end for one that soon finishes.\u201d All of the Christians were crucified on Nishizaka Hill, the same spot where 55 martyrs would die 25 years later on the orders of Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada.\\n\\nBy the time of the Great Genna Martyrdom, Christianity was struggling to survive in Japan. Catholics continued to face severe persecution under the shogunate. In addition to holding public executions, the government tortured missionaries and converts by pouring boiling water on them, freezing them to death in ice water and hanging them upside down in pits filled with excrement.\\n\\nAuthorities also forced suspected Christians to trample on a brass likeness of Jesus or the Virgin Mary\u2014a blasphemous act. Those who succumbed to government pressure would often \u201creturn home, begging God to forgive them,\u201d Simon Hull, an expert on Japanese Catholicism, told BBC News in 2019. \u201cIn one community, they would even burn the sandals they had worn, mixing the ashes with water before drinking it as an expression of their profound penitence.\u201d\\n\\nIt was only in the mid-19th century, after American Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japan to open its ports to foreign powers, that the country\u2019s hidden Christian communities started to resurface. Today, Catholics represent less than 1 percent of Japan\u2019s population.', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0002123117446899414, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '18990758-23fc-42b9-b68a-f303d69e11f8', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0010619531385600567, 'sentence': 'On an early September day in 1622, a large group of Christians gathered on a hill in Nagasaki, Japan, to bear witness.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011575915850698948, 'sentence': 'Dozens of their fellow believers had been rounded up and sentenced to be tortured for their illicit faith.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0013580310624092817, 'sentence': \"Christianity had taken root in the seven decades since its arrival on Japan's shores, 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0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.025041194076269924, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.974671313226954, 'ai': 0.025041194076269924, 'mixed': 0.00028749269677611}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.974671313226954, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.025041194076269924, 'human': 0.974671313226954, 'mixed': 0.00028749269677611}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'On an early September day in 1622, a large group of Christians gathered on a hill in Nagasaki, Japan, to bear witness. Dozens of their fellow believers had been rounded up and sentenced to be tortured for their illicit faith.\\n\\nChristianity had taken root in the seven decades since its arrival on Japan\u2019s shores, surviving through Jesuit missionaries and underground communities. When Japan\u2019s leaders closed the country to foreigners in the early 17th century, however, they banned the religion as an insidious influence.\\n\\nAs the crowd looked on that day in Nagasaki, government officials, \u201cwith unmerciful ferocity, cut off the heads\u201d of 30 Christians, according to a contemporary pamphlet. The executioners then placed the severed heads in front of 25 other prisoners who were tied to stakes nearby. Asked why they had beheaded some before killing the others, the officials responded that \u201cit was for the purpose of frightening the confessors of Christ, and thus disheartening them for the torture of burning.\u201d\\n\\nThe martyrs remained steadfast as they died in the flames, enduring their pain as if they were made \u201cof marble, so calm and motionless they stood,\u201d the pamphlet stated. Within a few hours, all were dead. The prisoners\u2019 remains were burned to ashes and scattered at sea to prevent the crowd from venerating them as relics. In total, 55 Christians died on Nishizaka Hill on September 10, 1622, joining the ranks of more than 400 people killed in Japan for their religious beliefs between 1597 and 1637. The mass execution is known today as the Great Genna Martyrdom, after Japan\u2019s Genna era, which spanned 1615 to 1624.\\n\\nMissionaries had introduced Christianity to Japan in 1549 during a pivotal period in the country\u2019s history. For more than a century, between 1467 and 1603, rival feudal lords known as daimyo fought for control of the Asian archipelago, attempting\u2014with varying degrees of success\u2014to unite the warring states. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was the first to achieve this goal, unifying Japan by 1590; beginning in 1603, Hideyoshi\u2019s successors, the Tokugawa shogunate, oversaw an era of relative peace and prosperity.\\n\\nInitially, many of the warring feudal lords embraced Christianity, viewing it as a way of undermining those in power. At its peak, Christianity in Japan boasted some 500,000 adherents, the majority of them clustered in Nagasaki. \u201cOppressed peasants\u201d were attracted to Christianity by the promise of salvation, while merchants and \u201ctrade-conscious daimyos\u201d were more concerned with the economic opportunities afforded by the new religion.\\n\\nBut Hideyoshi quickly grew skeptical of a belief system with such close ties to foreign powers: namely, Portugal, the home of many Jesuit missionaries, and Rome, where the Catholic Church was based. Japan\u2019s leaders \u201cwere looking to get rid of Christianity, but they were also looking to remove the foreigners as a political threat to [the] security of the state \u2026 so the two things were related,\u201d Kiri Paramore, a historian at the National University of Ireland, told BBC News in 2019.\\n\\nIn 1587, Hideyoshi expelled Christian missionaries, accusing them of committing \u201cthe illegal act of destroying the teachings of Buddha\u201d\u2014the dominant faith in Japan at the time. A decade later, the warlord ordered the executions of 26 Catholics, including Franciscan missionaries and Japanese converts. The youngest martyr, a 12-year-old boy named Luis Ibaraki, reportedly refused the chance to save his life by renouncing Christianity, instead declaring, \u201cI do not want to live on that condition, for it is not reasonable to exchange a life that has no end for one that soon finishes.\u201d All of the Christians were crucified on Nishizaka Hill, the same spot where 55 martyrs would die 25 years later on the orders of Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada.\\n\\nBy the time of the Great Genna Martyrdom, Christianity was struggling to survive in Japan. Catholics continued to face severe persecution under the shogunate. In addition to holding public executions, the government tortured missionaries and converts by pouring boiling water on them, freezing them to death in ice water and hanging them upside down in pits filled with excrement.\\n\\nAuthorities also forced suspected Christians to trample on a brass likeness of Jesus or the Virgin Mary\u2014a blasphemous act. Those who succumbed to government pressure would often \u201creturn home, begging God to forgive them,\u201d Simon Hull, an expert on Japanese Catholicism, told BBC News in 2019. \u201cIn one community, they would even burn the sandals they had worn, mixing the ashes with water before drinking it as an expression of their profound penitence.\u201d\\n\\nIt was only in the mid-19th century, after American Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japan to open its ports to foreign powers, that the country\u2019s hidden Christian communities started to resurface. Today, Catholics represent less than 1 percent of Japan\u2019s population.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1892699748,"RADAR":0.0105692027,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article's sheer volume of facts means that it's almost certainly human-generated. It reads as incredibly factual and well-researched, something which AI articles aren't typically as they tend to get common facts wrong. Because responses with factual inaccuracies are rated lower, I believe that LLMs are inadvertently trained to be lighter on specific facts and dates in their responses. The topics of torture, murder, and beheading, particularly in a religious context, are also something I would expect AI to avoid more. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"I'm not confident in my choice with this article. There are very few clues but based on the sentence structure of many sentences (independent clause followed by a comma then a dependent clause) and the use of the word \"pivotal\" which AI uses often, I'm saying it's AI-generated."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I think it's been human-generated because of the way the quotes are varied. Also 1 percent is written out instead of using the symbol. It's a much more interesting read than the machine-generated version. It includes evocative language and it doesn't have a classic textbook conclusion. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident that this article is human-written, mainly due to the detailed, not-so-cheery descriptions of the article's topic. In this article, the writing does not try to sugar-coat anything with summarizing tones, but instead appeals to the reader's empathy by actively depicting the events that took place in history. One major problem I see with AI, especially those with proprietary licensing, is that they're geared towards censoring topics, or at least covering them in such a way that it prevents ideas that are more... negative in nature, to be discussed meaningfully. Phrases throughout the article, including \"burned to ashes and scattered at sea to prevent the crowd from venerating them as relics\" and \"to trample on a brass likeness of Jesus or the Virgin Mary\u2014a blasphemous act.\" actively show what happened, the horrors and tragedies that occurred during that time. The writing is descriptive, constantly references ideas stated by its sources, and uses information to convey the impact of that history in today's modern world. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Quotes are effectively integrated into the narrative, often as short phrases, which are less intrusive than full sentences.\nPleasant variation of sentence length.\nInformative and to the point.\nAbsence of unnecessary style words that detract from the content."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"31":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":2,"title":"Ants Farmed Fungi in the Wake of Dinosaurs\u2019 Demise 66 Million Years Ago","sub-title":"A new study from Smithsonian scientists analyzes ant and fungus species, and uncovers the origins of their close partnership","author":"Riley Black","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":"10\/3\/24","section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smithsonian-institution\/ants-farmed-fungi-in-the-wake-of-dinosaurs-demise-66-million-years-ago-180985193\/","article":"When an at least six-mile-wide asteroid struck Earth 66 million years ago, life on our planet suffered one of the worst mass extinctions of all time. The cataclysm not only wiped out almost all the dinosaurs, only leaving beaked birds behind, but also triggered extinctions and ecological collapses the world over. Survivors of the heat and fire on the first day had to contend with more than three years of impact winter that followed, photosynthesis nearly halted as life struggled to hang on. During this dark time, however, new relationships were beginning to evolve. In a world where plants struggled to grow back, fungus proliferated, and ants began to cultivate this abundant new resource to survive. In the shadow of Earth\u2019s fifth mass extinction, ants evolved agriculture.\n\nEven though farming might seem to be a human endeavor, many species of ants have evolved intertwined relationships with fungus. So far, entomologists have recognized about 250 different ant species in the Americas and Caribbean that farm fungi. In its most basic form, ants collect and spread fungi, defending their food source in a mutually beneficial relationship. When this close relationship began, however, has been unclear. To find out, the Smithsonian\u2019s National Museum of Natural History curator of ants Ted Schultz and a multi-institution team of colleagues looked to a library of genetic samples from ants and fungi to estimate when their connection began.\n\n\u201cI\u2019ve been working on fungus-farming ants for over 35 years, ever since I was a graduate student,\u201d Schultz says. During all that time, researchers were unsure how ants and fungus evolved together. \u201cBecause we did not have a good sample of non-ant-cultivated fungi closely related to the ant-cultivated fungi, we did not know from what fungal ancestors the ant fungi arose,\u201d Schultz says. The relationship couldn\u2019t be understood without knowledge of both ants and the fungi they grow. Recent research has filled in the gap, however, allowing scientists to finally map when ants and fungi began their close relationship.\n\nPublished Thursday in Science, the research from Schultz and colleagues examined genetic data from 276 species of ants and 475 fungi species to create evolutionary trees of both groups. The resulting trees not only indicate how fungus-farming ants and their cultivars relate to each other, but also can be calibrated with additional evidence to estimate when particular traits evolved. The results suggest that catastrophe sowed the ground for new relationships to emerge among surviving species.\n\nAgricultural ants evolved about 66.65 million years ago, the researchers found, just about the time that life was struggling to recover from the asteroid\u2019s aftermath. \u201cThat really surprised me and struck me as way beyond coincidental,\u201d Schultz says. Paleontologists have previously documented spikes in fungal spores from the time period just after impact, which would have provided ants plenty of fodder to farm. Experts hypothesize that ant agriculture originated only once, and so it seems that the impact aftermath marks the beginning of the fungus farming many ant species busy themselves with today.\n\n\u201cI think the paper makes a solid case,\u201d says University of Copenhagen entomologist Jonathan Shik, who was not involved in the new study. Previous research proposed that farming ants arose around 66 million years ago, and the new research now indicates that fungus evolution shows signs of the shift, as well, as would be expected in such a close evolutionary relationship. In a world where photosynthesis was reduced, and nearly halted, \u201cdetritivores ruled,\u201d Shik notes, and ants that were already feeding on fungus had an unexpected advantage that bloomed into a deeper form of interaction.\n\nIn those cloudy days of 66 million years ago, ants farmed fungus by inadvertently helping it spread and defending the food source from other organisms that might eat it. Over time, however, some ants evolved more multifaceted relationships with their fungal food. Leafcutter ants today, for example, snip off leaves to take back to their nests and deposit them as food for the fungus that they then eat. Experts refer to this as \u201chigher agriculture,\u201d which the new study indicates began among ants about 27 million years ago.\n\n\u201cAgriculture, whether practiced by humans or by ants, is a complex process,\u201d Schultz says, noting that \u201ccrops need to be planted, weeded and nourished, and they need to be transmitted from one farmer generation to the next.\u201d It\u2019s a huge undertaking, but one that might have allowed both ants and fungus to survive during another time of significant shifts to Earth\u2019s habitats.\n\nAround 27 million years ago, Earth was going through a cold period. Dense, humid forests drew back as grasslands spread in the cooler, drier climate conditions. Ants that had been cultivating fungi in the ancient forests began to spread across and into the more open grasslands, places that were not wet enough for the favored fungus to spread on its own. The ants needed the fungus, however, and so sheltered the fungus in their nests and fed it materials like leaves so that their food might grow. Ants created their own gardens during a time when our own ancestors were still scrambling through the trees in search of fruit.\n\nWith a timeline in place, Schultz notes, researchers can better investigate how ants evolved their farming skills. Humans can think about what to grow and how to farm, but ants carry out similar tasks without our foresight or planning abilities. Further study will likely turn up new evidence of how ecological shifts led some ants to become careful farmers and how some fungus has been able to survive thanks to their cultivation. As distant as 66 million years ago feels from our present moment, farming ants are emblems of how Earth\u2019s ecosystems bounced back from one of its worst disasters of all time.","id":2,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'When an at least six-mile-wide asteroid struck Earth 66 million years ago, life on our planet suffered one of the worst mass extinctions of all time. The cataclysm not only wiped out almost all the dinosaurs, only leaving beaked birds behind, but also triggered extinctions and ecological collapses the world over. Survivors of the heat and fire on the first day had to contend with more than three years of impact winter that followed, photosynthesis nearly halted as life struggled to hang on. During this dark time, however, new relationships were beginning to evolve. In a world where plants struggled to grow back, fungus proliferated, and ants began to cultivate this abundant new resource to survive. In the shadow of Earth\u2019s fifth mass extinction, ants evolved agriculture.\\n\\nEven though farming might seem to be a human endeavor, many species of ants have evolved intertwined relationships with fungus. So far, entomologists have recognized about 250 different ant species in the Americas and Caribbean that farm fungi. In its most basic form, ants collect and spread fungi, defending their food source in a mutually beneficial relationship. When this close relationship began, however, has been unclear. To find out, the Smithsonian\u2019s National Museum of Natural History curator of ants Ted Schultz and a multi-institution team of colleagues looked to a library of genetic samples from ants and fungi to estimate when their connection began.\\n\\n\u201cI\u2019ve been working on fungus-farming ants for over 35 years, ever since I was a graduate student,\u201d Schultz says. During all that time, researchers were unsure how ants and fungus evolved together. \u201cBecause we did not have a good sample of non-ant-cultivated fungi closely related to the ant-cultivated fungi, we did not know from what fungal ancestors the ant fungi arose,\u201d Schultz says. The relationship couldn\u2019t be understood without knowledge of both ants and the fungi they grow. Recent research has filled in the gap, however, allowing scientists to finally map when ants and fungi began their close relationship.\\n\\nPublished Thursday in Science, the research from Schultz and colleagues examined genetic data from 276 species of ants and 475 fungi species to create evolutionary trees of both groups. The resulting trees not only indicate how fungus-farming ants and their cultivars relate to each other, but also can be calibrated with additional evidence to estimate when particular traits evolved. The results suggest that catastrophe sowed the ground for new relationships to emerge among surviving species.\\n\\nAgricultural ants evolved about 66.65 million years ago, the researchers found, just about the time that life was struggling to recover from the asteroid\u2019s aftermath. \u201cThat really surprised me and struck me as way beyond coincidental,\u201d Schultz says. Paleontologists have previously documented spikes in fungal spores from the time period just after impact, which would have provided ants plenty of fodder to farm. Experts hypothesize that ant agriculture originated only once, and so it seems that the impact aftermath marks the beginning of the fungus farming many ant species busy themselves with today.\\n\\n\u201cI think the paper makes a solid case,\u201d says University of Copenhagen entomologist Jonathan Shik, who was not involved in the new study. Previous research proposed that farming ants arose around 66 million years ago, and the new research now indicates that fungus evolution shows signs of the shift, as well, as would be expected in such a close evolutionary relationship. In a world where photosynthesis was reduced, and nearly halted, \u201cdetritivores ruled,\u201d Shik notes, and ants that were already feeding on fungus had an unexpected advantage that bloomed into a deeper form of interaction.\\n\\nIn those cloudy days of 66 million years ago, ants farmed fungus by inadvertently helping it spread and defending the food source from other organisms that might eat it. Over time, however, some ants evolved more multifaceted relationships with their fungal food. Leafcutter ants today, for example, snip off leaves to take back to their nests and deposit them as food for the fungus that they then eat. Experts refer to this as \u201chigher agriculture,\u201d which the new study indicates began among ants about 27 million years ago.\\n\\n\u201cAgriculture, whether practiced by humans or by ants, is a complex process,\u201d Schultz says, noting that \u201ccrops need to be planted, weeded and nourished, and they need to be transmitted from one farmer generation to the next.\u201d It\u2019s a huge undertaking, but one that might have allowed both ants and fungus to survive during another time of significant shifts to Earth\u2019s habitats.\\n\\nAround 27 million years ago, Earth was going through a cold period. Dense, humid forests drew back as grasslands spread in the cooler, drier climate conditions. Ants that had been cultivating fungi in the ancient forests began to spread across and into the more open grasslands, places that were not wet enough for the favored fungus to spread on its own. The ants needed the fungus, however, and so sheltered the fungus in their nests and fed it materials like leaves so that their food might grow. Ants created their own gardens during a time when our own ancestors were still scrambling through the trees in search of fruit.\\n\\nWith a timeline in place, Schultz notes, researchers can better investigate how ants evolved their farming skills. Humans can think about what to grow and how to farm, but ants carry out similar tasks without our foresight or planning abilities. Further study will likely turn up new evidence of how ecological shifts led some ants to become careful farmers and how some fungus has been able to survive thanks to their cultivation. As distant as 66 million years ago feels from our present moment, farming ants are emblems of how Earth\u2019s ecosystems bounced back from one of its worst disasters of all time.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.3470649719238281e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'When an at least six-mile-wide asteroid struck Earth 66 million years ago, life on our planet suffered one of the worst mass extinctions of all time. The cataclysm not only wiped out almost all the dinosaurs, only leaving beaked birds behind, but also triggered extinctions and ecological collapses the world over. Survivors of the heat and fire on the first day had to contend with more than three years of impact winter that followed, photosynthesis nearly halted as life struggled to hang on. During this dark time, however, new relationships were beginning to evolve. In a world where plants struggled to grow back, fungus proliferated, and ants began to cultivate this abundant new resource to survive. In the shadow of Earth\u2019s fifth mass extinction, ants evolved agriculture.\\n\\nEven though farming might seem to be a human endeavor, many species of ants have evolved intertwined relationships with fungus. So far, entomologists have recognized about 250 different ant species in the Americas and Caribbean that farm fungi. In its most basic form, ants collect and spread fungi, defending their food source in a mutually beneficial relationship. When this close relationship began, however, has been unclear. To find out, the Smithsonian\u2019s National Museum of Natural History curator of ants Ted Schultz and a multi-institution team of colleagues looked to a library of genetic samples from ants and fungi to estimate when their connection began.\\n\\n\u201cI\u2019ve been working on fungus-farming ants for over 35 years, ever since I was a graduate student,\u201d Schultz says. During all that time, researchers were unsure how ants and fungus evolved together. \u201cBecause we did not have a good sample of non-ant-cultivated fungi closely related to the ant-cultivated fungi, we did not know from what fungal ancestors the ant fungi arose,\u201d Schultz says. The relationship couldn\u2019t be understood without knowledge of both ants and the fungi they grow. Recent research has filled in the gap, however, allowing scientists to finally map when ants and fungi began their close relationship.\\n\\nPublished Thursday in Science, the research from Schultz and colleagues examined genetic data from 276 species of ants and 475 fungi species to create evolutionary trees of both groups. The resulting trees not only indicate how fungus-farming ants and their cultivars relate to each other, but also can be calibrated with additional evidence to estimate when particular traits evolved. The results suggest that catastrophe sowed the ground for new relationships to emerge among surviving species.\\n\\nAgricultural ants evolved about 66.65 million years ago, the researchers found, just about the time that life was struggling to recover from the asteroid\u2019s aftermath. \u201cThat really surprised me and struck me as way beyond coincidental,\u201d Schultz says. Paleontologists have previously documented spikes in fungal spores from the time period just after impact, which would have provided ants plenty of fodder to farm. Experts hypothesize that ant agriculture originated only once, and so it seems that the impact aftermath marks the beginning of the fungus farming many ant species busy themselves with today.\\n\\n\u201cI think the paper makes a solid case,\u201d says University of Copenhagen entomologist Jonathan Shik, who was not involved in the new study. Previous research proposed that farming ants arose around 66 million years ago, and the new research now indicates that fungus evolution shows signs of the shift, as well, as would be expected in such a close evolutionary relationship. In a world where photosynthesis was reduced, and nearly halted, \u201cdetritivores ruled,\u201d Shik notes, and ants that were already feeding on fungus had an unexpected advantage that bloomed into a deeper form of interaction.\\n\\nIn those cloudy days of 66 million years ago, ants farmed fungus by inadvertently helping it spread and defending the food source from other organisms that might eat it. Over time, however, some ants evolved more multifaceted relationships with their fungal food. Leafcutter ants today, for example, snip off leaves to take back to their nests and deposit them as food for the fungus that they then eat. Experts refer to this as \u201chigher agriculture,\u201d which the new study indicates began among ants about 27 million years ago.\\n\\n\u201cAgriculture, whether practiced by humans or by ants, is a complex process,\u201d Schultz says, noting that \u201ccrops need to be planted, weeded and nourished, and they need to be transmitted from one farmer generation to the next.\u201d It\u2019s a huge undertaking, but one that might have allowed both ants and fungus to survive during another time of significant shifts to Earth\u2019s habitats.\\n\\nAround 27 million years ago, Earth was going through a cold period. Dense, humid forests drew back as grasslands spread in the cooler, drier climate conditions. Ants that had been cultivating fungi in the ancient forests began to spread across and into the more open grasslands, places that were not wet enough for the favored fungus to spread on its own. The ants needed the fungus, however, and so sheltered the fungus in their nests and fed it materials like leaves so that their food might grow. Ants created their own gardens during a time when our own ancestors were still scrambling through the trees in search of fruit.\\n\\nWith a timeline in place, Schultz notes, researchers can better investigate how ants evolved their farming skills. Humans can think about what to grow and how to farm, but ants carry out similar tasks without our foresight or planning abilities. Further study will likely turn up new evidence of how ecological shifts led some ants to become careful farmers and how some fungus has been able to survive thanks to their cultivation. As distant as 66 million years ago feels from our present moment, farming ants are emblems of how Earth\u2019s ecosystems bounced back from one of its worst disasters of all time.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1920928955078125e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '12096080-c0e7-40f6-ad7b-696675fe8472', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 5.1119546697009355e-05, 'sentence': 'When an at least six-mile-wide asteroid struck Earth 66 million years ago, life on our planet suffered one of the worst mass extinctions of all time.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.18502747581806e-05, 'sentence': 'The cataclysm not only wiped out almost all the dinosaurs, only leaving beaked birds behind, but also triggered extinctions and ecological collapses the world over.', 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'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.037526171686261885, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9624738283137382, 'ai': 0.037526171686261885, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9624738283137382, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.037526171686261885, 'human': 0.9624738283137382, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'When an at least six-mile-wide asteroid struck Earth 66 million years ago, life on our planet suffered one of the worst mass extinctions of all time. The cataclysm not only wiped out almost all the dinosaurs, only leaving beaked birds behind, but also triggered extinctions and ecological collapses the world over. Survivors of the heat and fire on the first day had to contend with more than three years of impact winter that followed, photosynthesis nearly halted as life struggled to hang on. During this dark time, however, new relationships were beginning to evolve. In a world where plants struggled to grow back, fungus proliferated, and ants began to cultivate this abundant new resource to survive. In the shadow of Earth\u2019s fifth mass extinction, ants evolved agriculture.\\n\\nEven though farming might seem to be a human endeavor, many species of ants have evolved intertwined relationships with fungus. So far, entomologists have recognized about 250 different ant species in the Americas and Caribbean that farm fungi. In its most basic form, ants collect and spread fungi, defending their food source in a mutually beneficial relationship. When this close relationship began, however, has been unclear. To find out, the Smithsonian\u2019s National Museum of Natural History curator of ants Ted Schultz and a multi-institution team of colleagues looked to a library of genetic samples from ants and fungi to estimate when their connection began.\\n\\n\u201cI\u2019ve been working on fungus-farming ants for over 35 years, ever since I was a graduate student,\u201d Schultz says. During all that time, researchers were unsure how ants and fungus evolved together. \u201cBecause we did not have a good sample of non-ant-cultivated fungi closely related to the ant-cultivated fungi, we did not know from what fungal ancestors the ant fungi arose,\u201d Schultz says. The relationship couldn\u2019t be understood without knowledge of both ants and the fungi they grow. Recent research has filled in the gap, however, allowing scientists to finally map when ants and fungi began their close relationship.\\n\\nPublished Thursday in Science, the research from Schultz and colleagues examined genetic data from 276 species of ants and 475 fungi species to create evolutionary trees of both groups. The resulting trees not only indicate how fungus-farming ants and their cultivars relate to each other, but also can be calibrated with additional evidence to estimate when particular traits evolved. The results suggest that catastrophe sowed the ground for new relationships to emerge among surviving species.\\n\\nAgricultural ants evolved about 66.65 million years ago, the researchers found, just about the time that life was struggling to recover from the asteroid\u2019s aftermath. \u201cThat really surprised me and struck me as way beyond coincidental,\u201d Schultz says. Paleontologists have previously documented spikes in fungal spores from the time period just after impact, which would have provided ants plenty of fodder to farm. Experts hypothesize that ant agriculture originated only once, and so it seems that the impact aftermath marks the beginning of the fungus farming many ant species busy themselves with today.\\n\\n\u201cI think the paper makes a solid case,\u201d says University of Copenhagen entomologist Jonathan Shik, who was not involved in the new study. Previous research proposed that farming ants arose around 66 million years ago, and the new research now indicates that fungus evolution shows signs of the shift, as well, as would be expected in such a close evolutionary relationship. In a world where photosynthesis was reduced, and nearly halted, \u201cdetritivores ruled,\u201d Shik notes, and ants that were already feeding on fungus had an unexpected advantage that bloomed into a deeper form of interaction.\\n\\nIn those cloudy days of 66 million years ago, ants farmed fungus by inadvertently helping it spread and defending the food source from other organisms that might eat it. Over time, however, some ants evolved more multifaceted relationships with their fungal food. Leafcutter ants today, for example, snip off leaves to take back to their nests and deposit them as food for the fungus that they then eat. Experts refer to this as \u201chigher agriculture,\u201d which the new study indicates began among ants about 27 million years ago.\\n\\n\u201cAgriculture, whether practiced by humans or by ants, is a complex process,\u201d Schultz says, noting that \u201ccrops need to be planted, weeded and nourished, and they need to be transmitted from one farmer generation to the next.\u201d It\u2019s a huge undertaking, but one that might have allowed both ants and fungus to survive during another time of significant shifts to Earth\u2019s habitats.\\n\\nAround 27 million years ago, Earth was going through a cold period. Dense, humid forests drew back as grasslands spread in the cooler, drier climate conditions. Ants that had been cultivating fungi in the ancient forests began to spread across and into the more open grasslands, places that were not wet enough for the favored fungus to spread on its own. The ants needed the fungus, however, and so sheltered the fungus in their nests and fed it materials like leaves so that their food might grow. Ants created their own gardens during a time when our own ancestors were still scrambling through the trees in search of fruit.\\n\\nWith a timeline in place, Schultz notes, researchers can better investigate how ants evolved their farming skills. Humans can think about what to grow and how to farm, but ants carry out similar tasks without our foresight or planning abilities. Further study will likely turn up new evidence of how ecological shifts led some ants to become careful farmers and how some fungus has been able to survive thanks to their cultivation. As distant as 66 million years ago feels from our present moment, farming ants are emblems of how Earth\u2019s ecosystems bounced back from one of its worst disasters of all time.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1583999246,"RADAR":0.0172083862,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The way the article refers to being published on Thursday is much more in the style of a recently posted human article than an AI-generated one. The quotations are also a much more human style as they're often cut off rather than perfect whole sentences that say exactly what the author wants. The article also only uses two experts, which is a reasonable number. The reason I wasn't fully certain was primarily because the introduction and conclusion were a bit generic. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There is use of the term \"not only...but also\" which usually points to AI generation. however, there are none of the other signs of AI. Instead, there are several grammatical\/style errors that AI would usually detect and correct. Namely, \"and so\" is used twice. This would usually be corrected to either \"and\" or \"so\". Also, \"fungus\" (singular) is sometimes incorrectly used instead of \"fungi\" (plural). This is a human error. Also, \"time period\" would usually be AI-corrected to either \"time\" or \"period\"."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Paragraphs seem to long for AI. But really, what always gives it away are the speech tags. Schultz isn't explaining, noting, exclaiming, and stating something all in one article; he's merely saying things. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I feel confident that this article is human-written. It gives a lot of visual descriptions and details explaining the subject. It controls the pacing and tone of how information is presented, giving timelines and quoting references when providing explanations. Through phrases such as \"During all that time, researchers were unsure how ants and fungus evolved together.\", \"Survivors of the heat and fire...\", and \"Dense, humid forests drew back as grasslands spread in the cooler, drier climate conditions.\" gives action and scenery, which convinces me that the writer maintained control over the topic and where they wanted to lead readers. Even while the article's dense and makes a fanciful conclusion, the points made throughout the article help justify those statements instead of being left hanging throughout the article. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The author probably used ChatGPT to write the first draft or the outline of the article, which could explain some of the strange syntactic constructions present in the text, like \"ants farmed fungus by helping it spread and defending the food source\".\nQuotes are correctly integrated and add meaning instead of plonked down somewhere in the paragraph just to validate the author's statements."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"32":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":3,"title":"Artificial Intelligence Could Soon Match Footprints to the Animals That Made Them","sub-title":"Scientists are working on a machine learning tool that could turn anyone with a camera into an expert tracker","author":"Ryan Truscott","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":"8\/20\/24","section":"Innovation","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/innovation\/artificial-intelligence-could-soon-match-footprints-to-the-animals-that-made-them-180984883\/#:~:text=Zoe%20Jewell%2C%20a%20British%20conservationist,alongside%20Zimbabweans%20tracking%20black%20rhinoceroses.","article":"Some wild animals are relatively easy to study. Certain penguin populations, for instance, are so unaccustomed to large predators that they barely fear humans and will often wander right up to scientists lurking nearby. Namibia\u2019s brown hyenas are the opposite. These roughly four-foot-long mammals\u2014more closely related to mongooses than dogs\u2014live in small clans but often travel and hunt alone. They roam mainly at night and tend to skirt even the most cunningly placed camera traps. That\u2019s if they don\u2019t destroy them outright, like the hyena cubs that devoured the pair of cameras hyena researcher Marie Lemerle had positioned outside their den. \u201cThey managed to open the metal case and then chewed on the camera, so even the SD card was finished,\u201d says Lemerle, a researcher with the Brown Hyena Research Project.\n\nSo when staff from the U.S.-based nonprofit WildTrack reached out earlier this year to find out if Lemerle would be interested in collaborating on the development of a new automated hyena identification system, she was enthused.\n\nZoe Jewell, a British conservationist, has spent the past 13 years helping WildTrack develop an artificial intelligence-powered system to identify animals from pictures of their footprints. The work was inspired by Jewell\u2019s experiences working alongside Zimbabweans tracking black rhinoceroses. So far, the A.I. tool can identify 17 animals, including leopards, lions and rhinos. But the WildTrack team\u2019s goal is to produce more fine-grained assessments\u2014teaching their machine learning system to identify which individual animal left which print.\n\nSo, for the past five months, Lemerle has been building up a reference library of hyena tracks for WildTrack\u2019s training data sets. Each time she finds a clear hyena footprint at Baker\u2019s Bay, a breeding ground for Cape fur seals on Namibia\u2019s Atlantic coast where brown hyenas come to hunt, Lemerle reaches for the footlong ruler in her backpack, lays it on the sand beside the print and takes a photograph with her smartphone.\n\nThen, the WildTrack team, headquartered at North Carolina\u2019s Duke University, analyzes the footprint\u2019s size and shape in intricate detail. They break each print into 120 different measurements, which the machine learning software can compare with others in the database to look for a match. Sometimes, says Jewell, all they need to tell hyenas apart are subtle differences in the angles between their toes.\n\nWhile innate physiological differences set hyena tracks apart, so too do the scars of life. Like Hunger Games tributes trying to reach the Cornucopia, brown hyenas wanting to reach the seal colony in Baker\u2019s Bay during daylight hours have to run a gauntlet of other hyenas and mobs of black-backed jackals intent on stealing their prey. They receive grisly injuries: shredded ears, gashed necks and occasionally a severed foot. Some hyenas limp with broken legs. \u201cIf each individual has a different limp, that probably has to show somehow on their tracks,\u201d Lemerle says.\n\nThe A.I.-powered tool should, one day, be a huge complement to more traditional study methods, Lemerle adds. \u201cIt would be very nice in the early morning if I take photos of the tracks and see who was there,\u201d she says.\n\nThe tool, says Jewell, should give Lemerle a better idea of where individual hyenas are going and how they\u2019re using their environment without necessarily having to see them.\n\nWesley Gush, a graduate student at the University of Pretoria in South Africa who was not involved in the research, has studied brown hyenas using camera traps at the Bubye Valley Conservancy, a vast wildlife reserve in southern Zimbabwe. \u201cBrown hyenas are one of Africa\u2019s more cryptic large carnivores,\u201d Gush says, adding that their elusive nature often belies their true numbers.\n\n\u201cThe development of an automated tool would have significant potential for assisting wildlife researchers and managers,\u201d he says. \u201cIt would be amazing if it works.\u201d\n\nBeyond aiding field researchers, the team at WildTrack hopes the system will help protect wild brown hyenas and other imperiled species.\n\nFewer than 3,000 adult brown hyenas reside in Namibia, out of fewer than 10,000 across southern Africa. The animals are considered near threatened, with the species suffering from collisions with vehicles and revenge killings by livestock farmers. Jewell says WildTrack\u2019s machine learning system and associated smartphone app could be used, for example, to prove that tracks found near farms aren\u2019t those of a brown hyena, which could reduce the number of retaliatory attacks.\n\n\u201cThe model that we develop for [Lemerle] could be used anywhere to help protect brown hyenas,\u201d says Jewell. \u201cThat\u2019s the hope.\u201d","id":3,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Some wild animals are relatively easy to study. Certain penguin populations, for instance, are so unaccustomed to large predators that they barely fear humans and will often wander right up to scientists lurking nearby. Namibia\u2019s brown hyenas are the opposite. These roughly four-foot-long mammals\u2014more closely related to mongooses than dogs\u2014live in small clans but often travel and hunt alone. They roam mainly at night and tend to skirt even the most cunningly placed camera traps. That\u2019s if they don\u2019t destroy them outright, like the hyena cubs that devoured the pair of cameras hyena researcher Marie Lemerle had positioned outside their den. \u201cThey managed to open the metal case and then chewed on the camera, so even the SD card was finished,\u201d says Lemerle, a researcher with the Brown Hyena Research Project.\\n\\nSo when staff from the U.S.-based nonprofit WildTrack reached out earlier this year to find out if Lemerle would be interested in collaborating on the development of a new automated hyena identification system, she was enthused.\\n\\nZoe Jewell, a British conservationist, has spent the past 13 years helping WildTrack develop an artificial intelligence-powered system to identify animals from pictures of their footprints. The work was inspired by Jewell\u2019s experiences working alongside Zimbabweans tracking black rhinoceroses. So far, the A.I. tool can identify 17 animals, including leopards, lions and rhinos. But the WildTrack team\u2019s goal is to produce more fine-grained assessments\u2014teaching their machine learning system to identify which individual animal left which print.\\n\\nSo, for the past five months, Lemerle has been building up a reference library of hyena tracks for WildTrack\u2019s training data sets. Each time she finds a clear hyena footprint at Baker\u2019s Bay, a breeding ground for Cape fur seals on Namibia\u2019s Atlantic coast where brown hyenas come to hunt, Lemerle reaches for the footlong ruler in her backpack, lays it on the sand beside the print and takes a photograph with her smartphone.\\n\\nThen, the WildTrack team, headquartered at North Carolina\u2019s Duke University, analyzes the footprint\u2019s size and shape in intricate detail. They break each print into 120 different measurements, which the machine learning software can compare with others in the database to look for a match. Sometimes, says Jewell, all they need to tell hyenas apart are subtle differences in the angles between their toes.\\n\\nWhile innate physiological differences set hyena tracks apart, so too do the scars of life. Like Hunger Games tributes trying to reach the Cornucopia, brown hyenas wanting to reach the seal colony in Baker\u2019s Bay during daylight hours have to run a gauntlet of other hyenas and mobs of black-backed jackals intent on stealing their prey. They receive grisly injuries: shredded ears, gashed necks and occasionally a severed foot. Some hyenas limp with broken legs. \u201cIf each individual has a different limp, that probably has to show somehow on their tracks,\u201d Lemerle says.\\n\\nThe A.I.-powered tool should, one day, be a huge complement to more traditional study methods, Lemerle adds. \u201cIt would be very nice in the early morning if I take photos of the tracks and see who was there,\u201d she says.\\n\\nThe tool, says Jewell, should give Lemerle a better idea of where individual hyenas are going and how they\u2019re using their environment without necessarily having to see them.\\n\\nWesley Gush, a graduate student at the University of Pretoria in South Africa who was not involved in the research, has studied brown hyenas using camera traps at the Bubye Valley Conservancy, a vast wildlife reserve in southern Zimbabwe. \u201cBrown hyenas are one of Africa\u2019s more cryptic large carnivores,\u201d Gush says, adding that their elusive nature often belies their true numbers.\\n\\n\u201cThe development of an automated tool would have significant potential for assisting wildlife researchers and managers,\u201d he says. \u201cIt would be amazing if it works.\u201d\\n\\nBeyond aiding field researchers, the team at WildTrack hopes the system will help protect wild brown hyenas and other imperiled species.\\n\\nFewer than 3,000 adult brown hyenas reside in Namibia, out of fewer than 10,000 across southern Africa. 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Certain penguin populations, for instance, are so unaccustomed to large predators that they barely fear humans and will often wander right up to scientists lurking nearby. Namibia\u2019s brown hyenas are the opposite. These roughly four-foot-long mammals\u2014more closely related to mongooses than dogs\u2014live in small clans but often travel and hunt alone. They roam mainly at night and tend to skirt even the most cunningly placed camera traps. That\u2019s if they don\u2019t destroy them outright, like the hyena cubs that devoured the pair of cameras hyena researcher Marie Lemerle had positioned outside their den. \u201cThey managed to open the metal case and then chewed on the camera, so even the SD card was finished,\u201d says Lemerle, a researcher with the Brown Hyena Research Project.\\n\\nSo when staff from the U.S.-based nonprofit WildTrack reached out earlier this year to find out if Lemerle would be interested in collaborating on the development of a new automated hyena identification system, she was enthused.\\n\\nZoe Jewell, a British conservationist, has spent the past 13 years helping WildTrack develop an artificial intelligence-powered system to identify animals from pictures of their footprints. The work was inspired by Jewell\u2019s experiences working alongside Zimbabweans tracking black rhinoceroses. So far, the A.I. tool can identify 17 animals, including leopards, lions and rhinos. 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Certain penguin populations, for instance, are so unaccustomed to large predators that they barely fear humans and will often wander right up to scientists lurking nearby. Namibia\u2019s brown hyenas are the opposite. These roughly four-foot-long mammals\u2014more closely related to mongooses than dogs\u2014live in small clans but often travel and hunt alone. They roam mainly at night and tend to skirt even the most cunningly placed camera traps. That\u2019s if they don\u2019t destroy them outright, like the hyena cubs that devoured the pair of cameras hyena researcher Marie Lemerle had positioned outside their den. \u201cThey managed to open the metal case and then chewed on the camera, so even the SD card was finished,\u201d says Lemerle, a researcher with the Brown Hyena Research Project.\\n\\nSo when staff from the U.S.-based nonprofit WildTrack reached out earlier this year to find out if Lemerle would be interested in collaborating on the development of a new automated hyena identification system, she was enthused.\\n\\nZoe Jewell, a British conservationist, has spent the past 13 years helping WildTrack develop an artificial intelligence-powered system to identify animals from pictures of their footprints. The work was inspired by Jewell\u2019s experiences working alongside Zimbabweans tracking black rhinoceroses. So far, the A.I. tool can identify 17 animals, including leopards, lions and rhinos. But the WildTrack team\u2019s goal is to produce more fine-grained assessments\u2014teaching their machine learning system to identify which individual animal left which print.\\n\\nSo, for the past five months, Lemerle has been building up a reference library of hyena tracks for WildTrack\u2019s training data sets. Each time she finds a clear hyena footprint at Baker\u2019s Bay, a breeding ground for Cape fur seals on Namibia\u2019s Atlantic coast where brown hyenas come to hunt, Lemerle reaches for the footlong ruler in her backpack, lays it on the sand beside the print and takes a photograph with her smartphone.\\n\\nThen, the WildTrack team, headquartered at North Carolina\u2019s Duke University, analyzes the footprint\u2019s size and shape in intricate detail. They break each print into 120 different measurements, which the machine learning software can compare with others in the database to look for a match. Sometimes, says Jewell, all they need to tell hyenas apart are subtle differences in the angles between their toes.\\n\\nWhile innate physiological differences set hyena tracks apart, so too do the scars of life. Like Hunger Games tributes trying to reach the Cornucopia, brown hyenas wanting to reach the seal colony in Baker\u2019s Bay during daylight hours have to run a gauntlet of other hyenas and mobs of black-backed jackals intent on stealing their prey. They receive grisly injuries: shredded ears, gashed necks and occasionally a severed foot. Some hyenas limp with broken legs. \u201cIf each individual has a different limp, that probably has to show somehow on their tracks,\u201d Lemerle says.\\n\\nThe A.I.-powered tool should, one day, be a huge complement to more traditional study methods, Lemerle adds. \u201cIt would be very nice in the early morning if I take photos of the tracks and see who was there,\u201d she says.\\n\\nThe tool, says Jewell, should give Lemerle a better idea of where individual hyenas are going and how they\u2019re using their environment without necessarily having to see them.\\n\\nWesley Gush, a graduate student at the University of Pretoria in South Africa who was not involved in the research, has studied brown hyenas using camera traps at the Bubye Valley Conservancy, a vast wildlife reserve in southern Zimbabwe. \u201cBrown hyenas are one of Africa\u2019s more cryptic large carnivores,\u201d Gush says, adding that their elusive nature often belies their true numbers.\\n\\n\u201cThe development of an automated tool would have significant potential for assisting wildlife researchers and managers,\u201d he says. \u201cIt would be amazing if it works.\u201d\\n\\nBeyond aiding field researchers, the team at WildTrack hopes the system will help protect wild brown hyenas and other imperiled species.\\n\\nFewer than 3,000 adult brown hyenas reside in Namibia, out of fewer than 10,000 across southern Africa. The animals are considered near threatened, with the species suffering from collisions with vehicles and revenge killings by livestock farmers. Jewell says WildTrack\u2019s machine learning system and associated smartphone app could be used, for example, to prove that tracks found near farms aren\u2019t those of a brown hyena, which could reduce the number of retaliatory attacks.\\n\\n\u201cThe model that we develop for [Lemerle] could be used anywhere to help protect brown hyenas,\u201d says Jewell. \u201cThat\u2019s the hope.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3213342726,"RADAR":0.0045662913,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article is unique in both its introduction and conclusion, which is a clear sign that it was written by a real person. The quotations also seem quite real, especially the last one, which has a word added in brackets to clarify what the speaker means. The writer also uses \"x says\" throughout where AI would cycle through synonyms like \"notes\". The language in quotations itself is also not overly verbose and the article has em dashes, which indicates that it's human-generated. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The sentences here are longer and more varied in style than typically AI-generated sentences. Also, there is a wider and richer use of vocabulary than AI normally uses. For instance, words such as \"cunningly\", \"elusive\" and \"skirt.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: varied paragraph length and structure; speech tags are often 'says'; doesn't have the same textbook conclusion; has some grammatical issues; doesn't use the Oxford comma, which AI favours; syntax doesn't follow the same formulaic rules as AI; contains story elements; has missing punctuation. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. Not only do I see a wide variety of writing techniques used here, including long dashes, square brackets, and colons, the way these techniques are used help control and place emphasis on the details of the article's topic. While reading this, I could visually see the person reaching for \" the footlong ruler in her backpack, [laying] it on the sand beside the print and [taking] a photograph with her smartphone.\" Another important aspect I must note is the inclusion of the Hunger Games in this article - it requires an understanding of pop culture and the history behind that movie\/book to reference it in this case, and an understanding that by using this reference, your audience can better envision the brown hyenas \"run a gauntlet of other hyenas and mobs of black-backed jackals intent on stealing their prey.\" Even the way some sentences are cut short to leave effect, and the craft involved with phrases such as \"their elusive nature often belies their true numbers.\" help aid in its effect. So, it's human-written. \n\n\n\n\n"},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The lexical richness of the text. Varied sentence length.  Quotes that add meaning instead of merely repeating what the author already wrote. Use of adverbs and conjunctions at the beginning of sentences that contributes to textual narrativity. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"33":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":4,"title":"Nintendo Switches Things Up With a New Museum That Embraces Nostalgia and Celebrates Gaming History","sub-title":"The Kyoto museum will feature interactive exhibits, gaming artifacts, workshop spaces and oversized controllers inspired by iconic video games","author":"Julia Binswanger","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":"10\/1\/24","section":"Smart News","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/nintendo-switches-things-up-with-a-new-museum-that-embraces-nostalgia-and-celebrates-gaming-history-180985162\/","article":"It\u2019s-a-finally here! On October 2, the first official Nintendo Museum is opening in Kyoto, Japan, inviting fans to dive into decades of gaming history.\n\nThe iconic Japanese company has been around since 1889, when it sold playing cards. The new museum, located inside a renovated factory, is a shrine to its beloved games and characters.\n\n\u201cOf all the gaming companies that needed a museum to chronicle their extensive history, it would be Nintendo,\u201d writes Forbes\u2019 Ollie Barder. \u201cAfter all, having just celebrated its 135th anniversary, Nintendo\u2019s history is a uniquely long and varied one.\u201d\n\nHe adds that he had \u201ca thoroughly magical experience\u201d at the museum.\n\nThe museum features three main sections, according to Wired\u2019s Asuka Kawanabe. The first, \u201cLearn,\u201d is devoted to the company\u2019s history, while \u201cExperience\u201d features a series of interactive exhibits. The third, \u201cCreate and Play,\u201d is a workshop where visitors can make their own creations.\n\n<b>Nintendo Museum Exterior<\/b>\n\nNintendo's new museum will open on October 2 in Kyoto, Japan. Nintendo\nNintendo has always embraced a unique style\u2014whimsical, dreamlike and accessible rather than gritty or realistic\u2014and the museum celebrates that instinct. Renowned video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto, known for creating Nintendo staples like \u201cSuper Mario,\u201d \u201cThe Legend of Zelda\u201d and \u201cDonkey Kong,\u201d tells the New York Times\u2019 Zachary Small that this spirit is baked into Nintendo\u2019s DNA.\n\n\u201cIt might seem like we are just going the opposite direction for the sake of going in the opposite direction, but it really is trying to find what makes Nintendo special,\u201d Miyamoto tells the Times. \u201cThere is a lot of talk about A.I., for example. When that happens, everyone starts to go in the same direction, but that is where Nintendo would rather go in a different direction.\u201d\n\nUpon entering the museum, guests are given a card with ten coins that they can use to play with one of the interactive exhibits. There are eight exhibits total, with names like \u201cZapper & Scope SP,\u201d \u201cUltra Hand SP\u201d and \u201cBig Controller.\u201d Guests must choose their own adventure, as ten coins won\u2019t be enough to try everything.\n\n\u201cThe \u2018Big Controller\u2019 was probably my favorite, with you needing to partner with someone to control a game,\u201d writes Barder. \u201cI played parts of \u2018Zelda: A Link to the Past,\u2019 saving the princess and a few boss fights. The size of the controller makes the whole thing very charming.\u201d\n\n<b>Cards<\/b>\n\nVisitors play Hyakunin Isshu, a traditional Japanese card game, at the Nintendo Museum. Richard A. Brooks \/ AFP via Getty Images\nIn the workshop area, guests can make their own hanafuda playing cards\u2014one of Nintendo\u2019s earliest products. Afterwards, visitors can learn the game and play it with real hanafuda cards.\n\nThe history area is expansive, featuring displays of past Nintendo models, including a clay likeness of the N64 controller and vintage cartridges of breakout games.\n\n\u201cThis is a museum of products, but Nintendo knows that these games and consoles are more than just objects,\u201d writes the Guardian\u2019s Keza Macdonald. \u201cThey\u2019re portals, both to different times in our own lives, and to gaming experiences that we cherish for decades afterwards.\u201d\n\nThe museum includes few written materials about Nintendo\u2019s history, and it doesn\u2019t offer guided tours. The goal is to make the space feel accessible, so that gamers from all backgrounds are able to enjoy a similar experience, as Miyamoto tells the Times.\n\nHe adds: \u201cWe wanted to make sure that this is someplace that regardless of any language or cultural barrier, people can come to interact and understand.\u201d","id":4,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"It\u2019s-a-finally here! On October 2, the first official Nintendo Museum is opening in Kyoto, Japan, inviting fans to dive into decades of gaming history.\\n\\nThe iconic Japanese company has been around since 1889, when it sold playing cards. The new museum, located inside a renovated factory, is a shrine to its beloved games and characters.\\n\\n\u201cOf all the gaming companies that needed a museum to chronicle their extensive history, it would be Nintendo,\u201d writes Forbes\u2019 Ollie Barder. \u201cAfter all, having just celebrated its 135th anniversary, Nintendo\u2019s history is a uniquely long and varied one.\u201d\\n\\nHe adds that he had \u201ca thoroughly magical experience\u201d at the museum.\\n\\nThe museum features three main sections, according to Wired\u2019s Asuka Kawanabe. The first, \u201cLearn,\u201d is devoted to the company\u2019s history, while \u201cExperience\u201d features a series of interactive exhibits. The third, \u201cCreate and Play,\u201d is a workshop where visitors can make their own creations.\\n\\n<b>Nintendo Museum Exterior<\/b>\\n\\nNintendo's new museum will open on October 2 in Kyoto, Japan. Nintendo\\nNintendo has always embraced a unique style\u2014whimsical, dreamlike and accessible rather than gritty or realistic\u2014and the museum celebrates that instinct. Renowned video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto, known for creating Nintendo staples like \u201cSuper Mario,\u201d \u201cThe Legend of Zelda\u201d and \u201cDonkey Kong,\u201d tells the New York Times\u2019 Zachary Small that this spirit is baked into Nintendo\u2019s DNA.\\n\\n\u201cIt might seem like we are just going the opposite direction for the sake of going in the opposite direction, but it really is trying to find what makes Nintendo special,\u201d Miyamoto tells the Times. \u201cThere is a lot of talk about A.I., for example. When that happens, everyone starts to go in the same direction, but that is where Nintendo would rather go in a different direction.\u201d\\n\\nUpon entering the museum, guests are given a card with ten coins that they can use to play with one of the interactive exhibits. There are eight exhibits total, with names like \u201cZapper & Scope SP,\u201d \u201cUltra Hand SP\u201d and \u201cBig Controller.\u201d Guests must choose their own adventure, as ten coins won\u2019t be enough to try everything.\\n\\n\u201cThe \u2018Big Controller\u2019 was probably my favorite, with you needing to partner with someone to control a game,\u201d writes Barder. \u201cI played parts of \u2018Zelda: A Link to the Past,\u2019 saving the princess and a few boss fights. The size of the controller makes the whole thing very charming.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Cards<\/b>\\n\\nVisitors play Hyakunin Isshu, a traditional Japanese card game, at the Nintendo Museum. Richard A. Brooks \/ AFP via Getty Images\\nIn the workshop area, guests can make their own hanafuda playing cards\u2014one of Nintendo\u2019s earliest products. Afterwards, visitors can learn the game and play it with real hanafuda cards.\\n\\nThe history area is expansive, featuring displays of past Nintendo models, including a clay likeness of the N64 controller and vintage cartridges of breakout games.\\n\\n\u201cThis is a museum of products, but Nintendo knows that these games and consoles are more than just objects,\u201d writes the Guardian\u2019s Keza Macdonald. \u201cThey\u2019re portals, both to different times in our own lives, and to gaming experiences that we cherish for decades afterwards.\u201d\\n\\nThe museum includes few written materials about Nintendo\u2019s history, and it doesn\u2019t offer guided tours. The goal is to make the space feel accessible, so that gamers from all backgrounds are able to enjoy a similar experience, as Miyamoto tells the Times.\\n\\nHe adds: \u201cWe wanted to make sure that this is someplace that regardless of any language or cultural barrier, people can come to interact and understand.\u201d\", 'ai_likelihood': 6.4373016357421875e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"It\u2019s-a-finally here! On October 2, the first official Nintendo Museum is opening in Kyoto, Japan, inviting fans to dive into decades of gaming history.\\n\\nThe iconic Japanese company has been around since 1889, when it sold playing cards. The new museum, located inside a renovated factory, is a shrine to its beloved games and characters.\\n\\n\u201cOf all the gaming companies that needed a museum to chronicle their extensive history, it would be Nintendo,\u201d writes Forbes\u2019 Ollie Barder. \u201cAfter all, having just celebrated its 135th anniversary, Nintendo\u2019s history is a uniquely long and varied one.\u201d\\n\\nHe adds that he had \u201ca thoroughly magical experience\u201d at the museum.\\n\\nThe museum features three main sections, according to Wired\u2019s Asuka Kawanabe. The first, \u201cLearn,\u201d is devoted to the company\u2019s history, while \u201cExperience\u201d features a series of interactive exhibits. The third, \u201cCreate and Play,\u201d is a workshop where visitors can make their own creations.\\n\\n<b>Nintendo Museum Exterior<\/b>\\n\\nNintendo's new museum will open on October 2 in Kyoto, Japan. Nintendo\\nNintendo has always embraced a unique style\u2014whimsical, dreamlike and accessible rather than gritty or realistic\u2014and the museum celebrates that instinct. Renowned video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto, known for creating Nintendo staples like \u201cSuper Mario,\u201d \u201cThe Legend of Zelda\u201d and \u201cDonkey Kong,\u201d tells the New York Times\u2019 Zachary Small that this spirit is baked into Nintendo\u2019s DNA.\\n\\n\u201cIt might seem like we are just going the opposite direction for the sake of going in the opposite direction, but it really is trying to find what makes Nintendo special,\u201d Miyamoto tells the Times. \u201cThere is a lot of talk about A.I., for example. When that happens, everyone starts to go in the same direction, but that is where Nintendo would rather go in a different direction.\u201d\\n\\nUpon entering the museum, guests are given a card with ten coins that they can use to play with one of the interactive exhibits. There are eight exhibits total, with names like \u201cZapper & Scope SP,\u201d \u201cUltra Hand SP\u201d and \u201cBig Controller.\u201d Guests must choose their own adventure, as ten coins won\u2019t be enough to try everything.\\n\\n\u201cThe \u2018Big Controller\u2019 was probably my favorite, with you needing to partner with someone to control a game,\u201d writes Barder. \u201cI played parts of \u2018Zelda: A Link to the Past,\u2019 saving the princess and a few boss fights. The size of the controller makes the whole thing very charming.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Cards<\/b>\\n\\nVisitors play Hyakunin Isshu, a traditional Japanese card game, at the Nintendo Museum. Richard A. Brooks \/ AFP via Getty Images\\nIn the workshop area, guests can make their own hanafuda playing cards\u2014one of Nintendo\u2019s earliest products. Afterwards, visitors can learn the game and play it with real hanafuda cards.\\n\\nThe history area is expansive, featuring displays of past Nintendo models, including a clay likeness of the N64 controller and vintage cartridges of breakout games.\\n\\n\u201cThis is a museum of products, but Nintendo knows that these games and consoles are more than just objects,\u201d writes the Guardian\u2019s Keza Macdonald. \u201cThey\u2019re portals, both to different times in our own lives, and to gaming experiences that we cherish for decades afterwards.\u201d\\n\\nThe museum includes few written materials about Nintendo\u2019s history, and it doesn\u2019t offer guided tours. The goal is to make the space feel accessible, so that gamers from all backgrounds are able to enjoy a similar experience, as Miyamoto tells the Times.\\n\\nHe adds: \u201cWe wanted to make sure that this is someplace that regardless of any language or cultural barrier, people can come to interact and understand.\u201d\", 'ai_likelihood': 0.000865936279296875, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '5dab6d5c-78de-4253-b59a-1665677582e4', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0178367979824543, 'sentence': \"It's-a-finally here!\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01502257026731968, 'sentence': 'On October 2, the first official Nintendo Museum is opening in Kyoto, Japan, inviting fans to dive into decades of gaming history.', 'perplexity': 0, 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Hand SP\u201d and \u201cBig Controller.\u201d Guests must choose their own adventure, as ten coins won't be enough to try everything.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001779483282007277, 'sentence': \"\u201cThe 'Big Controller' was probably my favorite, with you needing to partner with someone to control a game,\u201d writes Barder.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.06538481265306473, 'sentence': \"\u201cI played parts of 'Zelda: A Link to the Past,' saving the princess and a few boss fights.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.023429185152053833, 'sentence': 'The size of the controller makes the whole thing very charming.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.06273621320724487, 'sentence': '<b>Cards<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.04825572669506073, 'sentence': 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Brooks \/ AFP via Getty Images', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.07198994606733322, 'sentence': \"In the workshop area, guests can make their own hanafuda playing cards\u1173one of Nintendo's earliest products.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.09032297134399414, 'sentence': 'Afterwards, visitors can learn the game and play it with real hanafuda cards.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.08075522631406784, 'sentence': 'The history area is expansive, featuring displays of past Nintendo models, including a clay likeness of the N64 controller and vintage cartridges of breakout games.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0709758996963501, 'sentence': \"\u201cThis is a museum of products, but Nintendo knows that these games and consoles are more than just objects,\u201d writes the Guardian's Keza Macdonald.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0702269896864891, 'sentence': \"\u201cThey're portals, both to different times in our own lives, and to gaming experiences that we cherish for decades afterwards.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.02641770988702774, 'sentence': \"The museum includes few written materials about Nintendo's history, and it doesn't offer guided tours.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0635853186249733, 'sentence': 'The goal is to make the space feel accessible, so that gamers from all backgrounds are able to enjoy a similar experience, as Miyamoto tells the Times.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.15146291255950928, 'sentence': 'He adds: \u201cWe wanted to make sure that this is someplace that regardless of any language or cultural barrier, people can come to interact and understand.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 18, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 20, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 23, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 24, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 26, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 28, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 29, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 31, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 33, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.025041194076269924, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.974671313226954, 'ai': 0.025041194076269924, 'mixed': 0.00028749269677611}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.974671313226954, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.025041194076269924, 'human': 0.974671313226954, 'mixed': 0.00028749269677611}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': \"It\u2019s-a-finally here! On October 2, the first official Nintendo Museum is opening in Kyoto, Japan, inviting fans to dive into decades of gaming history.\\n\\nThe iconic Japanese company has been around since 1889, when it sold playing cards. The new museum, located inside a renovated factory, is a shrine to its beloved games and characters.\\n\\n\u201cOf all the gaming companies that needed a museum to chronicle their extensive history, it would be Nintendo,\u201d writes Forbes\u2019 Ollie Barder. \u201cAfter all, having just celebrated its 135th anniversary, Nintendo\u2019s history is a uniquely long and varied one.\u201d\\n\\nHe adds that he had \u201ca thoroughly magical experience\u201d at the museum.\\n\\nThe museum features three main sections, according to Wired\u2019s Asuka Kawanabe. The first, \u201cLearn,\u201d is devoted to the company\u2019s history, while \u201cExperience\u201d features a series of interactive exhibits. The third, \u201cCreate and Play,\u201d is a workshop where visitors can make their own creations.\\n\\n<b>Nintendo Museum Exterior<\/b>\\n\\nNintendo's new museum will open on October 2 in Kyoto, Japan. Nintendo\\nNintendo has always embraced a unique style\u2014whimsical, dreamlike and accessible rather than gritty or realistic\u2014and the museum celebrates that instinct. Renowned video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto, known for creating Nintendo staples like \u201cSuper Mario,\u201d \u201cThe Legend of Zelda\u201d and \u201cDonkey Kong,\u201d tells the New York Times\u2019 Zachary Small that this spirit is baked into Nintendo\u2019s DNA.\\n\\n\u201cIt might seem like we are just going the opposite direction for the sake of going in the opposite direction, but it really is trying to find what makes Nintendo special,\u201d Miyamoto tells the Times. \u201cThere is a lot of talk about A.I., for example. When that happens, everyone starts to go in the same direction, but that is where Nintendo would rather go in a different direction.\u201d\\n\\nUpon entering the museum, guests are given a card with ten coins that they can use to play with one of the interactive exhibits. There are eight exhibits total, with names like \u201cZapper & Scope SP,\u201d \u201cUltra Hand SP\u201d and \u201cBig Controller.\u201d Guests must choose their own adventure, as ten coins won\u2019t be enough to try everything.\\n\\n\u201cThe \u2018Big Controller\u2019 was probably my favorite, with you needing to partner with someone to control a game,\u201d writes Barder. \u201cI played parts of \u2018Zelda: A Link to the Past,\u2019 saving the princess and a few boss fights. The size of the controller makes the whole thing very charming.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Cards<\/b>\\n\\nVisitors play Hyakunin Isshu, a traditional Japanese card game, at the Nintendo Museum. Richard A. Brooks \/ AFP via Getty Images\\nIn the workshop area, guests can make their own hanafuda playing cards\u2014one of Nintendo\u2019s earliest products. Afterwards, visitors can learn the game and play it with real hanafuda cards.\\n\\nThe history area is expansive, featuring displays of past Nintendo models, including a clay likeness of the N64 controller and vintage cartridges of breakout games.\\n\\n\u201cThis is a museum of products, but Nintendo knows that these games and consoles are more than just objects,\u201d writes the Guardian\u2019s Keza Macdonald. \u201cThey\u2019re portals, both to different times in our own lives, and to gaming experiences that we cherish for decades afterwards.\u201d\\n\\nThe museum includes few written materials about Nintendo\u2019s history, and it doesn\u2019t offer guided tours. The goal is to make the space feel accessible, so that gamers from all backgrounds are able to enjoy a similar experience, as Miyamoto tells the Times.\\n\\nHe adds: \u201cWe wanted to make sure that this is someplace that regardless of any language or cultural barrier, people can come to interact and understand.\u201d\"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3352334499,"RADAR":0.3769573271,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The opening phrase is designed to sound like Mario's catchphrase \"It's a me, Mario!\" This is both creative and unique, something that machine-generated text lacks. It's also far from the generic format that AI uses for introductions, as is the conclusion. The article is also very specific about details like the number of credits given and the number of games available. This strongly points towards a real human article. The accidental inclusion of an image credit towards the end is also a dead giveaway, but I had already decided this article was human-generated. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I see only one example here of a typical AI phrase \"dive into\". There are a couple of unusual turns of phrase such as the first couple of words in the article and \"very charming.\" These suggest a human author."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"varied sentence and paragraph length. Punch first line. Ends with a quote. Speech tags are often 'so and so writes' ADD MORE. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am 100% confident this is human-written. It starts with a catchy phrase that fans of Nintendo will recognize. It leads into the article topic and its cultural impact with visual elements and common phrases, like \"a shrine to its beloved games and characters.\" and \"this spirit is baked into Nintendo's DNA.\" Quotes or ideas presented have citations for the source of who said what (including the Getty Images citation, that's a big one), sentence lengths varies across with grammar punctuations such as long dashes, and any explanation for the topic itself is written in a simple, easy to understand format that leaves the interpretation up to the reader. It remains neutral throughout all of it, since it's a news article, and the quotes themselves are... realistic, as it shows how reporters attempt to capture what people say as they say them, rather than summarizing it fully. It's most definitely human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"At last. Quotes that can actually be verified (e.g. Miyamoto in the NYT; Barder in Forbes) and sound as if real people said them. And the author fortunately did not feel the need to \"elaborate\" and \"state\" but uses the verb \"tell\" in all the signal phrases. The author's enthusiasm does not sound forced and is maintained throughout the text."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"34":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":5,"title":"Montana Rancher Who Created Giant, Hybrid Sheep Sentenced to Six Months in Prison","sub-title":"Arthur \u201cJack\u201d Schubarth cloned illegally imported genetic material from the Marco Polo argali to create hybrid sheep that would draw higher prices from hunting preserves","author":"Alexa Robles-Gil","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":"10\/3\/24","section":"Smart News","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/montana-rancher-who-created-giant-hybrid-sheep-sentenced-to-six-months-in-prison-180985194\/","article":"A rancher from Montana was sentenced to six months in prison on Monday for using parts from protected sheep to create giant sheep hybrids, aiming to sell the species to captive hunting facilities.\n\nFor nearly a decade, Arthur \u201cJack\u201d Schubarth, 81, conspired with other individuals to clone endangered mountain sheep embryos and use them to breed a hybrid species, according to a statement from the United States Department of Justice.\n\nSchubarth\u2019s charges were not directly related to the cloning itself, but rather the illegal trafficking of wildlife. He imported parts from the world\u2019s largest sheep, the Marco Polo argali found in Kyrgyzstan, into the United States. Then, Schubarth sent genetic material from these samples to a lab that created cloned embryos, which he implanted in female sheep, or ewes, on his ranch.\n\nThis effort resulted in the birth of a single, purebred male Marco Polo argali, which he named Montana Mountain King, or MMK.\n\nSchubarth bred the male MMK with female sheep to create hybrid offspring that are larger than the average Marco Polo argali male, which can weigh more than 300 pounds and have horns longer than five feet. Schubarth sold some of MMK\u2019s semen to other breeders and sold one of the sheep\u2019s direct offspring for $10,000, per Amy Beth Hanson of the Associated Press.\n\n\u201cSchubarth\u2019s criminal conduct is not how Montanans treat our wildlife population,\u201d says Jesse Laslovich, the U.S. attorney for the District of Montana, in the statement. \u201cIndeed, his actions threatened Montana\u2019s native wildlife species for no other reason than he and his co-conspirators wanted to make more money.\u201d\n\nIn March, Schubarth pleaded guilty to two felony wildlife crimes related to violating the Lacey Act, a law designed to combat animal trafficking, according to a previous statement from the Department of Justice.\n\nOn Monday, Schubarth was also ordered to pay $20,000 to the Lacey Act Reward Fund and $4,000 to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.\n\n\u201cI got my normal mindset clouded by my enthusiasm and looked for any gray area in the law to make the best sheep I could for this sheep industry,\u201d Schubarth wrote in a letter accompanying his sentencing memo, per the AP.\n\nU.S. District Court Judge Brian Morris had difficulty coming up with a sentence for Schubarth. Morris considered the man\u2019s age and clean criminal record alongside the desire to discourage anyone else from attempting to \u201cchange the genetic makeup of the creatures\u201d on the Earth, reports the AP.\n\nMarco Polo argali sheep, native to Central Asia, are protected by the Endangered Species Act and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. They are also banned in Montana to protect native sheep from diseases and safeguard the \u201cgenetic integrity\u201d of wild sheep populations, Edward Grace, assistant director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u2019s Office of Law Enforcement, says in the statement. During Schubarth\u2019s scheme, at least two sheep died from Johne\u2019s disease\u2014a contagious, chronic wasting disease.\n\n\u201cThis case exemplifies the serious threat that wildlife trafficking poses to our native species and ecosystems,\u201d Grace adds. \u201cThis sends a clear message that we will not tolerate the illegal importation, sale and transport of wildlife, especially when it endangers our natural heritage.\u201d","id":5,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'A rancher from Montana was sentenced to six months in prison on Monday for using parts from protected sheep to create giant sheep hybrids, aiming to sell the species to captive hunting facilities.\\n\\nFor nearly a decade, Arthur \u201cJack\u201d Schubarth, 81, conspired with other individuals to clone endangered mountain sheep embryos and use them to breed a hybrid species, according to a statement from the United States Department of Justice.\\n\\nSchubarth\u2019s charges were not directly related to the cloning itself, but rather the illegal trafficking of wildlife. He imported parts from the world\u2019s largest sheep, the Marco Polo argali found in Kyrgyzstan, into the United States. Then, Schubarth sent genetic material from these samples to a lab that created cloned embryos, which he implanted in female sheep, or ewes, on his ranch.\\n\\nThis effort resulted in the birth of a single, purebred male Marco Polo argali, which he named Montana Mountain King, or MMK.\\n\\nSchubarth bred the male MMK with female sheep to create hybrid offspring that are larger than the average Marco Polo argali male, which can weigh more than 300 pounds and have horns longer than five feet. Schubarth sold some of MMK\u2019s semen to other breeders and sold one of the sheep\u2019s direct offspring for $10,000, per Amy Beth Hanson of the Associated Press.\\n\\n\u201cSchubarth\u2019s criminal conduct is not how Montanans treat our wildlife population,\u201d says Jesse Laslovich, the U.S. attorney for the District of Montana, in the statement. \u201cIndeed, his actions threatened Montana\u2019s native wildlife species for no other reason than he and his co-conspirators wanted to make more money.\u201d\\n\\nIn March, Schubarth pleaded guilty to two felony wildlife crimes related to violating the Lacey Act, a law designed to combat animal trafficking, according to a previous statement from the Department of Justice.\\n\\nOn Monday, Schubarth was also ordered to pay $20,000 to the Lacey Act Reward Fund and $4,000 to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.\\n\\n\u201cI got my normal mindset clouded by my enthusiasm and looked for any gray area in the law to make the best sheep I could for this sheep industry,\u201d Schubarth wrote in a letter accompanying his sentencing memo, per the AP.\\n\\nU.S. District Court Judge Brian Morris had difficulty coming up with a sentence for Schubarth. Morris considered the man\u2019s age and clean criminal record alongside the desire to discourage anyone else from attempting to \u201cchange the genetic makeup of the creatures\u201d on the Earth, reports the AP.\\n\\nMarco Polo argali sheep, native to Central Asia, are protected by the Endangered Species Act and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. They are also banned in Montana to protect native sheep from diseases and safeguard the \u201cgenetic integrity\u201d of wild sheep populations, Edward Grace, assistant director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u2019s Office of Law Enforcement, says in the statement. During Schubarth\u2019s scheme, at least two sheep died from Johne\u2019s disease\u2014a contagious, chronic wasting disease.\\n\\n\u201cThis case exemplifies the serious threat that wildlife trafficking poses to our native species and ecosystems,\u201d Grace adds. \u201cThis sends a clear message that we will not tolerate the illegal importation, sale and transport of wildlife, especially when it endangers our natural heritage.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00036025047302246094, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'A rancher from Montana was sentenced to six months in prison on Monday for using parts from protected sheep to create giant sheep hybrids, aiming to sell the species to captive hunting facilities.\\n\\nFor nearly a decade, Arthur \u201cJack\u201d Schubarth, 81, conspired with other individuals to clone endangered mountain sheep embryos and use them to breed a hybrid species, according to a statement from the United States Department of Justice.\\n\\nSchubarth\u2019s charges were not directly related to the cloning itself, but rather the illegal trafficking of wildlife. He imported parts from the world\u2019s largest sheep, the Marco Polo argali found in Kyrgyzstan, into the United States. Then, Schubarth sent genetic material from these samples to a lab that created cloned embryos, which he implanted in female sheep, or ewes, on his ranch.\\n\\nThis effort resulted in the birth of a single, purebred male Marco Polo argali, which he named Montana Mountain King, or MMK.\\n\\nSchubarth bred the male MMK with female sheep to create hybrid offspring that are larger than the average Marco Polo argali male, which can weigh more than 300 pounds and have horns longer than five feet. Schubarth sold some of MMK\u2019s semen to other breeders and sold one of the sheep\u2019s direct offspring for $10,000, per Amy Beth Hanson of the Associated Press.\\n\\n\u201cSchubarth\u2019s criminal conduct is not how Montanans treat our wildlife population,\u201d says Jesse Laslovich, the U.S. attorney for the District of Montana, in the statement. \u201cIndeed, his actions threatened Montana\u2019s native wildlife species for no other reason than he and his co-conspirators wanted to make more money.\u201d\\n\\nIn March, Schubarth pleaded guilty to two felony wildlife crimes related to violating the Lacey Act, a law designed to combat animal trafficking, according to a previous statement from the Department of Justice.\\n\\nOn Monday, Schubarth was also ordered to pay $20,000 to the Lacey Act Reward Fund and $4,000 to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.\\n\\n\u201cI got my normal mindset clouded by my enthusiasm and looked for any gray area in the law to make the best sheep I could for this sheep industry,\u201d Schubarth wrote in a letter accompanying his sentencing memo, per the AP.\\n\\nU.S. District Court Judge Brian Morris had difficulty coming up with a sentence for Schubarth. Morris considered the man\u2019s age and clean criminal record alongside the desire to discourage anyone else from attempting to \u201cchange the genetic makeup of the creatures\u201d on the Earth, reports the AP.\\n\\nMarco Polo argali sheep, native to Central Asia, are protected by the Endangered Species Act and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. They are also banned in Montana to protect native sheep from diseases and safeguard the \u201cgenetic integrity\u201d of wild sheep populations, Edward Grace, assistant director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u2019s Office of Law Enforcement, says in the statement. During Schubarth\u2019s scheme, at least two sheep died from Johne\u2019s disease\u2014a contagious, chronic wasting disease.\\n\\n\u201cThis case exemplifies the serious threat that wildlife trafficking poses to our native species and ecosystems,\u201d Grace adds. \u201cThis sends a clear message that we will not tolerate the illegal importation, sale and transport of wildlife, especially when it endangers our natural heritage.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00011730194091796875, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '5414ed0d-7b26-438f-8929-c7299e241103', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0011078384704887867, 'sentence': 'A rancher from Montana was sentenced to six months in prison on Monday for using parts from protected sheep to create giant sheep hybrids, aiming to sell the species to 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these samples to a lab that created cloned embryos, which he implanted in female sheep, or ewes, on his ranch.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00048442548722960055, 'sentence': 'This effort resulted in the birth of a single, purebred male Marco Polo argali, which he named Montana Mountain King, or MMK.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007317766430787742, 'sentence': 'Schubarth bred the male MMK with female sheep to create hybrid offspring that are larger than the average Marco Polo argali male, which can weigh more than 300 pounds and have horns longer than five feet.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006781953270547092, 'sentence': \"Schubarth sold some of MMK's semen to other breeders and sold one of the sheep's direct offspring for $10,000, per Amy Beth Hanson of the Associated Press.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00048119507846422493, 'sentence': \"\u201cSchubarth's criminal conduct is not how Montanans treat our wildlife population,\u201d says Jesse Laslovich, the U.S. attorney for the District of Montana, in the statement.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001016558613628149, 'sentence': \"\u201cIndeed, his actions threatened Montana's native wildlife species for no other reason than he and his co-conspirators wanted to make more money.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001193510033772327, 'sentence': 'In March, Schubarth pleaded guilty to two felony wildlife crimes related to violating the Lacey Act, a law designed to combat animal trafficking, according to a previous statement from the Department of Justice.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010029699478764087, 'sentence': 'On Monday, Schubarth was also ordered to pay $20,000 to the Lacey Act Reward Fund and $4,000 to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.616231257794425e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cI got my normal mindset clouded by my enthusiasm and looked for any gray area in the law to make the best sheep I could for this sheep industry,\u201d Schubarth wrote in a letter accompanying his sentencing memo, per the AP.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.174308120738715e-05, 'sentence': 'U.S. District Court Judge Brian Morris had difficulty coming up with a sentence for Schubarth.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.11358802113682e-05, 'sentence': \"Morris considered the man's age and clean criminal record alongside the desire to discourage anyone else from attempting to \u201cchange the genetic makeup of the creatures\u201d on the Earth, reports the AP.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002566250623203814, 'sentence': 'Marco Polo argali sheep, native to Central Asia, are protected by the Endangered Species Act and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021997763542458415, 'sentence': 'They are also banned in Montana to protect native sheep from diseases and safeguard the \u201cgenetic integrity\u201d of wild sheep populations, Edward Grace, assistant director of the U.S.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00031622525420971215, 'sentence': \"Fish and Wildlife Service's Office of Law Enforcement, says in the statement.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0019169757142663002, 'sentence': \"During Schubarth's scheme, at least two sheep died from Johne's disease\u1173a contagious, chronic wasting disease.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.24901768565177917, 'sentence': '\u201cThis case exemplifies the serious threat that wildlife trafficking poses to our native species and ecosystems,\u201d Grace adds.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.2851647734642029, 'sentence': '\u201cThis sends a clear message that we will not tolerate the illegal importation, sale and transport of wildlife, especially when it endangers our natural heritage.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 12, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 19, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.019167284675994867, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9792355768600218, 'ai': 0.019167284675994867, 'mixed': 0.0015971384639833133}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9792355768600218, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.019167284675994867, 'human': 0.9792355768600218, 'mixed': 0.0015971384639833133}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'A rancher from Montana was sentenced to six months in prison on Monday for using parts from protected sheep to create giant sheep hybrids, aiming to sell the species to captive hunting facilities.\\n\\nFor nearly a decade, Arthur \u201cJack\u201d Schubarth, 81, conspired with other individuals to clone endangered mountain sheep embryos and use them to breed a hybrid species, according to a statement from the United States Department of Justice.\\n\\nSchubarth\u2019s charges were not directly related to the cloning itself, but rather the illegal trafficking of wildlife. He imported parts from the world\u2019s largest sheep, the Marco Polo argali found in Kyrgyzstan, into the United States. Then, Schubarth sent genetic material from these samples to a lab that created cloned embryos, which he implanted in female sheep, or ewes, on his ranch.\\n\\nThis effort resulted in the birth of a single, purebred male Marco Polo argali, which he named Montana Mountain King, or MMK.\\n\\nSchubarth bred the male MMK with female sheep to create hybrid offspring that are larger than the average Marco Polo argali male, which can weigh more than 300 pounds and have horns longer than five feet. Schubarth sold some of MMK\u2019s semen to other breeders and sold one of the sheep\u2019s direct offspring for $10,000, per Amy Beth Hanson of the Associated Press.\\n\\n\u201cSchubarth\u2019s criminal conduct is not how Montanans treat our wildlife population,\u201d says Jesse Laslovich, the U.S. attorney for the District of Montana, in the statement. \u201cIndeed, his actions threatened Montana\u2019s native wildlife species for no other reason than he and his co-conspirators wanted to make more money.\u201d\\n\\nIn March, Schubarth pleaded guilty to two felony wildlife crimes related to violating the Lacey Act, a law designed to combat animal trafficking, according to a previous statement from the Department of Justice.\\n\\nOn Monday, Schubarth was also ordered to pay $20,000 to the Lacey Act Reward Fund and $4,000 to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.\\n\\n\u201cI got my normal mindset clouded by my enthusiasm and looked for any gray area in the law to make the best sheep I could for this sheep industry,\u201d Schubarth wrote in a letter accompanying his sentencing memo, per the AP.\\n\\nU.S. District Court Judge Brian Morris had difficulty coming up with a sentence for Schubarth. Morris considered the man\u2019s age and clean criminal record alongside the desire to discourage anyone else from attempting to \u201cchange the genetic makeup of the creatures\u201d on the Earth, reports the AP.\\n\\nMarco Polo argali sheep, native to Central Asia, are protected by the Endangered Species Act and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. They are also banned in Montana to protect native sheep from diseases and safeguard the \u201cgenetic integrity\u201d of wild sheep populations, Edward Grace, assistant director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u2019s Office of Law Enforcement, says in the statement. During Schubarth\u2019s scheme, at least two sheep died from Johne\u2019s disease\u2014a contagious, chronic wasting disease.\\n\\n\u201cThis case exemplifies the serious threat that wildlife trafficking poses to our native species and ecosystems,\u201d Grace adds. \u201cThis sends a clear message that we will not tolerate the illegal importation, sale and transport of wildlife, especially when it endangers our natural heritage.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3817864358,"RADAR":0.0229539275,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article is quite specific about the methodology used to create the sheep hybrids. There are further specific details like the amounts he was ordered to pay and to who he was ordered to pay them to. These details throughout are the main reason why I believe it to be human-generated. The reason why I don't feel fully sure is because of how generic and formulaic the introduction and conclusion are. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual clues pointing to AI generation here such as the use of the words \"fostering\" or \"crucial\". The text has a variety of sentence types and lengths, such as those highlighted, which points to a human author."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think this is human-generated: varied sentence length; concludes with a quote; speech tags are either 'says' or 'adds'. ADD MORE. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this article is human-written. The article's tone is neutral, purely detailing the events before that led to the consequence, and focuses on outlining what the reader needs to know about the topic. It regularly cites its sources, even with quotes, constantly referencing them as statements, provides contextual information about subtopics related to it, such as with \"at least two sheep died from Johne\u2019s disease\u2014a contagious, chronic wasting disease\" and \"The Lacey Act, a law designed to combat animal trafficking,\" without trying to embellish it with sentiments. Even conclusive statements, such as \"safeguard the \"genetic integrity\" of wild sheep populations\" are not made by the writer, but referenced as a statement itself, which indicates that the writer has a better control over information to prevent ideas from being misled. Many of the sentences are long, but contain other grammatical techniques to parse out how that information is presented, and overall, it contains a good example of separating facts from opinions in news articles. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Awkwardly written but the lengthy quotes are at least correct. The language use\u2014sentence structure, word choice\u2014suggests that this could be a school assignment written by a teenager."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"35":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":6,"title":"To save monarch butterflies, these scientists want to move mountains","sub-title":"Climate change could wipe out monarchs' winter habitats by 2090, but an \u2018assisted migration\u2019 strategy aims to build new environs they could call home.","author":"Alexa Robles-Gil","source":"National Geographic","issue":"10\/18\/24","section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/science\/article\/monarch-butterflies-oyamel-forests-migration","article":"On the slopes of a volcano in central Mexico, biologist Cuauht\u00e9moc S\u00e1enz-Romero and his team envision a climate refuge for oyamel fir trees and the monarch butterflies that depend on them. In 2021, the researchers trekked up the mountain to plant seedlings in biting cold temperatures\u2014part of an effort to save the species from a climate-driven demise. \n\nAbout 80 miles away, in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, millions of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) find haven in the oyamel fir (Abies religiosa) forests after an arduous migration from Canada and the United States down to Mexico for the winter. Now, as rising temperatures, droughts, and disease threaten the forests of the monarch reserve, scientists are hoping to help these trees migrate.\n\n\u201cWe\u2019re doing something different,\u201d says S\u00e1enz-Romero, a researcher at the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo in Michoac\u00e1n, also home to the reserve. \u201cIf we don't do this, the trees in the monarch reserve are going to die.\u201d \n\nBy 2090, the reserve\u2019s forest habitats, located around 11,000 feet (3,500 meters), are expected to deteriorate, as temperatures warm. Using a technique called assisted migration, researchers might be able to move these trees to the nearby volcano, Nevado de Toluca, S\u00e1enz-Romero and his colleagues recently reported in Frontiers in Forests and Global Change.\n\n<b>Future forests<\/b>\n\nForests move naturally; they shift in many directions and elevations as climate changes. In Mexico, trees are slowly migrating up the mountains, but they\u2019re doing so at a slower pace than that of climate change. In the monarch reserve, for instance, the highest oyamel fir populations are already at the summits, leaving them with nowhere to go. \n\nAssisted migration helps the forest move more quickly than it would do so naturally. You collect seeds from a place with a specific climate, like the monarch reserve, and move them to an area that will have a similar climate in the future, explains S\u00e1enz-Romero.\n\nThe experiment began in 2017, when S\u00e1enz-Romero and his team gathered seeds from oyamel fir trees in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve at various altitudes. For two years, the plants grew in a shade house and then for another year in a nursery at around 9,800 feet (3,000 meters) to help them adjust to the altitude. Then, in 2021, they worked with the local indigenous community of Calimaya to plant the seedlings under \u201cnurse plants,\u201d which protected them from harsh conditions, on the northeast slope of the Nevado de Toluca volcano. They focused on four different altitudes, ranging from roughly 11,000 to 13,000 feet (3,400 to 4,000 meters).\n\nIn 2023, six years after planting the seeds, they found that at two of those heights, 11,800 and 12,400 feet, nearly 70 percent of the seedlings had survived even at the higher elevation.\n\n\u201cThese types of experiments are tremendously important,\u201d says Sally Aitken, a professor in Forest and Conservation Sciences at the University of British Columbia, who wasn\u2019t involved in the study. Aitken was also part of other field tests that involved moving whitebark pine, an endangered tree species in Canada, further north to protect it from warming temperatures and  diseases like white pine blister rust.\n\nHowever, assisted migration outside of a tree\u2019s normal range comes with concerns, Aitken says. Oyamel firs don\u2019t normally grow at this height on Nevado de Toluca\u2019s slopes. Moving a species could have unintended ecological fallout for other species present in that ecosystem. There\u2019s uncertainty around these field tests, she explains, but they\u2019re crucial to better understand whether assisted migration could realistically save forest ecosystems.\n\n\u201cWe can\u2019t implement these as solutions unless we know they\u2019re solutions,\u201d Aitken says.\n\nIn Mexico, droughts have made oyamel fir forests particularly vulnerable to threats like bark beetle infestations. Last summer, a mass mortality event occurred in Hidalgo, close to Michoac\u00e1n, where many oyamel fir trees succumbed to drought and disease and had to be cut down.\n\n\u201cIt's not that I'm negative or pessimistic,\u201d says S\u00e1enz-Romero, \u201cI see the trees dying, and I know we need to take more active measures.\u201d\n\nFor him, this meant taking on a more proactive approach for both the trees\u2013and the animals that depend on them.\n\n<b>Monarchs on the move<\/b>\n\nAnother big question is whether monarchs will find newly migrated forests. Research indicates that current wintering sites for monarchs in Mexico may become unsuitable for both the oyamel fir trees and the butterflies in the future, and some monarchs are already moving elsewhere. Last winter, monarch butterflies decreased by nearly 60 percent on Mexican wintering grounds. And surprisingly, conservationists found the largest colony several miles away from the reserve\u2014roosting in the forests of San Antonio Albarranes, close to the Nevado de Toluca volcano.\n\nThe butterflies are looking for new, colder sites because the past sites are warmer, says S\u00e1enz-Romero, who has done past research on the habitat\u2019s historic and future climate. On Nevado de Toluca, the temperature at 11,100 feet is one degree Celsius colder than at the same elevation in the monarch reserve.\n\n\u201cIf the monarch migration to this part of the world is to continue, both the trees and the monarchs will need to move,\u201d says Karen Oberhauser, a biologist at University of Wisconsin-Madison who was not involved in the study. According to Oberhauser, who studies monarch butterfly ecology, assisted migration could be a possible solution; however, whether it will work remains to be seen. \n\n\u201cUnfortunately, climate change on the one earth we have is like a giant experiment with a sample size of one,\u201d Oberhauser says, \u201cnot an ideal situation.\u201d\n\nFor now, in Mexico, S\u00e1enz-Romero hopes this new study convinces conservationists and government officials that assisted migration can establish new potential wintering sites for the monarch butterflies. Preserving the current monarch reserve is equally important as creating potential sites, he says. \n\nThese new trees are a field experiment, he adds, \u201cwe need to plant thousands more.\u201d","id":6,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"On the slopes of a volcano in central Mexico, biologist Cuauht\u00e9moc S\u00e1enz-Romero and his team envision a climate refuge for oyamel fir trees and the monarch butterflies that depend on them. In 2021, the researchers trekked up the mountain to plant seedlings in biting cold temperatures\u2014part of an effort to save the species from a climate-driven demise. \\n\\nAbout 80 miles away, in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, millions of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) find haven in the oyamel fir (Abies religiosa) forests after an arduous migration from Canada and the United States down to Mexico for the winter. Now, as rising temperatures, droughts, and disease threaten the forests of the monarch reserve, scientists are hoping to help these trees migrate.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re doing something different,\u201d says S\u00e1enz-Romero, a researcher at the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo in Michoac\u00e1n, also home to the reserve. \u201cIf we don't do this, the trees in the monarch reserve are going to die.\u201d \\n\\nBy 2090, the reserve\u2019s forest habitats, located around 11,000 feet (3,500 meters), are expected to deteriorate, as temperatures warm. Using a technique called assisted migration, researchers might be able to move these trees to the nearby volcano, Nevado de Toluca, S\u00e1enz-Romero and his colleagues recently reported in Frontiers in Forests and Global Change.\\n\\n<b>Future forests<\/b>\\n\\nForests move naturally; they shift in many directions and elevations as climate changes. In Mexico, trees are slowly migrating up the mountains, but they\u2019re doing so at a slower pace than that of climate change. In the monarch reserve, for instance, the highest oyamel fir populations are already at the summits, leaving them with nowhere to go. \\n\\nAssisted migration helps the forest move more quickly than it would do so naturally. You collect seeds from a place with a specific climate, like the monarch reserve, and move them to an area that will have a similar climate in the future, explains S\u00e1enz-Romero.\\n\\nThe experiment began in 2017, when S\u00e1enz-Romero and his team gathered seeds from oyamel fir trees in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve at various altitudes. For two years, the plants grew in a shade house and then for another year in a nursery at around 9,800 feet (3,000 meters) to help them adjust to the altitude. Then, in 2021, they worked with the local indigenous community of Calimaya to plant the seedlings under \u201cnurse plants,\u201d which protected them from harsh conditions, on the northeast slope of the Nevado de Toluca volcano. They focused on four different altitudes, ranging from roughly 11,000 to 13,000 feet (3,400 to 4,000 meters).\\n\\nIn 2023, six years after planting the seeds, they found that at two of those heights, 11,800 and 12,400 feet, nearly 70 percent of the seedlings had survived even at the higher elevation.\\n\\n\u201cThese types of experiments are tremendously important,\u201d says Sally Aitken, a professor in Forest and Conservation Sciences at the University of British Columbia, who wasn\u2019t involved in the study. Aitken was also part of other field tests that involved moving whitebark pine, an endangered tree species in Canada, further north to protect it from warming temperatures and  diseases like white pine blister rust.\\n\\nHowever, assisted migration outside of a tree\u2019s normal range comes with concerns, Aitken says. Oyamel firs don\u2019t normally grow at this height on Nevado de Toluca\u2019s slopes. Moving a species could have unintended ecological fallout for other species present in that ecosystem. There\u2019s uncertainty around these field tests, she explains, but they\u2019re crucial to better understand whether assisted migration could realistically save forest ecosystems.\\n\\n\u201cWe can\u2019t implement these as solutions unless we know they\u2019re solutions,\u201d Aitken says.\\n\\nIn Mexico, droughts have made oyamel fir forests particularly vulnerable to threats like bark beetle infestations. Last summer, a mass mortality event occurred in Hidalgo, close to Michoac\u00e1n, where many oyamel fir trees succumbed to drought and disease and had to be cut down.\\n\\n\u201cIt's not that I'm negative or pessimistic,\u201d says S\u00e1enz-Romero, \u201cI see the trees dying, and I know we need to take more active measures.\u201d\\n\\nFor him, this meant taking on a more proactive approach for both the trees\u2013and the animals that depend on them.\\n\\n<b>Monarchs on the move<\/b>\\n\\nAnother big question is whether monarchs will find newly migrated forests. Research indicates that current wintering sites for monarchs in Mexico may become unsuitable for both the oyamel fir trees and the butterflies in the future, and some monarchs are already moving elsewhere. Last winter, monarch butterflies decreased by nearly 60 percent on Mexican wintering grounds. And surprisingly, conservationists found the largest colony several miles away from the reserve\u2014roosting in the forests of San Antonio Albarranes, close to the Nevado de Toluca volcano.\\n\\nThe butterflies are looking for new, colder sites because the past sites are warmer, says S\u00e1enz-Romero, who has done past research on the habitat\u2019s historic and future climate. On Nevado de Toluca, the temperature at 11,100 feet is one degree Celsius colder than at the same elevation in the monarch reserve.\\n\\n\u201cIf the monarch migration to this part of the world is to continue, both the trees and the monarchs will need to move,\u201d says Karen Oberhauser, a biologist at University of Wisconsin-Madison who was not involved in the study. According to Oberhauser, who studies monarch butterfly ecology, assisted migration could be a possible solution; however, whether it will work remains to be seen. \\n\\n\u201cUnfortunately, climate change on the one earth we have is like a giant experiment with a sample size of one,\u201d Oberhauser says, \u201cnot an ideal situation.\u201d\\n\\nFor now, in Mexico, S\u00e1enz-Romero hopes this new study convinces conservationists and government officials that assisted migration can establish new potential wintering sites for the monarch butterflies. Preserving the current monarch reserve is equally important as creating potential sites, he says. \\n\\nThese new trees are a field experiment, he adds, \u201cwe need to plant thousands more.\u201d\", 'ai_likelihood': 7.987022399902344e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"On the slopes of a volcano in central Mexico, biologist Cuauht\u00e9moc S\u00e1enz-Romero and his team envision a climate refuge for oyamel fir trees and the monarch butterflies that depend on them. In 2021, the researchers trekked up the mountain to plant seedlings in biting cold temperatures\u2014part of an effort to save the species from a climate-driven demise. \\n\\nAbout 80 miles away, in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, millions of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) find haven in the oyamel fir (Abies religiosa) forests after an arduous migration from Canada and the United States down to Mexico for the winter. Now, as rising temperatures, droughts, and disease threaten the forests of the monarch reserve, scientists are hoping to help these trees migrate.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re doing something different,\u201d says S\u00e1enz-Romero, a researcher at the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo in Michoac\u00e1n, also home to the reserve. \u201cIf we don't do this, the trees in the monarch reserve are going to die.\u201d \\n\\nBy 2090, the reserve\u2019s forest habitats, located around 11,000 feet (3,500 meters), are expected to deteriorate, as temperatures warm. Using a technique called assisted migration, researchers might be able to move these trees to the nearby volcano, Nevado de Toluca, S\u00e1enz-Romero and his colleagues recently reported in Frontiers in Forests and Global Change.\\n\\n<b>Future forests<\/b>\\n\\nForests move naturally; they shift in many directions and elevations as climate changes. In Mexico, trees are slowly migrating up the mountains, but they\u2019re doing so at a slower pace than that of climate change. In the monarch reserve, for instance, the highest oyamel fir populations are already at the summits, leaving them with nowhere to go. \\n\\nAssisted migration helps the forest move more quickly than it would do so naturally. You collect seeds from a place with a specific climate, like the monarch reserve, and move them to an area that will have a similar climate in the future, explains S\u00e1enz-Romero.\\n\\nThe experiment began in 2017, when S\u00e1enz-Romero and his team gathered seeds from oyamel fir trees in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve at various altitudes. For two years, the plants grew in a shade house and then for another year in a nursery at around 9,800 feet (3,000 meters) to help them adjust to the altitude. Then, in 2021, they worked with the local indigenous community of Calimaya to plant the seedlings under \u201cnurse plants,\u201d which protected them from harsh conditions, on the northeast slope of the Nevado de Toluca volcano. They focused on four different altitudes, ranging from roughly 11,000 to 13,000 feet (3,400 to 4,000 meters).\\n\\nIn 2023, six years after planting the seeds, they found that at two of those heights, 11,800 and 12,400 feet, nearly 70 percent of the seedlings had survived even at the higher elevation.\\n\\n\u201cThese types of experiments are tremendously important,\u201d says Sally Aitken, a professor in Forest and Conservation Sciences at the University of British Columbia, who wasn\u2019t involved in the study. Aitken was also part of other field tests that involved moving whitebark pine, an endangered tree species in Canada, further north to protect it from warming temperatures and  diseases like white pine blister rust.\\n\\nHowever, assisted migration outside of a tree\u2019s normal range comes with concerns, Aitken says. Oyamel firs don\u2019t normally grow at this height on Nevado de Toluca\u2019s slopes. Moving a species could have unintended ecological fallout for other species present in that ecosystem. There\u2019s uncertainty around these field tests, she explains, but they\u2019re crucial to better understand whether assisted migration could realistically save forest ecosystems.\\n\\n\u201cWe can\u2019t implement these as solutions unless we know they\u2019re solutions,\u201d Aitken says.\\n\\nIn Mexico, droughts have made oyamel fir forests particularly vulnerable to threats like bark beetle infestations. Last summer, a mass mortality event occurred in Hidalgo, close to Michoac\u00e1n, where many oyamel fir trees succumbed to drought and disease and had to be cut down.\\n\\n\u201cIt's not that I'm negative or pessimistic,\u201d says S\u00e1enz-Romero, \u201cI see the trees dying, and I know we need to take more active measures.\u201d\\n\\nFor him, this meant taking on a more proactive approach for both the trees\u2013and the animals that depend on them.\\n\\n<b>Monarchs on the move<\/b>\\n\\nAnother big question is whether monarchs will find newly migrated forests. Research indicates that current wintering sites for monarchs in Mexico may become unsuitable for both the oyamel fir trees and the butterflies in the future, and some monarchs are already moving elsewhere. Last winter, monarch butterflies decreased by nearly 60 percent on Mexican wintering grounds. And surprisingly, conservationists found the largest colony several miles away from the reserve\u2014roosting in the forests of San Antonio Albarranes, close to the Nevado de Toluca volcano.\\n\\nThe butterflies are looking for new, colder sites because the past sites are warmer, says S\u00e1enz-Romero, who has done past research on the habitat\u2019s historic and future climate. On Nevado de Toluca, the temperature at 11,100 feet is one degree Celsius colder than at the same elevation in the monarch reserve.\\n\\n\u201cIf the monarch migration to this part of the world is to continue, both the trees and the monarchs will need to move,\u201d says Karen Oberhauser, a biologist at University of Wisconsin-Madison who was not involved in the study. According to Oberhauser, who studies monarch butterfly ecology, assisted migration could be a possible solution; however, whether it will work remains to be seen. \\n\\n\u201cUnfortunately, climate change on the one earth we have is like a giant experiment with a sample size of one,\u201d Oberhauser says, \u201cnot an ideal situation.\u201d\\n\\nFor now, in Mexico, S\u00e1enz-Romero hopes this new study convinces conservationists and government officials that assisted migration can establish new potential wintering sites for the monarch butterflies. Preserving the current monarch reserve is equally important as creating potential sites, he says. \\n\\nThese new trees are a field experiment, he adds, \u201cwe need to plant thousands more.\u201d\", 'ai_likelihood': 1.7940998077392578e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '9fa11253-08df-4215-b870-fa0705539b18', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0032605226151645184, 'sentence': 'On the slopes of a volcano in central Mexico, biologist Cuauht\u00e9moc S\u00e1enz-Romero and his team envision a climate refuge for oyamel fir trees and the monarch butterflies that depend on them.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00402818713337183, 'sentence': 'In 2021, the researchers trekked up the mountain to plant seedlings in biting cold temperatures\u1173part of an effort to save the species from a climate-driven demise.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0049652704037725925, 'sentence': 'About 80 miles away, in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, millions of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) find haven in the oyamel fir (Abies religiosa) forests after an arduous migration from Canada and the United States down to Mexico for the winter.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004549460951238871, 'sentence': 'Now, as rising temperatures, droughts, and disease threaten the forests of the monarch reserve, scientists are hoping to help these trees migrate.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0038178195245563984, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe're doing something different,\u201d says S\u00e1enz-Romero, a researcher at the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo in Michoac\u00e1n, also home to the reserve.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004198371432721615, 'sentence': \"\u201cIf we don't do this, the trees in the monarch reserve are going to die.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002904907800257206, 'sentence': \"By 2090, the reserve's forest habitats, located around 11,000 feet (3,500 meters), are expected to deteriorate, as temperatures warm.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0043102046474814415, 'sentence': 'Using a technique called assisted migration, researchers might be able to move these trees to the nearby volcano, Nevado de Toluca, S\u00e1enz-Romero and his colleagues recently reported in Frontiers in Forests and Global Change.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0027513850945979357, 'sentence': '<b>Future forests<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.006545360200107098, 'sentence': 'Forests move naturally; they shift in many directions and elevations as climate changes.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.006879218854010105, 'sentence': \"In Mexico, trees are slowly migrating up the mountains, but they're doing so at a slower pace than that of climate change.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004232378676533699, 'sentence': 'In the monarch reserve, for instance, the highest oyamel fir populations are already at the summits, leaving them with nowhere to go.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003496007528156042, 'sentence': 'Assisted migration helps the forest move more quickly than it would do so naturally.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.006591707468032837, 'sentence': 'You collect seeds from a place with a specific climate, like the monarch reserve, and move them to an area that will have a similar climate in the future, explains S\u00e1enz-Romero.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.008596450090408325, 'sentence': 'The experiment began in 2017, when S\u00e1enz-Romero and his team gathered seeds from oyamel fir trees in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve at various altitudes.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0732639878988266, 'sentence': 'For two years, the plants grew in a shade house and then for another year in a nursery at around 9,800 feet (3,000 meters) to help them adjust to the altitude.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.17854908108711243, 'sentence': 'Then, in 2021, they worked with the local indigenous community of Calimaya to plant the seedlings under \u201cnurse plants,\u201d which protected them from harsh conditions, on the northeast slope of the Nevado de Toluca volcano.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.2567915916442871, 'sentence': 'They focused on four different altitudes, ranging from roughly 11,000 to 13,000 feet (3,400 to 4,000 meters).', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.1620277464389801, 'sentence': 'In 2023, six years after planting the seeds, they found that at two of those heights, 11,800 and 12,400 feet, nearly 70 percent of the seedlings had survived even at the higher elevation.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.012074658647179604, 'sentence': \"\u201cThese types of experiments are tremendously important,\u201d says Sally Aitken, a professor in Forest and Conservation Sciences at the University of British Columbia, who wasn't involved in the study.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00704726530238986, 'sentence': 'Aitken was also part of other field tests that involved moving whitebark pine, an endangered tree species in Canada, further north to protect it from warming temperatures and diseases like white pine blister rust.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.009605283848941326, 'sentence': \"However, assisted migration outside of a tree's normal range comes with concerns, Aitken says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007609157357364893, 'sentence': \"Oyamel firs don't normally grow at this height on Nevado de Toluca's slopes.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.011564761400222778, 'sentence': 'Moving a species could have unintended ecological fallout for other species present in that ecosystem.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.03351881727576256, 'sentence': \"There's uncertainty around these field tests, she explains, but they're crucial to better understand whether assisted migration could realistically save forest ecosystems.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.046362973749637604, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe can't implement these as solutions unless we know they're solutions,\u201d Aitken says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.33464351296424866, 'sentence': 'In Mexico, droughts have made oyamel fir forests particularly vulnerable to threats like bark beetle infestations.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.40922433137893677, 'sentence': 'Last summer, a mass mortality event occurred in Hidalgo, close to Michoac\u00e1n, where many oyamel fir trees succumbed to drought and disease and had to be cut down.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6262319087982178, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's not that I'm negative or pessimistic,\u201d says S\u00e1enz-Romero, \u201cI see the trees dying, and I know we need to take more active measures.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.5276716351509094, 'sentence': 'For him, this meant taking on a more proactive approach for both the trees-and the animals that depend on them.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.5613474249839783, 'sentence': '<b>Monarchs on the move<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.39128246903419495, 'sentence': 'Another big question is whether monarchs will find newly migrated forests.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.278985529206693e-05, 'sentence': 'Research indicates that current wintering sites for monarchs in Mexico may become unsuitable for both the oyamel fir trees and the butterflies in the future, and some monarchs are already moving elsewhere.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.5887514716014266e-05, 'sentence': 'Last winter, monarch butterflies decreased by nearly 60 percent on Mexican wintering grounds.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.472555130836554e-05, 'sentence': 'And surprisingly, conservationists found the largest colony several miles away from the reserve\u1173roosting in the forests of San Antonio Albarranes, close to the Nevado de Toluca volcano.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.014716250821948e-05, 'sentence': \"The butterflies are looking for new, colder sites because the past sites are warmer, says S\u00e1enz-Romero, who has done past research on the habitat's historic and future climate.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.163255653111264e-05, 'sentence': 'On Nevado de Toluca, the temperature at 11,100 feet is one degree Celsius colder than at the same elevation in the monarch reserve.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.712702891789377e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cIf the monarch migration to this part of the world is to continue, both the trees and the monarchs will need to move,\u201d says Karen Oberhauser, a biologist at University of Wisconsin-Madison who was not involved in the study.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.281459405319765e-05, 'sentence': 'According to Oberhauser, who studies monarch butterfly ecology, assisted migration could be a possible solution; however, whether it will work remains to be seen.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.956605698680505e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cUnfortunately, climate change on the one earth we have is like a giant experiment with a sample size of one,\u201d Oberhauser says, \u201cnot an ideal situation.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.995526640210301e-05, 'sentence': 'For now, in Mexico, S\u00e1enz-Romero hopes this new study convinces conservationists and government officials that assisted migration can establish new potential wintering sites for the monarch butterflies.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.3267700928263366e-05, 'sentence': 'Preserving the current monarch reserve is equally important as creating potential sites, he says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.915194247383624e-05, 'sentence': 'These new trees are a field experiment, he adds, \u201cwe need to plant thousands more.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 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0.034606483690908116, 'mixed': 0.0039511772655200185}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9614423390435719, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.034606483690908116, 'human': 0.9614423390435719, 'mixed': 0.0039511772655200185}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': \"On the slopes of a volcano in central Mexico, biologist Cuauht\u00e9moc S\u00e1enz-Romero and his team envision a climate refuge for oyamel fir trees and the monarch butterflies that depend on them. In 2021, the researchers trekked up the mountain to plant seedlings in biting cold temperatures\u2014part of an effort to save the species from a climate-driven demise. \\n\\nAbout 80 miles away, in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, millions of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) find haven in the oyamel fir (Abies religiosa) forests after an arduous migration from Canada and the United States down to Mexico for the winter. Now, as rising temperatures, droughts, and disease threaten the forests of the monarch reserve, scientists are hoping to help these trees migrate.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re doing something different,\u201d says S\u00e1enz-Romero, a researcher at the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo in Michoac\u00e1n, also home to the reserve. \u201cIf we don't do this, the trees in the monarch reserve are going to die.\u201d \\n\\nBy 2090, the reserve\u2019s forest habitats, located around 11,000 feet (3,500 meters), are expected to deteriorate, as temperatures warm. Using a technique called assisted migration, researchers might be able to move these trees to the nearby volcano, Nevado de Toluca, S\u00e1enz-Romero and his colleagues recently reported in Frontiers in Forests and Global Change.\\n\\n<b>Future forests<\/b>\\n\\nForests move naturally; they shift in many directions and elevations as climate changes. In Mexico, trees are slowly migrating up the mountains, but they\u2019re doing so at a slower pace than that of climate change. In the monarch reserve, for instance, the highest oyamel fir populations are already at the summits, leaving them with nowhere to go. \\n\\nAssisted migration helps the forest move more quickly than it would do so naturally. You collect seeds from a place with a specific climate, like the monarch reserve, and move them to an area that will have a similar climate in the future, explains S\u00e1enz-Romero.\\n\\nThe experiment began in 2017, when S\u00e1enz-Romero and his team gathered seeds from oyamel fir trees in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve at various altitudes. For two years, the plants grew in a shade house and then for another year in a nursery at around 9,800 feet (3,000 meters) to help them adjust to the altitude. Then, in 2021, they worked with the local indigenous community of Calimaya to plant the seedlings under \u201cnurse plants,\u201d which protected them from harsh conditions, on the northeast slope of the Nevado de Toluca volcano. They focused on four different altitudes, ranging from roughly 11,000 to 13,000 feet (3,400 to 4,000 meters).\\n\\nIn 2023, six years after planting the seeds, they found that at two of those heights, 11,800 and 12,400 feet, nearly 70 percent of the seedlings had survived even at the higher elevation.\\n\\n\u201cThese types of experiments are tremendously important,\u201d says Sally Aitken, a professor in Forest and Conservation Sciences at the University of British Columbia, who wasn\u2019t involved in the study. Aitken was also part of other field tests that involved moving whitebark pine, an endangered tree species in Canada, further north to protect it from warming temperatures and  diseases like white pine blister rust.\\n\\nHowever, assisted migration outside of a tree\u2019s normal range comes with concerns, Aitken says. Oyamel firs don\u2019t normally grow at this height on Nevado de Toluca\u2019s slopes. Moving a species could have unintended ecological fallout for other species present in that ecosystem. There\u2019s uncertainty around these field tests, she explains, but they\u2019re crucial to better understand whether assisted migration could realistically save forest ecosystems.\\n\\n\u201cWe can\u2019t implement these as solutions unless we know they\u2019re solutions,\u201d Aitken says.\\n\\nIn Mexico, droughts have made oyamel fir forests particularly vulnerable to threats like bark beetle infestations. Last summer, a mass mortality event occurred in Hidalgo, close to Michoac\u00e1n, where many oyamel fir trees succumbed to drought and disease and had to be cut down.\\n\\n\u201cIt's not that I'm negative or pessimistic,\u201d says S\u00e1enz-Romero, \u201cI see the trees dying, and I know we need to take more active measures.\u201d\\n\\nFor him, this meant taking on a more proactive approach for both the trees\u2013and the animals that depend on them.\\n\\n<b>Monarchs on the move<\/b>\\n\\nAnother big question is whether monarchs will find newly migrated forests. Research indicates that current wintering sites for monarchs in Mexico may become unsuitable for both the oyamel fir trees and the butterflies in the future, and some monarchs are already moving elsewhere. Last winter, monarch butterflies decreased by nearly 60 percent on Mexican wintering grounds. And surprisingly, conservationists found the largest colony several miles away from the reserve\u2014roosting in the forests of San Antonio Albarranes, close to the Nevado de Toluca volcano.\\n\\nThe butterflies are looking for new, colder sites because the past sites are warmer, says S\u00e1enz-Romero, who has done past research on the habitat\u2019s historic and future climate. On Nevado de Toluca, the temperature at 11,100 feet is one degree Celsius colder than at the same elevation in the monarch reserve.\\n\\n\u201cIf the monarch migration to this part of the world is to continue, both the trees and the monarchs will need to move,\u201d says Karen Oberhauser, a biologist at University of Wisconsin-Madison who was not involved in the study. According to Oberhauser, who studies monarch butterfly ecology, assisted migration could be a possible solution; however, whether it will work remains to be seen. \\n\\n\u201cUnfortunately, climate change on the one earth we have is like a giant experiment with a sample size of one,\u201d Oberhauser says, \u201cnot an ideal situation.\u201d\\n\\nFor now, in Mexico, S\u00e1enz-Romero hopes this new study convinces conservationists and government officials that assisted migration can establish new potential wintering sites for the monarch butterflies. Preserving the current monarch reserve is equally important as creating potential sites, he says. \\n\\nThese new trees are a field experiment, he adds, \u201cwe need to plant thousands more.\u201d\"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.213212207,"RADAR":0.0100728953,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The main reason why I decided this article was human-generated is because of the paragraph starting with \"The experiment began in 2017\". It goes into great detail explaining how the experiment was carried out, including dates, altitude ranges, and how the trees were planted. This is well beyond the level of detail AI will usually give, and the numerous other facts throughout the article made me decide that this was written by a human. The conclusion also doesn't summarize the entire article and isn't overly hopeful. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"There are few clues here, so it's difficult to decide. I think it's human-generated, though, because there are a couple of punctuation errors that AI wouldn't make: There are missing quotation marks around the sentence, \"You collect seeds...\" and from the last one, \"These new trees...\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: sentence case headings; speech tags are usually 'says'; varied sentences and paragraphs. The use of the word 'crucial' halfway down almost swayed my decision, but from what I've learnt from the machine-generated texts, AI wouldn't stick with one speech tag. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I feel confident that this is human-written. The writing does get a bit flowery here and there, but that hopeful tone (created with larger vocabulary wordage) is appropriate to the topic. The article goes into details related to the studies and experiments performed, provides quotes that are relevant and realistic, and  provides explanations for how and why the topic matters to the reader. Sentences such as \"The butterflies are looking for new, colder sites because the past sites are warmer, says S\u00e1enz-Romero,\" and \"they shift in many directions and elevations as climate changes.\" help provide explanations with simplicity, getting straight to the point without over embellishing it, and attributes ideas stated with appropriate context. The article maintains control over the topic with its language, providing every detail needed to the reader through its writing style."},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The author predominantly uses lexical verbs in the present tense and avoids passive constructions.\nJudicious use of discourse markers improve textual cohesion and narrativity.\nJournal article easy to locate online. Quotes and paraphrases correctly presented and integrated."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"36":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":7,"title":"What makes a witch? How villains like the Wicked Witch of the West set the standard","sub-title":"The mean, green witch and the Evil Queen have thrilled generations of moviegoers. But they also reflect cultural fears about aging and powerful women.","author":"Johnna Rizzo","source":"National Geographic","issue":"10\/11\/24","section":"History & Culture","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/wicked-witch-archetypes-stereotypes","article":"Wiccan priestess and journalist Margot Adler wrote in Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America that \u201cThe very power of the word [\u201cwitch\u201d] lies in its imprecision. It is not merely a word but an archetype, a cluster of powerful images.\u201d The uncertainty of exactly what a witch is forms part of the titillation\u2014and terror. It\u2019s a far-reaching term, with references spanning thousands of years, from Greek mythology and the Bible to T-shirts in present-day Salem, Massachusetts. Among the many witches of myth, folklore, and film, here are two celluloid icons who continue to spark our imaginations.\n\n<b>A broom-riding crone<\/b>\n\nNumber four on the American Film Institute\u2019s list of greatest villains is The Wizard of Oz\u2019s Wicked Witch of the West. Approaching a century after the film\u2019s debut in 1939, she still manages to make viewers of all ages tremble and quake.\n\nSo, what makes her not only an iconic villain but also an iconic witch? Her physicality is standard-setting witch. Black hat? But of course, and a toweringly high, dauntingly peaked one at that. She possesses a hooked nose, a pointy chin complete with wart, and impossibly long fingers ending in sharp nails, and all that is covered in bright green skin.\nBlack and white photo of the Wicked Witch and Dorothy from the Wizard of Oz.\n\nShe cranks a threat up several notches by adding in a bit of cackle curling from each staccato syllable of, \u201cI\u2019ll get you my pretty, and your little dog, too.\u201d She follows her deadly declaration with a dramatic twirl before disappearing in a cloud of blood-red smoke and blast of fire.\n\nShe doesn\u2019t just ride on a broom. She trails a dense plume of black smoke and with an exaggerated cackle emanating menacingly from her green lips, the Wicked Witch of the West uses her broom to scrawl \u201cSurrender Dorothy\u201d across the sky.\n\nBy the time the most terrifying lot of familiars (animal companions) ever put to celluloid\u2014a horde of flying monkeys\u2014takes off to do her bidding and snatch up Dorothy and Toto, the Wicked Witch of the West has so encapsulated every witch stereotype that all screen witches who follow can only pay homage.\n\nYet the Wicked Witch of the West is a crone that almost never was. Inspired by Disney\u2019s glamorous Evil Queen in Snow White, which had been released the year before, the film\u2019s producer Mervyn LeRoy wanted to make the Wicked Witch equally gorgeous and had an elegant actress named Gale Sondergaard in mind for the role. However, Sondergaard turned down the offer, and Margaret Hamilton was cast on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started. Green paint was liberally slathered, and the witchiest of all witchy icons was born.\n \n<b>A terrifying transformation<\/b>\n\n\u201cMagic mirror on the wall, who\u2019s the fairest one of all?\u201d the Evil Queen queries imperiously.\n\nAt this point in the 1937 animation Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\u2014based on a fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm and incorporating elements of the Old Norse sorceress-royal Grimhildr, with whom the Evil Queen shares a given name\u2014the queen is a close contender for the title of fairest. But by the story\u2019s end, she will have morphed into the hag form that is so closely identified with witches, making an iconic shape-shifting move her signature.\n\n\u201cI\u2019ll go myself to the dwarfs\u2019 cottage in a disguise so complete no one will ever suspect,\u201d her transformation monologue begins. Then her long tapered fingers thumb across her bookshelf. She grasps a tome, and the page falls open to reveal \u201cPeddler\u2019s Disguise formula,\u201d entailing the following ingredients, among others: \u201cMummy dust, to make me old. To shroud my clothes, the black of night . . . To whiten my hair, a scream of fright.\u201d\n\nHer beautiful, if somewhat sharp, features\u2014arched eyebrows, blood-red lips, and impossibly long eyelashes\u2014are reflected in her chalice as she drinks her magical brew. In a matter of moments, she\u2019ll terrifyingly transform before our eyes. \u201cShe\u2019s so much more interesting than Snow White,\u201d says Harvard folklorist emeritus Maria Tatar. \u201cShe is the beautiful queen that is wise and crafty, and she becomes the crone who is only seen by Snow White and marginalized.\u201d\n\nHer raven black hair changes first, into a tangle of scraggly, limp gray strands. Her fingers thin to bone width, their knuckles growing grotesquely bulbous. As the Evil Queen\u2019s once proud carriage slumps and folds into a humpback, she creaks, \u201cMy voice! My voice!\u201d Finally, her arm drops from in front of her face to reveal first bulging eyes, then hooked-and-warted nose, lips disappeared into a single-toothed, gaping maw.\n\n<b>Aging and powerful women<\/b>\n\nThe Evil Queen not only created an iconic incarnation of the American witch stereotype but also laid bare the tension of the crone-beauty dichotomy in a matter of seconds. Legions of young viewers have had this idea of a witch embedded in their psyches. She embodies both the seductress who we know is evil but is impossible to resist and the seemingly innocuous old woman who sits in wait to destroy us. It is a scene that doesn\u2019t just reflect cultural anxieties\u2014about aging and evil women and all the ways in which appearances can deceive\u2014it creates them. In either form, or ones we can\u2019t even imagine yet, this is a woman we know we should fear. It is a chilling revelation. Like Snow White, we might not be able to recognize the people we should dread.","id":7,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Wiccan priestess and journalist Margot Adler wrote in Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America that \u201cThe very power of the word [\u201cwitch\u201d] lies in its imprecision. It is not merely a word but an archetype, a cluster of powerful images.\u201d The uncertainty of exactly what a witch is forms part of the titillation\u2014and terror. It\u2019s a far-reaching term, with references spanning thousands of years, from Greek mythology and the Bible to T-shirts in present-day Salem, Massachusetts. Among the many witches of myth, folklore, and film, here are two celluloid icons who continue to spark our imaginations.\\n\\n<b>A broom-riding crone<\/b>\\n\\nNumber four on the American Film Institute\u2019s list of greatest villains is The Wizard of Oz\u2019s Wicked Witch of the West. Approaching a century after the film\u2019s debut in 1939, she still manages to make viewers of all ages tremble and quake.\\n\\nSo, what makes her not only an iconic villain but also an iconic witch? Her physicality is standard-setting witch. Black hat? But of course, and a toweringly high, dauntingly peaked one at that. She possesses a hooked nose, a pointy chin complete with wart, and impossibly long fingers ending in sharp nails, and all that is covered in bright green skin.\\nBlack and white photo of the Wicked Witch and Dorothy from the Wizard of Oz.\\n\\nShe cranks a threat up several notches by adding in a bit of cackle curling from each staccato syllable of, \u201cI\u2019ll get you my pretty, and your little dog, too.\u201d She follows her deadly declaration with a dramatic twirl before disappearing in a cloud of blood-red smoke and blast of fire.\\n\\nShe doesn\u2019t just ride on a broom. She trails a dense plume of black smoke and with an exaggerated cackle emanating menacingly from her green lips, the Wicked Witch of the West uses her broom to scrawl \u201cSurrender Dorothy\u201d across the sky.\\n\\nBy the time the most terrifying lot of familiars (animal companions) ever put to celluloid\u2014a horde of flying monkeys\u2014takes off to do her bidding and snatch up Dorothy and Toto, the Wicked Witch of the West has so encapsulated every witch stereotype that all screen witches who follow can only pay homage.\\n\\nYet the Wicked Witch of the West is a crone that almost never was. Inspired by Disney\u2019s glamorous Evil Queen in Snow White, which had been released the year before, the film\u2019s producer Mervyn LeRoy wanted to make the Wicked Witch equally gorgeous and had an elegant actress named Gale Sondergaard in mind for the role. However, Sondergaard turned down the offer, and Margaret Hamilton was cast on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started. Green paint was liberally slathered, and the witchiest of all witchy icons was born.\\n \\n<b>A terrifying transformation<\/b>\\n\\n\u201cMagic mirror on the wall, who\u2019s the fairest one of all?\u201d the Evil Queen queries imperiously.\\n\\nAt this point in the 1937 animation Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\u2014based on a fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm and incorporating elements of the Old Norse sorceress-royal Grimhildr, with whom the Evil Queen shares a given name\u2014the queen is a close contender for the title of fairest. But by the story\u2019s end, she will have morphed into the hag form that is so closely identified with witches, making an iconic shape-shifting move her signature.\\n\\n\u201cI\u2019ll go myself to the dwarfs\u2019 cottage in a disguise so complete no one will ever suspect,\u201d her transformation monologue begins. Then her long tapered fingers thumb across her bookshelf. She grasps a tome, and the page falls open to reveal \u201cPeddler\u2019s Disguise formula,\u201d entailing the following ingredients, among others: \u201cMummy dust, to make me old. To shroud my clothes, the black of night . . . To whiten my hair, a scream of fright.\u201d\\n\\nHer beautiful, if somewhat sharp, features\u2014arched eyebrows, blood-red lips, and impossibly long eyelashes\u2014are reflected in her chalice as she drinks her magical brew. In a matter of moments, she\u2019ll terrifyingly transform before our eyes. \u201cShe\u2019s so much more interesting than Snow White,\u201d says Harvard folklorist emeritus Maria Tatar. \u201cShe is the beautiful queen that is wise and crafty, and she becomes the crone who is only seen by Snow White and marginalized.\u201d\\n\\nHer raven black hair changes first, into a tangle of scraggly, limp gray strands. Her fingers thin to bone width, their knuckles growing grotesquely bulbous. As the Evil Queen\u2019s once proud carriage slumps and folds into a humpback, she creaks, \u201cMy voice! My voice!\u201d Finally, her arm drops from in front of her face to reveal first bulging eyes, then hooked-and-warted nose, lips disappeared into a single-toothed, gaping maw.\\n\\n<b>Aging and powerful women<\/b>\\n\\nThe Evil Queen not only created an iconic incarnation of the American witch stereotype but also laid bare the tension of the crone-beauty dichotomy in a matter of seconds. Legions of young viewers have had this idea of a witch embedded in their psyches. She embodies both the seductress who we know is evil but is impossible to resist and the seemingly innocuous old woman who sits in wait to destroy us. It is a scene that doesn\u2019t just reflect cultural anxieties\u2014about aging and evil women and all the ways in which appearances can deceive\u2014it creates them. In either form, or ones we can\u2019t even imagine yet, this is a woman we know we should fear. It is a chilling revelation. Like Snow White, we might not be able to recognize the people we should dread.', 'ai_likelihood': 2.002716064453125e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Wiccan priestess and journalist Margot Adler wrote in Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America that \u201cThe very power of the word [\u201cwitch\u201d] lies in its imprecision. It is not merely a word but an archetype, a cluster of powerful images.\u201d The uncertainty of exactly what a witch is forms part of the titillation\u2014and terror. It\u2019s a far-reaching term, with references spanning thousands of years, from Greek mythology and the Bible to T-shirts in present-day Salem, Massachusetts. Among the many witches of myth, folklore, and film, here are two celluloid icons who continue to spark our imaginations.\\n\\n<b>A broom-riding crone<\/b>\\n\\nNumber four on the American Film Institute\u2019s list of greatest villains is The Wizard of Oz\u2019s Wicked Witch of the West. Approaching a century after the film\u2019s debut in 1939, she still manages to make viewers of all ages tremble and quake.\\n\\nSo, what makes her not only an iconic villain but also an iconic witch? Her physicality is standard-setting witch. Black hat? But of course, and a toweringly high, dauntingly peaked one at that. She possesses a hooked nose, a pointy chin complete with wart, and impossibly long fingers ending in sharp nails, and all that is covered in bright green skin.\\nBlack and white photo of the Wicked Witch and Dorothy from the Wizard of Oz.\\n\\nShe cranks a threat up several notches by adding in a bit of cackle curling from each staccato syllable of, \u201cI\u2019ll get you my pretty, and your little dog, too.\u201d She follows her deadly declaration with a dramatic twirl before disappearing in a cloud of blood-red smoke and blast of fire.\\n\\nShe doesn\u2019t just ride on a broom. She trails a dense plume of black smoke and with an exaggerated cackle emanating menacingly from her green lips, the Wicked Witch of the West uses her broom to scrawl \u201cSurrender Dorothy\u201d across the sky.\\n\\nBy the time the most terrifying lot of familiars (animal companions) ever put to celluloid\u2014a horde of flying monkeys\u2014takes off to do her bidding and snatch up Dorothy and Toto, the Wicked Witch of the West has so encapsulated every witch stereotype that all screen witches who follow can only pay homage.\\n\\nYet the Wicked Witch of the West is a crone that almost never was. Inspired by Disney\u2019s glamorous Evil Queen in Snow White, which had been released the year before, the film\u2019s producer Mervyn LeRoy wanted to make the Wicked Witch equally gorgeous and had an elegant actress named Gale Sondergaard in mind for the role. However, Sondergaard turned down the offer, and Margaret Hamilton was cast on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started. Green paint was liberally slathered, and the witchiest of all witchy icons was born.\\n \\n<b>A terrifying transformation<\/b>\\n\\n\u201cMagic mirror on the wall, who\u2019s the fairest one of all?\u201d the Evil Queen queries imperiously.\\n\\nAt this point in the 1937 animation Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\u2014based on a fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm and incorporating elements of the Old Norse sorceress-royal Grimhildr, with whom the Evil Queen shares a given name\u2014the queen is a close contender for the title of fairest. But by the story\u2019s end, she will have morphed into the hag form that is so closely identified with witches, making an iconic shape-shifting move her signature.\\n\\n\u201cI\u2019ll go myself to the dwarfs\u2019 cottage in a disguise so complete no one will ever suspect,\u201d her transformation monologue begins. Then her long tapered fingers thumb across her bookshelf. She grasps a tome, and the page falls open to reveal \u201cPeddler\u2019s Disguise formula,\u201d entailing the following ingredients, among others: \u201cMummy dust, to make me old. To shroud my clothes, the black of night . . . To whiten my hair, a scream of fright.\u201d\\n\\nHer beautiful, if somewhat sharp, features\u2014arched eyebrows, blood-red lips, and impossibly long eyelashes\u2014are reflected in her chalice as she drinks her magical brew. In a matter of moments, she\u2019ll terrifyingly transform before our eyes. \u201cShe\u2019s so much more interesting than Snow White,\u201d says Harvard folklorist emeritus Maria Tatar. \u201cShe is the beautiful queen that is wise and crafty, and she becomes the crone who is only seen by Snow White and marginalized.\u201d\\n\\nHer raven black hair changes first, into a tangle of scraggly, limp gray strands. Her fingers thin to bone width, their knuckles growing grotesquely bulbous. As the Evil Queen\u2019s once proud carriage slumps and folds into a humpback, she creaks, \u201cMy voice! My voice!\u201d Finally, her arm drops from in front of her face to reveal first bulging eyes, then hooked-and-warted nose, lips disappeared into a single-toothed, gaping maw.\\n\\n<b>Aging and powerful women<\/b>\\n\\nThe Evil Queen not only created an iconic incarnation of the American witch stereotype but also laid bare the tension of the crone-beauty dichotomy in a matter of seconds. Legions of young viewers have had this idea of a witch embedded in their psyches. She embodies both the seductress who we know is evil but is impossible to resist and the seemingly innocuous old woman who sits in wait to destroy us. It is a scene that doesn\u2019t just reflect cultural anxieties\u2014about aging and evil women and all the ways in which appearances can deceive\u2014it creates them. In either form, or ones we can\u2019t even imagine yet, this is a woman we know we should fear. It is a chilling revelation. Like Snow White, we might not be able to recognize the people we should dread.', 'ai_likelihood': 7.843971252441406e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '88a38bb2-d6bf-498b-b055-a4d1eeb424c9', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.002543040784075856, 'sentence': 'Wiccan priestess and journalist Margot Adler wrote in Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America that \u201cThe very power of the word [\u201cwitch\u201d] lies in its imprecision.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0033207531087100506, 'sentence': 'It is not merely a word but an archetype, a cluster of powerful images.\u201d The uncertainty of exactly what a witch is forms part of the titillation\u1173and terror.', 'perplexity': 0, 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'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 33, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 37, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 38, 'num_sentences': 7, 'completely_generated_prob': 2.1228438805416278e-06}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.022115309848016095, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9775963346799376, 'ai': 0.022115309848016095, 'mixed': 0.0002883554720463312}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9775963346799376, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.022115309848016095, 'human': 0.9775963346799376, 'mixed': 0.0002883554720463312}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Wiccan priestess and journalist Margot Adler wrote in Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America that \u201cThe very power of the word [\u201cwitch\u201d] lies in its imprecision. It is not merely a word but an archetype, a cluster of powerful images.\u201d The uncertainty of exactly what a witch is forms part of the titillation\u2014and terror. It\u2019s a far-reaching term, with references spanning thousands of years, from Greek mythology and the Bible to T-shirts in present-day Salem, Massachusetts. Among the many witches of myth, folklore, and film, here are two celluloid icons who continue to spark our imaginations.\\n\\n<b>A broom-riding crone<\/b>\\n\\nNumber four on the American Film Institute\u2019s list of greatest villains is The Wizard of Oz\u2019s Wicked Witch of the West. Approaching a century after the film\u2019s debut in 1939, she still manages to make viewers of all ages tremble and quake.\\n\\nSo, what makes her not only an iconic villain but also an iconic witch? Her physicality is standard-setting witch. Black hat? But of course, and a toweringly high, dauntingly peaked one at that. She possesses a hooked nose, a pointy chin complete with wart, and impossibly long fingers ending in sharp nails, and all that is covered in bright green skin.\\nBlack and white photo of the Wicked Witch and Dorothy from the Wizard of Oz.\\n\\nShe cranks a threat up several notches by adding in a bit of cackle curling from each staccato syllable of, \u201cI\u2019ll get you my pretty, and your little dog, too.\u201d She follows her deadly declaration with a dramatic twirl before disappearing in a cloud of blood-red smoke and blast of fire.\\n\\nShe doesn\u2019t just ride on a broom. She trails a dense plume of black smoke and with an exaggerated cackle emanating menacingly from her green lips, the Wicked Witch of the West uses her broom to scrawl \u201cSurrender Dorothy\u201d across the sky.\\n\\nBy the time the most terrifying lot of familiars (animal companions) ever put to celluloid\u2014a horde of flying monkeys\u2014takes off to do her bidding and snatch up Dorothy and Toto, the Wicked Witch of the West has so encapsulated every witch stereotype that all screen witches who follow can only pay homage.\\n\\nYet the Wicked Witch of the West is a crone that almost never was. Inspired by Disney\u2019s glamorous Evil Queen in Snow White, which had been released the year before, the film\u2019s producer Mervyn LeRoy wanted to make the Wicked Witch equally gorgeous and had an elegant actress named Gale Sondergaard in mind for the role. However, Sondergaard turned down the offer, and Margaret Hamilton was cast on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started. Green paint was liberally slathered, and the witchiest of all witchy icons was born.\\n \\n<b>A terrifying transformation<\/b>\\n\\n\u201cMagic mirror on the wall, who\u2019s the fairest one of all?\u201d the Evil Queen queries imperiously.\\n\\nAt this point in the 1937 animation Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\u2014based on a fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm and incorporating elements of the Old Norse sorceress-royal Grimhildr, with whom the Evil Queen shares a given name\u2014the queen is a close contender for the title of fairest. But by the story\u2019s end, she will have morphed into the hag form that is so closely identified with witches, making an iconic shape-shifting move her signature.\\n\\n\u201cI\u2019ll go myself to the dwarfs\u2019 cottage in a disguise so complete no one will ever suspect,\u201d her transformation monologue begins. Then her long tapered fingers thumb across her bookshelf. She grasps a tome, and the page falls open to reveal \u201cPeddler\u2019s Disguise formula,\u201d entailing the following ingredients, among others: \u201cMummy dust, to make me old. To shroud my clothes, the black of night . . . To whiten my hair, a scream of fright.\u201d\\n\\nHer beautiful, if somewhat sharp, features\u2014arched eyebrows, blood-red lips, and impossibly long eyelashes\u2014are reflected in her chalice as she drinks her magical brew. In a matter of moments, she\u2019ll terrifyingly transform before our eyes. \u201cShe\u2019s so much more interesting than Snow White,\u201d says Harvard folklorist emeritus Maria Tatar. \u201cShe is the beautiful queen that is wise and crafty, and she becomes the crone who is only seen by Snow White and marginalized.\u201d\\n\\nHer raven black hair changes first, into a tangle of scraggly, limp gray strands. Her fingers thin to bone width, their knuckles growing grotesquely bulbous. As the Evil Queen\u2019s once proud carriage slumps and folds into a humpback, she creaks, \u201cMy voice! My voice!\u201d Finally, her arm drops from in front of her face to reveal first bulging eyes, then hooked-and-warted nose, lips disappeared into a single-toothed, gaping maw.\\n\\n<b>Aging and powerful women<\/b>\\n\\nThe Evil Queen not only created an iconic incarnation of the American witch stereotype but also laid bare the tension of the crone-beauty dichotomy in a matter of seconds. Legions of young viewers have had this idea of a witch embedded in their psyches. She embodies both the seductress who we know is evil but is impossible to resist and the seemingly innocuous old woman who sits in wait to destroy us. It is a scene that doesn\u2019t just reflect cultural anxieties\u2014about aging and evil women and all the ways in which appearances can deceive\u2014it creates them. In either form, or ones we can\u2019t even imagine yet, this is a woman we know we should fear. It is a chilling revelation. Like Snow White, we might not be able to recognize the people we should dread.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8514695764,"RADAR":0.0511926077,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I wasn't overly sure about this one as it does contain a few words\/phrases that are often used in AI text like \"not only... but also\". The main reasons I decided to go with human-generated were the use of em dashes, the ellipsis used in one of the quotations, and the alt text for a photograph that seems to have been left in the article. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"While the text is richly descriptive with varied sentence styles (usually pointing to human authorship), the descriptions and language seem slightly \"over the top\". Also, the overuse of variations of \"not only...but also\" and \"doesn't just\" are hints of AI. The use of many lists also points to an AI author. For example, \"myth, folklore, and film\"; \"arched eyebrows...eyelashes\"; \"hooked nose....long fingers\"."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: interesting use of quotes; sentence case headings; missing or incorrect punctuation; it's more story-like and less flat. I don't feel like I'm in a board meeting trying to stop myself from nodding off. The text is interesting, vibrant and clear. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am very confident this is human-written. Everything about this article can be described with one word: evocative. Descriptions, such as \"a tangle of scraggly, limp gray strands.\", \"first bulging eyes, then hooked-and-warted nose, lips disappeared into a single-toothed, gaping maw.\" and \"with a dramatic twirl before disappearing in a cloud of blood-red smoke and blast of fire.\" provide so much visual detail, basically allowing the topic to speak for itself. Alongside that, phrases that provide a playful connection of ideas and interplay of words, such as \"crone-beauty dichotomy\" and \" the titillation\u2014and terror.\" help translate the topic's purposeful descriptions well, and since it's an analysis piece, it provides context and relevance to the reader's frame of reference and executes it without any added fluff. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am happy when an author tells me where they found the quotes they use. \nThe author understands that an informative essay can be entertaining and has fun choosing words that make the reader smile. \nThe author chooses well-known scenes from the films and describes them in the same over-the-top way they appear on screen. Splendid use of descriptive words. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"37":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":8,"title":"Confused by your kid\u2019s math homework? The subject has changed in surprising ways.","sub-title":"Today\u2019s teaching methods prioritize creative problem-solving over traditional formulas and equations, but these changes may be critical for the next generation.","author":"Rache Crowell","source":"National Geographic","issue":"10\/8\/24","section":"History & Culture","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/new-ways-to-learn-math","article":"Math might be a constant in school, but how it\u2019s taught has changed dramatically in recent years. One primary motivation for those changes\u2014including the 2010 passage of the Common Core math educational standards\u2014is to prepare students for a more unpredictable and complex future.\n\nHowever, for many parents, helping their kids with homework has become daunting, as modern methods seem unfamiliar from what they learned in school. A 2021 survey showed more than half of parents feel hopeless when trying to help their kids with homework. So, how is today\u2019s math different\u2014and why is it so essential for tomorrow\u2019s society?\n\n<b>Shifting the focus to understanding, not just answers<\/b>\n\nCommon Core represents the first time a comprehensive set of math standards is being taught across the United States, says Maria Klawe, president of Math for America, a nonprofit dedicated to helping math and science teachers.\n\nKlawe says these standards don\u2019t just focus on formulas and equations. Common Core math emphasizes \u201cproblem-solving, collaboration, and embedding concepts in real-life examples,\u201d she says.\n\nMostly gone are the days when teachers would lecture at the front of the classroom while students quietly took notes. Now, teachers present a few concepts, and then students work together to solve problems in different ways, Klawe says.\n\nThe goal? Helping kids develop skills they\u2019ll need to navigate a world filled with challenges\u2014like climate change, pandemics, and geopolitical conflicts, says Dawoun Jyung, a middle school math teacher at Metropolitan Expeditionary Learning School in New York City.\n\n\u201cOur world is becoming more and more complex,\u201d she says, adding that students need different mathematical tools to succeed.\n\nBefore Common Core math, \u201canswers were valued over process,\u201d says Jyung. Students were taught to follow rigid, step-by-step methods to obtain the correct answer, but these didn\u2019t necessarily make sense to them. But when that approach is used, \u201cstudents are unable to apply the concepts to real-world problems or unable to solve very highly complex math problems,\u201d she says.\n\nUnder Common Core, the focus has shifted. Now, even mistakes are part of the learning process. \u201cWhen students make a mistake or they struggle, [parents] see it as a negative thing,\u201d Jyung says. \u201cAs math educators, we believe in productive struggle, like struggling is actually good. That\u2019s where learning happens.\u201d\n\n<b>New standards in action<\/b>\n\nWhile the newer standards are designed to give students the tools they need to thrive, parents are often left scratching their heads. They may feel confused or frustrated about how to help their kids with math homework using methods that diverge so greatly from those used when they were learning math.  \n\nDanilsa Fernandez, a high school math teacher in New York City, has two children a decade apart in age, and she\u2019s seen firsthand how much math instruction has changed. \u201cThe way that certain math problems are posed has changed quite a bit, and if I compare it to the way I learned math, it\u2019s still different,\u201d she says.\n\nFor instance, while helping her son with fifth-grade math homework, Fernandez was surprised to see him working on a division-related word problem. This approach was a significant shift from her own experience, where division was taught algorithmically\u2014through a series of repetitive steps to reach a final answer. \u201cThe fact that he had a word problem and then worked out the division problem in a different method was mind-boggling to me,\u201d she says.\n\nEven though Fernandez is a math teacher, she still finds herself learning from her son\u2019s homework. Other parents, particularly those who don\u2019t work in education, may feel clueless about how to move forward. \u201cI think it\u2019s a little bit unnerving,\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s very difficult for them to carry on and help their kids, because they didn\u2019t learn the math that way.\u201d\n\nFortunately, parents don\u2019t have to navigate these changes alone. Many schools offer tutoring, and libraries provide homework help both online and in person. Klawe recommends accessing \u201cmathematical learning materials available on the web,\u201d such as Illustrative Mathematics.\n\nStill, the transition can be challenging. Fernandez sees Common Core\u2019s potential but stresses the need for more teacher training, especially after setbacks from COVID-19.\n\nA 2021 study found that while math scores initially improved under Common Core, the benefits were uneven\u2014economically advantaged students saw gains, but financially disadvantaged students did not. In contrast, a 2019 federally funded report revealed that states needing major adjustments to adopt the new standards experienced a slight decline in 8th-grade math performance.\n\nThe change has been noticeable for Jyung, who started teaching three years before Common Core was implemented, especially in standardized testing. \u201cThe questions are definitely more rigorous,\u201d she says, adding that there\u2019s been a shift from exclusively multiple-choice tests to more diverse formats, like prompts asking for short answers.\n\nPerhaps the biggest change, though, is the way students tackle problems. Instead of just a handful of methods, Jyung now sees students using various strategies to solve problems\u2014giving them the freedom to choose the best approach.","id":8,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Math might be a constant in school, but how it\u2019s taught has changed dramatically in recent years. One primary motivation for those changes\u2014including the 2010 passage of the Common Core math educational standards\u2014is to prepare students for a more unpredictable and complex future.\\n\\nHowever, for many parents, helping their kids with homework has become daunting, as modern methods seem unfamiliar from what they learned in school. A 2021 survey showed more than half of parents feel hopeless when trying to help their kids with homework. So, how is today\u2019s math different\u2014and why is it so essential for tomorrow\u2019s society?\\n\\n<b>Shifting the focus to understanding, not just answers<\/b>\\n\\nCommon Core represents the first time a comprehensive set of math standards is being taught across the United States, says Maria Klawe, president of Math for America, a nonprofit dedicated to helping math and science teachers.\\n\\nKlawe says these standards don\u2019t just focus on formulas and equations. Common Core math emphasizes \u201cproblem-solving, collaboration, and embedding concepts in real-life examples,\u201d she says.\\n\\nMostly gone are the days when teachers would lecture at the front of the classroom while students quietly took notes. Now, teachers present a few concepts, and then students work together to solve problems in different ways, Klawe says.\\n\\nThe goal? Helping kids develop skills they\u2019ll need to navigate a world filled with challenges\u2014like climate change, pandemics, and geopolitical conflicts, says Dawoun Jyung, a middle school math teacher at Metropolitan Expeditionary Learning School in New York City.\\n\\n\u201cOur world is becoming more and more complex,\u201d she says, adding that students need different mathematical tools to succeed.\\n\\nBefore Common Core math, \u201canswers were valued over process,\u201d says Jyung. Students were taught to follow rigid, step-by-step methods to obtain the correct answer, but these didn\u2019t necessarily make sense to them. But when that approach is used, \u201cstudents are unable to apply the concepts to real-world problems or unable to solve very highly complex math problems,\u201d she says.\\n\\nUnder Common Core, the focus has shifted. Now, even mistakes are part of the learning process. \u201cWhen students make a mistake or they struggle, [parents] see it as a negative thing,\u201d Jyung says. \u201cAs math educators, we believe in productive struggle, like struggling is actually good. That\u2019s where learning happens.\u201d\\n\\n<b>New standards in action<\/b>\\n\\nWhile the newer standards are designed to give students the tools they need to thrive, parents are often left scratching their heads. They may feel confused or frustrated about how to help their kids with math homework using methods that diverge so greatly from those used when they were learning math.  \\n\\nDanilsa Fernandez, a high school math teacher in New York City, has two children a decade apart in age, and she\u2019s seen firsthand how much math instruction has changed. \u201cThe way that certain math problems are posed has changed quite a bit, and if I compare it to the way I learned math, it\u2019s still different,\u201d she says.\\n\\nFor instance, while helping her son with fifth-grade math homework, Fernandez was surprised to see him working on a division-related word problem. This approach was a significant shift from her own experience, where division was taught algorithmically\u2014through a series of repetitive steps to reach a final answer. \u201cThe fact that he had a word problem and then worked out the division problem in a different method was mind-boggling to me,\u201d she says.\\n\\nEven though Fernandez is a math teacher, she still finds herself learning from her son\u2019s homework. Other parents, particularly those who don\u2019t work in education, may feel clueless about how to move forward. \u201cI think it\u2019s a little bit unnerving,\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s very difficult for them to carry on and help their kids, because they didn\u2019t learn the math that way.\u201d\\n\\nFortunately, parents don\u2019t have to navigate these changes alone. Many schools offer tutoring, and libraries provide homework help both online and in person. Klawe recommends accessing \u201cmathematical learning materials available on the web,\u201d such as Illustrative Mathematics.\\n\\nStill, the transition can be challenging. Fernandez sees Common Core\u2019s potential but stresses the need for more teacher training, especially after setbacks from COVID-19.\\n\\nA 2021 study found that while math scores initially improved under Common Core, the benefits were uneven\u2014economically advantaged students saw gains, but financially disadvantaged students did not. In contrast, a 2019 federally funded report revealed that states needing major adjustments to adopt the new standards experienced a slight decline in 8th-grade math performance.\\n\\nThe change has been noticeable for Jyung, who started teaching three years before Common Core was implemented, especially in standardized testing. \u201cThe questions are definitely more rigorous,\u201d she says, adding that there\u2019s been a shift from exclusively multiple-choice tests to more diverse formats, like prompts asking for short answers.\\n\\nPerhaps the biggest change, though, is the way students tackle problems. Instead of just a handful of methods, Jyung now sees students using various strategies to solve problems\u2014giving them the freedom to choose the best approach.', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0083160400390625, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Math might be a constant in school, but how it\u2019s taught has changed dramatically in recent years. One primary motivation for those changes\u2014including the 2010 passage of the Common Core math educational standards\u2014is to prepare students for a more unpredictable and complex future.\\n\\nHowever, for many parents, helping their kids with homework has become daunting, as modern methods seem unfamiliar from what they learned in school. A 2021 survey showed more than half of parents feel hopeless when trying to help their kids with homework. So, how is today\u2019s math different\u2014and why is it so essential for tomorrow\u2019s society?\\n\\n<b>Shifting the focus to understanding, not just answers<\/b>\\n\\nCommon Core represents the first time a comprehensive set of math standards is being taught across the United States, says Maria Klawe, president of Math for America, a nonprofit dedicated to helping math and science teachers.\\n\\nKlawe says these standards don\u2019t just focus on formulas and equations. Common Core math emphasizes \u201cproblem-solving, collaboration, and embedding concepts in real-life examples,\u201d she says.\\n\\nMostly gone are the days when teachers would lecture at the front of the classroom while students quietly took notes. Now, teachers present a few concepts, and then students work together to solve problems in different ways, Klawe says.\\n\\nThe goal? Helping kids develop skills they\u2019ll need to navigate a world filled with challenges\u2014like climate change, pandemics, and geopolitical conflicts, says Dawoun Jyung, a middle school math teacher at Metropolitan Expeditionary Learning School in New York City.\\n\\n\u201cOur world is becoming more and more complex,\u201d she says, adding that students need different mathematical tools to succeed.\\n\\nBefore Common Core math, \u201canswers were valued over process,\u201d says Jyung. Students were taught to follow rigid, step-by-step methods to obtain the correct answer, but these didn\u2019t necessarily make sense to them. But when that approach is used, \u201cstudents are unable to apply the concepts to real-world problems or unable to solve very highly complex math problems,\u201d she says.\\n\\nUnder Common Core, the focus has shifted. Now, even mistakes are part of the learning process. \u201cWhen students make a mistake or they struggle, [parents] see it as a negative thing,\u201d Jyung says. \u201cAs math educators, we believe in productive struggle, like struggling is actually good. That\u2019s where learning happens.\u201d\\n\\n<b>New standards in action<\/b>\\n\\nWhile the newer standards are designed to give students the tools they need to thrive, parents are often left scratching their heads. They may feel confused or frustrated about how to help their kids with math homework using methods that diverge so greatly from those used when they were learning math.  \\n\\nDanilsa Fernandez, a high school math teacher in New York City, has two children a decade apart in age, and she\u2019s seen firsthand how much math instruction has changed. \u201cThe way that certain math problems are posed has changed quite a bit, and if I compare it to the way I learned math, it\u2019s still different,\u201d she says.\\n\\nFor instance, while helping her son with fifth-grade math homework, Fernandez was surprised to see him working on a division-related word problem. This approach was a significant shift from her own experience, where division was taught algorithmically\u2014through a series of repetitive steps to reach a final answer. \u201cThe fact that he had a word problem and then worked out the division problem in a different method was mind-boggling to me,\u201d she says.\\n\\nEven though Fernandez is a math teacher, she still finds herself learning from her son\u2019s homework. Other parents, particularly those who don\u2019t work in education, may feel clueless about how to move forward. \u201cI think it\u2019s a little bit unnerving,\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s very difficult for them to carry on and help their kids, because they didn\u2019t learn the math that way.\u201d\\n\\nFortunately, parents don\u2019t have to navigate these changes alone. Many schools offer tutoring, and libraries provide homework help both online and in person. Klawe recommends accessing \u201cmathematical learning materials available on the web,\u201d such as Illustrative Mathematics.\\n\\nStill, the transition can be challenging. Fernandez sees Common Core\u2019s potential but stresses the need for more teacher training, especially after setbacks from COVID-19.\\n\\nA 2021 study found that while math scores initially improved under Common Core, the benefits were uneven\u2014economically advantaged students saw gains, but financially disadvantaged students did not. In contrast, a 2019 federally funded report revealed that states needing major adjustments to adopt the new standards experienced a slight decline in 8th-grade math performance.\\n\\nThe change has been noticeable for Jyung, who started teaching three years before Common Core was implemented, especially in standardized testing. \u201cThe questions are definitely more rigorous,\u201d she says, adding that there\u2019s been a shift from exclusively multiple-choice tests to more diverse formats, like prompts asking for short answers.\\n\\nPerhaps the biggest change, though, is the way students tackle problems. Instead of just a handful of methods, Jyung now sees students using various strategies to solve problems\u2014giving them the freedom to choose the best approach.', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0014104843139648438, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '1416e76f-3114-4190-94a8-a8b1463c5705', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0018902802839875221, 'sentence': \"Math might be a constant in school, but how it's taught has changed dramatically in recent years.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001519291428849101, 'sentence': 'One primary motivation for those changes\u1173including the 2010 passage of the Common Core math educational standards\u1173is to prepare students for a more unpredictable and complex future.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0016589633887633681, 'sentence': 'However, for many parents, helping their kids with homework has become daunting, as modern methods seem unfamiliar from what they learned in school.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0017988740000873804, 'sentence': 'A 2021 survey showed more than half of parents feel hopeless when trying to help their kids with homework.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002157764509320259, 'sentence': \"So, how is today's math different\u1173and why is it so essential for tomorrow's society?\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00108060659840703, 'sentence': '<b>Shifting the focus to understanding, not just answers<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008847492281347513, 'sentence': 'Common Core represents the first time a comprehensive set of math standards is being 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'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.5988880063542494, 'ai': 0.39158061953931694, 'mixed': 0.009531374106433677}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.5988880063542494, 'confidence_category': 'low', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.39158061953931694, 'human': 0.5988880063542494, 'mixed': 0.009531374106433677}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly uncertain about this document. The writing style and content are not particularly AI-like.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Math might be a constant in school, but how it\u2019s taught has changed dramatically in recent years. One primary motivation for those changes\u2014including the 2010 passage of the Common Core math educational standards\u2014is to prepare students for a more unpredictable and complex future.\\n\\nHowever, for many parents, helping their kids with homework has become daunting, as modern methods seem unfamiliar from what they learned in school. A 2021 survey showed more than half of parents feel hopeless when trying to help their kids with homework. So, how is today\u2019s math different\u2014and why is it so essential for tomorrow\u2019s society?\\n\\n<b>Shifting the focus to understanding, not just answers<\/b>\\n\\nCommon Core represents the first time a comprehensive set of math standards is being taught across the United States, says Maria Klawe, president of Math for America, a nonprofit dedicated to helping math and science teachers.\\n\\nKlawe says these standards don\u2019t just focus on formulas and equations. Common Core math emphasizes \u201cproblem-solving, collaboration, and embedding concepts in real-life examples,\u201d she says.\\n\\nMostly gone are the days when teachers would lecture at the front of the classroom while students quietly took notes. Now, teachers present a few concepts, and then students work together to solve problems in different ways, Klawe says.\\n\\nThe goal? Helping kids develop skills they\u2019ll need to navigate a world filled with challenges\u2014like climate change, pandemics, and geopolitical conflicts, says Dawoun Jyung, a middle school math teacher at Metropolitan Expeditionary Learning School in New York City.\\n\\n\u201cOur world is becoming more and more complex,\u201d she says, adding that students need different mathematical tools to succeed.\\n\\nBefore Common Core math, \u201canswers were valued over process,\u201d says Jyung. Students were taught to follow rigid, step-by-step methods to obtain the correct answer, but these didn\u2019t necessarily make sense to them. But when that approach is used, \u201cstudents are unable to apply the concepts to real-world problems or unable to solve very highly complex math problems,\u201d she says.\\n\\nUnder Common Core, the focus has shifted. Now, even mistakes are part of the learning process. \u201cWhen students make a mistake or they struggle, [parents] see it as a negative thing,\u201d Jyung says. \u201cAs math educators, we believe in productive struggle, like struggling is actually good. That\u2019s where learning happens.\u201d\\n\\n<b>New standards in action<\/b>\\n\\nWhile the newer standards are designed to give students the tools they need to thrive, parents are often left scratching their heads. They may feel confused or frustrated about how to help their kids with math homework using methods that diverge so greatly from those used when they were learning math.  \\n\\nDanilsa Fernandez, a high school math teacher in New York City, has two children a decade apart in age, and she\u2019s seen firsthand how much math instruction has changed. \u201cThe way that certain math problems are posed has changed quite a bit, and if I compare it to the way I learned math, it\u2019s still different,\u201d she says.\\n\\nFor instance, while helping her son with fifth-grade math homework, Fernandez was surprised to see him working on a division-related word problem. This approach was a significant shift from her own experience, where division was taught algorithmically\u2014through a series of repetitive steps to reach a final answer. \u201cThe fact that he had a word problem and then worked out the division problem in a different method was mind-boggling to me,\u201d she says.\\n\\nEven though Fernandez is a math teacher, she still finds herself learning from her son\u2019s homework. Other parents, particularly those who don\u2019t work in education, may feel clueless about how to move forward. \u201cI think it\u2019s a little bit unnerving,\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s very difficult for them to carry on and help their kids, because they didn\u2019t learn the math that way.\u201d\\n\\nFortunately, parents don\u2019t have to navigate these changes alone. Many schools offer tutoring, and libraries provide homework help both online and in person. Klawe recommends accessing \u201cmathematical learning materials available on the web,\u201d such as Illustrative Mathematics.\\n\\nStill, the transition can be challenging. Fernandez sees Common Core\u2019s potential but stresses the need for more teacher training, especially after setbacks from COVID-19.\\n\\nA 2021 study found that while math scores initially improved under Common Core, the benefits were uneven\u2014economically advantaged students saw gains, but financially disadvantaged students did not. In contrast, a 2019 federally funded report revealed that states needing major adjustments to adopt the new standards experienced a slight decline in 8th-grade math performance.\\n\\nThe change has been noticeable for Jyung, who started teaching three years before Common Core was implemented, especially in standardized testing. \u201cThe questions are definitely more rigorous,\u201d she says, adding that there\u2019s been a shift from exclusively multiple-choice tests to more diverse formats, like prompts asking for short answers.\\n\\nPerhaps the biggest change, though, is the way students tackle problems. Instead of just a handful of methods, Jyung now sees students using various strategies to solve problems\u2014giving them the freedom to choose the best approach.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1935393512,"RADAR":0.3837143183,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The main reason I believe this article is human-generated is because of the quotations. They sound quite natural, especially the ones I highlighted by Jyung. The use of a word in square brackets to clarify meaning is something I haven't seen in machine-generated text. In addition to this, one quotation uses the words \"like\" and \"actually\" when they're entirely unnecessary. This is how real people talk, whereas AI quotes tend to be overly verbose and contain zero mistakes. The actual body of text in between the quotes didn't particularly swing me either way. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There is use of the metphors \"navigate\" several times here and \"tools\". AI does this. It also frequently uses words like \"both\", \"crucial\".\nThere are a couple of lists here which, together with the other clues, point to AI. for example, \"Climate change ... conflicts\" and \"problem solving ... concepts\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: missing punctuation in areas; speech tags are usually 'says'; headings are title case; there's a distinct lack of the word 'crucial' \u2013 I would have thought math was 'crucial' it today's society. But really, it was the speech tags that made it glaringly obvious that this was human-generated. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"While I feel less confident in my assessment here, I still feel that this article is human-written. While the writing uses higher vocabulary in certain areas when describing the topic, there are also indications where the sentences provide some relatability for the reader, such as with \"parents are often left scratching their heads\" and \"even mistakes are part of the learning process.\" Parts of quotes are intermixed with sentences and almost everything stated is attributed to a source. It plays with grammatical structure with dashes and sentence length variety, and helps compare and contrast ideas equally without any additional flowery language. But I think that with the word choice used here, the language used is appropriate, but I'm not entirely certain. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"No elaborate synonyms for the verb \"says\".\nNo complex words.\nDirect quotes have the correct punctuation. Paraphrases are integrated in the text."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"38":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":9,"title":"A guide to D\u00fcsseldorf's Old Town\u2014'the longest bar in the world'","sub-title":"Its Old Town may be nicknamed the \u2018longest bar in the world\u2019, but good beer is just one asset of this lively culture hub in west Germany.","author":"Gordon Cole-Schmidt","source":"National Geographic","issue":"10\/18\/24","section":"Travel","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/travel\/article\/guide-to-dusseldorf-old-town-germany","article":"Founded in 1288 as a fishing village, D\u00fcsseldorf has evolved into an unofficial capital of western Germany, cultivating a reputation for fashion, finance and artistic flair along the way. Today, the city speaks to both its past and present \u2014 nowhere more so than in and around its Altstadt (Old Town), one of 50 districts. Here, ancient taverns rub shoulders with contemporary galleries and electronic music clubs. Sheep graze on city-centre meadows, sharing the banks of the River Rhine with busy cultural celebrations. November marks the beginning of two popular ones: the Christmas season and ebullient Carnival, which culminates in a week-long celebration around Easter.\n\nThe Altstadt is packed into an area of less than a quarter of a square mile \u2014 its 300 or so bars and restaurants so tightly crammed together, it\u2019s been nicknamed the \u2018longest bar in the world\u2019. Its cobbled streets lead west to Germany\u2019s oldest public park, Hofgarten, and east to its longest river. You can explore the Rhine with Weisse Flotte, whose ferries sail to the baroque village of Kaiserswerth, or sit in the broad, tree-lined Rheinpromenade at sunset. For better views than those offered by most waterfront terraces, make for Fortuna-B\u00fcdchen. The kiosk serves takeaway sandwiches, but it especially attracts the crowds on account of the green, picnic-perfect space around it.\n\nD\u00fcsseldorf has over 100 museums and art galleries. Seek out the permanent collection at K20, which includes works by the likes of Picasso, Matisse and Warhol, then head to Kunsthalle D\u00fcsseldorf for experimental exhibitions. It\u2019s worth venturing a short distance beyond the Altstadt to the city\u2019s most unusual gallery. Hidden under a bridge, Kunst im Tunnel is a showcase for emerging artists, many of whom hail from local fine arts academy Kunstakademie D\u00fcsseldorf. Design enthusiasts can continue on a 20-minute walk to the MedienHafen (\u2018Media Harbour\u2019). This former dockland is now home to some of D\u00fcsseldorf\u2019s most impressive modern structures, including a trio of twisted buildings designed by Frank Gehry.\n\nOn the way back to the Altstadt, stop off at the Rheinturm, a landmark telecommunications tower. Inside is QOMO, a slowly revolving Japanese fusion restaurant that serves the likes of miso black cod and roast Wagyu beef to diners admiring the ever-changing view. Alternatively, continue west, across the shopping street of K\u00f6nigsallee and into Little Tokyo. It\u2019s home to Europe\u2019s third-largest Japanese community, and its restaurants include Soba-An, headed up by the country\u2019s only female soba master. Back in the Altstadt, Ham Ham bei Josef has slow-cooked pork and crackling doused in mustard and served in a bread roll.\n\nLocals swear by the digestive benefits of the city\u2019s herbal schnapps, a brand called Killepitsch, made with 98 organic herbs, berries and fruits. Try it at the distillery\u2019s bar, Et Kab\u00fcffke. With its tiny interior, wooden spiral staircase and orange-tinted lanterns, this is the cosiest bar in the Altstadt \u2014 although the crimson-coloured shots are typically served through a small window that opens onto the street.\n\nThe most beloved drink here is altbier, a hoppy, copper-coloured beer that was first produced in D\u00fcsseldorf in the 1800s and remains strongly associated with the city. In the Old Town, it\u2019s brewed in four taverns. You\u2019ll hear the crowds at Zum Schl\u00fcssel before you catch a glimpse of the 700-seat brewery. Nearby Brauerei K\u00fcrzer serves a darker altbier to a younger crowd. Uerige has stained-glass windows and cavernous rooms, and F\u00fcchschen, D\u00fcsseldorf\u2019s largest altbier brewery, offers an equally charming, wood-panelled setting.\n\nThese pubs, like the beer they serve, are true to tradition. Altbier is served in a smaller, 250ml glass called a becher, so there\u2019s less chance of it being drunk warm. With every fresh round delivered, a new stroke is added in pencil to your beer mat\u2019s edge. Place it on the top of your glass to call time on the round \u2014 and the night.","id":9,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Founded in 1288 as a fishing village, D\u00fcsseldorf has evolved into an unofficial capital of western Germany, cultivating a reputation for fashion, finance and artistic flair along the way. Today, the city speaks to both its past and present \u2014 nowhere more so than in and around its Altstadt (Old Town), one of 50 districts. Here, ancient taverns rub shoulders with contemporary galleries and electronic music clubs. Sheep graze on city-centre meadows, sharing the banks of the River Rhine with busy cultural celebrations. November marks the beginning of two popular ones: the Christmas season and ebullient Carnival, which culminates in a week-long celebration around Easter.\\n\\nThe Altstadt is packed into an area of less than a quarter of a square mile \u2014 its 300 or so bars and restaurants so tightly crammed together, it\u2019s been nicknamed the \u2018longest bar in the world\u2019. Its cobbled streets lead west to Germany\u2019s oldest public park, Hofgarten, and east to its longest river. You can explore the Rhine with Weisse Flotte, whose ferries sail to the baroque village of Kaiserswerth, or sit in the broad, tree-lined Rheinpromenade at sunset. For better views than those offered by most waterfront terraces, make for Fortuna-B\u00fcdchen. The kiosk serves takeaway sandwiches, but it especially attracts the crowds on account of the green, picnic-perfect space around it.\\n\\nD\u00fcsseldorf has over 100 museums and art galleries. Seek out the permanent collection at K20, which includes works by the likes of Picasso, Matisse and Warhol, then head to Kunsthalle D\u00fcsseldorf for experimental exhibitions. It\u2019s worth venturing a short distance beyond the Altstadt to the city\u2019s most unusual gallery. Hidden under a bridge, Kunst im Tunnel is a showcase for emerging artists, many of whom hail from local fine arts academy Kunstakademie D\u00fcsseldorf. Design enthusiasts can continue on a 20-minute walk to the MedienHafen (\u2018Media Harbour\u2019). This former dockland is now home to some of D\u00fcsseldorf\u2019s most impressive modern structures, including a trio of twisted buildings designed by Frank Gehry.\\n\\nOn the way back to the Altstadt, stop off at the Rheinturm, a landmark telecommunications tower. Inside is QOMO, a slowly revolving Japanese fusion restaurant that serves the likes of miso black cod and roast Wagyu beef to diners admiring the ever-changing view. Alternatively, continue west, across the shopping street of K\u00f6nigsallee and into Little Tokyo. It\u2019s home to Europe\u2019s third-largest Japanese community, and its restaurants include Soba-An, headed up by the country\u2019s only female soba master. Back in the Altstadt, Ham Ham bei Josef has slow-cooked pork and crackling doused in mustard and served in a bread roll.\\n\\nLocals swear by the digestive benefits of the city\u2019s herbal schnapps, a brand called Killepitsch, made with 98 organic herbs, berries and fruits. Try it at the distillery\u2019s bar, Et Kab\u00fcffke. With its tiny interior, wooden spiral staircase and orange-tinted lanterns, this is the cosiest bar in the Altstadt \u2014 although the crimson-coloured shots are typically served through a small window that opens onto the street.\\n\\nThe most beloved drink here is altbier, a hoppy, copper-coloured beer that was first produced in D\u00fcsseldorf in the 1800s and remains strongly associated with the city. In the Old Town, it\u2019s brewed in four taverns. You\u2019ll hear the crowds at Zum Schl\u00fcssel before you catch a glimpse of the 700-seat brewery. Nearby Brauerei K\u00fcrzer serves a darker altbier to a younger crowd. Uerige has stained-glass windows and cavernous rooms, and F\u00fcchschen, D\u00fcsseldorf\u2019s largest altbier brewery, offers an equally charming, wood-panelled setting.\\n\\nThese pubs, like the beer they serve, are true to tradition. Altbier is served in a smaller, 250ml glass called a becher, so there\u2019s less chance of it being drunk warm. With every fresh round delivered, a new stroke is added in pencil to your beer mat\u2019s edge. Place it on the top of your glass to call time on the round \u2014 and the night.', 'ai_likelihood': 4.3332576751708984e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Founded in 1288 as a fishing village, D\u00fcsseldorf has evolved into an unofficial capital of western Germany, cultivating a reputation for fashion, finance and artistic flair along the way. Today, the city speaks to both its past and present \u2014 nowhere more so than in and around its Altstadt (Old Town), one of 50 districts. Here, ancient taverns rub shoulders with contemporary galleries and electronic music clubs. Sheep graze on city-centre meadows, sharing the banks of the River Rhine with busy cultural celebrations. November marks the beginning of two popular ones: the Christmas season and ebullient Carnival, which culminates in a week-long celebration around Easter.\\n\\nThe Altstadt is packed into an area of less than a quarter of a square mile \u2014 its 300 or so bars and restaurants so tightly crammed together, it\u2019s been nicknamed the \u2018longest bar in the world\u2019. Its cobbled streets lead west to Germany\u2019s oldest public park, Hofgarten, and east to its longest river. You can explore the Rhine with Weisse Flotte, whose ferries sail to the baroque village of Kaiserswerth, or sit in the broad, tree-lined Rheinpromenade at sunset. For better views than those offered by most waterfront terraces, make for Fortuna-B\u00fcdchen. The kiosk serves takeaway sandwiches, but it especially attracts the crowds on account of the green, picnic-perfect space around it.\\n\\nD\u00fcsseldorf has over 100 museums and art galleries. Seek out the permanent collection at K20, which includes works by the likes of Picasso, Matisse and Warhol, then head to Kunsthalle D\u00fcsseldorf for experimental exhibitions. It\u2019s worth venturing a short distance beyond the Altstadt to the city\u2019s most unusual gallery. Hidden under a bridge, Kunst im Tunnel is a showcase for emerging artists, many of whom hail from local fine arts academy Kunstakademie D\u00fcsseldorf. Design enthusiasts can continue on a 20-minute walk to the MedienHafen (\u2018Media Harbour\u2019). This former dockland is now home to some of D\u00fcsseldorf\u2019s most impressive modern structures, including a trio of twisted buildings designed by Frank Gehry.\\n\\nOn the way back to the Altstadt, stop off at the Rheinturm, a landmark telecommunications tower. Inside is QOMO, a slowly revolving Japanese fusion restaurant that serves the likes of miso black cod and roast Wagyu beef to diners admiring the ever-changing view. Alternatively, continue west, across the shopping street of K\u00f6nigsallee and into Little Tokyo. It\u2019s home to Europe\u2019s third-largest Japanese community, and its restaurants include Soba-An, headed up by the country\u2019s only female soba master. Back in the Altstadt, Ham Ham bei Josef has slow-cooked pork and crackling doused in mustard and served in a bread roll.\\n\\nLocals swear by the digestive benefits of the city\u2019s herbal schnapps, a brand called Killepitsch, made with 98 organic herbs, berries and fruits. Try it at the distillery\u2019s bar, Et Kab\u00fcffke. With its tiny interior, wooden spiral staircase and orange-tinted lanterns, this is the cosiest bar in the Altstadt \u2014 although the crimson-coloured shots are typically served through a small window that opens onto the street.\\n\\nThe most beloved drink here is altbier, a hoppy, copper-coloured beer that was first produced in D\u00fcsseldorf in the 1800s and remains strongly associated with the city. In the Old Town, it\u2019s brewed in four taverns. You\u2019ll hear the crowds at Zum Schl\u00fcssel before you catch a glimpse of the 700-seat brewery. Nearby Brauerei K\u00fcrzer serves a darker altbier to a younger crowd. Uerige has stained-glass windows and cavernous rooms, and F\u00fcchschen, D\u00fcsseldorf\u2019s largest altbier brewery, offers an equally charming, wood-panelled setting.\\n\\nThese pubs, like the beer they serve, are true to tradition. Altbier is served in a smaller, 250ml glass called a becher, so there\u2019s less chance of it being drunk warm. With every fresh round delivered, a new stroke is added in pencil to your beer mat\u2019s edge. Place it on the top of your glass to call time on the round \u2014 and the night.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.817941665649414e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'cb83acab-367e-4f89-825f-f22503af2a0c', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0007724775350652635, 'sentence': 'Founded in 1288 as a fishing village, D\u00fcsseldorf has evolved into an unofficial capital of western Germany, cultivating a reputation for fashion, finance and artistic flair along the way.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008645266061648726, 'sentence': 'Today, the city speaks to both its past and present \u1173 nowhere more so than in and around its Altstadt (Old Town), one of 50 districts.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001149497227743268, 'sentence': 'Here, ancient taverns rub shoulders with contemporary galleries and electronic music clubs.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012247056001797318, 'sentence': 'Sheep graze on city-centre meadows, sharing the banks of the River Rhine with busy cultural celebrations.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001100056804716587, 'sentence': 'November marks the beginning of two popular ones: the Christmas season and ebullient Carnival, which culminates in a week-long celebration around Easter.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009089242666959763, 'sentence': \"The Altstadt is packed into an area of less than a quarter of a square mile \u1173 its 300 or so bars and restaurants so tightly crammed together, it's been nicknamed the 'longest bar in the world'.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 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over 100 museums and art galleries.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009380041738040745, 'sentence': 'Seek out the permanent collection at K20, which includes works by the likes of Picasso, Matisse and Warhol, then head to Kunsthalle D\u00fcsseldorf for experimental exhibitions.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0017269685631617904, 'sentence': \"It's worth venturing a short distance beyond the Altstadt to the city's most unusual gallery.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0022719877306371927, 'sentence': 'Hidden under a bridge, Kunst im Tunnel is a showcase for emerging artists, many of whom hail from local fine arts academy Kunstakademie D\u00fcsseldorf.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002201162511482835, 'sentence': \"Design enthusiasts can continue on a 20-minute walk to the MedienHafen ('Media Harbour').\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0013219192624092102, 'sentence': \"This former dockland is now home to some of D\u00fcsseldorf's most impressive modern structures, including a trio of twisted buildings designed by Frank Gehry.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0029436242766678333, 'sentence': 'On the way back to the Altstadt, stop off at the Rheinturm, a landmark telecommunications tower.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0018433439545333385, 'sentence': 'Inside is QOMO, a slowly revolving Japanese fusion restaurant that serves the likes of miso black cod and roast Wagyu beef to diners admiring the ever-changing view.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003105406416580081, 'sentence': 'Alternatively, continue west, across the shopping street of K\u00f6nigsallee and into Little Tokyo.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0036936928518116474, 'sentence': \"It's home to Europe's third-largest Japanese community, and its restaurants include Soba-An, headed up by the country's only female soba master.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0038184041623026133, 'sentence': 'Back in the Altstadt, Ham Ham bei Josef has slow-cooked pork and crackling doused in mustard and served in a bread roll.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0036092393565922976, 'sentence': \"Locals swear by the digestive benefits of the city's herbal schnapps, a brand called Killepitsch, made with 98 organic herbs, berries and fruits.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0023081842809915543, 'sentence': \"Try it at the distillery's bar, Et Kab\u00fcffke.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004246160853654146, 'sentence': 'With its tiny interior, wooden spiral staircase and orange-tinted lanterns, this is the cosiest bar in the Altstadt \u1173 although the crimson-coloured shots are typically served through a small window that opens onto the street.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007253439165651798, 'sentence': 'The most beloved drink here is altbier, a hoppy, copper-coloured beer that was first produced in D\u00fcsseldorf in the 1800s and remains strongly associated with the city.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007619471754878759, 'sentence': \"In the Old Town, it's brewed in four taverns.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003283839672803879, 'sentence': \"You'll hear the crowds at Zum Schl\u00fcssel before you catch a glimpse of the 700-seat brewery.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004541809670627117, 'sentence': 'Nearby Brauerei K\u00fcrzer serves a darker altbier to a younger crowd.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00505302008241415, 'sentence': \"Uerige has stained-glass windows and cavernous rooms, and F\u00fcchschen, D\u00fcsseldorf's largest altbier brewery, offers an equally charming, wood-panelled setting.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003654593601822853, 'sentence': 'These pubs, like the beer they serve, are true to tradition.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004397822543978691, 'sentence': \"Altbier is served in a smaller, 250ml glass called a becher, so there's less chance of it being drunk warm.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0050810398533940315, 'sentence': \"With every fresh round delivered, a new stroke is added in pencil to your beer mat's edge.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0029499242082238197, 'sentence': 'Place it on the top of your glass to call time on the round \u1173 and the night.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.474742012248794e-05}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 21, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 24, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 29, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.024461651786716186, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9754981327244504, 'ai': 0.024461651786716186, 'mixed': 4.0215488833363626e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9754981327244504, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.024461651786716186, 'human': 0.9754981327244504, 'mixed': 4.0215488833363626e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Founded in 1288 as a fishing village, D\u00fcsseldorf has evolved into an unofficial capital of western Germany, cultivating a reputation for fashion, finance and artistic flair along the way. Today, the city speaks to both its past and present \u2014 nowhere more so than in and around its Altstadt (Old Town), one of 50 districts. Here, ancient taverns rub shoulders with contemporary galleries and electronic music clubs. Sheep graze on city-centre meadows, sharing the banks of the River Rhine with busy cultural celebrations. November marks the beginning of two popular ones: the Christmas season and ebullient Carnival, which culminates in a week-long celebration around Easter.\\n\\nThe Altstadt is packed into an area of less than a quarter of a square mile \u2014 its 300 or so bars and restaurants so tightly crammed together, it\u2019s been nicknamed the \u2018longest bar in the world\u2019. Its cobbled streets lead west to Germany\u2019s oldest public park, Hofgarten, and east to its longest river. You can explore the Rhine with Weisse Flotte, whose ferries sail to the baroque village of Kaiserswerth, or sit in the broad, tree-lined Rheinpromenade at sunset. For better views than those offered by most waterfront terraces, make for Fortuna-B\u00fcdchen. The kiosk serves takeaway sandwiches, but it especially attracts the crowds on account of the green, picnic-perfect space around it.\\n\\nD\u00fcsseldorf has over 100 museums and art galleries. Seek out the permanent collection at K20, which includes works by the likes of Picasso, Matisse and Warhol, then head to Kunsthalle D\u00fcsseldorf for experimental exhibitions. It\u2019s worth venturing a short distance beyond the Altstadt to the city\u2019s most unusual gallery. Hidden under a bridge, Kunst im Tunnel is a showcase for emerging artists, many of whom hail from local fine arts academy Kunstakademie D\u00fcsseldorf. Design enthusiasts can continue on a 20-minute walk to the MedienHafen (\u2018Media Harbour\u2019). This former dockland is now home to some of D\u00fcsseldorf\u2019s most impressive modern structures, including a trio of twisted buildings designed by Frank Gehry.\\n\\nOn the way back to the Altstadt, stop off at the Rheinturm, a landmark telecommunications tower. Inside is QOMO, a slowly revolving Japanese fusion restaurant that serves the likes of miso black cod and roast Wagyu beef to diners admiring the ever-changing view. Alternatively, continue west, across the shopping street of K\u00f6nigsallee and into Little Tokyo. It\u2019s home to Europe\u2019s third-largest Japanese community, and its restaurants include Soba-An, headed up by the country\u2019s only female soba master. Back in the Altstadt, Ham Ham bei Josef has slow-cooked pork and crackling doused in mustard and served in a bread roll.\\n\\nLocals swear by the digestive benefits of the city\u2019s herbal schnapps, a brand called Killepitsch, made with 98 organic herbs, berries and fruits. Try it at the distillery\u2019s bar, Et Kab\u00fcffke. With its tiny interior, wooden spiral staircase and orange-tinted lanterns, this is the cosiest bar in the Altstadt \u2014 although the crimson-coloured shots are typically served through a small window that opens onto the street.\\n\\nThe most beloved drink here is altbier, a hoppy, copper-coloured beer that was first produced in D\u00fcsseldorf in the 1800s and remains strongly associated with the city. In the Old Town, it\u2019s brewed in four taverns. You\u2019ll hear the crowds at Zum Schl\u00fcssel before you catch a glimpse of the 700-seat brewery. Nearby Brauerei K\u00fcrzer serves a darker altbier to a younger crowd. Uerige has stained-glass windows and cavernous rooms, and F\u00fcchschen, D\u00fcsseldorf\u2019s largest altbier brewery, offers an equally charming, wood-panelled setting.\\n\\nThese pubs, like the beer they serve, are true to tradition. Altbier is served in a smaller, 250ml glass called a becher, so there\u2019s less chance of it being drunk warm. With every fresh round delivered, a new stroke is added in pencil to your beer mat\u2019s edge. Place it on the top of your glass to call time on the round \u2014 and the night.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5517356396,"RADAR":0.0028393501,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article is filled with facts and seems quite well-researched overall, which points towards it being a real human article. It also makes references to specific bars and restaurants like QOMO and Et Kab\u00fcffke, which isn't something I would expect from AI. The conclusion is quite unique and the article itself is missing any notable AI words. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I don't see the usual AI metaphors or words. There are a couple of lists, that AI uses, but they aren't used excessively here. \nThe text is richly descriptive with some long and complex sentences. For me, this indicates a human author. For example, \"Nearby... wood-paneled setting.\" The concluding paragraph isn't the typical AI way of summarizing the whole article. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This article has a voice. It's lively and interesting to read. There are a few grammatical errors but otherwise it's well-written. I would consider visiting D\u00fcsseldorf after reading this. It uses sensory words and images that AI wouldn't use. It also uses the active voice which gives it a better tone and pace, and it's humorous in places. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"Considering how many I've gone through so far, this was one of the hardest, and I'm not as confident with my assessment here. However, I believe it's AI-generated. While the article contains a lot of visual descriptions, different sentence lengths, and other grammar punctuations such as long dashes and parenthesis... it's the main structure of most of the sentences and how it describes various things that made it appear AI to me. Descriptions like \"stained-glass windows and cavernous rooms,\" and \"a slowly revolving Japanese fusion restaurant\" appear very condensed, pushed together, and combine that with the constant language use of persuasion and decorative allure it tries to bring with \" catch a glimpse\" and \"Seek out the permanent collection at K20\" really... force the idea of it all being amazing to the reader instead of simply... showing it without placing a biased input on the topic. Maybe I just wasn't a fan of this one. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The author predominantly uses active verbs in the simple present tense.\nShowcase is used as a noun. Hooray!\nVery long sentences are interspersed with short ones.\nThe last sentence is a pithy combination of two idiomatic expressions. Definitely not AI."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"39":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":10,"title":"How global warming is disrupting life on Earth","sub-title":"The signs of global warming are everywhere, and are more complex than just climbing temperatures.","author":"Sarah Gibbens","source":"National Geographic","issue":"10\/14\/24","section":"Environment","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/global-warming-effects","article":"Our planet is getting hotter. Since the Industrial Revolution\u2014an event that spurred the use of fossil fuels in everything from power plants to transportation\u2014Earth has warmed by 1 degree Celsius, about 2 degrees Fahrenheit. \n\nThat may sound insignificant, but 2023 was the hottest year on record, and all 10 of the hottest years on record have occurred in the past decade. A reconstruction of Earth's average temperature over the past 485 million years showed that when the planet warms, catastrophic weather and mass extinctions follow. At no point in the period of Earth's history examined, the study notes, have temperatures warmed as quickly as they're warming now.\n\nGlobal warming and climate change are often used interchangeably as synonyms, but scientists prefer to use \u201cclimate change\u201d when describing the complex shifts now affecting our planet\u2019s weather and climate systems. \n\nClimate change encompasses not only rising average temperatures but also natural disasters, shifting wildlife habitats, rising seas, and a range of other impacts. All of these changes are emerging as humans continue to add heat-trapping greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, to the atmosphere.\n\n<b>What causes global warming?<\/b>\n\nWhen fossil fuel emissions are pumped into the atmosphere, they change the chemistry of our atmosphere, allowing sunlight to reach the Earth but preventing heat from being released into space. This keeps Earth warm, like a greenhouse, and this warming is known as the greenhouse effect. \n\nCarbon dioxide is the most commonly found greenhouse gas and about 75 percent of all the climate warming pollution in the atmosphere. This gas is a product of producing and burning oil, gas, and coal. About a quarter of Carbon dioxide also results from land cleared for timber or agriculture. \n\nMethane is another common greenhouse gas. Although it makes up only about 16 percent of emissions, it's roughly 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide and dissipates more quickly. That means methane can cause a large spark in warming, but ending methane pollution can also quickly limit the amount of atmospheric warming. Sources of this gas include agriculture (mostly livestock), leaks from oil and gas production, and waste from landfills. \n\n<b>What are the effects of global warming? <\/b>\n\nOne of the most concerning impacts of global warming is the effect warmer temperatures will have on Earth's polar regions and mountain glaciers. The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the planet. This warming reduces critical ice habitat and it disrupts the flow of the jet stream, creating more unpredictable weather patterns around the globe. \n\nA warmer planet doesn't just raise temperatures. Precipitation is becoming more extreme as the planet heats. For every degree your thermometer rises, the air holds about seven percent more moisture. This increase in moisture in the atmosphere can produce flash floods, more destructive hurricanes, and even paradoxically, stronger snow storms. \n\nThe world's leading scientists regularly gather to review the latest research on how the planet is changing. The results of this review is synthesized in regularly published reports known as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports. \n\nA recent report outlines how disruptive a global rise in temperature can be:\n\n\u2022 Coral reefs are now a highly endangered ecosystem. When corals face environmental stress, such as high heat, they expel their colorful algae and turn a ghostly white, an effect known as coral bleaching. In this weakened state, they more easily die. \n\u2022 Trees are increasingly dying from drought, and this mass mortality is reshaping forest ecosystems.\n\u2022 Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are making wildfires more common and more widespread. Research shows they're even moving into the eastern U.S. where fires have historically been less common.\n\u2022 Hurricanes are growing more destructive and dumping more rain, an effect that will result in more damage. Some scientists say we even need to be preparing for Cat 6 storms. (The current ranking system ends at Cat 5.)\n\n<b>How can we limit global warming? <\/b>\n\nLimiting the rising in global warming is theoretically achievable, but politically, socially, and economically difficult. \n\nThose same sources of greenhouse gas emissions must be limited to reduce warming. For example, oil and gas used to generate electricity or power industrial manufacturing will need to be replaced by net zero emission technology like wind and solar power. Transportation, another major source of emissions, will need to integrate more electric vehicles, public transportation, and innovative urban design, such as safe bike lanes and walkable cities. \n\nOne global warming solution that was once considered far fetched is now being taken more seriously: geoengineering. This type of technology relies on manipulating the Earth's atmosphere to physically block the warming rays of the sun or by sucking carbon dioxide straight out of the sky.\n\nRestoring nature may also help limit warming. Trees, oceans, wetlands, and other ecosystems help absorb excess carbon\u2014but when they're lost, so too is their potential to fight climate change. \n\nUltimately, we'll need to adapt to warming temperatures, building homes to withstand sea level rise for example, or more efficiently cooling homes during heat waves.","id":10,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"Our planet is getting hotter. Since the Industrial Revolution\u2014an event that spurred the use of fossil fuels in everything from power plants to transportation\u2014Earth has warmed by 1 degree Celsius, about 2 degrees Fahrenheit. \\n\\nThat may sound insignificant, but 2023 was the hottest year on record, and all 10 of the hottest years on record have occurred in the past decade. A reconstruction of Earth's average temperature over the past 485 million years showed that when the planet warms, catastrophic weather and mass extinctions follow. At no point in the period of Earth's history examined, the study notes, have temperatures warmed as quickly as they're warming now.\\n\\nGlobal warming and climate change are often used interchangeably as synonyms, but scientists prefer to use \u201cclimate change\u201d when describing the complex shifts now affecting our planet\u2019s weather and climate systems. \\n\\nClimate change encompasses not only rising average temperatures but also natural disasters, shifting wildlife habitats, rising seas, and a range of other impacts. All of these changes are emerging as humans continue to add heat-trapping greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, to the atmosphere.\\n\\n<b>What causes global warming?<\/b>\\n\\nWhen fossil fuel emissions are pumped into the atmosphere, they change the chemistry of our atmosphere, allowing sunlight to reach the Earth but preventing heat from being released into space. This keeps Earth warm, like a greenhouse, and this warming is known as the greenhouse effect. \\n\\nCarbon dioxide is the most commonly found greenhouse gas and about 75 percent of all the climate warming pollution in the atmosphere. This gas is a product of producing and burning oil, gas, and coal. About a quarter of Carbon dioxide also results from land cleared for timber or agriculture. \\n\\nMethane is another common greenhouse gas. Although it makes up only about 16 percent of emissions, it's roughly 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide and dissipates more quickly. That means methane can cause a large spark in warming, but ending methane pollution can also quickly limit the amount of atmospheric warming. Sources of this gas include agriculture (mostly livestock), leaks from oil and gas production, and waste from landfills. \\n\\n<b>What are the effects of global warming? <\/b>\\n\\nOne of the most concerning impacts of global warming is the effect warmer temperatures will have on Earth's polar regions and mountain glaciers. The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the planet. This warming reduces critical ice habitat and it disrupts the flow of the jet stream, creating more unpredictable weather patterns around the globe. \\n\\nA warmer planet doesn't just raise temperatures. Precipitation is becoming more extreme as the planet heats. For every degree your thermometer rises, the air holds about seven percent more moisture. This increase in moisture in the atmosphere can produce flash floods, more destructive hurricanes, and even paradoxically, stronger snow storms. \\n\\nThe world's leading scientists regularly gather to review the latest research on how the planet is changing. The results of this review is synthesized in regularly published reports known as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports. \\n\\nA recent report outlines how disruptive a global rise in temperature can be:\\n\\n\u2022 Coral reefs are now a highly endangered ecosystem. When corals face environmental stress, such as high heat, they expel their colorful algae and turn a ghostly white, an effect known as coral bleaching. In this weakened state, they more easily die. \\n\u2022 Trees are increasingly dying from drought, and this mass mortality is reshaping forest ecosystems.\\n\u2022 Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are making wildfires more common and more widespread. Research shows they're even moving into the eastern U.S. where fires have historically been less common.\\n\u2022 Hurricanes are growing more destructive and dumping more rain, an effect that will result in more damage. Some scientists say we even need to be preparing for Cat 6 storms. (The current ranking system ends at Cat 5.)\\n\\n<b>How can we limit global warming? <\/b>\\n\\nLimiting the rising in global warming is theoretically achievable, but politically, socially, and economically difficult. \\n\\nThose same sources of greenhouse gas emissions must be limited to reduce warming. For example, oil and gas used to generate electricity or power industrial manufacturing will need to be replaced by net zero emission technology like wind and solar power. Transportation, another major source of emissions, will need to integrate more electric vehicles, public transportation, and innovative urban design, such as safe bike lanes and walkable cities. \\n\\nOne global warming solution that was once considered far fetched is now being taken more seriously: geoengineering. This type of technology relies on manipulating the Earth's atmosphere to physically block the warming rays of the sun or by sucking carbon dioxide straight out of the sky.\\n\\nRestoring nature may also help limit warming. 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A reconstruction of Earth's average temperature over the past 485 million years showed that when the planet warms, catastrophic weather and mass extinctions follow. At no point in the period of Earth's history examined, the study notes, have temperatures warmed as quickly as they're warming now.\\n\\nGlobal warming and climate change are often used interchangeably as synonyms, but scientists prefer to use \u201cclimate change\u201d when describing the complex shifts now affecting our planet\u2019s weather and climate systems. \\n\\nClimate change encompasses not only rising average temperatures but also natural disasters, shifting wildlife habitats, rising seas, and a range of other impacts. All of these changes are emerging as humans continue to add heat-trapping greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, to the atmosphere.\\n\\n<b>What causes global warming?<\/b>\\n\\nWhen fossil fuel emissions are pumped into the atmosphere, they change the chemistry of our atmosphere, allowing sunlight to reach the Earth but preventing heat from being released into space. This keeps Earth warm, like a greenhouse, and this warming is known as the greenhouse effect. \\n\\nCarbon dioxide is the most commonly found greenhouse gas and about 75 percent of all the climate warming pollution in the atmosphere. This gas is a product of producing and burning oil, gas, and coal. About a quarter of Carbon dioxide also results from land cleared for timber or agriculture. \\n\\nMethane is another common greenhouse gas. Although it makes up only about 16 percent of emissions, it's roughly 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide and dissipates more quickly. That means methane can cause a large spark in warming, but ending methane pollution can also quickly limit the amount of atmospheric warming. Sources of this gas include agriculture (mostly livestock), leaks from oil and gas production, and waste from landfills. \\n\\n<b>What are the effects of global warming? <\/b>\\n\\nOne of the most concerning impacts of global warming is the effect warmer temperatures will have on Earth's polar regions and mountain glaciers. The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the planet. This warming reduces critical ice habitat and it disrupts the flow of the jet stream, creating more unpredictable weather patterns around the globe. \\n\\nA warmer planet doesn't just raise temperatures. Precipitation is becoming more extreme as the planet heats. For every degree your thermometer rises, the air holds about seven percent more moisture. 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Since the Industrial Revolution\u2014an event that spurred the use of fossil fuels in everything from power plants to transportation\u2014Earth has warmed by 1 degree Celsius, about 2 degrees Fahrenheit. \\n\\nThat may sound insignificant, but 2023 was the hottest year on record, and all 10 of the hottest years on record have occurred in the past decade. A reconstruction of Earth's average temperature over the past 485 million years showed that when the planet warms, catastrophic weather and mass extinctions follow. 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Sources of this gas include agriculture (mostly livestock), leaks from oil and gas production, and waste from landfills. \\n\\n<b>What are the effects of global warming? <\/b>\\n\\nOne of the most concerning impacts of global warming is the effect warmer temperatures will have on Earth's polar regions and mountain glaciers. The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the planet. This warming reduces critical ice habitat and it disrupts the flow of the jet stream, creating more unpredictable weather patterns around the globe. \\n\\nA warmer planet doesn't just raise temperatures. Precipitation is becoming more extreme as the planet heats. For every degree your thermometer rises, the air holds about seven percent more moisture. This increase in moisture in the atmosphere can produce flash floods, more destructive hurricanes, and even paradoxically, stronger snow storms. \\n\\nThe world's leading scientists regularly gather to review the latest research on how the planet is changing. The results of this review is synthesized in regularly published reports known as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports. \\n\\nA recent report outlines how disruptive a global rise in temperature can be:\\n\\n\u2022 Coral reefs are now a highly endangered ecosystem. When corals face environmental stress, such as high heat, they expel their colorful algae and turn a ghostly white, an effect known as coral bleaching. In this weakened state, they more easily die. \\n\u2022 Trees are increasingly dying from drought, and this mass mortality is reshaping forest ecosystems.\\n\u2022 Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are making wildfires more common and more widespread. Research shows they're even moving into the eastern U.S. where fires have historically been less common.\\n\u2022 Hurricanes are growing more destructive and dumping more rain, an effect that will result in more damage. Some scientists say we even need to be preparing for Cat 6 storms. (The current ranking system ends at Cat 5.)\\n\\n<b>How can we limit global warming? <\/b>\\n\\nLimiting the rising in global warming is theoretically achievable, but politically, socially, and economically difficult. \\n\\nThose same sources of greenhouse gas emissions must be limited to reduce warming. For example, oil and gas used to generate electricity or power industrial manufacturing will need to be replaced by net zero emission technology like wind and solar power. Transportation, another major source of emissions, will need to integrate more electric vehicles, public transportation, and innovative urban design, such as safe bike lanes and walkable cities. \\n\\nOne global warming solution that was once considered far fetched is now being taken more seriously: geoengineering. This type of technology relies on manipulating the Earth's atmosphere to physically block the warming rays of the sun or by sucking carbon dioxide straight out of the sky.\\n\\nRestoring nature may also help limit warming. Trees, oceans, wetlands, and other ecosystems help absorb excess carbon\u2014but when they're lost, so too is their potential to fight climate change. \\n\\nUltimately, we'll need to adapt to warming temperatures, building homes to withstand sea level rise for example, or more efficiently cooling homes during heat waves.\"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.6783319116,"RADAR":0.6688795686,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article contains the em dash, something that immediately made me lean towards it being human-generated. It's also very factual with details about how much earth has warmed by, how much more moisture the air holds, what percentage of emissions methane makes up, and much more. I have generally found that any article that contains this many statistics and appears this well-researched is one that has been written by a human. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"Apart from the ubiquitous \"not only...but also\", there are none of the usual words or metaphors that AI uses a lot. There seems to be a human error in the text: \"Carbon dioxide\" should not be capitalized. In the sentence \"The warming reduces critical ice habitat and it...\" AI would probably omit the \"it\". The last paragraph isn't written in the style that AI normally uses."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: sentence case headings; use of bullet points; varied sentence length. Because I now have this AI-checklist (and unless the style of writing changed, this wouldn't change) I'm pretty certain that if one of the articles doesn't follow these rules, it's human-generated. Even if it does contain words like 'impact' or examined'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this is human-written. The article starts off by explaining facts and providing context for the article, and then leads into the meat of the topic without decorating it with sentiments. Any sentiments made throughout are backed and supported in the article, and the language used throughout it provides a mixture of comparisons and visuals, such as with \"physically block the warming rays of the sun or by sucking carbon dioxide straight out of the sky\" and \"...theoretically achievable, but politically, socially, and economically difficult.\" give way to the writer's tone and style. Sentence length varies, larger subtopics are simplified to their purest definitions, and the conclusion sentence at the end is backed up by all previous information presented. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The text contains many complex verb forms and present particles; and vague references to \"the study\" and \"a recent report\". Features that typify AI as the author. However, errors like \"cause a large spark in warming\" and \"limiting the rising\", and the absence of verbose word choices persuade me to assign this text to the human camp."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"40":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":11,"title":"The One Thing You Shouldn\u2019t Do on Election Day","sub-title":"If you don't learn this important rule before heading to your local polling station, you may not be allowed to cast your vote","author":"Rachel Maresca Patterson","source":"Reader's Digest","issue":"10\/9\/24","section":"Knowledge","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/election-day-rules\/","article":"No matter which side of the aisle you\u2019re on, there\u2019s a lot at stake in the upcoming election. Of course, we want to make sure our voices are heard on everything from the economy to our fundamental rights as U.S. citizens to the overall direction of the country. But before you head to the polls to vote for the next U.S. president and other government officials, you need to know one very important election rule\u2014or you might not be able to cast your vote.\n\nWhile Election Day is still a few weeks away\u2014it falls on Tuesday, Nov. 5 this year\u2014early voting has already opened up in some locations across the country. Read on to find out what you need to keep in mind before heading to your designated polling location so you don\u2019t run into unexpected problems.\n\n<b>What shouldn\u2019t you do on Election Day?<\/b>\n\nEven though you may want to shout your choice of presidential nominee from the rooftops, you shouldn\u2019t wear any apparel, stickers or buttons advocating for that person at a voting site. In certain states, this could actually constitute electioneering, which is a fancy word for campaigning, and in some states, it\u2019s illegal.\n\n\u201cThe polling place should be a neutral space,\u201d says Wendy Underhill, director of elections and redistricting at the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), an organization that represents the legislatures in states, territories and commonwealths of the United States. \u201cWe don\u2019t want anyone to feel like this is not the space for them. You don\u2019t want to intimidate people who are not of the same political persuasion, and you don\u2019t want to influence them.\u201d\n\nSo whether you own a \u201cYes She Can\u201d T-shirt emblazoned with a picture of Kamala Harris or a bright red MAGA hat, keep it at home on Election Day\u2014or any other time you decide to vote.\n\n<b>Which states prohibit this?<\/b>\n\nTwenty-one states prohibit voters from donning campaign apparel, buttons or stickers when voting or visiting polling locations, according to the NCSL. Those states include:\n\n\u2022 Arkansas\n\u2022 California\n\u2022 Delaware\n\u2022 Indiana\n\u2022 Kansas\n\u2022 Maine\n\u2022 Michigan\n\u2022 Minnesota\n\u2022 Montana\n\u2022 Nebraska\n\u2022 Nevada\n\u2022 New Hampshire\n\u2022 New Jersey\n\u2022 New Mexico\n\u2022 New York\n\u2022 North Dakota\n\u2022 Rhode Island\n\u2022 South Carolina\n\u2022 Tennessee\n\u2022 Texas\n\u2022 Vermont\n\nAnd it\u2019s not just inside the polling area that\u2019s a potential problem. The states that enforce these apparel laws prohibit electioneering between 50 to 250 feet of where you\u2019re voting too. In Arkansas, for example, it is also considered \u201cunlawful\u201d for campaign banners, signs or literature to be placed on vehicles near the polling area, and in Delaware, even the \u201cpolitical discussion of issues, candidates or partisan topics\u201d is not OK.\n\nIn case you were wondering, you\u2019re not necessarily in the clear in states without these apparel restrictions. Most other states also have electioneering rules against \u201cinfluencing voters\u201d and \u201csoliciting votes\u201d within a certain distance from the polls to prevent what could be perceived as voter intimidation.\n\nThe bottom line? \u201cThe campaigning stops at the border outside the polling place,\u201d Underhill says. \u201cThe only stickers you can see there are the \u2018I voted\u2019 stickers.\u201d\n\n<b>What happens if you don\u2019t abide by the rules?<\/b>\n\nIf you fail to follow your state\u2019s guidelines, election officials might turn you away from the polling site, which means you won\u2019t be able to cast your vote. But that\u2019s not all\u2014if you flagrantly disregard the rules, you could be slapped with a misdemeanor charge, resulting in fines, an appearance before a judge and, depending on your state\u2019s laws, up to a year of jail time.\n\nBefore things get to that point, though, election officials will make several attempts to ask you to cover these campaigning materials. For example, they might ask you to put on a jacket or turn your apparel inside out.\n\n<b>How can you learn the rules in your state?<\/b>\n\nYou can check the specific rules for your state on the NSCL site. And if you\u2019re still not sure what\u2019s permitted in your region on Election Day, check with your local election officials via the U.S. Vote Foundation.","id":11,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'No matter which side of the aisle you\u2019re on, there\u2019s a lot at stake in the upcoming election. Of course, we want to make sure our voices are heard on everything from the economy to our fundamental rights as U.S. citizens to the overall direction of the country. But before you head to the polls to vote for the next U.S. president and other government officials, you need to know one very important election rule\u2014or you might not be able to cast your vote.\\n\\nWhile Election Day is still a few weeks away\u2014it falls on Tuesday, Nov. 5 this year\u2014early voting has already opened up in some locations across the country. Read on to find out what you need to keep in mind before heading to your designated polling location so you don\u2019t run into unexpected problems.\\n\\n<b>What shouldn\u2019t you do on Election Day?<\/b>\\n\\nEven though you may want to shout your choice of presidential nominee from the rooftops, you shouldn\u2019t wear any apparel, stickers or buttons advocating for that person at a voting site. In certain states, this could actually constitute electioneering, which is a fancy word for campaigning, and in some states, it\u2019s illegal.\\n\\n\u201cThe polling place should be a neutral space,\u201d says Wendy Underhill, director of elections and redistricting at the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), an organization that represents the legislatures in states, territories and commonwealths of the United States. \u201cWe don\u2019t want anyone to feel like this is not the space for them. You don\u2019t want to intimidate people who are not of the same political persuasion, and you don\u2019t want to influence them.\u201d\\n\\nSo whether you own a \u201cYes She Can\u201d T-shirt emblazoned with a picture of Kamala Harris or a bright red MAGA hat, keep it at home on Election Day\u2014or any other time you decide to vote.\\n\\n<b>Which states prohibit this?<\/b>\\n\\nTwenty-one states prohibit voters from donning campaign apparel, buttons or stickers when voting or visiting polling locations, according to the NCSL. Those states include:\\n\\n\u2022 Arkansas\\n\u2022 California\\n\u2022 Delaware\\n\u2022 Indiana\\n\u2022 Kansas\\n\u2022 Maine\\n\u2022 Michigan\\n\u2022 Minnesota\\n\u2022 Montana\\n\u2022 Nebraska\\n\u2022 Nevada\\n\u2022 New Hampshire\\n\u2022 New Jersey\\n\u2022 New Mexico\\n\u2022 New York\\n\u2022 North Dakota\\n\u2022 Rhode Island\\n\u2022 South Carolina\\n\u2022 Tennessee\\n\u2022 Texas\\n\u2022 Vermont\\n\\nAnd it\u2019s not just inside the polling area that\u2019s a potential problem. The states that enforce these apparel laws prohibit electioneering between 50 to 250 feet of where you\u2019re voting too. In Arkansas, for example, it is also considered \u201cunlawful\u201d for campaign banners, signs or literature to be placed on vehicles near the polling area, and in Delaware, even the \u201cpolitical discussion of issues, candidates or partisan topics\u201d is not OK.\\n\\nIn case you were wondering, you\u2019re not necessarily in the clear in states without these apparel restrictions. Most other states also have electioneering rules against \u201cinfluencing voters\u201d and \u201csoliciting votes\u201d within a certain distance from the polls to prevent what could be perceived as voter intimidation.\\n\\nThe bottom line? \u201cThe campaigning stops at the border outside the polling place,\u201d Underhill says. \u201cThe only stickers you can see there are the \u2018I voted\u2019 stickers.\u201d\\n\\n<b>What happens if you don\u2019t abide by the rules?<\/b>\\n\\nIf you fail to follow your state\u2019s guidelines, election officials might turn you away from the polling site, which means you won\u2019t be able to cast your vote. But that\u2019s not all\u2014if you flagrantly disregard the rules, you could be slapped with a misdemeanor charge, resulting in fines, an appearance before a judge and, depending on your state\u2019s laws, up to a year of jail time.\\n\\nBefore things get to that point, though, election officials will make several attempts to ask you to cover these campaigning materials. For example, they might ask you to put on a jacket or turn your apparel inside out.\\n\\n<b>How can you learn the rules in your state?<\/b>\\n\\nYou can check the specific rules for your state on the NSCL site. And if you\u2019re still not sure what\u2019s permitted in your region on Election Day, check with your local election officials via the U.S. Vote Foundation.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1146068572998047e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'No matter which side of the aisle you\u2019re on, there\u2019s a lot at stake in the upcoming election. Of course, we want to make sure our voices are heard on everything from the economy to our fundamental rights as U.S. citizens to the overall direction of the country. But before you head to the polls to vote for the next U.S. president and other government officials, you need to know one very important election rule\u2014or you might not be able to cast your vote.\\n\\nWhile Election Day is still a few weeks away\u2014it falls on Tuesday, Nov. 5 this year\u2014early voting has already opened up in some locations across the country. Read on to find out what you need to keep in mind before heading to your designated polling location so you don\u2019t run into unexpected problems.\\n\\n<b>What shouldn\u2019t you do on Election Day?<\/b>\\n\\nEven though you may want to shout your choice of presidential nominee from the rooftops, you shouldn\u2019t wear any apparel, stickers or buttons advocating for that person at a voting site. In certain states, this could actually constitute electioneering, which is a fancy word for campaigning, and in some states, it\u2019s illegal.\\n\\n\u201cThe polling place should be a neutral space,\u201d says Wendy Underhill, director of elections and redistricting at the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), an organization that represents the legislatures in states, territories and commonwealths of the United States. \u201cWe don\u2019t want anyone to feel like this is not the space for them. You don\u2019t want to intimidate people who are not of the same political persuasion, and you don\u2019t want to influence them.\u201d\\n\\nSo whether you own a \u201cYes She Can\u201d T-shirt emblazoned with a picture of Kamala Harris or a bright red MAGA hat, keep it at home on Election Day\u2014or any other time you decide to vote.\\n\\n<b>Which states prohibit this?<\/b>\\n\\nTwenty-one states prohibit voters from donning campaign apparel, buttons or stickers when voting or visiting polling locations, according to the NCSL. Those states include:\\n\\n\u2022 Arkansas\\n\u2022 California\\n\u2022 Delaware\\n\u2022 Indiana\\n\u2022 Kansas\\n\u2022 Maine\\n\u2022 Michigan\\n\u2022 Minnesota\\n\u2022 Montana\\n\u2022 Nebraska\\n\u2022 Nevada\\n\u2022 New Hampshire\\n\u2022 New Jersey\\n\u2022 New Mexico\\n\u2022 New York\\n\u2022 North Dakota\\n\u2022 Rhode Island\\n\u2022 South Carolina\\n\u2022 Tennessee\\n\u2022 Texas\\n\u2022 Vermont\\n\\nAnd it\u2019s not just inside the polling area that\u2019s a potential problem. The states that enforce these apparel laws prohibit electioneering between 50 to 250 feet of where you\u2019re voting too. In Arkansas, for example, it is also considered \u201cunlawful\u201d for campaign banners, signs or literature to be placed on vehicles near the polling area, and in Delaware, even the \u201cpolitical discussion of issues, candidates or partisan topics\u201d is not OK.\\n\\nIn case you were wondering, you\u2019re not necessarily in the clear in states without these apparel restrictions. Most other states also have electioneering rules against \u201cinfluencing voters\u201d and \u201csoliciting votes\u201d within a certain distance from the polls to prevent what could be perceived as voter intimidation.\\n\\nThe bottom line? \u201cThe campaigning stops at the border outside the polling place,\u201d Underhill says. \u201cThe only stickers you can see there are the \u2018I voted\u2019 stickers.\u201d\\n\\n<b>What happens if you don\u2019t abide by the rules?<\/b>\\n\\nIf you fail to follow your state\u2019s guidelines, election officials might turn you away from the polling site, which means you won\u2019t be able to cast your vote. But that\u2019s not all\u2014if you flagrantly disregard the rules, you could be slapped with a misdemeanor charge, resulting in fines, an appearance before a judge and, depending on your state\u2019s laws, up to a year of jail time.\\n\\nBefore things get to that point, though, election officials will make several attempts to ask you to cover these campaigning materials. For example, they might ask you to put on a jacket or turn your apparel inside out.\\n\\n<b>How can you learn the rules in your state?<\/b>\\n\\nYou can check the specific rules for your state on the NSCL site. And if you\u2019re still not sure what\u2019s permitted in your region on Election Day, check with your local election officials via the U.S. Vote Foundation.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1920928955078125e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'e421a892-1f72-42e7-bdfe-57f8b44f2bdd', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 7.208679016912356e-05, 'sentence': \"No matter which side of the aisle you're on, there's a lot at stake in the upcoming election.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.569076893152669e-05, 'sentence': 'Of course, we want to make sure our voices are heard on everything from the economy to our fundamental rights as U.S. citizens to the overall direction of the country.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.948225538711995e-05, 'sentence': 'But before you head to the polls to vote for the next U.S. president and other government officials, you need to know one very important election rule\u1173or you might not be able to cast your vote.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.583869930589572e-05, 'sentence': 'While Election Day is still a few weeks away\u1173it falls on Tuesday, Nov. 5 this year\u1173early voting has already opened up in some locations across the country.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.452986028511077e-05, 'sentence': \"Read on to find out what you need to keep in mind before heading to your designated polling location so you don't run into unexpected problems.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.483895751647651e-05, 'sentence': \"<b>What shouldn't you do on Election Day?<\/b>\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.052541332086548e-05, 'sentence': \"Even though you may want to shout your choice of presidential nominee from the rooftops, you shouldn't wear any apparel, stickers or buttons advocating for that person at a voting site.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.57509730849415e-05, 'sentence': \"In certain states, this could actually constitute electioneering, which is a fancy word for campaigning, and in some states, it's illegal.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.31314901006408e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cThe polling place should be a neutral space,\u201d says Wendy Underhill, director of elections and redistricting at the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), an organization that represents the legislatures in states, territories and commonwealths of the United States.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.290036541642621e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe don't want anyone to feel like this is not the space for them.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001466371031710878, 'sentence': \"You don't want to intimidate people who are not of the same political persuasion, and you don't want to influence them.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001294623943977058, 'sentence': 'So whether you own a \u201cYes She Can\u201d T-shirt emblazoned with a picture of Kamala Harris or a bright red MAGA hat, keep it at home on Election Day\u1173or any other time you decide to vote.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001305071491515264, 'sentence': '<b>Which states prohibit this?<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013049153494648635, 'sentence': 'Twenty-one states prohibit voters from donning campaign apparel, buttons or stickers when voting or visiting polling locations, according to the NCSL.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003004507743753493, 'sentence': 'Those states include:', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002900772087741643, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Arkansas', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00020593852968886495, 'sentence': '\u00b7 California', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002147829654859379, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Delaware', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00027909380150958896, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Indiana', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003098886809311807, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Kansas', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003035356057807803, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Maine', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00016707013128325343, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Michigan', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021794973872601986, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Minnesota', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00023038928338792175, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Montana', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002515533415134996, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Nebraska', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00017313982243649662, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Nevada', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00023114957730285823, 'sentence': '\u00b7 New Hampshire', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011822702799690887, 'sentence': '\u00b7 New Jersey', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015988909581210464, 'sentence': '\u00b7 New Mexico', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00026982740382663906, 'sentence': '\u00b7 New York', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00027909473283216357, 'sentence': '\u00b7 North Dakota', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00017903982370626181, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Rhode Island', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021112164540681988, 'sentence': '\u00b7 South Carolina', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015334186900872737, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Tennessee', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014944990107323974, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Texas', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002662179758772254, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Vermont', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004936953191645443, 'sentence': \"And it's not just inside the polling area that's a potential problem.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0047289240173995495, 'sentence': \"The states that enforce these apparel laws prohibit electioneering between 50 to 250 feet of where you're voting too.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.006419879384338856, 'sentence': 'In Arkansas, for example, it is also considered \u201cunlawful\u201d for campaign banners, signs or literature to be placed on vehicles near the polling area, and in Delaware, even the \u201cpolitical discussion of issues, candidates or partisan topics\u201d is not OK.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007393108680844307, 'sentence': \"In case you were wondering, you're not necessarily in the clear in states without these apparel restrictions.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.011513831093907356, 'sentence': 'Most other states also have electioneering rules against \u201cinfluencing voters\u201d and \u201csoliciting votes\u201d within a certain distance from the polls to prevent what could be perceived as voter intimidation.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.008066177368164062, 'sentence': 'The bottom line?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.014595037326216698, 'sentence': '\u201cThe campaigning stops at the border outside the polling place,\u201d Underhill says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.022660253569483757, 'sentence': \"\u201cThe only stickers you can see there are the 'I voted' stickers.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.04410450905561447, 'sentence': \"<b>What happens if you don't abide by the rules?<\/b>\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.04214981943368912, 'sentence': \"If you fail to follow your state's guidelines, election officials might turn you away from the polling site, which means you won't be able to cast your vote.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.02017846517264843, 'sentence': \"But that's not all\u1173if you flagrantly disregard the rules, you could be slapped with a misdemeanor charge, resulting in fines, an appearance before a judge and, depending on your state's laws, up to a year of jail time.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01355329155921936, 'sentence': 'Before things get to that point, though, election officials will make several attempts to ask you to cover these campaigning materials.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01656070537865162, 'sentence': 'For example, they might ask you to put on a jacket or turn your apparel inside out.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.014081170782446861, 'sentence': '<b>How can you learn the rules in your state?<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.011311113834381104, 'sentence': 'You can check the specific rules for your state on the NSCL site.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.018562719225883484, 'sentence': \"And if you're still not sure what's permitted in your region on Election Day, check with your local election officials via the U.S. Vote Foundation.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 12, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 17, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 18, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 19, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 20, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 21, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 22, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 23, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 24, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 25, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 26, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 27, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 28, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 29, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 30, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 31, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 32, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 33, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 34, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 35, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 36, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 39, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 41, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 44, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 45, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 47, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 49, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 50, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.021455281010771585, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.978263083885808, 'ai': 0.021455281010771585, 'mixed': 0.00028163510342057015}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.978263083885808, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.021455281010771585, 'human': 0.978263083885808, 'mixed': 0.00028163510342057015}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'No matter which side of the aisle you\u2019re on, there\u2019s a lot at stake in the upcoming election. Of course, we want to make sure our voices are heard on everything from the economy to our fundamental rights as U.S. citizens to the overall direction of the country. But before you head to the polls to vote for the next U.S. president and other government officials, you need to know one very important election rule\u2014or you might not be able to cast your vote.\\n\\nWhile Election Day is still a few weeks away\u2014it falls on Tuesday, Nov. 5 this year\u2014early voting has already opened up in some locations across the country. Read on to find out what you need to keep in mind before heading to your designated polling location so you don\u2019t run into unexpected problems.\\n\\n<b>What shouldn\u2019t you do on Election Day?<\/b>\\n\\nEven though you may want to shout your choice of presidential nominee from the rooftops, you shouldn\u2019t wear any apparel, stickers or buttons advocating for that person at a voting site. In certain states, this could actually constitute electioneering, which is a fancy word for campaigning, and in some states, it\u2019s illegal.\\n\\n\u201cThe polling place should be a neutral space,\u201d says Wendy Underhill, director of elections and redistricting at the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), an organization that represents the legislatures in states, territories and commonwealths of the United States. \u201cWe don\u2019t want anyone to feel like this is not the space for them. You don\u2019t want to intimidate people who are not of the same political persuasion, and you don\u2019t want to influence them.\u201d\\n\\nSo whether you own a \u201cYes She Can\u201d T-shirt emblazoned with a picture of Kamala Harris or a bright red MAGA hat, keep it at home on Election Day\u2014or any other time you decide to vote.\\n\\n<b>Which states prohibit this?<\/b>\\n\\nTwenty-one states prohibit voters from donning campaign apparel, buttons or stickers when voting or visiting polling locations, according to the NCSL. Those states include:\\n\\n\u2022 Arkansas\\n\u2022 California\\n\u2022 Delaware\\n\u2022 Indiana\\n\u2022 Kansas\\n\u2022 Maine\\n\u2022 Michigan\\n\u2022 Minnesota\\n\u2022 Montana\\n\u2022 Nebraska\\n\u2022 Nevada\\n\u2022 New Hampshire\\n\u2022 New Jersey\\n\u2022 New Mexico\\n\u2022 New York\\n\u2022 North Dakota\\n\u2022 Rhode Island\\n\u2022 South Carolina\\n\u2022 Tennessee\\n\u2022 Texas\\n\u2022 Vermont\\n\\nAnd it\u2019s not just inside the polling area that\u2019s a potential problem. The states that enforce these apparel laws prohibit electioneering between 50 to 250 feet of where you\u2019re voting too. In Arkansas, for example, it is also considered \u201cunlawful\u201d for campaign banners, signs or literature to be placed on vehicles near the polling area, and in Delaware, even the \u201cpolitical discussion of issues, candidates or partisan topics\u201d is not OK.\\n\\nIn case you were wondering, you\u2019re not necessarily in the clear in states without these apparel restrictions. Most other states also have electioneering rules against \u201cinfluencing voters\u201d and \u201csoliciting votes\u201d within a certain distance from the polls to prevent what could be perceived as voter intimidation.\\n\\nThe bottom line? \u201cThe campaigning stops at the border outside the polling place,\u201d Underhill says. \u201cThe only stickers you can see there are the \u2018I voted\u2019 stickers.\u201d\\n\\n<b>What happens if you don\u2019t abide by the rules?<\/b>\\n\\nIf you fail to follow your state\u2019s guidelines, election officials might turn you away from the polling site, which means you won\u2019t be able to cast your vote. But that\u2019s not all\u2014if you flagrantly disregard the rules, you could be slapped with a misdemeanor charge, resulting in fines, an appearance before a judge and, depending on your state\u2019s laws, up to a year of jail time.\\n\\nBefore things get to that point, though, election officials will make several attempts to ask you to cover these campaigning materials. For example, they might ask you to put on a jacket or turn your apparel inside out.\\n\\n<b>How can you learn the rules in your state?<\/b>\\n\\nYou can check the specific rules for your state on the NSCL site. And if you\u2019re still not sure what\u2019s permitted in your region on Election Day, check with your local election officials via the U.S. Vote Foundation.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5129829645,"RADAR":0.0584398657,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article has quite a few em dashes, which is a sign of it being human-generated. It also has quite a few specific details including which states don't allow voters to don political clothing, the date of this year's election, and the distance you have to be from voting stations. Some of the language is also quite casual, both in the texts and the quotations, whereas AI usually has a very formal tone. Some examples of this are \"slapped with a misdemeanour charge\" and \"a bright red MAGA hat\". "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The main clue for me here is that there are several instances of sentences being started with conjunctions such as \"and\" and \"but\". This is usually a human error\/style. There are also some long sentences such as \"In Arkansas...is not OK.\" AI usually writes shorter sentences. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: slightly awkward phrasing; doesn't follow the same textbook style of headings and subheadings in title case; uses short bullet points; missing punctuation; rather than saying 'according to the NCSL ...' it's tagged on the end of a sentence, which doesn't read as well; mixes numerals with written numbers, which is correct in this case \u2013 but that AI wouldn't do; grammatical errors; clarity issues; mix of contractions with written nouns and pronouns; inexplicable quotation marks. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This article appears human-written and I feel very confident about it. One of the biggest markers that makes it human to me is the article's ability to bring in real-world relevance for context, specifically with the quote \"\u201cYes She Can\u201d T-shirt emblazoned with a picture of Kamala Harris or a bright red MAGA hat\" If an AI where to generate this topic, it would not immediately be able to bring in that additional context of how clothing is associated with politics, not unless prompted to do so. Alongside that, the formatting itself is varied, with topic headers focusing on lowercase lettering, longer explanations, and the bullet points not going into a title: one to two sentence explanation format that AI uses often. It also gives unique, visual descriptors with a neutral tone in sentences with \"shout your choice\" \"could be slapped\" and \"what could be perceived as voter intimidation.\" to properly convey ideas. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Quotes are easy to verify online.\nThe piece is informative, the content is chunked under 4 headings, and\u2014 horror of horrors\u2014 there is a long list. So why is it not machine-generated? Because the author maintains a conversational tone that sounds authentic, avoids jargon, uses colloquialisms, uses quotation marks with single words to signal that she (he?) doesn't necessarily agree, and made me smile with the t-shirt and hat sentence. Machines simply have no sense of humor. Not even Grok.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"41":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":12,"title":"This New FTC Rule Makes It Easier to Cancel Memberships and Subscriptions\u2014Here\u2019s What You Need to Know","sub-title":"Tired of jumping through hoops to cancel subscriptions? The FTC's new rule aims to make unsubscribing easy.","author":"Jaime Stathis","source":"Reader's Digest","issue":"10\/18\/24","section":"Tech","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/click-to-cancel-rule\/","article":"It can be so easy to sign up for memberships and subscriptions. But canceling them? That\u2019s a hassle and a half. Often you need to click through multiple screens only to be prompted to enter passwords you don\u2019t remember setting up. Even worse is when you have to pick up the phone to cancel\u2014and find out the manager you need to speak with works only on Tuesday afternoons. It\u2019s easy to get frustrated with the process of unsubscribing (or run out of time to complete it!). The end result: You wind up paying another few months or even another year for those subscriptions.\n\nAmazon and Adobe have a reputation for making consumers\u2019 subscriptions hard to cancel. Planet Fitness has also been put on blast for making some customers cancel in person, and its cancellation policy is made more complicated because it varies by location. That $15 gym membership sounded like a good idea on New Year\u2019s Day, but factor in the time it takes to cancel\u2014and the cost of paying for another month if you miss the deadline or don\u2019t follow the exact process\u2014and the deal looks decidedly less sweet.\n\nBut the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is putting a stop to this. Last year, it ordered fintech company Brigit to refund $18 million to customers after its cancellation practices were ruled deceptive. Now, it has announced a \u201cclick-to-cancel\u201d rule that\u2019ll make canceling subscriptions as easy as signing up. \u201cToo often, businesses make people jump through endless hoops just to cancel a subscription,\u201d FTC Commission Chair Lina M. Khan said in a statement. \u201cThe FTC\u2019s rule will end these tricks and traps, saving Americans time and money. Nobody should be stuck paying for a service they no longer want.\u201d\n\nRead on to find out all about the rule, including how it works, when it takes effect and what you can do to easily cancel subscriptions in the meantime.\n\n<b>What is the new click-to-cancel rule?<\/b>\n\nThe new click-to-cancel rule prohibits companies from having complicated cancellation policies and procedures. The official FTC announcement states that businesses must \u201cmake it as easy for consumers to cancel their enrollment as it was to sign up.\u201d If companies don\u2019t comply, they may face penalties.\n\nWhy should you care? The average American spends about $91 per month on subscriptions, but some spend hundreds\u2014often unwillingly. Many are stuck with subscriptions or memberships that are hard to get out of. The FTC\u2019s ruling aims to stop unfair practices.\n\n<b>How does it work?<\/b>\n\nThe click-to-cancel rule primarily works by prohibiting negative option programs. These programs have been around for decades, and we\u2019ve all fallen victim to them at least once. Negative option programs require you to opt out to cancel a service; if you don\u2019t, your plan continues to renew. They fall into one of four categories:\n\n\u2022 Prenotification plans, like book-of-the-month clubs\n\u2022 Continuity plans, like grocery deliveries\n\u2022 Automatic renewals, like magazine or newspaper subscriptions\n\u2022 Free trials, often known as conversion offers\n\nThe FTC\u2019s announcement states that the rule will also \u201cprohibit sellers from misrepresenting any material facts while using negative option marketing; require sellers to provide important information before obtaining consumers\u2019 billing information and charging them; and require sellers to get consumers\u2019 informed consent to the negative option features before charging them.\u201d\n\n<b>When does it go into effect?<\/b>\n\nAccording to the FTC\u2019s announcement, the new click-to-cancel rule will go into effect 180 days after it\u2019s published in the Federal Register.\n\n<b>What can you do in the meantime if you need to cancel a subscription?<\/b>\n\nCan\u2019t wait that long to cancel that subscription you\u2019re not using and don\u2019t want to pay for? Take action now. The following tactics can help you avoid the runaround companies build into their cancellation processes.\n\n\u2022 <b>Use a subscription-cancellation tool.<\/b> Because subscriptions often appear on your credit card statements under names that don\u2019t match the product or service, they can be overlooked. Rocket Money is a great service for people who have subscriptions they may have forgotten about. It may sound too good to be true, but the company has a 4.4-star (out of 5) rating on Trustpilot and is accredited by the Better Business Bureau.\n\u2022 <b>Rely on a consumer credit reporting company.<\/b>  Experian offers a service to help you identify and eliminate unwanted subscriptions. Although the service has an upfront cost, it can help you save money in the long run.\n\u2022 <b>Contact your credit card company.<\/b>  If you\u2019ve tried to cancel a membership or subscription but keep getting charged, reach out to your credit card company and let it know what\u2019s going on. In most cases, it will help.\n\nWhile you wait for the click-to-cancel rule to take effect, remember: It\u2019s important to read service agreements. Click \u201cagree\u201d too quickly, and you might find yourself in a binding contract.","id":12,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'It can be so easy to sign up for memberships and subscriptions. But canceling them? That\u2019s a hassle and a half. Often you need to click through multiple screens only to be prompted to enter passwords you don\u2019t remember setting up. Even worse is when you have to pick up the phone to cancel\u2014and find out the manager you need to speak with works only on Tuesday afternoons. It\u2019s easy to get frustrated with the process of unsubscribing (or run out of time to complete it!). The end result: You wind up paying another few months or even another year for those subscriptions.\\n\\nAmazon and Adobe have a reputation for making consumers\u2019 subscriptions hard to cancel. Planet Fitness has also been put on blast for making some customers cancel in person, and its cancellation policy is made more complicated because it varies by location. That $15 gym membership sounded like a good idea on New Year\u2019s Day, but factor in the time it takes to cancel\u2014and the cost of paying for another month if you miss the deadline or don\u2019t follow the exact process\u2014and the deal looks decidedly less sweet.\\n\\nBut the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is putting a stop to this. Last year, it ordered fintech company Brigit to refund $18 million to customers after its cancellation practices were ruled deceptive. Now, it has announced a \u201cclick-to-cancel\u201d rule that\u2019ll make canceling subscriptions as easy as signing up. \u201cToo often, businesses make people jump through endless hoops just to cancel a subscription,\u201d FTC Commission Chair Lina M. Khan said in a statement. \u201cThe FTC\u2019s rule will end these tricks and traps, saving Americans time and money. Nobody should be stuck paying for a service they no longer want.\u201d\\n\\nRead on to find out all about the rule, including how it works, when it takes effect and what you can do to easily cancel subscriptions in the meantime.\\n\\n<b>What is the new click-to-cancel rule?<\/b>\\n\\nThe new click-to-cancel rule prohibits companies from having complicated cancellation policies and procedures. The official FTC announcement states that businesses must \u201cmake it as easy for consumers to cancel their enrollment as it was to sign up.\u201d If companies don\u2019t comply, they may face penalties.\\n\\nWhy should you care? The average American spends about $91 per month on subscriptions, but some spend hundreds\u2014often unwillingly. Many are stuck with subscriptions or memberships that are hard to get out of. The FTC\u2019s ruling aims to stop unfair practices.\\n\\n<b>How does it work?<\/b>\\n\\nThe click-to-cancel rule primarily works by prohibiting negative option programs. These programs have been around for decades, and we\u2019ve all fallen victim to them at least once. Negative option programs require you to opt out to cancel a service; if you don\u2019t, your plan continues to renew. They fall into one of four categories:\\n\\n\u2022 Prenotification plans, like book-of-the-month clubs\\n\u2022 Continuity plans, like grocery deliveries\\n\u2022 Automatic renewals, like magazine or newspaper subscriptions\\n\u2022 Free trials, often known as conversion offers\\n\\nThe FTC\u2019s announcement states that the rule will also \u201cprohibit sellers from misrepresenting any material facts while using negative option marketing; require sellers to provide important information before obtaining consumers\u2019 billing information and charging them; and require sellers to get consumers\u2019 informed consent to the negative option features before charging them.\u201d\\n\\n<b>When does it go into effect?<\/b>\\n\\nAccording to the FTC\u2019s announcement, the new click-to-cancel rule will go into effect 180 days after it\u2019s published in the Federal Register.\\n\\n<b>What can you do in the meantime if you need to cancel a subscription?<\/b>\\n\\nCan\u2019t wait that long to cancel that subscription you\u2019re not using and don\u2019t want to pay for? Take action now. The following tactics can help you avoid the runaround companies build into their cancellation processes.\\n\\n\u2022 <b>Use a subscription-cancellation tool.<\/b> Because subscriptions often appear on your credit card statements under names that don\u2019t match the product or service, they can be overlooked. Rocket Money is a great service for people who have subscriptions they may have forgotten about. It may sound too good to be true, but the company has a 4.4-star (out of 5) rating on Trustpilot and is accredited by the Better Business Bureau.\\n\u2022 <b>Rely on a consumer credit reporting company.<\/b>  Experian offers a service to help you identify and eliminate unwanted subscriptions. Although the service has an upfront cost, it can help you save money in the long run.\\n\u2022 <b>Contact your credit card company.<\/b>  If you\u2019ve tried to cancel a membership or subscription but keep getting charged, reach out to your credit card company and let it know what\u2019s going on. In most cases, it will help.\\n\\nWhile you wait for the click-to-cancel rule to take effect, remember: It\u2019s important to read service agreements. Click \u201cagree\u201d too quickly, and you might find yourself in a binding contract.', 'ai_likelihood': 2.5033950805664062e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'It can be so easy to sign up for memberships and subscriptions. But canceling them? That\u2019s a hassle and a half. Often you need to click through multiple screens only to be prompted to enter passwords you don\u2019t remember setting up. Even worse is when you have to pick up the phone to cancel\u2014and find out the manager you need to speak with works only on Tuesday afternoons. It\u2019s easy to get frustrated with the process of unsubscribing (or run out of time to complete it!). The end result: You wind up paying another few months or even another year for those subscriptions.\\n\\nAmazon and Adobe have a reputation for making consumers\u2019 subscriptions hard to cancel. Planet Fitness has also been put on blast for making some customers cancel in person, and its cancellation policy is made more complicated because it varies by location. That $15 gym membership sounded like a good idea on New Year\u2019s Day, but factor in the time it takes to cancel\u2014and the cost of paying for another month if you miss the deadline or don\u2019t follow the exact process\u2014and the deal looks decidedly less sweet.\\n\\nBut the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is putting a stop to this. Last year, it ordered fintech company Brigit to refund $18 million to customers after its cancellation practices were ruled deceptive. Now, it has announced a \u201cclick-to-cancel\u201d rule that\u2019ll make canceling subscriptions as easy as signing up. \u201cToo often, businesses make people jump through endless hoops just to cancel a subscription,\u201d FTC Commission Chair Lina M. Khan said in a statement. \u201cThe FTC\u2019s rule will end these tricks and traps, saving Americans time and money. Nobody should be stuck paying for a service they no longer want.\u201d\\n\\nRead on to find out all about the rule, including how it works, when it takes effect and what you can do to easily cancel subscriptions in the meantime.\\n\\n<b>What is the new click-to-cancel rule?<\/b>\\n\\nThe new click-to-cancel rule prohibits companies from having complicated cancellation policies and procedures. The official FTC announcement states that businesses must \u201cmake it as easy for consumers to cancel their enrollment as it was to sign up.\u201d If companies don\u2019t comply, they may face penalties.\\n\\nWhy should you care? The average American spends about $91 per month on subscriptions, but some spend hundreds\u2014often unwillingly. Many are stuck with subscriptions or memberships that are hard to get out of. The FTC\u2019s ruling aims to stop unfair practices.\\n\\n<b>How does it work?<\/b>\\n\\nThe click-to-cancel rule primarily works by prohibiting negative option programs. These programs have been around for decades, and we\u2019ve all fallen victim to them at least once. Negative option programs require you to opt out to cancel a service; if you don\u2019t, your plan continues to renew. They fall into one of four categories:\\n\\n\u2022 Prenotification plans, like book-of-the-month clubs\\n\u2022 Continuity plans, like grocery deliveries\\n\u2022 Automatic renewals, like magazine or newspaper subscriptions\\n\u2022 Free trials, often known as conversion offers\\n\\nThe FTC\u2019s announcement states that the rule will also \u201cprohibit sellers from misrepresenting any material facts while using negative option marketing; require sellers to provide important information before obtaining consumers\u2019 billing information and charging them; and require sellers to get consumers\u2019 informed consent to the negative option features before charging them.\u201d\\n\\n<b>When does it go into effect?<\/b>\\n\\nAccording to the FTC\u2019s announcement, the new click-to-cancel rule will go into effect 180 days after it\u2019s published in the Federal Register.\\n\\n<b>What can you do in the meantime if you need to cancel a subscription?<\/b>\\n\\nCan\u2019t wait that long to cancel that subscription you\u2019re not using and don\u2019t want to pay for? Take action now. The following tactics can help you avoid the runaround companies build into their cancellation processes.\\n\\n\u2022 <b>Use a subscription-cancellation tool.<\/b> Because subscriptions often appear on your credit card statements under names that don\u2019t match the product or service, they can be overlooked. Rocket Money is a great service for people who have subscriptions they may have forgotten about. It may sound too good to be true, but the company has a 4.4-star (out of 5) rating on Trustpilot and is accredited by the Better Business Bureau.\\n\u2022 <b>Rely on a consumer credit reporting company.<\/b>  Experian offers a service to help you identify and eliminate unwanted subscriptions. Although the service has an upfront cost, it can help you save money in the long run.\\n\u2022 <b>Contact your credit card company.<\/b>  If you\u2019ve tried to cancel a membership or subscription but keep getting charged, reach out to your credit card company and let it know what\u2019s going on. In most cases, it will help.\\n\\nWhile you wait for the click-to-cancel rule to take effect, remember: It\u2019s important to read service agreements. Click \u201cagree\u201d too quickly, and you might find yourself in a binding contract.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.990795135498047e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'eb9f6ad9-0b6a-4b39-8106-126432d9774f', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0004969419678673148, 'sentence': 'It can be so easy to sign up for memberships and subscriptions.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000543854315765202, 'sentence': 'But canceling them?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008167466730810702, 'sentence': \"That's a hassle and a half.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006203587399795651, 'sentence': \"Often you need to click through multiple screens only to be prompted to enter passwords you don't remember setting up.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008905900758691132, 'sentence': 'Even worse is when you have to pick up the phone to cancel\u1173and find out the manager you need to speak with works only on Tuesday afternoons.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000817653548438102, 'sentence': \"It's easy to get frustrated with the process of unsubscribing (or run out of time to complete it!).\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009780935943126678, 'sentence': 'The end result: You wind up paying another few months or even another year for those subscriptions.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007654038490727544, 'sentence': \"Amazon and Adobe have a reputation for making consumers' subscriptions hard to cancel.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010342190507799387, 'sentence': 'Planet Fitness has also been put on blast for making some customers cancel in person, and its cancellation policy is made more complicated because it varies by location.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0037498341407626867, 'sentence': \"That $15 gym membership sounded like a good idea on New Year's Day, but factor in the time it takes to cancel\u1173and the cost of paying for another month if you miss the deadline or don't follow the exact process\u1173and the deal looks decidedly less sweet.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003279053373262286, 'sentence': 'But the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is putting a stop to this.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0024623216595500708, 'sentence': 'Last year, it ordered fintech company Brigit to refund $18 million to customers after its cancellation practices were ruled deceptive.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0018308284925296903, 'sentence': \"Now, it has announced a \u201cclick-to-cancel\u201d rule that'll make canceling subscriptions as easy as signing up.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001592061948031187, 'sentence': '\u201cToo often, businesses make people jump through endless hoops just to cancel a subscription,\u201d FTC Commission Chair Lina M. Khan said in a statement.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004380867350846529, 'sentence': \"\u201cThe FTC's rule will end these tricks and traps, saving Americans time and money.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003094515996053815, 'sentence': 'Nobody should be stuck paying for a service they no longer want.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003459986997768283, 'sentence': 'Read on to find out all about the rule, including how it works, when it takes effect and what you can do to easily cancel subscriptions in the meantime.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010240760631859303, 'sentence': '<b>What is the new click-to-cancel rule?<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.008087880909442902, 'sentence': 'The new click-to-cancel rule prohibits companies from having complicated cancellation policies and procedures.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010679475031793118, 'sentence': \"The official FTC announcement states that businesses must \u201cmake it as easy for consumers to cancel their enrollment as it was to sign up.\u201d If companies don't comply, they may face penalties.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010509084910154343, 'sentence': 'Why should you care?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.009484075009822845, 'sentence': 'The average American spends about $91 per month on subscriptions, but some spend hundreds\u1173often unwillingly.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.02019190788269043, 'sentence': 'Many are stuck with subscriptions or memberships that are hard to get out of.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.013218225911259651, 'sentence': \"The FTC's ruling aims to stop unfair practices.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.015723271295428276, 'sentence': '<b>How does it work?<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.011396476998925209, 'sentence': 'The click-to-cancel rule primarily works by prohibiting negative option programs.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.014049945399165154, 'sentence': \"These programs have been around for decades, and we've all fallen victim to them at least once.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.012310613878071308, 'sentence': \"Negative option programs require you to opt out to cancel a service; if you don't, your plan continues to renew.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.016004931181669235, 'sentence': 'They fall into one of four categories:', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.012772511690855026, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Prenotification plans, like book-of-the-month clubs', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.011756287887692451, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Continuity plans, like grocery deliveries', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0080775311216712, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Automatic renewals, like magazine or newspaper subscriptions', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01453743502497673, 'sentence': '\u00b7 Free trials, often known as conversion offers', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004459334071725607, 'sentence': \"The FTC's announcement states that the rule will also \u201cprohibit sellers from misrepresenting any material facts while using negative option marketing; require sellers to provide important information before obtaining consumers' billing information and charging them; and require sellers to get consumers' informed consent to the negative option features before charging them.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.009443282149732113, 'sentence': '<b>When does it go into effect?<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0018768106820061803, 'sentence': \"According to the FTC's announcement, the new click-to-cancel rule will go into effect 180 days after it's published in the Federal Register.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011552824871614575, 'sentence': '<b>What can you do in the meantime if you need to cancel a subscription?<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002550823148339987, 'sentence': \"Can't wait that long to cancel that subscription you're not using and don't want to pay for?\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0013592839241027832, 'sentence': 'Take action now.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0014869512524455786, 'sentence': 'The following tactics can help you avoid the runaround companies build into their cancellation processes.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001635202905163169, 'sentence': \"\u00b7 <b>Use a subscription-cancellation tool.<\/b> Because subscriptions often appear on your credit card statements under names that don't match the product or service, they can be overlooked.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0021771867759525776, 'sentence': 'Rocket Money is a great service for people who have subscriptions they may have forgotten about.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0016784712206572294, 'sentence': 'It may sound too good to be true, but the company has a 4.4-star (out of 5) rating on Trustpilot and is accredited by the Better Business Bureau.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0013488231925293803, 'sentence': '\u00b7 <b>Rely on a consumer credit reporting company.<\/b> Experian offers a service to help you identify and eliminate unwanted subscriptions.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002072287490591407, 'sentence': 'Although the service has an upfront cost, it can help you save money in the long run.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002640367019921541, 'sentence': \"\u00b7 <b>Contact your credit card company.<\/b> If you've tried to cancel a membership or subscription but keep getting charged, reach out to your credit card company and let it know what's going on.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0015640791971236467, 'sentence': 'In most cases, it will help.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0023270691744983196, 'sentence': \"While you wait for the click-to-cancel rule to take effect, remember: It's important to read service agreements.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002899374347180128, 'sentence': 'Click \u201cagree\u201d too quickly, and you might find yourself in a binding contract.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 7, 'completely_generated_prob': 2.1228438805416278e-06}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.474742012248794e-05}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 17, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 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'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 35, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 36, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 37, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 40, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 43, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 45, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 47, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.01861304959480408, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9813464938142095, 'ai': 0.01861304959480408, 'mixed': 4.045659098641626e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9813464938142095, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.01861304959480408, 'human': 0.9813464938142095, 'mixed': 4.045659098641626e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'It can be so easy to sign up for memberships and subscriptions. But canceling them? That\u2019s a hassle and a half. Often you need to click through multiple screens only to be prompted to enter passwords you don\u2019t remember setting up. Even worse is when you have to pick up the phone to cancel\u2014and find out the manager you need to speak with works only on Tuesday afternoons. It\u2019s easy to get frustrated with the process of unsubscribing (or run out of time to complete it!). The end result: You wind up paying another few months or even another year for those subscriptions.\\n\\nAmazon and Adobe have a reputation for making consumers\u2019 subscriptions hard to cancel. Planet Fitness has also been put on blast for making some customers cancel in person, and its cancellation policy is made more complicated because it varies by location. That $15 gym membership sounded like a good idea on New Year\u2019s Day, but factor in the time it takes to cancel\u2014and the cost of paying for another month if you miss the deadline or don\u2019t follow the exact process\u2014and the deal looks decidedly less sweet.\\n\\nBut the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is putting a stop to this. Last year, it ordered fintech company Brigit to refund $18 million to customers after its cancellation practices were ruled deceptive. Now, it has announced a \u201cclick-to-cancel\u201d rule that\u2019ll make canceling subscriptions as easy as signing up. \u201cToo often, businesses make people jump through endless hoops just to cancel a subscription,\u201d FTC Commission Chair Lina M. Khan said in a statement. \u201cThe FTC\u2019s rule will end these tricks and traps, saving Americans time and money. Nobody should be stuck paying for a service they no longer want.\u201d\\n\\nRead on to find out all about the rule, including how it works, when it takes effect and what you can do to easily cancel subscriptions in the meantime.\\n\\n<b>What is the new click-to-cancel rule?<\/b>\\n\\nThe new click-to-cancel rule prohibits companies from having complicated cancellation policies and procedures. The official FTC announcement states that businesses must \u201cmake it as easy for consumers to cancel their enrollment as it was to sign up.\u201d If companies don\u2019t comply, they may face penalties.\\n\\nWhy should you care? The average American spends about $91 per month on subscriptions, but some spend hundreds\u2014often unwillingly. Many are stuck with subscriptions or memberships that are hard to get out of. The FTC\u2019s ruling aims to stop unfair practices.\\n\\n<b>How does it work?<\/b>\\n\\nThe click-to-cancel rule primarily works by prohibiting negative option programs. These programs have been around for decades, and we\u2019ve all fallen victim to them at least once. Negative option programs require you to opt out to cancel a service; if you don\u2019t, your plan continues to renew. They fall into one of four categories:\\n\\n\u2022 Prenotification plans, like book-of-the-month clubs\\n\u2022 Continuity plans, like grocery deliveries\\n\u2022 Automatic renewals, like magazine or newspaper subscriptions\\n\u2022 Free trials, often known as conversion offers\\n\\nThe FTC\u2019s announcement states that the rule will also \u201cprohibit sellers from misrepresenting any material facts while using negative option marketing; require sellers to provide important information before obtaining consumers\u2019 billing information and charging them; and require sellers to get consumers\u2019 informed consent to the negative option features before charging them.\u201d\\n\\n<b>When does it go into effect?<\/b>\\n\\nAccording to the FTC\u2019s announcement, the new click-to-cancel rule will go into effect 180 days after it\u2019s published in the Federal Register.\\n\\n<b>What can you do in the meantime if you need to cancel a subscription?<\/b>\\n\\nCan\u2019t wait that long to cancel that subscription you\u2019re not using and don\u2019t want to pay for? Take action now. The following tactics can help you avoid the runaround companies build into their cancellation processes.\\n\\n\u2022 <b>Use a subscription-cancellation tool.<\/b> Because subscriptions often appear on your credit card statements under names that don\u2019t match the product or service, they can be overlooked. Rocket Money is a great service for people who have subscriptions they may have forgotten about. It may sound too good to be true, but the company has a 4.4-star (out of 5) rating on Trustpilot and is accredited by the Better Business Bureau.\\n\u2022 <b>Rely on a consumer credit reporting company.<\/b>  Experian offers a service to help you identify and eliminate unwanted subscriptions. Although the service has an upfront cost, it can help you save money in the long run.\\n\u2022 <b>Contact your credit card company.<\/b>  If you\u2019ve tried to cancel a membership or subscription but keep getting charged, reach out to your credit card company and let it know what\u2019s going on. In most cases, it will help.\\n\\nWhile you wait for the click-to-cancel rule to take effect, remember: It\u2019s important to read service agreements. Click \u201cagree\u201d too quickly, and you might find yourself in a binding contract.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4772304893,"RADAR":0.1054210141,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article's relatable and casual tone is something you see much more often in human writing. The way they write this article is as if they too have experienced the pains of struggling to unsubscribe from something. The article also contains a form of humour in the absurd specificity with which it says \"the manager you need to speak with works only on Tuesday afternoons.\" The other big factor is the way it mentions specific companies. The references to Rocket Money and Experian towards the end of the article are almost certainly subtle paid advertisements. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"There aren't signs of AI's usual overused words and metaphors here. Also, there's a grammatical error (\"runaround\" should be \"runarounds\") that I don't think AI would miss. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This, again, doesn't follow AI's formulaic structure. Even if one element is off, for example, its headings are sentence case, I'm certain it's human-generated. (I could, of course, be wrong). Maybe if one of the pieces were a short story, or a press release, or section from a novel, I might be less sure. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I feel mostly confident that this article is human-written. To me, this article has a similar writing style and format to a lot of freelance\/blogging content I find online, but it's the casual language use, straight-to-the-point explanations of concepts, and attribution of quotes\/statements when needed that convinces me. While I've seen a lot of AI being used for this kind of content, this content feels human, especially with little colloquial lines such as \"That\u2019s a hassle and a half.\", \"we\u2019ve all fallen victim to them at least once\" and \"put on blast\" that convey ideas clearly. Alongside that, words like \"runaround companies\" and \"book-of-the-month clubs\" are creative ways to encompass an idea or concept, all while giving credit to information when needed. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The effective use of punctuation and description of typically human frustration in par. 1 already convinced me that the author is human. \nContent structured as a Q&A article.\nConversational tone sounds authentic."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"42":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":13,"title":"Prince George Reveals What He Wants to Do When He Grows Up","sub-title":"If you think he wants to be king, think again. Here's what the young royal has in mind for a future career.","author":"Charlotte Hilton Anderson","source":"Reader's Digest","issue":"10\/17\/24","section":"Arts & Entertainment","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/prince-george-future-career\/","article":"When I was young, I wanted to be a circus contortionist when I grew up. My life clearly didn\u2019t work out that way, but I still have fond memories of practicing \u201ccircus\u201d with my friends. Kids are known for having big, sometimes funny, aspirations, and Prince George, the son of British royals Prince William and Kate Middleton, is no exception.\n\nDuring a recent outing with his mother, the 11-year-old reportedly declared what he wanted his career to be someday. Of course, his destined job is king of the British Empire, but that is not what the prince told his mother!\n\nRead on to find out what George wants to be when he grows up\u2014and if he could even have a \u201cnormal\u201d job if he wanted one.\n\n<b>What does Prince George want to be when he grows up?<\/b>\n\nA pizza chef! Earlier this week, George and his mother, Princess Kate, paid a visit to Norfolk\u2019s Wiveton Hall Caf\u00e9 to get a slice of pizza, reportedly one of his favorite foods. (Honestly, what kid doesn\u2019t love pizza?) Owner Desmond MacCarthy recounted the visit to the Daily Mail, saying that when George saw the wood-fired pizza oven in the cafe, he reportedly exclaimed, \u201cThat\u2019s what I want to do when I grow up!\u201d\n\n<b>What are the chances that this will happen?<\/b>\n\nAs second in line for the throne, the likelihood of this being his career is basically zero, but what about making a few pies after school or during summer break?\n\n\u201cMost teenage royals do not work traditional after-school or summer jobs,\u201d says Kristen Meinzer, an expert on the royal family. \u201cIf royals work teenage jobs, it\u2019s on behalf of the crown or on behalf of the military. And then, the job is usually part of a longer career trajectory, not a summer job or after-school job.\u201d\n\nEven if he were able to work in food or hospitality, per his wish, Meinzer says it would be a logistical nightmare, requiring him to be heavily guarded and away from the public eye for his own safety.\n\n<b>Are members of the royal family allowed to work?<\/b>\n\nIn short, yes, they do work. But what they are allowed to do varies based on how close to the throne they are. The highest royals, including George\u2019s parents, work representing the royal family through various public engagements, jokingly referred to as working for the Firm. And George will follow in their footsteps. Royals a few steps removed from the throne, however, have held a wide variety of relatively \u201cnormal\u201d jobs.\n\nBut these norms are changing, according to Robert Hardman, a British journalist and the author of at least 10 books about the royals. As he explains in The Making of a King: King Charles III and the Making of the Modern Monarchy, Prince William is trying to give his children a different life than he and his brother, Harry, had. William himself was allowed greater freedom than previous generations of royals; he was able to choose his university education, his work with the armed forces and when to take on his regular royal duties working for the Firm.\n\nHardman writes: \u201cHe is determined that Prince George should have a similar if not greater involvement in the way he develops his own royal role. There is no expectation that any royal duties are going to kick in until George is well into his twenties.\u201d\n\n<b>Do any of the royals work regular jobs?<\/b>\n\nYes. Royals not directly in line for the throne have far more leeway when it comes to jobs, Meinzer says. Whether they have to work or simply want to work may depend on their personal circumstances, but either way, they are generally free to pursue their own interests if they are not working members of the Firm. Here are a few notable examples:\n\n\u2022 Prince Edward, the youngest child of Queen Elizabeth II, worked for Andrew Lloyd Webber\u2019s Really Useful Theatre Company before starting his own company, Ardent Productions. He also worked in television production.\n\n\u2022 Prince Andrew\u2019s daughters, Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie, work regular jobs. Beatrice is vice president of strategic partnerships at Afiniti, a technology firm. Prior to that, she worked at venture capital firm Sandbridge. Princess Eugenie is the director at Hauser & Wirth, an art gallery in Mayfair, London. Prior to that, she worked at an online auction firm.\n\n\u2022 Peter Phillips, Queen Elizabeth\u2019s eldest grandson, has worked as a corporate hospitality manager with Jaguar, a sponsorship accounts manager with Williams F1 racing team and a manager with the Royal Bank of Scotland.\n\n\u2022 Lady Gabriella, the daughter of one of Queen Elizabeth\u2019s cousins, works as a writer for the Sunday Telegraph, the Evening Standard, Country Life and other outlets.\n\nSeveral other members of the royal family work in the arts, fashion and finance, or as brand ambassadors.\n\n<b>Will George ever get to make pizza?<\/b>\n\nThe good news is that the Princess of Wales has repeatedly shared with the press her children\u2019s love for making pizza at home. For instance, while helping to make food for the Commonwealth Big Lunch in 2018, Kate reportedly said that pizza was their family\u2019s favorite meal. \u201cI\u2019ve done that with George and Charlotte\u2014making pizza dough,\u201d she said, according to Tatler. \u201cThey love it because they can get their hands messy.\u201d\n\nSo at least the prince will be able to use his pizza-making skills at home!\n","id":13,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'When I was young, I wanted to be a circus contortionist when I grew up. My life clearly didn\u2019t work out that way, but I still have fond memories of practicing \u201ccircus\u201d with my friends. Kids are known for having big, sometimes funny, aspirations, and Prince George, the son of British royals Prince William and Kate Middleton, is no exception.\\n\\nDuring a recent outing with his mother, the 11-year-old reportedly declared what he wanted his career to be someday. Of course, his destined job is king of the British Empire, but that is not what the prince told his mother!\\n\\nRead on to find out what George wants to be when he grows up\u2014and if he could even have a \u201cnormal\u201d job if he wanted one.\\n\\n<b>What does Prince George want to be when he grows up?<\/b>\\n\\nA pizza chef! Earlier this week, George and his mother, Princess Kate, paid a visit to Norfolk\u2019s Wiveton Hall Caf\u00e9 to get a slice of pizza, reportedly one of his favorite foods. (Honestly, what kid doesn\u2019t love pizza?) Owner Desmond MacCarthy recounted the visit to the Daily Mail, saying that when George saw the wood-fired pizza oven in the cafe, he reportedly exclaimed, \u201cThat\u2019s what I want to do when I grow up!\u201d\\n\\n<b>What are the chances that this will happen?<\/b>\\n\\nAs second in line for the throne, the likelihood of this being his career is basically zero, but what about making a few pies after school or during summer break?\\n\\n\u201cMost teenage royals do not work traditional after-school or summer jobs,\u201d says Kristen Meinzer, an expert on the royal family. \u201cIf royals work teenage jobs, it\u2019s on behalf of the crown or on behalf of the military. And then, the job is usually part of a longer career trajectory, not a summer job or after-school job.\u201d\\n\\nEven if he were able to work in food or hospitality, per his wish, Meinzer says it would be a logistical nightmare, requiring him to be heavily guarded and away from the public eye for his own safety.\\n\\n<b>Are members of the royal family allowed to work?<\/b>\\n\\nIn short, yes, they do work. But what they are allowed to do varies based on how close to the throne they are. The highest royals, including George\u2019s parents, work representing the royal family through various public engagements, jokingly referred to as working for the Firm. And George will follow in their footsteps. Royals a few steps removed from the throne, however, have held a wide variety of relatively \u201cnormal\u201d jobs.\\n\\nBut these norms are changing, according to Robert Hardman, a British journalist and the author of at least 10 books about the royals. As he explains in The Making of a King: King Charles III and the Making of the Modern Monarchy, Prince William is trying to give his children a different life than he and his brother, Harry, had. William himself was allowed greater freedom than previous generations of royals; he was able to choose his university education, his work with the armed forces and when to take on his regular royal duties working for the Firm.\\n\\nHardman writes: \u201cHe is determined that Prince George should have a similar if not greater involvement in the way he develops his own royal role. There is no expectation that any royal duties are going to kick in until George is well into his twenties.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Do any of the royals work regular jobs?<\/b>\\n\\nYes. Royals not directly in line for the throne have far more leeway when it comes to jobs, Meinzer says. Whether they have to work or simply want to work may depend on their personal circumstances, but either way, they are generally free to pursue their own interests if they are not working members of the Firm. Here are a few notable examples:\\n\\n\u2022 Prince Edward, the youngest child of Queen Elizabeth II, worked for Andrew Lloyd Webber\u2019s Really Useful Theatre Company before starting his own company, Ardent Productions. He also worked in television production.\\n\\n\u2022 Prince Andrew\u2019s daughters, Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie, work regular jobs. Beatrice is vice president of strategic partnerships at Afiniti, a technology firm. Prior to that, she worked at venture capital firm Sandbridge. Princess Eugenie is the director at Hauser & Wirth, an art gallery in Mayfair, London. Prior to that, she worked at an online auction firm.\\n\\n\u2022 Peter Phillips, Queen Elizabeth\u2019s eldest grandson, has worked as a corporate hospitality manager with Jaguar, a sponsorship accounts manager with Williams F1 racing team and a manager with the Royal Bank of Scotland.\\n\\n\u2022 Lady Gabriella, the daughter of one of Queen Elizabeth\u2019s cousins, works as a writer for the Sunday Telegraph, the Evening Standard, Country Life and other outlets.\\n\\nSeveral other members of the royal family work in the arts, fashion and finance, or as brand ambassadors.\\n\\n<b>Will George ever get to make pizza?<\/b>\\n\\nThe good news is that the Princess of Wales has repeatedly shared with the press her children\u2019s love for making pizza at home. For instance, while helping to make food for the Commonwealth Big Lunch in 2018, Kate reportedly said that pizza was their family\u2019s favorite meal. \u201cI\u2019ve done that with George and Charlotte\u2014making pizza dough,\u201d she said, according to Tatler. \u201cThey love it because they can get their hands messy.\u201d\\n\\nSo at least the prince will be able to use his pizza-making skills at home!\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 5.364418029785156e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'When I was young, I wanted to be a circus contortionist when I grew up. My life clearly didn\u2019t work out that way, but I still have fond memories of practicing \u201ccircus\u201d with my friends. Kids are known for having big, sometimes funny, aspirations, and Prince George, the son of British royals Prince William and Kate Middleton, is no exception.\\n\\nDuring a recent outing with his mother, the 11-year-old reportedly declared what he wanted his career to be someday. Of course, his destined job is king of the British Empire, but that is not what the prince told his mother!\\n\\nRead on to find out what George wants to be when he grows up\u2014and if he could even have a \u201cnormal\u201d job if he wanted one.\\n\\n<b>What does Prince George want to be when he grows up?<\/b>\\n\\nA pizza chef! Earlier this week, George and his mother, Princess Kate, paid a visit to Norfolk\u2019s Wiveton Hall Caf\u00e9 to get a slice of pizza, reportedly one of his favorite foods. (Honestly, what kid doesn\u2019t love pizza?) Owner Desmond MacCarthy recounted the visit to the Daily Mail, saying that when George saw the wood-fired pizza oven in the cafe, he reportedly exclaimed, \u201cThat\u2019s what I want to do when I grow up!\u201d\\n\\n<b>What are the chances that this will happen?<\/b>\\n\\nAs second in line for the throne, the likelihood of this being his career is basically zero, but what about making a few pies after school or during summer break?\\n\\n\u201cMost teenage royals do not work traditional after-school or summer jobs,\u201d says Kristen Meinzer, an expert on the royal family. \u201cIf royals work teenage jobs, it\u2019s on behalf of the crown or on behalf of the military. And then, the job is usually part of a longer career trajectory, not a summer job or after-school job.\u201d\\n\\nEven if he were able to work in food or hospitality, per his wish, Meinzer says it would be a logistical nightmare, requiring him to be heavily guarded and away from the public eye for his own safety.\\n\\n<b>Are members of the royal family allowed to work?<\/b>\\n\\nIn short, yes, they do work. But what they are allowed to do varies based on how close to the throne they are. The highest royals, including George\u2019s parents, work representing the royal family through various public engagements, jokingly referred to as working for the Firm. And George will follow in their footsteps. Royals a few steps removed from the throne, however, have held a wide variety of relatively \u201cnormal\u201d jobs.\\n\\nBut these norms are changing, according to Robert Hardman, a British journalist and the author of at least 10 books about the royals. As he explains in The Making of a King: King Charles III and the Making of the Modern Monarchy, Prince William is trying to give his children a different life than he and his brother, Harry, had. William himself was allowed greater freedom than previous generations of royals; he was able to choose his university education, his work with the armed forces and when to take on his regular royal duties working for the Firm.\\n\\nHardman writes: \u201cHe is determined that Prince George should have a similar if not greater involvement in the way he develops his own royal role. There is no expectation that any royal duties are going to kick in until George is well into his twenties.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Do any of the royals work regular jobs?<\/b>\\n\\nYes. Royals not directly in line for the throne have far more leeway when it comes to jobs, Meinzer says. Whether they have to work or simply want to work may depend on their personal circumstances, but either way, they are generally free to pursue their own interests if they are not working members of the Firm. Here are a few notable examples:\\n\\n\u2022 Prince Edward, the youngest child of Queen Elizabeth II, worked for Andrew Lloyd Webber\u2019s Really Useful Theatre Company before starting his own company, Ardent Productions. He also worked in television production.\\n\\n\u2022 Prince Andrew\u2019s daughters, Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie, work regular jobs. Beatrice is vice president of strategic partnerships at Afiniti, a technology firm. Prior to that, she worked at venture capital firm Sandbridge. Princess Eugenie is the director at Hauser & Wirth, an art gallery in Mayfair, London. Prior to that, she worked at an online auction firm.\\n\\n\u2022 Peter Phillips, Queen Elizabeth\u2019s eldest grandson, has worked as a corporate hospitality manager with Jaguar, a sponsorship accounts manager with Williams F1 racing team and a manager with the Royal Bank of Scotland.\\n\\n\u2022 Lady Gabriella, the daughter of one of Queen Elizabeth\u2019s cousins, works as a writer for the Sunday Telegraph, the Evening Standard, Country Life and other outlets.\\n\\nSeveral other members of the royal family work in the arts, fashion and finance, or as brand ambassadors.\\n\\n<b>Will George ever get to make pizza?<\/b>\\n\\nThe good news is that the Princess of Wales has repeatedly shared with the press her children\u2019s love for making pizza at home. 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My life clearly didn\u2019t work out that way, but I still have fond memories of practicing \u201ccircus\u201d with my friends. Kids are known for having big, sometimes funny, aspirations, and Prince George, the son of British royals Prince William and Kate Middleton, is no exception.\\n\\nDuring a recent outing with his mother, the 11-year-old reportedly declared what he wanted his career to be someday. Of course, his destined job is king of the British Empire, but that is not what the prince told his mother!\\n\\nRead on to find out what George wants to be when he grows up\u2014and if he could even have a \u201cnormal\u201d job if he wanted one.\\n\\n<b>What does Prince George want to be when he grows up?<\/b>\\n\\nA pizza chef! Earlier this week, George and his mother, Princess Kate, paid a visit to Norfolk\u2019s Wiveton Hall Caf\u00e9 to get a slice of pizza, reportedly one of his favorite foods. (Honestly, what kid doesn\u2019t love pizza?) Owner Desmond MacCarthy recounted the visit to the Daily Mail, saying that when George saw the wood-fired pizza oven in the cafe, he reportedly exclaimed, \u201cThat\u2019s what I want to do when I grow up!\u201d\\n\\n<b>What are the chances that this will happen?<\/b>\\n\\nAs second in line for the throne, the likelihood of this being his career is basically zero, but what about making a few pies after school or during summer break?\\n\\n\u201cMost teenage royals do not work traditional after-school or summer jobs,\u201d says Kristen Meinzer, an expert on the royal family. \u201cIf royals work teenage jobs, it\u2019s on behalf of the crown or on behalf of the military. And then, the job is usually part of a longer career trajectory, not a summer job or after-school job.\u201d\\n\\nEven if he were able to work in food or hospitality, per his wish, Meinzer says it would be a logistical nightmare, requiring him to be heavily guarded and away from the public eye for his own safety.\\n\\n<b>Are members of the royal family allowed to work?<\/b>\\n\\nIn short, yes, they do work. But what they are allowed to do varies based on how close to the throne they are. The highest royals, including George\u2019s parents, work representing the royal family through various public engagements, jokingly referred to as working for the Firm. And George will follow in their footsteps. Royals a few steps removed from the throne, however, have held a wide variety of relatively \u201cnormal\u201d jobs.\\n\\nBut these norms are changing, according to Robert Hardman, a British journalist and the author of at least 10 books about the royals. As he explains in The Making of a King: King Charles III and the Making of the Modern Monarchy, Prince William is trying to give his children a different life than he and his brother, Harry, had. William himself was allowed greater freedom than previous generations of royals; he was able to choose his university education, his work with the armed forces and when to take on his regular royal duties working for the Firm.\\n\\nHardman writes: \u201cHe is determined that Prince George should have a similar if not greater involvement in the way he develops his own royal role. There is no expectation that any royal duties are going to kick in until George is well into his twenties.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Do any of the royals work regular jobs?<\/b>\\n\\nYes. Royals not directly in line for the throne have far more leeway when it comes to jobs, Meinzer says. Whether they have to work or simply want to work may depend on their personal circumstances, but either way, they are generally free to pursue their own interests if they are not working members of the Firm. Here are a few notable examples:\\n\\n\u2022 Prince Edward, the youngest child of Queen Elizabeth II, worked for Andrew Lloyd Webber\u2019s Really Useful Theatre Company before starting his own company, Ardent Productions. He also worked in television production.\\n\\n\u2022 Prince Andrew\u2019s daughters, Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie, work regular jobs. Beatrice is vice president of strategic partnerships at Afiniti, a technology firm. Prior to that, she worked at venture capital firm Sandbridge. Princess Eugenie is the director at Hauser & Wirth, an art gallery in Mayfair, London. Prior to that, she worked at an online auction firm.\\n\\n\u2022 Peter Phillips, Queen Elizabeth\u2019s eldest grandson, has worked as a corporate hospitality manager with Jaguar, a sponsorship accounts manager with Williams F1 racing team and a manager with the Royal Bank of Scotland.\\n\\n\u2022 Lady Gabriella, the daughter of one of Queen Elizabeth\u2019s cousins, works as a writer for the Sunday Telegraph, the Evening Standard, Country Life and other outlets.\\n\\nSeveral other members of the royal family work in the arts, fashion and finance, or as brand ambassadors.\\n\\n<b>Will George ever get to make pizza?<\/b>\\n\\nThe good news is that the Princess of Wales has repeatedly shared with the press her children\u2019s love for making pizza at home. For instance, while helping to make food for the Commonwealth Big Lunch in 2018, Kate reportedly said that pizza was their family\u2019s favorite meal. \u201cI\u2019ve done that with George and Charlotte\u2014making pizza dough,\u201d she said, according to Tatler. \u201cThey love it because they can get their hands messy.\u201d\\n\\nSo at least the prince will be able to use his pizza-making skills at home!\\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5869063735,"RADAR":0.9506727457,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The opening sentences describe what the author wanted to be when they grew up. They don't let you know what the article is about yet and are quite personal. This in itself is a pretty clear indication of the article being written by a real human. The article also encourages you to \"read on\" something that I haven't seen in machine-generated text. The quotation by Kate Middleton at the end is also very natural-sounding and simple English. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"AI would probably omit the word \"clearly\" (in the first paragraph).\nMany sentences here are started with the conjunctions \"and\" and \"but\". The last sentence starts with the coordinating conjunction \"so\". This is usually a human error\/style.\nThe phrase \"in line for the throne\" is incorrect. It should be \"in line to the throne\". This is possibly a human error.\n"},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: It has human errors e.g. the first sentence: if you say 'when I was young' you don't need to say 'when I grew up'; there are other redundancies like 'work representing the royal family' should be 'represent the royal family' ; It uses sentence case headings; it has a voice, and that voice is quite young, but less mechanically so than if you were to ask AI to write something in the voice of a child\/teenager; missing punctuation. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this is human-written. While the article's more geared towards a fun read for entertainment, it's writing maintains personality. Sentences, such as \"... reportedly one of his favorite foods. (Honestly, what kid doesn\u2019t love pizza?)\" and \"Royals a few steps removed from the throne, however, have held a wide variety of relatively \u201cnormal\u201d jobs.\" help give the article a unique quirkiness, alongside small phrases such as \"far more leeway\" and \" basically zero\" to simplify certain points. Quotes have references that are creatively meshed into preceding sentences, and even the repetition of certain phrases (but not too much) help add to that sense of realism from this piece. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This is the first time I encounter exclamation marks. So this must be a human writer.\nUse of the 1st person in the introduction.\nThe content is structured under headings that are normal questions someone would ask after reading the information in the preceding section."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"43":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":14,"title":"Is It Better to Eat Before a Workout or After?","sub-title":"How you time your meals can influence your performance and recovery, experts say. Here\u2019s what the research suggests.","author":"Lisa McCarty","source":"New York Times","issue":"10\/8\/24","section":"Wellness","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/10\/08\/well\/eat\/eat-before-or-after-workout.html","article":"<b>Q: I can never figure out how best to time my meals with my workouts. Should I be eating before I exercise or after?<\/b>\n\nWe\u2019ve all been there: It\u2019s 6 p.m. and you just got home from work. You want to go for a run, but you\u2019re hungry. Should you eat dinner first and risk an upset stomach? Or should you run first, with potentially less energy to power you through?\n\nIt\u2019s a question that plagues even the most disciplined exercisers among us. And to make the matter even more complicated, research on the topic is limited, with answers that depend on your unique health and goals.\n\nThat said, experts agree that there are some general considerations to keep in mind.\n\n<b>What to Eat and When<\/b>\n\nHealth experts recommend eating both before and after exercise, for different reasons.\n\nFor most people, having a balanced meal rich in carbohydrates and protein two to four hours before a workout will supply enough energy to last the length of your routine. This also allows ample time for digestion and can help reduce gastrointestinal discomfort like nausea, vomiting or acid reflux, said Dr. Martha Gulati, a cardiologist at Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles who specializes in helping her patients make lifestyle changes through diet and exercise.\n\nIf you have a few hours before you plan to exercise, a pre-workout meal might include a high-quality protein (like salmon, chicken or tofu), a complex carbohydrate (like brown rice, oatmeal or sweet potatoes) and healthy sources of fats (like avocado, eggs or nuts), said Dr. Cecilia Cordova Vallejos, a sports medicine physiatrist at Johns Hopkins Medicine.\n\nHaving a snack about 30 minutes before your workout will also give you an energy boost \u2014 especially if you\u2019re doing moderate or high-intensity exercise for longer than 90 minutes, Dr. Cordova Vallejos said. She recommended a protein bar or even just an energy gel packet because they are easy on the stomach. Dr. Gulati suggested a banana or a piece of your favorite fruit.\n\nOnce you\u2019re done with your workout, aim to consume protein \u2014 ideally 20 to 40 grams within two hours, the International Society of Sports Nutrition recommends \u2014 to help support muscle growth and recovery. A can of tuna, a chicken breast or three scrambled eggs with cheese would each fall within that range.\n\n<b>Your Meal Planning May Depend on Specific Goals<\/b>\n\nThe timing of your meals may also depend on your health or fitness objectives.\n\nIf you have a condition like diabetes where you must manage your blood sugar levels, the recommendations are a little more nuanced, said Jill Kanaley, a professor of nutrition and exercise physiology at the University of Missouri.\n\nSome research suggests that those with Type 2 diabetes may be better off having breakfast before they exercise. In one 2017 study of 64 adults with Type 2 diabetes in India, for instance, researchers found that those who had breakfast before exercising had much better blood sugar control than those who didn\u2019t eat before their workout.\n\nFor people with Type 1 diabetes, the suggestions may be different, Dr. Kanaley added. Some research suggests, for instance, that fasting before a moderate or high-intensity morning workout can be safe and potentially even preferable for people with Type 1 diabetes, depending on your glucose levels upon waking.\n\nThough in general, working out on an empty stomach may come with downsides. In one online survey of about 2,000 endurance athletes published in 2020, participants who said they avoided exercising on an empty stomach said they did so because it didn\u2019t help their training, it hampered their athletic performance and it made them hungrier.\n\nIf you\u2019d like to reduce soreness and improve muscle growth and repair after your workouts, eating a little more protein \u2014 and spreading it throughout the day \u2014 might help you achieve that goal, Dr. Cordova Vallejos said.\n\nIf you have food allergies or other dietary restrictions or medical conditions, consider consulting a physician, sports medicine doctor or sports nutritionist to figure out a plan that meets your needs.\n\n<b>The Bottom Line<\/b>\n\nThe most important thing you should do is pay attention to how your body feels when you eat (or don\u2019t eat) before exercise. If you have a protein- or fat-rich snack 30 minutes before a morning workout and it upsets your stomach, Dr. Gulati said, try switching to a snack that has a higher carbohydrate concentration. Or if you\u2019re doing a lower intensity workout, like a slow walk or yoga, maybe you don\u2019t need to eat first.\n\nOver time, you\u2019ll figure out what your body needs, she added. \u201cThere isn\u2019t a perfect science,\u201d Dr. Gulati said. Everyone has different needs, goals, diets and schedules, she added, but if you\u2019re patient, you\u2019ll find a routine that works for you.","id":14,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': '<b>Q: I can never figure out how best to time my meals with my workouts. Should I be eating before I exercise or after?<\/b>\\n\\nWe\u2019ve all been there: It\u2019s 6 p.m. and you just got home from work. You want to go for a run, but you\u2019re hungry. Should you eat dinner first and risk an upset stomach? Or should you run first, with potentially less energy to power you through?\\n\\nIt\u2019s a question that plagues even the most disciplined exercisers among us. And to make the matter even more complicated, research on the topic is limited, with answers that depend on your unique health and goals.\\n\\nThat said, experts agree that there are some general considerations to keep in mind.\\n\\n<b>What to Eat and When<\/b>\\n\\nHealth experts recommend eating both before and after exercise, for different reasons.\\n\\nFor most people, having a balanced meal rich in carbohydrates and protein two to four hours before a workout will supply enough energy to last the length of your routine. This also allows ample time for digestion and can help reduce gastrointestinal discomfort like nausea, vomiting or acid reflux, said Dr. Martha Gulati, a cardiologist at Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles who specializes in helping her patients make lifestyle changes through diet and exercise.\\n\\nIf you have a few hours before you plan to exercise, a pre-workout meal might include a high-quality protein (like salmon, chicken or tofu), a complex carbohydrate (like brown rice, oatmeal or sweet potatoes) and healthy sources of fats (like avocado, eggs or nuts), said Dr. Cecilia Cordova Vallejos, a sports medicine physiatrist at Johns Hopkins Medicine.\\n\\nHaving a snack about 30 minutes before your workout will also give you an energy boost \u2014 especially if you\u2019re doing moderate or high-intensity exercise for longer than 90 minutes, Dr. Cordova Vallejos said. She recommended a protein bar or even just an energy gel packet because they are easy on the stomach. Dr. Gulati suggested a banana or a piece of your favorite fruit.\\n\\nOnce you\u2019re done with your workout, aim to consume protein \u2014 ideally 20 to 40 grams within two hours, the International Society of Sports Nutrition recommends \u2014 to help support muscle growth and recovery. A can of tuna, a chicken breast or three scrambled eggs with cheese would each fall within that range.\\n\\n<b>Your Meal Planning May Depend on Specific Goals<\/b>\\n\\nThe timing of your meals may also depend on your health or fitness objectives.\\n\\nIf you have a condition like diabetes where you must manage your blood sugar levels, the recommendations are a little more nuanced, said Jill Kanaley, a professor of nutrition and exercise physiology at the University of Missouri.\\n\\nSome research suggests that those with Type 2 diabetes may be better off having breakfast before they exercise. In one 2017 study of 64 adults with Type 2 diabetes in India, for instance, researchers found that those who had breakfast before exercising had much better blood sugar control than those who didn\u2019t eat before their workout.\\n\\nFor people with Type 1 diabetes, the suggestions may be different, Dr. Kanaley added. Some research suggests, for instance, that fasting before a moderate or high-intensity morning workout can be safe and potentially even preferable for people with Type 1 diabetes, depending on your glucose levels upon waking.\\n\\nThough in general, working out on an empty stomach may come with downsides. In one online survey of about 2,000 endurance athletes published in 2020, participants who said they avoided exercising on an empty stomach said they did so because it didn\u2019t help their training, it hampered their athletic performance and it made them hungrier.\\n\\nIf you\u2019d like to reduce soreness and improve muscle growth and repair after your workouts, eating a little more protein \u2014 and spreading it throughout the day \u2014 might help you achieve that goal, Dr. Cordova Vallejos said.\\n\\nIf you have food allergies or other dietary restrictions or medical conditions, consider consulting a physician, sports medicine doctor or sports nutritionist to figure out a plan that meets your needs.\\n\\n<b>The Bottom Line<\/b>\\n\\nThe most important thing you should do is pay attention to how your body feels when you eat (or don\u2019t eat) before exercise. If you have a protein- or fat-rich snack 30 minutes before a morning workout and it upsets your stomach, Dr. Gulati said, try switching to a snack that has a higher carbohydrate concentration. Or if you\u2019re doing a lower intensity workout, like a slow walk or yoga, maybe you don\u2019t need to eat first.\\n\\nOver time, you\u2019ll figure out what your body needs, she added. \u201cThere isn\u2019t a perfect science,\u201d Dr. Gulati said. Everyone has different needs, goals, diets and schedules, she added, but if you\u2019re patient, you\u2019ll find a routine that works for you.', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0005297660827636719, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': '<b>Q: I can never figure out how best to time my meals with my workouts. Should I be eating before I exercise or after?<\/b>\\n\\nWe\u2019ve all been there: It\u2019s 6 p.m. and you just got home from work. You want to go for a run, but you\u2019re hungry. Should you eat dinner first and risk an upset stomach? Or should you run first, with potentially less energy to power you through?\\n\\nIt\u2019s a question that plagues even the most disciplined exercisers among us. And to make the matter even more complicated, research on the topic is limited, with answers that depend on your unique health and goals.\\n\\nThat said, experts agree that there are some general considerations to keep in mind.\\n\\n<b>What to Eat and When<\/b>\\n\\nHealth experts recommend eating both before and after exercise, for different reasons.\\n\\nFor most people, having a balanced meal rich in carbohydrates and protein two to four hours before a workout will supply enough energy to last the length of your routine. This also allows ample time for digestion and can help reduce gastrointestinal discomfort like nausea, vomiting or acid reflux, said Dr. Martha Gulati, a cardiologist at Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles who specializes in helping her patients make lifestyle changes through diet and exercise.\\n\\nIf you have a few hours before you plan to exercise, a pre-workout meal might include a high-quality protein (like salmon, chicken or tofu), a complex carbohydrate (like brown rice, oatmeal or sweet potatoes) and healthy sources of fats (like avocado, eggs or nuts), said Dr. Cecilia Cordova Vallejos, a sports medicine physiatrist at Johns Hopkins Medicine.\\n\\nHaving a snack about 30 minutes before your workout will also give you an energy boost \u2014 especially if you\u2019re doing moderate or high-intensity exercise for longer than 90 minutes, Dr. Cordova Vallejos said. She recommended a protein bar or even just an energy gel packet because they are easy on the stomach. Dr. Gulati suggested a banana or a piece of your favorite fruit.\\n\\nOnce you\u2019re done with your workout, aim to consume protein \u2014 ideally 20 to 40 grams within two hours, the International Society of Sports Nutrition recommends \u2014 to help support muscle growth and recovery. A can of tuna, a chicken breast or three scrambled eggs with cheese would each fall within that range.\\n\\n<b>Your Meal Planning May Depend on Specific Goals<\/b>\\n\\nThe timing of your meals may also depend on your health or fitness objectives.\\n\\nIf you have a condition like diabetes where you must manage your blood sugar levels, the recommendations are a little more nuanced, said Jill Kanaley, a professor of nutrition and exercise physiology at the University of Missouri.\\n\\nSome research suggests that those with Type 2 diabetes may be better off having breakfast before they exercise. In one 2017 study of 64 adults with Type 2 diabetes in India, for instance, researchers found that those who had breakfast before exercising had much better blood sugar control than those who didn\u2019t eat before their workout.\\n\\nFor people with Type 1 diabetes, the suggestions may be different, Dr. Kanaley added. Some research suggests, for instance, that fasting before a moderate or high-intensity morning workout can be safe and potentially even preferable for people with Type 1 diabetes, depending on your glucose levels upon waking.\\n\\nThough in general, working out on an empty stomach may come with downsides. In one online survey of about 2,000 endurance athletes published in 2020, participants who said they avoided exercising on an empty stomach said they did so because it didn\u2019t help their training, it hampered their athletic performance and it made them hungrier.\\n\\nIf you\u2019d like to reduce soreness and improve muscle growth and repair after your workouts, eating a little more protein \u2014 and spreading it throughout the day \u2014 might help you achieve that goal, Dr. Cordova Vallejos said.\\n\\nIf you have food allergies or other dietary restrictions or medical conditions, consider consulting a physician, sports medicine doctor or sports nutritionist to figure out a plan that meets your needs.\\n\\n<b>The Bottom Line<\/b>\\n\\nThe most important thing you should do is pay attention to how your body feels when you eat (or don\u2019t eat) before exercise. If you have a protein- or fat-rich snack 30 minutes before a morning workout and it upsets your stomach, Dr. Gulati said, try switching to a snack that has a higher carbohydrate concentration. Or if you\u2019re doing a lower intensity workout, like a slow walk or yoga, maybe you don\u2019t need to eat first.\\n\\nOver time, you\u2019ll figure out what your body needs, she added. \u201cThere isn\u2019t a perfect science,\u201d Dr. Gulati said. Everyone has different needs, goals, diets and schedules, she added, but if you\u2019re patient, you\u2019ll find a routine that works for you.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.9073486328125e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '2f6d8130-1a5b-4309-94b2-20acf2769c8c', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0010868854587897658, 'sentence': '<b>Q: I can never figure out how best to time my meals with my workouts.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010747808264568448, 'sentence': 'Should I be eating before I exercise or after?<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0014324297662824392, 'sentence': \"We've all been there: It's 6 p.m. and you just got home from work.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, 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Line<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0021022025030106306, 'sentence': \"The most important thing you should do is pay attention to how your body feels when you eat (or don't eat) before exercise.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0019163282122462988, 'sentence': 'If you have a protein- or fat-rich snack 30 minutes before a morning workout and it upsets your stomach, Dr. Gulati said, try switching to a snack that has a higher carbohydrate concentration.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0027208554092794657, 'sentence': \"Or if you're doing a lower intensity workout, like a slow walk or yoga, maybe you don't need to eat first.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0031166919507086277, 'sentence': \"Over time, you'll figure out what your body needs, she added.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0028794165700674057, 'sentence': \"\u201cThere isn't a perfect science,\u201d Dr. Gulati said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002756522037088871, 'sentence': \"Everyone has different needs, goals, diets and schedules, she added, but if you're patient, you'll find a routine that works for you.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 1, 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'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 28, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 29, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 30, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 31, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 34, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.01626844515220976, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9836910016030803, 'ai': 0.01626844515220976, 'mixed': 4.0553244709924405e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9836910016030803, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.01626844515220976, 'human': 0.9836910016030803, 'mixed': 4.0553244709924405e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': '<b>Q: I can never figure out how best to time my meals with my workouts. Should I be eating before I exercise or after?<\/b>\\n\\nWe\u2019ve all been there: It\u2019s 6 p.m. and you just got home from work. You want to go for a run, but you\u2019re hungry. Should you eat dinner first and risk an upset stomach? Or should you run first, with potentially less energy to power you through?\\n\\nIt\u2019s a question that plagues even the most disciplined exercisers among us. And to make the matter even more complicated, research on the topic is limited, with answers that depend on your unique health and goals.\\n\\nThat said, experts agree that there are some general considerations to keep in mind.\\n\\n<b>What to Eat and When<\/b>\\n\\nHealth experts recommend eating both before and after exercise, for different reasons.\\n\\nFor most people, having a balanced meal rich in carbohydrates and protein two to four hours before a workout will supply enough energy to last the length of your routine. This also allows ample time for digestion and can help reduce gastrointestinal discomfort like nausea, vomiting or acid reflux, said Dr. Martha Gulati, a cardiologist at Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles who specializes in helping her patients make lifestyle changes through diet and exercise.\\n\\nIf you have a few hours before you plan to exercise, a pre-workout meal might include a high-quality protein (like salmon, chicken or tofu), a complex carbohydrate (like brown rice, oatmeal or sweet potatoes) and healthy sources of fats (like avocado, eggs or nuts), said Dr. Cecilia Cordova Vallejos, a sports medicine physiatrist at Johns Hopkins Medicine.\\n\\nHaving a snack about 30 minutes before your workout will also give you an energy boost \u2014 especially if you\u2019re doing moderate or high-intensity exercise for longer than 90 minutes, Dr. Cordova Vallejos said. She recommended a protein bar or even just an energy gel packet because they are easy on the stomach. Dr. Gulati suggested a banana or a piece of your favorite fruit.\\n\\nOnce you\u2019re done with your workout, aim to consume protein \u2014 ideally 20 to 40 grams within two hours, the International Society of Sports Nutrition recommends \u2014 to help support muscle growth and recovery. A can of tuna, a chicken breast or three scrambled eggs with cheese would each fall within that range.\\n\\n<b>Your Meal Planning May Depend on Specific Goals<\/b>\\n\\nThe timing of your meals may also depend on your health or fitness objectives.\\n\\nIf you have a condition like diabetes where you must manage your blood sugar levels, the recommendations are a little more nuanced, said Jill Kanaley, a professor of nutrition and exercise physiology at the University of Missouri.\\n\\nSome research suggests that those with Type 2 diabetes may be better off having breakfast before they exercise. In one 2017 study of 64 adults with Type 2 diabetes in India, for instance, researchers found that those who had breakfast before exercising had much better blood sugar control than those who didn\u2019t eat before their workout.\\n\\nFor people with Type 1 diabetes, the suggestions may be different, Dr. Kanaley added. Some research suggests, for instance, that fasting before a moderate or high-intensity morning workout can be safe and potentially even preferable for people with Type 1 diabetes, depending on your glucose levels upon waking.\\n\\nThough in general, working out on an empty stomach may come with downsides. In one online survey of about 2,000 endurance athletes published in 2020, participants who said they avoided exercising on an empty stomach said they did so because it didn\u2019t help their training, it hampered their athletic performance and it made them hungrier.\\n\\nIf you\u2019d like to reduce soreness and improve muscle growth and repair after your workouts, eating a little more protein \u2014 and spreading it throughout the day \u2014 might help you achieve that goal, Dr. Cordova Vallejos said.\\n\\nIf you have food allergies or other dietary restrictions or medical conditions, consider consulting a physician, sports medicine doctor or sports nutritionist to figure out a plan that meets your needs.\\n\\n<b>The Bottom Line<\/b>\\n\\nThe most important thing you should do is pay attention to how your body feels when you eat (or don\u2019t eat) before exercise. If you have a protein- or fat-rich snack 30 minutes before a morning workout and it upsets your stomach, Dr. Gulati said, try switching to a snack that has a higher carbohydrate concentration. Or if you\u2019re doing a lower intensity workout, like a slow walk or yoga, maybe you don\u2019t need to eat first.\\n\\nOver time, you\u2019ll figure out what your body needs, she added. \u201cThere isn\u2019t a perfect science,\u201d Dr. Gulati said. Everyone has different needs, goals, diets and schedules, she added, but if you\u2019re patient, you\u2019ll find a routine that works for you.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4471385181,"RADAR":0.0809614658,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely AI-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely AI-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The introduction doesn't fit the AI style and neither does the initial relatable first paragraph. The way the author says \"we've all been there\" is a much more common style in human writing. I've also found that AI articles tend to have a multitude of \"human\" experts while references to other sources (in this case the International Society of Sports Nutrition) tend to point towards human text. The experts all being doctors also makes sense in this context (rather than pointing towards AI) because of the subject matter. Lastly, the quotations have no quotation marks, which I've never seen in machine-generated text. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"While this may be AI-generated (there is \"both\" and a few lists used), the use of conjunctions at the beginning of some sentences makes me think it's human. (\"or\"; \"and\")\nThe varied sentence types and conversational tone with a non-generic concluding sentence all point to a human author."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it'a human-generated: varied paragraph length; speech tags are usually 'said' (that's before reading it). (Upon reading it) there's a mix in tense in the first sentence; it tries to engage the audience by maintaining a conversational tone and engaging its audience with questions; there's some slightly awkward phrasing and punctuation; uses spaced en dashes; doesn't use any quotation marks; sometimes uses contractions, sometimes doesn't; some slightly awkward phrasing and redundancies; doesn't use the Oxford comma. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I mostly believe that the base article is AI-generated, but it contains a lot of human-edits that try to subvert it. It's an even mixture of human-edits and AI-generation in my opinion, but I believe it's AI-generated because of specific phrases I've often seen when working with AI for some medical content I've written. The formatted outline, excluding the FAQ header in the beginning, are common terms used by AI when generating outlines, especially with \"The Bottom Line\". While the majority of its language inserts words that extend and lengthen the sentence to control its tone and pacing, the base structure of those sentences, with long lead-ins of ideas listed and separated by commas are still present, such as with \"consider consulting a physician, sports medicine doctor or sports nutritionist to figure out a plan that meets your needs.\" and \"This also allows ample time for digestion and can help reduce gastrointestinal discomfort like nausea, vomiting or acid reflux,\" Other parts, such as \"to help support muscle growth and recovery.\" and \"consider consulting a physician, sports medicine doctor or sports nutritionist to figure out a plan that meets your needs.\" and even parts like \"find a routine that works for you\" are common ways to redirect the reader due to the topic, but are still condensed and precise enough to indicate that it was written by AI, in my opinion. Also, the quotes and credits to the person who said those quotes are placed in similar patterns near the end of paragraph explanations. While the article tries to subvert a lot of the stylistic choices AI makes with its grammar and language, the base of it is AI. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Frequent use of punctuation that breaks long sentences and improves readability.\nI keep complaining about vague referencing, like \"a cardiologist\" and \"a sports medicine physiatrist\" (note spelling!), in machine-generated text. The absence of other lexical and syntactic structures characteristic of AI authors mitigate its presence in this text.\nAI makes many errors, but spelling is not one of them.\nInstead of long quotations, this author paraphrases and integrates the referenced material into the text.\n "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"44":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":15,"title":"The World\u2019s Carbon Sinks Are on Fire","sub-title":"Carbon emissions from forest fires increased more than 60 percent globally over the past two decades, according to a new study.","author":"Austyn Gaffney","source":"New York Times","issue":"10\/17\/24","section":"Climate","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/10\/17\/climate\/carbon-fires-forests-global-warming.html","article":"Forests not only serve as refuges from city life, but could also be among the last fortresses between a livable planet and an increasingly hostile one.\n\nForests can pull carbon from the air and store it in roots and leaves, locking it out of the atmosphere. Through complex markets, nations can bank trees to lower their greenhouse gas emissions while continuing to use fossil fuels, the root cause of climate change.\n\nBut those forests are burning up. Global carbon emissions from forest fires have increased 60 percent since 2001, according to a new study published Thursday.\n\n\u201cWe had to check the calculations because it\u2019s such a big number,\u201d said Matthew Jones, the lead author of the report and a physical geographer at the University of East Anglia in England. \u201cIt\u2019s revealed something quite staggering.\u201d\n\nThe study, published in Science, used machine learning to group the world\u2019s forest ecosystems into 12 categories. Each kind of forest reacted differently to a combination of drivers that can influence how fires start and how severe they become, including global warming, along with changes in land use and vegetation growth.\n\nBurning boreal forests, largely in the colder climes of Canada and Siberia, were by far the biggest contributors. Researchers revealed that one type of boreal forest almost tripled its annual carbon emissions between 2001 and 2023.\n\nLast century, emissions from tropical forests like the Amazon and Congo rainforests were dominant as trees were cleared for logging, farming and other uses. But, under climate change, fire-favorable weather has increased across other regions.\n\nGlobal warming has brought more extreme hot and dry conditions and more lightning storms that can set trees ablaze. So much of the boreal forests burned in these conditions that they offset the tropics\u2019 slightly declining emissions during the same time period.\n\n\u201cThe problem is these regions are not used to the climate of today,\u201d Dr. Jones said, \u201cso they didn\u2019t evolve to deal with fires that could have the potential to kill them.\u201d\n\nThose fires aren\u2019t just burning more carbon, but they\u2019re also burning more severely, threatening a forest\u2019s resilience. Extreme fires eat through more organic material like vegetation and soil as these ecosystems become drier. They can lead to a higher tree mortality, according to the study, which can slow a forest\u2019s rebound for biodiversity and continued carbon storage.\n\nLast year, wildfires in the boreal forests of Canada produced more carbon emissions than the burning of fossil fuels in all but the three largest polluters, China, India and the United States, according to a study published in August in the journal Nature. In an email, Dr. Jones said those emissions were the best example yet of the staggering global changes.\n\nMarc-Andr\u00e9 Parisien, a research scientist at the Canadian Forest Service, said, \u201cIt\u2019s our most extreme fire season in Canada\u2019s recorded history.\u201d The smoke from those fires was so widespread beyond Canada\u2019s borders, he added, \u201cyou probably ate some of that smoke in 2023.\u201d\n\nWhile carbon emissions grow from forest fires, countries are struggling to successfully reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels.\n\nThe Paris climate agreement that nations signed onto in 2015 aimed to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, or 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit, above preindustrial levels. But now that target is \u201changing by a thread,\u201d according to Secretary General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres of the United Nations, as the world keeps getting hotter. Last year was the hottest year on record, a record that could be broken in 2024.\n\nDuring less active fire years, less populated but highly forested countries like Canada can act like a carbon sink for the world\u2019s emissions. But during a year with frequent fires, like 2023, those fires can transform Canada into a source of carbon emissions. Increased fire activity in North America\u2019s boreal forests alone could result in carbon losses causing a temperature rise above the Paris agreement limits by midcentury.\n\n\u201cIn a lot of countries, national plans for dealing with climate change are relying more and more on the forests and reforestation schemes,\u201d Dr. Jones said.\n\n\u201cResearch that\u2019s pointing to more severe or intense fires are a threat to a lot of plans to deliver net-zero\u201d emissions, he added. \u201cAll this research is about raising an alarm now that perhaps we can\u2019t rely on forests as much as some of these plans are.\u201d\n\nBest practices, like mechanical thinning or controlled burns of forests to make them less dense, could help reduce the severe burning in boreal forests. But those woodlands are so extensive, it would be impossible to manage them all. Instead, experts said, along with better fire management practices, reducing emissions from fossil fuels remains the best path forward.\n\n\u201cWe\u2019re always millions of acres behind,\u201d said Lisa Allyn Dale, a climate lecturer at the Columbia Climate School. \u201cThere\u2019s no aspiration to treat every acre of forest.\u201d\n\nAnd forests still need fires to stay healthy.\n\n\u201cWe\u2019ll never eradicate fire,\u201d Dr. Dale said. \u201cWe\u2019re trying to reduce risk from unwanted fires.\u201d","id":15,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Forests not only serve as refuges from city life, but could also be among the last fortresses between a livable planet and an increasingly hostile one.\\n\\nForests can pull carbon from the air and store it in roots and leaves, locking it out of the atmosphere. Through complex markets, nations can bank trees to lower their greenhouse gas emissions while continuing to use fossil fuels, the root cause of climate change.\\n\\nBut those forests are burning up. Global carbon emissions from forest fires have increased 60 percent since 2001, according to a new study published Thursday.\\n\\n\u201cWe had to check the calculations because it\u2019s such a big number,\u201d said Matthew Jones, the lead author of the report and a physical geographer at the University of East Anglia in England. \u201cIt\u2019s revealed something quite staggering.\u201d\\n\\nThe study, published in Science, used machine learning to group the world\u2019s forest ecosystems into 12 categories. Each kind of forest reacted differently to a combination of drivers that can influence how fires start and how severe they become, including global warming, along with changes in land use and vegetation growth.\\n\\nBurning boreal forests, largely in the colder climes of Canada and Siberia, were by far the biggest contributors. Researchers revealed that one type of boreal forest almost tripled its annual carbon emissions between 2001 and 2023.\\n\\nLast century, emissions from tropical forests like the Amazon and Congo rainforests were dominant as trees were cleared for logging, farming and other uses. But, under climate change, fire-favorable weather has increased across other regions.\\n\\nGlobal warming has brought more extreme hot and dry conditions and more lightning storms that can set trees ablaze. So much of the boreal forests burned in these conditions that they offset the tropics\u2019 slightly declining emissions during the same time period.\\n\\n\u201cThe problem is these regions are not used to the climate of today,\u201d Dr. Jones said, \u201cso they didn\u2019t evolve to deal with fires that could have the potential to kill them.\u201d\\n\\nThose fires aren\u2019t just burning more carbon, but they\u2019re also burning more severely, threatening a forest\u2019s resilience. Extreme fires eat through more organic material like vegetation and soil as these ecosystems become drier. They can lead to a higher tree mortality, according to the study, which can slow a forest\u2019s rebound for biodiversity and continued carbon storage.\\n\\nLast year, wildfires in the boreal forests of Canada produced more carbon emissions than the burning of fossil fuels in all but the three largest polluters, China, India and the United States, according to a study published in August in the journal Nature. In an email, Dr. Jones said those emissions were the best example yet of the staggering global changes.\\n\\nMarc-Andr\u00e9 Parisien, a research scientist at the Canadian Forest Service, said, \u201cIt\u2019s our most extreme fire season in Canada\u2019s recorded history.\u201d The smoke from those fires was so widespread beyond Canada\u2019s borders, he added, \u201cyou probably ate some of that smoke in 2023.\u201d\\n\\nWhile carbon emissions grow from forest fires, countries are struggling to successfully reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels.\\n\\nThe Paris climate agreement that nations signed onto in 2015 aimed to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, or 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit, above preindustrial levels. But now that target is \u201changing by a thread,\u201d according to Secretary General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres of the United Nations, as the world keeps getting hotter. Last year was the hottest year on record, a record that could be broken in 2024.\\n\\nDuring less active fire years, less populated but highly forested countries like Canada can act like a carbon sink for the world\u2019s emissions. But during a year with frequent fires, like 2023, those fires can transform Canada into a source of carbon emissions. Increased fire activity in North America\u2019s boreal forests alone could result in carbon losses causing a temperature rise above the Paris agreement limits by midcentury.\\n\\n\u201cIn a lot of countries, national plans for dealing with climate change are relying more and more on the forests and reforestation schemes,\u201d Dr. Jones said.\\n\\n\u201cResearch that\u2019s pointing to more severe or intense fires are a threat to a lot of plans to deliver net-zero\u201d emissions, he added. \u201cAll this research is about raising an alarm now that perhaps we can\u2019t rely on forests as much as some of these plans are.\u201d\\n\\nBest practices, like mechanical thinning or controlled burns of forests to make them less dense, could help reduce the severe burning in boreal forests. But those woodlands are so extensive, it would be impossible to manage them all. Instead, experts said, along with better fire management practices, reducing emissions from fossil fuels remains the best path forward.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re always millions of acres behind,\u201d said Lisa Allyn Dale, a climate lecturer at the Columbia Climate School. \u201cThere\u2019s no aspiration to treat every acre of forest.\u201d\\n\\nAnd forests still need fires to stay healthy.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019ll never eradicate fire,\u201d Dr. Dale said. \u201cWe\u2019re trying to reduce risk from unwanted fires.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00012671947479248047, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Forests not only serve as refuges from city life, but could also be among the last fortresses between a livable planet and an increasingly hostile one.\\n\\nForests can pull carbon from the air and store it in roots and leaves, locking it out of the atmosphere. Through complex markets, nations can bank trees to lower their greenhouse gas emissions while continuing to use fossil fuels, the root cause of climate change.\\n\\nBut those forests are burning up. Global carbon emissions from forest fires have increased 60 percent since 2001, according to a new study published Thursday.\\n\\n\u201cWe had to check the calculations because it\u2019s such a big number,\u201d said Matthew Jones, the lead author of the report and a physical geographer at the University of East Anglia in England. \u201cIt\u2019s revealed something quite staggering.\u201d\\n\\nThe study, published in Science, used machine learning to group the world\u2019s forest ecosystems into 12 categories. Each kind of forest reacted differently to a combination of drivers that can influence how fires start and how severe they become, including global warming, along with changes in land use and vegetation growth.\\n\\nBurning boreal forests, largely in the colder climes of Canada and Siberia, were by far the biggest contributors. Researchers revealed that one type of boreal forest almost tripled its annual carbon emissions between 2001 and 2023.\\n\\nLast century, emissions from tropical forests like the Amazon and Congo rainforests were dominant as trees were cleared for logging, farming and other uses. But, under climate change, fire-favorable weather has increased across other regions.\\n\\nGlobal warming has brought more extreme hot and dry conditions and more lightning storms that can set trees ablaze. So much of the boreal forests burned in these conditions that they offset the tropics\u2019 slightly declining emissions during the same time period.\\n\\n\u201cThe problem is these regions are not used to the climate of today,\u201d Dr. Jones said, \u201cso they didn\u2019t evolve to deal with fires that could have the potential to kill them.\u201d\\n\\nThose fires aren\u2019t just burning more carbon, but they\u2019re also burning more severely, threatening a forest\u2019s resilience. Extreme fires eat through more organic material like vegetation and soil as these ecosystems become drier. They can lead to a higher tree mortality, according to the study, which can slow a forest\u2019s rebound for biodiversity and continued carbon storage.\\n\\nLast year, wildfires in the boreal forests of Canada produced more carbon emissions than the burning of fossil fuels in all but the three largest polluters, China, India and the United States, according to a study published in August in the journal Nature. In an email, Dr. Jones said those emissions were the best example yet of the staggering global changes.\\n\\nMarc-Andr\u00e9 Parisien, a research scientist at the Canadian Forest Service, said, \u201cIt\u2019s our most extreme fire season in Canada\u2019s recorded history.\u201d The smoke from those fires was so widespread beyond Canada\u2019s borders, he added, \u201cyou probably ate some of that smoke in 2023.\u201d\\n\\nWhile carbon emissions grow from forest fires, countries are struggling to successfully reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels.\\n\\nThe Paris climate agreement that nations signed onto in 2015 aimed to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, or 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit, above preindustrial levels. But now that target is \u201changing by a thread,\u201d according to Secretary General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres of the United Nations, as the world keeps getting hotter. Last year was the hottest year on record, a record that could be broken in 2024.\\n\\nDuring less active fire years, less populated but highly forested countries like Canada can act like a carbon sink for the world\u2019s emissions. But during a year with frequent fires, like 2023, those fires can transform Canada into a source of carbon emissions. Increased fire activity in North America\u2019s boreal forests alone could result in carbon losses causing a temperature rise above the Paris agreement limits by midcentury.\\n\\n\u201cIn a lot of countries, national plans for dealing with climate change are relying more and more on the forests and reforestation schemes,\u201d Dr. Jones said.\\n\\n\u201cResearch that\u2019s pointing to more severe or intense fires are a threat to a lot of plans to deliver net-zero\u201d emissions, he added. \u201cAll this research is about raising an alarm now that perhaps we can\u2019t rely on forests as much as some of these plans are.\u201d\\n\\nBest practices, like mechanical thinning or controlled burns of forests to make them less dense, could help reduce the severe burning in boreal forests. But those woodlands are so extensive, it would be impossible to manage them all. Instead, experts said, along with better fire management practices, reducing emissions from fossil fuels remains the best path forward.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re always millions of acres behind,\u201d said Lisa Allyn Dale, a climate lecturer at the Columbia Climate School. \u201cThere\u2019s no aspiration to treat every acre of forest.\u201d\\n\\nAnd forests still need fires to stay healthy.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019ll never eradicate fire,\u201d Dr. Dale said. \u201cWe\u2019re trying to reduce risk from unwanted fires.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 1.7702579498291016e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '4bd67316-3ce2-49d5-962f-4d0fdda5703d', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 5.511941708391532e-05, 'sentence': 'Forests not only serve as refuges from city life, but could also be among the last fortresses between a livable planet and an increasingly hostile one.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.177906496101059e-05, 'sentence': 'Forests can pull carbon from the air and store it in roots and leaves, locking it out of the atmosphere.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.157396662980318e-05, 'sentence': 'Through complex markets, nations can bank trees to lower their greenhouse gas emissions while continuing to use fossil fuels, the root cause of climate change.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.5183474614750594e-05, 'sentence': 'But those forests are burning up.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.288209311198443e-05, 'sentence': 'Global carbon emissions from forest fires have increased 60 percent since 2001, according to a new study published Thursday.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.607580871786922e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe had to check the calculations because it's such a big number,\u201d said Matthew Jones, the lead author of the report and a physical geographer at the University of East Anglia in England.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.561967842979357e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's revealed something quite staggering.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.003716432838701e-05, 'sentence': \"The study, published in Science, used machine learning to group the world's forest ecosystems into 12 categories.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.529310485348105e-05, 'sentence': 'Each kind of forest reacted differently to a combination of drivers that can influence how fires start and how severe they become, including global warming, along with changes in land use and vegetation growth.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.821436545578763e-05, 'sentence': 'Burning boreal forests, largely in the colder climes of Canada and Siberia, were by far the biggest contributors.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.203263521660119e-05, 'sentence': 'Researchers revealed that one type of boreal forest almost tripled its annual carbon emissions between 2001 and 2023.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.52013550279662e-05, 'sentence': 'Last century, emissions from tropical forests like the Amazon and Congo rainforests were dominant as trees were cleared for logging, farming and other uses.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.270468631759286e-05, 'sentence': 'But, under climate change, fire-favorable weather has increased across other regions.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.049053576542065e-05, 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0.0016272549983114004, 'sentence': 'Extreme fires eat through more organic material like vegetation and soil as these ecosystems become drier.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011260253377258778, 'sentence': \"They can lead to a higher tree mortality, according to the study, which can slow a forest's rebound for biodiversity and continued carbon storage.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012542267795652151, 'sentence': 'Last year, wildfires in the boreal forests of Canada produced more carbon emissions than the burning of fossil fuels in all but the three largest polluters, China, India and the United States, according to a study published in August in the journal Nature.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010385975474491715, 'sentence': 'In an email, Dr. Jones said those emissions were the best example yet of the staggering global changes.', 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'confidence_score': 0.9598887277771326, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.039828139852797, 'human': 0.9598887277771326, 'mixed': 0.0002831323700704621}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Forests not only serve as refuges from city life, but could also be among the last fortresses between a livable planet and an increasingly hostile one.\\n\\nForests can pull carbon from the air and store it in roots and leaves, locking it out of the atmosphere. Through complex markets, nations can bank trees to lower their greenhouse gas emissions while continuing to use fossil fuels, the root cause of climate change.\\n\\nBut those forests are burning up. Global carbon emissions from forest fires have increased 60 percent since 2001, according to a new study published Thursday.\\n\\n\u201cWe had to check the calculations because it\u2019s such a big number,\u201d said Matthew Jones, the lead author of the report and a physical geographer at the University of East Anglia in England. \u201cIt\u2019s revealed something quite staggering.\u201d\\n\\nThe study, published in Science, used machine learning to group the world\u2019s forest ecosystems into 12 categories. Each kind of forest reacted differently to a combination of drivers that can influence how fires start and how severe they become, including global warming, along with changes in land use and vegetation growth.\\n\\nBurning boreal forests, largely in the colder climes of Canada and Siberia, were by far the biggest contributors. Researchers revealed that one type of boreal forest almost tripled its annual carbon emissions between 2001 and 2023.\\n\\nLast century, emissions from tropical forests like the Amazon and Congo rainforests were dominant as trees were cleared for logging, farming and other uses. But, under climate change, fire-favorable weather has increased across other regions.\\n\\nGlobal warming has brought more extreme hot and dry conditions and more lightning storms that can set trees ablaze. So much of the boreal forests burned in these conditions that they offset the tropics\u2019 slightly declining emissions during the same time period.\\n\\n\u201cThe problem is these regions are not used to the climate of today,\u201d Dr. Jones said, \u201cso they didn\u2019t evolve to deal with fires that could have the potential to kill them.\u201d\\n\\nThose fires aren\u2019t just burning more carbon, but they\u2019re also burning more severely, threatening a forest\u2019s resilience. Extreme fires eat through more organic material like vegetation and soil as these ecosystems become drier. They can lead to a higher tree mortality, according to the study, which can slow a forest\u2019s rebound for biodiversity and continued carbon storage.\\n\\nLast year, wildfires in the boreal forests of Canada produced more carbon emissions than the burning of fossil fuels in all but the three largest polluters, China, India and the United States, according to a study published in August in the journal Nature. In an email, Dr. Jones said those emissions were the best example yet of the staggering global changes.\\n\\nMarc-Andr\u00e9 Parisien, a research scientist at the Canadian Forest Service, said, \u201cIt\u2019s our most extreme fire season in Canada\u2019s recorded history.\u201d The smoke from those fires was so widespread beyond Canada\u2019s borders, he added, \u201cyou probably ate some of that smoke in 2023.\u201d\\n\\nWhile carbon emissions grow from forest fires, countries are struggling to successfully reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels.\\n\\nThe Paris climate agreement that nations signed onto in 2015 aimed to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, or 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit, above preindustrial levels. But now that target is \u201changing by a thread,\u201d according to Secretary General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres of the United Nations, as the world keeps getting hotter. Last year was the hottest year on record, a record that could be broken in 2024.\\n\\nDuring less active fire years, less populated but highly forested countries like Canada can act like a carbon sink for the world\u2019s emissions. But during a year with frequent fires, like 2023, those fires can transform Canada into a source of carbon emissions. Increased fire activity in North America\u2019s boreal forests alone could result in carbon losses causing a temperature rise above the Paris agreement limits by midcentury.\\n\\n\u201cIn a lot of countries, national plans for dealing with climate change are relying more and more on the forests and reforestation schemes,\u201d Dr. Jones said.\\n\\n\u201cResearch that\u2019s pointing to more severe or intense fires are a threat to a lot of plans to deliver net-zero\u201d emissions, he added. \u201cAll this research is about raising an alarm now that perhaps we can\u2019t rely on forests as much as some of these plans are.\u201d\\n\\nBest practices, like mechanical thinning or controlled burns of forests to make them less dense, could help reduce the severe burning in boreal forests. But those woodlands are so extensive, it would be impossible to manage them all. Instead, experts said, along with better fire management practices, reducing emissions from fossil fuels remains the best path forward.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re always millions of acres behind,\u201d said Lisa Allyn Dale, a climate lecturer at the Columbia Climate School. \u201cThere\u2019s no aspiration to treat every acre of forest.\u201d\\n\\nAnd forests still need fires to stay healthy.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019ll never eradicate fire,\u201d Dr. Dale said. \u201cWe\u2019re trying to reduce risk from unwanted fires.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1314106435,"RADAR":0.0434416831,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The opening sentence is exactly the kind of one AI would use, but as I got further into the text it appears to be very well-researched with a multitude of different facts. Details like the number of categories the world's ecosystem is split into, the percentage by which carbon emissions have increased, and the specific temperature limit placed on global warming all point towards it being a human article. The quotations are also quite natural-sounding and not overly verbose like you would expect from AI. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There are a few words usually used by AI such as \"not only...but also\" and \"just...also\". however, these are few and I don't see other signs of AI. The use of conjunctions to start sentences is a largely human style\/error, in my experience. Also, the words \"a lot of\" are usually changed by AI word processors to \"many\" or \"several\" and there are two instances of that here. The sentences are of varied lengths and styles."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Without reading the text, here's why I think it's human-generated: structure and layout is nicely spaced and varied; doesn't have the usual AI-generated textbook conclusion. After reading \u2013 'according to so-and-so' is tagged on the end of a statement, rather than at the beginning; there's some missing punctuation and slightly awkward phrasing; and a couple of sentences begin with a coordinating conjunction. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This article is human-written, and I am confident that it is so. The article reports adds details and context to every fact and quote mentioned throughout it through various methods, such as common turn phrases that provide visuals and comparators, such as \"a livable planet and an increasingly hostile one.\", \"fire-favorable weather.\" and \"set trees ablaze.\" Quotes have their references, contain language that's commonly used, making them believable. It paces information and controls the narrative, offering context for why the topics important with facts. It keeps any summarizing, conclusive statements limited to the scope of the article, and leaves the article's topic neutral enough for the reader to interpret and make their own judgments. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Interesting that a simple practice, like using \"said\" instead of its assorted synonyms, immediately identifies a text as human-authored. \nThis author heavily plagiarized from the source material. The mere fact that I could find the sources means a human wrote this piece.\nVaried paragraph and sentence length."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"45":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":16,"title":"Draw Sports Fans to an Art Museum? That\u2019s the Goal.","sub-title":"Through design objects and artwork by former athletes, \u201cGet in the Game\u201d at SFMOMA examines the central, and often provocative, role that sports occupy in American culture.","author":"Emmanuel Morgan","source":"New York Times","issue":"10\/18\/24","section":"Arts","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/10\/18\/arts\/sfmoma-exhibit-sports-art.html","article":"As museums experiment with ways of attracting new visitors beyond a niche audience of art lovers, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art has assembled an ambitious exhibition anchored in a subject with wide appeal: sports.\n\nOccupying over 13,000 square feet and the museum\u2019s entire seventh floor, \u201cGet in the Game: Sports, Art, Culture\u201d opens this week and runs through February. The exhibition, whose curators say is the largest SFMOMA has undertaken, features more than 150 objects, including paintings, sculptures and photographs \u2014 many of them by former athletes \u2014 as well as examples of design innovations in sporting equipment and apparel. The idea is to explore the central, and often provocative, place that sports occupy in American culture.\n\n\u201cWe are really thinking more about broad audiences and how do we make art meaningful to more people, and to make it matter in the world in the way that sports matters to people,\u201d said Katy Siegel, the museum\u2019s research director and one of the exhibition\u2019s curators. (Another curator, Seph Rodney, is a New York Times contributor.) \u201cI think we\u2019re interested in, how do we hook into some of that cultural energy for art and make it meaningful and accessible?\u201d\n\nSFMOMA is also presenting six smaller shows inspired by sports on other floors, including one devoted to the culture of skateboarding and another about major international competitions like the Olympics.\n\nThe museum enlisted Megan Rapinoe, the two-time World Cup champion, to write the foreword to the book about the exhibition, and Paige Bueckers, the University of Connecticut basketball star, to appear in a marketing video.\n\nAmong the objects on display are sports-related pieces from a Louis Vuitton collection by the designer Virgil Abloh, who died in 2021.Credit...Jason Henry for The New York Times\nAmong the objects on display are sports-related pieces from a Louis Vuitton collection by the designer Virgil Abloh, who died in 2021, and a pair of Nike Air Jordan sneakers from 1986.\n\nThe curators also turned to artists who have competed as athletes, selecting works that explore the social pressures athletes face and the impact of sports on their bodies.\n\nIn interviews, some of those artists discussed their works.\n\n<b>Savanah Leaf<\/b>\n\nAs a filmmaker and video artist, Savanah Leaf has been nominated for a Grammy and has won a BAFTA award. Before turning to art, Leaf played volleyball at the University of Miami and competed for Britain in the 2012 Summer Olympics. During that period, she said, she felt \u201clike a robot\u201d because of the repetitive training sessions.\n\n\u201cEverything felt really meticulous, and I almost didn\u2019t have an emotional input into it,\u201d Leaf said. Those feelings helped inspire two short films, \u201crun\u201d and \u201crun 002,\u201d which will be shown on a loop at the exhibition.\n\nOne depicts Leaf running on a treadmill in a laboratory-like setting, a symbol, she said, of the pressure of juggling life\u2019s challenges without respite. The other shows a doctor closely examining a baby, which Leaf said is about how children are siloed into sports if they have certain body traits.\n\n\u201cEven before you have an idea of what you want to be as an adult, people have an idea of what they think you should be because of your physicality,\u201d she said.\n\nLeaf, who is 5-foot-11, added she is often pegged as a former athlete at first glance because of her height.\n\n<b>Shaun Leonardo<\/b>\n\nShaun Leonardo made headlines in 2020 when the director of a Cleveland museum apologized and later resigned after she canceled a show that included artwork by Leonardo depicting real-life acts of police violence. SFMOMA is including work by Leonardo that tackles a polarizing subject in the National Football League.\n\nThe exhibit will feature two charcoal drawings of brain scans showing chronic traumatic encephalopathy or C.T.E., a degenerative brain disease caused by repeated blows to the head. C.T.E. has been found in posthumous examinations of many professional football players, including Aaron Hernandez and Junior Seau, both of whom died by suicide.\n\nLeonardo, who played Division III football at Bowdoin College in Maine, said the drawings are meant to express the dynamic between football\u2019s cultural pull and its violence. Even with more knowledge about the dangers of C.T.E. and other injuries, professional football remains the most popular sport in America, and the N.F.L. is the richest sports league in the world.\n\n\u201cIt takes an abstraction of the brain and says, \u2018Sit with this,\u2019\u201d Leonardo said of his drawings. \u201cOur viewership, the spectacle of sport, we are enabling this punishment.\u201d\n\n<b>Jake Troyli<\/b>\n\nWhen Jake Troyli thinks of his painting \u201cSlow Clap,\u201d he said he envisions a \u201cdystopian ant farm.\u201d\n\nThe painting shows miniature naked figures engaging in a range of surreal activities. Four are celebrating with champagne around a championship trophy. Another group is watching as someone is burned alive at the stake. Three figures are nearing the finish line of a race with a pair of dogs chasing them.\n\nTroyli, who played Division I basketball at Presbyterian College in South Carolina, said that examining the tension of constantly working for applause was a goal of his artwork\n\n\u201cHow do we criticize the pedestal?\u201d he said. \u201cWhat does it mean to have the spotlight on you? What does it mean to be elevated to this position where you\u2019re on display?\"","id":16,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'As museums experiment with ways of attracting new visitors beyond a niche audience of art lovers, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art has assembled an ambitious exhibition anchored in a subject with wide appeal: sports.\\n\\nOccupying over 13,000 square feet and the museum\u2019s entire seventh floor, \u201cGet in the Game: Sports, Art, Culture\u201d opens this week and runs through February. The exhibition, whose curators say is the largest SFMOMA has undertaken, features more than 150 objects, including paintings, sculptures and photographs \u2014 many of them by former athletes \u2014 as well as examples of design innovations in sporting equipment and apparel. The idea is to explore the central, and often provocative, place that sports occupy in American culture.\\n\\n\u201cWe are really thinking more about broad audiences and how do we make art meaningful to more people, and to make it matter in the world in the way that sports matters to people,\u201d said Katy Siegel, the museum\u2019s research director and one of the exhibition\u2019s curators. 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(Another curator, Seph Rodney, is a New York Times contributor.) \u201cI think we\u2019re interested in, how do we hook into some of that cultural energy for art and make it meaningful and accessible?\u201d\\n\\nSFMOMA is also presenting six smaller shows inspired by sports on other floors, including one devoted to the culture of skateboarding and another about major international competitions like the Olympics.\\n\\nThe museum enlisted Megan Rapinoe, the two-time World Cup champion, to write the foreword to the book about the exhibition, and Paige Bueckers, the University of Connecticut basketball star, to appear in a marketing video.\\n\\nAmong the objects on display are sports-related pieces from a Louis Vuitton collection by the designer Virgil Abloh, who died in 2021.Credit...Jason Henry for The New York Times\\nAmong the objects on display are sports-related pieces from a Louis Vuitton collection by the designer Virgil Abloh, who died in 2021, and a pair of Nike Air Jordan sneakers from 1986.\\n\\nThe curators also turned to artists who have competed as athletes, selecting works that explore the social pressures athletes face and the impact of sports on their bodies.\\n\\nIn interviews, some of those artists discussed their works.\\n\\n<b>Savanah Leaf<\/b>\\n\\nAs a filmmaker and video artist, Savanah Leaf has been nominated for a Grammy and has won a BAFTA award. Before turning to art, Leaf played volleyball at the University of Miami and competed for Britain in the 2012 Summer Olympics. During that period, she said, she felt \u201clike a robot\u201d because of the repetitive training sessions.\\n\\n\u201cEverything felt really meticulous, and I almost didn\u2019t have an emotional input into it,\u201d Leaf said. Those feelings helped inspire two short films, \u201crun\u201d and \u201crun 002,\u201d which will be shown on a loop at the exhibition.\\n\\nOne depicts Leaf running on a treadmill in a laboratory-like setting, a symbol, she said, of the pressure of juggling life\u2019s challenges without respite. The other shows a doctor closely examining a baby, which Leaf said is about how children are siloed into sports if they have certain body traits.\\n\\n\u201cEven before you have an idea of what you want to be as an adult, people have an idea of what they think you should be because of your physicality,\u201d she said.\\n\\nLeaf, who is 5-foot-11, added she is often pegged as a former athlete at first glance because of her height.\\n\\n<b>Shaun Leonardo<\/b>\\n\\nShaun Leonardo made headlines in 2020 when the director of a Cleveland museum apologized and later resigned after she canceled a show that included artwork by Leonardo depicting real-life acts of police violence. SFMOMA is including work by Leonardo that tackles a polarizing subject in the National Football League.\\n\\nThe exhibit will feature two charcoal drawings of brain scans showing chronic traumatic encephalopathy or C.T.E., a degenerative brain disease caused by repeated blows to the head. C.T.E. has been found in posthumous examinations of many professional football players, including Aaron Hernandez and Junior Seau, both of whom died by suicide.\\n\\nLeonardo, who played Division III football at Bowdoin College in Maine, said the drawings are meant to express the dynamic between football\u2019s cultural pull and its violence. Even with more knowledge about the dangers of C.T.E. and other injuries, professional football remains the most popular sport in America, and the N.F.L. is the richest sports league in the world.\\n\\n\u201cIt takes an abstraction of the brain and says, \u2018Sit with this,\u2019\u201d Leonardo said of his drawings. \u201cOur viewership, the spectacle of sport, we are enabling this punishment.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Jake Troyli<\/b>\\n\\nWhen Jake Troyli thinks of his painting \u201cSlow Clap,\u201d he said he envisions a \u201cdystopian ant farm.\u201d\\n\\nThe painting shows miniature naked figures engaging in a range of surreal activities. Four are celebrating with champagne around a championship trophy. Another group is watching as someone is burned alive at the stake. Three figures are nearing the finish line of a race with a pair of dogs chasing them.\\n\\nTroyli, who played Division I basketball at Presbyterian College in South Carolina, said that examining the tension of constantly working for applause was a goal of his artwork\\n\\n\u201cHow do we criticize the pedestal?\u201d he said. \u201cWhat does it mean to have the spotlight on you? What does it mean to be elevated to this position where you\u2019re on display?\"'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2966443002,"RADAR":0.32085675,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The thing that most clearly makes this human-generated is the fact that picture captions have been left in. The way the article uses abbreviations (sometimes without explaining what they mean) is also much more indicative of human writing. When you get to the end there are references to naked figures, someone being burned at the stake, alcohol, and dogs chasing people. AI would usually try to avoid these topics as they aren't classified as harmless. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual words used by AI here. There are unusual words and turns of phrase such as \"assembled an ambitious exhibition anchored...\" \"dystopian ant farm\" and \"abstraction of the brain\" that point to a human author."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: 'speech tags are usually 'he said', paragraphs are varied in length; uses spaced en dashes. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident that this article is human-written. While some phrases that go into the meanings of things do appear AI written, I feel that the use of these phrases, such as \"meant to express the dynamic between\" and \"explore the social pressures athletes face and the impact of sports on their bodies\" are appropriate. Art is about connecting ideas and creating meaning between those concepts. If there's an exhibit related to sports that shows off their art, then the meaning behind them needs to be explained and shown. What this article does more than explain is show, providing detail and visual elements to different exhibits, including \"two charcoal drawings of brain scans showing chronic traumatic encephalopathy or C.T.E.\" and \"miniature naked figures engaging in a range of surreal activities\". It gives way for that kind of explanation because that's what artists like; creating meaning in things, and the rest of the article easily attributes ideas to those people and references its facts consistently, showing purpose and intend throughout to engage with the reader. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"No gratuitous conclusion about celebrating sport or art to benefit future generations 9or humanity).\nA few stale word choices but nothing intrusive.\nvaried sentence and paragraph lengths.\nHeadings are functional."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"46":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":17,"title":"The Clothing Store Luring Women to Scranton","sub-title":"The British brand Boden offers sample-sale prices at an outlet on Biden Street in the industrial Pennsylvania city.","author":"Rosalie R. Radomsky","source":"New York Times","issue":"10\/17\/24","section":"Style","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/10\/17\/style\/boden-store-scranton.html","article":"Clothing and accessories from Boden, a British label known for using bold colors and prints, are mostly sold online, via catalog or at department stores like Nordstrom.\n\nBut for the past few years, fans of the brand driving on Interstate 81 en route to upstate New York, visiting northeastern Pennsylvania or just on a lunch break in Scranton have been able to browse a selection of its offerings at a Boden outlet in that city.\n\nTucked away at 542 Biden St. in downtown Scranton, it\u2019s currently the only free-standing Boden store in the United States \u2014 or anywhere for that matter, after the company\u2019s two locations in London closed in recent years.\n\nWhy Scranton?\n\nWhile it\u2019s the birthplace of President Biden and home to the Electric City Trolley Museum and the Steamtown National Historic Site \u2014 not to mention a branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company from the sitcom \u201cThe Office\u201d \u2014 the city isn\u2019t exactly a shopping destination or a fashion capital.\n\nBut it is only about 11 miles away from Boden\u2019s U.S. distribution center in Pittston, Pa., making it a convenient location for a store selling overstock and items returned to the company. The outlet was previously in Pittston for about a decade, before moving to Scranton in the summer of 2020.\n\nAround the store are large photos from past Boden catalogs that channel the brand\u2019s aesthetic, which could be described as a cross between J. Crew and Lilly Pulitzer. A small framed map of London mounted near the posters nods to the company\u2019s roots in Britain, where its fans include Catherine, Princess of Wales, and her daughter, Princess Charlotte.\n\nBoden\u2019s founder and creative director, Johnnie Boden, introduced the label in 1991 with a since-discontinued men\u2019s wear line. In addition to women\u2019s clothing, its current offerings include a Mini Boden line for children and, as of last month, a new Baby Boden collection.\n\nOn a sunny Wednesday in late August, vibrantly colored and patterned dresses, bathing suits and skirts hung on four racks inside the store. A few pairs of pants and T-shirts, including Boden\u2019s signature style with Breton stripes, were folded on shelves against a wall.\n\nPrices at the outlet are similar to those at Boden\u2019s sample sales in cities like Boston, Pittsburgh and White Plains, N.Y. Boots and coats were recently listed at $75, shoes and dresses at $50, sweaters at $40 and T-shirts at $20. Children\u2019s items started at $15.\n\nAlthough the selection at the cheerful little outlet is random and fleeting, the faithful often seem to find something.\n\nVirginia Barrett, 43, a lawyer, said she could see the store from her office window at the Lackawanna County Courthouse across the street. \u201cI\u2019m here once a week,\u201d said Ms. Barrett, who was wearing Boden sandals and sunglasses.\n\nMileise Allegrucci, 39, a stay-at-home mother in Clarks Summit, Pa., who stopped by the outlet with her 3-year-old daughter, said she used to shop at the Boden outlet in Pittston. She left the store with a couple items, including a pink dress with stars for her daughter\u2019s first day of school.\n\n\u201cIt\u2019s a spinny dress,\u201d her daughter said.\n\nDr. Beth Lewis, 52, an internal medical physician who lives in Teaneck, N.J., took advantage of the store\u2019s proximity to her family\u2019s lake house and popped in with her 13-year-old twin daughters, Madeline and Zoe.\n\nDr. Lewis had never shopped at the Boden outlet before. \u201cIt\u2019s a little cooler than Lilly Pulitzer,\u201d she said of the brand.\n\nFour sisters \u2014 three with vacation homes and one who lives year-round in Lake Ariel, Pa., where the women grew up \u2014 dropped by en masse a little too early. They arrived at 9 a.m., and then returned as soon as the store opened an hour and a half later.\n\nOne of the sisters, Peggy Quayle, 64, who lives in Austin, Texas, had a fitting next door for a mother-of-the-groom dress at Vecina, a dressmaker that she discovered on a visit to the Boden outlet a couple of months earlier.\n\nMs. Quayle likes Boden garments for their colors and textiles. \u201cThe clothes are optimistic,\u201d as she put it.\n\nShe bought her grandson a coral-orange T-shirt with Mount Vesuvius erupting on it. Her sister Carol Gardner, 61 and from Denver, picked up a bathing suit with a neon zigzag pattern.\n\n\u201cI have eight to 10 in different patterns and colors,\u201d said Ms. Gardner, who also bought a T-shirt with a French provincial-like design and trimmed with yellow mini pompoms around the neckline and sleeves.\n\nMarie Luciani, 64, who works in investor relations at the nearby Peoples Security Bank & Trust, said she tried to visit the outlet almost daily. (It\u2019s closed on Sundays and Mondays.) She was wearing a bright blue-and-white Boden checked skirt with pockets, a feature she particularly appreciated and emphasized by slipping her hands into them.\n\n\u201cI feel fortunate, this store is the one and only,\u201d she said.","id":17,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Clothing and accessories from Boden, a British label known for using bold colors and prints, are mostly sold online, via catalog or at department stores like Nordstrom.\\n\\nBut for the past few years, fans of the brand driving on Interstate 81 en route to upstate New York, visiting northeastern Pennsylvania or just on a lunch break in Scranton have been able to browse a selection of its offerings at a Boden outlet in that city.\\n\\nTucked away at 542 Biden St. in downtown Scranton, it\u2019s currently the only free-standing Boden store in the United States \u2014 or anywhere for that matter, after the company\u2019s two locations in London closed in recent years.\\n\\nWhy Scranton?\\n\\nWhile it\u2019s the birthplace of President Biden and home to the Electric City Trolley Museum and the Steamtown National Historic Site \u2014 not to mention a branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company from the sitcom \u201cThe Office\u201d \u2014 the city isn\u2019t exactly a shopping destination or a fashion capital.\\n\\nBut it is only about 11 miles away from Boden\u2019s U.S. distribution center in Pittston, Pa., making it a convenient location for a store selling overstock and items returned to the company. The outlet was previously in Pittston for about a decade, before moving to Scranton in the summer of 2020.\\n\\nAround the store are large photos from past Boden catalogs that channel the brand\u2019s aesthetic, which could be described as a cross between J. Crew and Lilly Pulitzer. A small framed map of London mounted near the posters nods to the company\u2019s roots in Britain, where its fans include Catherine, Princess of Wales, and her daughter, Princess Charlotte.\\n\\nBoden\u2019s founder and creative director, Johnnie Boden, introduced the label in 1991 with a since-discontinued men\u2019s wear line. In addition to women\u2019s clothing, its current offerings include a Mini Boden line for children and, as of last month, a new Baby Boden collection.\\n\\nOn a sunny Wednesday in late August, vibrantly colored and patterned dresses, bathing suits and skirts hung on four racks inside the store. A few pairs of pants and T-shirts, including Boden\u2019s signature style with Breton stripes, were folded on shelves against a wall.\\n\\nPrices at the outlet are similar to those at Boden\u2019s sample sales in cities like Boston, Pittsburgh and White Plains, N.Y. Boots and coats were recently listed at $75, shoes and dresses at $50, sweaters at $40 and T-shirts at $20. Children\u2019s items started at $15.\\n\\nAlthough the selection at the cheerful little outlet is random and fleeting, the faithful often seem to find something.\\n\\nVirginia Barrett, 43, a lawyer, said she could see the store from her office window at the Lackawanna County Courthouse across the street. \u201cI\u2019m here once a week,\u201d said Ms. Barrett, who was wearing Boden sandals and sunglasses.\\n\\nMileise Allegrucci, 39, a stay-at-home mother in Clarks Summit, Pa., who stopped by the outlet with her 3-year-old daughter, said she used to shop at the Boden outlet in Pittston. She left the store with a couple items, including a pink dress with stars for her daughter\u2019s first day of school.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s a spinny dress,\u201d her daughter said.\\n\\nDr. Beth Lewis, 52, an internal medical physician who lives in Teaneck, N.J., took advantage of the store\u2019s proximity to her family\u2019s lake house and popped in with her 13-year-old twin daughters, Madeline and Zoe.\\n\\nDr. Lewis had never shopped at the Boden outlet before. \u201cIt\u2019s a little cooler than Lilly Pulitzer,\u201d she said of the brand.\\n\\nFour sisters \u2014 three with vacation homes and one who lives year-round in Lake Ariel, Pa., where the women grew up \u2014 dropped by en masse a little too early. They arrived at 9 a.m., and then returned as soon as the store opened an hour and a half later.\\n\\nOne of the sisters, Peggy Quayle, 64, who lives in Austin, Texas, had a fitting next door for a mother-of-the-groom dress at Vecina, a dressmaker that she discovered on a visit to the Boden outlet a couple of months earlier.\\n\\nMs. Quayle likes Boden garments for their colors and textiles. \u201cThe clothes are optimistic,\u201d as she put it.\\n\\nShe bought her grandson a coral-orange T-shirt with Mount Vesuvius erupting on it. Her sister Carol Gardner, 61 and from Denver, picked up a bathing suit with a neon zigzag pattern.\\n\\n\u201cI have eight to 10 in different patterns and colors,\u201d said Ms. Gardner, who also bought a T-shirt with a French provincial-like design and trimmed with yellow mini pompoms around the neckline and sleeves.\\n\\nMarie Luciani, 64, who works in investor relations at the nearby Peoples Security Bank & Trust, said she tried to visit the outlet almost daily. (It\u2019s closed on Sundays and Mondays.) She was wearing a bright blue-and-white Boden checked skirt with pockets, a feature she particularly appreciated and emphasized by slipping her hands into them.\\n\\n\u201cI feel fortunate, this store is the one and only,\u201d she said.', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00022017955780029297, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Clothing and accessories from Boden, a British label known for using bold colors and prints, are mostly sold online, via catalog or at department stores like Nordstrom.\\n\\nBut for the past few years, fans of the brand driving on Interstate 81 en route to upstate New York, visiting northeastern Pennsylvania or just on a lunch break in Scranton have been able to browse a selection of its offerings at a Boden outlet in that city.\\n\\nTucked away at 542 Biden St. in downtown Scranton, it\u2019s currently the only free-standing Boden store in the United States \u2014 or anywhere for that matter, after the company\u2019s two locations in London closed in recent years.\\n\\nWhy Scranton?\\n\\nWhile it\u2019s the birthplace of President Biden and home to the Electric City Trolley Museum and the Steamtown National Historic Site \u2014 not to mention a branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company from the sitcom \u201cThe Office\u201d \u2014 the city isn\u2019t exactly a shopping destination or a fashion capital.\\n\\nBut it is only about 11 miles away from Boden\u2019s U.S. distribution center in Pittston, Pa., making it a convenient location for a store selling overstock and items returned to the company. The outlet was previously in Pittston for about a decade, before moving to Scranton in the summer of 2020.\\n\\nAround the store are large photos from past Boden catalogs that channel the brand\u2019s aesthetic, which could be described as a cross between J. Crew and Lilly Pulitzer. A small framed map of London mounted near the posters nods to the company\u2019s roots in Britain, where its fans include Catherine, Princess of Wales, and her daughter, Princess Charlotte.\\n\\nBoden\u2019s founder and creative director, Johnnie Boden, introduced the label in 1991 with a since-discontinued men\u2019s wear line. In addition to women\u2019s clothing, its current offerings include a Mini Boden line for children and, as of last month, a new Baby Boden collection.\\n\\nOn a sunny Wednesday in late August, vibrantly colored and patterned dresses, bathing suits and skirts hung on four racks inside the store. A few pairs of pants and T-shirts, including Boden\u2019s signature style with Breton stripes, were folded on shelves against a wall.\\n\\nPrices at the outlet are similar to those at Boden\u2019s sample sales in cities like Boston, Pittsburgh and White Plains, N.Y. Boots and coats were recently listed at $75, shoes and dresses at $50, sweaters at $40 and T-shirts at $20. Children\u2019s items started at $15.\\n\\nAlthough the selection at the cheerful little outlet is random and fleeting, the faithful often seem to find something.\\n\\nVirginia Barrett, 43, a lawyer, said she could see the store from her office window at the Lackawanna County Courthouse across the street. \u201cI\u2019m here once a week,\u201d said Ms. Barrett, who was wearing Boden sandals and sunglasses.\\n\\nMileise Allegrucci, 39, a stay-at-home mother in Clarks Summit, Pa., who stopped by the outlet with her 3-year-old daughter, said she used to shop at the Boden outlet in Pittston. She left the store with a couple items, including a pink dress with stars for her daughter\u2019s first day of school.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s a spinny dress,\u201d her daughter said.\\n\\nDr. Beth Lewis, 52, an internal medical physician who lives in Teaneck, N.J., took advantage of the store\u2019s proximity to her family\u2019s lake house and popped in with her 13-year-old twin daughters, Madeline and Zoe.\\n\\nDr. Lewis had never shopped at the Boden outlet before. \u201cIt\u2019s a little cooler than Lilly Pulitzer,\u201d she said of the brand.\\n\\nFour sisters \u2014 three with vacation homes and one who lives year-round in Lake Ariel, Pa., where the women grew up \u2014 dropped by en masse a little too early. They arrived at 9 a.m., and then returned as soon as the store opened an hour and a half later.\\n\\nOne of the sisters, Peggy Quayle, 64, who lives in Austin, Texas, had a fitting next door for a mother-of-the-groom dress at Vecina, a dressmaker that she discovered on a visit to the Boden outlet a couple of months earlier.\\n\\nMs. Quayle likes Boden garments for their colors and textiles. \u201cThe clothes are optimistic,\u201d as she put it.\\n\\nShe bought her grandson a coral-orange T-shirt with Mount Vesuvius erupting on it. Her sister Carol Gardner, 61 and from Denver, picked up a bathing suit with a neon zigzag pattern.\\n\\n\u201cI have eight to 10 in different patterns and colors,\u201d said Ms. Gardner, who also bought a T-shirt with a French provincial-like design and trimmed with yellow mini pompoms around the neckline and sleeves.\\n\\nMarie Luciani, 64, who works in investor relations at the nearby Peoples Security Bank & Trust, said she tried to visit the outlet almost daily. (It\u2019s closed on Sundays and Mondays.) She was wearing a bright blue-and-white Boden checked skirt with pockets, a feature she particularly appreciated and emphasized by slipping her hands into them.\\n\\n\u201cI feel fortunate, this store is the one and only,\u201d she said.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1742115020751953e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'e78efe82-dada-4a14-a9a2-feb631619280', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 4.161573087912984e-05, 'sentence': 'Clothing and accessories from Boden, a British label known for using bold colors and prints, are mostly sold online, via catalog or at department stores like Nordstrom.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.4189142752438784e-05, 'sentence': 'But for the past few years, fans of the brand driving on Interstate 81 en route to upstate New York, visiting northeastern Pennsylvania or just on a lunch break in Scranton have been able to browse a selection of its offerings at a Boden outlet in that city.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.9540098694269545e-05, 'sentence': \"Tucked away at 542 Biden St. in downtown Scranton, it's currently the only free-standing Boden store in the United States \u1173 or anywhere for that matter, after the company's two locations in London closed in recent years.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.1690299035981297e-05, 'sentence': 'Why Scranton?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.273602487752214e-05, 'sentence': \"While it's the birthplace of President Biden and home to the Electric City Trolley Museum and the Steamtown National Historic Site \u1173 not to mention a branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company from the sitcom \u201cThe Office\u201d \u1173 the city isn't exactly a shopping destination or a fashion capital.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.893745815730654e-05, 'sentence': \"But it is only about 11 miles away from Boden's U.S. distribution center in Pittston, Pa., making it a convenient location for a store selling overstock and items returned to the company.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.3391457186080515e-05, 'sentence': 'The outlet was previously in Pittston for about a decade, before moving to Scranton in the summer of 2020.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.070515807252377e-05, 'sentence': \"Around the store are large photos from past Boden catalogs that channel the brand's aesthetic, which could be described as a cross between J.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.161143003031611e-05, 'sentence': 'Crew and Lilly Pulitzer.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.71374034229666e-05, 'sentence': \"A small framed map of London mounted near the posters nods to the company's roots in Britain, where its fans include Catherine, Princess of Wales, and her daughter, Princess Charlotte.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.266215834533796e-05, 'sentence': \"Boden's founder and creative director, Johnnie Boden, introduced the label in 1991 with a since-discontinued men's wear line.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.0177609258098528e-05, 'sentence': \"In addition to women's clothing, its current offerings include a Mini Boden line for children and, as of last month, a new Baby Boden collection.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.6642028640490025e-05, 'sentence': 'On a sunny Wednesday in late August, vibrantly colored and patterned dresses, bathing suits and skirts hung on four racks inside the store.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.4501516488962807e-05, 'sentence': \"A few pairs of pants and T-shirts, including Boden's signature style with Breton stripes, were folded on shelves against a wall.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.4666615243186243e-05, 'sentence': \"Prices at the outlet are similar to those at Boden's sample sales in cities like Boston, Pittsburgh and White Plains, N.Y. Boots and coats were recently listed at $75, shoes and dresses at $50, sweaters at $40 and T-shirts at $20.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.3015681361139286e-05, 'sentence': \"Children's items started at $15.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.4179261597746518e-05, 'sentence': 'Although the selection at the cheerful little outlet is random and fleeting, the faithful often seem to find something.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.2242696357134264e-05, 'sentence': 'Virginia Barrett, 43, a lawyer, said she could see the store from her office window at the Lackawanna County Courthouse across the street.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.583641096658539e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cI'm here once a week,\u201d said Ms. Barrett, who was wearing Boden sandals and sunglasses.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': 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'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.9050650735152885e-05, 'sentence': 'Dr. Lewis had never shopped at the Boden outlet before.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.148426549159922e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's a little cooler than Lilly Pulitzer,\u201d she said of the brand.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.242171078454703e-05, 'sentence': 'Four sisters \u1173 three with vacation homes and one who lives year-round in Lake Ariel, Pa., where the women grew up \u1173 dropped by en masse a little too early.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.378320252522826e-05, 'sentence': 'They arrived at 9 a.m., and then returned as soon as the store opened an hour and a half later.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.5072825994575396e-05, 'sentence': 'One of the sisters, Peggy Quayle, 64, who lives in Austin, Texas, had a fitting next door for a mother-of-the-groom dress at Vecina, a dressmaker that she discovered on a visit to the Boden outlet a couple of months earlier.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.714199581532739e-05, 'sentence': 'Ms. Quayle likes Boden garments for their colors and textiles.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.1384297471959144e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cThe clothes are optimistic,\u201d as she put it.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.982264024671167e-05, 'sentence': 'She bought her grandson a coral-orange T-shirt with Mount Vesuvius erupting on it.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.652019222499803e-05, 'sentence': 'Her sister Carol Gardner, 61 and from Denver, picked up a bathing suit with a neon zigzag pattern.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.485407796688378e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cI have eight to 10 in different patterns and colors,\u201d said Ms. Gardner, who also bought a T-shirt with a French provincial-like design and trimmed with yellow mini pompoms around the neckline and sleeves.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.5002215958666056e-05, 'sentence': 'Marie Luciani, 64, who works in investor relations at the nearby Peoples Security Bank & Trust, said she tried to visit the outlet almost daily.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.204676174093038e-05, 'sentence': \"(It's closed on Sundays and Mondays.)\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.694499511970207e-05, 'sentence': 'She was wearing a bright blue-and-white Boden checked skirt with pockets, a feature she particularly appreciated and emphasized by slipping her hands into them.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.649791612289846e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cI feel fortunate, this store is the one and only,\u201d she said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, 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{'start_sentence_index': 28, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 30, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 32, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 33, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 36, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0031733866852551138, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.996826613314745, 'ai': 0.0031733866852551138, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.996826613314745, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.0031733866852551138, 'human': 0.996826613314745, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Clothing and accessories from Boden, a British label known for using bold colors and prints, are mostly sold online, via catalog or at department stores like Nordstrom.\\n\\nBut for the past few years, fans of the brand driving on Interstate 81 en route to upstate New York, visiting northeastern Pennsylvania or just on a lunch break in Scranton have been able to browse a selection of its offerings at a Boden outlet in that city.\\n\\nTucked away at 542 Biden St. in downtown Scranton, it\u2019s currently the only free-standing Boden store in the United States \u2014 or anywhere for that matter, after the company\u2019s two locations in London closed in recent years.\\n\\nWhy Scranton?\\n\\nWhile it\u2019s the birthplace of President Biden and home to the Electric City Trolley Museum and the Steamtown National Historic Site \u2014 not to mention a branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company from the sitcom \u201cThe Office\u201d \u2014 the city isn\u2019t exactly a shopping destination or a fashion capital.\\n\\nBut it is only about 11 miles away from Boden\u2019s U.S. distribution center in Pittston, Pa., making it a convenient location for a store selling overstock and items returned to the company. The outlet was previously in Pittston for about a decade, before moving to Scranton in the summer of 2020.\\n\\nAround the store are large photos from past Boden catalogs that channel the brand\u2019s aesthetic, which could be described as a cross between J. Crew and Lilly Pulitzer. A small framed map of London mounted near the posters nods to the company\u2019s roots in Britain, where its fans include Catherine, Princess of Wales, and her daughter, Princess Charlotte.\\n\\nBoden\u2019s founder and creative director, Johnnie Boden, introduced the label in 1991 with a since-discontinued men\u2019s wear line. In addition to women\u2019s clothing, its current offerings include a Mini Boden line for children and, as of last month, a new Baby Boden collection.\\n\\nOn a sunny Wednesday in late August, vibrantly colored and patterned dresses, bathing suits and skirts hung on four racks inside the store. A few pairs of pants and T-shirts, including Boden\u2019s signature style with Breton stripes, were folded on shelves against a wall.\\n\\nPrices at the outlet are similar to those at Boden\u2019s sample sales in cities like Boston, Pittsburgh and White Plains, N.Y. Boots and coats were recently listed at $75, shoes and dresses at $50, sweaters at $40 and T-shirts at $20. Children\u2019s items started at $15.\\n\\nAlthough the selection at the cheerful little outlet is random and fleeting, the faithful often seem to find something.\\n\\nVirginia Barrett, 43, a lawyer, said she could see the store from her office window at the Lackawanna County Courthouse across the street. \u201cI\u2019m here once a week,\u201d said Ms. Barrett, who was wearing Boden sandals and sunglasses.\\n\\nMileise Allegrucci, 39, a stay-at-home mother in Clarks Summit, Pa., who stopped by the outlet with her 3-year-old daughter, said she used to shop at the Boden outlet in Pittston. She left the store with a couple items, including a pink dress with stars for her daughter\u2019s first day of school.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s a spinny dress,\u201d her daughter said.\\n\\nDr. Beth Lewis, 52, an internal medical physician who lives in Teaneck, N.J., took advantage of the store\u2019s proximity to her family\u2019s lake house and popped in with her 13-year-old twin daughters, Madeline and Zoe.\\n\\nDr. Lewis had never shopped at the Boden outlet before. \u201cIt\u2019s a little cooler than Lilly Pulitzer,\u201d she said of the brand.\\n\\nFour sisters \u2014 three with vacation homes and one who lives year-round in Lake Ariel, Pa., where the women grew up \u2014 dropped by en masse a little too early. They arrived at 9 a.m., and then returned as soon as the store opened an hour and a half later.\\n\\nOne of the sisters, Peggy Quayle, 64, who lives in Austin, Texas, had a fitting next door for a mother-of-the-groom dress at Vecina, a dressmaker that she discovered on a visit to the Boden outlet a couple of months earlier.\\n\\nMs. Quayle likes Boden garments for their colors and textiles. \u201cThe clothes are optimistic,\u201d as she put it.\\n\\nShe bought her grandson a coral-orange T-shirt with Mount Vesuvius erupting on it. Her sister Carol Gardner, 61 and from Denver, picked up a bathing suit with a neon zigzag pattern.\\n\\n\u201cI have eight to 10 in different patterns and colors,\u201d said Ms. Gardner, who also bought a T-shirt with a French provincial-like design and trimmed with yellow mini pompoms around the neckline and sleeves.\\n\\nMarie Luciani, 64, who works in investor relations at the nearby Peoples Security Bank & Trust, said she tried to visit the outlet almost daily. (It\u2019s closed on Sundays and Mondays.) She was wearing a bright blue-and-white Boden checked skirt with pockets, a feature she particularly appreciated and emphasized by slipping her hands into them.\\n\\n\u201cI feel fortunate, this store is the one and only,\u201d she said.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4568195641,"RADAR":0.014731423,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article contains quite a few quotations throughout. They're not overly verbose or from experts, they're mostly just from people who shop at the store. This is quite realistic, and the quotations themselves feel natural, like a child saying \"It's a spinny dress.\" It also favours \"said\" rather than cycling through synonyms and lacks a real conclusion. It also has numerous specific facts like the cost of T-shirts and the date on which the label was introduced. All of this indicates that it was written by a human. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I see no signs of AI here such as the usual over-used words and metaphors.\nThe sentences are of varied length and style, pointing to human authorship.\nA couple of sentences start with the conjunction \"but\", a human error\/style.\nThere's a grammatical error, \"couple items\" which AI would probable auto-correct to \"couple of items.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here\u2019s why I think it\u2019s human-generated: the structure is spaced out and uses a mixture of sentence lengths. It finished with a quote and favours the speech tag 'said'. It also uses spaced en dashes, and brackets (think AI prefers not to use brackets). "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. Because of the nature of the topic, the article is able to clearly define the nature of the store, what type of clothes can be found there, and the reception of it through visual descriptions and quotes from various perspectives. Descriptions, such as \"Boden\u2019s signature style with Breton stripes\", \"...her family\u2019s lake house and popped in with her 13-year-old twin daughters\" and \"\u2014 the city isn\u2019t exactly a shopping destination or a fashion capital.\" are all able to give proper impressions and visual detail without misleading the reader, defining the where, when, how, and why of the topic. It doesn't try to bring in flowery tone, and it also has a control of pacing and tone through its language and grammar use (parentheses and long dashes, for instance)."},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The structure and register is typical of online publications that churn out forgettable pieces of fluff. \nA few punctuation errors and awkward phrases like posters nodding to roots could be human or machine, but the absence of flowery language means the text is most likely written by a person."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"47":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":18,"title":"The Controversial Move That\u2019s Upending Figure Skating","sub-title":"Almost 50 years after banning backflips, the sport has sanctioned a trick that can be spectacular\u2014and spectacularly risky","author":"Louise Radnofsky","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":"10\/18\/24","section":"Sports","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/sports\/figure-skating-backflip-ilia-malinin-aa1f267e?mod=sports_lead_pos3","article":"If you thought figure skating\u2014the act of throwing yourself into the air and spinning above a sheet of ice with sharpened blades on your feet\u2014looked like one of sport\u2019s more reckless endeavors, we have some news for you.\n\nNow, skaters are allowed to go upside down as well.\n\nBackflips are upending the sport\u2014and terrifyingly, they\u2019re exactly what they sound like. Skaters hurl themselves backwards, into a mid-air somersault, going head first, heels last. It\u2019s a move so controversial that it was banned by the International Skating Union for nearly half a century. But this year, the backflip is suddenly legal.\n\nThe spotlight will fall on the officially sanctioned trick on Sunday when the sport\u2019s reigning world champion, U.S. teenager Ilia Malinin, performs a backflip in his long program at Skate America, the first stop on the annual fall Grand Prix circuit. \n\n\u201cI think that I can find a way to make it really cool,\u201d he said, \u201cand kind of scare the audience.\u201d\n\nMalinin has already grabbed skating\u2019s holy grail, the quadruple Axel, and has teased even more ridiculous jumping feats. Adding a backflip to his repertoire was irresistible. \n\nThe first time someone did a backflip in international competition, it was the American Terry Kubicka risking his neck at the 1976 Olympics. A couple of months later the ISU declared \u201csomersault-type jumps\u201d to be illegal, for reasons that have never been completely clear: too dangerous for some, a tacky stunt better left for ice shows for others.\n\nThat only added to the allure. When the Frenchwoman Surya Bonaly did a rule-breaking backflip in the 1998 Olympics, landing it on one foot, it became the stuff of legend. Then earlier this year, a French skater named Adam Siao Him Fa included one in his program, knowingly incurring a 2-point deduction. \n\nThat seemingly forced the issue. In June, the ISU removed the backflip from its list of illegal elements.\n\nMalinin has admitted that while he felt like he could already do a backflip off the ice, it wasn\u2019t an easy thing to learn to do on skates. \u201cSomething mentally would not let me attack it 100%. It\u2019s almost like, you know, what if something happens?\u201d \n\nHe trained it with two ropes tied around his waist and people holding them, to help him commit to it, he said. Now he does it, unassisted, almost every time he runs through his long program. Actually, he said, he\u2019s begun wondering how to make it harder. \n\nWhat makes the backflip an especially polarizing choice is that it won\u2019t help Malinin add more than a point or two. It will be scored as part of his overall choreographic sequence, for which he can get a maximum of 5.50 points, and there are significantly easier ways to get there. \n\nBut Kubicka, Siao Him Fa and Bonaly all say that it was never about points. The reason they did it was because they could. \n\n\u201cI kind of looked at it as the next element to learn,\u201d said Kubicka, whose coach was looking for ways to try to push the sport forward athletically.\n\nWhat that coach didn\u2019t tell Kubicka or his parents, Kubicka said, is that he had ended his own skating career with a head injury incurred while doing a backflip in a skating show.\n\nSiao Him Fa shrugged off the decision to do it earlier this year\u2014when it might have cost him a world medal. He just thought the program would be better with the backflip in.\n\nAnd Bonaly made a split-second decision to do one in 1998 because she\u2019d pulled a muscle and didn\u2019t think she could manage another triple jump to round out the remaining minute of her program. \n\nThat, and she would have been furious if someone else could claim to have been the first to do a backflip landed on one foot in competition, legal or not.\n\n\u201cI wanted to tattoo in a skating memory,\u201d Bonaly said. \n\nBonaly had been a nationally competitive gymnast, and said she wouldn\u2019t teach anyone else to do it \u201ceven if you pay me $2,000 for the lesson.\u201d\n\nHer show-skating hero crashed on a backflip and broke his jaw. She knows of another skater who was paralyzed.\n\n\u201cYou miss your toe, if the ice is not good, if you have a bad night, didn\u2019t sleep too much, drank too much,\u201d she said. \u201cPeople can\u2019t just take this for granted. It\u2019s life and death.\u201d\n\nBut she also worries the return of the backflip could damage the sport in another, more mundane way: through overuse.  \n\n\u201cRarity is what makes it a more special thing\u201d she said. \u201cIf you see too much of this, it becomes so-so.\u201d","id":18,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'If you thought figure skating\u2014the act of throwing yourself into the air and spinning above a sheet of ice with sharpened blades on your feet\u2014looked like one of sport\u2019s more reckless endeavors, we have some news for you.\\n\\nNow, skaters are allowed to go upside down as well.\\n\\nBackflips are upending the sport\u2014and terrifyingly, they\u2019re exactly what they sound like. Skaters hurl themselves backwards, into a mid-air somersault, going head first, heels last. It\u2019s a move so controversial that it was banned by the International Skating Union for nearly half a century. But this year, the backflip is suddenly legal.\\n\\nThe spotlight will fall on the officially sanctioned trick on Sunday when the sport\u2019s reigning world champion, U.S. teenager Ilia Malinin, performs a backflip in his long program at Skate America, the first stop on the annual fall Grand Prix circuit. \\n\\n\u201cI think that I can find a way to make it really cool,\u201d he said, \u201cand kind of scare the audience.\u201d\\n\\nMalinin has already grabbed skating\u2019s holy grail, the quadruple Axel, and has teased even more ridiculous jumping feats. Adding a backflip to his repertoire was irresistible. \\n\\nThe first time someone did a backflip in international competition, it was the American Terry Kubicka risking his neck at the 1976 Olympics. A couple of months later the ISU declared \u201csomersault-type jumps\u201d to be illegal, for reasons that have never been completely clear: too dangerous for some, a tacky stunt better left for ice shows for others.\\n\\nThat only added to the allure. When the Frenchwoman Surya Bonaly did a rule-breaking backflip in the 1998 Olympics, landing it on one foot, it became the stuff of legend. Then earlier this year, a French skater named Adam Siao Him Fa included one in his program, knowingly incurring a 2-point deduction. \\n\\nThat seemingly forced the issue. In June, the ISU removed the backflip from its list of illegal elements.\\n\\nMalinin has admitted that while he felt like he could already do a backflip off the ice, it wasn\u2019t an easy thing to learn to do on skates. \u201cSomething mentally would not let me attack it 100%. It\u2019s almost like, you know, what if something happens?\u201d \\n\\nHe trained it with two ropes tied around his waist and people holding them, to help him commit to it, he said. Now he does it, unassisted, almost every time he runs through his long program. Actually, he said, he\u2019s begun wondering how to make it harder. \\n\\nWhat makes the backflip an especially polarizing choice is that it won\u2019t help Malinin add more than a point or two. It will be scored as part of his overall choreographic sequence, for which he can get a maximum of 5.50 points, and there are significantly easier ways to get there. \\n\\nBut Kubicka, Siao Him Fa and Bonaly all say that it was never about points. The reason they did it was because they could. \\n\\n\u201cI kind of looked at it as the next element to learn,\u201d said Kubicka, whose coach was looking for ways to try to push the sport forward athletically.\\n\\nWhat that coach didn\u2019t tell Kubicka or his parents, Kubicka said, is that he had ended his own skating career with a head injury incurred while doing a backflip in a skating show.\\n\\nSiao Him Fa shrugged off the decision to do it earlier this year\u2014when it might have cost him a world medal. He just thought the program would be better with the backflip in.\\n\\nAnd Bonaly made a split-second decision to do one in 1998 because she\u2019d pulled a muscle and didn\u2019t think she could manage another triple jump to round out the remaining minute of her program. \\n\\nThat, and she would have been furious if someone else could claim to have been the first to do a backflip landed on one foot in competition, legal or not.\\n\\n\u201cI wanted to tattoo in a skating memory,\u201d Bonaly said. \\n\\nBonaly had been a nationally competitive gymnast, and said she wouldn\u2019t teach anyone else to do it \u201ceven if you pay me $2,000 for the lesson.\u201d\\n\\nHer show-skating hero crashed on a backflip and broke his jaw. She knows of another skater who was paralyzed.\\n\\n\u201cYou miss your toe, if the ice is not good, if you have a bad night, didn\u2019t sleep too much, drank too much,\u201d she said. \u201cPeople can\u2019t just take this for granted. It\u2019s life and death.\u201d\\n\\nBut she also worries the return of the backflip could damage the sport in another, more mundane way: through overuse.  \\n\\n\u201cRarity is what makes it a more special thing\u201d she said. \u201cIf you see too much of this, it becomes so-so.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 2.7418136596679688e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'If you thought figure skating\u2014the act of throwing yourself into the air and spinning above a sheet of ice with sharpened blades on your feet\u2014looked like one of sport\u2019s more reckless endeavors, we have some news for you.\\n\\nNow, skaters are allowed to go upside down as well.\\n\\nBackflips are upending the sport\u2014and terrifyingly, they\u2019re exactly what they sound like. Skaters hurl themselves backwards, into a mid-air somersault, going head first, heels last. It\u2019s a move so controversial that it was banned by the International Skating Union for nearly half a century. But this year, the backflip is suddenly legal.\\n\\nThe spotlight will fall on the officially sanctioned trick on Sunday when the sport\u2019s reigning world champion, U.S. teenager Ilia Malinin, performs a backflip in his long program at Skate America, the first stop on the annual fall Grand Prix circuit. \\n\\n\u201cI think that I can find a way to make it really cool,\u201d he said, \u201cand kind of scare the audience.\u201d\\n\\nMalinin has already grabbed skating\u2019s holy grail, the quadruple Axel, and has teased even more ridiculous jumping feats. Adding a backflip to his repertoire was irresistible. \\n\\nThe first time someone did a backflip in international competition, it was the American Terry Kubicka risking his neck at the 1976 Olympics. A couple of months later the ISU declared \u201csomersault-type jumps\u201d to be illegal, for reasons that have never been completely clear: too dangerous for some, a tacky stunt better left for ice shows for others.\\n\\nThat only added to the allure. When the Frenchwoman Surya Bonaly did a rule-breaking backflip in the 1998 Olympics, landing it on one foot, it became the stuff of legend. Then earlier this year, a French skater named Adam Siao Him Fa included one in his program, knowingly incurring a 2-point deduction. \\n\\nThat seemingly forced the issue. In June, the ISU removed the backflip from its list of illegal elements.\\n\\nMalinin has admitted that while he felt like he could already do a backflip off the ice, it wasn\u2019t an easy thing to learn to do on skates. \u201cSomething mentally would not let me attack it 100%. It\u2019s almost like, you know, what if something happens?\u201d \\n\\nHe trained it with two ropes tied around his waist and people holding them, to help him commit to it, he said. Now he does it, unassisted, almost every time he runs through his long program. Actually, he said, he\u2019s begun wondering how to make it harder. \\n\\nWhat makes the backflip an especially polarizing choice is that it won\u2019t help Malinin add more than a point or two. It will be scored as part of his overall choreographic sequence, for which he can get a maximum of 5.50 points, and there are significantly easier ways to get there. \\n\\nBut Kubicka, Siao Him Fa and Bonaly all say that it was never about points. The reason they did it was because they could. \\n\\n\u201cI kind of looked at it as the next element to learn,\u201d said Kubicka, whose coach was looking for ways to try to push the sport forward athletically.\\n\\nWhat that coach didn\u2019t tell Kubicka or his parents, Kubicka said, is that he had ended his own skating career with a head injury incurred while doing a backflip in a skating show.\\n\\nSiao Him Fa shrugged off the decision to do it earlier this year\u2014when it might have cost him a world medal. He just thought the program would be better with the backflip in.\\n\\nAnd Bonaly made a split-second decision to do one in 1998 because she\u2019d pulled a muscle and didn\u2019t think she could manage another triple jump to round out the remaining minute of her program. \\n\\nThat, and she would have been furious if someone else could claim to have been the first to do a backflip landed on one foot in competition, legal or not.\\n\\n\u201cI wanted to tattoo in a skating memory,\u201d Bonaly said. \\n\\nBonaly had been a nationally competitive gymnast, and said she wouldn\u2019t teach anyone else to do it \u201ceven if you pay me $2,000 for the lesson.\u201d\\n\\nHer show-skating hero crashed on a backflip and broke his jaw. She knows of another skater who was paralyzed.\\n\\n\u201cYou miss your toe, if the ice is not good, if you have a bad night, didn\u2019t sleep too much, drank too much,\u201d she said. \u201cPeople can\u2019t just take this for granted. It\u2019s life and death.\u201d\\n\\nBut she also worries the return of the backflip could damage the sport in another, more mundane way: through overuse.  \\n\\n\u201cRarity is what makes it a more special thing\u201d she said. \u201cIf you see too much of this, it becomes so-so.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 2.586841583251953e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'c4e60206-48d6-4311-8236-f4803546c9b3', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.370511331013404e-05, 'sentence': \"If you thought figure skating\u1173the act of throwing yourself into the air and spinning above a sheet of ice with sharpened blades on your feet\u1173looked like one of sport's more reckless endeavors, we have some news for you.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.674063191283494e-05, 'sentence': 'Now, skaters are allowed to go upside down as well.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.17115370510146e-05, 'sentence': \"Backflips are upending the sport\u1173and terrifyingly, they're exactly what they sound like.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.272167643648572e-05, 'sentence': 'Skaters hurl themselves backwards, into a mid-air somersault, going head first, heels last.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.380172711331397e-05, 'sentence': \"It's a move so controversial that it was banned by the International Skating Union for nearly half a century.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.9635808459715918e-05, 'sentence': 'But this year, the backflip is suddenly legal.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.7530068109626882e-05, 'sentence': \"The spotlight will fall on the officially sanctioned trick on Sunday when the sport's reigning world champion, U.S. teenager Ilia Malinin, performs a backflip in his long program at Skate America, the first stop on the annual fall Grand Prix circuit.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.329433846171014e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cI think that I can find a way to make it really cool,\u201d he said, \u201cand kind of scare the audience.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.309493695269339e-05, 'sentence': \"Malinin has already grabbed skating's holy grail, the quadruple Axel, and has teased even more ridiculous jumping feats.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.895720535889268e-05, 'sentence': 'Adding a backflip to his repertoire was irresistible.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.0768035028595477e-05, 'sentence': 'The first time someone did a backflip in international competition, it was the American Terry Kubicka risking his neck at the 1976 Olympics.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.245707193855196e-05, 'sentence': 'A couple of months later the ISU declared \u201csomersault-type jumps\u201d to be illegal, for reasons that have never been completely clear: too dangerous for some, a tacky stunt better left for ice shows for others.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.5603959986474365e-05, 'sentence': 'That only added to the allure.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.642146036028862e-05, 'sentence': 'When the Frenchwoman Surya Bonaly did a rule-breaking backflip in the 1998 Olympics, landing it on one foot, it became the stuff of legend.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.965297507122159e-05, 'sentence': 'Then earlier this year, a French skater named Adam Siao Him Fa included one in his program, knowingly incurring a 2-point deduction.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.5394172047963366e-05, 'sentence': 'That seemingly forced the issue.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.400196722708642e-05, 'sentence': 'In June, the ISU removed the backflip from its list of illegal elements.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.355854591471143e-05, 'sentence': \"Malinin has admitted that while he felt like he could already do a backflip off the ice, it wasn't an easy thing to learn to do on skates.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.086046803626232e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cSomething mentally would not let me attack it 100%.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.9158574003959075e-05, 'sentence': \"It's almost like, you know, what if something happens?\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.9799909902503714e-05, 'sentence': 'He trained it with two ropes tied around his waist and people holding them, to help him commit to it, he said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.497295230976306e-05, 'sentence': 'Now he does it, unassisted, almost every time he runs through his long program.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.64737786387559e-05, 'sentence': \"Actually, he said, he's begun wondering how to make it harder.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.329838677425869e-05, 'sentence': \"What makes the backflip an especially polarizing choice is that it won't help Malinin add more than a point or two.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.88289655954577e-05, 'sentence': 'It will be scored as part of his overall 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a backflip in a skating show.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.06810994446277618, 'sentence': 'Siao Him Fa shrugged off the decision to do it earlier this year\u1173when it might have cost him a world medal.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.10538952797651291, 'sentence': 'He just thought the program would be better with the backflip in.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.15762555599212646, 'sentence': \"And Bonaly made a split-second decision to do one in 1998 because she'd pulled a muscle and didn't think she could manage another triple jump to round out the remaining minute of her program.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.10028180480003357, 'sentence': 'That, and she would have been furious if someone else could claim to have been the first to do a backflip landed on one foot in competition, legal or not.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0368981696665287, 'sentence': '\u201cI wanted to tattoo in a skating memory,\u201d Bonaly said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.08049964904785156, 'sentence': \"Bonaly had been a nationally competitive gymnast, and said she wouldn't teach anyone else to do it \u201ceven if you pay me $2,000 for the lesson.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.13843737542629242, 'sentence': 'Her show-skating hero crashed on a backflip and broke his jaw.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.14019855856895447, 'sentence': 'She knows of another skater who was paralyzed.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.05972371995449066, 'sentence': \"\u201cYou miss your toe, if the ice is not good, if you have a bad night, didn't sleep too much, drank too much,\u201d she 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{'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'If you thought figure skating\u2014the act of throwing yourself into the air and spinning above a sheet of ice with sharpened blades on your feet\u2014looked like one of sport\u2019s more reckless endeavors, we have some news for you.\\n\\nNow, skaters are allowed to go upside down as well.\\n\\nBackflips are upending the sport\u2014and terrifyingly, they\u2019re exactly what they sound like. Skaters hurl themselves backwards, into a mid-air somersault, going head first, heels last. It\u2019s a move so controversial that it was banned by the International Skating Union for nearly half a century. But this year, the backflip is suddenly legal.\\n\\nThe spotlight will fall on the officially sanctioned trick on Sunday when the sport\u2019s reigning world champion, U.S. teenager Ilia Malinin, performs a backflip in his long program at Skate America, the first stop on the annual fall Grand Prix circuit. \\n\\n\u201cI think that I can find a way to make it really cool,\u201d he said, \u201cand kind of scare the audience.\u201d\\n\\nMalinin has already grabbed skating\u2019s holy grail, the quadruple Axel, and has teased even more ridiculous jumping feats. Adding a backflip to his repertoire was irresistible. \\n\\nThe first time someone did a backflip in international competition, it was the American Terry Kubicka risking his neck at the 1976 Olympics. A couple of months later the ISU declared \u201csomersault-type jumps\u201d to be illegal, for reasons that have never been completely clear: too dangerous for some, a tacky stunt better left for ice shows for others.\\n\\nThat only added to the allure. When the Frenchwoman Surya Bonaly did a rule-breaking backflip in the 1998 Olympics, landing it on one foot, it became the stuff of legend. Then earlier this year, a French skater named Adam Siao Him Fa included one in his program, knowingly incurring a 2-point deduction. \\n\\nThat seemingly forced the issue. In June, the ISU removed the backflip from its list of illegal elements.\\n\\nMalinin has admitted that while he felt like he could already do a backflip off the ice, it wasn\u2019t an easy thing to learn to do on skates. \u201cSomething mentally would not let me attack it 100%. It\u2019s almost like, you know, what if something happens?\u201d \\n\\nHe trained it with two ropes tied around his waist and people holding them, to help him commit to it, he said. Now he does it, unassisted, almost every time he runs through his long program. Actually, he said, he\u2019s begun wondering how to make it harder. \\n\\nWhat makes the backflip an especially polarizing choice is that it won\u2019t help Malinin add more than a point or two. It will be scored as part of his overall choreographic sequence, for which he can get a maximum of 5.50 points, and there are significantly easier ways to get there. \\n\\nBut Kubicka, Siao Him Fa and Bonaly all say that it was never about points. The reason they did it was because they could. \\n\\n\u201cI kind of looked at it as the next element to learn,\u201d said Kubicka, whose coach was looking for ways to try to push the sport forward athletically.\\n\\nWhat that coach didn\u2019t tell Kubicka or his parents, Kubicka said, is that he had ended his own skating career with a head injury incurred while doing a backflip in a skating show.\\n\\nSiao Him Fa shrugged off the decision to do it earlier this year\u2014when it might have cost him a world medal. He just thought the program would be better with the backflip in.\\n\\nAnd Bonaly made a split-second decision to do one in 1998 because she\u2019d pulled a muscle and didn\u2019t think she could manage another triple jump to round out the remaining minute of her program. \\n\\nThat, and she would have been furious if someone else could claim to have been the first to do a backflip landed on one foot in competition, legal or not.\\n\\n\u201cI wanted to tattoo in a skating memory,\u201d Bonaly said. \\n\\nBonaly had been a nationally competitive gymnast, and said she wouldn\u2019t teach anyone else to do it \u201ceven if you pay me $2,000 for the lesson.\u201d\\n\\nHer show-skating hero crashed on a backflip and broke his jaw. She knows of another skater who was paralyzed.\\n\\n\u201cYou miss your toe, if the ice is not good, if you have a bad night, didn\u2019t sleep too much, drank too much,\u201d she said. \u201cPeople can\u2019t just take this for granted. It\u2019s life and death.\u201d\\n\\nBut she also worries the return of the backflip could damage the sport in another, more mundane way: through overuse.  \\n\\n\u201cRarity is what makes it a more special thing\u201d she said. \u201cIf you see too much of this, it becomes so-so.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5758094192,"RADAR":0.0053498531,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The introduction is instantly quite unique, it describes figure skating in a somewhat absurd way that feels much too creative for AI. The quotes are also very natural feeling using words such as \"like\" and \"kind of\", and the style differs between them and the text. One quote even references the possibility of having drunk too much, something AI would avoid. The article ends with a quote that doesn't conveniently perfectly conclude it. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There are none of AI's usual overused words here, such as \"crucial.\" The sentences are of different lengths and styles. Lastly, there are several instances of sentences starting with conjunctions (\"and\" or \"but\"), which is a mistake\/style that AI doesn't normally use, to my knowledge."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Again, I didn't have to read this to know that it was human-generated. It's the structure and layout that gives it away. The paragraphs are short and the the sentences are varied. Upon reading the text, there's some slightly awkward phrasing; issues with punctuation; sounds less informal than AI and more colloquial; typos; missing words; conversational words like 'tacky' and 'actually'; contains lots of redundancies and stilted phrasing; no Oxford comma; mixture of colloquial and overly formal phrasing; sometimes uses contractions, sometimes doesn't. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. Much of the article contains descriptions that are active and engaging to the reader. The word choices made throughout use language that not only is easy to understand at a wider audience, but visual in nature, such as \"a split-second decision,\" \"with two ropes tied around his waist and people holding them\" and \" hurl themselves backwards, into a mid-air somersault, going head first, heels last.\". The article combines news with narrative, creating a story that doesn't just tell what's happening, but shows why it's important. Not only that, it uses grammar well by bringing in a variety of writing techniques, with colons, long dashes, and varying sentence length to control tone and pace. Even the quotes themselves are realistic, because they're reliant on common use words people speak everyday. The information is placed strategically where explanations are needed, and most of all, it doesn't overdo it. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The exact wording of the quotes means that they are easily found online. \nStructure typical of an online news article.\nAbsence of words that would make the author sound knowledgeable but add little to the content.\nUse of short sentences for effect."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"48":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":19,"title":"Who Matters More in a Move: You or Your Spouse?","sub-title":"New research finds couples are more likely to move for a job when it benefits the man, even when the woman\u2019s career stands to benefit more by moving","author":"Dalvin Brown","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":"10\/17\/24","section":"Lifestyle","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/lifestyle\/careers\/moving-couples-men-pay-increase-39b2d61b?mod=lifestyle_lead_pos5","article":"Couples are moving again for better job opportunities. They are more likely to make those moves when the husband\u2019s earnings stand to benefit. \n\nMen\u2019s earnings increase 5% to 10% after a move, while women\u2019s earnings tend to stagnate, according to a September study of opposite-sex couples led by economist Seema Jayachandran of Princeton University. \n\nThe study finds that they are more likely to go through with it to improve the man\u2019s earnings\u2014even in cases when the woman\u2019s career stands to benefit more by moving. The cooling job market makes the dinner-table deliberation over a move more challenging.\n\n\u201cThere\u2019s some psychological pressure to be a supportive wife,\u201d said Henriette Johnsen, who restarted her career after moving from Denmark to England for her husband\u2019s finance job. \n\nThe relocation penalty for women is a rarely examined factor of why women\u2019s earnings often lag behind men\u2019s. While more women are working than ever before, some of what\u2019s holding them back professionally comes from decisions made inside the household.\n\n\u201cThis imbalance is a hidden factor that keeps women from advancing as quickly as men in their careers,\u201d Jayachandran said. \u201cIt\u2019s rooted in household decisions rather than workplace bias.\u201d\n\nShanika Boyd had to take a $10,000 pay cut after moving from Northern Virginia to Miami for her husband\u2019s new airline job. Though he nearly doubled his salary, she settled for a marketing job nearly identical to the one she had in Virginia. It wasn\u2019t the win-win move she imagined. \n\nHer career progress stalled, and after three years getting passed over for promotions, she moved back to Virginia with her son. \u201cIf I had stayed, my career wouldn\u2019t have recovered,\u201d she said. \n\nHer husband, who got free flights through work, commuted. She worked two jobs to gain experience that helped her make up for lost time, she said. He recently retired and moved back to Virginia.\n\n<b>Frequent moves<\/b>\n\nJob relocations declined for years, and fell in particular during the pandemic when many people worked remotely. But the trend may be reversing. The share of job seekers relocating for new positions was up in the first two quarters of 2024 after hitting a record low last year, according to a survey by outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas. The firm expects relocations to keep rising across all wage levels as fully remote work declines. \n\nThe share of postings on jobs website Indeed that mention remote or hybrid terms peaked at 10.4% in early 2022 but has since declined to 7.8% at the end of September. Remote job postings in sectors like finance, education and government have been declining, according to ZipRecruiter. \n\nSome 26% of men and 15% of women who took new jobs said they were required to relocate, a ZipRecruiter survey from earlier this year found.\n\nIn some industries, frequent moves are the norm. Military families often relocate every few years, which can disrupt the career of the nonmilitary spouse. \n\nKathryn Zahm, who worked in programs and services for older adults, saw her salary drop more than a third when relocating from Washington, D.C., to San Diego in 2015 for her husband\u2019s military post.\n\nTo remain competitive, she earned a professional certification and volunteered as a long-term care ombudsman, advocating for the rights and well-being of residents in nursing homes. The experience helped her secure a job with a significant raise when they later moved to Chicago. \u201cI could say, \u2018I\u2019ve done this as a volunteer,\u2019 and that gave me an edge,\u201d she said.\n\nWhen the couple relocated again to San Diego in 2021, her Chicago employer allowed her to work remotely, she said. She and her family are now back in the Washington, D.C., area. It took her nearly five years to get back to her 2015 D.C. salary.\n\n\u201cWe always said we\u2019d invest in his career until he could retire, and then focus on mine,\u201d she added. He is eligible for retirement in four years. \n\nThis pattern of losing ground on earnings is common for women, who more often relocate for their partner\u2019s job, according to Jeremy Burke, a senior economist at the University of Southern California.\n\nHis 2018 study on military families found that nonmilitary spouses typically face a 15% reduction in earnings after a move, with losses persisting for at least two years. The drop would likely be higher if the study included spouses who dropped out of the workforce entirely, he said. \n\nWomen earned 84 cents for every dollar a man earned in 2023, according to Labor Department data. That gap can be self-reinforcing in relocation decisions because couples often give priority to the partner with higher earnings potential or more immediate career opportunities.\n\n<b>Careers across borders<\/b>\n\nJohnsen, who moved from Denmark to England in 2001, said the challenges of relocation went beyond career disruption. She expected an exciting new adventure, but she wasn\u2019t prepared for how isolating it would be.\n\nWhile her husband had built-in connections through work, Johnsen had to start from scratch. Her qualifications as an accountant and teacher didn\u2019t transfer. She decided to become a personal trainer. While her husband\u2019s earnings increased, her salary was only a quarter of what it had been.\n\nThe emotional toll of the relocation contributed to the breakdown of her marriage. She has since returned to Denmark, where she now works as a psychotherapist for people who move abroad.  \n\n\u201cIt can take years to dawn on you that you\u2019re not just on holiday,\u201d she said. \u201cPutting myself and my career on the back burner for too long turned into a crisis.\u201d","id":19,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Couples are moving again for better job opportunities. They are more likely to make those moves when the husband\u2019s earnings stand to benefit. \\n\\nMen\u2019s earnings increase 5% to 10% after a move, while women\u2019s earnings tend to stagnate, according to a September study of opposite-sex couples led by economist Seema Jayachandran of Princeton University. \\n\\nThe study finds that they are more likely to go through with it to improve the man\u2019s earnings\u2014even in cases when the woman\u2019s career stands to benefit more by moving. The cooling job market makes the dinner-table deliberation over a move more challenging.\\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s some psychological pressure to be a supportive wife,\u201d said Henriette Johnsen, who restarted her career after moving from Denmark to England for her husband\u2019s finance job. \\n\\nThe relocation penalty for women is a rarely examined factor of why women\u2019s earnings often lag behind men\u2019s. While more women are working than ever before, some of what\u2019s holding them back professionally comes from decisions made inside the household.\\n\\n\u201cThis imbalance is a hidden factor that keeps women from advancing as quickly as men in their careers,\u201d Jayachandran said. \u201cIt\u2019s rooted in household decisions rather than workplace bias.\u201d\\n\\nShanika Boyd had to take a $10,000 pay cut after moving from Northern Virginia to Miami for her husband\u2019s new airline job. Though he nearly doubled his salary, she settled for a marketing job nearly identical to the one she had in Virginia. It wasn\u2019t the win-win move she imagined. \\n\\nHer career progress stalled, and after three years getting passed over for promotions, she moved back to Virginia with her son. \u201cIf I had stayed, my career wouldn\u2019t have recovered,\u201d she said. \\n\\nHer husband, who got free flights through work, commuted. She worked two jobs to gain experience that helped her make up for lost time, she said. He recently retired and moved back to Virginia.\\n\\n<b>Frequent moves<\/b>\\n\\nJob relocations declined for years, and fell in particular during the pandemic when many people worked remotely. But the trend may be reversing. The share of job seekers relocating for new positions was up in the first two quarters of 2024 after hitting a record low last year, according to a survey by outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas. The firm expects relocations to keep rising across all wage levels as fully remote work declines. \\n\\nThe share of postings on jobs website Indeed that mention remote or hybrid terms peaked at 10.4% in early 2022 but has since declined to 7.8% at the end of September. Remote job postings in sectors like finance, education and government have been declining, according to ZipRecruiter. \\n\\nSome 26% of men and 15% of women who took new jobs said they were required to relocate, a ZipRecruiter survey from earlier this year found.\\n\\nIn some industries, frequent moves are the norm. Military families often relocate every few years, which can disrupt the career of the nonmilitary spouse. \\n\\nKathryn Zahm, who worked in programs and services for older adults, saw her salary drop more than a third when relocating from Washington, D.C., to San Diego in 2015 for her husband\u2019s military post.\\n\\nTo remain competitive, she earned a professional certification and volunteered as a long-term care ombudsman, advocating for the rights and well-being of residents in nursing homes. The experience helped her secure a job with a significant raise when they later moved to Chicago. \u201cI could say, \u2018I\u2019ve done this as a volunteer,\u2019 and that gave me an edge,\u201d she said.\\n\\nWhen the couple relocated again to San Diego in 2021, her Chicago employer allowed her to work remotely, she said. She and her family are now back in the Washington, D.C., area. It took her nearly five years to get back to her 2015 D.C. salary.\\n\\n\u201cWe always said we\u2019d invest in his career until he could retire, and then focus on mine,\u201d she added. He is eligible for retirement in four years. \\n\\nThis pattern of losing ground on earnings is common for women, who more often relocate for their partner\u2019s job, according to Jeremy Burke, a senior economist at the University of Southern California.\\n\\nHis 2018 study on military families found that nonmilitary spouses typically face a 15% reduction in earnings after a move, with losses persisting for at least two years. The drop would likely be higher if the study included spouses who dropped out of the workforce entirely, he said. \\n\\nWomen earned 84 cents for every dollar a man earned in 2023, according to Labor Department data. That gap can be self-reinforcing in relocation decisions because couples often give priority to the partner with higher earnings potential or more immediate career opportunities.\\n\\n<b>Careers across borders<\/b>\\n\\nJohnsen, who moved from Denmark to England in 2001, said the challenges of relocation went beyond career disruption. She expected an exciting new adventure, but she wasn\u2019t prepared for how isolating it would be.\\n\\nWhile her husband had built-in connections through work, Johnsen had to start from scratch. Her qualifications as an accountant and teacher didn\u2019t transfer. She decided to become a personal trainer. While her husband\u2019s earnings increased, her salary was only a quarter of what it had been.\\n\\nThe emotional toll of the relocation contributed to the breakdown of her marriage. 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They are more likely to make those moves when the husband\u2019s earnings stand to benefit. \\n\\nMen\u2019s earnings increase 5% to 10% after a move, while women\u2019s earnings tend to stagnate, according to a September study of opposite-sex couples led by economist Seema Jayachandran of Princeton University. \\n\\nThe study finds that they are more likely to go through with it to improve the man\u2019s earnings\u2014even in cases when the woman\u2019s career stands to benefit more by moving. The cooling job market makes the dinner-table deliberation over a move more challenging.\\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s some psychological pressure to be a supportive wife,\u201d said Henriette Johnsen, who restarted her career after moving from Denmark to England for her husband\u2019s finance job. \\n\\nThe relocation penalty for women is a rarely examined factor of why women\u2019s earnings often lag behind men\u2019s. 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0.00037184397426839703}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.8477051029388069, 'confidence_category': 'medium', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.15192305308692475, 'human': 0.8477051029388069, 'mixed': 0.00037184397426839703}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is moderately confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Couples are moving again for better job opportunities. They are more likely to make those moves when the husband\u2019s earnings stand to benefit. \\n\\nMen\u2019s earnings increase 5% to 10% after a move, while women\u2019s earnings tend to stagnate, according to a September study of opposite-sex couples led by economist Seema Jayachandran of Princeton University. \\n\\nThe study finds that they are more likely to go through with it to improve the man\u2019s earnings\u2014even in cases when the woman\u2019s career stands to benefit more by moving. The cooling job market makes the dinner-table deliberation over a move more challenging.\\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s some psychological pressure to be a supportive wife,\u201d said Henriette Johnsen, who restarted her career after moving from Denmark to England for her husband\u2019s finance job. \\n\\nThe relocation penalty for women is a rarely examined factor of why women\u2019s earnings often lag behind men\u2019s. While more women are working than ever before, some of what\u2019s holding them back professionally comes from decisions made inside the household.\\n\\n\u201cThis imbalance is a hidden factor that keeps women from advancing as quickly as men in their careers,\u201d Jayachandran said. \u201cIt\u2019s rooted in household decisions rather than workplace bias.\u201d\\n\\nShanika Boyd had to take a $10,000 pay cut after moving from Northern Virginia to Miami for her husband\u2019s new airline job. Though he nearly doubled his salary, she settled for a marketing job nearly identical to the one she had in Virginia. It wasn\u2019t the win-win move she imagined. \\n\\nHer career progress stalled, and after three years getting passed over for promotions, she moved back to Virginia with her son. \u201cIf I had stayed, my career wouldn\u2019t have recovered,\u201d she said. \\n\\nHer husband, who got free flights through work, commuted. She worked two jobs to gain experience that helped her make up for lost time, she said. He recently retired and moved back to Virginia.\\n\\n<b>Frequent moves<\/b>\\n\\nJob relocations declined for years, and fell in particular during the pandemic when many people worked remotely. But the trend may be reversing. The share of job seekers relocating for new positions was up in the first two quarters of 2024 after hitting a record low last year, according to a survey by outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas. The firm expects relocations to keep rising across all wage levels as fully remote work declines. \\n\\nThe share of postings on jobs website Indeed that mention remote or hybrid terms peaked at 10.4% in early 2022 but has since declined to 7.8% at the end of September. Remote job postings in sectors like finance, education and government have been declining, according to ZipRecruiter. \\n\\nSome 26% of men and 15% of women who took new jobs said they were required to relocate, a ZipRecruiter survey from earlier this year found.\\n\\nIn some industries, frequent moves are the norm. Military families often relocate every few years, which can disrupt the career of the nonmilitary spouse. \\n\\nKathryn Zahm, who worked in programs and services for older adults, saw her salary drop more than a third when relocating from Washington, D.C., to San Diego in 2015 for her husband\u2019s military post.\\n\\nTo remain competitive, she earned a professional certification and volunteered as a long-term care ombudsman, advocating for the rights and well-being of residents in nursing homes. The experience helped her secure a job with a significant raise when they later moved to Chicago. \u201cI could say, \u2018I\u2019ve done this as a volunteer,\u2019 and that gave me an edge,\u201d she said.\\n\\nWhen the couple relocated again to San Diego in 2021, her Chicago employer allowed her to work remotely, she said. She and her family are now back in the Washington, D.C., area. It took her nearly five years to get back to her 2015 D.C. salary.\\n\\n\u201cWe always said we\u2019d invest in his career until he could retire, and then focus on mine,\u201d she added. He is eligible for retirement in four years. \\n\\nThis pattern of losing ground on earnings is common for women, who more often relocate for their partner\u2019s job, according to Jeremy Burke, a senior economist at the University of Southern California.\\n\\nHis 2018 study on military families found that nonmilitary spouses typically face a 15% reduction in earnings after a move, with losses persisting for at least two years. The drop would likely be higher if the study included spouses who dropped out of the workforce entirely, he said. \\n\\nWomen earned 84 cents for every dollar a man earned in 2023, according to Labor Department data. That gap can be self-reinforcing in relocation decisions because couples often give priority to the partner with higher earnings potential or more immediate career opportunities.\\n\\n<b>Careers across borders<\/b>\\n\\nJohnsen, who moved from Denmark to England in 2001, said the challenges of relocation went beyond career disruption. She expected an exciting new adventure, but she wasn\u2019t prepared for how isolating it would be.\\n\\nWhile her husband had built-in connections through work, Johnsen had to start from scratch. Her qualifications as an accountant and teacher didn\u2019t transfer. She decided to become a personal trainer. While her husband\u2019s earnings increased, her salary was only a quarter of what it had been.\\n\\nThe emotional toll of the relocation contributed to the breakdown of her marriage. She has since returned to Denmark, where she now works as a psychotherapist for people who move abroad.  \\n\\n\u201cIt can take years to dawn on you that you\u2019re not just on holiday,\u201d she said. \u201cPutting myself and my career on the back burner for too long turned into a crisis.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8281752467,"RADAR":0.082666181,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article contains numerous statistics, most of which are from believable sources. It also uses \"x said\" throughout, whereas AI would cycle through synonyms like \"noted\" or \"remarked\". The quotations used are quite natural and they use reasonably simple English, whereas AI would favour more complex words and sentences. Lastly, it contains numerous facts around each topic like the dates of moves, which points to a human-generated article. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"I don't know. I see no clues here. I've chosen \"human-generated\" because I see no signs of AI."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated (without reading the text yet): structure is broken up into bite-sized paragraphs, headings are sentence case. Now after reading it: unusual use of pronouns; some redundancies; varied sentence length; some issues with clarity, which I've highlighted; slightly stilted phrasing e.g. 'Some 26% of men and 15% of women who took new jobs said they were required to relocate, a ZipRecruiter survey from earlier this year found,' could be 'A ZipRecruiter survey from earlier this year found that 26% of men and 15% of women who accepted new jobs were asked to relocate'."},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. Most of the article is supported by facts that have clear references to time, location, and who said what. The language used throughout the article does not try to overshadow the content with exuberant words or conclusion statements, but instead makes sure that there is control in how information is portrayed. Phrases such as \"\u2014even in cases when the woman\u2019s career stands to benefit more by moving\", \"frequent moves are the norm\" and \"This pattern of losing ground on earnings is common for women\" work to convey ideas with simpler language, commonly used phrases, and grammatical techniques to control pacing and tone. It doesn't try to make a spectacle of the topic, nor does it try to maneuver the reader towards some intended action. It leaves its topic neutral and lets the reader decide in the end. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Most paragraphs have only one or two sentences. \nThe author uses dates to contextualize the content.\nThe text has grammatical and careless errors that a machine would not have made."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"49":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":20,"title":"AI Agents Can Do More Than Answer Queries. That Raises a Few Questions.","sub-title":"A new generation of automation creates an opportunity to build a better economic model for business software users\u2014but only if the technology lives up to its promise","author":"Steven Rosenbush","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":"10\/16\/24","section":"Tech","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/ai-agents-can-do-more-than-answer-queries-that-raises-a-few-questions-15009853?mod=tech_feat1_ai_pos3","article":"The spotlight in artificial intelligence is moving from chatbots to so-called agents, autonomous AI that can follow complex instructions and perform tasks from checking a car rental reservation at the airport to screening potential sales leads.\n\nThe first questions about AI agents as they enter the market will naturally focus on how capable these new systems are, including at making decisions with little or no human guidance. If the technology proves out, they could go a long way toward addressing businesses\u2019 frustrations so far as they try to recoup their investment in AI capabilities. But plenty of other questions also will follow.\n\n\u201cIt\u2019s not clear to me these things will ever effectively stand alone, but the instructions that you will be able to give them will be increasingly high level,\u201d says Martin Casado, a general partner at venture capital and investment firm Andreessen Horowitz, where he leads the firm\u2019s $1.25 billion infrastructure practice.\n\nBig players are betting on agents for a breathtaking range of uses. An Apple executive used the company\u2019s high-profile developers\u2019 conference in June to paint the picture, describing the ways an AI-boosted Siri might help during a hypothetical visit from her mom by delving into the executive\u2019s email, messages and other apps with minimal prompting.\n\nThe dating app Grindr says it is working on an AI-agent wingman that will recommend relationship candidates, help users keep track of conversations, suggest dating spots and make restaurant reservations.\n\nCloud software provider ServiceNow said in September it plans to integrate AI agents into its platform that automates and manages functions such as IT, customer service, procurement, human resources and software development.\n\nThe first piece that ServiceNow is shipping includes the autonomous handling of IT and customer service management ticket requests, said Dorit Zilbershot, vice president of platform and AI innovation at ServiceNow.\n\n\u201cWe\u2019re moving into a world where\u2026I oversee the AI, the AI is able to handle all those tickets, and they reach out to me when they need help or they reach out to me when as part of the policy, they have to get my approval,\u201d Zilbershot said.\n\nData analytics company Palantir Technologies, which was added to the S&P 500 in September, helps clients develop their own agents and also uses them internally for functions such as legal work, human resources and office operations and facilities.\n\n\u201cThe places where AI is driving differentiated value go beyond chatbots. Chatbots are table stakes,\u201d Palantir Chief Information Officer Jim Siders told me this month at The Wall Street Journal CIO Network Summit.\n\n\u201cIt happened fast and I think\u2026.a lot of the industry is catching up to that,\u201d Siders said.\n\nThe former co-chief executive of software-as-a-service pioneer Salesforce, Bret Taylor, has started a company called Sierra to help other companies build agents.\n\nAnd Salesforce this summer itself introduced an offering called Agentforce, which it says can automate customer service, marketing campaigns and business procurement far beyond any chatbot\u2019s abilities.\n\nCompanies can use Agentforce not only to prequalify business leads, for example, but to then reach out to a promising prospect and set up a meeting on behalf of a human salesperson, according to Salesforce.\n\nBACA Systems, a machine manufacturing company in Orion Township, Mich., began using Agentforce capabilities nearly a year ago, when they were in the pilot stage. \n\nThe technology has provided a big boost to BACA by enabling the company, for example, to handle a growing volume of service calls without adding additional human staff, according to Andrew Russo, enterprise architect at BACA.\n\n<b>Looking beyond software as a service <\/b>\nCompanies are already familiar with other forms of automation, which will help lay the groundwork for trying AI agents, according to research and advisory firm Forrester. \n\nBut companies will run into challenges, too, because the norms over automation that they have evolved won\u2019t translate neatly to the implementation of AI agents.  \n\nAI agents will force companies to answer new \u201chard questions\u201d about balancing the risks and rewards of automation, the proper role of humans and the best way to govern the data that these increasingly powerful agents use, Forrester said in a report this month.\n\nAI providers and their clients may at least be more aligned than before on pricing and incentives. Providers of generative AI tech have often charged on the SaaS model, sometimes pegged to the number of employees with access to the tech. \n\nSaaS in general has been a welcome improvement over previous licensing models that often took many years and billions of dollars for customers to implement. But it isn\u2019t perfect, either. It\u2019s possible to oversubscribe\u2014and pay\u2014for services companies don\u2019t actually wind up using, like leaving a faucet sink running.\n\nInstead of an ongoing fee, though, Salesforce is charging $2 per conversation or sales lead for Agentforce. \n\nThat may help attract customers that wouldn\u2019t have been ready to sign up for AI agents if it meant a new recurring fee for a service that might not turn out to be valuable enough. And for Salesforce, the model creates an incentive to deliver clear and concrete value. \n\nThe SaaS pricing model won\u2019t go away, but the newer alternative makes sense because work tied to agents isn\u2019t always linked to an individual human employee, according to Adam Evans, senior vice president of Salesforce AI Platform. \n\nAgents will be able to perform certain kinds of work that humans simply don\u2019t have the time to prioritize, such as analyzing all of the calls related to an area such as logistics, he said. \n\n\u201cWe\u2019re teeing this with consumption so that every customer is going to be able to say what job did these agents do, see their bill almost by the job or the campaign,\u201d Evans said. \u201cAnd then they can do their own [return on investment] calculation and drive those decisions they should be making.\u201d","id":20,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'The spotlight in artificial intelligence is moving from chatbots to so-called agents, autonomous AI that can follow complex instructions and perform tasks from checking a car rental reservation at the airport to screening potential sales leads.\\n\\nThe first questions about AI agents as they enter the market will naturally focus on how capable these new systems are, including at making decisions with little or no human guidance. If the technology proves out, they could go a long way toward addressing businesses\u2019 frustrations so far as they try to recoup their investment in AI capabilities. But plenty of other questions also will follow.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not clear to me these things will ever effectively stand alone, but the instructions that you will be able to give them will be increasingly high level,\u201d says Martin Casado, a general partner at venture capital and investment firm Andreessen Horowitz, where he leads the firm\u2019s $1.25 billion infrastructure practice.\\n\\nBig players are betting on agents for a breathtaking range of uses. An Apple executive used the company\u2019s high-profile developers\u2019 conference in June to paint the picture, describing the ways an AI-boosted Siri might help during a hypothetical visit from her mom by delving into the executive\u2019s email, messages and other apps with minimal prompting.\\n\\nThe dating app Grindr says it is working on an AI-agent wingman that will recommend relationship candidates, help users keep track of conversations, suggest dating spots and make restaurant reservations.\\n\\nCloud software provider ServiceNow said in September it plans to integrate AI agents into its platform that automates and manages functions such as IT, customer service, procurement, human resources and software development.\\n\\nThe first piece that ServiceNow is shipping includes the autonomous handling of IT and customer service management ticket requests, said Dorit Zilbershot, vice president of platform and AI innovation at ServiceNow.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re moving into a world where\u2026I oversee the AI, the AI is able to handle all those tickets, and they reach out to me when they need help or they reach out to me when as part of the policy, they have to get my approval,\u201d Zilbershot said.\\n\\nData analytics company Palantir Technologies, which was added to the S&P 500 in September, helps clients develop their own agents and also uses them internally for functions such as legal work, human resources and office operations and facilities.\\n\\n\u201cThe places where AI is driving differentiated value go beyond chatbots. Chatbots are table stakes,\u201d Palantir Chief Information Officer Jim Siders told me this month at The Wall Street Journal CIO Network Summit.\\n\\n\u201cIt happened fast and I think\u2026.a lot of the industry is catching up to that,\u201d Siders said.\\n\\nThe former co-chief executive of software-as-a-service pioneer Salesforce, Bret Taylor, has started a company called Sierra to help other companies build agents.\\n\\nAnd Salesforce this summer itself introduced an offering called Agentforce, which it says can automate customer service, marketing campaigns and business procurement far beyond any chatbot\u2019s abilities.\\n\\nCompanies can use Agentforce not only to prequalify business leads, for example, but to then reach out to a promising prospect and set up a meeting on behalf of a human salesperson, according to Salesforce.\\n\\nBACA Systems, a machine manufacturing company in Orion Township, Mich., began using Agentforce capabilities nearly a year ago, when they were in the pilot stage. \\n\\nThe technology has provided a big boost to BACA by enabling the company, for example, to handle a growing volume of service calls without adding additional human staff, according to Andrew Russo, enterprise architect at BACA.\\n\\n<b>Looking beyond software as a service <\/b>\\nCompanies are already familiar with other forms of automation, which will help lay the groundwork for trying AI agents, according to research and advisory firm Forrester. \\n\\nBut companies will run into challenges, too, because the norms over automation that they have evolved won\u2019t translate neatly to the implementation of AI agents.  \\n\\nAI agents will force companies to answer new \u201chard questions\u201d about balancing the risks and rewards of automation, the proper role of humans and the best way to govern the data that these increasingly powerful agents use, Forrester said in a report this month.\\n\\nAI providers and their clients may at least be more aligned than before on pricing and incentives. Providers of generative AI tech have often charged on the SaaS model, sometimes pegged to the number of employees with access to the tech. \\n\\nSaaS in general has been a welcome improvement over previous licensing models that often took many years and billions of dollars for customers to implement. But it isn\u2019t perfect, either. It\u2019s possible to oversubscribe\u2014and pay\u2014for services companies don\u2019t actually wind up using, like leaving a faucet sink running.\\n\\nInstead of an ongoing fee, though, Salesforce is charging $2 per conversation or sales lead for Agentforce. \\n\\nThat may help attract customers that wouldn\u2019t have been ready to sign up for AI agents if it meant a new recurring fee for a service that might not turn out to be valuable enough. And for Salesforce, the model creates an incentive to deliver clear and concrete value. \\n\\nThe SaaS pricing model won\u2019t go away, but the newer alternative makes sense because work tied to agents isn\u2019t always linked to an individual human employee, according to Adam Evans, senior vice president of Salesforce AI Platform. \\n\\nAgents will be able to perform certain kinds of work that humans simply don\u2019t have the time to prioritize, such as analyzing all of the calls related to an area such as logistics, he said. \\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re teeing this with consumption so that every customer is going to be able to say what job did these agents do, see their bill almost by the job or the campaign,\u201d Evans said. \u201cAnd then they can do their own [return on investment] calculation and drive those decisions they should be making.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 4.76837158203125e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'The spotlight in artificial intelligence is moving from chatbots to so-called agents, autonomous AI that can follow complex instructions and perform tasks from checking a car rental reservation at the airport to screening potential sales leads.\\n\\nThe first questions about AI agents as they enter the market will naturally focus on how capable these new systems are, including at making decisions with little or no human guidance. If the technology proves out, they could go a long way toward addressing businesses\u2019 frustrations so far as they try to recoup their investment in AI capabilities. But plenty of other questions also will follow.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not clear to me these things will ever effectively stand alone, but the instructions that you will be able to give them will be increasingly high level,\u201d says Martin Casado, a general partner at venture capital and investment firm Andreessen Horowitz, where he leads the firm\u2019s $1.25 billion infrastructure practice.\\n\\nBig players are betting on agents for a breathtaking range of uses. An Apple executive used the company\u2019s high-profile developers\u2019 conference in June to paint the picture, describing the ways an AI-boosted Siri might help during a hypothetical visit from her mom by delving into the executive\u2019s email, messages and other apps with minimal prompting.\\n\\nThe dating app Grindr says it is working on an AI-agent wingman that will recommend relationship candidates, help users keep track of conversations, suggest dating spots and make restaurant reservations.\\n\\nCloud software provider ServiceNow said in September it plans to integrate AI agents into its platform that automates and manages functions such as IT, customer service, procurement, human resources and software development.\\n\\nThe first piece that ServiceNow is shipping includes the autonomous handling of IT and customer service management ticket requests, said Dorit Zilbershot, vice president of platform and AI innovation at ServiceNow.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re moving into a world where\u2026I oversee the AI, the AI is able to handle all those tickets, and they reach out to me when they need help or they reach out to me when as part of the policy, they have to get my approval,\u201d Zilbershot said.\\n\\nData analytics company Palantir Technologies, which was added to the S&P 500 in September, helps clients develop their own agents and also uses them internally for functions such as legal work, human resources and office operations and facilities.\\n\\n\u201cThe places where AI is driving differentiated value go beyond chatbots. Chatbots are table stakes,\u201d Palantir Chief Information Officer Jim Siders told me this month at The Wall Street Journal CIO Network Summit.\\n\\n\u201cIt happened fast and I think\u2026.a lot of the industry is catching up to that,\u201d Siders said.\\n\\nThe former co-chief executive of software-as-a-service pioneer Salesforce, Bret Taylor, has started a company called Sierra to help other companies build agents.\\n\\nAnd Salesforce this summer itself introduced an offering called Agentforce, which it says can automate customer service, marketing campaigns and business procurement far beyond any chatbot\u2019s abilities.\\n\\nCompanies can use Agentforce not only to prequalify business leads, for example, but to then reach out to a promising prospect and set up a meeting on behalf of a human salesperson, according to Salesforce.\\n\\nBACA Systems, a machine manufacturing company in Orion Township, Mich., began using Agentforce capabilities nearly a year ago, when they were in the pilot stage. \\n\\nThe technology has provided a big boost to BACA by enabling the company, for example, to handle a growing volume of service calls without adding additional human staff, according to Andrew Russo, enterprise architect at BACA.\\n\\n<b>Looking beyond software as a service <\/b>\\nCompanies are already familiar with other forms of automation, which will help lay the groundwork for trying AI agents, according to research and advisory firm Forrester. \\n\\nBut companies will run into challenges, too, because the norms over automation that they have evolved won\u2019t translate neatly to the implementation of AI agents.  \\n\\nAI agents will force companies to answer new \u201chard questions\u201d about balancing the risks and rewards of automation, the proper role of humans and the best way to govern the data that these increasingly powerful agents use, Forrester said in a report this month.\\n\\nAI providers and their clients may at least be more aligned than before on pricing and incentives. Providers of generative AI tech have often charged on the SaaS model, sometimes pegged to the number of employees with access to the tech. \\n\\nSaaS in general has been a welcome improvement over previous licensing models that often took many years and billions of dollars for customers to implement. But it isn\u2019t perfect, either. It\u2019s possible to oversubscribe\u2014and pay\u2014for services companies don\u2019t actually wind up using, like leaving a faucet sink running.\\n\\nInstead of an ongoing fee, though, Salesforce is charging $2 per conversation or sales lead for Agentforce. \\n\\nThat may help attract customers that wouldn\u2019t have been ready to sign up for AI agents if it meant a new recurring fee for a service that might not turn out to be valuable enough. And for Salesforce, the model creates an incentive to deliver clear and concrete value. \\n\\nThe SaaS pricing model won\u2019t go away, but the newer alternative makes sense because work tied to agents isn\u2019t always linked to an individual human employee, according to Adam Evans, senior vice president of Salesforce AI Platform. \\n\\nAgents will be able to perform certain kinds of work that humans simply don\u2019t have the time to prioritize, such as analyzing all of the calls related to an area such as logistics, he said. \\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re teeing this with consumption so that every customer is going to be able to say what job did these agents do, see their bill almost by the job or the campaign,\u201d Evans said. \u201cAnd then they can do their own [return on investment] calculation and drive those decisions they should be making.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 1.2516975402832031e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '6130fd25-2314-429d-ab26-bd113bca0586', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.00011009882291546091, 'sentence': 'The spotlight in artificial intelligence is moving from chatbots to so-called agents, autonomous AI that can follow complex instructions and perform tasks from checking a car rental reservation at the airport to screening potential sales leads.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.654752360191196e-05, 'sentence': 'The first questions about AI agents as they enter the market will naturally focus on how capable these new systems are, including at making decisions with little or no human guidance.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.258343586931005e-05, 'sentence': \"If the technology proves out, they could go a long way toward addressing businesses' frustrations so far as they try to recoup their investment in AI capabilities.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.184773080050945e-05, 'sentence': 'But plenty of other questions also will follow.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.073508797679096e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's not clear to me these things will ever effectively stand alone, but the instructions that you will be able to give them will be increasingly high level,\u201d says Martin Casado, a general partner at venture capital and investment firm Andreessen Horowitz, where he leads the firm's $1.25 billion infrastructure practice.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010009048855863512, 'sentence': 'Big players are betting on agents for a breathtaking range of uses.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010396059951744974, 'sentence': \"An Apple executive used the company's high-profile developers' conference in June to paint the picture, describing the ways an AI-boosted Siri might help during a hypothetical visit from her mom by delving into the executive's email, messages and other apps with minimal prompting.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.115207649301738e-05, 'sentence': 'The dating app Grindr says it is working on an AI-agent wingman that will recommend relationship candidates, help users keep track of conversations, suggest dating spots and make restaurant reservations.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.098771988647059e-05, 'sentence': 'Cloud software provider ServiceNow said in September it plans to integrate AI agents into its platform that automates and manages functions such as IT, customer service, procurement, human resources and software development.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.862176036927849e-05, 'sentence': 'The first piece that ServiceNow is shipping includes the autonomous handling of IT and customer service management ticket requests, said Dorit Zilbershot, vice president of platform and AI innovation at ServiceNow.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00023729639360681176, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe're moving into a world where\u2026I oversee the AI, the AI is able to handle all those tickets, and they reach out to me when they need help or they reach out to me when as part of the policy, they have to get my approval,\u201d Zilbershot said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019829958910122514, 'sentence': 'Data analytics company Palantir Technologies, which was added to the S&P 500 in September, helps clients develop their own agents and also uses them internally for functions such as legal work, human resources and office operations and facilities.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019170377345290035, 'sentence': '\u201cThe places where AI is driving differentiated value go beyond chatbots.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002497070818208158, 'sentence': 'Chatbots are table stakes,\u201d Palantir Chief Information Officer Jim Siders told me this month at The Wall Street Journal CIO Network Summit.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001218302350025624, 'sentence': '\u201cIt happened fast and I think\u2026.a lot of the industry is catching up to that,\u201d Siders said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001734897814458236, 'sentence': 'The former co-chief executive of software-as-a-service pioneer Salesforce, Bret Taylor, has started a company called Sierra to help other companies build agents.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011707379599101841, 'sentence': \"And Salesforce this summer itself introduced an offering called Agentforce, which it says can automate customer service, marketing campaigns and business procurement far beyond any chatbot's abilities.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010186820145463571, 'sentence': 'Companies can use Agentforce not only to prequalify business leads, for example, but to then reach out to a promising prospect and set up a meeting on behalf of a human salesperson, according to Salesforce.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013466038217302412, 'sentence': 'BACA Systems, a machine manufacturing company in Orion Township, Mich., began using Agentforce capabilities nearly a year ago, when they were in the pilot stage.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001505107939010486, 'sentence': 'The technology has provided a big boost to BACA by enabling the company, for example, to handle a growing volume of service calls without adding additional human staff, according to Andrew Russo, enterprise architect at BACA.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00040415319381281734, 'sentence': '<b>Looking beyond software as a service <\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003657976340036839, 'sentence': 'Companies are already familiar with other forms of automation, which will help lay the groundwork for trying AI agents, according to research and advisory firm Forrester.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.251782229403034e-05, 'sentence': \"But companies will run into challenges, too, because the norms over automation that they have evolved won't translate neatly to the implementation of AI agents.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.9072346882894635e-05, 'sentence': 'AI agents will force companies to answer new \u201chard questions\u201d about balancing the risks and rewards of automation, the proper role of humans and the best way to govern the data that these increasingly powerful agents use, Forrester said in a report this month.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.9205791836138815e-05, 'sentence': 'AI providers and their clients may at least be more aligned than before on pricing and incentives.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.668000449077226e-05, 'sentence': 'Providers of generative AI tech have often charged on the SaaS model, sometimes pegged to the number of employees with access to the tech.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.885071782860905e-05, 'sentence': 'SaaS in general has been a welcome improvement over previous licensing models that often took many years and billions of dollars for customers to implement.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.9281398383318447e-05, 'sentence': \"But it isn't perfect, either.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.0336559070274234e-05, 'sentence': \"It's possible to oversubscribe\u1173and pay\u1173for services companies don't actually wind up using, like leaving a faucet sink running.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.793429252458736e-05, 'sentence': 'Instead of an ongoing fee, though, Salesforce is charging $2 per conversation or sales lead for Agentforce.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.055540532339364e-05, 'sentence': \"That may help attract customers that wouldn't have been ready to sign up for AI agents if it meant a new recurring fee for a service that might not turn out to be valuable enough.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.0127753891283646e-05, 'sentence': 'And for Salesforce, the model creates an incentive to deliver clear and concrete value.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.64058318559546e-05, 'sentence': \"The SaaS pricing model won't go away, but the newer alternative makes sense because work tied to agents isn't always linked to an individual human employee, according to Adam Evans, senior vice president of Salesforce AI Platform.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.725269147660583e-05, 'sentence': \"Agents will be able to perform certain kinds of work that humans simply don't have the time to prioritize, such as analyzing all of the calls related to an area such as logistics, he said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.736411109566689e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe're teeing this with consumption so that every customer is going to be able to say what job did these agents do, see their bill almost by the job or the campaign,\u201d Evans said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.006807208061218262, 'sentence': '\u201cAnd then they can do their own [return on investment] calculation and drive those decisions they should be making.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 12, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 14, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 17, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 18, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 19, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 20, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 21, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 22, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 23, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 24, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 26, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 29, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 30, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 32, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 33, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 34, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.017917192071486437, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9820828079285135, 'ai': 0.017917192071486437, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9820828079285135, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.017917192071486437, 'human': 0.9820828079285135, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'The spotlight in artificial intelligence is moving from chatbots to so-called agents, autonomous AI that can follow complex instructions and perform tasks from checking a car rental reservation at the airport to screening potential sales leads.\\n\\nThe first questions about AI agents as they enter the market will naturally focus on how capable these new systems are, including at making decisions with little or no human guidance. If the technology proves out, they could go a long way toward addressing businesses\u2019 frustrations so far as they try to recoup their investment in AI capabilities. But plenty of other questions also will follow.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not clear to me these things will ever effectively stand alone, but the instructions that you will be able to give them will be increasingly high level,\u201d says Martin Casado, a general partner at venture capital and investment firm Andreessen Horowitz, where he leads the firm\u2019s $1.25 billion infrastructure practice.\\n\\nBig players are betting on agents for a breathtaking range of uses. An Apple executive used the company\u2019s high-profile developers\u2019 conference in June to paint the picture, describing the ways an AI-boosted Siri might help during a hypothetical visit from her mom by delving into the executive\u2019s email, messages and other apps with minimal prompting.\\n\\nThe dating app Grindr says it is working on an AI-agent wingman that will recommend relationship candidates, help users keep track of conversations, suggest dating spots and make restaurant reservations.\\n\\nCloud software provider ServiceNow said in September it plans to integrate AI agents into its platform that automates and manages functions such as IT, customer service, procurement, human resources and software development.\\n\\nThe first piece that ServiceNow is shipping includes the autonomous handling of IT and customer service management ticket requests, said Dorit Zilbershot, vice president of platform and AI innovation at ServiceNow.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re moving into a world where\u2026I oversee the AI, the AI is able to handle all those tickets, and they reach out to me when they need help or they reach out to me when as part of the policy, they have to get my approval,\u201d Zilbershot said.\\n\\nData analytics company Palantir Technologies, which was added to the S&P 500 in September, helps clients develop their own agents and also uses them internally for functions such as legal work, human resources and office operations and facilities.\\n\\n\u201cThe places where AI is driving differentiated value go beyond chatbots. Chatbots are table stakes,\u201d Palantir Chief Information Officer Jim Siders told me this month at The Wall Street Journal CIO Network Summit.\\n\\n\u201cIt happened fast and I think\u2026.a lot of the industry is catching up to that,\u201d Siders said.\\n\\nThe former co-chief executive of software-as-a-service pioneer Salesforce, Bret Taylor, has started a company called Sierra to help other companies build agents.\\n\\nAnd Salesforce this summer itself introduced an offering called Agentforce, which it says can automate customer service, marketing campaigns and business procurement far beyond any chatbot\u2019s abilities.\\n\\nCompanies can use Agentforce not only to prequalify business leads, for example, but to then reach out to a promising prospect and set up a meeting on behalf of a human salesperson, according to Salesforce.\\n\\nBACA Systems, a machine manufacturing company in Orion Township, Mich., began using Agentforce capabilities nearly a year ago, when they were in the pilot stage. \\n\\nThe technology has provided a big boost to BACA by enabling the company, for example, to handle a growing volume of service calls without adding additional human staff, according to Andrew Russo, enterprise architect at BACA.\\n\\n<b>Looking beyond software as a service <\/b>\\nCompanies are already familiar with other forms of automation, which will help lay the groundwork for trying AI agents, according to research and advisory firm Forrester. \\n\\nBut companies will run into challenges, too, because the norms over automation that they have evolved won\u2019t translate neatly to the implementation of AI agents.  \\n\\nAI agents will force companies to answer new \u201chard questions\u201d about balancing the risks and rewards of automation, the proper role of humans and the best way to govern the data that these increasingly powerful agents use, Forrester said in a report this month.\\n\\nAI providers and their clients may at least be more aligned than before on pricing and incentives. Providers of generative AI tech have often charged on the SaaS model, sometimes pegged to the number of employees with access to the tech. \\n\\nSaaS in general has been a welcome improvement over previous licensing models that often took many years and billions of dollars for customers to implement. But it isn\u2019t perfect, either. It\u2019s possible to oversubscribe\u2014and pay\u2014for services companies don\u2019t actually wind up using, like leaving a faucet sink running.\\n\\nInstead of an ongoing fee, though, Salesforce is charging $2 per conversation or sales lead for Agentforce. \\n\\nThat may help attract customers that wouldn\u2019t have been ready to sign up for AI agents if it meant a new recurring fee for a service that might not turn out to be valuable enough. And for Salesforce, the model creates an incentive to deliver clear and concrete value. \\n\\nThe SaaS pricing model won\u2019t go away, but the newer alternative makes sense because work tied to agents isn\u2019t always linked to an individual human employee, according to Adam Evans, senior vice president of Salesforce AI Platform. \\n\\nAgents will be able to perform certain kinds of work that humans simply don\u2019t have the time to prioritize, such as analyzing all of the calls related to an area such as logistics, he said. \\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re teeing this with consumption so that every customer is going to be able to say what job did these agents do, see their bill almost by the job or the campaign,\u201d Evans said. \u201cAnd then they can do their own [return on investment] calculation and drive those decisions they should be making.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5741938949,"RADAR":0.0196817033,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article had a few AI phrases like \"delve into\" and the way it repetitively used \"such as\" in a single sentence. However, the introduction was quite unique, the conclusion was a quotation rather than a generic conclusion, and the quotations themselves were quite natural with ellipses and clarifications made in brackets. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I see no usual signs of AI writing here. However, there is frequent use of conjunctions to start sentences, which I think is a human error\/style. (For example, \"and\" and \"but.\") Also, AI tends to say \"not only...but also\" whereas here it is written \"not only...but to\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Without reading the text, here's why I think it's human-generated: varied paragraph length and sentence case headings. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident that this article is human-written. The only aspect that may sway me the other direction is the regular, consistent pattern of how some sentences are structures, it's listing of commas and some word choice. However, considering the topic of the article, its word choice makes sense, and if the writer is trying to present information to businesses and those within these industries, then those words have context. Specific phrases, such as \"clear and concrete value,\" \"answer the new \"hard questions:\", and \"paint a picture\" are either simplistic or colloquial terms, common phrases that capture ideas and actions instantly without unnecessary fluff added to it. There are also additional grammar techniques used to help separate and clarify information at certain points with dashes, square brackets, and ellipses. I'd also argue that the use of passive voice in this case adds to this argument as well, but not always. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Quotes are available online exactly as used in the text. A typical human error is to get surnames wrong: Dorit Zilbershot is actually Dorit Levy-Zilbershot.  \nThe one-sentence paragraphs correspond with the way in which authors, especially those who write for tech publications, structure their content online. Maybe their audience will freak out when they see paragraphs that have several sentences longer than 30 words each.\nThe author identifies the place where they met one of the people cited in the text, and refers to \"me\" (a specific, identifiable person) as the author."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"50":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":21,"title":"What Brilliant Fall Leaf Colors Tell Us about Tree Health and Climate","sub-title":"A tree\u2019s fall palette offers a glimpse at its health and the weather it has experienced in a given year","author":"Meghan Bartles","source":"Scientific American","issue":"10\/18\/24","section":"Plants","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/colors-of-fall-leaves-are-shaped-by-climate-change-and-tree-health\/","article":"Before the advent of pumpkin spice lattes and Halloween decorations, the most reliable indication of autumn\u2019s arrival lay in the tree canopy as its greens gave way to yellows and reds and its leaves then fell away.\n\nThat process is shaped by weather both in the autumn and throughout the year, which means that individual years can produce strikingly different foliage displays. It also means that as climate change manifests in weirder conditions, fall will start to look different. Studying what\u2019s happening and why could help scientists understand how trees and forests are faring at this key seasonal shift.\n\nAs the sun begins setting earlier and temperatures dip, \u201cmuch like the rest of us, trees are identifying that it is autumn and that winter is coming,\u201d says Amanda Gallinat, an ecologist at Colby College. For some trees, the onset of cold weather doesn\u2019t change their survival strategy: most firs, pines and spruces will carry on as usual, looking more or less as green in winter as ever. But deciduous trees such as most oaks and maples follow a different strategy, shedding their leaves to endure the winter bare-branched.\n\nThese trees go bare because in winter\u2019s harshness, leaves can\u2019t store enough energy to make up for the water a tree loses through them. And by letting go of their foliage on their own schedule, deciduous trees can typically reabsorb some of the expensive nutrients in those leaves to reuse in the next growing season. The process shows up as the spectacle of fall foliage.\n\nDuring the summer, leaves appear green because the predominant pigment of photosynthesis, called chlorophyll, reflects green light. But chlorophyll is full of nitrogen and other valuable components, so when they can, trees will pull the pigment out of their leaves as winter approaches.\n\nIn many trees, such as ginkgoes and honey locusts, removing chlorophyll reveals yellow pigment compounds called carotenoids. \u201cSpecies that turn yellow have had those pigments all year, and we\u2019re looking at the absence of the color green,\u201d Gallinat says.\n\nOther species, such as red maples and sweet gums, produce new pigments\u2014red and purple anthocyanins\u2014especially for the fall. \u201cThose colored pigments are like a sunscreen for leaf tissue while the plants are retrieving nutrients from the leaf tissue,\u201d says Yingying Xie, a plant ecologist at Northern Kentucky University. \u201cThey don\u2019t have the chlorophyll to absorb light, so they don\u2019t want the sunlight radiation damage\u2014that\u2019s why some species produce other kinds of color pigment to absorb or reflect the radiation.\u201d\n\nFoliage that turns brilliant yellow, orange, red or purple as days shorten therefore indicates a healthy tree wrapping up its growing season. But when the timing or color progression is off, that may signal the tree is struggling. \u201cBecause stress does seem to be part of it, early onset of fall color is often a really great indicator of the tree\u2019s health,\u201d says Christy Rollinson, a forest ecologist at the Morton Arboretum in Illinois.\n\nTwo main factors govern the transition to autumnal foliage: the length of the day and falling temperatures, especially at night. The precise balance tends to depend on the species, with some being more responsive to changing conditions than others.\n\nBut regardless of how a tree balances the environmental information it receives, sometimes it miscalculates. When something goes wrong, the result is less pretty. Serious drought in the summer can sometimes make trees unable to keep supporting leaves through the full growing season, leading them to drop green foliage. Wet autumns can encourage fungi and pests that can sap a tree\u2019s resources and the vibrancy of its foliage. An early freeze that catches a tree unawares can do the same or can cause its leaves to turn straight from green to brown before falling off. That\u2019s because freezing water rips open a leaf from the inside. \u201cWhen a leaf freezes, it\u2019s like putting a full water bottle in the freezer,\u201d Rollinson says. \u201cAs that ice forms and expands, it breaks your water bottle.\u201d\n\nOn the face of it, then, a warming climate might seem like a buffer for trees against losing leaves to an early frost. But it\u2019s not that simple, and scientists still have a lot to learn about how extreme temperature and precipitation events can pile up during a year to impact fall foliage, Xie says. Overall, the outlook is grim for stunning fall foliage under continuing climate change. \u201cWe expect that as temperatures warm, we will see less vibrant autumn seasons,\u201d Gallinat says.\n\nOne piece of that reduction in vibrancy comes from a lengthening of the foliage season. As fall temperatures become milder, different trees with different coolness thresholds for color changes will begin their winter preparations at more spread out times. In this way, you might see a few trees pop in color only to then drop their leaves before another group does the same.\n\nIn addition, the changing makeup of forest ecosystems themselves will impact their usual fall display. Native species are exquisitely tuned to the environment they evolved in, so they could be caught off guard by unusual seasonal changes. In contrast, invasive species are more likely to be able to respond to these changes, lengthening their growing season in both the spring and the autumn, giving them a boost in resources compared with native species, Gallinat says. This phenomenon could further dilute beautiful foliage through the autumn.\n\nEven after considering various factors, it\u2019s difficult to predict the nuances of fall foliage because each individual tree is governed by its immediate environment rather than coordination with its neighbors. \u201cIt\u2019s a great opportunity to go for a scavenger hunt where you live because there is often a huge variation in the timing of color,\u201d Rollinson says. \u201cTrees are like people: they\u2019re all weirdos.\u201d","id":21,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Before the advent of pumpkin spice lattes and Halloween decorations, the most reliable indication of autumn\u2019s arrival lay in the tree canopy as its greens gave way to yellows and reds and its leaves then fell away.\\n\\nThat process is shaped by weather both in the autumn and throughout the year, which means that individual years can produce strikingly different foliage displays. It also means that as climate change manifests in weirder conditions, fall will start to look different. Studying what\u2019s happening and why could help scientists understand how trees and forests are faring at this key seasonal shift.\\n\\nAs the sun begins setting earlier and temperatures dip, \u201cmuch like the rest of us, trees are identifying that it is autumn and that winter is coming,\u201d says Amanda Gallinat, an ecologist at Colby College. For some trees, the onset of cold weather doesn\u2019t change their survival strategy: most firs, pines and spruces will carry on as usual, looking more or less as green in winter as ever. But deciduous trees such as most oaks and maples follow a different strategy, shedding their leaves to endure the winter bare-branched.\\n\\nThese trees go bare because in winter\u2019s harshness, leaves can\u2019t store enough energy to make up for the water a tree loses through them. And by letting go of their foliage on their own schedule, deciduous trees can typically reabsorb some of the expensive nutrients in those leaves to reuse in the next growing season. The process shows up as the spectacle of fall foliage.\\n\\nDuring the summer, leaves appear green because the predominant pigment of photosynthesis, called chlorophyll, reflects green light. But chlorophyll is full of nitrogen and other valuable components, so when they can, trees will pull the pigment out of their leaves as winter approaches.\\n\\nIn many trees, such as ginkgoes and honey locusts, removing chlorophyll reveals yellow pigment compounds called carotenoids. \u201cSpecies that turn yellow have had those pigments all year, and we\u2019re looking at the absence of the color green,\u201d Gallinat says.\\n\\nOther species, such as red maples and sweet gums, produce new pigments\u2014red and purple anthocyanins\u2014especially for the fall. \u201cThose colored pigments are like a sunscreen for leaf tissue while the plants are retrieving nutrients from the leaf tissue,\u201d says Yingying Xie, a plant ecologist at Northern Kentucky University. \u201cThey don\u2019t have the chlorophyll to absorb light, so they don\u2019t want the sunlight radiation damage\u2014that\u2019s why some species produce other kinds of color pigment to absorb or reflect the radiation.\u201d\\n\\nFoliage that turns brilliant yellow, orange, red or purple as days shorten therefore indicates a healthy tree wrapping up its growing season. But when the timing or color progression is off, that may signal the tree is struggling. \u201cBecause stress does seem to be part of it, early onset of fall color is often a really great indicator of the tree\u2019s health,\u201d says Christy Rollinson, a forest ecologist at the Morton Arboretum in Illinois.\\n\\nTwo main factors govern the transition to autumnal foliage: the length of the day and falling temperatures, especially at night. The precise balance tends to depend on the species, with some being more responsive to changing conditions than others.\\n\\nBut regardless of how a tree balances the environmental information it receives, sometimes it miscalculates. When something goes wrong, the result is less pretty. Serious drought in the summer can sometimes make trees unable to keep supporting leaves through the full growing season, leading them to drop green foliage. Wet autumns can encourage fungi and pests that can sap a tree\u2019s resources and the vibrancy of its foliage. An early freeze that catches a tree unawares can do the same or can cause its leaves to turn straight from green to brown before falling off. That\u2019s because freezing water rips open a leaf from the inside. \u201cWhen a leaf freezes, it\u2019s like putting a full water bottle in the freezer,\u201d Rollinson says. \u201cAs that ice forms and expands, it breaks your water bottle.\u201d\\n\\nOn the face of it, then, a warming climate might seem like a buffer for trees against losing leaves to an early frost. But it\u2019s not that simple, and scientists still have a lot to learn about how extreme temperature and precipitation events can pile up during a year to impact fall foliage, Xie says. Overall, the outlook is grim for stunning fall foliage under continuing climate change. \u201cWe expect that as temperatures warm, we will see less vibrant autumn seasons,\u201d Gallinat says.\\n\\nOne piece of that reduction in vibrancy comes from a lengthening of the foliage season. As fall temperatures become milder, different trees with different coolness thresholds for color changes will begin their winter preparations at more spread out times. In this way, you might see a few trees pop in color only to then drop their leaves before another group does the same.\\n\\nIn addition, the changing makeup of forest ecosystems themselves will impact their usual fall display. Native species are exquisitely tuned to the environment they evolved in, so they could be caught off guard by unusual seasonal changes. In contrast, invasive species are more likely to be able to respond to these changes, lengthening their growing season in both the spring and the autumn, giving them a boost in resources compared with native species, Gallinat says. This phenomenon could further dilute beautiful foliage through the autumn.\\n\\nEven after considering various factors, it\u2019s difficult to predict the nuances of fall foliage because each individual tree is governed by its immediate environment rather than coordination with its neighbors. \u201cIt\u2019s a great opportunity to go for a scavenger hunt where you live because there is often a huge variation in the timing of color,\u201d Rollinson says. \u201cTrees are like people: they\u2019re all weirdos.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1026859283447266e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Before the advent of pumpkin spice lattes and Halloween decorations, the most reliable indication of autumn\u2019s arrival lay in the tree canopy as its greens gave way to yellows and reds and its leaves then fell away.\\n\\nThat process is shaped by weather both in the autumn and throughout the year, which means that individual years can produce strikingly different foliage displays. It also means that as climate change manifests in weirder conditions, fall will start to look different. Studying what\u2019s happening and why could help scientists understand how trees and forests are faring at this key seasonal shift.\\n\\nAs the sun begins setting earlier and temperatures dip, \u201cmuch like the rest of us, trees are identifying that it is autumn and that winter is coming,\u201d says Amanda Gallinat, an ecologist at Colby College. For some trees, the onset of cold weather doesn\u2019t change their survival strategy: most firs, pines and spruces will carry on as usual, looking more or less as green in winter as ever. But deciduous trees such as most oaks and maples follow a different strategy, shedding their leaves to endure the winter bare-branched.\\n\\nThese trees go bare because in winter\u2019s harshness, leaves can\u2019t store enough energy to make up for the water a tree loses through them. And by letting go of their foliage on their own schedule, deciduous trees can typically reabsorb some of the expensive nutrients in those leaves to reuse in the next growing season. The process shows up as the spectacle of fall foliage.\\n\\nDuring the summer, leaves appear green because the predominant pigment of photosynthesis, called chlorophyll, reflects green light. But chlorophyll is full of nitrogen and other valuable components, so when they can, trees will pull the pigment out of their leaves as winter approaches.\\n\\nIn many trees, such as ginkgoes and honey locusts, removing chlorophyll reveals yellow pigment compounds called carotenoids. \u201cSpecies that turn yellow have had those pigments all year, and we\u2019re looking at the absence of the color green,\u201d Gallinat says.\\n\\nOther species, such as red maples and sweet gums, produce new pigments\u2014red and purple anthocyanins\u2014especially for the fall. \u201cThose colored pigments are like a sunscreen for leaf tissue while the plants are retrieving nutrients from the leaf tissue,\u201d says Yingying Xie, a plant ecologist at Northern Kentucky University. \u201cThey don\u2019t have the chlorophyll to absorb light, so they don\u2019t want the sunlight radiation damage\u2014that\u2019s why some species produce other kinds of color pigment to absorb or reflect the radiation.\u201d\\n\\nFoliage that turns brilliant yellow, orange, red or purple as days shorten therefore indicates a healthy tree wrapping up its growing season. But when the timing or color progression is off, that may signal the tree is struggling. \u201cBecause stress does seem to be part of it, early onset of fall color is often a really great indicator of the tree\u2019s health,\u201d says Christy Rollinson, a forest ecologist at the Morton Arboretum in Illinois.\\n\\nTwo main factors govern the transition to autumnal foliage: the length of the day and falling temperatures, especially at night. The precise balance tends to depend on the species, with some being more responsive to changing conditions than others.\\n\\nBut regardless of how a tree balances the environmental information it receives, sometimes it miscalculates. When something goes wrong, the result is less pretty. Serious drought in the summer can sometimes make trees unable to keep supporting leaves through the full growing season, leading them to drop green foliage. Wet autumns can encourage fungi and pests that can sap a tree\u2019s resources and the vibrancy of its foliage. An early freeze that catches a tree unawares can do the same or can cause its leaves to turn straight from green to brown before falling off. That\u2019s because freezing water rips open a leaf from the inside. \u201cWhen a leaf freezes, it\u2019s like putting a full water bottle in the freezer,\u201d Rollinson says. \u201cAs that ice forms and expands, it breaks your water bottle.\u201d\\n\\nOn the face of it, then, a warming climate might seem like a buffer for trees against losing leaves to an early frost. But it\u2019s not that simple, and scientists still have a lot to learn about how extreme temperature and precipitation events can pile up during a year to impact fall foliage, Xie says. Overall, the outlook is grim for stunning fall foliage under continuing climate change. \u201cWe expect that as temperatures warm, we will see less vibrant autumn seasons,\u201d Gallinat says.\\n\\nOne piece of that reduction in vibrancy comes from a lengthening of the foliage season. As fall temperatures become milder, different trees with different coolness thresholds for color changes will begin their winter preparations at more spread out times. In this way, you might see a few trees pop in color only to then drop their leaves before another group does the same.\\n\\nIn addition, the changing makeup of forest ecosystems themselves will impact their usual fall display. Native species are exquisitely tuned to the environment they evolved in, so they could be caught off guard by unusual seasonal changes. In contrast, invasive species are more likely to be able to respond to these changes, lengthening their growing season in both the spring and the autumn, giving them a boost in resources compared with native species, Gallinat says. This phenomenon could further dilute beautiful foliage through the autumn.\\n\\nEven after considering various factors, it\u2019s difficult to predict the nuances of fall foliage because each individual tree is governed by its immediate environment rather than coordination with its neighbors. \u201cIt\u2019s a great opportunity to go for a scavenger hunt where you live because there is often a huge variation in the timing of color,\u201d Rollinson says. \u201cTrees are like people: they\u2019re all weirdos.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 5.364418029785156e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'fe4c2a9e-048f-411d-869e-50d44a10f5c8', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0010361080057919025, 'sentence': \"Before the advent of pumpkin spice lattes and Halloween decorations, the most reliable 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written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Before the advent of pumpkin spice lattes and Halloween decorations, the most reliable indication of autumn\u2019s arrival lay in the tree canopy as its greens gave way to yellows and reds and its leaves then fell away.\\n\\nThat process is shaped by weather both in the autumn and throughout the year, which means that individual years can produce strikingly different foliage displays. It also means that as climate change manifests in weirder conditions, fall will start to look different. Studying what\u2019s happening and why could help scientists understand how trees and forests are faring at this key seasonal shift.\\n\\nAs the sun begins setting earlier and temperatures dip, \u201cmuch like the rest of us, trees are identifying that it is autumn and that winter is coming,\u201d says Amanda Gallinat, an ecologist at Colby College. For some trees, the onset of cold weather doesn\u2019t change their survival strategy: most firs, pines and spruces will carry on as usual, looking more or less as green in winter as ever. But deciduous trees such as most oaks and maples follow a different strategy, shedding their leaves to endure the winter bare-branched.\\n\\nThese trees go bare because in winter\u2019s harshness, leaves can\u2019t store enough energy to make up for the water a tree loses through them. And by letting go of their foliage on their own schedule, deciduous trees can typically reabsorb some of the expensive nutrients in those leaves to reuse in the next growing season. The process shows up as the spectacle of fall foliage.\\n\\nDuring the summer, leaves appear green because the predominant pigment of photosynthesis, called chlorophyll, reflects green light. But chlorophyll is full of nitrogen and other valuable components, so when they can, trees will pull the pigment out of their leaves as winter approaches.\\n\\nIn many trees, such as ginkgoes and honey locusts, removing chlorophyll reveals yellow pigment compounds called carotenoids. \u201cSpecies that turn yellow have had those pigments all year, and we\u2019re looking at the absence of the color green,\u201d Gallinat says.\\n\\nOther species, such as red maples and sweet gums, produce new pigments\u2014red and purple anthocyanins\u2014especially for the fall. \u201cThose colored pigments are like a sunscreen for leaf tissue while the plants are retrieving nutrients from the leaf tissue,\u201d says Yingying Xie, a plant ecologist at Northern Kentucky University. \u201cThey don\u2019t have the chlorophyll to absorb light, so they don\u2019t want the sunlight radiation damage\u2014that\u2019s why some species produce other kinds of color pigment to absorb or reflect the radiation.\u201d\\n\\nFoliage that turns brilliant yellow, orange, red or purple as days shorten therefore indicates a healthy tree wrapping up its growing season. But when the timing or color progression is off, that may signal the tree is struggling. \u201cBecause stress does seem to be part of it, early onset of fall color is often a really great indicator of the tree\u2019s health,\u201d says Christy Rollinson, a forest ecologist at the Morton Arboretum in Illinois.\\n\\nTwo main factors govern the transition to autumnal foliage: the length of the day and falling temperatures, especially at night. The precise balance tends to depend on the species, with some being more responsive to changing conditions than others.\\n\\nBut regardless of how a tree balances the environmental information it receives, sometimes it miscalculates. When something goes wrong, the result is less pretty. Serious drought in the summer can sometimes make trees unable to keep supporting leaves through the full growing season, leading them to drop green foliage. Wet autumns can encourage fungi and pests that can sap a tree\u2019s resources and the vibrancy of its foliage. An early freeze that catches a tree unawares can do the same or can cause its leaves to turn straight from green to brown before falling off. That\u2019s because freezing water rips open a leaf from the inside. \u201cWhen a leaf freezes, it\u2019s like putting a full water bottle in the freezer,\u201d Rollinson says. \u201cAs that ice forms and expands, it breaks your water bottle.\u201d\\n\\nOn the face of it, then, a warming climate might seem like a buffer for trees against losing leaves to an early frost. But it\u2019s not that simple, and scientists still have a lot to learn about how extreme temperature and precipitation events can pile up during a year to impact fall foliage, Xie says. Overall, the outlook is grim for stunning fall foliage under continuing climate change. \u201cWe expect that as temperatures warm, we will see less vibrant autumn seasons,\u201d Gallinat says.\\n\\nOne piece of that reduction in vibrancy comes from a lengthening of the foliage season. As fall temperatures become milder, different trees with different coolness thresholds for color changes will begin their winter preparations at more spread out times. In this way, you might see a few trees pop in color only to then drop their leaves before another group does the same.\\n\\nIn addition, the changing makeup of forest ecosystems themselves will impact their usual fall display. Native species are exquisitely tuned to the environment they evolved in, so they could be caught off guard by unusual seasonal changes. In contrast, invasive species are more likely to be able to respond to these changes, lengthening their growing season in both the spring and the autumn, giving them a boost in resources compared with native species, Gallinat says. This phenomenon could further dilute beautiful foliage through the autumn.\\n\\nEven after considering various factors, it\u2019s difficult to predict the nuances of fall foliage because each individual tree is governed by its immediate environment rather than coordination with its neighbors. \u201cIt\u2019s a great opportunity to go for a scavenger hunt where you live because there is often a huge variation in the timing of color,\u201d Rollinson says. \u201cTrees are like people: they\u2019re all weirdos.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1762995869,"RADAR":0.0068897777,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The primary reason I believe this is human-generated is because of how natural and simple the quotations are. Explaining a leaf freezing as being similar to a water bottle freezing is a simple but effective way to make everyone understand what you mean. AI quotations tend to be much more complex and wordy, even for people substantially less educated than an ecologist. The last quotation especially which refers to people as \"all being weirdos\" is clearly human because of the informal and humorous nature of it. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There are non of the usual AI-generated words or metaphors here. Many sentences are started with the conjunctions \"but\" or \"and\" which is a human error\/style. The use of the word \"weirdo\" twice also sounds human."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: missing punctuation; informal or slang words like 'weirdos'; interestingly placed quotes, some slightly awkward phrasing, like sentences being to wordy; words like 'expensive' used to describe the nutrients a tree absorbs; speech tags are usually 'says'; descriptive phrases like 'rips open'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am confident this article is human-written. While the article is dense and sometimes uses a lot of technical terms, those terms are used appropriately because the topic is related to science and the environment. It switches out long, detailed explanations with short, catch-all phrases that can capture images quickly to keep the article moving, as with \"sap a tree\u2019s resources\", \"can pile up during a year to impact fall foliage\" and \"freezing water rips open a leaf from the inside.\" But while there's a chance this may be AI writing due to how dense the article is, and its use of higher vocabulary found with AI, I feel that it's human-written because there's an in-depth understanding of the topic itself, and because of that, it's able to explain the topic clearly, showing how its affected, and leaves the conclusion in the hands of the reader to decide."},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"One would assume human authorship when an article is published in Scientific American (https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/colors-of-fall-leaves-are-shaped-by-climate-change-and-tree-health\/).  \nThe number of discourse markers the author uses is atypical of entirely machine-generated text.\nSome quotations are integrated, some are paraphrased, and they all add meaning instead of being chosen only to echo the author's assertions."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"51":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":22,"title":"Birds Practice Singing in Their Sleep","sub-title":"New work listens in on bird dreams","author":"David Godkin","source":"Scientific American","issue":"10\/14\/24","section":"Animals","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/birds-practice-singing-in-their-sleep\/","article":"Scientists tell us that the family dog shuffling its legs while asleep on the floor really is dreaming. And when a bird silently nods off on its perch, it may also dream as its singing muscles twitch. Could it be rehearsing in its sleep?\n\nA substantial proportion of bird species are songbirds with specific brain regions dedicated to learning songs, according to University of Buenos Aires physicist Gabriel B. Mindlin. His research examines connections between birds\u2019 dreams and song production\u2014particularly in Zebra Finches, which often learn new sounds and songs, and in Great Kiskadees, which possess a limited, instinctive song-learning capacity.\n\nScientists had previously observed sleeping birds making movements that resembled lip-syncing. In earlier work, Mindlin and his colleagues implanted electrodes in two Zebra Finches; for a recent study in Chaos, they did the same for two Great Kiskadees. This let them record and compare neuron and muscle activity in the sleeping birds.\n\nWhen awake, Zebra Finches sing a well-regulated line of staccato notes. But their sleeping song movements are fragmented, disjointed and sporadic\u2014\u201crather like a dream,\u201d Mindlin says. A dozing finch seems to silently practice a few \u201cnotes\u201d and then add another, producing a pattern of muscle activity that reminds Mindlin \u201cof learning a musical instrument.\u201d\n\nSuch \u201crehearsing\u201d appears far less likely in the nonlearning Great Kiskadees, says study co-author Ana Amador, a neuroscientist also at the University of Buenos Aires. For the new research, the scientists ran this species\u2019 sensor output through a mathematical model Mindlin recently developed to translate muscle movements into audible sounds. The kiskadees\u2019 synthesized sleeping tune comprised quick, identical note syllables that sounded startlingly loud and aggressive\u2014\u201cmore like a nightmare than a dream,\u201d Amador says. Slumbering kiskadees frequently combined these movements with a threatening flash of head feathers, which often occurs during their territorial disputes while they are awake.\n\nListening in on a sleeping songbird to better understand its waking behavior\u2014and to look for a possible link to dreams\u2014is a lot like \u201ccracking a code in a detective novel,\u201d Amador chuckles.\n\nUniversity of Chicago neuroscientist Daniel Margoliash, whose pioneering 1990s work characterized birds\u2019 song-learning brain regions, says the new results agree with his own observations of sleeping birds\u2019 neurons. But he advises caution in describing this sleep activity as \u201cdreaming.\u201d Future work should more closely examine the sleep states the birds experience during this process, he says\u2014including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a sleep stage that is closely associated with dreaming in other animals.\n\n\u201cIs there a distinction between replay patterns formed during non-REM and REM sleep?\u201d Margoliash asks. Such a contrast, he adds, \u201cis one we need to keep in mind when examining what happens when birds sleep.\u201d","id":22,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Scientists tell us that the family dog shuffling its legs while asleep on the floor really is dreaming. And when a bird silently nods off on its perch, it may also dream as its singing muscles twitch. Could it be rehearsing in its sleep?\\n\\nA substantial proportion of bird species are songbirds with specific brain regions dedicated to learning songs, according to University of Buenos Aires physicist Gabriel B. Mindlin. His research examines connections between birds\u2019 dreams and song production\u2014particularly in Zebra Finches, which often learn new sounds and songs, and in Great Kiskadees, which possess a limited, instinctive song-learning capacity.\\n\\nScientists had previously observed sleeping birds making movements that resembled lip-syncing. In earlier work, Mindlin and his colleagues implanted electrodes in two Zebra Finches; for a recent study in Chaos, they did the same for two Great Kiskadees. This let them record and compare neuron and muscle activity in the sleeping birds.\\n\\nWhen awake, Zebra Finches sing a well-regulated line of staccato notes. But their sleeping song movements are fragmented, disjointed and sporadic\u2014\u201crather like a dream,\u201d Mindlin says. A dozing finch seems to silently practice a few \u201cnotes\u201d and then add another, producing a pattern of muscle activity that reminds Mindlin \u201cof learning a musical instrument.\u201d\\n\\nSuch \u201crehearsing\u201d appears far less likely in the nonlearning Great Kiskadees, says study co-author Ana Amador, a neuroscientist also at the University of Buenos Aires. For the new research, the scientists ran this species\u2019 sensor output through a mathematical model Mindlin recently developed to translate muscle movements into audible sounds. The kiskadees\u2019 synthesized sleeping tune comprised quick, identical note syllables that sounded startlingly loud and aggressive\u2014\u201cmore like a nightmare than a dream,\u201d Amador says. Slumbering kiskadees frequently combined these movements with a threatening flash of head feathers, which often occurs during their territorial disputes while they are awake.\\n\\nListening in on a sleeping songbird to better understand its waking behavior\u2014and to look for a possible link to dreams\u2014is a lot like \u201ccracking a code in a detective novel,\u201d Amador chuckles.\\n\\nUniversity of Chicago neuroscientist Daniel Margoliash, whose pioneering 1990s work characterized birds\u2019 song-learning brain regions, says the new results agree with his own observations of sleeping birds\u2019 neurons. But he advises caution in describing this sleep activity as \u201cdreaming.\u201d Future work should more closely examine the sleep states the birds experience during this process, he says\u2014including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a sleep stage that is closely associated with dreaming in other animals.\\n\\n\u201cIs there a distinction between replay patterns formed during non-REM and REM sleep?\u201d Margoliash asks. Such a contrast, he adds, \u201cis one we need to keep in mind when examining what happens when birds sleep.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 3.6716461181640625e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Scientists tell us that the family dog shuffling its legs while asleep on the floor really is dreaming. And when a bird silently nods off on its perch, it may also dream as its singing muscles twitch. Could it be rehearsing in its sleep?\\n\\nA substantial proportion of bird species are songbirds with specific brain regions dedicated to learning songs, according to University of Buenos Aires physicist Gabriel B. Mindlin. His research examines connections between birds\u2019 dreams and song production\u2014particularly in Zebra Finches, which often learn new sounds and songs, and in Great Kiskadees, which possess a limited, instinctive song-learning capacity.\\n\\nScientists had previously observed sleeping birds making movements that resembled lip-syncing. In earlier work, Mindlin and his colleagues implanted electrodes in two Zebra Finches; for a recent study in Chaos, they did the same for two Great Kiskadees. This let them record and compare neuron and muscle activity in the sleeping birds.\\n\\nWhen awake, Zebra Finches sing a well-regulated line of staccato notes. But their sleeping song movements are fragmented, disjointed and sporadic\u2014\u201crather like a dream,\u201d Mindlin says. A dozing finch seems to silently practice a few \u201cnotes\u201d and then add another, producing a pattern of muscle activity that reminds Mindlin \u201cof learning a musical instrument.\u201d\\n\\nSuch \u201crehearsing\u201d appears far less likely in the nonlearning Great Kiskadees, says study co-author Ana Amador, a neuroscientist also at the University of Buenos Aires. For the new research, the scientists ran this species\u2019 sensor output through a mathematical model Mindlin recently developed to translate muscle movements into audible sounds. The kiskadees\u2019 synthesized sleeping tune comprised quick, identical note syllables that sounded startlingly loud and aggressive\u2014\u201cmore like a nightmare than a dream,\u201d Amador says. Slumbering kiskadees frequently combined these movements with a threatening flash of head feathers, which often occurs during their territorial disputes while they are awake.\\n\\nListening in on a sleeping songbird to better understand its waking behavior\u2014and to look for a possible link to dreams\u2014is a lot like \u201ccracking a code in a detective novel,\u201d Amador chuckles.\\n\\nUniversity of Chicago neuroscientist Daniel Margoliash, whose pioneering 1990s work characterized birds\u2019 song-learning brain regions, says the new results agree with his own observations of sleeping birds\u2019 neurons. But he advises caution in describing this sleep activity as \u201cdreaming.\u201d Future work should more closely examine the sleep states the birds experience during this process, he says\u2014including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a sleep stage that is closely associated with dreaming in other animals.\\n\\n\u201cIs there a distinction between replay patterns formed during non-REM and REM sleep?\u201d Margoliash asks. Such a contrast, he adds, \u201cis one we need to keep in mind when examining what happens when birds sleep.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 5.364418029785156e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'b902c55c-27e6-4e0f-9ab8-a6f973c9250d', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 1.433957731933333e-05, 'sentence': 'Scientists tell us that the family dog shuffling its legs while asleep on the floor really is dreaming.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.5096023162186611e-05, 'sentence': 'And when a bird silently nods off on its perch, it may also dream as its singing muscles twitch.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.0393874617875554e-05, 'sentence': 'Could it be rehearsing in its sleep?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.6917350876610726e-05, 'sentence': 'A substantial proportion of bird species are songbirds with specific brain regions dedicated to learning songs, according to University of Buenos Aires physicist Gabriel B. Mindlin.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.0802788640139624e-05, 'sentence': \"His research examines connections between birds' dreams and song production\u1173particularly in Zebra Finches, which often learn new sounds and songs, and in Great Kiskadees, which possess a limited, instinctive song-learning capacity.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.649862497288268e-05, 'sentence': 'Scientists had previously observed sleeping birds making movements that resembled lip-syncing.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.280596734432038e-05, 'sentence': 'In earlier work, Mindlin and his colleagues implanted electrodes in two Zebra Finches; for a recent study in Chaos, they did the same for two Great Kiskadees.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.1924956197617576e-05, 'sentence': 'This let them record and compare neuron and muscle activity in the sleeping birds.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.154678739112569e-05, 'sentence': 'When awake, Zebra Finches sing a well-regulated line of staccato notes.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.0966573427140247e-05, 'sentence': 'But their sleeping song movements are fragmented, disjointed and sporadic\u1173\u201crather like a dream,\u201d Mindlin says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.146428348874906e-05, 'sentence': 'A dozing finch seems to silently practice a few \u201cnotes\u201d and then add another, producing a pattern of muscle activity that reminds Mindlin \u201cof learning a musical instrument.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.331634121015668e-05, 'sentence': 'Such \u201crehearsing\u201d appears far less likely in the nonlearning Great Kiskadees, says study co-author Ana Amador, a neuroscientist also at the University of Buenos Aires.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.79725266713649e-05, 'sentence': \"For the new research, the scientists ran this species' sensor output through a mathematical model Mindlin recently developed to translate muscle movements into audible sounds.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.504680590704083e-05, 'sentence': \"The kiskadees' synthesized sleeping tune comprised quick, identical note syllables that sounded startlingly loud and aggressive\u1173\u201cmore like a nightmare than a dream,\u201d Amador says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.035977953113616e-05, 'sentence': 'Slumbering kiskadees frequently combined these movements with a threatening flash of head feathers, which often occurs during their territorial disputes while they are awake.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011387930862838402, 'sentence': 'Listening in on a sleeping songbird to better understand its waking behavior\u1173and to look for a possible link to dreams\u1173is a lot like \u201ccracking a code in a detective novel,\u201d Amador chuckles.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.33078268240206e-05, 'sentence': \"University of Chicago neuroscientist Daniel Margoliash, whose pioneering 1990s work characterized birds' song-learning brain regions, says the new results agree with his own observations of sleeping birds' neurons.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.928029612638056e-05, 'sentence': 'But he advises caution in describing this sleep activity as \u201cdreaming.\u201d Future work should more closely examine the sleep states the birds experience during this process, he says\u1173including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a sleep stage that is closely associated with dreaming in other animals.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.610764780314639e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cIs there a distinction between replay patterns formed during non-REM and REM sleep?\u201d Margoliash asks.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013106089318171144, 'sentence': 'Such a contrast, he adds, \u201cis one we need to keep in mind when examining what happens when birds sleep.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 18, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0032155735640056345, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9967844264359944, 'ai': 0.0032155735640056345, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9967844264359944, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.0032155735640056345, 'human': 0.9967844264359944, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Scientists tell us that the family dog shuffling its legs while asleep on the floor really is dreaming. And when a bird silently nods off on its perch, it may also dream as its singing muscles twitch. Could it be rehearsing in its sleep?\\n\\nA substantial proportion of bird species are songbirds with specific brain regions dedicated to learning songs, according to University of Buenos Aires physicist Gabriel B. Mindlin. His research examines connections between birds\u2019 dreams and song production\u2014particularly in Zebra Finches, which often learn new sounds and songs, and in Great Kiskadees, which possess a limited, instinctive song-learning capacity.\\n\\nScientists had previously observed sleeping birds making movements that resembled lip-syncing. In earlier work, Mindlin and his colleagues implanted electrodes in two Zebra Finches; for a recent study in Chaos, they did the same for two Great Kiskadees. This let them record and compare neuron and muscle activity in the sleeping birds.\\n\\nWhen awake, Zebra Finches sing a well-regulated line of staccato notes. But their sleeping song movements are fragmented, disjointed and sporadic\u2014\u201crather like a dream,\u201d Mindlin says. A dozing finch seems to silently practice a few \u201cnotes\u201d and then add another, producing a pattern of muscle activity that reminds Mindlin \u201cof learning a musical instrument.\u201d\\n\\nSuch \u201crehearsing\u201d appears far less likely in the nonlearning Great Kiskadees, says study co-author Ana Amador, a neuroscientist also at the University of Buenos Aires. For the new research, the scientists ran this species\u2019 sensor output through a mathematical model Mindlin recently developed to translate muscle movements into audible sounds. The kiskadees\u2019 synthesized sleeping tune comprised quick, identical note syllables that sounded startlingly loud and aggressive\u2014\u201cmore like a nightmare than a dream,\u201d Amador says. Slumbering kiskadees frequently combined these movements with a threatening flash of head feathers, which often occurs during their territorial disputes while they are awake.\\n\\nListening in on a sleeping songbird to better understand its waking behavior\u2014and to look for a possible link to dreams\u2014is a lot like \u201ccracking a code in a detective novel,\u201d Amador chuckles.\\n\\nUniversity of Chicago neuroscientist Daniel Margoliash, whose pioneering 1990s work characterized birds\u2019 song-learning brain regions, says the new results agree with his own observations of sleeping birds\u2019 neurons. But he advises caution in describing this sleep activity as \u201cdreaming.\u201d Future work should more closely examine the sleep states the birds experience during this process, he says\u2014including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a sleep stage that is closely associated with dreaming in other animals.\\n\\n\u201cIs there a distinction between replay patterns formed during non-REM and REM sleep?\u201d Margoliash asks. Such a contrast, he adds, \u201cis one we need to keep in mind when examining what happens when birds sleep.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5573855639,"RADAR":0.0082273567,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article lacks any of the usual words and phrases that I would expect to see in machine-generated text. It also explains the methods behind the research quite well, going into specifics on how the study is carried out, something that I've found lacking in AI text. Lastly, the quotations are quite natural, especially in how the author has to work to provide context to fit them into the text. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I see no signs of AI writing here. The sentences are of varied styles and lengths which is suggestive of a human author. Also, sometimes sentences are started with conjunctions (\"and\"; \"but\") which is usually a human error\/style."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I could tell from the first sentence that this was written by a human. It has a certain quirkiness to it and it feels inclusive with the use of 'us'. A few other reasons: the article starts sentences with coordinating conjunctions like 'and', and includes words like 'dozing', which are more jaunty and colloquial. It also ends with a quote rather than the textbook ending. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I believe it's human-written, and I am mostly confident in this. It contains more variety in its sentence structure with dashes and quotes, intermixing partial quotes with sentences to showcase ideas and how they relate to each other. The sentences are descriptive and clear, and while the writing does rely on this partial quote extension a lot throughout the article, it feels to me more like a stylistic choice in writing made with intent.  Facts are spread out and explained with different sentence formats throughout the article, and sentences such as \"\u2014and to look for a possible link to dreams\u2014is a lot like \u201ccracking a code in a detective novel,\u201d and \"silently practice a few \u201cnotes\u201d and then add another, producing a pattern of muscle activity that reminds Mindlin \u201cof learning a musical instrument.\u201d help create a meshing between quotes, facts, and descriptors that help the reader engage with the article. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The research studies cited are easily located online. As are the quotes. This immediately predisposed me to attribute the text to a human author.\nThe author uses an interesting hook to get the reader's interest, the content progresses smoothly from one paragraph to the next, and the conclusion rounds off this mini-essay by linking back to the question asked in the introduction.\nAn academic tone is maintained without resorting to inappropriate lexical choices in an attempt to sound erudite."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"52":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":23,"title":"Tiny Babies Who Can Smell Their Mother Recognize Faces Better","sub-title":"A smell\u2019s effect on facial recognition is key at first\u2014but decreases as a baby\u2019s eyesight improves","author":"Simon Makin","source":"Scientific American","issue":"10\/15\/24","section":"Neuroscience","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/tiny-babies-who-can-smell-their-mother-recognize-faces-better\/","article":"Babies experience a torrent of sensory information from the moment they are born. Knowing nothing about the world, they must learn to sort this deluge into categories of things\u2014especially faces. \u201cFaces are one of the most relevant visual signals babies start to learn during the first month,\u201d says Arnaud Leleu, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Burgundy in France.\n\nResearchers are still working out how infants use various senses for this recognition: Newborns categorize faces better if the visual image is accompanied by a voice, for example. And evidence suggests babies may also use smell. \u201cWe knew babies can combine their senses,\u201d says Tessa Dekker, who studies visual development at University College London. \u201cBut it wasn\u2019t clear if this applied to smells, which aren\u2019t as linked to specific events because they operate quite slowly.\u201d\n\nIn a recent study in Child Development, Leleu and his colleagues confirmed that infants\u2019 face perception is aided by their mother\u2019s body odor\u2014and they found that the influence of smell declines as babies grow. The findings expand scientists\u2019 understanding of the role that multisensory perception plays in early learning.\n\nThe team used electroencephalography to record the brain activity of 50 infants between four and 12 months old while the babies watched a stream of six images per second. Each sixth image was a human face, and the others were animals or objects. The researchers expected that if the babies were devoting special attention to faces, there would be a once-per-second activity spike corresponding to their appearance\u2014a so-called face-selective response\u2014from electrodes placed over brain regions involved in visual processing. They also gave the babies T-shirts that were clean and ones infused with their mother\u2019s body odor.\n\nOverall, face-selective responses increased in strength and complexity with age. But the team also found that the mother\u2019s scent enhanced responses to faces in the youngest infants and observed that the effect progressively decreased in older babies. \u201cThis could mean young babies rely more on their mother\u2019s scent because their ability to identify faces using vision alone is still developing,\u201d Dekker says. Visual ability is known to be poor at birth, whereas smell develops relatively early.\n\nThe findings highlight the importance of multisensory stimulation early in life. \u201cTo help infants learn, we should use all the senses,\u201d Leleu says. \u201cThe way we start to recognize things with our senses is the building block to developing concepts, language, memories.\u201d He is continuing to investigate the extent of smell\u2019s effect on perception, including in other age groups. He says he\u2019s finding that if a recognition task is made difficult enough, even adults recruit their noses to help. \u201cIt works for faces and other objects,\u201d Leleu adds. \u201cWe found an effect using pictures of cars and gasoline odor.\u201d","id":23,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Babies experience a torrent of sensory information from the moment they are born. Knowing nothing about the world, they must learn to sort this deluge into categories of things\u2014especially faces. \u201cFaces are one of the most relevant visual signals babies start to learn during the first month,\u201d says Arnaud Leleu, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Burgundy in France.\\n\\nResearchers are still working out how infants use various senses for this recognition: Newborns categorize faces better if the visual image is accompanied by a voice, for example. And evidence suggests babies may also use smell. \u201cWe knew babies can combine their senses,\u201d says Tessa Dekker, who studies visual development at University College London. \u201cBut it wasn\u2019t clear if this applied to smells, which aren\u2019t as linked to specific events because they operate quite slowly.\u201d\\n\\nIn a recent study in Child Development, Leleu and his colleagues confirmed that infants\u2019 face perception is aided by their mother\u2019s body odor\u2014and they found that the influence of smell declines as babies grow. The findings expand scientists\u2019 understanding of the role that multisensory perception plays in early learning.\\n\\nThe team used electroencephalography to record the brain activity of 50 infants between four and 12 months old while the babies watched a stream of six images per second. Each sixth image was a human face, and the others were animals or objects. The researchers expected that if the babies were devoting special attention to faces, there would be a once-per-second activity spike corresponding to their appearance\u2014a so-called face-selective response\u2014from electrodes placed over brain regions involved in visual processing. They also gave the babies T-shirts that were clean and ones infused with their mother\u2019s body odor.\\n\\nOverall, face-selective responses increased in strength and complexity with age. But the team also found that the mother\u2019s scent enhanced responses to faces in the youngest infants and observed that the effect progressively decreased in older babies. \u201cThis could mean young babies rely more on their mother\u2019s scent because their ability to identify faces using vision alone is still developing,\u201d Dekker says. Visual ability is known to be poor at birth, whereas smell develops relatively early.\\n\\nThe findings highlight the importance of multisensory stimulation early in life. \u201cTo help infants learn, we should use all the senses,\u201d Leleu says. \u201cThe way we start to recognize things with our senses is the building block to developing concepts, language, memories.\u201d He is continuing to investigate the extent of smell\u2019s effect on perception, including in other age groups. He says he\u2019s finding that if a recognition task is made difficult enough, even adults recruit their noses to help. \u201cIt works for faces and other objects,\u201d Leleu adds. \u201cWe found an effect using pictures of cars and gasoline odor.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00010502338409423828, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Babies experience a torrent of sensory information from the moment they are born. Knowing nothing about the world, they must learn to sort this deluge into categories of things\u2014especially faces. \u201cFaces are one of the most relevant visual signals babies start to learn during the first month,\u201d says Arnaud Leleu, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Burgundy in France.\\n\\nResearchers are still working out how infants use various senses for this recognition: Newborns categorize faces better if the visual image is accompanied by a voice, for example. And evidence suggests babies may also use smell. \u201cWe knew babies can combine their senses,\u201d says Tessa Dekker, who studies visual development at University College London. \u201cBut it wasn\u2019t clear if this applied to smells, which aren\u2019t as linked to specific events because they operate quite slowly.\u201d\\n\\nIn a recent study in Child Development, Leleu and his colleagues confirmed that infants\u2019 face perception is aided by their mother\u2019s body odor\u2014and they found that the influence of smell declines as babies grow. The findings expand scientists\u2019 understanding of the role that multisensory perception plays in early learning.\\n\\nThe team used electroencephalography to record the brain activity of 50 infants between four and 12 months old while the babies watched a stream of six images per second. Each sixth image was a human face, and the others were animals or objects. The researchers expected that if the babies were devoting special attention to faces, there would be a once-per-second activity spike corresponding to their appearance\u2014a so-called face-selective response\u2014from electrodes placed over brain regions involved in visual processing. They also gave the babies T-shirts that were clean and ones infused with their mother\u2019s body odor.\\n\\nOverall, face-selective responses increased in strength and complexity with age. But the team also found that the mother\u2019s scent enhanced responses to faces in the youngest infants and observed that the effect progressively decreased in older babies. \u201cThis could mean young babies rely more on their mother\u2019s scent because their ability to identify faces using vision alone is still developing,\u201d Dekker says. Visual ability is known to be poor at birth, whereas smell develops relatively early.\\n\\nThe findings highlight the importance of multisensory stimulation early in life. \u201cTo help infants learn, we should use all the senses,\u201d Leleu says. \u201cThe way we start to recognize things with our senses is the building block to developing concepts, language, memories.\u201d He is continuing to investigate the extent of smell\u2019s effect on perception, including in other age groups. He says he\u2019s finding that if a recognition task is made difficult enough, even adults recruit their noses to help. \u201cIt works for faces and other objects,\u201d Leleu adds. \u201cWe found an effect using pictures of cars and gasoline odor.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0003514289855957031, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'e9975226-e2d9-4799-af88-ba1c1b8ef296', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.551962072378956e-05, 'sentence': 'Babies experience a torrent of sensory information from the moment they are born.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.859794742311351e-05, 'sentence': 'Knowing nothing about the world, they must learn to sort this deluge into categories of things\u1173especially faces.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.524908606777899e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cFaces are one of the most relevant visual signals babies start to learn during the first month,\u201d says Arnaud Leleu, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Burgundy in France.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.255029150750488e-05, 'sentence': 'Researchers are still working out how infants use various senses for this recognition: Newborns categorize faces better if the visual image is accompanied by a voice, for example.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.72374163614586e-05, 'sentence': 'And evidence suggests babies may also use smell.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.897136982937809e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cWe knew babies can combine their senses,\u201d says Tessa Dekker, who studies visual development at University College London.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.4841734304791316e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cBut it wasn't clear if this applied to smells, which aren't as linked to specific events because they operate quite slowly.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.6945275496691465e-05, 'sentence': \"In a recent study in Child Development, Leleu and his colleagues confirmed that infants' face perception is aided by their mother's body odor\u1173and they found that the influence of smell declines as babies grow.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.802196806645952e-05, 'sentence': \"The findings expand scientists' understanding of the role that multisensory perception plays in early learning.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.144137296359986e-05, 'sentence': 'The team used electroencephalography to record the brain activity of 50 infants between four and 12 months old while the babies watched a stream of six images per second.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.149297744035721e-05, 'sentence': 'Each sixth image was a human face, and the others were animals or objects.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000290481693809852, 'sentence': 'The researchers expected that if the babies were devoting special attention to faces, there would be a once-per-second activity spike corresponding to their appearance\u1173a so-called face-selective response\u1173from electrodes placed over brain regions involved in visual processing.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00035073867184109986, 'sentence': \"They also gave the babies T-shirts that were clean and ones infused with their mother's body odor.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00039570630178786814, 'sentence': 'Overall, face-selective responses increased in strength and complexity with age.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003571028937585652, 'sentence': \"But the team also found that the mother's scent enhanced responses to faces in the youngest infants and observed that the effect progressively decreased in older babies.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004051694122608751, 'sentence': \"\u201cThis could mean young babies rely more on their mother's scent because their ability to identify faces using vision alone is still developing,\u201d Dekker says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003693698381539434, 'sentence': 'Visual ability is known to be poor at birth, whereas smell develops relatively early.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004589949385263026, 'sentence': 'The findings highlight the importance of multisensory stimulation early in life.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004274644306860864, 'sentence': '\u201cTo help infants learn, we should use all the senses,\u201d Leleu says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005745728267356753, 'sentence': \"\u201cThe way we start to recognize things with our senses is the building block to developing concepts, language, memories.\u201d He is continuing to investigate the extent of smell's effect on perception, including in other age groups.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00043953783460892737, 'sentence': \"He says he's finding that if a recognition task is made difficult enough, even adults recruit their noses to help.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005446734139695764, 'sentence': '\u201cIt works for faces and other objects,\u201d Leleu adds.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00048078398685902357, 'sentence': '\u201cWe found an effect using pictures of cars and gasoline odor.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 17, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.474742012248794e-05}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.003228515078337055, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.996771484921663, 'ai': 0.003228515078337055, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.996771484921663, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.003228515078337055, 'human': 0.996771484921663, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Babies experience a torrent of sensory information from the moment they are born. Knowing nothing about the world, they must learn to sort this deluge into categories of things\u2014especially faces. \u201cFaces are one of the most relevant visual signals babies start to learn during the first month,\u201d says Arnaud Leleu, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Burgundy in France.\\n\\nResearchers are still working out how infants use various senses for this recognition: Newborns categorize faces better if the visual image is accompanied by a voice, for example. And evidence suggests babies may also use smell. \u201cWe knew babies can combine their senses,\u201d says Tessa Dekker, who studies visual development at University College London. \u201cBut it wasn\u2019t clear if this applied to smells, which aren\u2019t as linked to specific events because they operate quite slowly.\u201d\\n\\nIn a recent study in Child Development, Leleu and his colleagues confirmed that infants\u2019 face perception is aided by their mother\u2019s body odor\u2014and they found that the influence of smell declines as babies grow. The findings expand scientists\u2019 understanding of the role that multisensory perception plays in early learning.\\n\\nThe team used electroencephalography to record the brain activity of 50 infants between four and 12 months old while the babies watched a stream of six images per second. Each sixth image was a human face, and the others were animals or objects. The researchers expected that if the babies were devoting special attention to faces, there would be a once-per-second activity spike corresponding to their appearance\u2014a so-called face-selective response\u2014from electrodes placed over brain regions involved in visual processing. They also gave the babies T-shirts that were clean and ones infused with their mother\u2019s body odor.\\n\\nOverall, face-selective responses increased in strength and complexity with age. But the team also found that the mother\u2019s scent enhanced responses to faces in the youngest infants and observed that the effect progressively decreased in older babies. \u201cThis could mean young babies rely more on their mother\u2019s scent because their ability to identify faces using vision alone is still developing,\u201d Dekker says. Visual ability is known to be poor at birth, whereas smell develops relatively early.\\n\\nThe findings highlight the importance of multisensory stimulation early in life. \u201cTo help infants learn, we should use all the senses,\u201d Leleu says. \u201cThe way we start to recognize things with our senses is the building block to developing concepts, language, memories.\u201d He is continuing to investigate the extent of smell\u2019s effect on perception, including in other age groups. He says he\u2019s finding that if a recognition task is made difficult enough, even adults recruit their noses to help. \u201cIt works for faces and other objects,\u201d Leleu adds. \u201cWe found an effect using pictures of cars and gasoline odor.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2562595904,"RADAR":0.0112389335,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I've noticed that human articles seem to use the em dash much more than AI-generated ones. I'm not sure what the reason is but this seems to be a notable style difference. The part of the article where the methodology is described\u2014which was incredibly detailed\u2014is a clear indicator of human-generated text. Everything that was done is explained clearly and makes sense; AI tends to be much more vague and avoid these detailed facts that it could get wrong. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There are none of the classic signs of AI in this article such as the use of words like \"crucial\" and \"both\". There are no typical AI metaphors. The first paragraph contains rich language such as \"torrent\" and \"deluge\". The final sentence isn't the classic AI summary of the article's pertinent facts."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I know merely from looking at the speech tags now (which are all 'says') that this has been written by a human. Otherwise, 'for example' is added at the end of the sentence instead of the beginning. There is some possessive inconsistency and awkward phrasing. It also ends with a quote. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident that this is human written. Only a few sentences threw me off during my time reading it, as they were summarizing sentences that I'd often see in AI... but I had to think about the context of what's being written, how it's written, and how information is being conveyed, and while few sentences are conclusive, they are also appropriate in the context of the article itself. I had to analyze what I understood from the article itself - descriptions containing active visuals, details of the study itself, and the quotes selectively inserted into the article for context. It avoids a lot of that summarization I see, creating visual elements with phrases such as \"torrent of sensory information\" \"once-per-second activity\", and \"deluge into categories of things\" There are plenty of grammar techniques used, such as long dashes and colon marks, and when describing quotes, the article places emphasis on a \"he said, she said\" narrative, which provides further context for the quotes themselves. If I am wrong, then I'm curious about how it was done. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The paper begins with a uncomplicated statement. \nThe author identifies the journal in which the research they cite was published. Although it is \"Cognitive Development\" not \"Child Development\" and it would have helped if the year was given instead of a vague reference to \"recent study\".\nUsing \"says\" instead of myriad alternatives, except twice where its substitution does not annoy the reader.\nA pleasant range of sentence lengths, interspersed with dashes that seems to be typical of this author's style.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"53":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":24,"title":"It's Important to Eat the Rainbow: How Phytochemicals in Fruits and Veggies Can Improve Your Health","sub-title":"Phytochemicals in fruits and veggies can improve your health. Learn how eating a rainbow of colors can boost your immunity and fight diseases.","author":"Sarah Novak","source":"Discover","issue":"10\/16\/24","section":"Health","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/health\/its-important-to-eat-the-rainbow-how-phytochemicals-in-fruits-and-veggies","article":"We\u2019re told that we should eat the rainbow, choosing a diet filled with a colorful variety of fruits and vegetables. These nutrient-dense foods contain a range of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. But while we understand that phytochemicals keep us healthy, we might not understand why. \n\nPhytochemicals, also called phytonutrients, are substances found in fruits, vegetables, and grains that are part of a plant\u2019s immune system, meant to keep it healthy and free of disease. And by keeping the plants healthy, they also serve to keep the person eating them healthy.\n\n\u201cPhytochemicals, which are found in the colorful parts of fruits and vegetables, are basically a plant\u2019s defense system to protect them from oxidative damage. They also play that role in humans,\u201d says Rachel E. Scherr, a dietitian and lecturer at San Francisco State University.\n\nThe reason it\u2019s important to eat the rainbow is because each color of fruit and vegetable contains a different variety of phytochemicals, and to consume a wide variety of disease-fighting compounds, you need to eat a variety of plants. \n\n<b>Different Types of Phytochemicals<\/b>\n\nThere are hundreds of types of phytochemicals, each found in different foods that do different things for the body. For example, carotenoids are the phytochemicals found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables. Beta-carotene and lycopene are examples of carotenoids, of which beta-carotene is the most abundant in our diets.\n\n\u201cThey\u2019re neat because carotenoids are actually stored in our skin, which means we can easily measure them to see how much we\u2019re consuming in our diet,\u201d says Scherr.\n\n<b>What are Carotenoids?<\/b>\n\nCarotenoids function like antioxidants, meaning that these guys are really good at hunting down free radicals and pairing off with them so that they aren\u2019t free to do damage to our cells.\n\nAccording to an article in the journal Nutrients, carotenoids are known to be \u201cpotent scavengers of other reactive oxygen species.\u201d Carotenoids are specifically focused on fighting free radicals that can cause cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and eye diseases. \n\n<b>How do Polyphenols Help the Body?<\/b>\n\nPolyphenols, which are found in berries, chocolate, wine, and coffee, have both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits for the body. Like carotenoids, polyphenols can suppress the action of free radicals by directly scavenging them and donating an electron to that free radical, which makes them less reactive in the body and keeps them from causing damage.\n\nThey\u2019re known to keep arteries flowing, improve digestion and brain function, reduce blood sugar levels, and fight against cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancers. \n\n<b>Isoflavones and Anthocyanins<\/b>\nIsoflavones, sometimes called phytoestrogens, are found in soy, lentils, and legumes. These naturally occurring estrogens are effective for improving cardiovascular disease but also reducing the impact that many women may experience during menopause. They have a chemical structure that\u2019s similar to estrogen, so they can bind to estrogen via receptors in the body.\n\nAnthocyanins are the phytochemicals that give purple and blue fruits and vegetables their pigment. They\u2019re a type of flavonoid that also functions like an antioxidant to protect against DNA cleavage, the breaking of the covalent bonds that make up the backbone of DNA. They also improve immunity by boosting the production of cytokines and strengthening cell membranes. \n\nThey\u2019re known to improve cardiovascular, metabolic, and cognitive health as well as exercise performance and the risk of certain types of cancer.\n\n<b>How a Plant-Based Diet Boosts Your Defense System<\/b>\n\nSo, if you\u2019re wondering why a plant-based diet is so important and why it has so many benefits for your health, phytochemicals are a big reason why.\n\nThe more often you consume a plant-based diet and all the fruits and vegetables that go along with it, the more likely you are to consume phytochemicals, the body\u2019s very own defense system against aging. ","id":24,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'We\u2019re told that we should eat the rainbow, choosing a diet filled with a colorful variety of fruits and vegetables. These nutrient-dense foods contain a range of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. But while we understand that phytochemicals keep us healthy, we might not understand why. \\n\\nPhytochemicals, also called phytonutrients, are substances found in fruits, vegetables, and grains that are part of a plant\u2019s immune system, meant to keep it healthy and free of disease. And by keeping the plants healthy, they also serve to keep the person eating them healthy.\\n\\n\u201cPhytochemicals, which are found in the colorful parts of fruits and vegetables, are basically a plant\u2019s defense system to protect them from oxidative damage. They also play that role in humans,\u201d says Rachel E. Scherr, a dietitian and lecturer at San Francisco State University.\\n\\nThe reason it\u2019s important to eat the rainbow is because each color of fruit and vegetable contains a different variety of phytochemicals, and to consume a wide variety of disease-fighting compounds, you need to eat a variety of plants. \\n\\n<b>Different Types of Phytochemicals<\/b>\\n\\nThere are hundreds of types of phytochemicals, each found in different foods that do different things for the body. For example, carotenoids are the phytochemicals found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables. Beta-carotene and lycopene are examples of carotenoids, of which beta-carotene is the most abundant in our diets.\\n\\n\u201cThey\u2019re neat because carotenoids are actually stored in our skin, which means we can easily measure them to see how much we\u2019re consuming in our diet,\u201d says Scherr.\\n\\n<b>What are Carotenoids?<\/b>\\n\\nCarotenoids function like antioxidants, meaning that these guys are really good at hunting down free radicals and pairing off with them so that they aren\u2019t free to do damage to our cells.\\n\\nAccording to an article in the journal Nutrients, carotenoids are known to be \u201cpotent scavengers of other reactive oxygen species.\u201d Carotenoids are specifically focused on fighting free radicals that can cause cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and eye diseases. \\n\\n<b>How do Polyphenols Help the Body?<\/b>\\n\\nPolyphenols, which are found in berries, chocolate, wine, and coffee, have both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits for the body. Like carotenoids, polyphenols can suppress the action of free radicals by directly scavenging them and donating an electron to that free radical, which makes them less reactive in the body and keeps them from causing damage.\\n\\nThey\u2019re known to keep arteries flowing, improve digestion and brain function, reduce blood sugar levels, and fight against cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancers. \\n\\n<b>Isoflavones and Anthocyanins<\/b>\\nIsoflavones, sometimes called phytoestrogens, are found in soy, lentils, and legumes. These naturally occurring estrogens are effective for improving cardiovascular disease but also reducing the impact that many women may experience during menopause. They have a chemical structure that\u2019s similar to estrogen, so they can bind to estrogen via receptors in the body.\\n\\nAnthocyanins are the phytochemicals that give purple and blue fruits and vegetables their pigment. They\u2019re a type of flavonoid that also functions like an antioxidant to protect against DNA cleavage, the breaking of the covalent bonds that make up the backbone of DNA. They also improve immunity by boosting the production of cytokines and strengthening cell membranes. \\n\\nThey\u2019re known to improve cardiovascular, metabolic, and cognitive health as well as exercise performance and the risk of certain types of cancer.\\n\\n<b>How a Plant-Based Diet Boosts Your Defense System<\/b>\\n\\nSo, if you\u2019re wondering why a plant-based diet is so important and why it has so many benefits for your health, phytochemicals are a big reason why.\\n\\nThe more often you consume a plant-based diet and all the fruits and vegetables that go along with it, the more likely you are to consume phytochemicals, the body\u2019s very own defense system against aging. ', 'ai_likelihood': 5.364418029785156e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'We\u2019re told that we should eat the rainbow, choosing a diet filled with a colorful variety of fruits and vegetables. These nutrient-dense foods contain a range of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. But while we understand that phytochemicals keep us healthy, we might not understand why. \\n\\nPhytochemicals, also called phytonutrients, are substances found in fruits, vegetables, and grains that are part of a plant\u2019s immune system, meant to keep it healthy and free of disease. And by keeping the plants healthy, they also serve to keep the person eating them healthy.\\n\\n\u201cPhytochemicals, which are found in the colorful parts of fruits and vegetables, are basically a plant\u2019s defense system to protect them from oxidative damage. They also play that role in humans,\u201d says Rachel E. Scherr, a dietitian and lecturer at San Francisco State University.\\n\\nThe reason it\u2019s important to eat the rainbow is because each color of fruit and vegetable contains a different variety of phytochemicals, and to consume a wide variety of disease-fighting compounds, you need to eat a variety of plants. \\n\\n<b>Different Types of Phytochemicals<\/b>\\n\\nThere are hundreds of types of phytochemicals, each found in different foods that do different things for the body. For example, carotenoids are the phytochemicals found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables. Beta-carotene and lycopene are examples of carotenoids, of which beta-carotene is the most abundant in our diets.\\n\\n\u201cThey\u2019re neat because carotenoids are actually stored in our skin, which means we can easily measure them to see how much we\u2019re consuming in our diet,\u201d says Scherr.\\n\\n<b>What are Carotenoids?<\/b>\\n\\nCarotenoids function like antioxidants, meaning that these guys are really good at hunting down free radicals and pairing off with them so that they aren\u2019t free to do damage to our cells.\\n\\nAccording to an article in the journal Nutrients, carotenoids are known to be \u201cpotent scavengers of other reactive oxygen species.\u201d Carotenoids are specifically focused on fighting free radicals that can cause cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and eye diseases. \\n\\n<b>How do Polyphenols Help the Body?<\/b>\\n\\nPolyphenols, which are found in berries, chocolate, wine, and coffee, have both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits for the body. Like carotenoids, polyphenols can suppress the action of free radicals by directly scavenging them and donating an electron to that free radical, which makes them less reactive in the body and keeps them from causing damage.\\n\\nThey\u2019re known to keep arteries flowing, improve digestion and brain function, reduce blood sugar levels, and fight against cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancers. \\n\\n<b>Isoflavones and Anthocyanins<\/b>\\nIsoflavones, sometimes called phytoestrogens, are found in soy, lentils, and legumes. These naturally occurring estrogens are effective for improving cardiovascular disease but also reducing the impact that many women may experience during menopause. They have a chemical structure that\u2019s similar to estrogen, so they can bind to estrogen via receptors in the body.\\n\\nAnthocyanins are the phytochemicals that give purple and blue fruits and vegetables their pigment. They\u2019re a type of flavonoid that also functions like an antioxidant to protect against DNA cleavage, the breaking of the covalent bonds that make up the backbone of DNA. They also improve immunity by boosting the production of cytokines and strengthening cell membranes. \\n\\nThey\u2019re known to improve cardiovascular, metabolic, and cognitive health as well as exercise performance and the risk of certain types of cancer.\\n\\n<b>How a Plant-Based Diet Boosts Your Defense System<\/b>\\n\\nSo, if you\u2019re wondering why a plant-based diet is so important and why it has so many benefits for your health, phytochemicals are a big reason why.\\n\\nThe more often you consume a plant-based diet and all the fruits and vegetables that go along with it, the more likely you are to consume phytochemicals, the body\u2019s very own defense system against aging. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '8d84f058-3bf3-4d8d-bd32-c56e3ef9594d', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.025021739304065704, 'sentence': \"We're told that we should eat the rainbow, choosing a diet filled with a colorful variety of fruits and vegetables.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.019101222977042198, 'sentence': 'These nutrient-dense foods contain a range of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010768894106149673, 'sentence': 'But while we understand that phytochemicals keep us healthy, we might not understand why.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007508247625082731, 'sentence': \"Phytochemicals, also called phytonutrients, are substances found in fruits, vegetables, and grains that are part of a plant's immune system, meant to keep it healthy and free of disease.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003474744502454996, 'sentence': 'And by keeping the plants healthy, they also serve to keep the person eating them healthy.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001132410136051476, 'sentence': \"\u201cPhytochemicals, which are found in the colorful parts of fruits and vegetables, are basically a plant's defense system to protect them from oxidative damage.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001328868791460991, 'sentence': 'They also play that role in humans,\u201d says Rachel E. 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{'generated_prob': 0.14817693829536438, 'sentence': \"They're known to improve cardiovascular, metabolic, and cognitive health as well as exercise performance and the risk of certain types of cancer.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.12952308356761932, 'sentence': '<b>How a Plant-Based Diet Boosts Your Defense System<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.12989483773708344, 'sentence': \"So, if you're wondering why a plant-based diet is so important and why it has so many benefits for your health, phytochemicals are a big reason why.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.07737845927476883, 'sentence': \"The more often you consume a plant-based diet and all the fruits and vegetables that go along with it, the more likely you are to consume phytochemicals, the body's very own defense system against aging.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 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0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.034606483690908116, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9614423390435719, 'ai': 0.034606483690908116, 'mixed': 0.0039511772655200185}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9614423390435719, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.034606483690908116, 'human': 0.9614423390435719, 'mixed': 0.0039511772655200185}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'We\u2019re told that we should eat the rainbow, choosing a diet filled with a colorful variety of fruits and vegetables. These nutrient-dense foods contain a range of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. But while we understand that phytochemicals keep us healthy, we might not understand why. \\n\\nPhytochemicals, also called phytonutrients, are substances found in fruits, vegetables, and grains that are part of a plant\u2019s immune system, meant to keep it healthy and free of disease. And by keeping the plants healthy, they also serve to keep the person eating them healthy.\\n\\n\u201cPhytochemicals, which are found in the colorful parts of fruits and vegetables, are basically a plant\u2019s defense system to protect them from oxidative damage. They also play that role in humans,\u201d says Rachel E. Scherr, a dietitian and lecturer at San Francisco State University.\\n\\nThe reason it\u2019s important to eat the rainbow is because each color of fruit and vegetable contains a different variety of phytochemicals, and to consume a wide variety of disease-fighting compounds, you need to eat a variety of plants. \\n\\n<b>Different Types of Phytochemicals<\/b>\\n\\nThere are hundreds of types of phytochemicals, each found in different foods that do different things for the body. For example, carotenoids are the phytochemicals found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables. Beta-carotene and lycopene are examples of carotenoids, of which beta-carotene is the most abundant in our diets.\\n\\n\u201cThey\u2019re neat because carotenoids are actually stored in our skin, which means we can easily measure them to see how much we\u2019re consuming in our diet,\u201d says Scherr.\\n\\n<b>What are Carotenoids?<\/b>\\n\\nCarotenoids function like antioxidants, meaning that these guys are really good at hunting down free radicals and pairing off with them so that they aren\u2019t free to do damage to our cells.\\n\\nAccording to an article in the journal Nutrients, carotenoids are known to be \u201cpotent scavengers of other reactive oxygen species.\u201d Carotenoids are specifically focused on fighting free radicals that can cause cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and eye diseases. \\n\\n<b>How do Polyphenols Help the Body?<\/b>\\n\\nPolyphenols, which are found in berries, chocolate, wine, and coffee, have both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits for the body. Like carotenoids, polyphenols can suppress the action of free radicals by directly scavenging them and donating an electron to that free radical, which makes them less reactive in the body and keeps them from causing damage.\\n\\nThey\u2019re known to keep arteries flowing, improve digestion and brain function, reduce blood sugar levels, and fight against cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancers. \\n\\n<b>Isoflavones and Anthocyanins<\/b>\\nIsoflavones, sometimes called phytoestrogens, are found in soy, lentils, and legumes. These naturally occurring estrogens are effective for improving cardiovascular disease but also reducing the impact that many women may experience during menopause. They have a chemical structure that\u2019s similar to estrogen, so they can bind to estrogen via receptors in the body.\\n\\nAnthocyanins are the phytochemicals that give purple and blue fruits and vegetables their pigment. They\u2019re a type of flavonoid that also functions like an antioxidant to protect against DNA cleavage, the breaking of the covalent bonds that make up the backbone of DNA. They also improve immunity by boosting the production of cytokines and strengthening cell membranes. \\n\\nThey\u2019re known to improve cardiovascular, metabolic, and cognitive health as well as exercise performance and the risk of certain types of cancer.\\n\\n<b>How a Plant-Based Diet Boosts Your Defense System<\/b>\\n\\nSo, if you\u2019re wondering why a plant-based diet is so important and why it has so many benefits for your health, phytochemicals are a big reason why.\\n\\nThe more often you consume a plant-based diet and all the fruits and vegetables that go along with it, the more likely you are to consume phytochemicals, the body\u2019s very own defense system against aging. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2243794203,"RADAR":0.6004202366,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely AI-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely AI-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The entire tone has quite a casual, relateable, and simple tone. It's almost like someone talking to a friend or child. This is due to phrases like \"if you're wondering why\", \"we're told that\", and referring to carotenoids as \"these guys\". This makes it seem very human. It has no notable AI phrases and one of the quotations is especially human-seeming and not overly verbose. It also references an article as a source, which is uncommon in AI text. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"There is a mixture of AI and human-sounding text here. However, in the absence of AI's usual favorite words, I'm going with human-generated. Also, one of the sentences begins with the conjunction \"and\", an error\/style not usually used by AI. There are some capitalization errors in some of the headings, which seems to be a human error. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: speech tags are usually 'says'; paragraph length is varied; uses conjunctions at the beginning of sentences; the article calls 'carotenoids' 'guys'; some of the layout isn't formatted correctly; inconsistent use of the Oxford comma. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I believe the core parts of the article are AI-generated, while multiple parts of it are human-edited for readability and to bypass AI detectors. For the human-edits, some sentences are shortened, or lengthened with extra words to control its tone and pacing, trying to create a casual tone so that the reader can understand the topic better. However, the format with its headers, and some sentence phrases such as \"...specifically focused on fighting free radicals that can cause cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and eye diseases.\" and \"They also improve immunity by boosting the production of cytokines and strengthening cell membranes.\" are sentences that are condensed and use common language terms often seen in health-related articles. The structure of a lead-in, comma, then conclusive statement is still present throughout the article. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The author sensibly refrains from adding complex lexical items (aka words) to a text already packed with scientific jargon. The relatively informal style in which the author writes suits their communicative purpose, which is to inform but not overwhelm the reader. This is clearly not an academic text as the author's frequent use of contractions and colloquial phrases show. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"54":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":25,"title":"Godzilla at 70: The Monster\u2019s Warning to Humanity Is Still Urgent","sub-title":"The 1954 film 'Godzilla' launched a franchise that has been warning viewers to take better care of the Earth for the past 70 years.","author":"Amanda Kennell","source":"Discover","issue":"10\/19\/24","section":"Sciences","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/the-sciences\/godzilla-at-70-the-monsters-warning-to-humanity-is-still-urgent","article":"The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Nihon Hidankyo, the Japan Confederation of A- and H-bomb Sufferers Organizations. Many of these witnesses have spent their lives warning of the dangers of nuclear war \u2013 but initially, much of the world didn\u2019t want to hear it.\n\n\u201cThe fates of those who survived the infernos of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were long concealed and neglected,\u201d the Nobel committee noted in its announcement. Local groups of nuclear survivors created Nihon Hidankyo in 1956 to fight back against this erasure.\n\nAround the same time that Nihon Hidankyo was formed, Japan produced another warning: a towering monster who topples Tokyo with blasts of irradiated breath. The 1954 film \u201cGodzilla\u201d launched a franchise that has been warning viewers to take better care of the Earth for the past 70 years.\n\nWe study popular Japanese media and business ethics and sustainability, but we found a common interest in Godzilla after the 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and meltdown at Japan\u2019s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. In our view, these films convey a vital message about Earth\u2019s creeping environmental catastrophe. Few survivors are left to warn humanity about the effects of nuclear weapons, but Godzilla remains eternal.\n\n<b>Into the Atomic Age<\/b>\n\nBy 1954, Japan had survived almost a decade of nuclear exposure. In addition to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese people were affected by a series of U.S. nuclear tests in the Bikini Atoll.\n\nWhen the U.S. tested the world\u2019s first hydrogen bomb in 1954, its devastation reached far outside the expected damage zone. Though it was far from the restricted zone, the Lucky Dragon No. 5 Japanese fishing boat and its crew were doused with irradiated ash. All fell ill, and one fisherman died within the year. Their tragedy was widely covered in the Japanese press as it unfolded.\n\nThis event is echoed in a scene at the beginning of \u201cGodzilla,\u201d in which helpless Japanese boats are destroyed by an invisible force.\n\n\u201cGodzilla\u201d is full of deep social debates, complex characters, and cutting-edge special effects for its time. Much of the film involves characters discussing their responsibilities\u2013 to each other, to society, and to the environment.\n\nThis seriousness, like the film itself, was practically buried outside of Japan by an alter ego, 1956\u2019s \u201cGodzilla, King of the Monsters!\u201d American licensors cut the 1954 film apart, removed slow scenes, shot new footage featuring Canadian actor Raymond Burr, spliced it all together, and dubbed their creation in English with an action-oriented script they wrote themselves.\n\nThis version was what people outside of Japan knew as \u201cGodzilla\u201d until the Japanese film was released internationally for its 50th anniversary in 2004.\n\n<b>From Radiation to Pollution<\/b>\n\nWhile \u201cKing of the Monsters!\u201d traveled the world, \u201cGodzilla\u201d spawned dozens of Japanese sequels and spinoffs. Godzilla slowly morphed from a murderous monster into a monstrous defender of humanity in the Japanese films, a transition that was also reflected in the later U.S.-made films.\n\nIn 1971, a new, younger creative team tried to define Godzilla for a new era with \u201cGodzilla vs. Hedorah.\u201d Director Yoshimitsu Banno joined the movie\u2019s crew while he was promoting a recently completed documentary about natural disasters. That experience inspired him to redirect Godzilla from nuclear issues to pollution.\n\nWorld War II was fading from public memory. So was the massive Anpo protests of 1959 and 1960, which had mobilized up to one-third of the Japanese people to oppose the renewal of the U.S.-Japan security treaty. Participants included housewives concerned by the news that fish caught by the Lucky Dragon No. 5 had been sold in Japanese grocery stores.\n\nAt the same time, pollution was soaring. In 1969, Michiko Ishimure published \u201cParadise in the Sea of Sorrow: Our Minamata Disease,\u201d a book that\u2019s often viewed as a Japanese counterpart to \u201cSilent Spring,\u201d Rachel Carson\u2019s environmental classic. Ishimure\u2019s poetic descriptions of lives ruined by the Chisso Corp.\u2019s dumping of methyl mercury into the Shiranui Sea awoke many in Japan to their government\u2019s numerous failures to protect the public from industrial pollution.\n\n\u201cGodzilla vs. Hedorah\u201d is about Godzilla\u2019s battles against Hedorah, a crash-landed alien that grows to monstrous size by feeding on toxic sludge and other forms of pollution. The film opens with a woman singing jazzily about environmental apocalypse as young people dance with abandon in an underground club.\n\nThis combination of hopelessness and hedonism continues in an uneven film that includes everything from an extended shot of an oil slick-covered kitten to an animated sequence to Godzilla awkwardly levitating itself with its irradiated breath.\n\nAfter Godzilla defeats Hedorah at the end of the film, it pulls a handful of toxic sludge out of Hedorah\u2019s torso, gazes at the sludge, then turns to stare at its human spectators \u2013 both those onscreen and the film\u2019s audience. The message is clear: Don\u2019t just lazily sing about imminent doom \u2013 shape up and do something.\n\n\u201cGodzilla vs. Hedorah\u201d bombed at the box office but became a cult hit over time. Its positioning of Godzilla between Earth and those who would harm it resonates today in two separate Godzilla franchises.\n\nOne line of movies comes from the original Japanese studio that produced \u201cGodzilla.\u201d The other line is produced by U.S. licensors making eco-blockbusters that merge the environmentalism of \u201cGodzilla\u201d with the spectacle of \u201cKing of the Monsters.\u201d\n\n<b>A Meltdown of Public Trust<\/b>\n\nThe 2011 Fukushima disaster has now become part of the Japanese people\u2019s collective memory. Cleanup and decommissioning of the damaged nuclear plant continues amid controversies around ongoing releases of radioactive water used to cool the plant. Some residents are allowed to visit their homes but can\u2019t move back there while thousands of workers remove topsoil, branches, and other materials to decontaminate these areas.\nBefore Fukushima, Japan derived one-third of its electricity from nuclear power. Public attitudes toward nuclear energy hardened after the disaster, especially as investigations showed that regulators had underestimated risks at the site. Although Japan needs to import about 90% of the energy it uses, today, over 70 percent of the public opposes nuclear power.\n\nThe first Japanese \u201cGodzilla\u201d film released after the Fukushima disaster, \u201cShin Godzilla\u201d (2016), reboots the franchise in a contemporary Japan with a new type of Godzilla, in an eerie echo of the damages of and governmental response to Fukushima\u2019s triple disaster. When the Japanese government is left leaderless and in disarray following initial counterattacks on Godzilla, a Japanese government official teams up with an American special envoy to freeze the newly named Godzilla in its tracks before a fearful world unleashes its nuclear weapons once again.\n\nTheir success suggests that while national governments have an important role to play in major disasters, successful recovery requires people who are empowered to act as individuals. ","id":25,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Nihon Hidankyo, the Japan Confederation of A- and H-bomb Sufferers Organizations. Many of these witnesses have spent their lives warning of the dangers of nuclear war \u2013 but initially, much of the world didn\u2019t want to hear it.\\n\\n\u201cThe fates of those who survived the infernos of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were long concealed and neglected,\u201d the Nobel committee noted in its announcement. Local groups of nuclear survivors created Nihon Hidankyo in 1956 to fight back against this erasure.\\n\\nAround the same time that Nihon Hidankyo was formed, Japan produced another warning: a towering monster who topples Tokyo with blasts of irradiated breath. The 1954 film \u201cGodzilla\u201d launched a franchise that has been warning viewers to take better care of the Earth for the past 70 years.\\n\\nWe study popular Japanese media and business ethics and sustainability, but we found a common interest in Godzilla after the 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and meltdown at Japan\u2019s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. In our view, these films convey a vital message about Earth\u2019s creeping environmental catastrophe. Few survivors are left to warn humanity about the effects of nuclear weapons, but Godzilla remains eternal.\\n\\n<b>Into the Atomic Age<\/b>\\n\\nBy 1954, Japan had survived almost a decade of nuclear exposure. In addition to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese people were affected by a series of U.S. nuclear tests in the Bikini Atoll.\\n\\nWhen the U.S. tested the world\u2019s first hydrogen bomb in 1954, its devastation reached far outside the expected damage zone. Though it was far from the restricted zone, the Lucky Dragon No. 5 Japanese fishing boat and its crew were doused with irradiated ash. All fell ill, and one fisherman died within the year. Their tragedy was widely covered in the Japanese press as it unfolded.\\n\\nThis event is echoed in a scene at the beginning of \u201cGodzilla,\u201d in which helpless Japanese boats are destroyed by an invisible force.\\n\\n\u201cGodzilla\u201d is full of deep social debates, complex characters, and cutting-edge special effects for its time. Much of the film involves characters discussing their responsibilities\u2013 to each other, to society, and to the environment.\\n\\nThis seriousness, like the film itself, was practically buried outside of Japan by an alter ego, 1956\u2019s \u201cGodzilla, King of the Monsters!\u201d American licensors cut the 1954 film apart, removed slow scenes, shot new footage featuring Canadian actor Raymond Burr, spliced it all together, and dubbed their creation in English with an action-oriented script they wrote themselves.\\n\\nThis version was what people outside of Japan knew as \u201cGodzilla\u201d until the Japanese film was released internationally for its 50th anniversary in 2004.\\n\\n<b>From Radiation to Pollution<\/b>\\n\\nWhile \u201cKing of the Monsters!\u201d traveled the world, \u201cGodzilla\u201d spawned dozens of Japanese sequels and spinoffs. Godzilla slowly morphed from a murderous monster into a monstrous defender of humanity in the Japanese films, a transition that was also reflected in the later U.S.-made films.\\n\\nIn 1971, a new, younger creative team tried to define Godzilla for a new era with \u201cGodzilla vs. Hedorah.\u201d Director Yoshimitsu Banno joined the movie\u2019s crew while he was promoting a recently completed documentary about natural disasters. That experience inspired him to redirect Godzilla from nuclear issues to pollution.\\n\\nWorld War II was fading from public memory. So was the massive Anpo protests of 1959 and 1960, which had mobilized up to one-third of the Japanese people to oppose the renewal of the U.S.-Japan security treaty. Participants included housewives concerned by the news that fish caught by the Lucky Dragon No. 5 had been sold in Japanese grocery stores.\\n\\nAt the same time, pollution was soaring. In 1969, Michiko Ishimure published \u201cParadise in the Sea of Sorrow: Our Minamata Disease,\u201d a book that\u2019s often viewed as a Japanese counterpart to \u201cSilent Spring,\u201d Rachel Carson\u2019s environmental classic. Ishimure\u2019s poetic descriptions of lives ruined by the Chisso Corp.\u2019s dumping of methyl mercury into the Shiranui Sea awoke many in Japan to their government\u2019s numerous failures to protect the public from industrial pollution.\\n\\n\u201cGodzilla vs. Hedorah\u201d is about Godzilla\u2019s battles against Hedorah, a crash-landed alien that grows to monstrous size by feeding on toxic sludge and other forms of pollution. The film opens with a woman singing jazzily about environmental apocalypse as young people dance with abandon in an underground club.\\n\\nThis combination of hopelessness and hedonism continues in an uneven film that includes everything from an extended shot of an oil slick-covered kitten to an animated sequence to Godzilla awkwardly levitating itself with its irradiated breath.\\n\\nAfter Godzilla defeats Hedorah at the end of the film, it pulls a handful of toxic sludge out of Hedorah\u2019s torso, gazes at the sludge, then turns to stare at its human spectators \u2013 both those onscreen and the film\u2019s audience. The message is clear: Don\u2019t just lazily sing about imminent doom \u2013 shape up and do something.\\n\\n\u201cGodzilla vs. Hedorah\u201d bombed at the box office but became a cult hit over time. Its positioning of Godzilla between Earth and those who would harm it resonates today in two separate Godzilla franchises.\\n\\nOne line of movies comes from the original Japanese studio that produced \u201cGodzilla.\u201d The other line is produced by U.S. licensors making eco-blockbusters that merge the environmentalism of \u201cGodzilla\u201d with the spectacle of \u201cKing of the Monsters.\u201d\\n\\n<b>A Meltdown of Public Trust<\/b>\\n\\nThe 2011 Fukushima disaster has now become part of the Japanese people\u2019s collective memory. Cleanup and decommissioning of the damaged nuclear plant continues amid controversies around ongoing releases of radioactive water used to cool the plant. Some residents are allowed to visit their homes but can\u2019t move back there while thousands of workers remove topsoil, branches, and other materials to decontaminate these areas.\\nBefore Fukushima, Japan derived one-third of its electricity from nuclear power. 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Many of these witnesses have spent their lives warning of the dangers of nuclear war \u2013 but initially, much of the world didn\u2019t want to hear it.\\n\\n\u201cThe fates of those who survived the infernos of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were long concealed and neglected,\u201d the Nobel committee noted in its announcement. Local groups of nuclear survivors created Nihon Hidankyo in 1956 to fight back against this erasure.\\n\\nAround the same time that Nihon Hidankyo was formed, Japan produced another warning: a towering monster who topples Tokyo with blasts of irradiated breath. The 1954 film \u201cGodzilla\u201d launched a franchise that has been warning viewers to take better care of the Earth for the past 70 years.\\n\\nWe study popular Japanese media and business ethics and sustainability, but we found a common interest in Godzilla after the 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and meltdown at Japan\u2019s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. In our view, these films convey a vital message about Earth\u2019s creeping environmental catastrophe. Few survivors are left to warn humanity about the effects of nuclear weapons, but Godzilla remains eternal.\\n\\n<b>Into the Atomic Age<\/b>\\n\\nBy 1954, Japan had survived almost a decade of nuclear exposure. In addition to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese people were affected by a series of U.S. nuclear tests in the Bikini Atoll.\\n\\nWhen the U.S. tested the world\u2019s first hydrogen bomb in 1954, its devastation reached far outside the expected damage zone. Though it was far from the restricted zone, the Lucky Dragon No. 5 Japanese fishing boat and its crew were doused with irradiated ash. All fell ill, and one fisherman died within the year. Their tragedy was widely covered in the Japanese press as it unfolded.\\n\\nThis event is echoed in a scene at the beginning of \u201cGodzilla,\u201d in which helpless Japanese boats are destroyed by an invisible force.\\n\\n\u201cGodzilla\u201d is full of deep social debates, complex characters, and cutting-edge special effects for its time. Much of the film involves characters discussing their responsibilities\u2013 to each other, to society, and to the environment.\\n\\nThis seriousness, like the film itself, was practically buried outside of Japan by an alter ego, 1956\u2019s \u201cGodzilla, King of the Monsters!\u201d American licensors cut the 1954 film apart, removed slow scenes, shot new footage featuring Canadian actor Raymond Burr, spliced it all together, and dubbed their creation in English with an action-oriented script they wrote themselves.\\n\\nThis version was what people outside of Japan knew as \u201cGodzilla\u201d until the Japanese film was released internationally for its 50th anniversary in 2004.\\n\\n<b>From Radiation to Pollution<\/b>\\n\\nWhile \u201cKing of the Monsters!\u201d traveled the world, \u201cGodzilla\u201d spawned dozens of Japanese sequels and spinoffs. Godzilla slowly morphed from a murderous monster into a monstrous defender of humanity in the Japanese films, a transition that was also reflected in the later U.S.-made films.\\n\\nIn 1971, a new, younger creative team tried to define Godzilla for a new era with \u201cGodzilla vs. Hedorah.\u201d Director Yoshimitsu Banno joined the movie\u2019s crew while he was promoting a recently completed documentary about natural disasters. That experience inspired him to redirect Godzilla from nuclear issues to pollution.\\n\\nWorld War II was fading from public memory. So was the massive Anpo protests of 1959 and 1960, which had mobilized up to one-third of the Japanese people to oppose the renewal of the U.S.-Japan security treaty. Participants included housewives concerned by the news that fish caught by the Lucky Dragon No. 5 had been sold in Japanese grocery stores.\\n\\nAt the same time, pollution was soaring. In 1969, Michiko Ishimure published \u201cParadise in the Sea of Sorrow: Our Minamata Disease,\u201d a book that\u2019s often viewed as a Japanese counterpart to \u201cSilent Spring,\u201d Rachel Carson\u2019s environmental classic. Ishimure\u2019s poetic descriptions of lives ruined by the Chisso Corp.\u2019s dumping of methyl mercury into the Shiranui Sea awoke many in Japan to their government\u2019s numerous failures to protect the public from industrial pollution.\\n\\n\u201cGodzilla vs. Hedorah\u201d is about Godzilla\u2019s battles against Hedorah, a crash-landed alien that grows to monstrous size by feeding on toxic sludge and other forms of pollution. The film opens with a woman singing jazzily about environmental apocalypse as young people dance with abandon in an underground club.\\n\\nThis combination of hopelessness and hedonism continues in an uneven film that includes everything from an extended shot of an oil slick-covered kitten to an animated sequence to Godzilla awkwardly levitating itself with its irradiated breath.\\n\\nAfter Godzilla defeats Hedorah at the end of the film, it pulls a handful of toxic sludge out of Hedorah\u2019s torso, gazes at the sludge, then turns to stare at its human spectators \u2013 both those onscreen and the film\u2019s audience. The message is clear: Don\u2019t just lazily sing about imminent doom \u2013 shape up and do something.\\n\\n\u201cGodzilla vs. Hedorah\u201d bombed at the box office but became a cult hit over time. Its positioning of Godzilla between Earth and those who would harm it resonates today in two separate Godzilla franchises.\\n\\nOne line of movies comes from the original Japanese studio that produced \u201cGodzilla.\u201d The other line is produced by U.S. licensors making eco-blockbusters that merge the environmentalism of \u201cGodzilla\u201d with the spectacle of \u201cKing of the Monsters.\u201d\\n\\n<b>A Meltdown of Public Trust<\/b>\\n\\nThe 2011 Fukushima disaster has now become part of the Japanese people\u2019s collective memory. Cleanup and decommissioning of the damaged nuclear plant continues amid controversies around ongoing releases of radioactive water used to cool the plant. Some residents are allowed to visit their homes but can\u2019t move back there while thousands of workers remove topsoil, branches, and other materials to decontaminate these areas.\\nBefore Fukushima, Japan derived one-third of its electricity from nuclear power. Public attitudes toward nuclear energy hardened after the disaster, especially as investigations showed that regulators had underestimated risks at the site. Although Japan needs to import about 90% of the energy it uses, today, over 70 percent of the public opposes nuclear power.\\n\\nThe first Japanese \u201cGodzilla\u201d film released after the Fukushima disaster, \u201cShin Godzilla\u201d (2016), reboots the franchise in a contemporary Japan with a new type of Godzilla, in an eerie echo of the damages of and governmental response to Fukushima\u2019s triple disaster. 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'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.018608545094919857, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9811090004821655, 'ai': 0.018608545094919857, 'mixed': 0.0002824544229146246}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9811090004821655, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.018608545094919857, 'human': 0.9811090004821655, 'mixed': 0.0002824544229146246}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Nihon Hidankyo, the Japan Confederation of A- and H-bomb Sufferers Organizations. Many of these witnesses have spent their lives warning of the dangers of nuclear war \u2013 but initially, much of the world didn\u2019t want to hear it.\\n\\n\u201cThe fates of those who survived the infernos of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were long concealed and neglected,\u201d the Nobel committee noted in its announcement. Local groups of nuclear survivors created Nihon Hidankyo in 1956 to fight back against this erasure.\\n\\nAround the same time that Nihon Hidankyo was formed, Japan produced another warning: a towering monster who topples Tokyo with blasts of irradiated breath. The 1954 film \u201cGodzilla\u201d launched a franchise that has been warning viewers to take better care of the Earth for the past 70 years.\\n\\nWe study popular Japanese media and business ethics and sustainability, but we found a common interest in Godzilla after the 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and meltdown at Japan\u2019s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. In our view, these films convey a vital message about Earth\u2019s creeping environmental catastrophe. Few survivors are left to warn humanity about the effects of nuclear weapons, but Godzilla remains eternal.\\n\\n<b>Into the Atomic Age<\/b>\\n\\nBy 1954, Japan had survived almost a decade of nuclear exposure. In addition to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese people were affected by a series of U.S. nuclear tests in the Bikini Atoll.\\n\\nWhen the U.S. tested the world\u2019s first hydrogen bomb in 1954, its devastation reached far outside the expected damage zone. Though it was far from the restricted zone, the Lucky Dragon No. 5 Japanese fishing boat and its crew were doused with irradiated ash. All fell ill, and one fisherman died within the year. Their tragedy was widely covered in the Japanese press as it unfolded.\\n\\nThis event is echoed in a scene at the beginning of \u201cGodzilla,\u201d in which helpless Japanese boats are destroyed by an invisible force.\\n\\n\u201cGodzilla\u201d is full of deep social debates, complex characters, and cutting-edge special effects for its time. Much of the film involves characters discussing their responsibilities\u2013 to each other, to society, and to the environment.\\n\\nThis seriousness, like the film itself, was practically buried outside of Japan by an alter ego, 1956\u2019s \u201cGodzilla, King of the Monsters!\u201d American licensors cut the 1954 film apart, removed slow scenes, shot new footage featuring Canadian actor Raymond Burr, spliced it all together, and dubbed their creation in English with an action-oriented script they wrote themselves.\\n\\nThis version was what people outside of Japan knew as \u201cGodzilla\u201d until the Japanese film was released internationally for its 50th anniversary in 2004.\\n\\n<b>From Radiation to Pollution<\/b>\\n\\nWhile \u201cKing of the Monsters!\u201d traveled the world, \u201cGodzilla\u201d spawned dozens of Japanese sequels and spinoffs. Godzilla slowly morphed from a murderous monster into a monstrous defender of humanity in the Japanese films, a transition that was also reflected in the later U.S.-made films.\\n\\nIn 1971, a new, younger creative team tried to define Godzilla for a new era with \u201cGodzilla vs. Hedorah.\u201d Director Yoshimitsu Banno joined the movie\u2019s crew while he was promoting a recently completed documentary about natural disasters. That experience inspired him to redirect Godzilla from nuclear issues to pollution.\\n\\nWorld War II was fading from public memory. So was the massive Anpo protests of 1959 and 1960, which had mobilized up to one-third of the Japanese people to oppose the renewal of the U.S.-Japan security treaty. Participants included housewives concerned by the news that fish caught by the Lucky Dragon No. 5 had been sold in Japanese grocery stores.\\n\\nAt the same time, pollution was soaring. In 1969, Michiko Ishimure published \u201cParadise in the Sea of Sorrow: Our Minamata Disease,\u201d a book that\u2019s often viewed as a Japanese counterpart to \u201cSilent Spring,\u201d Rachel Carson\u2019s environmental classic. Ishimure\u2019s poetic descriptions of lives ruined by the Chisso Corp.\u2019s dumping of methyl mercury into the Shiranui Sea awoke many in Japan to their government\u2019s numerous failures to protect the public from industrial pollution.\\n\\n\u201cGodzilla vs. Hedorah\u201d is about Godzilla\u2019s battles against Hedorah, a crash-landed alien that grows to monstrous size by feeding on toxic sludge and other forms of pollution. The film opens with a woman singing jazzily about environmental apocalypse as young people dance with abandon in an underground club.\\n\\nThis combination of hopelessness and hedonism continues in an uneven film that includes everything from an extended shot of an oil slick-covered kitten to an animated sequence to Godzilla awkwardly levitating itself with its irradiated breath.\\n\\nAfter Godzilla defeats Hedorah at the end of the film, it pulls a handful of toxic sludge out of Hedorah\u2019s torso, gazes at the sludge, then turns to stare at its human spectators \u2013 both those onscreen and the film\u2019s audience. The message is clear: Don\u2019t just lazily sing about imminent doom \u2013 shape up and do something.\\n\\n\u201cGodzilla vs. Hedorah\u201d bombed at the box office but became a cult hit over time. Its positioning of Godzilla between Earth and those who would harm it resonates today in two separate Godzilla franchises.\\n\\nOne line of movies comes from the original Japanese studio that produced \u201cGodzilla.\u201d The other line is produced by U.S. licensors making eco-blockbusters that merge the environmentalism of \u201cGodzilla\u201d with the spectacle of \u201cKing of the Monsters.\u201d\\n\\n<b>A Meltdown of Public Trust<\/b>\\n\\nThe 2011 Fukushima disaster has now become part of the Japanese people\u2019s collective memory. Cleanup and decommissioning of the damaged nuclear plant continues amid controversies around ongoing releases of radioactive water used to cool the plant. Some residents are allowed to visit their homes but can\u2019t move back there while thousands of workers remove topsoil, branches, and other materials to decontaminate these areas.\\nBefore Fukushima, Japan derived one-third of its electricity from nuclear power. Public attitudes toward nuclear energy hardened after the disaster, especially as investigations showed that regulators had underestimated risks at the site. Although Japan needs to import about 90% of the energy it uses, today, over 70 percent of the public opposes nuclear power.\\n\\nThe first Japanese \u201cGodzilla\u201d film released after the Fukushima disaster, \u201cShin Godzilla\u201d (2016), reboots the franchise in a contemporary Japan with a new type of Godzilla, in an eerie echo of the damages of and governmental response to Fukushima\u2019s triple disaster. When the Japanese government is left leaderless and in disarray following initial counterattacks on Godzilla, a Japanese government official teams up with an American special envoy to freeze the newly named Godzilla in its tracks before a fearful world unleashes its nuclear weapons once again.\\n\\nTheir success suggests that while national governments have an important role to play in major disasters, successful recovery requires people who are empowered to act as individuals. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7030264139,"RADAR":0.0638779327,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article is overall quite political, specifically with the way it talks about American-Japanese relations. It's also a bit dark\/graphic in the way it talks about a kitten covered in oil, people being covered in irradiated ash, as well as hopelessness and hedonism. Lastly, it contains numerous facts and dates like the name of the Japanese fishing boat, the dates of book\/movie releases, and the date on which the U.S. testing the nuclear bomb. All of this strongly indicates that it's been written by a human. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I'm unable to find many clues of AI writing here, apart from the two lists highlighted in blue and the one use of the word \"vital.\"\nThere are few signs of it being specifically human written either, apart from the lack of a line missed between the paragraph starting \"Before Fukushima...\" which seems to be a human error.\nTherefore, I'm going with human-generated."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"From glancing at this I wasn't so sure. It was one of the only ones. However, it uses spaced en dashes. There are some grammatical issues, e.g. 'fates of' should be 'fate of', and 'who' used instead of 'that' for a monster. The sentence structure is more nuanced and the language is evocative in areas. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I believe this article is human-written. The language of the article is evocative and present its information clearly, allowing ideas to transition into one another. Every sentence throughout the article contains kernels of information, and uses visual elements for action without becoming gravitas. Examples, such as \"buried outside of Japan by an alter ego,\" \" an animated sequence to Godzilla awkwardly levitating itself with its irradiated breath.\" and \"the Japanese people\u2019s collective memory\" give visuals to describe and provide context for the facts being reported. It uses words that describe and show the impact of the topic, and uses grammar techniques such as long dashes, colons and parentheses to control how information is told. Even the headers help paint the picture, connecting ideas together, such as \"From Radiation to Pollution\" and \"A Meltdown of Public Trust\". The last sentence almost threw me off, but even with some AI wordage, it summarizes it all with a neutral tone instead of a flowery, positive one with the phrase \"Their success suggests,\" leaving the vague sentence up to the reader to make their own conclusion. I am very confident it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The author deftly segues to the topic of the essay in par. 3.  The so-called \"thesis statement\" not only gives the author's reason for mentioning Nihon Hidankyo but also tells the reader why the 1954 film is important. Headings provide a meaningful  narrative structure to the text. The author uses examples from different genres and places the films in their historical contexts, which are part of the Japanese cultural framework but largely unknown to the rest of the world. Highly doubtful that AI can produce a nuanced text like this one."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"55":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":26,"title":"Detective Dogs, Toads, and Artificial Intelligence Can Help Control Invasive Species","sub-title":"These methods can help eradicated invasive species without causing further harm to the environment.","author":"Emilie Le Beau Lucchesi","source":"Discover","issue":"10\/14\/24","section":"Planet Earth","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/planet-earth\/detective-dogs-toads-and-artificial-intelligence-can-help-control-invasive","article":"When invasive species start obliterating a habitat, humans in the area often seek to eradicate the invader. People set up nets, lay traps, and aim firearms at the offenders.\n\nSometimes, these efforts aren\u2019t enough, particularly if the invasion is widespread. More creative means are needed, and in recent years, ecologists have turned to novel ways to stop destructive species.\n\n<b>Identifying Invasive Species<\/b>\n\nThe Federal government defines invasive species as any type of harmful \u201calien species\u201d that are introduced to an area through human activity. They can be animals, plants, or pathogens.\n\nSea lampreys, for example, are an Atlantic fish that made their way into the Great Lakes through canals. They preyed upon native species like trout and whitefish, and by the 1950s, the Great Lakes fishing industry was nearly ruined. Eradication helped reduce the lamprey by 90 percent. \n\nIn the 1990s, conservationists began considering how trained dogs could be more effective than their human counterparts in identifying invasive species.\n\n\u201cEveryone knows that dogs have an amazing sensitivity for low odor detection. But what a lot of people don\u2019t know is that dogs are also good at discrimination and telling the difference between two similar odors,\u201d says Pete Coppolillo, the executive director of Working Dogs for Conservation in Missoula, Montana.\n\nConservation dogs can distinguish between a healthy sheep and one infected with an invasive pathogen. They can identify a brook trout from a rainbow trout. They can even sniff out seeds and distinguish whether they are invasive.\n\n<b>Using Detection Dogs to Prevent Invasive Species<\/b>\n\nCoppolillo\u2019s organization takes shelter dogs and trains them into conservation dogs. They also work with dogs that have been trained for other jobs. One of their dogs was a military cadet meant for Delta Force.\n\n\u201cBut he didn\u2019t like to bite,\u201d Coppolillo says. \u201cThat works for us.\u201d\n\nThe organization has trained more than 200 dogs to sniff out specific invasive species. One dog, Sami, is a Shibu Inu who works biosecurity to keep rodents out of South Georgia and the Sandwich Islands.\n\nAny ship that intends to even be in the territorial waters must first stop in the Falkland Islands for a Sami sniff-down. Coppolillo says that Sami is 60 times faster than humans who attempt his job. In one training session, a live rat was contained and hidden on a giant cargo ship.\n\n\u201cFive people searched that boat for an hour and gave up; Sami found it in five minutes,\u201d Coppolillo says.  \n\nWhen Sami finds a rat or other potential invader, he is trained to alert the humans. They manage the rat removal so Sami doesn\u2019t have to sully his paws, Coppolillo says.\n\nBut in other eradication attempts, scientists have considered novel ways in which the invasive species was made into prey.  \n  \n<b>Toad Busting in Australia<\/b>\n\nIn the 1930s, an Australian man traveled to Hawaii and brought back about 100 cane toads (rhinella marina). He released the toads with the hope they would chomp on crop-ruining insects. Instead, these poisonous toads proved deadly to the native species that tried to prey on them.\n\nAt first, many Australians were kind of cool with the cane toad taking out their most feared predators like crocodiles and snakes. But by the 1970s, Australia\u2019s native animals were dying off at an alarming rate after coming into contact with the toad\u2019s toxin. \n\nSome locals turned to \u201ctoad busting\u201d events in which volunteers caught toads for officials to euthanize. At times, this helped drop the toad population by 27 to 48 percent.\n\nBut it wasn\u2019t enough because the infestation was widespread. Cane toads can hop as far as 1.2 miles in one night, a distance that many amphibians never cover in a lifetime. \n\nIn the early 2010s, scientists were hopeful the meat ant (iridomyrmex reburrus) could take out the toad because it was unbothered by its toxin. In trials, scientists attracted the ants to target areas by setting out cat food. The ants then swarmed the toads, killing half of them almost instantly. Of those who escaped, 88 percent died within a day due to their injuries. \n\n<b>Exploring Cane Toad Cannibalism for Control<\/b>\n\nThe ant idea didn\u2019t become a widespread approach, and scientists have been experimenting with a new option that capitalizes on the toad\u2019s cannibalistic tendencies.\n\nIn their tadpole stage, cane toads are cannibals. They sense a chemical released by other tadpole eggs and then gobble them up. Scientists worked to identify and replicate the chemical.\n\nConservationists are currently experimenting with a chemical bait that attracts the cane toad tadpole (but not its froggy counterparts) and then traps them so they can be humanely disposed of. Thus far, more than 1 million cane toad tadpoles have been removed from Australian waterways.\n\n<b>Using AI to Stop Invasive Hornets<\/b>\n\nSimilar to how Australian species were defenseless to cane toad toxins, other species are helpless against invading wasps.\n\nWasps and bees have coevolved so that bees have defensive strategies against predatory hornets. But in the last few decades, species from Asia have made their way to Europe and the U.S., where the local bees are defenseless. \n\nIn the U.S., the problem isn\u2019t widespread, and officials have asked locals to alert them to the presence of Vespa mandarinia (also known as: giant northern hornet; murder hornets) But in Europe, the Vespa velutina, a close cousin of the murder hornet, is more widespread.\n\nScientists say they are past the point of relying on visual alerts from Europeans who spot a hornet or hive. They need earlier detection and think AI might be the answer. \n\nOne possibility currently in development is called VespAI. This remote monitor has a bait station that can detect the presence of the murder hornet and distinguish it from other insects. The system then sends alerts so conservationists can manage the hornets\u2019 nests.\n\nScientists are hopeful the early detection program can identify and eliminate the hornets before they have the chance to harm the defenseless bees. ","id":26,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'When invasive species start obliterating a habitat, humans in the area often seek to eradicate the invader. People set up nets, lay traps, and aim firearms at the offenders.\\n\\nSometimes, these efforts aren\u2019t enough, particularly if the invasion is widespread. More creative means are needed, and in recent years, ecologists have turned to novel ways to stop destructive species.\\n\\n<b>Identifying Invasive Species<\/b>\\n\\nThe Federal government defines invasive species as any type of harmful \u201calien species\u201d that are introduced to an area through human activity. They can be animals, plants, or pathogens.\\n\\nSea lampreys, for example, are an Atlantic fish that made their way into the Great Lakes through canals. They preyed upon native species like trout and whitefish, and by the 1950s, the Great Lakes fishing industry was nearly ruined. Eradication helped reduce the lamprey by 90 percent. \\n\\nIn the 1990s, conservationists began considering how trained dogs could be more effective than their human counterparts in identifying invasive species.\\n\\n\u201cEveryone knows that dogs have an amazing sensitivity for low odor detection. But what a lot of people don\u2019t know is that dogs are also good at discrimination and telling the difference between two similar odors,\u201d says Pete Coppolillo, the executive director of Working Dogs for Conservation in Missoula, Montana.\\n\\nConservation dogs can distinguish between a healthy sheep and one infected with an invasive pathogen. They can identify a brook trout from a rainbow trout. They can even sniff out seeds and distinguish whether they are invasive.\\n\\n<b>Using Detection Dogs to Prevent Invasive Species<\/b>\\n\\nCoppolillo\u2019s organization takes shelter dogs and trains them into conservation dogs. They also work with dogs that have been trained for other jobs. One of their dogs was a military cadet meant for Delta Force.\\n\\n\u201cBut he didn\u2019t like to bite,\u201d Coppolillo says. \u201cThat works for us.\u201d\\n\\nThe organization has trained more than 200 dogs to sniff out specific invasive species. One dog, Sami, is a Shibu Inu who works biosecurity to keep rodents out of South Georgia and the Sandwich Islands.\\n\\nAny ship that intends to even be in the territorial waters must first stop in the Falkland Islands for a Sami sniff-down. Coppolillo says that Sami is 60 times faster than humans who attempt his job. In one training session, a live rat was contained and hidden on a giant cargo ship.\\n\\n\u201cFive people searched that boat for an hour and gave up; Sami found it in five minutes,\u201d Coppolillo says.  \\n\\nWhen Sami finds a rat or other potential invader, he is trained to alert the humans. They manage the rat removal so Sami doesn\u2019t have to sully his paws, Coppolillo says.\\n\\nBut in other eradication attempts, scientists have considered novel ways in which the invasive species was made into prey.  \\n  \\n<b>Toad Busting in Australia<\/b>\\n\\nIn the 1930s, an Australian man traveled to Hawaii and brought back about 100 cane toads (rhinella marina). He released the toads with the hope they would chomp on crop-ruining insects. Instead, these poisonous toads proved deadly to the native species that tried to prey on them.\\n\\nAt first, many Australians were kind of cool with the cane toad taking out their most feared predators like crocodiles and snakes. But by the 1970s, Australia\u2019s native animals were dying off at an alarming rate after coming into contact with the toad\u2019s toxin. \\n\\nSome locals turned to \u201ctoad busting\u201d events in which volunteers caught toads for officials to euthanize. At times, this helped drop the toad population by 27 to 48 percent.\\n\\nBut it wasn\u2019t enough because the infestation was widespread. Cane toads can hop as far as 1.2 miles in one night, a distance that many amphibians never cover in a lifetime. \\n\\nIn the early 2010s, scientists were hopeful the meat ant (iridomyrmex reburrus) could take out the toad because it was unbothered by its toxin. In trials, scientists attracted the ants to target areas by setting out cat food. The ants then swarmed the toads, killing half of them almost instantly. Of those who escaped, 88 percent died within a day due to their injuries. \\n\\n<b>Exploring Cane Toad Cannibalism for Control<\/b>\\n\\nThe ant idea didn\u2019t become a widespread approach, and scientists have been experimenting with a new option that capitalizes on the toad\u2019s cannibalistic tendencies.\\n\\nIn their tadpole stage, cane toads are cannibals. They sense a chemical released by other tadpole eggs and then gobble them up. Scientists worked to identify and replicate the chemical.\\n\\nConservationists are currently experimenting with a chemical bait that attracts the cane toad tadpole (but not its froggy counterparts) and then traps them so they can be humanely disposed of. Thus far, more than 1 million cane toad tadpoles have been removed from Australian waterways.\\n\\n<b>Using AI to Stop Invasive Hornets<\/b>\\n\\nSimilar to how Australian species were defenseless to cane toad toxins, other species are helpless against invading wasps.\\n\\nWasps and bees have coevolved so that bees have defensive strategies against predatory hornets. But in the last few decades, species from Asia have made their way to Europe and the U.S., where the local bees are defenseless. \\n\\nIn the U.S., the problem isn\u2019t widespread, and officials have asked locals to alert them to the presence of Vespa mandarinia (also known as: giant northern hornet; murder hornets) But in Europe, the Vespa velutina, a close cousin of the murder hornet, is more widespread.\\n\\nScientists say they are past the point of relying on visual alerts from Europeans who spot a hornet or hive. They need earlier detection and think AI might be the answer. \\n\\nOne possibility currently in development is called VespAI. This remote monitor has a bait station that can detect the presence of the murder hornet and distinguish it from other insects. The system then sends alerts so conservationists can manage the hornets\u2019 nests.\\n\\nScientists are hopeful the early detection program can identify and eliminate the hornets before they have the chance to harm the defenseless bees. ', 'ai_likelihood': 8.344650268554688e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'When invasive species start obliterating a habitat, humans in the area often seek to eradicate the invader. People set up nets, lay traps, and aim firearms at the offenders.\\n\\nSometimes, these efforts aren\u2019t enough, particularly if the invasion is widespread. More creative means are needed, and in recent years, ecologists have turned to novel ways to stop destructive species.\\n\\n<b>Identifying Invasive Species<\/b>\\n\\nThe Federal government defines invasive species as any type of harmful \u201calien species\u201d that are introduced to an area through human activity. They can be animals, plants, or pathogens.\\n\\nSea lampreys, for example, are an Atlantic fish that made their way into the Great Lakes through canals. They preyed upon native species like trout and whitefish, and by the 1950s, the Great Lakes fishing industry was nearly ruined. Eradication helped reduce the lamprey by 90 percent. \\n\\nIn the 1990s, conservationists began considering how trained dogs could be more effective than their human counterparts in identifying invasive species.\\n\\n\u201cEveryone knows that dogs have an amazing sensitivity for low odor detection. But what a lot of people don\u2019t know is that dogs are also good at discrimination and telling the difference between two similar odors,\u201d says Pete Coppolillo, the executive director of Working Dogs for Conservation in Missoula, Montana.\\n\\nConservation dogs can distinguish between a healthy sheep and one infected with an invasive pathogen. They can identify a brook trout from a rainbow trout. They can even sniff out seeds and distinguish whether they are invasive.\\n\\n<b>Using Detection Dogs to Prevent Invasive Species<\/b>\\n\\nCoppolillo\u2019s organization takes shelter dogs and trains them into conservation dogs. They also work with dogs that have been trained for other jobs. One of their dogs was a military cadet meant for Delta Force.\\n\\n\u201cBut he didn\u2019t like to bite,\u201d Coppolillo says. \u201cThat works for us.\u201d\\n\\nThe organization has trained more than 200 dogs to sniff out specific invasive species. One dog, Sami, is a Shibu Inu who works biosecurity to keep rodents out of South Georgia and the Sandwich Islands.\\n\\nAny ship that intends to even be in the territorial waters must first stop in the Falkland Islands for a Sami sniff-down. Coppolillo says that Sami is 60 times faster than humans who attempt his job. In one training session, a live rat was contained and hidden on a giant cargo ship.\\n\\n\u201cFive people searched that boat for an hour and gave up; Sami found it in five minutes,\u201d Coppolillo says.  \\n\\nWhen Sami finds a rat or other potential invader, he is trained to alert the humans. They manage the rat removal so Sami doesn\u2019t have to sully his paws, Coppolillo says.\\n\\nBut in other eradication attempts, scientists have considered novel ways in which the invasive species was made into prey.  \\n  \\n<b>Toad Busting in Australia<\/b>\\n\\nIn the 1930s, an Australian man traveled to Hawaii and brought back about 100 cane toads (rhinella marina). He released the toads with the hope they would chomp on crop-ruining insects. Instead, these poisonous toads proved deadly to the native species that tried to prey on them.\\n\\nAt first, many Australians were kind of cool with the cane toad taking out their most feared predators like crocodiles and snakes. But by the 1970s, Australia\u2019s native animals were dying off at an alarming rate after coming into contact with the toad\u2019s toxin. \\n\\nSome locals turned to \u201ctoad busting\u201d events in which volunteers caught toads for officials to euthanize. 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But in the last few decades, species from Asia have made their way to Europe and the U.S., where the local bees are defenseless. \\n\\nIn the U.S., the problem isn\u2019t widespread, and officials have asked locals to alert them to the presence of Vespa mandarinia (also known as: giant northern hornet; murder hornets) But in Europe, the Vespa velutina, a close cousin of the murder hornet, is more widespread.\\n\\nScientists say they are past the point of relying on visual alerts from Europeans who spot a hornet or hive. They need earlier detection and think AI might be the answer. \\n\\nOne possibility currently in development is called VespAI. This remote monitor has a bait station that can detect the presence of the murder hornet and distinguish it from other insects. The system then sends alerts so conservationists can manage the hornets\u2019 nests.\\n\\nScientists are hopeful the early detection program can identify and eliminate the hornets before they have the chance to harm the defenseless bees. 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People set up nets, lay traps, and aim firearms at the offenders.\\n\\nSometimes, these efforts aren\u2019t enough, particularly if the invasion is widespread. More creative means are needed, and in recent years, ecologists have turned to novel ways to stop destructive species.\\n\\n<b>Identifying Invasive Species<\/b>\\n\\nThe Federal government defines invasive species as any type of harmful \u201calien species\u201d that are introduced to an area through human activity. They can be animals, plants, or pathogens.\\n\\nSea lampreys, for example, are an Atlantic fish that made their way into the Great Lakes through canals. They preyed upon native species like trout and whitefish, and by the 1950s, the Great Lakes fishing industry was nearly ruined. Eradication helped reduce the lamprey by 90 percent. \\n\\nIn the 1990s, conservationists began considering how trained dogs could be more effective than their human counterparts in identifying invasive species.\\n\\n\u201cEveryone knows that dogs have an amazing sensitivity for low odor detection. But what a lot of people don\u2019t know is that dogs are also good at discrimination and telling the difference between two similar odors,\u201d says Pete Coppolillo, the executive director of Working Dogs for Conservation in Missoula, Montana.\\n\\nConservation dogs can distinguish between a healthy sheep and one infected with an invasive pathogen. They can identify a brook trout from a rainbow trout. They can even sniff out seeds and distinguish whether they are invasive.\\n\\n<b>Using Detection Dogs to Prevent Invasive Species<\/b>\\n\\nCoppolillo\u2019s organization takes shelter dogs and trains them into conservation dogs. They also work with dogs that have been trained for other jobs. One of their dogs was a military cadet meant for Delta Force.\\n\\n\u201cBut he didn\u2019t like to bite,\u201d Coppolillo says. \u201cThat works for us.\u201d\\n\\nThe organization has trained more than 200 dogs to sniff out specific invasive species. One dog, Sami, is a Shibu Inu who works biosecurity to keep rodents out of South Georgia and the Sandwich Islands.\\n\\nAny ship that intends to even be in the territorial waters must first stop in the Falkland Islands for a Sami sniff-down. Coppolillo says that Sami is 60 times faster than humans who attempt his job. In one training session, a live rat was contained and hidden on a giant cargo ship.\\n\\n\u201cFive people searched that boat for an hour and gave up; Sami found it in five minutes,\u201d Coppolillo says.  \\n\\nWhen Sami finds a rat or other potential invader, he is trained to alert the humans. They manage the rat removal so Sami doesn\u2019t have to sully his paws, Coppolillo says.\\n\\nBut in other eradication attempts, scientists have considered novel ways in which the invasive species was made into prey.  \\n  \\n<b>Toad Busting in Australia<\/b>\\n\\nIn the 1930s, an Australian man traveled to Hawaii and brought back about 100 cane toads (rhinella marina). He released the toads with the hope they would chomp on crop-ruining insects. Instead, these poisonous toads proved deadly to the native species that tried to prey on them.\\n\\nAt first, many Australians were kind of cool with the cane toad taking out their most feared predators like crocodiles and snakes. But by the 1970s, Australia\u2019s native animals were dying off at an alarming rate after coming into contact with the toad\u2019s toxin. \\n\\nSome locals turned to \u201ctoad busting\u201d events in which volunteers caught toads for officials to euthanize. At times, this helped drop the toad population by 27 to 48 percent.\\n\\nBut it wasn\u2019t enough because the infestation was widespread. Cane toads can hop as far as 1.2 miles in one night, a distance that many amphibians never cover in a lifetime. \\n\\nIn the early 2010s, scientists were hopeful the meat ant (iridomyrmex reburrus) could take out the toad because it was unbothered by its toxin. In trials, scientists attracted the ants to target areas by setting out cat food. The ants then swarmed the toads, killing half of them almost instantly. Of those who escaped, 88 percent died within a day due to their injuries. \\n\\n<b>Exploring Cane Toad Cannibalism for Control<\/b>\\n\\nThe ant idea didn\u2019t become a widespread approach, and scientists have been experimenting with a new option that capitalizes on the toad\u2019s cannibalistic tendencies.\\n\\nIn their tadpole stage, cane toads are cannibals. They sense a chemical released by other tadpole eggs and then gobble them up. Scientists worked to identify and replicate the chemical.\\n\\nConservationists are currently experimenting with a chemical bait that attracts the cane toad tadpole (but not its froggy counterparts) and then traps them so they can be humanely disposed of. Thus far, more than 1 million cane toad tadpoles have been removed from Australian waterways.\\n\\n<b>Using AI to Stop Invasive Hornets<\/b>\\n\\nSimilar to how Australian species were defenseless to cane toad toxins, other species are helpless against invading wasps.\\n\\nWasps and bees have coevolved so that bees have defensive strategies against predatory hornets. But in the last few decades, species from Asia have made their way to Europe and the U.S., where the local bees are defenseless. \\n\\nIn the U.S., the problem isn\u2019t widespread, and officials have asked locals to alert them to the presence of Vespa mandarinia (also known as: giant northern hornet; murder hornets) But in Europe, the Vespa velutina, a close cousin of the murder hornet, is more widespread.\\n\\nScientists say they are past the point of relying on visual alerts from Europeans who spot a hornet or hive. They need earlier detection and think AI might be the answer. \\n\\nOne possibility currently in development is called VespAI. This remote monitor has a bait station that can detect the presence of the murder hornet and distinguish it from other insects. The system then sends alerts so conservationists can manage the hornets\u2019 nests.\\n\\nScientists are hopeful the early detection program can identify and eliminate the hornets before they have the chance to harm the defenseless bees. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7794266343,"RADAR":0.2949572504,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article is much too well-researched seeming and factual to be written by AI. It contains numerous statistics and dates, where AI is often trained to avoid these more as it tends to get them wrong. The quotations are also quite short and natural-sounding. Overall the article is too detailed and well-written to be AI. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual signs of AI here such as over-used metaphors and words like \"fostering\" and \"crucial\". Many sentences here start with the conjunction \"but.\" This is a human error\/style that AI doesn't usually employ."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: varied paragraph length; the only speech tag is 'says'; there's some missing punctuation. Otherwise, it wouldn't be that obvious \u2013 apart from that it's lacking the dry business chat that AI loves. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident this is human-written, but not 100%. The article contains a lot of visual imagery related to the topic and a lot of colloquial phrases that are creative and are relevant to the context of the article. Phrases such as \"chomp on crop-ruining insects.\", \"Sami sniff-down\" and \"People set up nets, lay traps, and aim firearms at the offenders.\" are just some examples of this kind of engagement. it clearly outlines specific points made, and controls the transition of ideas and how they relate to one another. The only thing that gives me some doubt is the article's sub headers, and maybe some of the repetitive phrases, such as \"novel way\" and \"defenseless\". But there's also an argument to be made that sometimes, when people write, they have their own style of writing that becomes reliant on specific words, similar to how we speak, because that's how we process information relevant to our own understanding and experiences. You've probably seen it with my responses and how I write. Even is the writer isn't a masterful author in their own right, the writings flaws, also can make it human. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Use of humour.\nUse of colloquial language.\nRelatively informal register. \nThis would have been just another fact-based, easily forgotten article had the author omitted Sagacious Sami. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"56":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":27,"title":"These Animals Have the Best and Worst Sense of Taste","sub-title":"Varying from tasting superpowers to almost a complete lack of flavor sense, these animals run the gamut.","author":"Allison Futterman","source":"Discover","issue":"10\/1\/24","section":"Planet Earth","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/planet-earth\/these-animals-have-the-best-and-worst-sense-of-taste","article":"Humans derive their sense of taste from tastebuds, which allow us to identify bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. In 1990, umami was identified as the fifth taste. Many animals also get their sense of taste through tastebuds, although there are other methods in the animal kingdom for identifying taste. Let\u2019s take a look. \n\n<b>What Animals Have the Best and Worst Sense of Taste?<\/b>\n\nThe animal with the best sense of taste is the catfish. Possessing over 100,000 (and in some cases up to 175,000) taste buds, also called receptors, catfish are sometimes referred to as swimming tongues. They have a widespread distribution of taste receptors, including receptors in their mouths, on their skin, fins, and whiskers.\n\nOn the other hand, birds have a poor sense of taste. Although they don\u2019t have many tastebuds, they use their bills and tongues to determine a particular food\u2019s texture and potential safety. Birds are immune to the damaging effects of capsaicin, found in hot peppers. This is because they lack the receptor that binds to the capsaicin. Since they don\u2019t have any ill effects and don\u2019t digest the seeds, they wind up dispersing them \u2014 allowing for new pepper growth in other locations.\n\n<b>Animals With Unique Taste Buds<\/b>\n\nSome animals have developed highly specialized taste receptors that align with their unique diets and environments. These adaptations help them detect food that is safe and nutritious, reflecting the diverse ways animals use taste to survive in the wild.\n\n<b>Hummingbirds<\/b>\n\nHummingbirds are unique in that their savory taste receptors evolved to identify and prefer sweet flavors. They seek out sweet floral nectar, as well as manmade hummingbird nectar (water and sugar) that people provide to attract hummingbirds. \n\n<b>Insects<\/b>\n\nInsects don\u2019t have taste buds, but they have a highly developed sense of taste. They can identify bitter, acidic, salty, and sugary tastes \u2014 along with carbonation, fatty acids, and water. They derive their sense of taste through the use of gustatory sensilla, which is a type of chemoreceptor. Insects have taste receptors in their mouthparts, legs, wings, and antennae.\n\n<b>Cows<\/b>\n\nCows have a well-developed sense of taste, with 25,000 taste buds \u2014 2.5 times more than humans. The taste sensor on their tongues can distinguish sour, bitter, salty, and sweet tastes. As herbivores, they need to avoid toxic plants, which might be why cows have an aversion to bitter-tasting food. They prefer sweet or salty flavors. \n\n<b>Whales<\/b>\n\nWhales are interesting in that they don\u2019t seem to have the ability to taste anything but salt. The taste buds for sweet, bitter, sour, and umami have become nonfunctional, leaving only the receptors to identify the taste of salt. The fact that whales swallow their food whole may be a contributing factor to their limited scope of taste.\n\n<b>Cats and Dogs<\/b>\n\nWhile both cats and dogs can detect water, the similarities end there. Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they can\u2019t digest plants and must eat meat to survive. Because their survival is dependent on meat, they can only taste flavors related to meat \u2014 including sour and bitter. This helps them assess the quality of meat. Cats can\u2019t taste sweetness because they are carnivores. It\u2019s not necessary for their survival.\n\nDogs have receptors for sweet, sour, spicy, and bitter tastes. They also have receptors for the taste of salt, but it\u2019s diminished. This is due to their ancestors having a meat-based diet. Because meat contains sufficient salt, there was no need for this sense to evolve further. \n\n<b>Carnivores<\/b>\n\nCarnivorous animals eat a diet comprised only of meat. They aren\u2019t driven by the flavor of their food, but are seeking adequate calories needed for survival. They mostly rely on their sense of bitterness in order to avoid eating dangerous or rancid meat.\n\nBears are often classified as carnivores, although black and brown bears are actually omnivores. They have almost 2,000 tastebuds, which they rely on. Along the way, they\u2019ve retained the ability to identify sweetness \u2014 and enjoy consuming fruit and honey.","id":27,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Humans derive their sense of taste from tastebuds, which allow us to identify bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. In 1990, umami was identified as the fifth taste. Many animals also get their sense of taste through tastebuds, although there are other methods in the animal kingdom for identifying taste. Let\u2019s take a look. \\n\\n<b>What Animals Have the Best and Worst Sense of Taste?<\/b>\\n\\nThe animal with the best sense of taste is the catfish. Possessing over 100,000 (and in some cases up to 175,000) taste buds, also called receptors, catfish are sometimes referred to as swimming tongues. They have a widespread distribution of taste receptors, including receptors in their mouths, on their skin, fins, and whiskers.\\n\\nOn the other hand, birds have a poor sense of taste. Although they don\u2019t have many tastebuds, they use their bills and tongues to determine a particular food\u2019s texture and potential safety. Birds are immune to the damaging effects of capsaicin, found in hot peppers. This is because they lack the receptor that binds to the capsaicin. Since they don\u2019t have any ill effects and don\u2019t digest the seeds, they wind up dispersing them \u2014 allowing for new pepper growth in other locations.\\n\\n<b>Animals With Unique Taste Buds<\/b>\\n\\nSome animals have developed highly specialized taste receptors that align with their unique diets and environments. These adaptations help them detect food that is safe and nutritious, reflecting the diverse ways animals use taste to survive in the wild.\\n\\n<b>Hummingbirds<\/b>\\n\\nHummingbirds are unique in that their savory taste receptors evolved to identify and prefer sweet flavors. They seek out sweet floral nectar, as well as manmade hummingbird nectar (water and sugar) that people provide to attract hummingbirds. \\n\\n<b>Insects<\/b>\\n\\nInsects don\u2019t have taste buds, but they have a highly developed sense of taste. They can identify bitter, acidic, salty, and sugary tastes \u2014 along with carbonation, fatty acids, and water. They derive their sense of taste through the use of gustatory sensilla, which is a type of chemoreceptor. Insects have taste receptors in their mouthparts, legs, wings, and antennae.\\n\\n<b>Cows<\/b>\\n\\nCows have a well-developed sense of taste, with 25,000 taste buds \u2014 2.5 times more than humans. The taste sensor on their tongues can distinguish sour, bitter, salty, and sweet tastes. As herbivores, they need to avoid toxic plants, which might be why cows have an aversion to bitter-tasting food. They prefer sweet or salty flavors. \\n\\n<b>Whales<\/b>\\n\\nWhales are interesting in that they don\u2019t seem to have the ability to taste anything but salt. The taste buds for sweet, bitter, sour, and umami have become nonfunctional, leaving only the receptors to identify the taste of salt. The fact that whales swallow their food whole may be a contributing factor to their limited scope of taste.\\n\\n<b>Cats and Dogs<\/b>\\n\\nWhile both cats and dogs can detect water, the similarities end there. Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they can\u2019t digest plants and must eat meat to survive. Because their survival is dependent on meat, they can only taste flavors related to meat \u2014 including sour and bitter. This helps them assess the quality of meat. Cats can\u2019t taste sweetness because they are carnivores. It\u2019s not necessary for their survival.\\n\\nDogs have receptors for sweet, sour, spicy, and bitter tastes. They also have receptors for the taste of salt, but it\u2019s diminished. This is due to their ancestors having a meat-based diet. Because meat contains sufficient salt, there was no need for this sense to evolve further. \\n\\n<b>Carnivores<\/b>\\n\\nCarnivorous animals eat a diet comprised only of meat. They aren\u2019t driven by the flavor of their food, but are seeking adequate calories needed for survival. They mostly rely on their sense of bitterness in order to avoid eating dangerous or rancid meat.\\n\\nBears are often classified as carnivores, although black and brown bears are actually omnivores. They have almost 2,000 tastebuds, which they rely on. Along the way, they\u2019ve retained the ability to identify sweetness \u2014 and enjoy consuming fruit and honey.', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0033893585205078125, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Humans derive their sense of taste from tastebuds, which allow us to identify bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. In 1990, umami was identified as the fifth taste. Many animals also get their sense of taste through tastebuds, although there are other methods in the animal kingdom for identifying taste. Let\u2019s take a look. \\n\\n<b>What Animals Have the Best and Worst Sense of Taste?<\/b>\\n\\nThe animal with the best sense of taste is the catfish. Possessing over 100,000 (and in some cases up to 175,000) taste buds, also called receptors, catfish are sometimes referred to as swimming tongues. They have a widespread distribution of taste receptors, including receptors in their mouths, on their skin, fins, and whiskers.\\n\\nOn the other hand, birds have a poor sense of taste. Although they don\u2019t have many tastebuds, they use their bills and tongues to determine a particular food\u2019s texture and potential safety. Birds are immune to the damaging effects of capsaicin, found in hot peppers. This is because they lack the receptor that binds to the capsaicin. Since they don\u2019t have any ill effects and don\u2019t digest the seeds, they wind up dispersing them \u2014 allowing for new pepper growth in other locations.\\n\\n<b>Animals With Unique Taste Buds<\/b>\\n\\nSome animals have developed highly specialized taste receptors that align with their unique diets and environments. These adaptations help them detect food that is safe and nutritious, reflecting the diverse ways animals use taste to survive in the wild.\\n\\n<b>Hummingbirds<\/b>\\n\\nHummingbirds are unique in that their savory taste receptors evolved to identify and prefer sweet flavors. They seek out sweet floral nectar, as well as manmade hummingbird nectar (water and sugar) that people provide to attract hummingbirds. \\n\\n<b>Insects<\/b>\\n\\nInsects don\u2019t have taste buds, but they have a highly developed sense of taste. They can identify bitter, acidic, salty, and sugary tastes \u2014 along with carbonation, fatty acids, and water. They derive their sense of taste through the use of gustatory sensilla, which is a type of chemoreceptor. Insects have taste receptors in their mouthparts, legs, wings, and antennae.\\n\\n<b>Cows<\/b>\\n\\nCows have a well-developed sense of taste, with 25,000 taste buds \u2014 2.5 times more than humans. The taste sensor on their tongues can distinguish sour, bitter, salty, and sweet tastes. As herbivores, they need to avoid toxic plants, which might be why cows have an aversion to bitter-tasting food. They prefer sweet or salty flavors. \\n\\n<b>Whales<\/b>\\n\\nWhales are interesting in that they don\u2019t seem to have the ability to taste anything but salt. The taste buds for sweet, bitter, sour, and umami have become nonfunctional, leaving only the receptors to identify the taste of salt. The fact that whales swallow their food whole may be a contributing factor to their limited scope of taste.\\n\\n<b>Cats and Dogs<\/b>\\n\\nWhile both cats and dogs can detect water, the similarities end there. Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they can\u2019t digest plants and must eat meat to survive. Because their survival is dependent on meat, they can only taste flavors related to meat \u2014 including sour and bitter. This helps them assess the quality of meat. Cats can\u2019t taste sweetness because they are carnivores. It\u2019s not necessary for their survival.\\n\\nDogs have receptors for sweet, sour, spicy, and bitter tastes. They also have receptors for the taste of salt, but it\u2019s diminished. This is due to their ancestors having a meat-based diet. Because meat contains sufficient salt, there was no need for this sense to evolve further. \\n\\n<b>Carnivores<\/b>\\n\\nCarnivorous animals eat a diet comprised only of meat. They aren\u2019t driven by the flavor of their food, but are seeking adequate calories needed for survival. They mostly rely on their sense of bitterness in order to avoid eating dangerous or rancid meat.\\n\\nBears are often classified as carnivores, although black and brown bears are actually omnivores. They have almost 2,000 tastebuds, which they rely on. Along the way, they\u2019ve retained the ability to identify sweetness \u2014 and enjoy consuming fruit and honey.', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0005550384521484375, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '0247a706-7ccb-42cf-aed0-63223caa39e4', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0013132040621712804, 'sentence': 'Humans derive their sense of taste from tastebuds, which allow us to identify bitter, salty, sour, and sweet.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00187232147436589, 'sentence': 'In 1990, umami was identified as the fifth taste.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001073859864845872, 'sentence': 'Many animals also get their sense of taste through tastebuds, although there are other methods in the animal kingdom for 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'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 45, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 48, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.05472473549181654, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.941406427529598, 'ai': 0.05472473549181654, 'mixed': 0.0038688369785853526}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.941406427529598, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.05472473549181654, 'human': 0.941406427529598, 'mixed': 0.0038688369785853526}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Humans derive their sense of taste from tastebuds, which allow us to identify bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. In 1990, umami was identified as the fifth taste. Many animals also get their sense of taste through tastebuds, although there are other methods in the animal kingdom for identifying taste. Let\u2019s take a look. \\n\\n<b>What Animals Have the Best and Worst Sense of Taste?<\/b>\\n\\nThe animal with the best sense of taste is the catfish. Possessing over 100,000 (and in some cases up to 175,000) taste buds, also called receptors, catfish are sometimes referred to as swimming tongues. They have a widespread distribution of taste receptors, including receptors in their mouths, on their skin, fins, and whiskers.\\n\\nOn the other hand, birds have a poor sense of taste. Although they don\u2019t have many tastebuds, they use their bills and tongues to determine a particular food\u2019s texture and potential safety. Birds are immune to the damaging effects of capsaicin, found in hot peppers. This is because they lack the receptor that binds to the capsaicin. Since they don\u2019t have any ill effects and don\u2019t digest the seeds, they wind up dispersing them \u2014 allowing for new pepper growth in other locations.\\n\\n<b>Animals With Unique Taste Buds<\/b>\\n\\nSome animals have developed highly specialized taste receptors that align with their unique diets and environments. These adaptations help them detect food that is safe and nutritious, reflecting the diverse ways animals use taste to survive in the wild.\\n\\n<b>Hummingbirds<\/b>\\n\\nHummingbirds are unique in that their savory taste receptors evolved to identify and prefer sweet flavors. They seek out sweet floral nectar, as well as manmade hummingbird nectar (water and sugar) that people provide to attract hummingbirds. \\n\\n<b>Insects<\/b>\\n\\nInsects don\u2019t have taste buds, but they have a highly developed sense of taste. They can identify bitter, acidic, salty, and sugary tastes \u2014 along with carbonation, fatty acids, and water. They derive their sense of taste through the use of gustatory sensilla, which is a type of chemoreceptor. Insects have taste receptors in their mouthparts, legs, wings, and antennae.\\n\\n<b>Cows<\/b>\\n\\nCows have a well-developed sense of taste, with 25,000 taste buds \u2014 2.5 times more than humans. The taste sensor on their tongues can distinguish sour, bitter, salty, and sweet tastes. As herbivores, they need to avoid toxic plants, which might be why cows have an aversion to bitter-tasting food. They prefer sweet or salty flavors. \\n\\n<b>Whales<\/b>\\n\\nWhales are interesting in that they don\u2019t seem to have the ability to taste anything but salt. The taste buds for sweet, bitter, sour, and umami have become nonfunctional, leaving only the receptors to identify the taste of salt. The fact that whales swallow their food whole may be a contributing factor to their limited scope of taste.\\n\\n<b>Cats and Dogs<\/b>\\n\\nWhile both cats and dogs can detect water, the similarities end there. Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they can\u2019t digest plants and must eat meat to survive. Because their survival is dependent on meat, they can only taste flavors related to meat \u2014 including sour and bitter. This helps them assess the quality of meat. Cats can\u2019t taste sweetness because they are carnivores. It\u2019s not necessary for their survival.\\n\\nDogs have receptors for sweet, sour, spicy, and bitter tastes. They also have receptors for the taste of salt, but it\u2019s diminished. This is due to their ancestors having a meat-based diet. Because meat contains sufficient salt, there was no need for this sense to evolve further. \\n\\n<b>Carnivores<\/b>\\n\\nCarnivorous animals eat a diet comprised only of meat. They aren\u2019t driven by the flavor of their food, but are seeking adequate calories needed for survival. They mostly rely on their sense of bitterness in order to avoid eating dangerous or rancid meat.\\n\\nBears are often classified as carnivores, although black and brown bears are actually omnivores. They have almost 2,000 tastebuds, which they rely on. Along the way, they\u2019ve retained the ability to identify sweetness \u2014 and enjoy consuming fruit and honey.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3673927784,"RADAR":0.3082554638,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"This one was a bit difficult to tell. It's quite generic and in my opinion, isn't a great article. That said, it has lots of specific facts like the date on which umami was identified and taste bud numbers. It's also missing any identifying AI words or phrases. Because of this, and its lack of conclusion, I decided to go with human-generated. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual signs of AI writing. This seems to be a rather poorly human-written text. The sentences are rather stilted without proper introductory parts to the paragraphs. Also, there's a mistake in capitalization in one of the headings \"Animals with Unique Tastebuds\" (with should be lowercase) This suggests human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Why would the first sentence start out as 'humans derive' and then continue with 'which allows us'? Sounds like a human error to me. Some of the sentence structure and syntax is slightly off and could be improved for clarity. Also, it uses spaced em dashes, which is incorrect in any dialect. There should be a hyphen between man-made \u2013 AI would not have overlooked these points. Furthermore, it doesn't conclude with the classic textbook AI conclusion. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident that this is human-written. Even though there are a few sentences that use some common AI vocabulary, the purpose of the sentence translates the idea clearly, as seen with the phrase \" reflecting the diverse ways animals use taste to survive in the wild.\" Other than that, every part of the article lists out each section in an easy-to-understand format, and has patterns of sentence writing that are indicative to the person's writing style, such as the listing of senses, long dashes, and shorter sentences in various sections of the article. Every sentence written contains facts that can be comprehended by almost anyone, and use commonly used phrases such as \"the similarities end there.\" and words that provide a conversational tone, such as \"they don't seem to have the ability to taste anything but salt.\" and \"although black and brown bears are actually omnivores.\" So, I believe it's human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I came back to this text because I cannot decide whether this is wretched human or machine writing. The generic initial sentence and the jolly invitation \"Let's take a look\" could be either. \nWhy mention umami when it appears nowhere in the rest of the text? I consider this an interesting fact so  why not explain it? Doubtful that AI would have failed to take advantage of an opportunity to show off its knowledge.\nThere is no telltale conclusion, which might be irritating but at least does not leave the reader wondering what the point of this piece of writing is. \nThe different animals should be sub-headings (or a list), and AI would never fail to make a list. \nDetecting water has nothing to do with taste, probably not a mistake AI would have made. \nSimilarities between cats and dogs do not \"end there\". Carbonated water has a prickly sensation but no specific taste. \nI'll go with dismal human writing then."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"57":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":28,"title":"Black male teachers are a rarity in preschools. This pioneering program wants to change that","sub-title":"A fellowship program is training young Black men to become literacy aides in preschool classrooms across the country.","author":"Moriah Balingit","source":"Associated Press","issue":"10\/19\/24","section":"Education","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/preschool-teacher-literacy-black-men-47ac93fa10f83d79e7031708851c2645","article":"Before 19-year-old Davontez Johnson found himself in a preschool classroom at Dorothy I. Heights Elementary, he was a senior at a nearby high school who, like many students his age, was unsure of what he wanted to do with his life. Not in his wildest dreams could he have imagined himself standing on a colorful carpet, leading a gaggle of 4-year-olds in a chant and dance about phonics.\n\n\u201cWords have parts \u2014 that\u2019s syl-a-bles,\u201d he said, enunciating for effect. The preschoolers craned their heads up at Johnson and echoed him. \u201cClap your hands now, syl-a-bles! Stomp your feet now, syl-a-bles!\u201d\n\nJohnson is part of the Leading Men Fellowship, which trains young Black and Latino men to become early literacy instructors in preschool classrooms across the country. It\u2019s a program that aims to tackle several problems at once: a shortage of early educators, a dearth of Black and Latino male teachers and the acute challenges boys of color face in schools because of their race and gender.\n\n\u201cWe\u2019re not only affecting change in the classroom with these school students, but (we\u2019re) also developing these young future educators,\u201d said Ivan Douglas of the Literacy Lab, which runs the Leading Men Fellowship.\n\nMany fellows, like Johnson, are recruited right out of high school. After an interview process and intensive summer training, they go to work in schools where they may be among the only male educators. Fellows make between $16.50 and $18 an hour.\n\nA former high school offensive lineman, Johnson knows some parents would say he looks out of place in a preschool classroom. And the statistics back him up: Less than 1% of elementary and early education public school teachers are Black men, according to federal data. But that\u2019s part of the reason he wanted to do it.\n\n\u201cI really thought it was a great opportunity. Because I know if I saw someone like me, you know, in pre-K, I\u2019d be pretty excited,\u201d Johnson said. \u201cYou don\u2019t see a lot of young Black males.\u201d\n\nResearchers have shown that Black male students encounter discrimination before they even set foot in a kindergarten classroom, facing higher rates of expulsion and suspension from preschool even though evidence suggests they do not misbehave more than their white peers. Boys also are far more likely than girls to be expelled.\n\nBut there\u2019s a growing body of evidence that Black teachers can make a difference for Black students \u2014 and for Black boys in particular. In the years since the Leading Men Fellowship was founded, in 2016, researchers have repeatedly found that students of color seem to fare better when they have teachers who look like them.\n\nJohns Hopkins University economist Nicholas Papageorge, who is based not far from Heights Elementary, studies the impact of Black teachers on Black students. His research found that Black teachers have higher expectations for Black students than do non-Black teachers.\n\n\u201cIf a Black student had a white teacher and a Black teacher, that white teacher had systematically lower expectations,\u201d Papageorge said.\n\nHis later research found Black students who have a Black teacher are less likely to drop out of high school and more likely to attend college. The effect of having a Black teacher had the greatest impact on Black boys from low-income households.\n\nThrough his coursework, Johnson has learned the intricacies of early education \u2014 and that it involves a surprising amount of singing and dancing for someone not working on Broadway. Children learn best by repetition, and when they can pair information with movements and song.\n\nBridget Jeffrys, whose preschool classroom hosts Johnson, said she had never worked alongside a male educator until Johnson arrived at the start of the last school year. She said she\u2019s watched Johnson grow more confident with her students, going from reserved to enthusiastic. Jeffrys said his voice and dance moves could use some work, but he performs the songs with such heart that it doesn\u2019t matter.\n\n\u201cIt was so beautiful because usually you don\u2019t see men really get down to the child level,\u201d Jeffrys said. \u201cThat excited them even more. A lot of kids think he\u2019s a big kid.\u201d\n\nAlong with teaching at Heights Elementary, Johnson is studying political science at University of Maryland Global Campus and hopes to go into politics. His colleagues, though, are encouraging him to stick with teaching.\n\nWhile Johnson is there to provide targeted literacy instruction, he has been fully integrated into the school day. His second week in the classroom, he sang the class\u2019s morning greeting song in a robot voice. When a child is squirming on the carpet or wandering away from story time, Johnson is there to rein them in.\n\nOn this October day, Johnson pulled students aside to help them work on writing their names. He had only been with this cohort for a couple weeks, but many students were drawn to him. During free-play time, he encouraged a student who was working on a crayon rubbing of a leaf.\n\n\u201cYou\u2019ve done a wonderful job,\u201d he said to the girl, who stared up at him, eager for reassurance. Another student interrupted him by handing him a fistful of play money.\n\nAfter lunchtime, as most of the preschoolers sat on the carpet held rapt by a story read by Jeffrys, 4-year-old Kodi Hendricks wandered toward the door and peered into the hallway until Johnson beckoned him back. Johnson bent his large frame to tie the boy\u2019s shoe and then they sat together for a penmanship lesson.\n\n\u201cWhat\u2019s the first letter?\u201d he asked the boy.\n\n\u201cK,\u201d he replied. Johnson showed him, in slow motion, how to draw a K.\n\n\u201cNo, I can\u2019t do it,\u201d said the boy.\n\n\u201cIt\u2019s all right,\u201d Johnson said. He urged him on.\n\n\u201cYou can do it. It just takes practice.\u201d","id":28,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Before 19-year-old Davontez Johnson found himself in a preschool classroom at Dorothy I. Heights Elementary, he was a senior at a nearby high school who, like many students his age, was unsure of what he wanted to do with his life. Not in his wildest dreams could he have imagined himself standing on a colorful carpet, leading a gaggle of 4-year-olds in a chant and dance about phonics.\\n\\n\u201cWords have parts \u2014 that\u2019s syl-a-bles,\u201d he said, enunciating for effect. The preschoolers craned their heads up at Johnson and echoed him. \u201cClap your hands now, syl-a-bles! Stomp your feet now, syl-a-bles!\u201d\\n\\nJohnson is part of the Leading Men Fellowship, which trains young Black and Latino men to become early literacy instructors in preschool classrooms across the country. It\u2019s a program that aims to tackle several problems at once: a shortage of early educators, a dearth of Black and Latino male teachers and the acute challenges boys of color face in schools because of their race and gender.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re not only affecting change in the classroom with these school students, but (we\u2019re) also developing these young future educators,\u201d said Ivan Douglas of the Literacy Lab, which runs the Leading Men Fellowship.\\n\\nMany fellows, like Johnson, are recruited right out of high school. After an interview process and intensive summer training, they go to work in schools where they may be among the only male educators. Fellows make between $16.50 and $18 an hour.\\n\\nA former high school offensive lineman, Johnson knows some parents would say he looks out of place in a preschool classroom. And the statistics back him up: Less than 1% of elementary and early education public school teachers are Black men, according to federal data. But that\u2019s part of the reason he wanted to do it.\\n\\n\u201cI really thought it was a great opportunity. Because I know if I saw someone like me, you know, in pre-K, I\u2019d be pretty excited,\u201d Johnson said. \u201cYou don\u2019t see a lot of young Black males.\u201d\\n\\nResearchers have shown that Black male students encounter discrimination before they even set foot in a kindergarten classroom, facing higher rates of expulsion and suspension from preschool even though evidence suggests they do not misbehave more than their white peers. Boys also are far more likely than girls to be expelled.\\n\\nBut there\u2019s a growing body of evidence that Black teachers can make a difference for Black students \u2014 and for Black boys in particular. In the years since the Leading Men Fellowship was founded, in 2016, researchers have repeatedly found that students of color seem to fare better when they have teachers who look like them.\\n\\nJohns Hopkins University economist Nicholas Papageorge, who is based not far from Heights Elementary, studies the impact of Black teachers on Black students. His research found that Black teachers have higher expectations for Black students than do non-Black teachers.\\n\\n\u201cIf a Black student had a white teacher and a Black teacher, that white teacher had systematically lower expectations,\u201d Papageorge said.\\n\\nHis later research found Black students who have a Black teacher are less likely to drop out of high school and more likely to attend college. The effect of having a Black teacher had the greatest impact on Black boys from low-income households.\\n\\nThrough his coursework, Johnson has learned the intricacies of early education \u2014 and that it involves a surprising amount of singing and dancing for someone not working on Broadway. Children learn best by repetition, and when they can pair information with movements and song.\\n\\nBridget Jeffrys, whose preschool classroom hosts Johnson, said she had never worked alongside a male educator until Johnson arrived at the start of the last school year. She said she\u2019s watched Johnson grow more confident with her students, going from reserved to enthusiastic. Jeffrys said his voice and dance moves could use some work, but he performs the songs with such heart that it doesn\u2019t matter.\\n\\n\u201cIt was so beautiful because usually you don\u2019t see men really get down to the child level,\u201d Jeffrys said. \u201cThat excited them even more. A lot of kids think he\u2019s a big kid.\u201d\\n\\nAlong with teaching at Heights Elementary, Johnson is studying political science at University of Maryland Global Campus and hopes to go into politics. His colleagues, though, are encouraging him to stick with teaching.\\n\\nWhile Johnson is there to provide targeted literacy instruction, he has been fully integrated into the school day. His second week in the classroom, he sang the class\u2019s morning greeting song in a robot voice. When a child is squirming on the carpet or wandering away from story time, Johnson is there to rein them in.\\n\\nOn this October day, Johnson pulled students aside to help them work on writing their names. He had only been with this cohort for a couple weeks, but many students were drawn to him. During free-play time, he encouraged a student who was working on a crayon rubbing of a leaf.\\n\\n\u201cYou\u2019ve done a wonderful job,\u201d he said to the girl, who stared up at him, eager for reassurance. Another student interrupted him by handing him a fistful of play money.\\n\\nAfter lunchtime, as most of the preschoolers sat on the carpet held rapt by a story read by Jeffrys, 4-year-old Kodi Hendricks wandered toward the door and peered into the hallway until Johnson beckoned him back. Johnson bent his large frame to tie the boy\u2019s shoe and then they sat together for a penmanship lesson.\\n\\n\u201cWhat\u2019s the first letter?\u201d he asked the boy.\\n\\n\u201cK,\u201d he replied. Johnson showed him, in slow motion, how to draw a K.\\n\\n\u201cNo, I can\u2019t do it,\u201d said the boy.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s all right,\u201d Johnson said. He urged him on.\\n\\n\u201cYou can do it. It just takes practice.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 4.470348358154297e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Before 19-year-old Davontez Johnson found himself in a preschool classroom at Dorothy I. Heights Elementary, he was a senior at a nearby high school who, like many students his age, was unsure of what he wanted to do with his life. Not in his wildest dreams could he have imagined himself standing on a colorful carpet, leading a gaggle of 4-year-olds in a chant and dance about phonics.\\n\\n\u201cWords have parts \u2014 that\u2019s syl-a-bles,\u201d he said, enunciating for effect. The preschoolers craned their heads up at Johnson and echoed him. \u201cClap your hands now, syl-a-bles! Stomp your feet now, syl-a-bles!\u201d\\n\\nJohnson is part of the Leading Men Fellowship, which trains young Black and Latino men to become early literacy instructors in preschool classrooms across the country. It\u2019s a program that aims to tackle several problems at once: a shortage of early educators, a dearth of Black and Latino male teachers and the acute challenges boys of color face in schools because of their race and gender.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re not only affecting change in the classroom with these school students, but (we\u2019re) also developing these young future educators,\u201d said Ivan Douglas of the Literacy Lab, which runs the Leading Men Fellowship.\\n\\nMany fellows, like Johnson, are recruited right out of high school. After an interview process and intensive summer training, they go to work in schools where they may be among the only male educators. Fellows make between $16.50 and $18 an hour.\\n\\nA former high school offensive lineman, Johnson knows some parents would say he looks out of place in a preschool classroom. And the statistics back him up: Less than 1% of elementary and early education public school teachers are Black men, according to federal data. But that\u2019s part of the reason he wanted to do it.\\n\\n\u201cI really thought it was a great opportunity. Because I know if I saw someone like me, you know, in pre-K, I\u2019d be pretty excited,\u201d Johnson said. \u201cYou don\u2019t see a lot of young Black males.\u201d\\n\\nResearchers have shown that Black male students encounter discrimination before they even set foot in a kindergarten classroom, facing higher rates of expulsion and suspension from preschool even though evidence suggests they do not misbehave more than their white peers. Boys also are far more likely than girls to be expelled.\\n\\nBut there\u2019s a growing body of evidence that Black teachers can make a difference for Black students \u2014 and for Black boys in particular. In the years since the Leading Men Fellowship was founded, in 2016, researchers have repeatedly found that students of color seem to fare better when they have teachers who look like them.\\n\\nJohns Hopkins University economist Nicholas Papageorge, who is based not far from Heights Elementary, studies the impact of Black teachers on Black students. His research found that Black teachers have higher expectations for Black students than do non-Black teachers.\\n\\n\u201cIf a Black student had a white teacher and a Black teacher, that white teacher had systematically lower expectations,\u201d Papageorge said.\\n\\nHis later research found Black students who have a Black teacher are less likely to drop out of high school and more likely to attend college. The effect of having a Black teacher had the greatest impact on Black boys from low-income households.\\n\\nThrough his coursework, Johnson has learned the intricacies of early education \u2014 and that it involves a surprising amount of singing and dancing for someone not working on Broadway. Children learn best by repetition, and when they can pair information with movements and song.\\n\\nBridget Jeffrys, whose preschool classroom hosts Johnson, said she had never worked alongside a male educator until Johnson arrived at the start of the last school year. She said she\u2019s watched Johnson grow more confident with her students, going from reserved to enthusiastic. Jeffrys said his voice and dance moves could use some work, but he performs the songs with such heart that it doesn\u2019t matter.\\n\\n\u201cIt was so beautiful because usually you don\u2019t see men really get down to the child level,\u201d Jeffrys said. \u201cThat excited them even more. A lot of kids think he\u2019s a big kid.\u201d\\n\\nAlong with teaching at Heights Elementary, Johnson is studying political science at University of Maryland Global Campus and hopes to go into politics. His colleagues, though, are encouraging him to stick with teaching.\\n\\nWhile Johnson is there to provide targeted literacy instruction, he has been fully integrated into the school day. His second week in the classroom, he sang the class\u2019s morning greeting song in a robot voice. When a child is squirming on the carpet or wandering away from story time, Johnson is there to rein them in.\\n\\nOn this October day, Johnson pulled students aside to help them work on writing their names. He had only been with this cohort for a couple weeks, but many students were drawn to him. During free-play time, he encouraged a student who was working on a crayon rubbing of a leaf.\\n\\n\u201cYou\u2019ve done a wonderful job,\u201d he said to the girl, who stared up at him, eager for reassurance. Another student interrupted him by handing him a fistful of play money.\\n\\nAfter lunchtime, as most of the preschoolers sat on the carpet held rapt by a story read by Jeffrys, 4-year-old Kodi Hendricks wandered toward the door and peered into the hallway until Johnson beckoned him back. Johnson bent his large frame to tie the boy\u2019s shoe and then they sat together for a penmanship lesson.\\n\\n\u201cWhat\u2019s the first letter?\u201d he asked the boy.\\n\\n\u201cK,\u201d he replied. Johnson showed him, in slow motion, how to draw a K.\\n\\n\u201cNo, I can\u2019t do it,\u201d said the boy.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s all right,\u201d Johnson said. He urged him on.\\n\\n\u201cYou can do it. It just takes practice.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 6.198883056640625e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '08db4b4e-c8fe-49f4-8d90-1380a13fd4a3', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 4.78467445645947e-05, 'sentence': 'Before 19-year-old Davontez Johnson found himself in a preschool classroom at Dorothy I.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.12822916789446e-05, 'sentence': 'Heights Elementary, he was a senior at a nearby high school who, like many students his age, was unsure of what he wanted to do with his life.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.084955773781985e-05, 'sentence': 'Not in his wildest dreams could he have imagined himself standing on a colorful carpet, leading a gaggle of 4-year-olds in a chant 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0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0067547210801619404, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9932068566846816, 'ai': 0.0067547210801619404, 'mixed': 3.842223515648058e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9932068566846816, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.0067547210801619404, 'human': 0.9932068566846816, 'mixed': 3.842223515648058e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Before 19-year-old Davontez Johnson found himself in a preschool classroom at Dorothy I. Heights Elementary, he was a senior at a nearby high school who, like many students his age, was unsure of what he wanted to do with his life. Not in his wildest dreams could he have imagined himself standing on a colorful carpet, leading a gaggle of 4-year-olds in a chant and dance about phonics.\\n\\n\u201cWords have parts \u2014 that\u2019s syl-a-bles,\u201d he said, enunciating for effect. The preschoolers craned their heads up at Johnson and echoed him. \u201cClap your hands now, syl-a-bles! Stomp your feet now, syl-a-bles!\u201d\\n\\nJohnson is part of the Leading Men Fellowship, which trains young Black and Latino men to become early literacy instructors in preschool classrooms across the country. It\u2019s a program that aims to tackle several problems at once: a shortage of early educators, a dearth of Black and Latino male teachers and the acute challenges boys of color face in schools because of their race and gender.\\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re not only affecting change in the classroom with these school students, but (we\u2019re) also developing these young future educators,\u201d said Ivan Douglas of the Literacy Lab, which runs the Leading Men Fellowship.\\n\\nMany fellows, like Johnson, are recruited right out of high school. After an interview process and intensive summer training, they go to work in schools where they may be among the only male educators. Fellows make between $16.50 and $18 an hour.\\n\\nA former high school offensive lineman, Johnson knows some parents would say he looks out of place in a preschool classroom. And the statistics back him up: Less than 1% of elementary and early education public school teachers are Black men, according to federal data. But that\u2019s part of the reason he wanted to do it.\\n\\n\u201cI really thought it was a great opportunity. Because I know if I saw someone like me, you know, in pre-K, I\u2019d be pretty excited,\u201d Johnson said. \u201cYou don\u2019t see a lot of young Black males.\u201d\\n\\nResearchers have shown that Black male students encounter discrimination before they even set foot in a kindergarten classroom, facing higher rates of expulsion and suspension from preschool even though evidence suggests they do not misbehave more than their white peers. Boys also are far more likely than girls to be expelled.\\n\\nBut there\u2019s a growing body of evidence that Black teachers can make a difference for Black students \u2014 and for Black boys in particular. In the years since the Leading Men Fellowship was founded, in 2016, researchers have repeatedly found that students of color seem to fare better when they have teachers who look like them.\\n\\nJohns Hopkins University economist Nicholas Papageorge, who is based not far from Heights Elementary, studies the impact of Black teachers on Black students. His research found that Black teachers have higher expectations for Black students than do non-Black teachers.\\n\\n\u201cIf a Black student had a white teacher and a Black teacher, that white teacher had systematically lower expectations,\u201d Papageorge said.\\n\\nHis later research found Black students who have a Black teacher are less likely to drop out of high school and more likely to attend college. The effect of having a Black teacher had the greatest impact on Black boys from low-income households.\\n\\nThrough his coursework, Johnson has learned the intricacies of early education \u2014 and that it involves a surprising amount of singing and dancing for someone not working on Broadway. Children learn best by repetition, and when they can pair information with movements and song.\\n\\nBridget Jeffrys, whose preschool classroom hosts Johnson, said she had never worked alongside a male educator until Johnson arrived at the start of the last school year. She said she\u2019s watched Johnson grow more confident with her students, going from reserved to enthusiastic. Jeffrys said his voice and dance moves could use some work, but he performs the songs with such heart that it doesn\u2019t matter.\\n\\n\u201cIt was so beautiful because usually you don\u2019t see men really get down to the child level,\u201d Jeffrys said. \u201cThat excited them even more. A lot of kids think he\u2019s a big kid.\u201d\\n\\nAlong with teaching at Heights Elementary, Johnson is studying political science at University of Maryland Global Campus and hopes to go into politics. His colleagues, though, are encouraging him to stick with teaching.\\n\\nWhile Johnson is there to provide targeted literacy instruction, he has been fully integrated into the school day. His second week in the classroom, he sang the class\u2019s morning greeting song in a robot voice. When a child is squirming on the carpet or wandering away from story time, Johnson is there to rein them in.\\n\\nOn this October day, Johnson pulled students aside to help them work on writing their names. He had only been with this cohort for a couple weeks, but many students were drawn to him. During free-play time, he encouraged a student who was working on a crayon rubbing of a leaf.\\n\\n\u201cYou\u2019ve done a wonderful job,\u201d he said to the girl, who stared up at him, eager for reassurance. Another student interrupted him by handing him a fistful of play money.\\n\\nAfter lunchtime, as most of the preschoolers sat on the carpet held rapt by a story read by Jeffrys, 4-year-old Kodi Hendricks wandered toward the door and peered into the hallway until Johnson beckoned him back. Johnson bent his large frame to tie the boy\u2019s shoe and then they sat together for a penmanship lesson.\\n\\n\u201cWhat\u2019s the first letter?\u201d he asked the boy.\\n\\n\u201cK,\u201d he replied. Johnson showed him, in slow motion, how to draw a K.\\n\\n\u201cNo, I can\u2019t do it,\u201d said the boy.\\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s all right,\u201d Johnson said. He urged him on.\\n\\n\u201cYou can do it. It just takes practice.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5600325465,"RADAR":0.0107182115,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The story starts and ends with unique sentences; AI would have wrapped it up with a much more generic conclusion. The way it discusses race also feels quite direct (where AI would try harder not to offend\/to be neutral), and the quotes are well-worded but not in the AI style. This is especially true for \"syl-a-bles\" and adding \"(we're)\" to clarify inside a quote. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I think it's human-generated because I don't see any signs of the usual AI overused words and phrases. (Apart from one instance of \"not only...but also\")\n There are several instances of very long, complicated sentences. AI tends to stick to shorter sentences. Examples are \"And the statistics...federal data\" and \"After lunchtime...beckoned him back.\" \nAlso, there are several instances of sentences being started with a conjunction such as \"and\" or \"because\". This is a mistake\/style that AI doesn't usually use."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Without reading the text, here's why I think it's human-generated: varied paragraph structure; ends with quotes. Here's why I think it's human-generated after reading the text: quirky writing style; same speech tags; has a story element to it that's unusual for AI; includes some awkward phrasing; colloquial word choices and phrasing; some sentences begin with the coordinating conjunction 'and'; missing punctuation; spaced en dashes; quotes at the end aren't laid out properly (but at least they only use the speech tag 'said'!). "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Everything about this article feels human-written, and written quite well in my opinion. The writing throughout the article varies, adapts, and changes as information about the topic is presented. It holds the reader's attention with visual elements, such as with this section, \"he sang the class\u2019s morning greeting song in a robot voice. When a child is squirming on the carpet or wandering away from story time, Johnson is there to rein them in.\" Alongside that, the article uses words creatively and incorporates real-world elements that's relatable to a wider audience, such as \"leading gaggle of 4-year olds\" and \"a surprising amount of singing and dancing for someone not working on Broadway\", and a child \"handing him a fistful of money.\" The sentences also vary in how it uses grammar, using dashes and colons to control the pace and tone of information. The last section of the article, most of all, adds a personal moment that can be felt by the reader, narrowing down all the previous parts of the article to one, simple teaching moment between a teacher and a young boy. I am very confident this article is human-written. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The dialogue in this text sounds authentic whereas AI dialogues have a scripted quality. Probably because it uses too many words instead of allowing speakers to interact with each other in short, often unfinished, utterances. And AI would not have been able to resist adding a concluding sentence that encourages us humans to go out an change the world."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"58":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":29,"title":"NASA spacecraft rockets toward Jupiter\u2019s moon Europa in search of the right conditions for life","sub-title":"A NASA spacecraft rocketed away Monday on a quest to explore Jupiter\u2019s tantalizing moon Europa and reveal whether its vast hidden ocean might hold the keys to life.","author":"Marcia Dunn","source":"Associated Press","issue":"10\/14\/24","section":"Space","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/nasa-europa-clipper-jupiter-88d680ae8625c239370865b36d5d69a8","article":"A NASA spacecraft rocketed away Monday on a quest to explore Jupiter\u2019s tantalizing moon Europa and reveal whether its vast hidden ocean might hold the keys to life.\n\nIt will take Europa Clipper 5 1\/2 years to reach Jupiter, where it will slip into orbit around the giant gas planet and sneak close to Europa during dozens of radiation-drenched flybys.\n\nScientists are almost certain a deep, global ocean exists beneath Europa\u2019s icy crust. And where there is water, there could be life, making the moon one of the most promising places out there to hunt for it.\n\nEuropa Clipper won\u2019t look for life; it has no life detectors. Instead, the spacecraft will zero in on the ingredients necessary to sustain life, searching for organic compounds and other clues as it peers beneath the ice for suitable conditions.\n\nSpaceX started Clipper on its 1.8 billion-mile (3 billion-kilometer) journey, launching the spacecraft on a Falcon Heavy rocket from Florida\u2019s Kennedy Space Center. An hour later, the spacecraft separated from the upper stage, floated off and called home.\n\n\u201cPlease say goodbye to Clipper on its way to Europa,\u201d NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u2019s flight director Pranay Mishra announced from Southern California.\n\n\u201cThe science on this is really captivating,\u201d NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free told The Associated Press back at the launch site. Scientists are still learning about the depths of our own ocean, \u201cand here we are looking that far out.\u201d\n\nThe $5.2 billion mission almost got derailed by transistors.\n\nNASA didn\u2019t learn until spring that Clipper\u2019s transistors might be more vulnerable to Jupiter\u2019s intense radiation field than anticipated. Clipper will endure the equivalent of several million chest X-rays during each of the 49 Europa flybys. The space agency spent months reviewing everything before concluding in September that the mission could proceed as planned.\n\nHurricane Milton added to the anxiety, delaying the launch by several days.\n\n\u201cWhat a great day. We\u2019re so excited,\u201d JPL Director Laurie Leshin said after liftoff.\n\nAbout the size of a basketball court with its solar wings unfurled, Clipper will swing past Mars and then Earth on its way to Jupiter for gravity assists. The nearly 13,000-pound (5,700-kilogram) probe should reach the solar system\u2019s biggest planet in 2030.\n\nClipper will circle Jupiter every 21 days. One of those days will bring it close to Europa, among 95 known moons at Jupiter and close to our own moon in size.\n\nThe spacecraft will skim as low as 16 miles (25 kilometers) above Europa \u2014 much closer than the few previous visitors. Onboard radar will attempt to penetrate the moon\u2019s ice sheet, believed to be 10 miles to 15 miles or more (15 kilometers to 24 kilometers) thick. The ocean below could be 80 miles (120 kilometers) or more deep.\n\nThe spacecraft holds nine instruments, with its sensitive electronics stored in a vault with dense zinc and aluminum walls for protection against radiation. Exploration will last until 2034.\n\n\u201cOcean worlds like Europa are not only unique because they might be habitable, but they might be habitable today,\u201d NASA\u2019s Gina DiBraccio said on the eve of launch.\n\nIf conditions are found to be favorable for life at Europa, then that opens up the possibility of life at other ocean worlds in our solar system and beyond, according to scientists. With an underground ocean and geysers, Saturn\u2019s moon Enceladus is another top candidate.","id":29,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'A NASA spacecraft rocketed away Monday on a quest to explore Jupiter\u2019s tantalizing moon Europa and reveal whether its vast hidden ocean might hold the keys to life.\\n\\nIt will take Europa Clipper 5 1\/2 years to reach Jupiter, where it will slip into orbit around the giant gas planet and sneak close to Europa during dozens of radiation-drenched flybys.\\n\\nScientists are almost certain a deep, global ocean exists beneath Europa\u2019s icy crust. And where there is water, there could be life, making the moon one of the most promising places out there to hunt for it.\\n\\nEuropa Clipper won\u2019t look for life; it has no life detectors. Instead, the spacecraft will zero in on the ingredients necessary to sustain life, searching for organic compounds and other clues as it peers beneath the ice for suitable conditions.\\n\\nSpaceX started Clipper on its 1.8 billion-mile (3 billion-kilometer) journey, launching the spacecraft on a Falcon Heavy rocket from Florida\u2019s Kennedy Space Center. An hour later, the spacecraft separated from the upper stage, floated off and called home.\\n\\n\u201cPlease say goodbye to Clipper on its way to Europa,\u201d NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u2019s flight director Pranay Mishra announced from Southern California.\\n\\n\u201cThe science on this is really captivating,\u201d NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free told The Associated Press back at the launch site. Scientists are still learning about the depths of our own ocean, \u201cand here we are looking that far out.\u201d\\n\\nThe $5.2 billion mission almost got derailed by transistors.\\n\\nNASA didn\u2019t learn until spring that Clipper\u2019s transistors might be more vulnerable to Jupiter\u2019s intense radiation field than anticipated. Clipper will endure the equivalent of several million chest X-rays during each of the 49 Europa flybys. The space agency spent months reviewing everything before concluding in September that the mission could proceed as planned.\\n\\nHurricane Milton added to the anxiety, delaying the launch by several days.\\n\\n\u201cWhat a great day. We\u2019re so excited,\u201d JPL Director Laurie Leshin said after liftoff.\\n\\nAbout the size of a basketball court with its solar wings unfurled, Clipper will swing past Mars and then Earth on its way to Jupiter for gravity assists. The nearly 13,000-pound (5,700-kilogram) probe should reach the solar system\u2019s biggest planet in 2030.\\n\\nClipper will circle Jupiter every 21 days. One of those days will bring it close to Europa, among 95 known moons at Jupiter and close to our own moon in size.\\n\\nThe spacecraft will skim as low as 16 miles (25 kilometers) above Europa \u2014 much closer than the few previous visitors. Onboard radar will attempt to penetrate the moon\u2019s ice sheet, believed to be 10 miles to 15 miles or more (15 kilometers to 24 kilometers) thick. The ocean below could be 80 miles (120 kilometers) or more deep.\\n\\nThe spacecraft holds nine instruments, with its sensitive electronics stored in a vault with dense zinc and aluminum walls for protection against radiation. Exploration will last until 2034.\\n\\n\u201cOcean worlds like Europa are not only unique because they might be habitable, but they might be habitable today,\u201d NASA\u2019s Gina DiBraccio said on the eve of launch.\\n\\nIf conditions are found to be favorable for life at Europa, then that opens up the possibility of life at other ocean worlds in our solar system and beyond, according to scientists. With an underground ocean and geysers, Saturn\u2019s moon Enceladus is another top candidate.', 'ai_likelihood': 2.008676528930664e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'A NASA spacecraft rocketed away Monday on a quest to explore Jupiter\u2019s tantalizing moon Europa and reveal whether its vast hidden ocean might hold the keys to life.\\n\\nIt will take Europa Clipper 5 1\/2 years to reach Jupiter, where it will slip into orbit around the giant gas planet and sneak close to Europa during dozens of radiation-drenched flybys.\\n\\nScientists are almost certain a deep, global ocean exists beneath Europa\u2019s icy crust. And where there is water, there could be life, making the moon one of the most promising places out there to hunt for it.\\n\\nEuropa Clipper won\u2019t look for life; it has no life detectors. Instead, the spacecraft will zero in on the ingredients necessary to sustain life, searching for organic compounds and other clues as it peers beneath the ice for suitable conditions.\\n\\nSpaceX started Clipper on its 1.8 billion-mile (3 billion-kilometer) journey, launching the spacecraft on a Falcon Heavy rocket from Florida\u2019s Kennedy Space Center. An hour later, the spacecraft separated from the upper stage, floated off and called home.\\n\\n\u201cPlease say goodbye to Clipper on its way to Europa,\u201d NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u2019s flight director Pranay Mishra announced from Southern California.\\n\\n\u201cThe science on this is really captivating,\u201d NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free told The Associated Press back at the launch site. Scientists are still learning about the depths of our own ocean, \u201cand here we are looking that far out.\u201d\\n\\nThe $5.2 billion mission almost got derailed by transistors.\\n\\nNASA didn\u2019t learn until spring that Clipper\u2019s transistors might be more vulnerable to Jupiter\u2019s intense radiation field than anticipated. Clipper will endure the equivalent of several million chest X-rays during each of the 49 Europa flybys. The space agency spent months reviewing everything before concluding in September that the mission could proceed as planned.\\n\\nHurricane Milton added to the anxiety, delaying the launch by several days.\\n\\n\u201cWhat a great day. We\u2019re so excited,\u201d JPL Director Laurie Leshin said after liftoff.\\n\\nAbout the size of a basketball court with its solar wings unfurled, Clipper will swing past Mars and then Earth on its way to Jupiter for gravity assists. The nearly 13,000-pound (5,700-kilogram) probe should reach the solar system\u2019s biggest planet in 2030.\\n\\nClipper will circle Jupiter every 21 days. One of those days will bring it close to Europa, among 95 known moons at Jupiter and close to our own moon in size.\\n\\nThe spacecraft will skim as low as 16 miles (25 kilometers) above Europa \u2014 much closer than the few previous visitors. Onboard radar will attempt to penetrate the moon\u2019s ice sheet, believed to be 10 miles to 15 miles or more (15 kilometers to 24 kilometers) thick. The ocean below could be 80 miles (120 kilometers) or more deep.\\n\\nThe spacecraft holds nine instruments, with its sensitive electronics stored in a vault with dense zinc and aluminum walls for protection against radiation. Exploration will last until 2034.\\n\\n\u201cOcean worlds like Europa are not only unique because they might be habitable, but they might be habitable today,\u201d NASA\u2019s Gina DiBraccio said on the eve of launch.\\n\\nIf conditions are found to be favorable for life at Europa, then that opens up the possibility of life at other ocean worlds in our solar system and beyond, according to scientists. With an underground ocean and geysers, Saturn\u2019s moon Enceladus is another top candidate.', 'ai_likelihood': 2.5272369384765625e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'b87c17d7-93cf-4031-89a6-9a2d0e7e1a76', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.4981498174602166e-05, 'sentence': \"A NASA spacecraft rocketed away Monday on a quest to explore Jupiter's tantalizing moon Europa and reveal whether its vast hidden ocean might hold the keys to life.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.50478715315694e-05, 'sentence': 'It will take Europa Clipper 5 1\/2 years to reach Jupiter, where it will slip into orbit around the giant gas planet and sneak close to Europa during dozens of radiation-drenched flybys.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, 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billion-mile (3 billion-kilometer) journey, launching the spacecraft on a Falcon Heavy rocket from Florida's Kennedy Space Center.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.2855643692309968e-05, 'sentence': 'An hour later, the spacecraft separated from the upper stage, floated off and called home.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.3998061806196347e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cPlease say goodbye to Clipper on its way to Europa,\u201d NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory's flight director Pranay Mishra announced from Southern California.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.9747834812733345e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cThe science on this is really captivating,\u201d NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free told The Associated Press back at the launch site.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.816803342080675e-05, 'sentence': 'Scientists are 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according to scientists.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00025498931063339114, 'sentence': \"With an underground ocean and geysers, Saturn's moon Enceladus is another top candidate.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, 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'completely_generated_prob': 0.00336897989444847, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9965915006666209, 'ai': 0.00336897989444847, 'mixed': 3.951943893065794e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9965915006666209, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.00336897989444847, 'human': 0.9965915006666209, 'mixed': 3.951943893065794e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'A NASA spacecraft rocketed away Monday on a quest to explore Jupiter\u2019s tantalizing moon Europa and reveal whether its vast hidden ocean might hold the keys to life.\\n\\nIt will take Europa Clipper 5 1\/2 years to reach Jupiter, where it will slip into orbit around the giant gas planet and sneak close to Europa during dozens of radiation-drenched flybys.\\n\\nScientists are almost certain a deep, global ocean exists beneath Europa\u2019s icy crust. And where there is water, there could be life, making the moon one of the most promising places out there to hunt for it.\\n\\nEuropa Clipper won\u2019t look for life; it has no life detectors. Instead, the spacecraft will zero in on the ingredients necessary to sustain life, searching for organic compounds and other clues as it peers beneath the ice for suitable conditions.\\n\\nSpaceX started Clipper on its 1.8 billion-mile (3 billion-kilometer) journey, launching the spacecraft on a Falcon Heavy rocket from Florida\u2019s Kennedy Space Center. An hour later, the spacecraft separated from the upper stage, floated off and called home.\\n\\n\u201cPlease say goodbye to Clipper on its way to Europa,\u201d NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u2019s flight director Pranay Mishra announced from Southern California.\\n\\n\u201cThe science on this is really captivating,\u201d NASA Associate Administrator Jim Free told The Associated Press back at the launch site. Scientists are still learning about the depths of our own ocean, \u201cand here we are looking that far out.\u201d\\n\\nThe $5.2 billion mission almost got derailed by transistors.\\n\\nNASA didn\u2019t learn until spring that Clipper\u2019s transistors might be more vulnerable to Jupiter\u2019s intense radiation field than anticipated. Clipper will endure the equivalent of several million chest X-rays during each of the 49 Europa flybys. The space agency spent months reviewing everything before concluding in September that the mission could proceed as planned.\\n\\nHurricane Milton added to the anxiety, delaying the launch by several days.\\n\\n\u201cWhat a great day. We\u2019re so excited,\u201d JPL Director Laurie Leshin said after liftoff.\\n\\nAbout the size of a basketball court with its solar wings unfurled, Clipper will swing past Mars and then Earth on its way to Jupiter for gravity assists. The nearly 13,000-pound (5,700-kilogram) probe should reach the solar system\u2019s biggest planet in 2030.\\n\\nClipper will circle Jupiter every 21 days. One of those days will bring it close to Europa, among 95 known moons at Jupiter and close to our own moon in size.\\n\\nThe spacecraft will skim as low as 16 miles (25 kilometers) above Europa \u2014 much closer than the few previous visitors. Onboard radar will attempt to penetrate the moon\u2019s ice sheet, believed to be 10 miles to 15 miles or more (15 kilometers to 24 kilometers) thick. The ocean below could be 80 miles (120 kilometers) or more deep.\\n\\nThe spacecraft holds nine instruments, with its sensitive electronics stored in a vault with dense zinc and aluminum walls for protection against radiation. Exploration will last until 2034.\\n\\n\u201cOcean worlds like Europa are not only unique because they might be habitable, but they might be habitable today,\u201d NASA\u2019s Gina DiBraccio said on the eve of launch.\\n\\nIf conditions are found to be favorable for life at Europa, then that opens up the possibility of life at other ocean worlds in our solar system and beyond, according to scientists. With an underground ocean and geysers, Saturn\u2019s moon Enceladus is another top candidate.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8864423633,"RADAR":0.0101606008,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I can't recall AI text presenting measurements the way they are in this article. It also has more short and simple sentences than AI generally uses especially in the quotations, such as \"What a great day.\" The way the spaceship is described as \"slipping into orbit\" and \"sneaking close to Europa\" is quite a unique way to describe it and not what I would expect from AI. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The only phrase here that's an AI favorite is \"not only\". There is a variety of sentence lengths here, pointing to a human style. There are also several unusual phrases that again point to a human author such as \"rocketed away\", \"slip into orbit\" and \"sneak close\"."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: varied paragraph structure; speech tags are usually 'said'; use of energetic verbs; punctuation is slightly off in places; uses spaced en dashes. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am very confident that this is human-written. Not only does the article inform the reader of exactly what they need to know about the topic, but it uses visual descriptors and comparisons to help provide the reader context for the topic relative to their understanding and experience. Phrases such as \"Europa's icy crust,\" \"the equivalent of several million chest X-ray\" and \"with dense zinc and aluminum walls for protection against radiation\" all help provide detail and context for the reader, and control the pacing and tone of information. It outlines a narrative, and shows a measure of creativity that AI tends to lack because it understands its audience. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"A few incorrect prepositions.\nSources of the quoted material are easily located online.\nQuotes add to the narrative and are not just used to echo the author's statements.\nShort sentences used as paragraphs.  "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"59":{"generation_model":"paraphrased_gpt-4o","prompt_id":30,"title":"Protesters demand Kellogg remove artificial colors from Froot Loops and other cereals","sub-title":"Dozens of people have rallied outside the Michigan headquarters of WK Kellogg Co. to demand that the company remove artificial dyes from their cereals in the U.S.","author":"Dee-ann Durbin","source":"Associated Press","issue":"10\/15\/24","section":"Business","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/kellogg-artificial-colors-dyes-cereal-c167f3c51f03d8f43612fc6afe9b2fdd","article":"Dozens of people rallied outside the Michigan headquarters of WK Kellogg Co. Tuesday, demanding that the company remove artificial dyes from its breakfast cereals in the U.S.\n\nKellogg, the maker of Froot Loops and Apple Jacks, announced nearly a decade ago that it would remove artificial colors and ingredients from its products by 2018.\n\nThe company has done that in other countries. In Canada, for example, Froot Loops are colored with concentrated carrot juice, watermelon juice and blueberry juice. But in the U.S., the cereal still contains artificial colors and BHT, a chemical preservative.\n\nOn Tuesday, activists said they were delivering petitions with more than 400,000 signatures asking WK Kellogg to remove artificial dyes and BHT from their cereals. Protesters said there was evidence that artificial dyes can contribute to behavioral issues in children.\n\n\u201cI\u2019m here for all the mothers who struggle to feed their kids healthy food without added chemicals,\u201d said Vani Hari, a food activist who previously pressured Kraft Heinz to remove artificial dyes from its macaroni and cheese.\n\nThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration says it has reviewed and evaluated the effects of color additives on children\u2019s behavior but believes that most children have no adverse effects when consuming them.\n\nBattle Creek, Michigan-based WK Kellogg became a separate company last year when its snack division was spun off to form Kellanova. Kellanova kept the company\u2019s international cereal business; it now makes Froot Loops with natural dyes for markets like Australia and the United Kingdom.\n\nWK Kellogg said Tuesday that its foods are safe and all of its ingredients comply with federal regulations.\n\n\u201cToday, more than 85% of our cereal sales contain no colors from artificial sources,\u201d the company said in a statement. \u201cWe continuously innovate new cereals that do not contain colors from artificial sources across our biggest brands, offering a broad choice of nourishing foods for our consumers.\u201d\n\nKellogg said it announced its plan to remove artificial colors and ingredients almost a decade ago because it believed customers were seeking foods with natural ingredients and would welcome the change. But the company said it found that consumer preferences differed widely across markets.\n\n\u201cFor example, there is better reception to our cereal recipes that utilize natural-color alternatives within the Canadian market than in the U.S.,\u201d the company said.\n\nStill, Kellogg may have to reconsider. Last month, Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom of California signed a bill banning six food dyes from food served in the state\u2019s public schools, making it the first state in the U.S. to take such a step.\n\nCalifornia\u2019s law bans four of the dyes now used in Froot Loops: Red Dye No. 40, Yellow Dye No. 5, Yellow Dye No. 6 and Blue Dye No. 1.","id":30,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Dozens of people rallied outside the Michigan headquarters of WK Kellogg Co. Tuesday, demanding that the company remove artificial dyes from its breakfast cereals in the U.S.\\n\\nKellogg, the maker of Froot Loops and Apple Jacks, announced nearly a decade ago that it would remove artificial colors and ingredients from its products by 2018.\\n\\nThe company has done that in other countries. In Canada, for example, Froot Loops are colored with concentrated carrot juice, watermelon juice and blueberry juice. But in the U.S., the cereal still contains artificial colors and BHT, a chemical preservative.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, activists said they were delivering petitions with more than 400,000 signatures asking WK Kellogg to remove artificial dyes and BHT from their cereals. Protesters said there was evidence that artificial dyes can contribute to behavioral issues in children.\\n\\n\u201cI\u2019m here for all the mothers who struggle to feed their kids healthy food without added chemicals,\u201d said Vani Hari, a food activist who previously pressured Kraft Heinz to remove artificial dyes from its macaroni and cheese.\\n\\nThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration says it has reviewed and evaluated the effects of color additives on children\u2019s behavior but believes that most children have no adverse effects when consuming them.\\n\\nBattle Creek, Michigan-based WK Kellogg became a separate company last year when its snack division was spun off to form Kellanova. Kellanova kept the company\u2019s international cereal business; it now makes Froot Loops with natural dyes for markets like Australia and the United Kingdom.\\n\\nWK Kellogg said Tuesday that its foods are safe and all of its ingredients comply with federal regulations.\\n\\n\u201cToday, more than 85% of our cereal sales contain no colors from artificial sources,\u201d the company said in a statement. \u201cWe continuously innovate new cereals that do not contain colors from artificial sources across our biggest brands, offering a broad choice of nourishing foods for our consumers.\u201d\\n\\nKellogg said it announced its plan to remove artificial colors and ingredients almost a decade ago because it believed customers were seeking foods with natural ingredients and would welcome the change. But the company said it found that consumer preferences differed widely across markets.\\n\\n\u201cFor example, there is better reception to our cereal recipes that utilize natural-color alternatives within the Canadian market than in the U.S.,\u201d the company said.\\n\\nStill, Kellogg may have to reconsider. Last month, Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom of California signed a bill banning six food dyes from food served in the state\u2019s public schools, making it the first state in the U.S. to take such a step.\\n\\nCalifornia\u2019s law bans four of the dyes now used in Froot Loops: Red Dye No. 40, Yellow Dye No. 5, Yellow Dye No. 6 and Blue Dye No. 1.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.5616416931152344e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Dozens of people rallied outside the Michigan headquarters of WK Kellogg Co. Tuesday, demanding that the company remove artificial dyes from its breakfast cereals in the U.S.\\n\\nKellogg, the maker of Froot Loops and Apple Jacks, announced nearly a decade ago that it would remove artificial colors and ingredients from its products by 2018.\\n\\nThe company has done that in other countries. In Canada, for example, Froot Loops are colored with concentrated carrot juice, watermelon juice and blueberry juice. But in the U.S., the cereal still contains artificial colors and BHT, a chemical preservative.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, activists said they were delivering petitions with more than 400,000 signatures asking WK Kellogg to remove artificial dyes and BHT from their cereals. Protesters said there was evidence that artificial dyes can contribute to behavioral issues in children.\\n\\n\u201cI\u2019m here for all the mothers who struggle to feed their kids healthy food without added chemicals,\u201d said Vani Hari, a food activist who previously pressured Kraft Heinz to remove artificial dyes from its macaroni and cheese.\\n\\nThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration says it has reviewed and evaluated the effects of color additives on children\u2019s behavior but believes that most children have no adverse effects when consuming them.\\n\\nBattle Creek, Michigan-based WK Kellogg became a separate company last year when its snack division was spun off to form Kellanova. Kellanova kept the company\u2019s international cereal business; it now makes Froot Loops with natural dyes for markets like Australia and the United Kingdom.\\n\\nWK Kellogg said Tuesday that its foods are safe and all of its ingredients comply with federal regulations.\\n\\n\u201cToday, more than 85% of our cereal sales contain no colors from artificial sources,\u201d the company said in a statement. \u201cWe continuously innovate new cereals that do not contain colors from artificial sources across our biggest brands, offering a broad choice of nourishing foods for our consumers.\u201d\\n\\nKellogg said it announced its plan to remove artificial colors and ingredients almost a decade ago because it believed customers were seeking foods with natural ingredients and would welcome the change. But the company said it found that consumer preferences differed widely across markets.\\n\\n\u201cFor example, there is better reception to our cereal recipes that utilize natural-color alternatives within the Canadian market than in the U.S.,\u201d the company said.\\n\\nStill, Kellogg may have to reconsider. Last month, Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom of California signed a bill banning six food dyes from food served in the state\u2019s public schools, making it the first state in the U.S. to take such a step.\\n\\nCalifornia\u2019s law bans four of the dyes now used in Froot Loops: Red Dye No. 40, Yellow Dye No. 5, Yellow Dye No. 6 and Blue Dye No. 1.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.722574234008789e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '16f29e99-5cdb-4536-a112-b383fa78c65e', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 1.0407511581433937e-05, 'sentence': 'Dozens of people rallied outside the Michigan headquarters of WK Kellogg Co. 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'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 1, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0, 'human': 1, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Dozens of people rallied outside the Michigan headquarters of WK Kellogg Co. Tuesday, demanding that the company remove artificial dyes from its breakfast cereals in the U.S.\\n\\nKellogg, the maker of Froot Loops and Apple Jacks, announced nearly a decade ago that it would remove artificial colors and ingredients from its products by 2018.\\n\\nThe company has done that in other countries. In Canada, for example, Froot Loops are colored with concentrated carrot juice, watermelon juice and blueberry juice. But in the U.S., the cereal still contains artificial colors and BHT, a chemical preservative.\\n\\nOn Tuesday, activists said they were delivering petitions with more than 400,000 signatures asking WK Kellogg to remove artificial dyes and BHT from their cereals. Protesters said there was evidence that artificial dyes can contribute to behavioral issues in children.\\n\\n\u201cI\u2019m here for all the mothers who struggle to feed their kids healthy food without added chemicals,\u201d said Vani Hari, a food activist who previously pressured Kraft Heinz to remove artificial dyes from its macaroni and cheese.\\n\\nThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration says it has reviewed and evaluated the effects of color additives on children\u2019s behavior but believes that most children have no adverse effects when consuming them.\\n\\nBattle Creek, Michigan-based WK Kellogg became a separate company last year when its snack division was spun off to form Kellanova. Kellanova kept the company\u2019s international cereal business; it now makes Froot Loops with natural dyes for markets like Australia and the United Kingdom.\\n\\nWK Kellogg said Tuesday that its foods are safe and all of its ingredients comply with federal regulations.\\n\\n\u201cToday, more than 85% of our cereal sales contain no colors from artificial sources,\u201d the company said in a statement. \u201cWe continuously innovate new cereals that do not contain colors from artificial sources across our biggest brands, offering a broad choice of nourishing foods for our consumers.\u201d\\n\\nKellogg said it announced its plan to remove artificial colors and ingredients almost a decade ago because it believed customers were seeking foods with natural ingredients and would welcome the change. But the company said it found that consumer preferences differed widely across markets.\\n\\n\u201cFor example, there is better reception to our cereal recipes that utilize natural-color alternatives within the Canadian market than in the U.S.,\u201d the company said.\\n\\nStill, Kellogg may have to reconsider. Last month, Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom of California signed a bill banning six food dyes from food served in the state\u2019s public schools, making it the first state in the U.S. to take such a step.\\n\\nCalifornia\u2019s law bans four of the dyes now used in Froot Loops: Red Dye No. 40, Yellow Dye No. 5, Yellow Dye No. 6 and Blue Dye No. 1.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1858508885,"RADAR":0.0713061541,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The opening sentence sets the scene generically as AI would but the word \"Tuesday\" is a more human way of describing time that's common in articles that are breaking news. There's a distinct difference in style between the quotations from the activist and the company. The article also displays slight political bias in the way it outlines that a Democratic governor was the first to take the step of banning certain food dyes. Lastly, it has numerous specific facts like the names of the dyes banned, the number of signatures on the petition, and the date by which artificial ingredients were supposed to be removed. This all points towards human-generated text. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"There are no signs of this being AI-generated. The last sentence ends the article abruptly, something AI doesn't usually do. There is one instance of a sentence being started with the conjunction \"but\", an error \/style not usually employed by AI."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I didn't even have to read this text to know it was written by a human. For an online article, it's nicely spaced out and uses the white space effectively. AI has a formulaic structure, which isn't this. There are also issues with punctuation; some awkward phrasing e.g. 'Kellog said Tuesday' should be 'On Tuesday [insert date] Kellog said', or in AI-speak it would be 'on Tuesday Kellog explained'."},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. The article reads well, clearly outlining events, references quotes appropriately, and each sentences contains valuable information that the reader needs to know. The tone of the article is neutral and maintains control over how information is conveyed, and uses phrases that contain action and detail. Examples of this include phrases such as, \"its snack division was spun off\", \" it believed customers were seeking foods with natural ingredients and would welcome the change.\" and \"reviewed and evaluated the effects of color additives on children\u2019s behavior\". All quotes and statements are referenced without any insert from the writer themselves and keeps its writing tone straight to the point. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"High degree of narrativity.\nAuthor uses context-dependent references.\nVaried sentence length. Some very short sentences."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"60":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":1,"title":"Can an elephant sue to leave a zoo? Colorado\u2019s top court must now decide ","sub-title":"Colorado\u2019s highest court is considering whether five zoo elephants can challenge their confinement under a legal process mainly used by prisoners to dispute their detention. ","author":"Colleen Slevin ","source":"Associated Press","issue":-17954000,"section":"Oddities","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/elephants-legal-personhood-colorado-zoo-b72faa585807d3695df2a4a8ec2caa8e","article":"Five elephants in a Colorado zoo could someday sue for their freedom, if the state\u2019s Supreme Court sides with an animal rights group and declares them \u201cpersons\u201d under the law. But first, the justices had a few questions about cats and dogs. <br><br>\u201cHow do I know when it stops?\u201d Justice Melissa Hart said during Thursday\u2019s hearing, wondering whether this ruling might someday lead to emancipating people\u2019s pets. At stake is whether the elephants from the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo should be treated as people under the law. It was a question asked several times but never really answered. <br><br>The NonHuman Rights Project says the elephants \u2014 Missy, Kimba, Lucky, LouLou, and Jambo \u2014 should be able to use a long-held process that\u2019s mainly for prisoners to dispute their detention. The group says the animals, born in the wild in Africa, are showing signs of brain damage because the zoo is essentially a prison for such intelligent and social creatures, known to roam for miles a day. They want the animals released to one of the two accredited elephant sanctuaries in the United States because the group doesn\u2019t think they can live the wild anymore. <br><br>The group unsuccessfully sued in 2022 on behalf of an elephant at the Bronx Zoo named Happy. The highest court in New York ruled that Happy, while intelligent and deserving of compassion, cannot be considered a person who is illegally confined with the ability to pursue a petition seeking release. <br><br>The New York ruling said giving such rights to an elephant \u201cwould have an enormous destabilizing impact on modern society.\u201d <br><br> The Cheyenne Mountain Zoo says moving the elephants and potentially placing them with new animals would be cruel at their age, possibly causing unnecessary stress. It says they aren\u2019t used to being in larger herds and, based on its experience, they don\u2019t have the skills or desire to join one. <br><br>The justices will issue a ruling in the coming weeks or months. <br><br> During the hearing, the group\u2019s lawyer, Jake Davis, urged the justices to focus on the five \u201cindividuals\u201d he represents. He asked them to rule that the elephants can pursue a habeas corpus petition and send the case back to a lower court, which would consider the petition and decide if the animals should leave the zoo. However, he did say domesticated animals like dogs, which are familiar with lounging on the couch, are in much different category than wild animals. <br><br>Justice Maria Berkenkotter said Davis \u201cbeautifully and painfully\u201d described the elephants\u2019 rocking behavior, which the group says shows distress. But she wondered if the group should instead try changing the law at the state legislature or passing a ballot measure to protect the elephants. <br><br>Chief Justice Monica Marquez pressed the zoo\u2019s attorney on a main point made by the animal rights group\u2014 that the right to habeas corpus has been extended over the years, such as to enslaved people and women in abusive marriages. <br><br>All those extensions were made to human beings, countered John Suthers, a former U.S. attorney and Colorado attorney general who represented the zoo. He pointed to Happy\u2019s case in New York, where the judges ruled that the right to challenge detention belongs to human beings because they are humans who can be held accountable by the legal system. <br><br>\u201cThis court, no court is the proper venue for what they\u2019re trying to accomplish,\u201d he said. ","id":30,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Five elephants in a Colorado zoo could someday sue for their freedom, if the state\u2019s Supreme Court sides with an animal rights group and declares them \u201cpersons\u201d under the law. But first, the justices had a few questions about cats and dogs. <br><br>\u201cHow do I know when it stops?\u201d Justice Melissa Hart said during Thursday\u2019s hearing, wondering whether this ruling might someday lead to emancipating people\u2019s pets. At stake is whether the elephants from the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo should be treated as people under the law. It was a question asked several times but never really answered. <br><br>The NonHuman Rights Project says the elephants \u2014 Missy, Kimba, Lucky, LouLou, and Jambo \u2014 should be able to use a long-held process that\u2019s mainly for prisoners to dispute their detention. The group says the animals, born in the wild in Africa, are showing signs of brain damage because the zoo is essentially a prison for such intelligent and social creatures, known to roam for miles a day. They want the animals released to one of the two accredited elephant sanctuaries in the United States because the group doesn\u2019t think they can live the wild anymore. <br><br>The group unsuccessfully sued in 2022 on behalf of an elephant at the Bronx Zoo named Happy. The highest court in New York ruled that Happy, while intelligent and deserving of compassion, cannot be considered a person who is illegally confined with the ability to pursue a petition seeking release. <br><br>The New York ruling said giving such rights to an elephant \u201cwould have an enormous destabilizing impact on modern society.\u201d <br><br> The Cheyenne Mountain Zoo says moving the elephants and potentially placing them with new animals would be cruel at their age, possibly causing unnecessary stress. It says they aren\u2019t used to being in larger herds and, based on its experience, they don\u2019t have the skills or desire to join one. <br><br>The justices will issue a ruling in the coming weeks or months. <br><br> During the hearing, the group\u2019s lawyer, Jake Davis, urged the justices to focus on the five \u201cindividuals\u201d he represents. He asked them to rule that the elephants can pursue a habeas corpus petition and send the case back to a lower court, which would consider the petition and decide if the animals should leave the zoo. However, he did say domesticated animals like dogs, which are familiar with lounging on the couch, are in much different category than wild animals. <br><br>Justice Maria Berkenkotter said Davis \u201cbeautifully and painfully\u201d described the elephants\u2019 rocking behavior, which the group says shows distress. But she wondered if the group should instead try changing the law at the state legislature or passing a ballot measure to protect the elephants. <br><br>Chief Justice Monica Marquez pressed the zoo\u2019s attorney on a main point made by the animal rights group\u2014 that the right to habeas corpus has been extended over the years, such as to enslaved people and women in abusive marriages. <br><br>All those extensions were made to human beings, countered John Suthers, a former U.S. attorney and Colorado attorney general who represented the zoo. He pointed to Happy\u2019s case in New York, where the judges ruled that the right to challenge detention belongs to human beings because they are humans who can be held accountable by the legal system. <br><br>\u201cThis court, no court is the proper venue for what they\u2019re trying to accomplish,\u201d he said. ', 'ai_likelihood': 6.377696990966797e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Five elephants in a Colorado zoo could someday sue for their freedom, if the state\u2019s Supreme Court sides with an animal rights group and declares them \u201cpersons\u201d under the law. But first, the justices had a few questions about cats and dogs. <br><br>\u201cHow do I know when it stops?\u201d Justice Melissa Hart said during Thursday\u2019s hearing, wondering whether this ruling might someday lead to emancipating people\u2019s pets. At stake is whether the elephants from the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo should be treated as people under the law. It was a question asked several times but never really answered. <br><br>The NonHuman Rights Project says the elephants \u2014 Missy, Kimba, Lucky, LouLou, and Jambo \u2014 should be able to use a long-held process that\u2019s mainly for prisoners to dispute their detention. The group says the animals, born in the wild in Africa, are showing signs of brain damage because the zoo is essentially a prison for such intelligent and social creatures, known to roam for miles a day. They want the animals released to one of the two accredited elephant sanctuaries in the United States because the group doesn\u2019t think they can live the wild anymore. <br><br>The group unsuccessfully sued in 2022 on behalf of an elephant at the Bronx Zoo named Happy. The highest court in New York ruled that Happy, while intelligent and deserving of compassion, cannot be considered a person who is illegally confined with the ability to pursue a petition seeking release. <br><br>The New York ruling said giving such rights to an elephant \u201cwould have an enormous destabilizing impact on modern society.\u201d <br><br> The Cheyenne Mountain Zoo says moving the elephants and potentially placing them with new animals would be cruel at their age, possibly causing unnecessary stress. It says they aren\u2019t used to being in larger herds and, based on its experience, they don\u2019t have the skills or desire to join one. <br><br>The justices will issue a ruling in the coming weeks or months. <br><br> During the hearing, the group\u2019s lawyer, Jake Davis, urged the justices to focus on the five \u201cindividuals\u201d he represents. He asked them to rule that the elephants can pursue a habeas corpus petition and send the case back to a lower court, which would consider the petition and decide if the animals should leave the zoo. However, he did say domesticated animals like dogs, which are familiar with lounging on the couch, are in much different category than wild animals. <br><br>Justice Maria Berkenkotter said Davis \u201cbeautifully and painfully\u201d described the elephants\u2019 rocking behavior, which the group says shows distress. But she wondered if the group should instead try changing the law at the state legislature or passing a ballot measure to protect the elephants. <br><br>Chief Justice Monica Marquez pressed the zoo\u2019s attorney on a main point made by the animal rights group\u2014 that the right to habeas corpus has been extended over the years, such as to enslaved people and women in abusive marriages. <br><br>All those extensions were made to human beings, countered John Suthers, a former U.S. attorney and Colorado attorney general who represented the zoo. He pointed to Happy\u2019s case in New York, where the judges ruled that the right to challenge detention belongs to human beings because they are humans who can be held accountable by the legal system. <br><br>\u201cThis court, no court is the proper venue for what they\u2019re trying to accomplish,\u201d he said. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.7464160919189453e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '16daaaa1-3efc-4fc2-8d9b-ff1a3c4be767', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 2.3341519408859313e-05, 'sentence': \"Five elephants in a Colorado zoo could someday sue for their freedom, if the state's Supreme Court sides with an animal rights group and declares them \u201cpersons\u201d under the law.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.4017945179366507e-05, 'sentence': 'But first, the justices had a few questions about cats and dogs.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.3343838620348834e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cHow do I know when it stops?\u201d Justice Melissa Hart said during Thursday's hearing, wondering whether this ruling 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'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Five elephants in a Colorado zoo could someday sue for their freedom, if the state\u2019s Supreme Court sides with an animal rights group and declares them \u201cpersons\u201d under the law. But first, the justices had a few questions about cats and dogs. <br><br>\u201cHow do I know when it stops?\u201d Justice Melissa Hart said during Thursday\u2019s hearing, wondering whether this ruling might someday lead to emancipating people\u2019s pets. At stake is whether the elephants from the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo should be treated as people under the law. It was a question asked several times but never really answered. <br><br>The NonHuman Rights Project says the elephants \u2014 Missy, Kimba, Lucky, LouLou, and Jambo \u2014 should be able to use a long-held process that\u2019s mainly for prisoners to dispute their detention. The group says the animals, born in the wild in Africa, are showing signs of brain damage because the zoo is essentially a prison for such intelligent and social creatures, known to roam for miles a day. They want the animals released to one of the two accredited elephant sanctuaries in the United States because the group doesn\u2019t think they can live the wild anymore. <br><br>The group unsuccessfully sued in 2022 on behalf of an elephant at the Bronx Zoo named Happy. The highest court in New York ruled that Happy, while intelligent and deserving of compassion, cannot be considered a person who is illegally confined with the ability to pursue a petition seeking release. <br><br>The New York ruling said giving such rights to an elephant \u201cwould have an enormous destabilizing impact on modern society.\u201d <br><br> The Cheyenne Mountain Zoo says moving the elephants and potentially placing them with new animals would be cruel at their age, possibly causing unnecessary stress. It says they aren\u2019t used to being in larger herds and, based on its experience, they don\u2019t have the skills or desire to join one. <br><br>The justices will issue a ruling in the coming weeks or months. <br><br> During the hearing, the group\u2019s lawyer, Jake Davis, urged the justices to focus on the five \u201cindividuals\u201d he represents. He asked them to rule that the elephants can pursue a habeas corpus petition and send the case back to a lower court, which would consider the petition and decide if the animals should leave the zoo. However, he did say domesticated animals like dogs, which are familiar with lounging on the couch, are in much different category than wild animals. <br><br>Justice Maria Berkenkotter said Davis \u201cbeautifully and painfully\u201d described the elephants\u2019 rocking behavior, which the group says shows distress. But she wondered if the group should instead try changing the law at the state legislature or passing a ballot measure to protect the elephants. <br><br>Chief Justice Monica Marquez pressed the zoo\u2019s attorney on a main point made by the animal rights group\u2014 that the right to habeas corpus has been extended over the years, such as to enslaved people and women in abusive marriages. <br><br>All those extensions were made to human beings, countered John Suthers, a former U.S. attorney and Colorado attorney general who represented the zoo. He pointed to Happy\u2019s case in New York, where the judges ruled that the right to challenge detention belongs to human beings because they are humans who can be held accountable by the legal system. <br><br>\u201cThis court, no court is the proper venue for what they\u2019re trying to accomplish,\u201d he said. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7779631615,"RADAR":0.0053172363,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"One of the early sentences, \"the group doesn\u2019t think they can live the wild anymore\" is missing the word \"in\" which seems like a typing mistake from a human writer. The Latin phrase \"habeas corpus\" is also used twice without any direct explanation of what it means, which also seems like something more likely to be from a human writer. Lastly, if this were written by AI, I would expect some reference to humans and animals living together or reaching a solution to the problem that benefits both humans and animals. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"This passage contains none of the usual AI-type words like \"navigate.\"\nSome of the sentences are quite long, which suggests a human author. For example, \"The group says...for miles a day.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: ends on a quote. Varied sentence and paragraph length. There are a few typos and missing words. Doesn't contain all the usual hallmarks of AI. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this is human-written. I feel like the article conveys the topic clearly, and gets straight to the point without over-embellishing details. Phrases such as \"\u201cbeautifully and painfully\u201d described the elephants\u2019 rocking behavior,\" add that human-element that's needed in a topic like this to describe the emotions and thoughts of both sides, and sentences such as \"that the right to habeas corpus has been extended over the years, such as to enslaved people and women in abusive marriages.\" help provide context for why agreeing to a habeas corpus would be bad for those on the Non-Human Rights project would be against. All sides of the story are presented neutrally as possible, and I understand, as a the reader, why it's important to read about. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"No distinctive flags that indicate machine-generated text.\nVaried sentence and paragraph lengths.\nAuthor chose to quote adjectives that highlight the emotive nature of the animals' predicament. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"61":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":2,"title":"People opt out of organ donation programs after reports of a man mistakenly declared dead","sub-title":"Transplant experts are seeing a spike in people refusing to become organ donors, their confidence shaken by reports that organs were nearly retrieved from a Kentucky man mistakenly declared dead. ","author":"Lauran Neergaard ","source":"Associated Press","issue":-17954000,"section":"Health","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/organ-donor-transplant-kentucky-8f42ad402445a91e981327abb009906c","article":"Transplant experts are seeing a spike in people revoking organ donor registrations, their confidence shaken by reports that organs were nearly retrieved from a Kentucky man mistakenly declared dead. <br><br>It happened in 2021 and while details are murky surgery was avoided and the man is still alive. But donor registries in the U.S. and even across the Atlantic are being impacted after the case was publicized recently. A drop in donations could cost the lives of people awaiting a transplant. <br><br>\u201cOrgan donation is based on public trust,\u201d said Dorrie Dils, president of the Association of Organ Procurement Organizations, or OPOs. When eroded, \u201cit takes years to regain.\u201d <br><br>Only doctors caring for patients can determine if they\u2019re dead -- the law blocks anyone involved with organ donation or transplant. The allegations raise questions about how doctors make that determination and what\u2019s supposed to happen if anyone sees a reason for doubt. <br><br>Key is ensuring \u201call doctors are doing the right tests and doing them well,\u201d said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, a Georgetown University bioethicist. <br><br><b>An alleged near miss in Kentucky<\/b> <br><br>The 2021 case first came to light in a congressional hearing last month, with unconfirmed details in later media reports \u2013 allegations that a man who\u2019d been declared dead days earlier woke up on the way to the operating room for organ-donation surgery and that there was initial reluctance to realize it. <br><br>The federal agency that regulates the U.S. transplant system is investigating, and the Kentucky attorney general\u2019s office said it is \u201creviewing the facts to identify an appropriate response.\u201d A coalition of OPOs and other donation groups is urging that findings be made public quickly and the public withhold judgment until then, saying any deviation from the industry\u2019s strict standards would be \u201centirely unacceptable.\u201d <br><br><b>The number of people opting out of organ donation has spiked<\/b> <br><br>Donate Life America found an average of 170 people a day removed themselves from the national donor registry in the week following media coverage of the allegations \u2013 10 times more than the same week in 2023. That doesn\u2019t include emailed removal requests or state registries, another way people can volunteer to become a donor when they eventually die. <br><br>Dils\u2019 own organ agency, Gift of Life Michigan, usually gets five to 10 calls a week from people asking how to remove themselves from that state\u2019s list. In the last week, her staff handled 57 such calls, many mentioning the Kentucky case. <br><br><b>The Kentucky allegations reverberated in France<\/b> <br><br>Unlike the voluntary U.S. donation system, French law presumes all citizens and residents will be organ and tissue donors upon death unless they clearly opt out. <br><br>After the reports from Kentucky reached France, the number joining that nation\u2019s donation refusal registry jumped from about 100 people a day to 1,000 a day in the past week, according to the French Biomedicine Agency. <br><br>Dr. R\u00e9gis Bronchard, an agency deputy director, said the spike \u201creflects anxiety, incomprehension among the general public\u201d that could have \u201ccatastrophic consequences.\u201d <br><br><b>What\u2019s supposed to happen after death and before organ donation<\/b> <br><br>Doctors can declare two types of death. What\u2019s called cardiac death occurs when the heart stops beating and breathing stops, and they can\u2019t be restored. <br><br>Brain death is declared when the entire brain permanently ceases functioning, usually after a major traumatic injury or stroke. Ventilators and other machines keep the heart beating during special testing to tell. <br><br>Only about 1% of deaths occur in a way that allows someone to become an organ donor \u2013 most people declared dead in a hospital will quickly be transferred to a funeral home or morgue. <br><br>But most organ donations are from brain-dead donors. Only after that declaration does the donor agency assume responsibility for the deceased, looking for potential recipients and scheduling retrieval surgery \u2014 while typically nurses at the hospital where the person died continue care to ensure equipment properly maintains their organs until they\u2019re collected. <br><br><b>What if something goes wrong?<\/b> <br><br>The donor agency and transplant surgeons arriving to retrieve organs must check records of how death was determined. Anyone \u2013 donor hospital employees, donor agency staff or surgeons \u2013 who sees anything concerning is supposed to speak up immediately. <br><br>\u201cThis is extremely rare,\u201d Dr. Ginny Bumgardner, an Ohio State University transplant surgeon who also leads the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, said of the Kentucky case. <br><br>In operating rooms \u201cthe whole process stops\u201d if someone sees a hint of trouble, and independent doctors are called to doublecheck the person really is dead, Bumgardner said. In her 30-year career, \u201cI\u2019ve never had a case where the original declaration was wrong.\u201d <br><br>Georgetown\u2019s Sulmasy agreed problems are infrequent. But he said there\u2019s wide variation in what tests different hospitals perform to determine if someone\u2019s brain-dead, whether they\u2019re a potential organ donor or not. Doctors are debating whether to add additional test requirements. <br><br>Stricter criteria could \u201cassure the public that we have done enormous due diligence before we determine that somebody\u2019s dead,\u201d he said. It could help \u201cto get people to stop ripping up their organ donor cards.\u201d ","id":31,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Transplant experts are seeing a spike in people revoking organ donor registrations, their confidence shaken by reports that organs were nearly retrieved from a Kentucky man mistakenly declared dead. <br><br>It happened in 2021 and while details are murky surgery was avoided and the man is still alive. But donor registries in the U.S. and even across the Atlantic are being impacted after the case was publicized recently. A drop in donations could cost the lives of people awaiting a transplant. <br><br>\u201cOrgan donation is based on public trust,\u201d said Dorrie Dils, president of the Association of Organ Procurement Organizations, or OPOs. When eroded, \u201cit takes years to regain.\u201d <br><br>Only doctors caring for patients can determine if they\u2019re dead -- the law blocks anyone involved with organ donation or transplant. The allegations raise questions about how doctors make that determination and what\u2019s supposed to happen if anyone sees a reason for doubt. <br><br>Key is ensuring \u201call doctors are doing the right tests and doing them well,\u201d said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, a Georgetown University bioethicist. <br><br><b>An alleged near miss in Kentucky<\/b> <br><br>The 2021 case first came to light in a congressional hearing last month, with unconfirmed details in later media reports \u2013 allegations that a man who\u2019d been declared dead days earlier woke up on the way to the operating room for organ-donation surgery and that there was initial reluctance to realize it. <br><br>The federal agency that regulates the U.S. transplant system is investigating, and the Kentucky attorney general\u2019s office said it is \u201creviewing the facts to identify an appropriate response.\u201d A coalition of OPOs and other donation groups is urging that findings be made public quickly and the public withhold judgment until then, saying any deviation from the industry\u2019s strict standards would be \u201centirely unacceptable.\u201d <br><br><b>The number of people opting out of organ donation has spiked<\/b> <br><br>Donate Life America found an average of 170 people a day removed themselves from the national donor registry in the week following media coverage of the allegations \u2013 10 times more than the same week in 2023. That doesn\u2019t include emailed removal requests or state registries, another way people can volunteer to become a donor when they eventually die. <br><br>Dils\u2019 own organ agency, Gift of Life Michigan, usually gets five to 10 calls a week from people asking how to remove themselves from that state\u2019s list. In the last week, her staff handled 57 such calls, many mentioning the Kentucky case. <br><br><b>The Kentucky allegations reverberated in France<\/b> <br><br>Unlike the voluntary U.S. donation system, French law presumes all citizens and residents will be organ and tissue donors upon death unless they clearly opt out. <br><br>After the reports from Kentucky reached France, the number joining that nation\u2019s donation refusal registry jumped from about 100 people a day to 1,000 a day in the past week, according to the French Biomedicine Agency. <br><br>Dr. R\u00e9gis Bronchard, an agency deputy director, said the spike \u201creflects anxiety, incomprehension among the general public\u201d that could have \u201ccatastrophic consequences.\u201d <br><br><b>What\u2019s supposed to happen after death and before organ donation<\/b> <br><br>Doctors can declare two types of death. What\u2019s called cardiac death occurs when the heart stops beating and breathing stops, and they can\u2019t be restored. <br><br>Brain death is declared when the entire brain permanently ceases functioning, usually after a major traumatic injury or stroke. Ventilators and other machines keep the heart beating during special testing to tell. <br><br>Only about 1% of deaths occur in a way that allows someone to become an organ donor \u2013 most people declared dead in a hospital will quickly be transferred to a funeral home or morgue. <br><br>But most organ donations are from brain-dead donors. Only after that declaration does the donor agency assume responsibility for the deceased, looking for potential recipients and scheduling retrieval surgery \u2014 while typically nurses at the hospital where the person died continue care to ensure equipment properly maintains their organs until they\u2019re collected. <br><br><b>What if something goes wrong?<\/b> <br><br>The donor agency and transplant surgeons arriving to retrieve organs must check records of how death was determined. Anyone \u2013 donor hospital employees, donor agency staff or surgeons \u2013 who sees anything concerning is supposed to speak up immediately. <br><br>\u201cThis is extremely rare,\u201d Dr. Ginny Bumgardner, an Ohio State University transplant surgeon who also leads the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, said of the Kentucky case. <br><br>In operating rooms \u201cthe whole process stops\u201d if someone sees a hint of trouble, and independent doctors are called to doublecheck the person really is dead, Bumgardner said. In her 30-year career, \u201cI\u2019ve never had a case where the original declaration was wrong.\u201d <br><br>Georgetown\u2019s Sulmasy agreed problems are infrequent. But he said there\u2019s wide variation in what tests different hospitals perform to determine if someone\u2019s brain-dead, whether they\u2019re a potential organ donor or not. Doctors are debating whether to add additional test requirements. <br><br>Stricter criteria could \u201cassure the public that we have done enormous due diligence before we determine that somebody\u2019s dead,\u201d he said. It could help \u201cto get people to stop ripping up their organ donor cards.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.3113021850585938e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Transplant experts are seeing a spike in people revoking organ donor registrations, their confidence shaken by reports that organs were nearly retrieved from a Kentucky man mistakenly declared dead. <br><br>It happened in 2021 and while details are murky surgery was avoided and the man is still alive. But donor registries in the U.S. and even across the Atlantic are being impacted after the case was publicized recently. A drop in donations could cost the lives of people awaiting a transplant. <br><br>\u201cOrgan donation is based on public trust,\u201d said Dorrie Dils, president of the Association of Organ Procurement Organizations, or OPOs. When eroded, \u201cit takes years to regain.\u201d <br><br>Only doctors caring for patients can determine if they\u2019re dead -- the law blocks anyone involved with organ donation or transplant. The allegations raise questions about how doctors make that determination and what\u2019s supposed to happen if anyone sees a reason for doubt. <br><br>Key is ensuring \u201call doctors are doing the right tests and doing them well,\u201d said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, a Georgetown University bioethicist. <br><br><b>An alleged near miss in Kentucky<\/b> <br><br>The 2021 case first came to light in a congressional hearing last month, with unconfirmed details in later media reports \u2013 allegations that a man who\u2019d been declared dead days earlier woke up on the way to the operating room for organ-donation surgery and that there was initial reluctance to realize it. <br><br>The federal agency that regulates the U.S. transplant system is investigating, and the Kentucky attorney general\u2019s office said it is \u201creviewing the facts to identify an appropriate response.\u201d A coalition of OPOs and other donation groups is urging that findings be made public quickly and the public withhold judgment until then, saying any deviation from the industry\u2019s strict standards would be \u201centirely unacceptable.\u201d <br><br><b>The number of people opting out of organ donation has spiked<\/b> <br><br>Donate Life America found an average of 170 people a day removed themselves from the national donor registry in the week following media coverage of the allegations \u2013 10 times more than the same week in 2023. That doesn\u2019t include emailed removal requests or state registries, another way people can volunteer to become a donor when they eventually die. <br><br>Dils\u2019 own organ agency, Gift of Life Michigan, usually gets five to 10 calls a week from people asking how to remove themselves from that state\u2019s list. In the last week, her staff handled 57 such calls, many mentioning the Kentucky case. <br><br><b>The Kentucky allegations reverberated in France<\/b> <br><br>Unlike the voluntary U.S. donation system, French law presumes all citizens and residents will be organ and tissue donors upon death unless they clearly opt out. <br><br>After the reports from Kentucky reached France, the number joining that nation\u2019s donation refusal registry jumped from about 100 people a day to 1,000 a day in the past week, according to the French Biomedicine Agency. <br><br>Dr. R\u00e9gis Bronchard, an agency deputy director, said the spike \u201creflects anxiety, incomprehension among the general public\u201d that could have \u201ccatastrophic consequences.\u201d <br><br><b>What\u2019s supposed to happen after death and before organ donation<\/b> <br><br>Doctors can declare two types of death. What\u2019s called cardiac death occurs when the heart stops beating and breathing stops, and they can\u2019t be restored. <br><br>Brain death is declared when the entire brain permanently ceases functioning, usually after a major traumatic injury or stroke. Ventilators and other machines keep the heart beating during special testing to tell. <br><br>Only about 1% of deaths occur in a way that allows someone to become an organ donor \u2013 most people declared dead in a hospital will quickly be transferred to a funeral home or morgue. <br><br>But most organ donations are from brain-dead donors. Only after that declaration does the donor agency assume responsibility for the deceased, looking for potential recipients and scheduling retrieval surgery \u2014 while typically nurses at the hospital where the person died continue care to ensure equipment properly maintains their organs until they\u2019re collected. <br><br><b>What if something goes wrong?<\/b> <br><br>The donor agency and transplant surgeons arriving to retrieve organs must check records of how death was determined. Anyone \u2013 donor hospital employees, donor agency staff or surgeons \u2013 who sees anything concerning is supposed to speak up immediately. <br><br>\u201cThis is extremely rare,\u201d Dr. Ginny Bumgardner, an Ohio State University transplant surgeon who also leads the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, said of the Kentucky case. <br><br>In operating rooms \u201cthe whole process stops\u201d if someone sees a hint of trouble, and independent doctors are called to doublecheck the person really is dead, Bumgardner said. In her 30-year career, \u201cI\u2019ve never had a case where the original declaration was wrong.\u201d <br><br>Georgetown\u2019s Sulmasy agreed problems are infrequent. But he said there\u2019s wide variation in what tests different hospitals perform to determine if someone\u2019s brain-dead, whether they\u2019re a potential organ donor or not. Doctors are debating whether to add additional test requirements. <br><br>Stricter criteria could \u201cassure the public that we have done enormous due diligence before we determine that somebody\u2019s dead,\u201d he said. It could help \u201cto get people to stop ripping up their organ donor cards.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.6689300537109375e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'c1bef199-13c0-4363-9b74-6b7fe6fb2067', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0005441865068860352, 'sentence': 'Transplant experts are seeing a spike in people revoking organ donor registrations, their confidence shaken by reports that organs were nearly retrieved from a Kentucky man mistakenly declared dead.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000379180972231552, 'sentence': '<br><br>It happened in 2021 and while details are murky surgery was avoided and the man is still alive.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00038894073804840446, 'sentence': 'But donor registries in the U.S. and even across the Atlantic are being impacted after the case was publicized recently.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005133412778377533, 'sentence': 'A drop in donations could cost the lives of people awaiting a transplant.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00043842586455866694, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cOrgan donation is based on public trust,\u201d said Dorrie Dils, president of the Association of Organ Procurement Organizations, or OPOs.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004930335562676191, 'sentence': \"When eroded, \u201cit takes years to regain.\u201d <br><br>Only doctors caring for patients can determine if they're dead -- the law blocks anyone involved with organ donation or transplant.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006679339567199349, 'sentence': \"The allegations raise questions about how doctors make that determination and what's supposed to happen if anyone sees a reason for doubt.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007613042835146189, 'sentence': '<br><br>Key is ensuring \u201call doctors are doing the right tests and doing them well,\u201d said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, a Georgetown University bioethicist.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004105527186766267, 'sentence': \"<br><br><b>An alleged near miss in Kentucky<\/b> <br><br>The 2021 case first came to light in a congressional hearing last month, with unconfirmed details in later media reports - allegations that a man who'd been declared dead days earlier woke up on the way to the operating room for organ-donation surgery and that there was initial reluctance to realize it.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00027146271895617247, 'sentence': \"<br><br>The federal agency that regulates the U.S. transplant system is investigating, and the Kentucky attorney general's office said it is \u201creviewing the facts to identify an appropriate response.\u201d A coalition of OPOs and other donation groups is urging that findings be made public quickly and the public withhold judgment until then, saying any deviation from the industry's strict standards would be \u201centirely unacceptable.\u201d <br><br><b>The number of people opting out of organ donation has spiked<\/b> <br><br>Donate Life America found an average of 170 people a day removed themselves from the national donor registry in the week following media coverage of the allegations - 10 times more than the same week in 2023.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005205326015129685, 'sentence': \"That doesn't include emailed removal requests or state registries, another way people can volunteer to become a donor when they eventually die.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014038589142728597, 'sentence': \"<br><br>Dils' own organ agency, Gift of Life Michigan, usually gets five to 10 calls a week from people asking how to remove themselves from that state's list.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014365019160322845, 'sentence': 'In the last week, her staff handled 57 such calls, many mentioning the Kentucky case.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001352943218080327, 'sentence': '<br><br><b>The Kentucky allegations reverberated in France<\/b> <br><br>Unlike the voluntary U.S. donation system, French law presumes all citizens and residents will be organ and tissue donors upon death unless they clearly opt out.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001790371461538598, 'sentence': \"<br><br>After the reports from Kentucky reached France, the number joining that nation's donation refusal registry jumped from about 100 people a day to 1,000 a day in the past week, according to the French Biomedicine Agency.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011883901606779546, 'sentence': '<br><br>Dr.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015031677321530879, 'sentence': \"R\u00e9gis Bronchard, an agency deputy director, said the spike \u201creflects anxiety, incomprehension among the general public\u201d that could have \u201ccatastrophic consequences.\u201d <br><br><b>What's supposed to happen after death and before organ donation<\/b> <br><br>Doctors can declare two types of death.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001801694161258638, 'sentence': \"What's called cardiac death occurs when the heart stops beating and breathing stops, and they can't be restored.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00020027748541906476, 'sentence': '<br><br>Brain death is declared when the entire brain permanently ceases functioning, usually after a major traumatic injury or stroke.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00026498539955355227, 'sentence': 'Ventilators and other machines keep the heart beating during special testing to tell.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019282742869108915, 'sentence': '<br><br>Only about 1% of deaths occur in a way that allows someone to become an organ donor - most people declared dead in a hospital will quickly be transferred to a funeral home or morgue.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001696354302112013, 'sentence': '<br><br>But most organ donations are from brain-dead donors.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00035079166991636157, 'sentence': \"Only after that declaration does the donor agency assume responsibility for the deceased, looking for potential recipients and scheduling retrieval surgery \u1173 while typically nurses at the hospital where the person died continue care to ensure equipment properly maintains their organs until they're collected.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002289032272528857, 'sentence': '<br><br><b>What if something goes wrong?<\/b> <br><br>The donor agency and transplant surgeons arriving to retrieve organs must check records of how death was determined.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003712634788826108, 'sentence': 'Anyone - donor hospital employees, donor agency staff or surgeons - who sees anything concerning is supposed to speak up immediately.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.2186221283627674e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cThis is extremely rare,\u201d Dr. Ginny Bumgardner, an Ohio State University transplant surgeon who also leads the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, said of the Kentucky case.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.0722025763243437e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>In operating rooms \u201cthe whole process stops\u201d if someone sees a hint of trouble, and independent doctors are called to doublecheck the person really is dead, Bumgardner said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.1503499990794808e-05, 'sentence': \"In her 30-year career, \u201cI've never had a case where the original declaration was wrong.\u201d <br><br>Georgetown's Sulmasy agreed problems are infrequent.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.2301004971959628e-05, 'sentence': \"But he said there's wide variation in what tests different hospitals perform to determine if someone's brain-dead, whether they're a potential organ donor or not.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.2630756828002632e-05, 'sentence': 'Doctors are debating whether to add additional test requirements.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.1801320397353265e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>Stricter criteria could \u201cassure the public that we have done enormous due diligence before we determine that somebody's dead,\u201d he said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.4950380318623502e-05, 'sentence': 'It could help \u201cto get people to stop ripping up their organ donor cards.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 32, 'completely_generated_prob': 2.402550696571401e-28}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.006608679833334143, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9933913201666659, 'ai': 0.006608679833334143, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9933913201666659, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.006608679833334143, 'human': 0.9933913201666659, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Transplant experts are seeing a spike in people revoking organ donor registrations, their confidence shaken by reports that organs were nearly retrieved from a Kentucky man mistakenly declared dead. <br><br>It happened in 2021 and while details are murky surgery was avoided and the man is still alive. But donor registries in the U.S. and even across the Atlantic are being impacted after the case was publicized recently. A drop in donations could cost the lives of people awaiting a transplant. <br><br>\u201cOrgan donation is based on public trust,\u201d said Dorrie Dils, president of the Association of Organ Procurement Organizations, or OPOs. When eroded, \u201cit takes years to regain.\u201d <br><br>Only doctors caring for patients can determine if they\u2019re dead -- the law blocks anyone involved with organ donation or transplant. The allegations raise questions about how doctors make that determination and what\u2019s supposed to happen if anyone sees a reason for doubt. <br><br>Key is ensuring \u201call doctors are doing the right tests and doing them well,\u201d said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, a Georgetown University bioethicist. <br><br><b>An alleged near miss in Kentucky<\/b> <br><br>The 2021 case first came to light in a congressional hearing last month, with unconfirmed details in later media reports \u2013 allegations that a man who\u2019d been declared dead days earlier woke up on the way to the operating room for organ-donation surgery and that there was initial reluctance to realize it. <br><br>The federal agency that regulates the U.S. transplant system is investigating, and the Kentucky attorney general\u2019s office said it is \u201creviewing the facts to identify an appropriate response.\u201d A coalition of OPOs and other donation groups is urging that findings be made public quickly and the public withhold judgment until then, saying any deviation from the industry\u2019s strict standards would be \u201centirely unacceptable.\u201d <br><br><b>The number of people opting out of organ donation has spiked<\/b> <br><br>Donate Life America found an average of 170 people a day removed themselves from the national donor registry in the week following media coverage of the allegations \u2013 10 times more than the same week in 2023. That doesn\u2019t include emailed removal requests or state registries, another way people can volunteer to become a donor when they eventually die. <br><br>Dils\u2019 own organ agency, Gift of Life Michigan, usually gets five to 10 calls a week from people asking how to remove themselves from that state\u2019s list. In the last week, her staff handled 57 such calls, many mentioning the Kentucky case. <br><br><b>The Kentucky allegations reverberated in France<\/b> <br><br>Unlike the voluntary U.S. donation system, French law presumes all citizens and residents will be organ and tissue donors upon death unless they clearly opt out. <br><br>After the reports from Kentucky reached France, the number joining that nation\u2019s donation refusal registry jumped from about 100 people a day to 1,000 a day in the past week, according to the French Biomedicine Agency. <br><br>Dr. R\u00e9gis Bronchard, an agency deputy director, said the spike \u201creflects anxiety, incomprehension among the general public\u201d that could have \u201ccatastrophic consequences.\u201d <br><br><b>What\u2019s supposed to happen after death and before organ donation<\/b> <br><br>Doctors can declare two types of death. What\u2019s called cardiac death occurs when the heart stops beating and breathing stops, and they can\u2019t be restored. <br><br>Brain death is declared when the entire brain permanently ceases functioning, usually after a major traumatic injury or stroke. Ventilators and other machines keep the heart beating during special testing to tell. <br><br>Only about 1% of deaths occur in a way that allows someone to become an organ donor \u2013 most people declared dead in a hospital will quickly be transferred to a funeral home or morgue. <br><br>But most organ donations are from brain-dead donors. Only after that declaration does the donor agency assume responsibility for the deceased, looking for potential recipients and scheduling retrieval surgery \u2014 while typically nurses at the hospital where the person died continue care to ensure equipment properly maintains their organs until they\u2019re collected. <br><br><b>What if something goes wrong?<\/b> <br><br>The donor agency and transplant surgeons arriving to retrieve organs must check records of how death was determined. Anyone \u2013 donor hospital employees, donor agency staff or surgeons \u2013 who sees anything concerning is supposed to speak up immediately. <br><br>\u201cThis is extremely rare,\u201d Dr. Ginny Bumgardner, an Ohio State University transplant surgeon who also leads the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, said of the Kentucky case. <br><br>In operating rooms \u201cthe whole process stops\u201d if someone sees a hint of trouble, and independent doctors are called to doublecheck the person really is dead, Bumgardner said. In her 30-year career, \u201cI\u2019ve never had a case where the original declaration was wrong.\u201d <br><br>Georgetown\u2019s Sulmasy agreed problems are infrequent. But he said there\u2019s wide variation in what tests different hospitals perform to determine if someone\u2019s brain-dead, whether they\u2019re a potential organ donor or not. Doctors are debating whether to add additional test requirements. <br><br>Stricter criteria could \u201cassure the public that we have done enormous due diligence before we determine that somebody\u2019s dead,\u201d he said. It could help \u201cto get people to stop ripping up their organ donor cards.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8786797523,"RADAR":0.0061805584,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article contains some very unique names, none of which I have seen in any of the machine-generated articles. The quotations used are also quite natural, particularly the last paragraph where the quotations are sentence fragments that need surrounding text to make sense. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual words used by AI such as \"fostering\" and \"crucial\".\nThe contraction \"what's\" isn't normally used by AI, so I'm assuming the text is human-generated. There's missing punctuation, which is probably human error. (There's a missing comma in \"It happened in 2021...surgery was avoided.\") There's also a missing comma in \"reflects anxiety...general public.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: there are ax couple of missing commas at the beginning of the article. Strange use of a double hyphen. Some awkward and unclear phrasing like 'woke up on the way to the operating room for organ-donation surgery and that there was initial reluctance to realize it.' Use of numerals and written words in the same sentence. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I initially thought it was AI, but after thinking it over, I realized that this article was most likely human-written, especially compared to some of the previous ones I've seen in tests before. Past tense and present tense is appropriate to use if it's able to convey those facts appropriately, and many of these sentences have a good sense of flow and command of the topic, even if it doesn't have all the information available because it's reporting it as it occurs,  such as with \"while details are murky surgery was avoided and the man is still alive.\" and \"jumped from about 100 people a day to 1,000 a day in the past week.\" There is a better flow overall with it, and I feel that it's able to provide relevance to the topic without over-pushing it. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Grammar mistakes in the text that AI would not make.\nAll quotes integrated or paraphrased. No quotes are full sentences with no signal phrase."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"62":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":3,"title":"\u2018I got my life back.\u2019 Veterans with PTSD making progress thanks to service dog program","sub-title":"After working at a crowded and dangerous internment camp in Iraq, Air Force Staff Sgt. Heather O\u2019Brien brought home with her anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. ","author":"Nick Ingram and Jim Salter","source":"Associated Press","issue":-17954000,"section":"Animals","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/service-dogs-veterans-ptsd-4b9e73723549d1c7f25a1b7b8dc249d1","article":"After working at a crowded and dangerous internment camp in Iraq, Air Force Staff Sgt. Heather O\u2019Brien brought home with her anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. <br><br>A bouncy labradoodle and a Kansas City-area program helped her get back on her feet. <br><br>Dogs 4 Valor, operated through the Olathe, Kansas-based organization called The Battle Within, helps retired veterans and first responders work with their service dogs to help manage depression, anxiety and other challenges. <br><br>\u201cA lot of times the veteran with severe PTSD is homebound,\u201d said Sandra Sindeldecker, program manager for Dogs 4 Valor. \u201cThey\u2019re isolated. They\u2019re very nervous. They won\u2019t make eye contact. Some won\u2019t leave the house at all.\u201d <br><br>The program involves both group and one-on-one training. The goal is to get the veteran and the dog comfortable with each other and understanding each other. The group takes outings to help the veterans regain their footing in public places like airports. Program leaders also provide mental health therapy at no cost. <br><br>The veterans and dogs graduate in six to nine months, but group gatherings continue. <br><br>There is growing evidence of the value of service dogs for veterans with PTSD. A small study published in JAMA Network Open in June looked at a program operated by K9s For Warriors. Service dogs in the program are taught to pick up a veteran\u2019s physical signs of distress and can interrupt panic attacks and nightmares with a loving nudge. <br><br>Researchers compared 81 veterans who received service dogs with 75 veterans on the waiting list for a trained dog. After three months, PTSD symptoms improved in both groups, but the veterans with dogs saw a bigger improvement on average. <br><br>O\u2019Brien, 40, recalled that the camp where she worked in Iraq sometimes had over 20,000 detainees. Violence and rioting were common and it left her with severe anxiety. <br><br>\u201cWhen I got out of the military, I just assumed that you\u2019re supposed to be on edge all the time as a veteran,\u201d O\u2019Brien said. <br><br>O\u2019Brien\u2019s mother spotted the frisky lab-poodle mix on Facebook and convinced her daughter to adopt the dog she named Albus. Months later, O\u2019Brien learned about Dogs 4 Valor, and the pair joined the program in October 2023. <br><br>O\u2019Brien says she can now go out in public again \u2014 she even went on vacation to Branson, Missouri, \u201cthings that I never would have thought I would do really, probably ever again.\u201d <br><br>Mark Atkinson, 38, served in Afghanistan as a corporal in the Marine Corps. He returned home with PTSD and major depressive disorder, causing sleeplessness and anxiety. He adopted Lexi, now 5, in 2020. <br><br>Lexi, a muscular cane corso breed, needed Atkinson as much as he needed her. Her previous owner had kept Lexi in chains before surrendering her. Since joining Dogs 4 Valor, the two can get out together and enjoy life. <br><br>\u201cI don\u2019t really like leaving the house because I\u2019m safe there, you know?\u201d Atkinson said. \u201cAnd having Lexi has just made me get out to be more social.\u201d <br><br>Having a group of fellow veterans facing the same challenges has also helped, Atkinson said. <br><br>\u201cWe come from the same backgrounds, different branches,\u201d Atkinson said. \u201cSame issues. You know, PTSD or traumatic brain injuries. And they\u2019re all very welcoming, as well. There\u2019s no judgment.\u201d <br><br>O\u2019Brien compared living with Albus to a relationship with a sometimes pushy best friend who often wants to go out. <br><br>\u201cThe best friend constantly wants to make you do things that make you nervous,\u201d O\u2019Brien laughed, acknowledging that it is ultimately up to her. <br><br>\u201cI have to decide to walk out and just deal with life,\u201d O\u2019Brien said. \u201cAnd so that has been hard. And it still is hard from time to time, but it\u2019s it\u2019s getting manageable.\u201d <br><br>Some veterans said their family relationships have improved since they started the program. <br><br>\u201cI\u2019m able to talk, not fly off the handle and just get along with people and not be as stressed, not have as much anxiety,\u201d Atkinson said. \u201cOr even if I do, she (Lexi) is right there with me.\u201d <br><br>Timothy Siebenmorgen, 61, said his relationships also are better with help from his 1-year-old American bulldog, Rosie, and Dogs 4 Valor, which he joined in July. He served in both the Marines and the Army, deploying 18 times. <br><br>\u201cYou\u2019re in the military, kind of taught not to show weakness,\u201d Siebenmorgen said. \u201cSo you figure you can tackle everything yourself and you honestly believe that. And then you realize you can\u2019t do it on your own.\u201d <br><br>Veterans said the dogs, and the program, have given them new hope and a renewed ability to move forward. <br><br>\u201cI got my life back,\u201d O\u2019Brien said. ","id":32,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'After working at a crowded and dangerous internment camp in Iraq, Air Force Staff Sgt. Heather O\u2019Brien brought home with her anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. <br><br>A bouncy labradoodle and a Kansas City-area program helped her get back on her feet. <br><br>Dogs 4 Valor, operated through the Olathe, Kansas-based organization called The Battle Within, helps retired veterans and first responders work with their service dogs to help manage depression, anxiety and other challenges. <br><br>\u201cA lot of times the veteran with severe PTSD is homebound,\u201d said Sandra Sindeldecker, program manager for Dogs 4 Valor. \u201cThey\u2019re isolated. They\u2019re very nervous. They won\u2019t make eye contact. Some won\u2019t leave the house at all.\u201d <br><br>The program involves both group and one-on-one training. The goal is to get the veteran and the dog comfortable with each other and understanding each other. The group takes outings to help the veterans regain their footing in public places like airports. Program leaders also provide mental health therapy at no cost. <br><br>The veterans and dogs graduate in six to nine months, but group gatherings continue. <br><br>There is growing evidence of the value of service dogs for veterans with PTSD. A small study published in JAMA Network Open in June looked at a program operated by K9s For Warriors. Service dogs in the program are taught to pick up a veteran\u2019s physical signs of distress and can interrupt panic attacks and nightmares with a loving nudge. <br><br>Researchers compared 81 veterans who received service dogs with 75 veterans on the waiting list for a trained dog. After three months, PTSD symptoms improved in both groups, but the veterans with dogs saw a bigger improvement on average. <br><br>O\u2019Brien, 40, recalled that the camp where she worked in Iraq sometimes had over 20,000 detainees. Violence and rioting were common and it left her with severe anxiety. <br><br>\u201cWhen I got out of the military, I just assumed that you\u2019re supposed to be on edge all the time as a veteran,\u201d O\u2019Brien said. <br><br>O\u2019Brien\u2019s mother spotted the frisky lab-poodle mix on Facebook and convinced her daughter to adopt the dog she named Albus. Months later, O\u2019Brien learned about Dogs 4 Valor, and the pair joined the program in October 2023. <br><br>O\u2019Brien says she can now go out in public again \u2014 she even went on vacation to Branson, Missouri, \u201cthings that I never would have thought I would do really, probably ever again.\u201d <br><br>Mark Atkinson, 38, served in Afghanistan as a corporal in the Marine Corps. He returned home with PTSD and major depressive disorder, causing sleeplessness and anxiety. He adopted Lexi, now 5, in 2020. <br><br>Lexi, a muscular cane corso breed, needed Atkinson as much as he needed her. Her previous owner had kept Lexi in chains before surrendering her. Since joining Dogs 4 Valor, the two can get out together and enjoy life. <br><br>\u201cI don\u2019t really like leaving the house because I\u2019m safe there, you know?\u201d Atkinson said. \u201cAnd having Lexi has just made me get out to be more social.\u201d <br><br>Having a group of fellow veterans facing the same challenges has also helped, Atkinson said. <br><br>\u201cWe come from the same backgrounds, different branches,\u201d Atkinson said. \u201cSame issues. You know, PTSD or traumatic brain injuries. And they\u2019re all very welcoming, as well. There\u2019s no judgment.\u201d <br><br>O\u2019Brien compared living with Albus to a relationship with a sometimes pushy best friend who often wants to go out. <br><br>\u201cThe best friend constantly wants to make you do things that make you nervous,\u201d O\u2019Brien laughed, acknowledging that it is ultimately up to her. <br><br>\u201cI have to decide to walk out and just deal with life,\u201d O\u2019Brien said. \u201cAnd so that has been hard. And it still is hard from time to time, but it\u2019s it\u2019s getting manageable.\u201d <br><br>Some veterans said their family relationships have improved since they started the program. <br><br>\u201cI\u2019m able to talk, not fly off the handle and just get along with people and not be as stressed, not have as much anxiety,\u201d Atkinson said. \u201cOr even if I do, she (Lexi) is right there with me.\u201d <br><br>Timothy Siebenmorgen, 61, said his relationships also are better with help from his 1-year-old American bulldog, Rosie, and Dogs 4 Valor, which he joined in July. He served in both the Marines and the Army, deploying 18 times. <br><br>\u201cYou\u2019re in the military, kind of taught not to show weakness,\u201d Siebenmorgen said. \u201cSo you figure you can tackle everything yourself and you honestly believe that. And then you realize you can\u2019t do it on your own.\u201d <br><br>Veterans said the dogs, and the program, have given them new hope and a renewed ability to move forward. <br><br>\u201cI got my life back,\u201d O\u2019Brien said. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.3947486877441406e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'After working at a crowded and dangerous internment camp in Iraq, Air Force Staff Sgt. Heather O\u2019Brien brought home with her anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. <br><br>A bouncy labradoodle and a Kansas City-area program helped her get back on her feet. <br><br>Dogs 4 Valor, operated through the Olathe, Kansas-based organization called The Battle Within, helps retired veterans and first responders work with their service dogs to help manage depression, anxiety and other challenges. <br><br>\u201cA lot of times the veteran with severe PTSD is homebound,\u201d said Sandra Sindeldecker, program manager for Dogs 4 Valor. \u201cThey\u2019re isolated. They\u2019re very nervous. They won\u2019t make eye contact. Some won\u2019t leave the house at all.\u201d <br><br>The program involves both group and one-on-one training. The goal is to get the veteran and the dog comfortable with each other and understanding each other. The group takes outings to help the veterans regain their footing in public places like airports. Program leaders also provide mental health therapy at no cost. <br><br>The veterans and dogs graduate in six to nine months, but group gatherings continue. <br><br>There is growing evidence of the value of service dogs for veterans with PTSD. A small study published in JAMA Network Open in June looked at a program operated by K9s For Warriors. Service dogs in the program are taught to pick up a veteran\u2019s physical signs of distress and can interrupt panic attacks and nightmares with a loving nudge. <br><br>Researchers compared 81 veterans who received service dogs with 75 veterans on the waiting list for a trained dog. After three months, PTSD symptoms improved in both groups, but the veterans with dogs saw a bigger improvement on average. <br><br>O\u2019Brien, 40, recalled that the camp where she worked in Iraq sometimes had over 20,000 detainees. Violence and rioting were common and it left her with severe anxiety. <br><br>\u201cWhen I got out of the military, I just assumed that you\u2019re supposed to be on edge all the time as a veteran,\u201d O\u2019Brien said. <br><br>O\u2019Brien\u2019s mother spotted the frisky lab-poodle mix on Facebook and convinced her daughter to adopt the dog she named Albus. Months later, O\u2019Brien learned about Dogs 4 Valor, and the pair joined the program in October 2023. <br><br>O\u2019Brien says she can now go out in public again \u2014 she even went on vacation to Branson, Missouri, \u201cthings that I never would have thought I would do really, probably ever again.\u201d <br><br>Mark Atkinson, 38, served in Afghanistan as a corporal in the Marine Corps. He returned home with PTSD and major depressive disorder, causing sleeplessness and anxiety. He adopted Lexi, now 5, in 2020. <br><br>Lexi, a muscular cane corso breed, needed Atkinson as much as he needed her. Her previous owner had kept Lexi in chains before surrendering her. Since joining Dogs 4 Valor, the two can get out together and enjoy life. <br><br>\u201cI don\u2019t really like leaving the house because I\u2019m safe there, you know?\u201d Atkinson said. \u201cAnd having Lexi has just made me get out to be more social.\u201d <br><br>Having a group of fellow veterans facing the same challenges has also helped, Atkinson said. <br><br>\u201cWe come from the same backgrounds, different branches,\u201d Atkinson said. \u201cSame issues. You know, PTSD or traumatic brain injuries. And they\u2019re all very welcoming, as well. There\u2019s no judgment.\u201d <br><br>O\u2019Brien compared living with Albus to a relationship with a sometimes pushy best friend who often wants to go out. <br><br>\u201cThe best friend constantly wants to make you do things that make you nervous,\u201d O\u2019Brien laughed, acknowledging that it is ultimately up to her. <br><br>\u201cI have to decide to walk out and just deal with life,\u201d O\u2019Brien said. \u201cAnd so that has been hard. And it still is hard from time to time, but it\u2019s it\u2019s getting manageable.\u201d <br><br>Some veterans said their family relationships have improved since they started the program. <br><br>\u201cI\u2019m able to talk, not fly off the handle and just get along with people and not be as stressed, not have as much anxiety,\u201d Atkinson said. \u201cOr even if I do, she (Lexi) is right there with me.\u201d <br><br>Timothy Siebenmorgen, 61, said his relationships also are better with help from his 1-year-old American bulldog, Rosie, and Dogs 4 Valor, which he joined in July. He served in both the Marines and the Army, deploying 18 times. <br><br>\u201cYou\u2019re in the military, kind of taught not to show weakness,\u201d Siebenmorgen said. \u201cSo you figure you can tackle everything yourself and you honestly believe that. And then you realize you can\u2019t do it on your own.\u201d <br><br>Veterans said the dogs, and the program, have given them new hope and a renewed ability to move forward. <br><br>\u201cI got my life back,\u201d O\u2019Brien said. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.9669532775878906e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'ce05c93e-446d-47ba-a6b8-5fce77ea5f94', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.8048845453886315e-05, 'sentence': 'After working at a crowded and dangerous internment camp in Iraq, Air Force Staff Sgt.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.800809124892112e-05, 'sentence': \"Heather O'Brien brought home with her anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.3552835045848042e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>A bouncy labradoodle and a Kansas City-area program helped her get back on her feet.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.5839050067588687e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Dogs 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'human': 0.976514504613337, 'mixed': 0.0007499477277732243}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'After working at a crowded and dangerous internment camp in Iraq, Air Force Staff Sgt. Heather O\u2019Brien brought home with her anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. <br><br>A bouncy labradoodle and a Kansas City-area program helped her get back on her feet. <br><br>Dogs 4 Valor, operated through the Olathe, Kansas-based organization called The Battle Within, helps retired veterans and first responders work with their service dogs to help manage depression, anxiety and other challenges. <br><br>\u201cA lot of times the veteran with severe PTSD is homebound,\u201d said Sandra Sindeldecker, program manager for Dogs 4 Valor. \u201cThey\u2019re isolated. They\u2019re very nervous. They won\u2019t make eye contact. Some won\u2019t leave the house at all.\u201d <br><br>The program involves both group and one-on-one training. The goal is to get the veteran and the dog comfortable with each other and understanding each other. The group takes outings to help the veterans regain their footing in public places like airports. Program leaders also provide mental health therapy at no cost. <br><br>The veterans and dogs graduate in six to nine months, but group gatherings continue. <br><br>There is growing evidence of the value of service dogs for veterans with PTSD. A small study published in JAMA Network Open in June looked at a program operated by K9s For Warriors. Service dogs in the program are taught to pick up a veteran\u2019s physical signs of distress and can interrupt panic attacks and nightmares with a loving nudge. <br><br>Researchers compared 81 veterans who received service dogs with 75 veterans on the waiting list for a trained dog. After three months, PTSD symptoms improved in both groups, but the veterans with dogs saw a bigger improvement on average. <br><br>O\u2019Brien, 40, recalled that the camp where she worked in Iraq sometimes had over 20,000 detainees. Violence and rioting were common and it left her with severe anxiety. <br><br>\u201cWhen I got out of the military, I just assumed that you\u2019re supposed to be on edge all the time as a veteran,\u201d O\u2019Brien said. <br><br>O\u2019Brien\u2019s mother spotted the frisky lab-poodle mix on Facebook and convinced her daughter to adopt the dog she named Albus. Months later, O\u2019Brien learned about Dogs 4 Valor, and the pair joined the program in October 2023. <br><br>O\u2019Brien says she can now go out in public again \u2014 she even went on vacation to Branson, Missouri, \u201cthings that I never would have thought I would do really, probably ever again.\u201d <br><br>Mark Atkinson, 38, served in Afghanistan as a corporal in the Marine Corps. He returned home with PTSD and major depressive disorder, causing sleeplessness and anxiety. He adopted Lexi, now 5, in 2020. <br><br>Lexi, a muscular cane corso breed, needed Atkinson as much as he needed her. Her previous owner had kept Lexi in chains before surrendering her. Since joining Dogs 4 Valor, the two can get out together and enjoy life. <br><br>\u201cI don\u2019t really like leaving the house because I\u2019m safe there, you know?\u201d Atkinson said. \u201cAnd having Lexi has just made me get out to be more social.\u201d <br><br>Having a group of fellow veterans facing the same challenges has also helped, Atkinson said. <br><br>\u201cWe come from the same backgrounds, different branches,\u201d Atkinson said. \u201cSame issues. You know, PTSD or traumatic brain injuries. And they\u2019re all very welcoming, as well. There\u2019s no judgment.\u201d <br><br>O\u2019Brien compared living with Albus to a relationship with a sometimes pushy best friend who often wants to go out. <br><br>\u201cThe best friend constantly wants to make you do things that make you nervous,\u201d O\u2019Brien laughed, acknowledging that it is ultimately up to her. <br><br>\u201cI have to decide to walk out and just deal with life,\u201d O\u2019Brien said. \u201cAnd so that has been hard. And it still is hard from time to time, but it\u2019s it\u2019s getting manageable.\u201d <br><br>Some veterans said their family relationships have improved since they started the program. <br><br>\u201cI\u2019m able to talk, not fly off the handle and just get along with people and not be as stressed, not have as much anxiety,\u201d Atkinson said. \u201cOr even if I do, she (Lexi) is right there with me.\u201d <br><br>Timothy Siebenmorgen, 61, said his relationships also are better with help from his 1-year-old American bulldog, Rosie, and Dogs 4 Valor, which he joined in July. He served in both the Marines and the Army, deploying 18 times. <br><br>\u201cYou\u2019re in the military, kind of taught not to show weakness,\u201d Siebenmorgen said. \u201cSo you figure you can tackle everything yourself and you honestly believe that. And then you realize you can\u2019t do it on your own.\u201d <br><br>Veterans said the dogs, and the program, have given them new hope and a renewed ability to move forward. <br><br>\u201cI got my life back,\u201d O\u2019Brien said. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8934000134,"RADAR":0.0058278912,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Based on the number of times \"O'Brien said\" is used, I believe this article to be human-generated. The quotations also  use filler phrases such as \"kind of\" which makes them seem more human. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Many sentences start with \"And\" which hints at a human author. Also, the staccato use of several short sentences one after the other sounds human: \"They're isolated...leave the house at all.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: There's some missing punctuation in the first sentence that makes it difficult to read. Adjectives like 'bouncy'. No Oxford comma. Choppy sentences. Varied paragraph length. Awkward phrasing like 'The goal is to get the veteran and the dog comfortable with each other and understanding each other.' Filler words like 'even' and 'really'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am very confident this is human-written. For me, the dialogue helps convince me. Through quotes such as \"I don\u2019t really like leaving the house because I\u2019m safe there, you know?\" and \"\u201cI have to decide to walk out and just deal with life,\u201d help because by reading the quotes, I can hear their voices and understand the thoughts and feelings behind the person, get a glimpse at who they are, what they experienced. Also, the inclusion of details such as the various dogs' names, breed, and age, help ground me in the story. The article's pace and tone is slow, but immersive, and the language use overall helps clarify every detail that needed to show the story to others. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The structure is not immediately identifiable as machine-authored but the remaining oddities probably are. Humans are \"kept IN chains\", animals are kept ON a chain. The Cane Corso (always written with capital letters) is a mastiff breed (of which there are about 20). \"Walk out\" is a phrasal verb that means to go on a strike. As these are errors related to idiomatic usage I will attribute them to AI. But they could  be human too."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"63":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":4,"title":"Frogs Kick Back Against Lethal Fungus ","sub-title":"Scientists are seeing signs of resistance to the infections that have been wiping out the world\u2019s amphibian populations \u2014 and developing strategies to aid in the fight Down Under.","author":"Martin J. Kernan","source":"Discover","issue":-17954000,"section":"Planet Earth","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/planet-earth\/frogs-kick-back-against-lethal-fungus","article":"More than three decades ago, amphibian researchers from around the globe converged on Canterbury, England, for the first World Congress of Herpetology \u2014 and, over drinks, shared the same frightening tale. <br><br>Frogs were disappearing in the wild, and no one could explain why. <br><br>It was \u201ca scary time,\u201d recalls Australian veterinary scientist Lee Berger, who in the 1990s was one of the first to identify the culprit: a water-borne chytrid fungus known as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, or Bd. <br><br>Scientists know now that the stealthy menace originated in east Asia and was probably spread inadvertently by people to every continent except Antarctica. <br><br>The parasitic fungus can be as transmissible as it is lethal, wiping out entire populations of some frogs in a matter of weeks. And until recently it has proved largely unstoppable. Despite more than 25 years of intense study, conservationists haven\u2019t devised a panacea that can prevent Bd infections or save populations of frogs after they contract the Bd-caused skin disease chytridiomycosis. <br><br>Bd has been implicated in the decline and possible extinction of around 200 frog species. <br><br>Yet today, Berger and other researchers see grounds for optimism. There\u2019s evidence that some frogs are naturally evolving resistance. Scientists are also trying to exploit the fungus\u2019s sensitivity to temperature by building Bd-free habitats or moving frogs to locales where the fungus can\u2019t survive. Still others are investigating viruses that attack Bd and eventually might be used to reduce its virulence. These innovative strategies are emerging like slimy glimmers of hope on an otherwise gloomy landscape. <br><br>Chytridiomycosis kills because skin is an integral part of a frog\u2019s cardiovascular system. When chytrid fungus colonizes the skin, electrolytes can\u2019t get absorbed. This disrupts the heart\u2019s electrical rhythms, and the animals die of heart failure. <br><br>But though ruthlessly efficient at killing off some frog species, the fungus is highly vulnerable to heat: Temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius (about 85 degrees Fahrenheit) slow disease progression. <br><br>The armoured mist frog in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia, appears to have shifted habitats, allowing it to take advantage of this fungal Achilles\u2019 heel. The frog \u2014 thought extinct for almost 20 years \u2014 no longer dwells in shaded areas near the forest\u2019s mountain waterfalls. But a population persists in warmer, sun-drenched areas. Perhaps that\u2019s because the frogs can rest on sunbaked rocks through the night, which elevates their body temperatures enough to stave off Bd, says biologist Conrad Hoskin of James Cook University in Queensland. <br><br>Since 2013, Hoskin has been transplanting armoured mist frogs from the surviving population into new, similarly sunny habitats and closely monitoring the health of these new colonies. <br><br>In a larger effort, Hoskin and colleagues recently assessed the habitat ranges of 55 eastern Australian frog species, including 25 affected by Bd. They found that even though the fungus has curtailed the ranges of afflicted species, they are persisting in warmer lower elevations with more rain. <br><br>Other researchers have also tried moving groups of Bd-infected frogs, either to salvage dying populations or to spread recovering ones. Of 15 relocations attempted in Australia over the last 20-odd years, seven populations are holding on and three are thriving. <br><br>Providing frogs with amenities has also helped. Conservation biologist Anthony Waddle of Macquarie University in Sydney built heat shelters from large bricks prefabricated with holes that just happen to be the perfect size for green and golden bell frogs. Sick frogs that hung out in these \u201cfrog saunas\u201d had lower infection loads than those that convalesced in the shade, Waddle and colleagues reported in 2024 in Nature. <br><br>As this incremental progress continues, scientists are racing to figure out why some frog species are more susceptible to Bd than others. Conservation biologist Tiffany Kosch, who works with Berger at the One Health Research Group at the University of Melbourne veterinary school, is taking a genetic approach. Kosch recently sequenced the genome of the southern corroboree \u2014 a black and brilliantly yellow frog of which 50 or fewer survive in the wild. If the scientists can learn which particular versions of genes are associated with Bd resistance, they could breed and release resistant frogs, or even engineer Bd resistance into the southern corroborees. Researchers also have discovered a virus of fungi that appears to infect weaker strains of Bd \u2014 pathogens for the pathogen, in other words. While harnessing such viruses to help fight Bd is a long way off, it might one day be another weapon. \u201cIn the science fiction version, you spray the virus in the field and the frogs all survive \u2014 that\u2019s the hope,\u201d says University of California, Riverside, mycologist Jason Stajich, coauthor of a recent report on the virus in Current Biology. Berger, who coauthored an update on Australian frogs and Bd in the 2024 Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, says that that despite the losses, optimism is key to working in conservation. \u201cYou have to make a choice to focus on the positives. Indeed, there\u2019s a lot more work to be done to avoid further declines and extinctions, says ecologist Andrea Adams of the University of California, Santa Barbara. \u201cWe can\u2019t afford to take a hands-off approach.\u201d ","id":33,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'More than three decades ago, amphibian researchers from around the globe converged on Canterbury, England, for the first World Congress of Herpetology \u2014 and, over drinks, shared the same frightening tale. <br><br>Frogs were disappearing in the wild, and no one could explain why. <br><br>It was \u201ca scary time,\u201d recalls Australian veterinary scientist Lee Berger, who in the 1990s was one of the first to identify the culprit: a water-borne chytrid fungus known as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, or Bd. <br><br>Scientists know now that the stealthy menace originated in east Asia and was probably spread inadvertently by people to every continent except Antarctica. <br><br>The parasitic fungus can be as transmissible as it is lethal, wiping out entire populations of some frogs in a matter of weeks. And until recently it has proved largely unstoppable. Despite more than 25 years of intense study, conservationists haven\u2019t devised a panacea that can prevent Bd infections or save populations of frogs after they contract the Bd-caused skin disease chytridiomycosis. <br><br>Bd has been implicated in the decline and possible extinction of around 200 frog species. <br><br>Yet today, Berger and other researchers see grounds for optimism. There\u2019s evidence that some frogs are naturally evolving resistance. Scientists are also trying to exploit the fungus\u2019s sensitivity to temperature by building Bd-free habitats or moving frogs to locales where the fungus can\u2019t survive. Still others are investigating viruses that attack Bd and eventually might be used to reduce its virulence. These innovative strategies are emerging like slimy glimmers of hope on an otherwise gloomy landscape. <br><br>Chytridiomycosis kills because skin is an integral part of a frog\u2019s cardiovascular system. When chytrid fungus colonizes the skin, electrolytes can\u2019t get absorbed. This disrupts the heart\u2019s electrical rhythms, and the animals die of heart failure. <br><br>But though ruthlessly efficient at killing off some frog species, the fungus is highly vulnerable to heat: Temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius (about 85 degrees Fahrenheit) slow disease progression. <br><br>The armoured mist frog in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia, appears to have shifted habitats, allowing it to take advantage of this fungal Achilles\u2019 heel. The frog \u2014 thought extinct for almost 20 years \u2014 no longer dwells in shaded areas near the forest\u2019s mountain waterfalls. But a population persists in warmer, sun-drenched areas. Perhaps that\u2019s because the frogs can rest on sunbaked rocks through the night, which elevates their body temperatures enough to stave off Bd, says biologist Conrad Hoskin of James Cook University in Queensland. <br><br>Since 2013, Hoskin has been transplanting armoured mist frogs from the surviving population into new, similarly sunny habitats and closely monitoring the health of these new colonies. <br><br>In a larger effort, Hoskin and colleagues recently assessed the habitat ranges of 55 eastern Australian frog species, including 25 affected by Bd. They found that even though the fungus has curtailed the ranges of afflicted species, they are persisting in warmer lower elevations with more rain. <br><br>Other researchers have also tried moving groups of Bd-infected frogs, either to salvage dying populations or to spread recovering ones. Of 15 relocations attempted in Australia over the last 20-odd years, seven populations are holding on and three are thriving. <br><br>Providing frogs with amenities has also helped. Conservation biologist Anthony Waddle of Macquarie University in Sydney built heat shelters from large bricks prefabricated with holes that just happen to be the perfect size for green and golden bell frogs. Sick frogs that hung out in these \u201cfrog saunas\u201d had lower infection loads than those that convalesced in the shade, Waddle and colleagues reported in 2024 in Nature. <br><br>As this incremental progress continues, scientists are racing to figure out why some frog species are more susceptible to Bd than others. Conservation biologist Tiffany Kosch, who works with Berger at the One Health Research Group at the University of Melbourne veterinary school, is taking a genetic approach. Kosch recently sequenced the genome of the southern corroboree \u2014 a black and brilliantly yellow frog of which 50 or fewer survive in the wild. If the scientists can learn which particular versions of genes are associated with Bd resistance, they could breed and release resistant frogs, or even engineer Bd resistance into the southern corroborees. Researchers also have discovered a virus of fungi that appears to infect weaker strains of Bd \u2014 pathogens for the pathogen, in other words. While harnessing such viruses to help fight Bd is a long way off, it might one day be another weapon. \u201cIn the science fiction version, you spray the virus in the field and the frogs all survive \u2014 that\u2019s the hope,\u201d says University of California, Riverside, mycologist Jason Stajich, coauthor of a recent report on the virus in Current Biology. Berger, who coauthored an update on Australian frogs and Bd in the 2024 Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, says that that despite the losses, optimism is key to working in conservation. \u201cYou have to make a choice to focus on the positives. Indeed, there\u2019s a lot more work to be done to avoid further declines and extinctions, says ecologist Andrea Adams of the University of California, Santa Barbara. \u201cWe can\u2019t afford to take a hands-off approach.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 3.737211227416992e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'More than three decades ago, amphibian researchers from around the globe converged on Canterbury, England, for the first World Congress of Herpetology \u2014 and, over drinks, shared the same frightening tale. <br><br>Frogs were disappearing in the wild, and no one could explain why. <br><br>It was \u201ca scary time,\u201d recalls Australian veterinary scientist Lee Berger, who in the 1990s was one of the first to identify the culprit: a water-borne chytrid fungus known as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, or Bd. <br><br>Scientists know now that the stealthy menace originated in east Asia and was probably spread inadvertently by people to every continent except Antarctica. <br><br>The parasitic fungus can be as transmissible as it is lethal, wiping out entire populations of some frogs in a matter of weeks. And until recently it has proved largely unstoppable. Despite more than 25 years of intense study, conservationists haven\u2019t devised a panacea that can prevent Bd infections or save populations of frogs after they contract the Bd-caused skin disease chytridiomycosis. <br><br>Bd has been implicated in the decline and possible extinction of around 200 frog species. <br><br>Yet today, Berger and other researchers see grounds for optimism. There\u2019s evidence that some frogs are naturally evolving resistance. Scientists are also trying to exploit the fungus\u2019s sensitivity to temperature by building Bd-free habitats or moving frogs to locales where the fungus can\u2019t survive. Still others are investigating viruses that attack Bd and eventually might be used to reduce its virulence. These innovative strategies are emerging like slimy glimmers of hope on an otherwise gloomy landscape. <br><br>Chytridiomycosis kills because skin is an integral part of a frog\u2019s cardiovascular system. When chytrid fungus colonizes the skin, electrolytes can\u2019t get absorbed. This disrupts the heart\u2019s electrical rhythms, and the animals die of heart failure. <br><br>But though ruthlessly efficient at killing off some frog species, the fungus is highly vulnerable to heat: Temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius (about 85 degrees Fahrenheit) slow disease progression. <br><br>The armoured mist frog in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia, appears to have shifted habitats, allowing it to take advantage of this fungal Achilles\u2019 heel. The frog \u2014 thought extinct for almost 20 years \u2014 no longer dwells in shaded areas near the forest\u2019s mountain waterfalls. But a population persists in warmer, sun-drenched areas. Perhaps that\u2019s because the frogs can rest on sunbaked rocks through the night, which elevates their body temperatures enough to stave off Bd, says biologist Conrad Hoskin of James Cook University in Queensland. <br><br>Since 2013, Hoskin has been transplanting armoured mist frogs from the surviving population into new, similarly sunny habitats and closely monitoring the health of these new colonies. <br><br>In a larger effort, Hoskin and colleagues recently assessed the habitat ranges of 55 eastern Australian frog species, including 25 affected by Bd. They found that even though the fungus has curtailed the ranges of afflicted species, they are persisting in warmer lower elevations with more rain. <br><br>Other researchers have also tried moving groups of Bd-infected frogs, either to salvage dying populations or to spread recovering ones. Of 15 relocations attempted in Australia over the last 20-odd years, seven populations are holding on and three are thriving. <br><br>Providing frogs with amenities has also helped. Conservation biologist Anthony Waddle of Macquarie University in Sydney built heat shelters from large bricks prefabricated with holes that just happen to be the perfect size for green and golden bell frogs. Sick frogs that hung out in these \u201cfrog saunas\u201d had lower infection loads than those that convalesced in the shade, Waddle and colleagues reported in 2024 in Nature. <br><br>As this incremental progress continues, scientists are racing to figure out why some frog species are more susceptible to Bd than others. Conservation biologist Tiffany Kosch, who works with Berger at the One Health Research Group at the University of Melbourne veterinary school, is taking a genetic approach. Kosch recently sequenced the genome of the southern corroboree \u2014 a black and brilliantly yellow frog of which 50 or fewer survive in the wild. If the scientists can learn which particular versions of genes are associated with Bd resistance, they could breed and release resistant frogs, or even engineer Bd resistance into the southern corroborees. Researchers also have discovered a virus of fungi that appears to infect weaker strains of Bd \u2014 pathogens for the pathogen, in other words. While harnessing such viruses to help fight Bd is a long way off, it might one day be another weapon. \u201cIn the science fiction version, you spray the virus in the field and the frogs all survive \u2014 that\u2019s the hope,\u201d says University of California, Riverside, mycologist Jason Stajich, coauthor of a recent report on the virus in Current Biology. Berger, who coauthored an update on Australian frogs and Bd in the 2024 Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, says that that despite the losses, optimism is key to working in conservation. \u201cYou have to make a choice to focus on the positives. 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disappearing in the wild, and no one could explain why. <br><br>It was \u201ca scary time,\u201d recalls Australian veterinary scientist Lee Berger, who in the 1990s was one of the first to identify the culprit: a water-borne chytrid fungus known as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, or Bd. <br><br>Scientists know now that the stealthy menace originated in east Asia and was probably spread inadvertently by people to every continent except Antarctica. <br><br>The parasitic fungus can be as transmissible as it is lethal, wiping out entire populations of some frogs in a matter of weeks. And until recently it has proved largely unstoppable. Despite more than 25 years of intense study, conservationists haven\u2019t devised a panacea that can prevent Bd infections or save populations of frogs after they contract the Bd-caused skin disease chytridiomycosis. <br><br>Bd has been implicated in the decline and possible extinction of around 200 frog species. <br><br>Yet today, Berger and other researchers see grounds for optimism. There\u2019s evidence that some frogs are naturally evolving resistance. Scientists are also trying to exploit the fungus\u2019s sensitivity to temperature by building Bd-free habitats or moving frogs to locales where the fungus can\u2019t survive. Still others are investigating viruses that attack Bd and eventually might be used to reduce its virulence. These innovative strategies are emerging like slimy glimmers of hope on an otherwise gloomy landscape. <br><br>Chytridiomycosis kills because skin is an integral part of a frog\u2019s cardiovascular system. When chytrid fungus colonizes the skin, electrolytes can\u2019t get absorbed. This disrupts the heart\u2019s electrical rhythms, and the animals die of heart failure. <br><br>But though ruthlessly efficient at killing off some frog species, the fungus is highly vulnerable to heat: Temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius (about 85 degrees Fahrenheit) slow disease progression. <br><br>The armoured mist frog in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia, appears to have shifted habitats, allowing it to take advantage of this fungal Achilles\u2019 heel. The frog \u2014 thought extinct for almost 20 years \u2014 no longer dwells in shaded areas near the forest\u2019s mountain waterfalls. But a population persists in warmer, sun-drenched areas. Perhaps that\u2019s because the frogs can rest on sunbaked rocks through the night, which elevates their body temperatures enough to stave off Bd, says biologist Conrad Hoskin of James Cook University in Queensland. <br><br>Since 2013, Hoskin has been transplanting armoured mist frogs from the surviving population into new, similarly sunny habitats and closely monitoring the health of these new colonies. <br><br>In a larger effort, Hoskin and colleagues recently assessed the habitat ranges of 55 eastern Australian frog species, including 25 affected by Bd. They found that even though the fungus has curtailed the ranges of afflicted species, they are persisting in warmer lower elevations with more rain. <br><br>Other researchers have also tried moving groups of Bd-infected frogs, either to salvage dying populations or to spread recovering ones. Of 15 relocations attempted in Australia over the last 20-odd years, seven populations are holding on and three are thriving. <br><br>Providing frogs with amenities has also helped. Conservation biologist Anthony Waddle of Macquarie University in Sydney built heat shelters from large bricks prefabricated with holes that just happen to be the perfect size for green and golden bell frogs. Sick frogs that hung out in these \u201cfrog saunas\u201d had lower infection loads than those that convalesced in the shade, Waddle and colleagues reported in 2024 in Nature. <br><br>As this incremental progress continues, scientists are racing to figure out why some frog species are more susceptible to Bd than others. Conservation biologist Tiffany Kosch, who works with Berger at the One Health Research Group at the University of Melbourne veterinary school, is taking a genetic approach. Kosch recently sequenced the genome of the southern corroboree \u2014 a black and brilliantly yellow frog of which 50 or fewer survive in the wild. If the scientists can learn which particular versions of genes are associated with Bd resistance, they could breed and release resistant frogs, or even engineer Bd resistance into the southern corroborees. Researchers also have discovered a virus of fungi that appears to infect weaker strains of Bd \u2014 pathogens for the pathogen, in other words. While harnessing such viruses to help fight Bd is a long way off, it might one day be another weapon. \u201cIn the science fiction version, you spray the virus in the field and the frogs all survive \u2014 that\u2019s the hope,\u201d says University of California, Riverside, mycologist Jason Stajich, coauthor of a recent report on the virus in Current Biology. Berger, who coauthored an update on Australian frogs and Bd in the 2024 Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, says that that despite the losses, optimism is key to working in conservation. \u201cYou have to make a choice to focus on the positives. Indeed, there\u2019s a lot more work to be done to avoid further declines and extinctions, says ecologist Andrea Adams of the University of California, Santa Barbara. \u201cWe can\u2019t afford to take a hands-off approach.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8529131413,"RADAR":0.002495399,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I went with human-generated primarily because of some of the unique phrases used like \"hung out in these 'frog saunas'\", \"like slimy glimmers of hope\", and \"the stealthy menace\". It was also quite specific about the way the disease works and the results of their work, which points more towards human-generated text."},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I see no evidence of AI writing here, such as the use of words like \"tools\", \"crucial\", \"not only...but also\", and \"fosters.\"\nThere is a rich use of vocabulary here that I haven't seen AI use. Words like \"as transmissible as it is lethal\", \"locales\", \"slimy glimmers of hope\" and \"pathogens for the pathogen\" suggest a human author."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: varied sentence and paragraph structure. Sentences that begin with 'and'. Missing or incorrect punctuation. Commas before the ands. Spaced en dashes. There's also a typo towards the end that gives it away. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am quite confident this is human-written. It contains a lot of vivid detail and descriptive imagery that packs a punch to the concern readers should feel about the topic. Phrases such as \"and, over drinks, shared the same frightening tale.\", \"slimy glimmers of hope on an otherwise gloomy landscape.\" and \"pathogens for the pathogen\" help connect and convey ideas clearly, and help control the tone and pacing of the article in areas where facts are presented. The facts themselves are presented in areas where context and information is needed most, and the quotes throughout it help portray the person behind it by their words, which makes it more believable to me. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Varied sentence and paragraph lengths.\nFew direct quotes.\nUnusual simile indicative of creative language use."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"64":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":5,"title":"Chestnut Blight Has Significantly Altered the Composition of Shenandoah National Park ","sub-title":"Nostalgia, mixed with a bit of curiosity, can lead to some important insights","author":"Paul Smaglik","source":"Discover","issue":-17954000,"section":"Environment","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/environment\/chestnut-blight-has-significantly-altered-the-composition-of-shenandoah","article":"When Richard Karban, an ecology researcher at the University of California, Davis, decided to return to the forest he surveyed in 1977 \u2014 this time accompanied by his daughter Claire, a graduate student in ecology at the University of Colorado, Boulder \u2014 he expected to see little change. After all, when he first visited Whiteoak Canyon in Virginia\u2019s Shenandoah National Park, he\u2019d seen much the same tree composition that Lucy Braun described in her seminal book Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America, published in 1950. \u201cAt that time, my impression was that the forest hadn\u2019t really changed that much,\u201d Karban said. <br><br><b>Shocking Decline in American Chestnut Trees<\/b> <br><br>In 2021, he was in for a shock. \u201cWe were quite surprised to see that since 1977, the forest had changed dramatically,\u201d Karban says. Most of the mature chestnut trees had vanished \u2014 the victim of canker fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. That fungus has accounted for the widespread loss of the American chestnut trees throughout the country. <br><br>Some white oaks, which were once \u201cco-dominant\u201d with the chestnut trees, had filled in some gasps. However, they were still less common than when he visited the forest in 1977, a fact he calls \u201cconcerning.\" The results of his survey have been published in a PLOS ONE report. <br><br>\u201cWe would have thought that any kind of replacement of this sort would have occurred much more quickly,\u201d says Karban. Instead, smaller trees like birch have filled in some of the gaps left behind by the chestnut trees. <br><br>They did find traces of chestnut trees \u2014 but in shrub form. The canker fungus lives on in the inner bark of fledgling trees and encircles the stem. But the roots live on. <br><br><b>Causes of Slowed Growth in Whiteoak Canyon Forest<\/b> <br><br>Karban isn\u2019t sure why the forest has been slow to fill with larger trees. \u201cThere are a lot of other changes that have occurred between \u201877 and now that could very well be drivers of the changes in the forest composition that we observed,\u201d Karban says. For instance, more deer live there now, and the forest has gone for a long time without a significant fire. <br><br>Other pests beyond the chestnut blight have entered the forest, too. The hemlock wooly adelgid, an aphid-like invasive species, \u201chas been hammering\u201d the hemlock population there, Karban says. And the emerald ash borer has also taken hold. <br><br>Karban says that since neither he nor his daughter are trained as foresters, they are not sure what the best strategy is to manage Whiteoak Canyon\u2014never mind the rest of the Shenandoah National Park. He hopes that foresters will look at their report and consider some strategies to return the forest to its previous health. ","id":34,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'When Richard Karban, an ecology researcher at the University of California, Davis, decided to return to the forest he surveyed in 1977 \u2014 this time accompanied by his daughter Claire, a graduate student in ecology at the University of Colorado, Boulder \u2014 he expected to see little change. After all, when he first visited Whiteoak Canyon in Virginia\u2019s Shenandoah National Park, he\u2019d seen much the same tree composition that Lucy Braun described in her seminal book Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America, published in 1950. \u201cAt that time, my impression was that the forest hadn\u2019t really changed that much,\u201d Karban said. <br><br><b>Shocking Decline in American Chestnut Trees<\/b> <br><br>In 2021, he was in for a shock. \u201cWe were quite surprised to see that since 1977, the forest had changed dramatically,\u201d Karban says. Most of the mature chestnut trees had vanished \u2014 the victim of canker fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. That fungus has accounted for the widespread loss of the American chestnut trees throughout the country. <br><br>Some white oaks, which were once \u201cco-dominant\u201d with the chestnut trees, had filled in some gasps. However, they were still less common than when he visited the forest in 1977, a fact he calls \u201cconcerning.\" The results of his survey have been published in a PLOS ONE report. <br><br>\u201cWe would have thought that any kind of replacement of this sort would have occurred much more quickly,\u201d says Karban. Instead, smaller trees like birch have filled in some of the gaps left behind by the chestnut trees. <br><br>They did find traces of chestnut trees \u2014 but in shrub form. The canker fungus lives on in the inner bark of fledgling trees and encircles the stem. But the roots live on. <br><br><b>Causes of Slowed Growth in Whiteoak Canyon Forest<\/b> <br><br>Karban isn\u2019t sure why the forest has been slow to fill with larger trees. \u201cThere are a lot of other changes that have occurred between \u201877 and now that could very well be drivers of the changes in the forest composition that we observed,\u201d Karban says. For instance, more deer live there now, and the forest has gone for a long time without a significant fire. <br><br>Other pests beyond the chestnut blight have entered the forest, too. The hemlock wooly adelgid, an aphid-like invasive species, \u201chas been hammering\u201d the hemlock population there, Karban says. And the emerald ash borer has also taken hold. <br><br>Karban says that since neither he nor his daughter are trained as foresters, they are not sure what the best strategy is to manage Whiteoak Canyon\u2014never mind the rest of the Shenandoah National Park. He hopes that foresters will look at their report and consider some strategies to return the forest to its previous health. ', 'ai_likelihood': 8.881092071533203e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'When Richard Karban, an ecology researcher at the University of California, Davis, decided to return to the forest he surveyed in 1977 \u2014 this time accompanied by his daughter Claire, a graduate student in ecology at the University of Colorado, Boulder \u2014 he expected to see little change. After all, when he first visited Whiteoak Canyon in Virginia\u2019s Shenandoah National Park, he\u2019d seen much the same tree composition that Lucy Braun described in her seminal book Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America, published in 1950. \u201cAt that time, my impression was that the forest hadn\u2019t really changed that much,\u201d Karban said. <br><br><b>Shocking Decline in American Chestnut Trees<\/b> <br><br>In 2021, he was in for a shock. \u201cWe were quite surprised to see that since 1977, the forest had changed dramatically,\u201d Karban says. Most of the mature chestnut trees had vanished \u2014 the victim of canker fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. That fungus has accounted for the widespread loss of the American chestnut trees throughout the country. <br><br>Some white oaks, which were once \u201cco-dominant\u201d with the chestnut trees, had filled in some gasps. However, they were still less common than when he visited the forest in 1977, a fact he calls \u201cconcerning.\" The results of his survey have been published in a PLOS ONE report. <br><br>\u201cWe would have thought that any kind of replacement of this sort would have occurred much more quickly,\u201d says Karban. Instead, smaller trees like birch have filled in some of the gaps left behind by the chestnut trees. <br><br>They did find traces of chestnut trees \u2014 but in shrub form. The canker fungus lives on in the inner bark of fledgling trees and encircles the stem. But the roots live on. <br><br><b>Causes of Slowed Growth in Whiteoak Canyon Forest<\/b> <br><br>Karban isn\u2019t sure why the forest has been slow to fill with larger trees. \u201cThere are a lot of other changes that have occurred between \u201877 and now that could very well be drivers of the changes in the forest composition that we observed,\u201d Karban says. For instance, more deer live there now, and the forest has gone for a long time without a significant fire. <br><br>Other pests beyond the chestnut blight have entered the forest, too. The hemlock wooly adelgid, an aphid-like invasive species, \u201chas been hammering\u201d the hemlock population there, Karban says. And the emerald ash borer has also taken hold. <br><br>Karban says that since neither he nor his daughter are trained as foresters, they are not sure what the best strategy is to manage Whiteoak Canyon\u2014never mind the rest of the Shenandoah National Park. He hopes that foresters will look at their report and consider some strategies to return the forest to its previous health. ', 'ai_likelihood': 3.993511199951172e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '94f71efe-d6e5-46a9-86d8-3e1f501c7b03', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0001359693706035614, 'sentence': 'When Richard Karban, an ecology researcher at the University of California, Davis, decided to return to the forest he surveyed in 1977 \u1173 this time accompanied by his daughter Claire, a graduate student in ecology at the University of Colorado, Boulder \u1173 he expected to see little change.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001382678165100515, 'sentence': \"After all, when he first visited Whiteoak Canyon in Virginia's Shenandoah National Park, he'd seen much the same tree composition that Lucy Braun described in her seminal book Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America, published in 1950.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001236734533449635, 'sentence': \"\u201cAt that time, my impression was that the forest hadn't really changed that much,\u201d Karban said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.695086580701172e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br><b>Shocking Decline in American Chestnut Trees<\/b> <br><br>In 2021, he was in for a shock.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012199959019199014, 'sentence': '\u201cWe were quite surprised to see that since 1977, the forest had changed dramatically,\u201d Karban says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015437963884323835, 'sentence': 'Most of the mature chestnut trees had vanished \u1173 the victim of canker fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00017250243399757892, 'sentence': 'That fungus has accounted for the widespread loss of the American chestnut trees throughout the country.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012844511365983635, 'sentence': '<br><br>Some white oaks, which were once \u201cco-dominant\u201d with the chestnut trees, had filled in some gasps.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013107828272040933, 'sentence': 'However, they were still less common than when he visited the forest in 1977, a fact he calls \u201cconcerning.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001482920051785186, 'sentence': 'The results of his survey have been published in a PLOS ONE report.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011228428047616035, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cWe would have thought that any kind of replacement of this sort would have occurred much more quickly,\u201d says Karban.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015425746096298099, 'sentence': 'Instead, smaller trees like birch have filled in some of the gaps left behind by the chestnut trees.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012871909711975604, 'sentence': '<br><br>They did find traces of chestnut trees \u1173 but in shrub form.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014136909157969058, 'sentence': 'The canker fungus lives on in the inner bark of fledgling trees and encircles the stem.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00016172353934962302, 'sentence': 'But the roots live on.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010368597577326, 'sentence': \"<br><br><b>Causes of Slowed Growth in Whiteoak Canyon Forest<\/b> <br><br>Karban isn't sure why the forest has been slow to fill with larger trees.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014155905228108168, 'sentence': \"\u201cThere are a lot of other changes that have occurred between '77 and now that could very well be drivers of the changes in the forest composition that we observed,\u201d Karban says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00017461302923038602, 'sentence': 'For instance, more deer live there now, and the forest has gone for a long time without a significant fire.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011904021084774286, 'sentence': '<br><br>Other pests beyond the chestnut blight have entered the forest, too.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013815044076181948, 'sentence': 'The hemlock wooly adelgid, an aphid-like invasive species, \u201chas been hammering\u201d the hemlock population there, Karban says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001345809578197077, 'sentence': 'And the emerald ash borer has also taken hold.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001612031046533957, 'sentence': '<br><br>Karban says that since neither he nor his daughter are trained as foresters, they are not sure what the best strategy is to manage Whiteoak Canyon\u1173never mind the rest of the Shenandoah National Park.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001716356200631708, 'sentence': 'He hopes that foresters will look at their report and consider some strategies to return the forest to its previous health.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 23, 'completely_generated_prob': 2.3367398512545458e-20}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.005203089766913354, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9947969102330866, 'ai': 0.005203089766913354, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9947969102330866, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.005203089766913354, 'human': 0.9947969102330866, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'When Richard Karban, an ecology researcher at the University of California, Davis, decided to return to the forest he surveyed in 1977 \u2014 this time accompanied by his daughter Claire, a graduate student in ecology at the University of Colorado, Boulder \u2014 he expected to see little change. After all, when he first visited Whiteoak Canyon in Virginia\u2019s Shenandoah National Park, he\u2019d seen much the same tree composition that Lucy Braun described in her seminal book Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America, published in 1950. \u201cAt that time, my impression was that the forest hadn\u2019t really changed that much,\u201d Karban said. <br><br><b>Shocking Decline in American Chestnut Trees<\/b> <br><br>In 2021, he was in for a shock. \u201cWe were quite surprised to see that since 1977, the forest had changed dramatically,\u201d Karban says. Most of the mature chestnut trees had vanished \u2014 the victim of canker fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. That fungus has accounted for the widespread loss of the American chestnut trees throughout the country. <br><br>Some white oaks, which were once \u201cco-dominant\u201d with the chestnut trees, had filled in some gasps. However, they were still less common than when he visited the forest in 1977, a fact he calls \u201cconcerning.\" The results of his survey have been published in a PLOS ONE report. <br><br>\u201cWe would have thought that any kind of replacement of this sort would have occurred much more quickly,\u201d says Karban. Instead, smaller trees like birch have filled in some of the gaps left behind by the chestnut trees. <br><br>They did find traces of chestnut trees \u2014 but in shrub form. The canker fungus lives on in the inner bark of fledgling trees and encircles the stem. But the roots live on. <br><br><b>Causes of Slowed Growth in Whiteoak Canyon Forest<\/b> <br><br>Karban isn\u2019t sure why the forest has been slow to fill with larger trees. \u201cThere are a lot of other changes that have occurred between \u201877 and now that could very well be drivers of the changes in the forest composition that we observed,\u201d Karban says. For instance, more deer live there now, and the forest has gone for a long time without a significant fire. <br><br>Other pests beyond the chestnut blight have entered the forest, too. The hemlock wooly adelgid, an aphid-like invasive species, \u201chas been hammering\u201d the hemlock population there, Karban says. And the emerald ash borer has also taken hold. <br><br>Karban says that since neither he nor his daughter are trained as foresters, they are not sure what the best strategy is to manage Whiteoak Canyon\u2014never mind the rest of the Shenandoah National Park. He hopes that foresters will look at their report and consider some strategies to return the forest to its previous health. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8160831332,"RADAR":0.0101933181,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The main reason why I believe this article to be written by a human is that they use \"Karban says\" throughout without any synonyms. AI would have used more variety like \"notes\" and \"explains\". The bold text also looks more like it's taken from a real article as AI wouldn't usually format it like that. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"There are none of the usual words used by AI.\nThere are a couple of mistakes that suggest human error: \"he\" instead of \"he'd\" and \"gasps\" instead of \"gaps.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I knew immediately from the spaced en dashes that this text was human-generated. Also, the filler words like 'quite' and 'really' give it away. But I'm still not certain on this one. It's a lot harder to define the texts without the paragraph breaks. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I believe this article's AI-generated, mostly because it doesn't follow through with a good expected structure. The first introduction section of the article is literally a tangled mess of quotes, references, without framing the context of what this article's about until you get a quarter of the way through it. If the first section doesn't tell me if the forest has changed or not and what's happening, why should I continue reading? And throughout it, little tidbits of word use such as \"encircles the stem. But the roots live on.\" and \"And the emerald ash borer has also taken hold.\" leaves me wanting for information about what that means, why these things are important. It phrases concepts in a weird manner, and the order of how the article's written doesn't allow me to understand the topic better. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Frequent use of punctuation in long sentences.\nMentions author, title, and publication date of book cited."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"65":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":6,"title":"The Historical Roots of Cosmetic Surgery Begin with Reconstructive Surgery ","sub-title":"To fully understand how ancient plastic surgery is one need only look to the root of its meaning. ","author":"Sara Novak","source":"Discover","issue":-17955000,"section":"Health","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/health\/the-historical-roots-of-cosmetic-surgery-begin-with-reconstructive-surgery","article":"The term plastic surgery has nothing to do with plastic. In fact, it comes from the Greek word plastikos, which means to mold. And plastic surgery is just that: the molding of human tissue. <br><br>The word came along long before the plastic industry, says Darrick Antell, an assistant clinical professor of plastic surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York and the only plastic surgeon to have his work on display at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History for his studies on aging in identical twins. <br><br><b>The History of Plastic Surgery<\/b> <br><br>Initially, says Antell, people looked down on plastic surgery because they thought surgeons were interfering with God\u2019s work. Even reconstructive surgery, such as fixing a cleft lip or cleft palate, was questionable. <br><br>\u201cPlastic surgeons of the day were considered castouts for their work,\u201d says Antell. <br><br>Still, whether it was frowned upon by society or not, people have been going under the knife for thousands of years. The roots of cosmetic surgery are in reconstructive surgery, especially in those born with deformities and impacted by war. <br><br>The forehead flap was among the first cosmetic surgeries done in ancient India because centuries ago, when people were conquered, they would cut off the noses of those who lost to mark them, and this early form of surgery was used to fix the damage. <br><br>\u201cThe earliest reconstructive plastic surgery techniques include procedures to repair the broken and amputated noses of \u2018criminals\u2019 in 1200 B.C.,\u201d says Donald B. Yoo, medical director at HALO Beverly Hills Plastic Surgery & MedSpa. \u201cIndia and Roman descriptions use primitive suture materials for repairs of the lips and ears from the 1st century B.C.\u201d  <br><br><b>The Advent of War and Facial Reconstruction<\/b> <br><br>Reconstructive techniques became really important in response to the deformities of war. Techniques began to modernize after World War I. <br><br>\u201cBallistic and other complex facial injuries provided a fertile breeding ground for innovating plastic surgery techniques to reconstruct and ultimately reshape the face,\u201d Yoo says. <br><br>Plastic surgery became more important with the advent of trench warfare in World War I, when bullets could strike people in the face in the trenches. Antell says that some of the earliest plastic surgeons (including himself) have both a dental and medical degree because they had to be very adept at rebuilding the mouth and teeth. <br><br>\u201cThough the operations they did by today\u2019s standards would be considered crude,\u201d says Antell. <br><br><b>The Cosmetic Surgery of the Modern Era<\/b> <br><br>Modern cosmetic surgery wasn\u2019t accepted by the public until around the 1970s, and even then, it was considered work that doctors would do on Fridays after the office was closed, says Antell. \u201cAt this time, many doctors didn\u2019t like to admit that they did cosmetic surgery.\u201d <br><br>However, over the years, plastic surgery has become more widely known and accepted. Thomas Rees is credited with bringing science into aesthetic plastic surgery and for publishing one of the first of many comprehensive books on aesthetic surgery in the 1970s. He also organized the first symposium that gathered leaders of the industry together and brought what we think of as modern plastic surgery into the mainstream. <br><br>Antell says that the best plastic surgeons of today need to have both an understanding of good aesthetics and good reconstructive techniques. \u201cThere\u2019s really no dividing line between the two,\u201d he says. <br><br>Plastic surgery has come a long way. It\u2019s much less invasive and, when done well, less noticeable. In fact, fillers and injections have become the most popular both because patients don\u2019t have to go under the knife and because of how specific they can be at reversing aging. After all, says Antell, the best plastic surgery \u201cdoesn\u2019t scream, it whispers.\u201d ","id":35,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'The term plastic surgery has nothing to do with plastic. In fact, it comes from the Greek word plastikos, which means to mold. And plastic surgery is just that: the molding of human tissue. <br><br>The word came along long before the plastic industry, says Darrick Antell, an assistant clinical professor of plastic surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York and the only plastic surgeon to have his work on display at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History for his studies on aging in identical twins. <br><br><b>The History of Plastic Surgery<\/b> <br><br>Initially, says Antell, people looked down on plastic surgery because they thought surgeons were interfering with God\u2019s work. Even reconstructive surgery, such as fixing a cleft lip or cleft palate, was questionable. <br><br>\u201cPlastic surgeons of the day were considered castouts for their work,\u201d says Antell. <br><br>Still, whether it was frowned upon by society or not, people have been going under the knife for thousands of years. The roots of cosmetic surgery are in reconstructive surgery, especially in those born with deformities and impacted by war. <br><br>The forehead flap was among the first cosmetic surgeries done in ancient India because centuries ago, when people were conquered, they would cut off the noses of those who lost to mark them, and this early form of surgery was used to fix the damage. <br><br>\u201cThe earliest reconstructive plastic surgery techniques include procedures to repair the broken and amputated noses of \u2018criminals\u2019 in 1200 B.C.,\u201d says Donald B. Yoo, medical director at HALO Beverly Hills Plastic Surgery & MedSpa. \u201cIndia and Roman descriptions use primitive suture materials for repairs of the lips and ears from the 1st century B.C.\u201d  <br><br><b>The Advent of War and Facial Reconstruction<\/b> <br><br>Reconstructive techniques became really important in response to the deformities of war. Techniques began to modernize after World War I. <br><br>\u201cBallistic and other complex facial injuries provided a fertile breeding ground for innovating plastic surgery techniques to reconstruct and ultimately reshape the face,\u201d Yoo says. <br><br>Plastic surgery became more important with the advent of trench warfare in World War I, when bullets could strike people in the face in the trenches. Antell says that some of the earliest plastic surgeons (including himself) have both a dental and medical degree because they had to be very adept at rebuilding the mouth and teeth. <br><br>\u201cThough the operations they did by today\u2019s standards would be considered crude,\u201d says Antell. <br><br><b>The Cosmetic Surgery of the Modern Era<\/b> <br><br>Modern cosmetic surgery wasn\u2019t accepted by the public until around the 1970s, and even then, it was considered work that doctors would do on Fridays after the office was closed, says Antell. \u201cAt this time, many doctors didn\u2019t like to admit that they did cosmetic surgery.\u201d <br><br>However, over the years, plastic surgery has become more widely known and accepted. Thomas Rees is credited with bringing science into aesthetic plastic surgery and for publishing one of the first of many comprehensive books on aesthetic surgery in the 1970s. He also organized the first symposium that gathered leaders of the industry together and brought what we think of as modern plastic surgery into the mainstream. <br><br>Antell says that the best plastic surgeons of today need to have both an understanding of good aesthetics and good reconstructive techniques. \u201cThere\u2019s really no dividing line between the two,\u201d he says. <br><br>Plastic surgery has come a long way. It\u2019s much less invasive and, when done well, less noticeable. In fact, fillers and injections have become the most popular both because patients don\u2019t have to go under the knife and because of how specific they can be at reversing aging. After all, says Antell, the best plastic surgery \u201cdoesn\u2019t scream, it whispers.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.980232238769531e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'The term plastic surgery has nothing to do with plastic. In fact, it comes from the Greek word plastikos, which means to mold. And plastic surgery is just that: the molding of human tissue. <br><br>The word came along long before the plastic industry, says Darrick Antell, an assistant clinical professor of plastic surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York and the only plastic surgeon to have his work on display at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History for his studies on aging in identical twins. <br><br><b>The History of Plastic Surgery<\/b> <br><br>Initially, says Antell, people looked down on plastic surgery because they thought surgeons were interfering with God\u2019s work. Even reconstructive surgery, such as fixing a cleft lip or cleft palate, was questionable. <br><br>\u201cPlastic surgeons of the day were considered castouts for their work,\u201d says Antell. <br><br>Still, whether it was frowned upon by society or not, people have been going under the knife for thousands of years. The roots of cosmetic surgery are in reconstructive surgery, especially in those born with deformities and impacted by war. <br><br>The forehead flap was among the first cosmetic surgeries done in ancient India because centuries ago, when people were conquered, they would cut off the noses of those who lost to mark them, and this early form of surgery was used to fix the damage. <br><br>\u201cThe earliest reconstructive plastic surgery techniques include procedures to repair the broken and amputated noses of \u2018criminals\u2019 in 1200 B.C.,\u201d says Donald B. Yoo, medical director at HALO Beverly Hills Plastic Surgery & MedSpa. \u201cIndia and Roman descriptions use primitive suture materials for repairs of the lips and ears from the 1st century B.C.\u201d  <br><br><b>The Advent of War and Facial Reconstruction<\/b> <br><br>Reconstructive techniques became really important in response to the deformities of war. Techniques began to modernize after World War I. <br><br>\u201cBallistic and other complex facial injuries provided a fertile breeding ground for innovating plastic surgery techniques to reconstruct and ultimately reshape the face,\u201d Yoo says. <br><br>Plastic surgery became more important with the advent of trench warfare in World War I, when bullets could strike people in the face in the trenches. Antell says that some of the earliest plastic surgeons (including himself) have both a dental and medical degree because they had to be very adept at rebuilding the mouth and teeth. <br><br>\u201cThough the operations they did by today\u2019s standards would be considered crude,\u201d says Antell. <br><br><b>The Cosmetic Surgery of the Modern Era<\/b> <br><br>Modern cosmetic surgery wasn\u2019t accepted by the public until around the 1970s, and even then, it was considered work that doctors would do on Fridays after the office was closed, says Antell. \u201cAt this time, many doctors didn\u2019t like to admit that they did cosmetic surgery.\u201d <br><br>However, over the years, plastic surgery has become more widely known and accepted. Thomas Rees is credited with bringing science into aesthetic plastic surgery and for publishing one of the first of many comprehensive books on aesthetic surgery in the 1970s. He also organized the first symposium that gathered leaders of the industry together and brought what we think of as modern plastic surgery into the mainstream. <br><br>Antell says that the best plastic surgeons of today need to have both an understanding of good aesthetics and good reconstructive techniques. \u201cThere\u2019s really no dividing line between the two,\u201d he says. <br><br>Plastic surgery has come a long way. It\u2019s much less invasive and, when done well, less noticeable. In fact, fillers and injections have become the most popular both because patients don\u2019t have to go under the knife and because of how specific they can be at reversing aging. After all, says Antell, the best plastic surgery \u201cdoesn\u2019t scream, it whispers.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '0dfc9616-6d06-408a-8a54-84a3d4c9bf52', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 6.225000834092498e-05, 'sentence': 'The term plastic surgery has nothing to do with plastic.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.787272700923495e-05, 'sentence': 'In fact, it comes from the Greek word plastikos, which means to mold.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.1380473450990394e-05, 'sentence': 'And plastic surgery is just that: the molding of human tissue.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.6891549825668335e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>The word came along long before the plastic industry, says Darrick Antell, an assistant clinical professor of plastic surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York and the only plastic surgeon to have his work on display at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History for his studies on aging in identical twins.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.535216092132032e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br><b>The History of Plastic Surgery<\/b> <br><br>Initially, says Antell, people looked down on plastic surgery because they thought surgeons were interfering with God's work.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.819619814748876e-05, 'sentence': 'Even reconstructive surgery, such as fixing a cleft lip or cleft palate, was questionable.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.396147440071218e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cPlastic surgeons of the day were considered castouts for their work,\u201d says Antell.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.934212145395577e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Still, whether it was frowned upon by society or not, people have been going under the knife for thousands of years.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.052813892485574e-05, 'sentence': 'The roots of cosmetic surgery are in reconstructive surgery, especially in those born with deformities and impacted by war.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.285132308723405e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>The forehead flap was among the first cosmetic surgeries done in ancient India because centuries ago, when people were conquered, they would cut off the noses of those who lost to mark them, and this early form of surgery was used to fix the damage.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.8126781368628144e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cThe earliest reconstructive plastic surgery techniques include procedures to repair the broken and amputated noses of 'criminals' in 1200 B.C.,\u201d says Donald B. 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'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'The term plastic surgery has nothing to do with plastic. In fact, it comes from the Greek word plastikos, which means to mold. And plastic surgery is just that: the molding of human tissue. <br><br>The word came along long before the plastic industry, says Darrick Antell, an assistant clinical professor of plastic surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York and the only plastic surgeon to have his work on display at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History for his studies on aging in identical twins. <br><br><b>The History of Plastic Surgery<\/b> <br><br>Initially, says Antell, people looked down on plastic surgery because they thought surgeons were interfering with God\u2019s work. Even reconstructive surgery, such as fixing a cleft lip or cleft palate, was questionable. <br><br>\u201cPlastic surgeons of the day were considered castouts for their work,\u201d says Antell. <br><br>Still, whether it was frowned upon by society or not, people have been going under the knife for thousands of years. The roots of cosmetic surgery are in reconstructive surgery, especially in those born with deformities and impacted by war. <br><br>The forehead flap was among the first cosmetic surgeries done in ancient India because centuries ago, when people were conquered, they would cut off the noses of those who lost to mark them, and this early form of surgery was used to fix the damage. <br><br>\u201cThe earliest reconstructive plastic surgery techniques include procedures to repair the broken and amputated noses of \u2018criminals\u2019 in 1200 B.C.,\u201d says Donald B. Yoo, medical director at HALO Beverly Hills Plastic Surgery & MedSpa. \u201cIndia and Roman descriptions use primitive suture materials for repairs of the lips and ears from the 1st century B.C.\u201d  <br><br><b>The Advent of War and Facial Reconstruction<\/b> <br><br>Reconstructive techniques became really important in response to the deformities of war. Techniques began to modernize after World War I. <br><br>\u201cBallistic and other complex facial injuries provided a fertile breeding ground for innovating plastic surgery techniques to reconstruct and ultimately reshape the face,\u201d Yoo says. <br><br>Plastic surgery became more important with the advent of trench warfare in World War I, when bullets could strike people in the face in the trenches. Antell says that some of the earliest plastic surgeons (including himself) have both a dental and medical degree because they had to be very adept at rebuilding the mouth and teeth. <br><br>\u201cThough the operations they did by today\u2019s standards would be considered crude,\u201d says Antell. <br><br><b>The Cosmetic Surgery of the Modern Era<\/b> <br><br>Modern cosmetic surgery wasn\u2019t accepted by the public until around the 1970s, and even then, it was considered work that doctors would do on Fridays after the office was closed, says Antell. \u201cAt this time, many doctors didn\u2019t like to admit that they did cosmetic surgery.\u201d <br><br>However, over the years, plastic surgery has become more widely known and accepted. Thomas Rees is credited with bringing science into aesthetic plastic surgery and for publishing one of the first of many comprehensive books on aesthetic surgery in the 1970s. He also organized the first symposium that gathered leaders of the industry together and brought what we think of as modern plastic surgery into the mainstream. <br><br>Antell says that the best plastic surgeons of today need to have both an understanding of good aesthetics and good reconstructive techniques. \u201cThere\u2019s really no dividing line between the two,\u201d he says. <br><br>Plastic surgery has come a long way. It\u2019s much less invasive and, when done well, less noticeable. In fact, fillers and injections have become the most popular both because patients don\u2019t have to go under the knife and because of how specific they can be at reversing aging. After all, says Antell, the best plastic surgery \u201cdoesn\u2019t scream, it whispers.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8018001318,"RADAR":0.0127324099,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article uses \"says\" throughout rather than synonyms, which indicates that it was written by a human. It also doesn't refer to any of the experts as \"Dr.\" despite the fact that it would make a lot of sense in this context. Lastly, the part about people's noses being cut off is quite violent and I imagine that many LLMs would leave this out if they were writing or rewriting an article. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"AI usually removes redundant words like \"really\" and \"in fact.\"\nIn the first sentence, \"plastic surgery\" here would usually be in inverted commas. This suggests human error\/style.\n\"...both an understanding...techniques\" has a strange word order which I suspect AI wouldn't do. The more correct way would be \"Antell says that the best plastic surgeons of today have an understanding of both good aesthetics and good reconstructive techniques.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: It doesn't follow the same formulaic opening paragraph as the rest of the AI-generated texts I've read. Some sentences start with the coordinating conjunction 'and'. There are missing quotation marks. The sentence and paragraph structure is varied. Filler words like 'really', 'even'. and 'very'. Misplaced commas. Awkward phrasing. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident this is human-written. While the article contains some commonly used words, the rest of the article is casual in tone, varies in sentence length and structure, and doesn't try to overdo the topic. It explains its \"importance\" as briefly as possible, and one indicator that convinces me is the repetition of words with some small variety to them, or word choices that seem unique to this article, such as with \"good aesthetics and good reconstructive techniques.\" and \"the molding of human tissue.\" While the formatting does give me some small doubts, the way these sentences are organized have less patterns to them overall. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"No tell-tale LLM markers present in the text.\nHeadings are unnecessary but students seem to like them.\nThe author paraphrases instead of using direct quotes for each citation.\nThe final quote is part of the sentence."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"66":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":7,"title":"No One Has Ever Found the Le Griffon Shipwreck, Despite the Many Claims","sub-title":"Though many amature divers claim to have found the famous shipwreck, it's likely still below Lake Michigan's waves. ","author":"Emilie Le Beau Lucchesi ","source":"Discover","issue":-17954000,"section":"Sciences","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/the-sciences\/no-one-has-ever-found-the-le-griffon-shipwreck-despite-the-many-claims","article":"In September 1679, a French trader and explorer arrived near Green Bay, Wisconsin, with his new merchant ship, Le Griffon. The ship was loaded with furs and other commodities, and the captain was instructed to sail it back to a port in eastern Lake Erie. <br><br>The trader, Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, headed south in a canoe with a team of explorers. It was the last he saw of Le Griffon. The ship sank in a storm and has not been seen since. <br><br>In the 345 years since the vessel sank, amateur relic hunters have announced many Le Griffon sightings, only to have state officials deem the artifacts as inauthentic. Underwater archeologists say Le Griffon has long been a target for hoaxes.  <br><br><b>The Origins of Le Griffon<\/b> <br><br>Le Griffon was one of the first European commercial vessels to sail the Great Lakes. Construction began in 1679, and it launched in August of that year. <br><br>La Salle, then in his mid-thirties, was the son of wealthy merchants. He grew up in a port city on the River Seine, about 50 miles from the English Channel. As a young adult, La Salle became a Jesuit priest but left after his repeated requests for an assignment in a faraway land were denied. He joined his brother in Canada, where he sensed that explorers enjoyed both wealth and prestige. <br><br>Trade, particularly among furs, was a means to an end for an explorer seeking funding. La Salle was interested in exploring the Mississippi River to see whether it flowed down to the Gulf of Mexico and could be used for transportation. <br><br>La Salle had Le Griffon built with the intention that it could navigate from the east of Lake Erie, near Buffalo, up Lake Huron, and into Lake Michigan, where there were fur trading posts.  <br><br><b>The Disappearance of Le Griffon<\/b><br><br>Although there are legends that make it sound as though Le Griffon slipped into the fog and was never seen again, historians do have many primary sources documenting the vessel\u2019s disappearance.  <br><br>\u201cWe know quite a bit. LaSalle wrote a pretty detailed letter in 1681,\u201d says Brendon Baillod, president of the Wisconsin Underwater Archeology Association. <br><br>In 1681, La Salle sent two explorers to search for the remains of the ship. They returned with substantial pieces as well as insight from the local Potawatomi people.  <br><br>After La Salle left Le Griffon, he learned the ship sheltered at an island near the tip of Green Bay for the night. The next morning, the Potawatomi recognized a violent storm was imminent and warned the captain not to set sail.  <br><br>\u201cHe replied that his ship was not afraid of the winds and he would do as he pleased,\u201d Baillod says. <br><br><b>Are there any remains of Le Griffon?<\/b> <br><br>After Le Griffon left the island shelter, it headed out into the storm and was lost at sea. La Salle\u2019s letter indicated the explorers he sent in search of the wreck were able to recover recognizable pieces of the vessel. Given that it was the only European vessel on Lake Michigan at the time, Baillod says there would be no confusion as to the pieces\u2019 origins. <br><br>Over time, scuba divers and wreck hunters have claimed to have found the sunken ship. However, Baillod says the wooden ship would not have survived 345 years underwater because of the unique area where it sank. <br><br>Le Griffon sank to a part of Lake Michigan with a limestone substrate. The area is not particularly deep, about 80 feet. \u201cThe waves really move the water, even at 80 feet below,\u201d Baillod says. \u201cI would not expect any wooden remains from 1679 to remain.\u201d  <br><br>At best, Baillod says iron pieces might be scattered about. But, Le Griffon is thought to be somewhere in a 100 square-mile area, which would make searching extremely difficult. <br><br>Despite these realities, hosts of explorers have claimed to have found the legendary ship.  <br><br><b>The Hoaxes of a Lost Ship<\/b> <br><br>Starting in the 1930s, Baillod says hoaxers began suggesting that Le Griffon had never been found because it was in Lake Huron, not Lake Michigan. \u201cThey cherry-picked the records to support their claim,\u201d he says.  <br><br>For Le Griffon to have made it to Lake Huron, Baillod says it would have had to pass through the Straits of Mackinac, where fur traders would have seen the ship. There was a Jesuit mission at St. Ignace, and the vessel would have caught their attention, particularly because it was the first of its kind to sail those waters.  <br><br>Why would anyone lie about finding Le Griffon? Baillod says that in recent years, the mention of finding the boat has landed amateur explorers in front of news cameras. <br><br>\u201cIt\u2019s really been a target for pseudo-history and revisionist history. Anyone who finds a wooden wreck in the western Great Lakes tends to call it Le Griffon and call the media,\u201d Baillod says.  <br><br>A decade ago, scuba divers found a long pole they claimed belonged to Le Griffon. Michigan state authorities deemed it had been used for fishing sometime between 1880 and 1920. The scuba divers continue to insist they found Le Griffon, but scientists and state officials disagree. <br><br>\u201cNo one has found the Griffon. Until you hear a reputable archeologist with the State of Michigan say it has been found, you can rest assured it hasn\u2019t been found,\u201d Baillod says. ","id":36,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'In September 1679, a French trader and explorer arrived near Green Bay, Wisconsin, with his new merchant ship, Le Griffon. The ship was loaded with furs and other commodities, and the captain was instructed to sail it back to a port in eastern Lake Erie. <br><br>The trader, Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, headed south in a canoe with a team of explorers. It was the last he saw of Le Griffon. The ship sank in a storm and has not been seen since. <br><br>In the 345 years since the vessel sank, amateur relic hunters have announced many Le Griffon sightings, only to have state officials deem the artifacts as inauthentic. Underwater archeologists say Le Griffon has long been a target for hoaxes.  <br><br><b>The Origins of Le Griffon<\/b> <br><br>Le Griffon was one of the first European commercial vessels to sail the Great Lakes. Construction began in 1679, and it launched in August of that year. <br><br>La Salle, then in his mid-thirties, was the son of wealthy merchants. He grew up in a port city on the River Seine, about 50 miles from the English Channel. As a young adult, La Salle became a Jesuit priest but left after his repeated requests for an assignment in a faraway land were denied. He joined his brother in Canada, where he sensed that explorers enjoyed both wealth and prestige. <br><br>Trade, particularly among furs, was a means to an end for an explorer seeking funding. La Salle was interested in exploring the Mississippi River to see whether it flowed down to the Gulf of Mexico and could be used for transportation. <br><br>La Salle had Le Griffon built with the intention that it could navigate from the east of Lake Erie, near Buffalo, up Lake Huron, and into Lake Michigan, where there were fur trading posts.  <br><br><b>The Disappearance of Le Griffon<\/b><br><br>Although there are legends that make it sound as though Le Griffon slipped into the fog and was never seen again, historians do have many primary sources documenting the vessel\u2019s disappearance.  <br><br>\u201cWe know quite a bit. LaSalle wrote a pretty detailed letter in 1681,\u201d says Brendon Baillod, president of the Wisconsin Underwater Archeology Association. <br><br>In 1681, La Salle sent two explorers to search for the remains of the ship. They returned with substantial pieces as well as insight from the local Potawatomi people.  <br><br>After La Salle left Le Griffon, he learned the ship sheltered at an island near the tip of Green Bay for the night. The next morning, the Potawatomi recognized a violent storm was imminent and warned the captain not to set sail.  <br><br>\u201cHe replied that his ship was not afraid of the winds and he would do as he pleased,\u201d Baillod says. <br><br><b>Are there any remains of Le Griffon?<\/b> <br><br>After Le Griffon left the island shelter, it headed out into the storm and was lost at sea. La Salle\u2019s letter indicated the explorers he sent in search of the wreck were able to recover recognizable pieces of the vessel. Given that it was the only European vessel on Lake Michigan at the time, Baillod says there would be no confusion as to the pieces\u2019 origins. <br><br>Over time, scuba divers and wreck hunters have claimed to have found the sunken ship. However, Baillod says the wooden ship would not have survived 345 years underwater because of the unique area where it sank. <br><br>Le Griffon sank to a part of Lake Michigan with a limestone substrate. The area is not particularly deep, about 80 feet. \u201cThe waves really move the water, even at 80 feet below,\u201d Baillod says. \u201cI would not expect any wooden remains from 1679 to remain.\u201d  <br><br>At best, Baillod says iron pieces might be scattered about. But, Le Griffon is thought to be somewhere in a 100 square-mile area, which would make searching extremely difficult. <br><br>Despite these realities, hosts of explorers have claimed to have found the legendary ship.  <br><br><b>The Hoaxes of a Lost Ship<\/b> <br><br>Starting in the 1930s, Baillod says hoaxers began suggesting that Le Griffon had never been found because it was in Lake Huron, not Lake Michigan. \u201cThey cherry-picked the records to support their claim,\u201d he says.  <br><br>For Le Griffon to have made it to Lake Huron, Baillod says it would have had to pass through the Straits of Mackinac, where fur traders would have seen the ship. There was a Jesuit mission at St. Ignace, and the vessel would have caught their attention, particularly because it was the first of its kind to sail those waters.  <br><br>Why would anyone lie about finding Le Griffon? Baillod says that in recent years, the mention of finding the boat has landed amateur explorers in front of news cameras. <br><br>\u201cIt\u2019s really been a target for pseudo-history and revisionist history. Anyone who finds a wooden wreck in the western Great Lakes tends to call it Le Griffon and call the media,\u201d Baillod says.  <br><br>A decade ago, scuba divers found a long pole they claimed belonged to Le Griffon. Michigan state authorities deemed it had been used for fishing sometime between 1880 and 1920. The scuba divers continue to insist they found Le Griffon, but scientists and state officials disagree. <br><br>\u201cNo one has found the Griffon. Until you hear a reputable archeologist with the State of Michigan say it has been found, you can rest assured it hasn\u2019t been found,\u201d Baillod says. ', 'ai_likelihood': 9.816884994506836e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'In September 1679, a French trader and explorer arrived near Green Bay, Wisconsin, with his new merchant ship, Le Griffon. The ship was loaded with furs and other commodities, and the captain was instructed to sail it back to a port in eastern Lake Erie. <br><br>The trader, Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, headed south in a canoe with a team of explorers. It was the last he saw of Le Griffon. The ship sank in a storm and has not been seen since. <br><br>In the 345 years since the vessel sank, amateur relic hunters have announced many Le Griffon sightings, only to have state officials deem the artifacts as inauthentic. Underwater archeologists say Le Griffon has long been a target for hoaxes.  <br><br><b>The Origins of Le Griffon<\/b> <br><br>Le Griffon was one of the first European commercial vessels to sail the Great Lakes. Construction began in 1679, and it launched in August of that year. <br><br>La Salle, then in his mid-thirties, was the son of wealthy merchants. He grew up in a port city on the River Seine, about 50 miles from the English Channel. As a young adult, La Salle became a Jesuit priest but left after his repeated requests for an assignment in a faraway land were denied. He joined his brother in Canada, where he sensed that explorers enjoyed both wealth and prestige. <br><br>Trade, particularly among furs, was a means to an end for an explorer seeking funding. La Salle was interested in exploring the Mississippi River to see whether it flowed down to the Gulf of Mexico and could be used for transportation. <br><br>La Salle had Le Griffon built with the intention that it could navigate from the east of Lake Erie, near Buffalo, up Lake Huron, and into Lake Michigan, where there were fur trading posts.  <br><br><b>The Disappearance of Le Griffon<\/b><br><br>Although there are legends that make it sound as though Le Griffon slipped into the fog and was never seen again, historians do have many primary sources documenting the vessel\u2019s disappearance.  <br><br>\u201cWe know quite a bit. LaSalle wrote a pretty detailed letter in 1681,\u201d says Brendon Baillod, president of the Wisconsin Underwater Archeology Association. <br><br>In 1681, La Salle sent two explorers to search for the remains of the ship. They returned with substantial pieces as well as insight from the local Potawatomi people.  <br><br>After La Salle left Le Griffon, he learned the ship sheltered at an island near the tip of Green Bay for the night. The next morning, the Potawatomi recognized a violent storm was imminent and warned the captain not to set sail.  <br><br>\u201cHe replied that his ship was not afraid of the winds and he would do as he pleased,\u201d Baillod says. <br><br><b>Are there any remains of Le Griffon?<\/b> <br><br>After Le Griffon left the island shelter, it headed out into the storm and was lost at sea. La Salle\u2019s letter indicated the explorers he sent in search of the wreck were able to recover recognizable pieces of the vessel. Given that it was the only European vessel on Lake Michigan at the time, Baillod says there would be no confusion as to the pieces\u2019 origins. <br><br>Over time, scuba divers and wreck hunters have claimed to have found the sunken ship. However, Baillod says the wooden ship would not have survived 345 years underwater because of the unique area where it sank. <br><br>Le Griffon sank to a part of Lake Michigan with a limestone substrate. The area is not particularly deep, about 80 feet. \u201cThe waves really move the water, even at 80 feet below,\u201d Baillod says. \u201cI would not expect any wooden remains from 1679 to remain.\u201d  <br><br>At best, Baillod says iron pieces might be scattered about. But, Le Griffon is thought to be somewhere in a 100 square-mile area, which would make searching extremely difficult. <br><br>Despite these realities, hosts of explorers have claimed to have found the legendary ship.  <br><br><b>The Hoaxes of a Lost Ship<\/b> <br><br>Starting in the 1930s, Baillod says hoaxers began suggesting that Le Griffon had never been found because it was in Lake Huron, not Lake Michigan. \u201cThey cherry-picked the records to support their claim,\u201d he says.  <br><br>For Le Griffon to have made it to Lake Huron, Baillod says it would have had to pass through the Straits of Mackinac, where fur traders would have seen the ship. There was a Jesuit mission at St. Ignace, and the vessel would have caught their attention, particularly because it was the first of its kind to sail those waters.  <br><br>Why would anyone lie about finding Le Griffon? Baillod says that in recent years, the mention of finding the boat has landed amateur explorers in front of news cameras. <br><br>\u201cIt\u2019s really been a target for pseudo-history and revisionist history. Anyone who finds a wooden wreck in the western Great Lakes tends to call it Le Griffon and call the media,\u201d Baillod says.  <br><br>A decade ago, scuba divers found a long pole they claimed belonged to Le Griffon. Michigan state authorities deemed it had been used for fishing sometime between 1880 and 1920. The scuba divers continue to insist they found Le Griffon, but scientists and state officials disagree. <br><br>\u201cNo one has found the Griffon. Until you hear a reputable archeologist with the State of Michigan say it has been found, you can rest assured it hasn\u2019t been found,\u201d Baillod says. ', 'ai_likelihood': 8.547306060791016e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '9cedf957-16b9-451e-9709-ad36aebec4e5', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0004980453522875905, 'sentence': 'In September 1679, a French trader and explorer arrived near Green Bay, Wisconsin, with his new merchant ship, Le Griffon.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005971787613816559, 'sentence': 'The ship was loaded with furs and other commodities, and the captain was instructed to sail it back to a port in eastern Lake Erie.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008844153489917517, 'sentence': '<br><br>The trader, Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, headed south in a canoe with a team of explorers.', 'perplexity': 0, 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'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'In September 1679, a French trader and explorer arrived near Green Bay, Wisconsin, with his new merchant ship, Le Griffon. The ship was loaded with furs and other commodities, and the captain was instructed to sail it back to a port in eastern Lake Erie. <br><br>The trader, Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, headed south in a canoe with a team of explorers. It was the last he saw of Le Griffon. The ship sank in a storm and has not been seen since. <br><br>In the 345 years since the vessel sank, amateur relic hunters have announced many Le Griffon sightings, only to have state officials deem the artifacts as inauthentic. Underwater archeologists say Le Griffon has long been a target for hoaxes.  <br><br><b>The Origins of Le Griffon<\/b> <br><br>Le Griffon was one of the first European commercial vessels to sail the Great Lakes. Construction began in 1679, and it launched in August of that year. <br><br>La Salle, then in his mid-thirties, was the son of wealthy merchants. He grew up in a port city on the River Seine, about 50 miles from the English Channel. As a young adult, La Salle became a Jesuit priest but left after his repeated requests for an assignment in a faraway land were denied. He joined his brother in Canada, where he sensed that explorers enjoyed both wealth and prestige. <br><br>Trade, particularly among furs, was a means to an end for an explorer seeking funding. La Salle was interested in exploring the Mississippi River to see whether it flowed down to the Gulf of Mexico and could be used for transportation. <br><br>La Salle had Le Griffon built with the intention that it could navigate from the east of Lake Erie, near Buffalo, up Lake Huron, and into Lake Michigan, where there were fur trading posts.  <br><br><b>The Disappearance of Le Griffon<\/b><br><br>Although there are legends that make it sound as though Le Griffon slipped into the fog and was never seen again, historians do have many primary sources documenting the vessel\u2019s disappearance.  <br><br>\u201cWe know quite a bit. LaSalle wrote a pretty detailed letter in 1681,\u201d says Brendon Baillod, president of the Wisconsin Underwater Archeology Association. <br><br>In 1681, La Salle sent two explorers to search for the remains of the ship. They returned with substantial pieces as well as insight from the local Potawatomi people.  <br><br>After La Salle left Le Griffon, he learned the ship sheltered at an island near the tip of Green Bay for the night. The next morning, the Potawatomi recognized a violent storm was imminent and warned the captain not to set sail.  <br><br>\u201cHe replied that his ship was not afraid of the winds and he would do as he pleased,\u201d Baillod says. <br><br><b>Are there any remains of Le Griffon?<\/b> <br><br>After Le Griffon left the island shelter, it headed out into the storm and was lost at sea. La Salle\u2019s letter indicated the explorers he sent in search of the wreck were able to recover recognizable pieces of the vessel. Given that it was the only European vessel on Lake Michigan at the time, Baillod says there would be no confusion as to the pieces\u2019 origins. <br><br>Over time, scuba divers and wreck hunters have claimed to have found the sunken ship. However, Baillod says the wooden ship would not have survived 345 years underwater because of the unique area where it sank. <br><br>Le Griffon sank to a part of Lake Michigan with a limestone substrate. The area is not particularly deep, about 80 feet. \u201cThe waves really move the water, even at 80 feet below,\u201d Baillod says. \u201cI would not expect any wooden remains from 1679 to remain.\u201d  <br><br>At best, Baillod says iron pieces might be scattered about. But, Le Griffon is thought to be somewhere in a 100 square-mile area, which would make searching extremely difficult. <br><br>Despite these realities, hosts of explorers have claimed to have found the legendary ship.  <br><br><b>The Hoaxes of a Lost Ship<\/b> <br><br>Starting in the 1930s, Baillod says hoaxers began suggesting that Le Griffon had never been found because it was in Lake Huron, not Lake Michigan. \u201cThey cherry-picked the records to support their claim,\u201d he says.  <br><br>For Le Griffon to have made it to Lake Huron, Baillod says it would have had to pass through the Straits of Mackinac, where fur traders would have seen the ship. There was a Jesuit mission at St. Ignace, and the vessel would have caught their attention, particularly because it was the first of its kind to sail those waters.  <br><br>Why would anyone lie about finding Le Griffon? Baillod says that in recent years, the mention of finding the boat has landed amateur explorers in front of news cameras. <br><br>\u201cIt\u2019s really been a target for pseudo-history and revisionist history. Anyone who finds a wooden wreck in the western Great Lakes tends to call it Le Griffon and call the media,\u201d Baillod says.  <br><br>A decade ago, scuba divers found a long pole they claimed belonged to Le Griffon. Michigan state authorities deemed it had been used for fishing sometime between 1880 and 1920. The scuba divers continue to insist they found Le Griffon, but scientists and state officials disagree. <br><br>\u201cNo one has found the Griffon. Until you hear a reputable archeologist with the State of Michigan say it has been found, you can rest assured it hasn\u2019t been found,\u201d Baillod says. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8171053529,"RADAR":0.0110635813,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The main reason why I believe this article is human-generated is because of how the quotations are handled. There's only one expert quoted, whereas AI would easily quote at least 3, and the article uses \"Baillod says\" throughout rather than cycling through synonyms. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"There are few clues here. I'm going with AI-generated because of the one instance of \"both.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: commas before the 'ands'. Sentence case headings. Varied paragraph and sentence length. Doesn't contain any of the usual hallmarks of AI i.e. the structure and phrasing. Contains filler words like 'very' and 'really'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. While the writing style is simplistic, that's already an indication to me because it has a tone and style of writing that's easily followed all the way through. It often uses repeated visuals to frame and reframe the topic back with its visual descriptions, such as \"a violent storm was imminent and warned the captain not to set sail.\" and \"it headed out into the storm and was lost at sea\". Alongside that, less common terms, such as \"cherry-picked the records\" and how it frames its facts is consistent throughout it. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"AI follows the rule not to use \"there is\/are\" constructions in formal\/academic writing. Humans love using expletive constructions.\nAlthough AI also uses single-sentence paragraphs, it tends to avoid them when writing an academic essay. This author uses them with gay abandon. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"67":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":8,"title":"What does it take to become a saint in the modern age? ","sub-title":"The Catholic Church will soon canonize its first millennial saint\u2014dubbed \u201cGod\u2019s influencer.\u201d Is it a sign of change to a centuries-old practice? ","author":"Amy McKeever","source":"National Geographic","issue":-17955000,"section":"History & Culture","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/culture\/article\/modern-saint-catholic-church","article":"He\u2019s been called God\u2019s influencer. The patron saint of the internet. And now Carlo Acutis will be the first-ever millennial to be named a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. <br><br>On July 1, the Vatican approved the canonization of the teenage tech whiz who died of leukemia in 2006. <br><br>Much has been made of the announcement, which turns the traditional image of a saint on its head. Acutis isn\u2019t an ancient biblical figure or a religious martyr from the Crusades. He designed a website to catalog miracles. In other words, he\u2019s a modern saint.  <br><br>\u201cCanonization is fundamentally about holiness\u2014but it\u2019s also about relevance,\u201d says Kathleen Sprows Cummings, history professor at the University of Notre Dame and author of the book A Saint of Our Own. <br><br>As young people leave the Catholic Church in droves, there\u2019s perhaps no one more relevant than the first millennial saint. \u201cHe\u2019s a saint that they could see themselves reflected in,\u201d Cummings says. \u201cThat\u2019s really the whole point of saints.\u201d  <br><br>But what does it take to become a saint in the modern era? Here\u2019s how the centuries-old practice is staying relevant. <br><br><b>Who gets to be a saint?<\/b> <br><br>In the Catholic Church, sainthood is an official confirmation that a person has entered God\u2019s eternal presence\u2014basically, that they made it to heaven by living \u201cheroically virtuous lives.\u201d  <br><br>Saints are no different from anyone else in heaven. The title simply changes how they\u2019re venerated on Earth: The Church can erect shrines to them or designate days in their honor, for example. <br><br>But not everyone who lived a heroically virtuous life will be formally declared a saint. That\u2019s because the process is arduous\u2014and strategic. <br><br>Anyone can open a petition for a saint, but they must first convince their bishop that the cause is worthy. A candidate for sainthood also has to have been dead for at least five years, although the Pope can make exceptions. <br><br>Once a cause is open, local investigators comb through their writings and interview everyone who knew them to prove their virtues, including faith, hope, charity, justice, and courage. If these virtues are demonstrated\u2014and the Pope affirms it\u2014a person is declared \u201cvenerable.\u201d   <br><br>That\u2019s when the miracles come in. The Catholic Church requires evidence of one miracle to beatify a prospective saint\u2014which then allows the local church to venerate a person, a practice of bestowing them with special honors. After a second miracle occurs at this stage, the church can officially canonize them. <br><br><b>What counts as a miracle in an age of science?<\/b> <br><br>In the 20th century, 99 percent of miracles have been medical, writes physician and historian Jacalyn Duffin. That\u2019s because they\u2019re a little more straightforward to argue than, say, the spontaneous multiplication of loaves and fishes.  <br><br>To prove a miraculous healing, the Vatican convenes a committee of doctors to evaluate a patient\u2019s medical records and testify that there wasn\u2019t a scientific explanation for a cure. <br><br>The harder thing to prove is that healing could have only occurred through divine intervention. Cummings says the Church is more likely to declare a miracle if an injury was beyond hope and healed quickly. For the prospective saint to get credit for it, devotees must swear that they\u2019d prayed only to him or her and no one else. <br><br>But even these miracles are getting increasingly complicated with modern medicine, Cumming says. In fact, the requirement for sainthood used to be four miracles before reforms under Pope John Paul II cut that number in half in 1983. <br><br><b>What makes a saint relevant?<\/b> <br><br>Sainthood is a rare honor in part because it can be so difficult for a case to wind its way through the Vatican\u2019s bureaucracy. (For example, the Vatican has rejected miracles for errors in the paperwork.) But it also has to do with who you know\u2014and how you can help the church remain relevant. <br><br>Saint-making plays a big role in energizing Catholic membership. Harvard University researchers Robert Barro and Rachel McCleary demonstrated as much in their 2016 analysis of all the beatifications and canonizations from 1590 to 2009. As a region\u2019s Protestant population grew, they found that so too did its number of Catholic saints. <br><br>\u201cSince around 1900, the naming of blessed persons seems to reflect a response by the Catholic Church to competition from Protestantism or Evangelicalism,\u201d they wrote.  <br><br>So is the canonization of Acutis likewise a strategic play to lure millennials back into the Catholic Church? <br><br>\u201cOf course it is,\u201d says Cummings. She argues that this doesn\u2019t diminish his holiness\u2014but it only makes sense now, as the age gap in religion grows across the world. Even more telling, she adds, is that the Vatican seems poised to formalize the decision during its 2025 Jubilee, an important time of pilgrimage. <br><br>\u201cJust imagine all the young people that are going to come to this canonization,\u201d Cummings says. \u201cIt\u2019ll send a powerful message.\u201d ","id":37,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'He\u2019s been called God\u2019s influencer. The patron saint of the internet. And now Carlo Acutis will be the first-ever millennial to be named a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. <br><br>On July 1, the Vatican approved the canonization of the teenage tech whiz who died of leukemia in 2006. <br><br>Much has been made of the announcement, which turns the traditional image of a saint on its head. Acutis isn\u2019t an ancient biblical figure or a religious martyr from the Crusades. He designed a website to catalog miracles. In other words, he\u2019s a modern saint.  <br><br>\u201cCanonization is fundamentally about holiness\u2014but it\u2019s also about relevance,\u201d says Kathleen Sprows Cummings, history professor at the University of Notre Dame and author of the book A Saint of Our Own. <br><br>As young people leave the Catholic Church in droves, there\u2019s perhaps no one more relevant than the first millennial saint. \u201cHe\u2019s a saint that they could see themselves reflected in,\u201d Cummings says. \u201cThat\u2019s really the whole point of saints.\u201d  <br><br>But what does it take to become a saint in the modern era? Here\u2019s how the centuries-old practice is staying relevant. <br><br><b>Who gets to be a saint?<\/b> <br><br>In the Catholic Church, sainthood is an official confirmation that a person has entered God\u2019s eternal presence\u2014basically, that they made it to heaven by living \u201cheroically virtuous lives.\u201d  <br><br>Saints are no different from anyone else in heaven. The title simply changes how they\u2019re venerated on Earth: The Church can erect shrines to them or designate days in their honor, for example. <br><br>But not everyone who lived a heroically virtuous life will be formally declared a saint. That\u2019s because the process is arduous\u2014and strategic. <br><br>Anyone can open a petition for a saint, but they must first convince their bishop that the cause is worthy. A candidate for sainthood also has to have been dead for at least five years, although the Pope can make exceptions. <br><br>Once a cause is open, local investigators comb through their writings and interview everyone who knew them to prove their virtues, including faith, hope, charity, justice, and courage. If these virtues are demonstrated\u2014and the Pope affirms it\u2014a person is declared \u201cvenerable.\u201d   <br><br>That\u2019s when the miracles come in. The Catholic Church requires evidence of one miracle to beatify a prospective saint\u2014which then allows the local church to venerate a person, a practice of bestowing them with special honors. After a second miracle occurs at this stage, the church can officially canonize them. <br><br><b>What counts as a miracle in an age of science?<\/b> <br><br>In the 20th century, 99 percent of miracles have been medical, writes physician and historian Jacalyn Duffin. That\u2019s because they\u2019re a little more straightforward to argue than, say, the spontaneous multiplication of loaves and fishes.  <br><br>To prove a miraculous healing, the Vatican convenes a committee of doctors to evaluate a patient\u2019s medical records and testify that there wasn\u2019t a scientific explanation for a cure. <br><br>The harder thing to prove is that healing could have only occurred through divine intervention. Cummings says the Church is more likely to declare a miracle if an injury was beyond hope and healed quickly. For the prospective saint to get credit for it, devotees must swear that they\u2019d prayed only to him or her and no one else. <br><br>But even these miracles are getting increasingly complicated with modern medicine, Cumming says. In fact, the requirement for sainthood used to be four miracles before reforms under Pope John Paul II cut that number in half in 1983. <br><br><b>What makes a saint relevant?<\/b> <br><br>Sainthood is a rare honor in part because it can be so difficult for a case to wind its way through the Vatican\u2019s bureaucracy. (For example, the Vatican has rejected miracles for errors in the paperwork.) But it also has to do with who you know\u2014and how you can help the church remain relevant. <br><br>Saint-making plays a big role in energizing Catholic membership. Harvard University researchers Robert Barro and Rachel McCleary demonstrated as much in their 2016 analysis of all the beatifications and canonizations from 1590 to 2009. As a region\u2019s Protestant population grew, they found that so too did its number of Catholic saints. <br><br>\u201cSince around 1900, the naming of blessed persons seems to reflect a response by the Catholic Church to competition from Protestantism or Evangelicalism,\u201d they wrote.  <br><br>So is the canonization of Acutis likewise a strategic play to lure millennials back into the Catholic Church? <br><br>\u201cOf course it is,\u201d says Cummings. She argues that this doesn\u2019t diminish his holiness\u2014but it only makes sense now, as the age gap in religion grows across the world. Even more telling, she adds, is that the Vatican seems poised to formalize the decision during its 2025 Jubilee, an important time of pilgrimage. <br><br>\u201cJust imagine all the young people that are going to come to this canonization,\u201d Cummings says. \u201cIt\u2019ll send a powerful message.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.424551010131836e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'He\u2019s been called God\u2019s influencer. The patron saint of the internet. And now Carlo Acutis will be the first-ever millennial to be named a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. <br><br>On July 1, the Vatican approved the canonization of the teenage tech whiz who died of leukemia in 2006. <br><br>Much has been made of the announcement, which turns the traditional image of a saint on its head. Acutis isn\u2019t an ancient biblical figure or a religious martyr from the Crusades. He designed a website to catalog miracles. In other words, he\u2019s a modern saint.  <br><br>\u201cCanonization is fundamentally about holiness\u2014but it\u2019s also about relevance,\u201d says Kathleen Sprows Cummings, history professor at the University of Notre Dame and author of the book A Saint of Our Own. <br><br>As young people leave the Catholic Church in droves, there\u2019s perhaps no one more relevant than the first millennial saint. \u201cHe\u2019s a saint that they could see themselves reflected in,\u201d Cummings says. \u201cThat\u2019s really the whole point of saints.\u201d  <br><br>But what does it take to become a saint in the modern era? Here\u2019s how the centuries-old practice is staying relevant. <br><br><b>Who gets to be a saint?<\/b> <br><br>In the Catholic Church, sainthood is an official confirmation that a person has entered God\u2019s eternal presence\u2014basically, that they made it to heaven by living \u201cheroically virtuous lives.\u201d  <br><br>Saints are no different from anyone else in heaven. The title simply changes how they\u2019re venerated on Earth: The Church can erect shrines to them or designate days in their honor, for example. <br><br>But not everyone who lived a heroically virtuous life will be formally declared a saint. That\u2019s because the process is arduous\u2014and strategic. <br><br>Anyone can open a petition for a saint, but they must first convince their bishop that the cause is worthy. A candidate for sainthood also has to have been dead for at least five years, although the Pope can make exceptions. <br><br>Once a cause is open, local investigators comb through their writings and interview everyone who knew them to prove their virtues, including faith, hope, charity, justice, and courage. If these virtues are demonstrated\u2014and the Pope affirms it\u2014a person is declared \u201cvenerable.\u201d   <br><br>That\u2019s when the miracles come in. The Catholic Church requires evidence of one miracle to beatify a prospective saint\u2014which then allows the local church to venerate a person, a practice of bestowing them with special honors. After a second miracle occurs at this stage, the church can officially canonize them. <br><br><b>What counts as a miracle in an age of science?<\/b> <br><br>In the 20th century, 99 percent of miracles have been medical, writes physician and historian Jacalyn Duffin. That\u2019s because they\u2019re a little more straightforward to argue than, say, the spontaneous multiplication of loaves and fishes.  <br><br>To prove a miraculous healing, the Vatican convenes a committee of doctors to evaluate a patient\u2019s medical records and testify that there wasn\u2019t a scientific explanation for a cure. <br><br>The harder thing to prove is that healing could have only occurred through divine intervention. Cummings says the Church is more likely to declare a miracle if an injury was beyond hope and healed quickly. For the prospective saint to get credit for it, devotees must swear that they\u2019d prayed only to him or her and no one else. <br><br>But even these miracles are getting increasingly complicated with modern medicine, Cumming says. In fact, the requirement for sainthood used to be four miracles before reforms under Pope John Paul II cut that number in half in 1983. <br><br><b>What makes a saint relevant?<\/b> <br><br>Sainthood is a rare honor in part because it can be so difficult for a case to wind its way through the Vatican\u2019s bureaucracy. (For example, the Vatican has rejected miracles for errors in the paperwork.) But it also has to do with who you know\u2014and how you can help the church remain relevant. <br><br>Saint-making plays a big role in energizing Catholic membership. Harvard University researchers Robert Barro and Rachel McCleary demonstrated as much in their 2016 analysis of all the beatifications and canonizations from 1590 to 2009. As a region\u2019s Protestant population grew, they found that so too did its number of Catholic saints. <br><br>\u201cSince around 1900, the naming of blessed persons seems to reflect a response by the Catholic Church to competition from Protestantism or Evangelicalism,\u201d they wrote.  <br><br>So is the canonization of Acutis likewise a strategic play to lure millennials back into the Catholic Church? <br><br>\u201cOf course it is,\u201d says Cummings. She argues that this doesn\u2019t diminish his holiness\u2014but it only makes sense now, as the age gap in religion grows across the world. 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'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003792006173171103, 'sentence': \"As a region's Protestant population grew, they found that so too did its number of Catholic saints.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00026688238722272217, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cSince around 1900, the naming of blessed persons seems to reflect a response by the Catholic Church to competition from Protestantism or Evangelicalism,\u201d they wrote.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00033106852788478136, 'sentence': '<br><br>So is the canonization of Acutis likewise a strategic play to lure millennials back into the Catholic Church?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00024148375086952, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cOf course it is,\u201d says Cummings.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004807653313037008, 'sentence': \"She argues that this doesn't diminish his holiness\u1173but it only makes sense now, as the age gap in religion grows across the world.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00026894386974163353, 'sentence': 'Even more telling, she adds, is that the Vatican seems poised to formalize the decision during its 2025 Jubilee, an important time of pilgrimage.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00040149607229977846, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cJust imagine all the young people that are going to come to this canonization,\u201d Cummings says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004009902768302709, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt'll send a powerful message.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 44, 'completely_generated_prob': 4.737992285951107e-39}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0054507966211679235, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9945097664902408, 'ai': 0.0054507966211679235, 'mixed': 3.94368885912277e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9945097664902408, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.0054507966211679235, 'human': 0.9945097664902408, 'mixed': 3.94368885912277e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'He\u2019s been called God\u2019s influencer. The patron saint of the internet. And now Carlo Acutis will be the first-ever millennial to be named a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. <br><br>On July 1, the Vatican approved the canonization of the teenage tech whiz who died of leukemia in 2006. <br><br>Much has been made of the announcement, which turns the traditional image of a saint on its head. Acutis isn\u2019t an ancient biblical figure or a religious martyr from the Crusades. He designed a website to catalog miracles. In other words, he\u2019s a modern saint.  <br><br>\u201cCanonization is fundamentally about holiness\u2014but it\u2019s also about relevance,\u201d says Kathleen Sprows Cummings, history professor at the University of Notre Dame and author of the book A Saint of Our Own. <br><br>As young people leave the Catholic Church in droves, there\u2019s perhaps no one more relevant than the first millennial saint. \u201cHe\u2019s a saint that they could see themselves reflected in,\u201d Cummings says. \u201cThat\u2019s really the whole point of saints.\u201d  <br><br>But what does it take to become a saint in the modern era? Here\u2019s how the centuries-old practice is staying relevant. <br><br><b>Who gets to be a saint?<\/b> <br><br>In the Catholic Church, sainthood is an official confirmation that a person has entered God\u2019s eternal presence\u2014basically, that they made it to heaven by living \u201cheroically virtuous lives.\u201d  <br><br>Saints are no different from anyone else in heaven. The title simply changes how they\u2019re venerated on Earth: The Church can erect shrines to them or designate days in their honor, for example. <br><br>But not everyone who lived a heroically virtuous life will be formally declared a saint. That\u2019s because the process is arduous\u2014and strategic. <br><br>Anyone can open a petition for a saint, but they must first convince their bishop that the cause is worthy. A candidate for sainthood also has to have been dead for at least five years, although the Pope can make exceptions. <br><br>Once a cause is open, local investigators comb through their writings and interview everyone who knew them to prove their virtues, including faith, hope, charity, justice, and courage. If these virtues are demonstrated\u2014and the Pope affirms it\u2014a person is declared \u201cvenerable.\u201d   <br><br>That\u2019s when the miracles come in. The Catholic Church requires evidence of one miracle to beatify a prospective saint\u2014which then allows the local church to venerate a person, a practice of bestowing them with special honors. After a second miracle occurs at this stage, the church can officially canonize them. <br><br><b>What counts as a miracle in an age of science?<\/b> <br><br>In the 20th century, 99 percent of miracles have been medical, writes physician and historian Jacalyn Duffin. That\u2019s because they\u2019re a little more straightforward to argue than, say, the spontaneous multiplication of loaves and fishes.  <br><br>To prove a miraculous healing, the Vatican convenes a committee of doctors to evaluate a patient\u2019s medical records and testify that there wasn\u2019t a scientific explanation for a cure. <br><br>The harder thing to prove is that healing could have only occurred through divine intervention. Cummings says the Church is more likely to declare a miracle if an injury was beyond hope and healed quickly. For the prospective saint to get credit for it, devotees must swear that they\u2019d prayed only to him or her and no one else. <br><br>But even these miracles are getting increasingly complicated with modern medicine, Cumming says. In fact, the requirement for sainthood used to be four miracles before reforms under Pope John Paul II cut that number in half in 1983. <br><br><b>What makes a saint relevant?<\/b> <br><br>Sainthood is a rare honor in part because it can be so difficult for a case to wind its way through the Vatican\u2019s bureaucracy. (For example, the Vatican has rejected miracles for errors in the paperwork.) But it also has to do with who you know\u2014and how you can help the church remain relevant. <br><br>Saint-making plays a big role in energizing Catholic membership. Harvard University researchers Robert Barro and Rachel McCleary demonstrated as much in their 2016 analysis of all the beatifications and canonizations from 1590 to 2009. As a region\u2019s Protestant population grew, they found that so too did its number of Catholic saints. <br><br>\u201cSince around 1900, the naming of blessed persons seems to reflect a response by the Catholic Church to competition from Protestantism or Evangelicalism,\u201d they wrote.  <br><br>So is the canonization of Acutis likewise a strategic play to lure millennials back into the Catholic Church? <br><br>\u201cOf course it is,\u201d says Cummings. She argues that this doesn\u2019t diminish his holiness\u2014but it only makes sense now, as the age gap in religion grows across the world. Even more telling, she adds, is that the Vatican seems poised to formalize the decision during its 2025 Jubilee, an important time of pilgrimage. <br><br>\u201cJust imagine all the young people that are going to come to this canonization,\u201d Cummings says. \u201cIt\u2019ll send a powerful message.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8361830115,"RADAR":0.0126448553,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The entire article has quite a cynical view of Catholicism throughout, something I would never expect from AI. Combined with the very unique introduction and general writing style, it's quite clearly human-generated"},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual signs of AI here. Plus, the use of the contraction \"and\" at the beginning of a sentence may be a human error\/style. AI wouldn't normally use the redundant word \"basically.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: sentence-case headings. First paragraph comprises of short choppy sentences. One of the sentences begins with the coordinating conjunction 'and'. Colloquial language like 'basically'. The phrase 'for example' tacked on to the end of a sentence. 'Saint-making plays a big role', not a 'crucial' one. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. The article's tone is casual, but the details are clear and easy to understand. There's a lot of good presentation of information, combined with some visual, active phrases, to help the reader recognize why the topic's important to them, such as with \"patron saint of the internet\", \"...canonization of the teenage tech whiz who died of leukemia in 2006.\" and \"But it also has to do with who you know\u2014and how you can help the church remain relevant.\" There's also a good command of grammar use here, with long dashes, parentheses, and possessive apostrophes, and only goes into larger vocab when it's appropriate to use it.  "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Text injected with enough irreverence to render it human. AI wouldn't dare.\nSeveral sentences begin with coordinating conjunctions. AI still in the stage where it dutifully follows prescriptive language rules."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"68":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":9,"title":"A look inside the growing Black RV camping movement ","sub-title":"The number of Black campers in America has doubled in less than a decade, with some community groups teaming up to share resources about safe spaces in the outdoors. ","author":"Sheeka Sanahori ","source":"National Geographic","issue":-17954000,"section":"Travel","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/travel\/article\/black-owned-rv-campgrounds-and-parks","article":"Toyin Ajayi was 37 when she packed up her camper and permanently left her apartment in Sandy Springs, Ga. She\u2019s visited 24 states in the last three years with no plans to return to a more stationary life. <br><br>\u201cThere is a sense of mental freedom. For me, being able to spend more time in nature. I pay attention to the stars more or the animals and things like that. There's definitely different kinds of freedom that I've found from my personal journey\u2013\u2013     emotional freedom, spiritual freedom, all of it,\u201d Ajayi says.  <br><br>Even as a solo RV camper, Ajayi knows she\u2019s not alone in the movement to spend more time on the open road. She\u2019s seeing more Black women and younger people join her as full-time RVers. <br><br>Ajayi started a Facebook group for Black women interested in the outdoors. It grew so fast that she developed it into a website. Now more than 8,000 members of Outdoorsy Black Women connect online to recommend campsites, get together on trips, and share RV tips.            <br><br><b>The rise of the Black RV life movement<\/b>                                    <br><br>Data from the RV Industry Association shows that RV owner demographics are becoming younger and more diverse. Even though the median age of RV owners is 53, the median age of first-time RV buyers in 2020 dropped to 41, then dropped again two years later to 32. <br><br>According to Kampgrounds of America (KOA), the number of Black campers has doubled in less than 10 years and now accounts for 11 percent of the U.S. camping community. <br><br>\u201cI think the van life movement changed the trajectory for the RV life movement. They're intertwined at this point because everybody knows van life, but it all falls under the umbrella that's nomadic living,\u201d Ajayi says. <br><br>A list of Black-owned campsites is one of the biggest resources she shares with members of Outdoorsy Black Women. Other Black camper community groups crowdsource similar directories, which emphasizes the need for safe spaces in the outdoors. Although these crowdsourced lists are openly shared with community members, they are tightly guarded from outside interference to protect the peace and safety of both campsite owners and their Black patrons. <br><br>Ajayi calls these listings the Green Book of Black campers and says they\u2019re imperative, especially during intense political cycles such as the 2024 presidential race. <br><br><b>A safe space in the outdoors<\/b> <br><br>One of the Black-owned campgrounds listed in many such directories is Warthen RV Park, a rural park with full hookups for 49 lots, located halfway between Macon and Augusta, Ga. <br><br>Josh Gordy bought the land in his hometown in 2011. It was his first venture into entrepreneurship, continuing the legacy that runs in his family. The former NFL player is related to Motown legend Berry Gordy on his father\u2019s side. <br><br>But this acreage was most significant to his maternal grandfather\u2019s legacy. When Gordy\u2019s grandfather was young, he worked the land as a sharecropper. He wanted to buy the land but was never allowed to fulfill that dream.  <br><br>\u201cKnowing a lot of the obstacles he had to go through,\u201d Gordy says. \u201cI think when he wanted to initially try to get the land, they [gave him] the runaround, but again, God has a way of working things out.\u201d <br><br>It wasn\u2019t until Gordy tapped into existing Black RV and camping communities that he knew he\u2019d find long-term success on the land his grandfather cared for. A majority of Warthen RV Park\u2019s short-term campers are Black, and he\u2019s starting to see more Black families, his primary customer base, move to camp full-time. <br><br>\u201cIt was like I found this secret door that I didn't know existed, but once I joined the group and saw exactly how many people ... how many of us are doing it. It's like, okay, there's a big enough market for us to really grab that,\u201d he explains. <br><br>Groups such as Black Folks who Camp\/RV have more than 45,000 members on Facebook. But many others specialize in getting started, buying and renting RVs, and connecting with others at RV meetups. <br><br>Warthen RV Park has hosted a few Black RV events by arranging for groups to camp near each other. This also gives campers space for cookouts, playing cards, and enjoying music\u2013\u2013in addition to taking advantage of the park\u2019s nature trails and dark skies for stargazing. <br><br><b>Black RV campers seek community and advice<\/b> <br><br>In September, ShaRon Jones's inheritance allowed her to buy the class C RV she\u2019d always wanted. Before venturing out of Jacksonville, Fla., for her first out-of-town trip, Jones is gleaning wisdom from more experienced campers in the same Black RV and camping groups. <br><br>\u201cI've actually been living in my camper since I got it three weeks ago. I've been home. I go home, I wash clothes, I get fresh clothes, drop the dirty clothes off and I leave,\u201d she says. \u201cMy house is nice and quiet, but there's a different peace being in that camper and that RV park.\u201d <br><br>She was stunned by the size of the Black RV community and is looking forward to enjoying as many RV meetups as she can manage.  <br><br>\u201cMy bucket list? I want to meet all of the people in these groups that I've met. They meet at certain spots. They've been meeting for years, and I'm just now finding out,\u201d she said. \u201cI see a lot of women traveling by themselves, driving their own rigs, and I'm talking about these sisters are getting it, been doing it for years, full-time RVers.\u201d <br><br>Jones\u2019s first big meetup will be at Atlanta Motor Speedway in February for a Melanated Campout event. <br><br>From there, she plans to spend her weekends traveling solo or with a trusted friend to as many states as she can manage. The Florida resident has never been farther than Valdosta, Ga., but with the help of fellow Black RVers, she plans to spend the rest of her life seeing as much of the country as possible. ","id":38,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"Toyin Ajayi was 37 when she packed up her camper and permanently left her apartment in Sandy Springs, Ga. She\u2019s visited 24 states in the last three years with no plans to return to a more stationary life. <br><br>\u201cThere is a sense of mental freedom. For me, being able to spend more time in nature. I pay attention to the stars more or the animals and things like that. There's definitely different kinds of freedom that I've found from my personal journey\u2013\u2013     emotional freedom, spiritual freedom, all of it,\u201d Ajayi says.  <br><br>Even as a solo RV camper, Ajayi knows she\u2019s not alone in the movement to spend more time on the open road. She\u2019s seeing more Black women and younger people join her as full-time RVers. <br><br>Ajayi started a Facebook group for Black women interested in the outdoors. It grew so fast that she developed it into a website. Now more than 8,000 members of Outdoorsy Black Women connect online to recommend campsites, get together on trips, and share RV tips.            <br><br><b>The rise of the Black RV life movement<\/b>                                    <br><br>Data from the RV Industry Association shows that RV owner demographics are becoming younger and more diverse. Even though the median age of RV owners is 53, the median age of first-time RV buyers in 2020 dropped to 41, then dropped again two years later to 32. <br><br>According to Kampgrounds of America (KOA), the number of Black campers has doubled in less than 10 years and now accounts for 11 percent of the U.S. camping community. <br><br>\u201cI think the van life movement changed the trajectory for the RV life movement. They're intertwined at this point because everybody knows van life, but it all falls under the umbrella that's nomadic living,\u201d Ajayi says. <br><br>A list of Black-owned campsites is one of the biggest resources she shares with members of Outdoorsy Black Women. Other Black camper community groups crowdsource similar directories, which emphasizes the need for safe spaces in the outdoors. Although these crowdsourced lists are openly shared with community members, they are tightly guarded from outside interference to protect the peace and safety of both campsite owners and their Black patrons. <br><br>Ajayi calls these listings the Green Book of Black campers and says they\u2019re imperative, especially during intense political cycles such as the 2024 presidential race. <br><br><b>A safe space in the outdoors<\/b> <br><br>One of the Black-owned campgrounds listed in many such directories is Warthen RV Park, a rural park with full hookups for 49 lots, located halfway between Macon and Augusta, Ga. <br><br>Josh Gordy bought the land in his hometown in 2011. It was his first venture into entrepreneurship, continuing the legacy that runs in his family. The former NFL player is related to Motown legend Berry Gordy on his father\u2019s side. <br><br>But this acreage was most significant to his maternal grandfather\u2019s legacy. When Gordy\u2019s grandfather was young, he worked the land as a sharecropper. He wanted to buy the land but was never allowed to fulfill that dream.  <br><br>\u201cKnowing a lot of the obstacles he had to go through,\u201d Gordy says. \u201cI think when he wanted to initially try to get the land, they [gave him] the runaround, but again, God has a way of working things out.\u201d <br><br>It wasn\u2019t until Gordy tapped into existing Black RV and camping communities that he knew he\u2019d find long-term success on the land his grandfather cared for. A majority of Warthen RV Park\u2019s short-term campers are Black, and he\u2019s starting to see more Black families, his primary customer base, move to camp full-time. <br><br>\u201cIt was like I found this secret door that I didn't know existed, but once I joined the group and saw exactly how many people ... how many of us are doing it. It's like, okay, there's a big enough market for us to really grab that,\u201d he explains. <br><br>Groups such as Black Folks who Camp\/RV have more than 45,000 members on Facebook. But many others specialize in getting started, buying and renting RVs, and connecting with others at RV meetups. <br><br>Warthen RV Park has hosted a few Black RV events by arranging for groups to camp near each other. This also gives campers space for cookouts, playing cards, and enjoying music\u2013\u2013in addition to taking advantage of the park\u2019s nature trails and dark skies for stargazing. <br><br><b>Black RV campers seek community and advice<\/b> <br><br>In September, ShaRon Jones's inheritance allowed her to buy the class C RV she\u2019d always wanted. Before venturing out of Jacksonville, Fla., for her first out-of-town trip, Jones is gleaning wisdom from more experienced campers in the same Black RV and camping groups. <br><br>\u201cI've actually been living in my camper since I got it three weeks ago. I've been home. I go home, I wash clothes, I get fresh clothes, drop the dirty clothes off and I leave,\u201d she says. \u201cMy house is nice and quiet, but there's a different peace being in that camper and that RV park.\u201d <br><br>She was stunned by the size of the Black RV community and is looking forward to enjoying as many RV meetups as she can manage.  <br><br>\u201cMy bucket list? I want to meet all of the people in these groups that I've met. They meet at certain spots. They've been meeting for years, and I'm just now finding out,\u201d she said. \u201cI see a lot of women traveling by themselves, driving their own rigs, and I'm talking about these sisters are getting it, been doing it for years, full-time RVers.\u201d <br><br>Jones\u2019s first big meetup will be at Atlanta Motor Speedway in February for a Melanated Campout event. <br><br>From there, she plans to spend her weekends traveling solo or with a trusted friend to as many states as she can manage. The Florida resident has never been farther than Valdosta, Ga., but with the help of fellow Black RVers, she plans to spend the rest of her life seeing as much of the country as possible. \", 'ai_likelihood': 0.00011545419692993164, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"Toyin Ajayi was 37 when she packed up her camper and permanently left her apartment in Sandy Springs, Ga. She\u2019s visited 24 states in the last three years with no plans to return to a more stationary life. <br><br>\u201cThere is a sense of mental freedom. For me, being able to spend more time in nature. I pay attention to the stars more or the animals and things like that. There's definitely different kinds of freedom that I've found from my personal journey\u2013\u2013     emotional freedom, spiritual freedom, all of it,\u201d Ajayi says.  <br><br>Even as a solo RV camper, Ajayi knows she\u2019s not alone in the movement to spend more time on the open road. She\u2019s seeing more Black women and younger people join her as full-time RVers. <br><br>Ajayi started a Facebook group for Black women interested in the outdoors. It grew so fast that she developed it into a website. Now more than 8,000 members of Outdoorsy Black Women connect online to recommend campsites, get together on trips, and share RV tips.            <br><br><b>The rise of the Black RV life movement<\/b>                                    <br><br>Data from the RV Industry Association shows that RV owner demographics are becoming younger and more diverse. Even though the median age of RV owners is 53, the median age of first-time RV buyers in 2020 dropped to 41, then dropped again two years later to 32. <br><br>According to Kampgrounds of America (KOA), the number of Black campers has doubled in less than 10 years and now accounts for 11 percent of the U.S. camping community. <br><br>\u201cI think the van life movement changed the trajectory for the RV life movement. They're intertwined at this point because everybody knows van life, but it all falls under the umbrella that's nomadic living,\u201d Ajayi says. <br><br>A list of Black-owned campsites is one of the biggest resources she shares with members of Outdoorsy Black Women. Other Black camper community groups crowdsource similar directories, which emphasizes the need for safe spaces in the outdoors. Although these crowdsourced lists are openly shared with community members, they are tightly guarded from outside interference to protect the peace and safety of both campsite owners and their Black patrons. <br><br>Ajayi calls these listings the Green Book of Black campers and says they\u2019re imperative, especially during intense political cycles such as the 2024 presidential race. <br><br><b>A safe space in the outdoors<\/b> <br><br>One of the Black-owned campgrounds listed in many such directories is Warthen RV Park, a rural park with full hookups for 49 lots, located halfway between Macon and Augusta, Ga. <br><br>Josh Gordy bought the land in his hometown in 2011. It was his first venture into entrepreneurship, continuing the legacy that runs in his family. The former NFL player is related to Motown legend Berry Gordy on his father\u2019s side. <br><br>But this acreage was most significant to his maternal grandfather\u2019s legacy. When Gordy\u2019s grandfather was young, he worked the land as a sharecropper. He wanted to buy the land but was never allowed to fulfill that dream.  <br><br>\u201cKnowing a lot of the obstacles he had to go through,\u201d Gordy says. \u201cI think when he wanted to initially try to get the land, they [gave him] the runaround, but again, God has a way of working things out.\u201d <br><br>It wasn\u2019t until Gordy tapped into existing Black RV and camping communities that he knew he\u2019d find long-term success on the land his grandfather cared for. A majority of Warthen RV Park\u2019s short-term campers are Black, and he\u2019s starting to see more Black families, his primary customer base, move to camp full-time. <br><br>\u201cIt was like I found this secret door that I didn't know existed, but once I joined the group and saw exactly how many people ... how many of us are doing it. It's like, okay, there's a big enough market for us to really grab that,\u201d he explains. <br><br>Groups such as Black Folks who Camp\/RV have more than 45,000 members on Facebook. But many others specialize in getting started, buying and renting RVs, and connecting with others at RV meetups. <br><br>Warthen RV Park has hosted a few Black RV events by arranging for groups to camp near each other. This also gives campers space for cookouts, playing cards, and enjoying music\u2013\u2013in addition to taking advantage of the park\u2019s nature trails and dark skies for stargazing. <br><br><b>Black RV campers seek community and advice<\/b> <br><br>In September, ShaRon Jones's inheritance allowed her to buy the class C RV she\u2019d always wanted. Before venturing out of Jacksonville, Fla., for her first out-of-town trip, Jones is gleaning wisdom from more experienced campers in the same Black RV and camping groups. <br><br>\u201cI've actually been living in my camper since I got it three weeks ago. I've been home. I go home, I wash clothes, I get fresh clothes, drop the dirty clothes off and I leave,\u201d she says. \u201cMy house is nice and quiet, but there's a different peace being in that camper and that RV park.\u201d <br><br>She was stunned by the size of the Black RV community and is looking forward to enjoying as many RV meetups as she can manage.  <br><br>\u201cMy bucket list? I want to meet all of the people in these groups that I've met. They meet at certain spots. They've been meeting for years, and I'm just now finding out,\u201d she said. \u201cI see a lot of women traveling by themselves, driving their own rigs, and I'm talking about these sisters are getting it, been doing it for years, full-time RVers.\u201d <br><br>Jones\u2019s first big meetup will be at Atlanta Motor Speedway in February for a Melanated Campout event. <br><br>From there, she plans to spend her weekends traveling solo or with a trusted friend to as many states as she can manage. The Florida resident has never been farther than Valdosta, Ga., but with the help of fellow Black RVers, she plans to spend the rest of her life seeing as much of the country as possible. \", 'ai_likelihood': 2.7418136596679688e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '34bde58e-e8ca-4057-bbe9-8ebc91b15ab2', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.352588100824505e-05, 'sentence': \"Toyin Ajayi was 37 when she packed up her camper and permanently left her apartment in Sandy Springs, Ga. She's visited 24 states in the last three years with no plans to return to a more stationary life.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.4992801627377048e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cThere is a sense of mental freedom.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.7746858904720284e-05, 'sentence': 'For me, being able to spend more time in nature.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.6499292036751285e-05, 'sentence': 'I pay attention to the stars more or the animals and things like that.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.5765788197750226e-05, 'sentence': \"There's definitely different kinds of freedom that I've found from my personal journey-- emotional freedom, spiritual freedom, all of it,\u201d Ajayi says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.191429302911274e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>Even as a solo RV camper, Ajayi knows she's not alone in the movement to spend more time on the open road.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.4995082640089095e-05, 'sentence': \"She's seeing more Black women and younger people join her as full-time RVers.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.2743502995581366e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Ajayi started a Facebook group for Black women interested in the outdoors.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.8052205379935913e-05, 'sentence': 'It grew so fast that she developed it into a website.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.4244882297352888e-05, 'sentence': 'Now more than 8,000 members of Outdoorsy Black Women connect online to recommend campsites, get together on trips, and share RV tips.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.807260196073912e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br><b>The rise of the Black RV life movement<\/b> <br><br>Data from the RV Industry Association shows that RV owner demographics are becoming younger and more diverse.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.5250838007195853e-05, 'sentence': 'Even though the median age of RV owners is 53, the median age of first-time RV buyers in 2020 dropped to 41, then dropped again two years later to 32.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.2784506654716097e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>According to Kampgrounds of America (KOA), the number of Black campers has doubled in less than 10 years and now accounts for 11 percent of the U.S. camping community.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.232516089861747e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cI think the van life movement changed the trajectory for the RV life movement.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.5179198928526603e-05, 'sentence': \"They're intertwined at this point because everybody knows van life, but it all falls under the umbrella that's nomadic living,\u201d Ajayi says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.0242161554051563e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>A list of Black-owned campsites is one of the biggest resources she shares with members of Outdoorsy Black Women.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.615412995510269e-05, 'sentence': 'Other Black camper community groups crowdsource similar directories, which emphasizes the need for safe spaces in the outdoors.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.6765672120964155e-05, 'sentence': 'Although these crowdsourced lists are openly shared with community members, they are tightly guarded from outside interference to protect the peace and safety of both campsite owners and their Black patrons.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002367272536503151, 'sentence': \"<br><br>Ajayi calls these listings the Green Book of Black campers and says they're imperative, especially during intense political cycles such as the 2024 presidential race.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002734747249633074, 'sentence': '<br><br><b>A safe space in the outdoors<\/b> <br><br>One of the Black-owned campgrounds listed in many such directories is Warthen RV Park, a rural park with full hookups for 49 lots, located halfway between Macon and Augusta, Ga. <br><br>Josh Gordy bought the land in his hometown in 2011.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00034384429454803467, 'sentence': 'It was his first venture into entrepreneurship, continuing the legacy that runs in his family.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005240414757281542, 'sentence': \"The former NFL player is related to Motown legend Berry Gordy on his father's side.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00018188664398621768, 'sentence': \"<br><br>But this acreage was most significant to his maternal grandfather's legacy.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00040562846697866917, 'sentence': \"When Gordy's grandfather was young, he worked the land as a sharecropper.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00044887769035995007, 'sentence': 'He wanted to buy the land but was never allowed to fulfill that dream.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002227967488579452, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cKnowing a lot of the obstacles he had to go through,\u201d Gordy says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002869323070626706, 'sentence': \"\u201cI think when he wanted to initially try to get the land, they [gave him] the runaround, but again, God has a way of working things out.\u201d <br><br>It wasn't until Gordy tapped into existing Black RV and camping communities that he knew he'd find long-term success on the land his grandfather cared for.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003879014402627945, 'sentence': \"A majority of Warthen RV Park's short-term campers are Black, and he's starting to see more Black families, his primary customer base, move to camp full-time.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003905085031874478, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cIt was like I found this secret door that I didn't know existed, but once I joined the group and saw exactly how many people... how many of us are doing it.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003094805870205164, 'sentence': \"It's like, okay, there's a big enough market for us to really grab that,\u201d he explains.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00024069186474662274, 'sentence': '<br><br>Groups such as Black Folks who Camp\/RV have more than 45,000 members on Facebook.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00031402756576426327, 'sentence': 'But many others specialize in getting started, buying and renting RVs, and connecting with others at RV meetups.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003005295293405652, 'sentence': '<br><br>Warthen RV Park has hosted a few Black RV events by arranging for groups to camp near each other.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014645382179878652, 'sentence': \"This also gives campers space for cookouts, playing cards, and enjoying music--in addition to taking advantage of the park's nature trails and dark skies for stargazing.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001515512412879616, 'sentence': \"<br><br><b>Black RV campers seek community and advice<\/b> <br><br>In September, ShaRon Jones's inheritance allowed her to buy the class C RV she'd always wanted.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001467088150093332, 'sentence': 'Before venturing out of Jacksonville, Fla., for her first out-of-town trip, Jones is gleaning wisdom from more experienced campers in the same Black RV and camping groups.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000221109832637012, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cI've actually been living in my camper since I got it three weeks ago.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00018360308604314923, 'sentence': \"I've been home.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00017047802975866944, 'sentence': 'I go home, I wash clothes, I get fresh clothes, drop the dirty clothes off and I leave,\u201d she says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00017827771080192178, 'sentence': \"\u201cMy house is nice and quiet, but there's a different peace being in that camper and that RV park.\u201d <br><br>She was stunned by the size of the Black RV community and is looking forward to enjoying as many RV meetups as she can manage.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00017333720461465418, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cMy bucket list?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00035327623481862247, 'sentence': \"I want to meet all of the people in these groups that I've met.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00034933231654576957, 'sentence': 'They meet at certain spots.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 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of her life seeing as much of the country as possible.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 47, 'completely_generated_prob': 9.775140688337147e-42}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.005664118664073121, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9940497013756854, 'ai': 0.005664118664073121, 'mixed': 0.00028617996024145944}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9940497013756854, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.005664118664073121, 'human': 0.9940497013756854, 'mixed': 0.00028617996024145944}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': \"Toyin Ajayi was 37 when she packed up her camper and permanently left her apartment in Sandy Springs, Ga. She\u2019s visited 24 states in the last three years with no plans to return to a more stationary life. <br><br>\u201cThere is a sense of mental freedom. For me, being able to spend more time in nature. I pay attention to the stars more or the animals and things like that. There's definitely different kinds of freedom that I've found from my personal journey\u2013\u2013     emotional freedom, spiritual freedom, all of it,\u201d Ajayi says.  <br><br>Even as a solo RV camper, Ajayi knows she\u2019s not alone in the movement to spend more time on the open road. She\u2019s seeing more Black women and younger people join her as full-time RVers. <br><br>Ajayi started a Facebook group for Black women interested in the outdoors. It grew so fast that she developed it into a website. Now more than 8,000 members of Outdoorsy Black Women connect online to recommend campsites, get together on trips, and share RV tips.            <br><br><b>The rise of the Black RV life movement<\/b>                                    <br><br>Data from the RV Industry Association shows that RV owner demographics are becoming younger and more diverse. Even though the median age of RV owners is 53, the median age of first-time RV buyers in 2020 dropped to 41, then dropped again two years later to 32. <br><br>According to Kampgrounds of America (KOA), the number of Black campers has doubled in less than 10 years and now accounts for 11 percent of the U.S. camping community. <br><br>\u201cI think the van life movement changed the trajectory for the RV life movement. They're intertwined at this point because everybody knows van life, but it all falls under the umbrella that's nomadic living,\u201d Ajayi says. <br><br>A list of Black-owned campsites is one of the biggest resources she shares with members of Outdoorsy Black Women. Other Black camper community groups crowdsource similar directories, which emphasizes the need for safe spaces in the outdoors. Although these crowdsourced lists are openly shared with community members, they are tightly guarded from outside interference to protect the peace and safety of both campsite owners and their Black patrons. <br><br>Ajayi calls these listings the Green Book of Black campers and says they\u2019re imperative, especially during intense political cycles such as the 2024 presidential race. <br><br><b>A safe space in the outdoors<\/b> <br><br>One of the Black-owned campgrounds listed in many such directories is Warthen RV Park, a rural park with full hookups for 49 lots, located halfway between Macon and Augusta, Ga. <br><br>Josh Gordy bought the land in his hometown in 2011. It was his first venture into entrepreneurship, continuing the legacy that runs in his family. The former NFL player is related to Motown legend Berry Gordy on his father\u2019s side. <br><br>But this acreage was most significant to his maternal grandfather\u2019s legacy. When Gordy\u2019s grandfather was young, he worked the land as a sharecropper. He wanted to buy the land but was never allowed to fulfill that dream.  <br><br>\u201cKnowing a lot of the obstacles he had to go through,\u201d Gordy says. \u201cI think when he wanted to initially try to get the land, they [gave him] the runaround, but again, God has a way of working things out.\u201d <br><br>It wasn\u2019t until Gordy tapped into existing Black RV and camping communities that he knew he\u2019d find long-term success on the land his grandfather cared for. A majority of Warthen RV Park\u2019s short-term campers are Black, and he\u2019s starting to see more Black families, his primary customer base, move to camp full-time. <br><br>\u201cIt was like I found this secret door that I didn't know existed, but once I joined the group and saw exactly how many people ... how many of us are doing it. It's like, okay, there's a big enough market for us to really grab that,\u201d he explains. <br><br>Groups such as Black Folks who Camp\/RV have more than 45,000 members on Facebook. But many others specialize in getting started, buying and renting RVs, and connecting with others at RV meetups. <br><br>Warthen RV Park has hosted a few Black RV events by arranging for groups to camp near each other. This also gives campers space for cookouts, playing cards, and enjoying music\u2013\u2013in addition to taking advantage of the park\u2019s nature trails and dark skies for stargazing. <br><br><b>Black RV campers seek community and advice<\/b> <br><br>In September, ShaRon Jones's inheritance allowed her to buy the class C RV she\u2019d always wanted. Before venturing out of Jacksonville, Fla., for her first out-of-town trip, Jones is gleaning wisdom from more experienced campers in the same Black RV and camping groups. <br><br>\u201cI've actually been living in my camper since I got it three weeks ago. I've been home. I go home, I wash clothes, I get fresh clothes, drop the dirty clothes off and I leave,\u201d she says. \u201cMy house is nice and quiet, but there's a different peace being in that camper and that RV park.\u201d <br><br>She was stunned by the size of the Black RV community and is looking forward to enjoying as many RV meetups as she can manage.  <br><br>\u201cMy bucket list? I want to meet all of the people in these groups that I've met. They meet at certain spots. They've been meeting for years, and I'm just now finding out,\u201d she said. \u201cI see a lot of women traveling by themselves, driving their own rigs, and I'm talking about these sisters are getting it, been doing it for years, full-time RVers.\u201d <br><br>Jones\u2019s first big meetup will be at Atlanta Motor Speedway in February for a Melanated Campout event. <br><br>From there, she plans to spend her weekends traveling solo or with a trusted friend to as many states as she can manage. The Florida resident has never been farther than Valdosta, Ga., but with the help of fellow Black RVers, she plans to spend the rest of her life seeing as much of the country as possible. \"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8522540331,"RADAR":0.0374113768,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Ultimately what convinced me that this article was human-generated were the quotations. One uses square brackets to clarify what a speaker means (which I have never seen in AI text). Another refers to RVs as \"rigs\" and black women as \"sisters\" which is very casual as is the name of the group \"Outdoorsy Black Women\". "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The tone used and the vocabulary in sentences like \"They're intertwined...nomadic living\" and \"For me...things like that\" seem human. However, \"both\" is used but only once so I'm not ascribing it to AI this time. There's also only one list...a sign of AI if several are used. The capitalization error seems human: \"Black folks who Camp\/RV\" instead of \"Black Folks Who Camp\/RV.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"This was difficult. Once I read the first quote I was sure it was human-generated, but then there were certain phrases like 'emphasizes the need', which put me off. The final quote was the thing that turned it for me; it sounded like it was said by an actual person with quirks and characteristics. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am quite confident this is human-written. To me, it's the quotes from the interviewees that make the article more realistic for me, as it contains a lot of those unique speech patterns that occur in real time. The way people write and the way people speak are two different things entirely because of how our minds process information, so seeing phrases such as \"I've been home. I go home, I wash clothes, I get fresh clothes, drop the dirty clothes off and I leave.\" and \"There is a sense of mental freedom....I've found from my personal journey\u2013\u2013 emotional freedom, spiritual freedom, all of it,\" make it believable due to the repetition of words often used in speech. Alongside that, the writer's word choice is simplistic and gets the point across quickly, as with \"dark skies for stargazing.\", \"out-of-town trip\" and \"get together on trips\" and doesn't try to overcomplicate it with larger words, because they aren't necessary here. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Square brackets used in a citation to make the quoted material fit grammatically into the sentence. \nSingle sentences used as paragraphs.\nNothing really distinguishes the style of this author from that of thousands others who write these human interest stories. Could have been written by a machine. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"69":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":10,"title":"How silence became the newest luxury lifestyle","sub-title":"From silent walking to noise-mitigating architecture, here\u2019s how individuals and cities are pushing back against the roar of modern life\u2014one decibel at a time. ","author":"Stephanie Vermillion ","source":"National Geographic","issue":-17954000,"section":"Science ","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/science\/article\/silence-benefits-noise-pollution","article":"The soundtrack of modern life is nearing a crescendo, from the roar of traffic and leaf blowers to smartphones streaming videos around the clock. This overwhelming cacophony has sent many people searching for an increasingly elusive soundscape: quiet. <br><br>\u201cI don\u2019t think we\u2019re wired for the amount of noise we experience or the overstimulation,\u201d says Norway-based psychologist Olga Lehmann, whose work centers on silence. Overexposure to noise pollution\u2014particularly sounds above 85 decibels, roughly the level of a loud restaurant\u2014can lead to hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and insomnia. <br><br>Some escape the ruckus by traveling for silence, but quiet time at home is just as crucial. \u201cSmall pockets of silence in daily life can help us regulate stress and make us less impulsive,\u201d says Lehmann, noting her goal isn\u2019t to drown life\u2019s noise entirely. It's about striking a balance between peace and the chaos of everyday life\u2014and that\u2019s becoming more achievable as a growing quiet movement weaves silence into different parts of our routines. <br><br><b>A quiet counterculture<\/b> <br><br>Few trends have shown the growing quest for quiet, particularly among younger generations, like silent walking, a phenomenon that went viral on TikTok last year as creators raved about the value of strolling sans distractions\u2014no podcasts, music, or phone calls. Despite snark from pre-smartphone generations, the activity\u2019s widespread popularity underscores how starved digital natives are for a break from the noise. <br><br>Some quiet-seekers pursue more drastic measures via multi-day silent meditations or darkness retreats. The latter gained significant traction following NFL quarterback Aaron Rodgers\u2019 experience at Sky Caves Retreat in Oregon. These sensory deprivation experiences go beyond the auditory; they immerse participants in total darkness and near-isolation for several days, with the goal of self-discovery and introspection. Lehmann says strenuous options work for some, \u201cbut I prefer to start with small challenges.\u201d <br><br>It could be as simple as sitting in a local park, museum, or library without technology for 10 minutes, or joining a meditation or yoga\u2014or, better yet, silent yoga\u2014class. No matter the practice, quiet time doesn\u2019t necessarily mean seclusion. \u201cWe\u2019re in a pandemic of disconnection and loneliness,\u201d says Lehmann. \u201cThat\u2019s what I could call the dark side of silence.\u201d <br><br><b>Socializing in silence<\/b> <br><br>Fortunately, many quiet-seekers pair silence with community. Meetup organizations like Georgia-based Peace in the Wild, which connects Black nature enthusiasts through outdoor recreation, have turned no-talk hiking into a meditative group activity. <br><br>Silent Book Club, which brings readers together to read for an hour sans chatter, has recently soared in popularity thanks to social media subcommunities like BookTok and Bookstagram. \u201cWe call it the introvert happy hour,\u201d says Guinevere de la Mare, co-founder of the group, which has over 1,000 chapters across 50 countries. \u201cSilent book clubs took off as a way to have low pressure, low stakes ways of interacting with humanity again after the pandemic.\u201d <br><br>Despite the name, Silent Book Club events aren\u2019t entirely devoid of sound. Their meeting spaces, often local caf\u00e9s, have their own racket\u2014but a handful of no-talking coffee shops in Japan show that noisy caf\u00e9s don\u2019t have to be the norm. The latest, the new Shojo quiet caf\u00e9 in Osaka, is run largely by deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals. The venue fosters a tranquil, no-chatter ambiance; patrons use sign language, handwriting, and pointing to order fare. <br><br>Low-volume haunts are trickier to find in the U.S., but not impossible. Starbucks, for example, recently announced it\u2019s introducing noise-absorbing ceiling designs, known as baffles, in over 1,000 stores. The \u201cYelp for quiet restaurants\u201d platform Soundprint lets users measure and share sound levels at establishments, from coffee shops to nightclubs, around the world. Over 1,000 noise-measured hangouts appear on its global map, ranking from quiet (below 70 decibels) to very loud (above 81 decibels). <br><br><b>Improving city soundscapes<\/b> <br><br>Digital detoxes and quiet haunts only get you so far, especially in loud cities, where over 50 percent of the world\u2019s population resides. The World Health Organization named noise pollution a leading environmental trigger for health issues, topped only by air pollution\u2014a fact that\u2019s not surprising given urbanites are chronically exposed to noise above 85 decibels. In addition, the U.S. National Park Service estimates that noise pollution more than doubles every 30 years\u2014and it\u2019s rising faster than the country\u2019s population. <br><br>\u201cThe main issue in cities is always road traffic noise; that\u2019s why a lot of people are pushing the idea of electric vehicles,\u201d says Francesco Aletta, an architect, urban sound planner, and lecturer at University College London. EVs are significantly quieter than fossil fuel-powered cars at lower residential-area speeds. On highways, where the roar comes from tire noise, city officials are adopting quieter technologies for asphalt, Aletta says. <br><br>Unfortunately, action at the government level requires time and red tape\u2014particularly in places like the U.S., where noise-exposure research remains widely understudied and under-regulated. But cities are showing slight signs of progress. Last year, the New York City Council installed noise cameras to track vehicles that break the city\u2019s 85-decibel limit. Rules limiting loud gas-powered leaf blowers are quieting urban and suburban areas across the country, from Washington, D.C. to Portland, Oregon. <br><br>Greenery can play a role, too. Planting rows of trees on highways reduces noise by up to 12 decibels. And living walls, like the 30,000-plant exterior on an office building in Dusseldorf, Germany\u2014the largest green fa\u00e7ade in Europe\u2014soak up noise while minimizing urban heat. <br><br>One technology Aletta predicts will continue society\u2019s call for quiet: wearables, such as Apple Watches, that alert users to environmental noise levels. \u201cThe moment you start monitoring and becoming aware, you take action,\u201d he says, noting recent progress, like Wales passing a law to protect soundscapes alongside clean air, which gives him hope. \u201cI take these kinds of policies and these new pieces of legislation as a good signal that the tide is changing.\u201d ","id":39,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"The soundtrack of modern life is nearing a crescendo, from the roar of traffic and leaf blowers to smartphones streaming videos around the clock. This overwhelming cacophony has sent many people searching for an increasingly elusive soundscape: quiet. <br><br>\u201cI don\u2019t think we\u2019re wired for the amount of noise we experience or the overstimulation,\u201d says Norway-based psychologist Olga Lehmann, whose work centers on silence. Overexposure to noise pollution\u2014particularly sounds above 85 decibels, roughly the level of a loud restaurant\u2014can lead to hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and insomnia. <br><br>Some escape the ruckus by traveling for silence, but quiet time at home is just as crucial. \u201cSmall pockets of silence in daily life can help us regulate stress and make us less impulsive,\u201d says Lehmann, noting her goal isn\u2019t to drown life\u2019s noise entirely. It's about striking a balance between peace and the chaos of everyday life\u2014and that\u2019s becoming more achievable as a growing quiet movement weaves silence into different parts of our routines. <br><br><b>A quiet counterculture<\/b> <br><br>Few trends have shown the growing quest for quiet, particularly among younger generations, like silent walking, a phenomenon that went viral on TikTok last year as creators raved about the value of strolling sans distractions\u2014no podcasts, music, or phone calls. Despite snark from pre-smartphone generations, the activity\u2019s widespread popularity underscores how starved digital natives are for a break from the noise. <br><br>Some quiet-seekers pursue more drastic measures via multi-day silent meditations or darkness retreats. The latter gained significant traction following NFL quarterback Aaron Rodgers\u2019 experience at Sky Caves Retreat in Oregon. These sensory deprivation experiences go beyond the auditory; they immerse participants in total darkness and near-isolation for several days, with the goal of self-discovery and introspection. Lehmann says strenuous options work for some, \u201cbut I prefer to start with small challenges.\u201d <br><br>It could be as simple as sitting in a local park, museum, or library without technology for 10 minutes, or joining a meditation or yoga\u2014or, better yet, silent yoga\u2014class. No matter the practice, quiet time doesn\u2019t necessarily mean seclusion. \u201cWe\u2019re in a pandemic of disconnection and loneliness,\u201d says Lehmann. \u201cThat\u2019s what I could call the dark side of silence.\u201d <br><br><b>Socializing in silence<\/b> <br><br>Fortunately, many quiet-seekers pair silence with community. Meetup organizations like Georgia-based Peace in the Wild, which connects Black nature enthusiasts through outdoor recreation, have turned no-talk hiking into a meditative group activity. <br><br>Silent Book Club, which brings readers together to read for an hour sans chatter, has recently soared in popularity thanks to social media subcommunities like BookTok and Bookstagram. \u201cWe call it the introvert happy hour,\u201d says Guinevere de la Mare, co-founder of the group, which has over 1,000 chapters across 50 countries. \u201cSilent book clubs took off as a way to have low pressure, low stakes ways of interacting with humanity again after the pandemic.\u201d <br><br>Despite the name, Silent Book Club events aren\u2019t entirely devoid of sound. Their meeting spaces, often local caf\u00e9s, have their own racket\u2014but a handful of no-talking coffee shops in Japan show that noisy caf\u00e9s don\u2019t have to be the norm. The latest, the new Shojo quiet caf\u00e9 in Osaka, is run largely by deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals. The venue fosters a tranquil, no-chatter ambiance; patrons use sign language, handwriting, and pointing to order fare. <br><br>Low-volume haunts are trickier to find in the U.S., but not impossible. Starbucks, for example, recently announced it\u2019s introducing noise-absorbing ceiling designs, known as baffles, in over 1,000 stores. The \u201cYelp for quiet restaurants\u201d platform Soundprint lets users measure and share sound levels at establishments, from coffee shops to nightclubs, around the world. Over 1,000 noise-measured hangouts appear on its global map, ranking from quiet (below 70 decibels) to very loud (above 81 decibels). <br><br><b>Improving city soundscapes<\/b> <br><br>Digital detoxes and quiet haunts only get you so far, especially in loud cities, where over 50 percent of the world\u2019s population resides. The World Health Organization named noise pollution a leading environmental trigger for health issues, topped only by air pollution\u2014a fact that\u2019s not surprising given urbanites are chronically exposed to noise above 85 decibels. In addition, the U.S. National Park Service estimates that noise pollution more than doubles every 30 years\u2014and it\u2019s rising faster than the country\u2019s population. <br><br>\u201cThe main issue in cities is always road traffic noise; that\u2019s why a lot of people are pushing the idea of electric vehicles,\u201d says Francesco Aletta, an architect, urban sound planner, and lecturer at University College London. EVs are significantly quieter than fossil fuel-powered cars at lower residential-area speeds. On highways, where the roar comes from tire noise, city officials are adopting quieter technologies for asphalt, Aletta says. <br><br>Unfortunately, action at the government level requires time and red tape\u2014particularly in places like the U.S., where noise-exposure research remains widely understudied and under-regulated. But cities are showing slight signs of progress. Last year, the New York City Council installed noise cameras to track vehicles that break the city\u2019s 85-decibel limit. Rules limiting loud gas-powered leaf blowers are quieting urban and suburban areas across the country, from Washington, D.C. to Portland, Oregon. <br><br>Greenery can play a role, too. Planting rows of trees on highways reduces noise by up to 12 decibels. And living walls, like the 30,000-plant exterior on an office building in Dusseldorf, Germany\u2014the largest green fa\u00e7ade in Europe\u2014soak up noise while minimizing urban heat. <br><br>One technology Aletta predicts will continue society\u2019s call for quiet: wearables, such as Apple Watches, that alert users to environmental noise levels. \u201cThe moment you start monitoring and becoming aware, you take action,\u201d he says, noting recent progress, like Wales passing a law to protect soundscapes alongside clean air, which gives him hope. \u201cI take these kinds of policies and these new pieces of legislation as a good signal that the tide is changing.\u201d \", 'ai_likelihood': 0.9873046875, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0040130615234375, 'GPT4': 0.89599609375, 'MISTRAL': 0.0013284683227539062, 'LLAMA': 0.0006327629089355469, 'GEMINI': 0.032257080078125, 'CLAUDE': 0.0653076171875, 'HUMAN': 0.000576019287109375}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"The soundtrack of modern life is nearing a crescendo, from the roar of traffic and leaf blowers to smartphones streaming videos around the clock. This overwhelming cacophony has sent many people searching for an increasingly elusive soundscape: quiet. <br><br>\u201cI don\u2019t think we\u2019re wired for the amount of noise we experience or the overstimulation,\u201d says Norway-based psychologist Olga Lehmann, whose work centers on silence. Overexposure to noise pollution\u2014particularly sounds above 85 decibels, roughly the level of a loud restaurant\u2014can lead to hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and insomnia. <br><br>Some escape the ruckus by traveling for silence, but quiet time at home is just as crucial. \u201cSmall pockets of silence in daily life can help us regulate stress and make us less impulsive,\u201d says Lehmann, noting her goal isn\u2019t to drown life\u2019s noise entirely. It's about striking a balance between peace and the chaos of everyday life\u2014and that\u2019s becoming more achievable as a growing quiet movement weaves silence into different parts of our routines. <br><br><b>A quiet counterculture<\/b> <br><br>Few trends have shown the growing quest for quiet, particularly among younger generations, like silent walking, a phenomenon that went viral on TikTok last year as creators raved about the value of strolling sans distractions\u2014no podcasts, music, or phone calls. Despite snark from pre-smartphone generations, the activity\u2019s widespread popularity underscores how starved digital natives are for a break from the noise. <br><br>Some quiet-seekers pursue more drastic measures via multi-day silent meditations or darkness retreats. The latter gained significant traction following NFL quarterback Aaron Rodgers\u2019 experience at Sky Caves Retreat in Oregon. These sensory deprivation experiences go beyond the auditory; they immerse participants in total darkness and near-isolation for several days, with the goal of self-discovery and introspection. Lehmann says strenuous options work for some, \u201cbut I prefer to start with small challenges.\u201d <br><br>It could be as simple as sitting in a local park, museum, or library without technology for 10 minutes, or joining a meditation or yoga\u2014or, better yet, silent yoga\u2014class. No matter the practice, quiet time doesn\u2019t necessarily mean seclusion. \u201cWe\u2019re in a pandemic of disconnection and loneliness,\u201d says Lehmann. \u201cThat\u2019s what I could call the dark side of silence.\u201d <br><br><b>Socializing in silence<\/b> <br><br>Fortunately, many quiet-seekers pair silence with community. Meetup organizations like Georgia-based Peace in the Wild, which connects Black nature enthusiasts through outdoor recreation, have turned no-talk hiking into a meditative group activity. <br><br>Silent Book Club, which brings readers together to read for an hour sans chatter, has recently soared in popularity thanks to social media subcommunities like BookTok and Bookstagram. \u201cWe call it the introvert happy hour,\u201d says Guinevere de la Mare, co-founder of the group, which has over 1,000 chapters across 50 countries. \u201cSilent book clubs took off as a way to have low pressure, low stakes ways of interacting with humanity again after the pandemic.\u201d <br><br>Despite the name, Silent Book Club events aren\u2019t entirely devoid of sound. Their meeting spaces, often local caf\u00e9s, have their own racket\u2014but a handful of no-talking coffee shops in Japan show that noisy caf\u00e9s don\u2019t have to be the norm. The latest, the new Shojo quiet caf\u00e9 in Osaka, is run largely by deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals. The venue fosters a tranquil, no-chatter ambiance; patrons use sign language, handwriting, and pointing to order fare. <br><br>Low-volume haunts are trickier to find in the U.S., but not impossible. Starbucks, for example, recently announced it\u2019s introducing noise-absorbing ceiling designs, known as baffles, in over 1,000 stores. The \u201cYelp for quiet restaurants\u201d platform Soundprint lets users measure and share sound levels at establishments, from coffee shops to nightclubs, around the world. Over 1,000 noise-measured hangouts appear on its global map, ranking from quiet (below 70 decibels) to very loud (above 81 decibels). <br><br><b>Improving city soundscapes<\/b> <br><br>Digital detoxes and quiet haunts only get you so far, especially in loud cities, where over 50 percent of the world\u2019s population resides. The World Health Organization named noise pollution a leading environmental trigger for health issues, topped only by air pollution\u2014a fact that\u2019s not surprising given urbanites are chronically exposed to noise above 85 decibels. In addition, the U.S. National Park Service estimates that noise pollution more than doubles every 30 years\u2014and it\u2019s rising faster than the country\u2019s population. <br><br>\u201cThe main issue in cities is always road traffic noise; that\u2019s why a lot of people are pushing the idea of electric vehicles,\u201d says Francesco Aletta, an architect, urban sound planner, and lecturer at University College London. EVs are significantly quieter than fossil fuel-powered cars at lower residential-area speeds. On highways, where the roar comes from tire noise, city officials are adopting quieter technologies for asphalt, Aletta says. <br><br>Unfortunately, action at the government level requires time and red tape\u2014particularly in places like the U.S., where noise-exposure research remains widely understudied and under-regulated. But cities are showing slight signs of progress. Last year, the New York City Council installed noise cameras to track vehicles that break the city\u2019s 85-decibel limit. Rules limiting loud gas-powered leaf blowers are quieting urban and suburban areas across the country, from Washington, D.C. to Portland, Oregon. <br><br>Greenery can play a role, too. Planting rows of trees on highways reduces noise by up to 12 decibels. And living walls, like the 30,000-plant exterior on an office building in Dusseldorf, Germany\u2014the largest green fa\u00e7ade in Europe\u2014soak up noise while minimizing urban heat. <br><br>One technology Aletta predicts will continue society\u2019s call for quiet: wearables, such as Apple Watches, that alert users to environmental noise levels. \u201cThe moment you start monitoring and becoming aware, you take action,\u201d he says, noting recent progress, like Wales passing a law to protect soundscapes alongside clean air, which gives him hope. \u201cI take these kinds of policies and these new pieces of legislation as a good signal that the tide is changing.\u201d \", 'ai_likelihood': 0.82763671875, 'prediction': 'Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 2.8014183044433594e-06, 'GPT4': 0.98486328125, 'MISTRAL': 2.3305416107177734e-05, 'LLAMA': 1.8477439880371094e-06, 'GEMINI': 4.416704177856445e-05, 'CLAUDE': 0.00038933753967285156, 'HUMAN': 0.0147247314453125}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'f6c99900-42b3-4926-bb01-14825f672cd3', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.009187450632452965, 'sentence': 'The soundtrack of modern life is nearing a crescendo, from the roar of traffic and leaf blowers to smartphones streaming videos around the clock.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.008540076203644276, 'sentence': 'This overwhelming cacophony has sent many people searching for an increasingly elusive soundscape: quiet.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00562673807144165, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cI don't think we're wired for the amount of noise we experience or the overstimulation,\u201d says Norway-based psychologist Olga Lehmann, whose work centers on silence.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.005265739280730486, 'sentence': 'Overexposure to noise pollution\u1173particularly sounds above 85 decibels, roughly the level of a loud restaurant\u1173can lead to hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and insomnia.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0027405698783695698, 'sentence': '<br><br>Some escape the ruckus by traveling for silence, but quiet time at home is just as crucial.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.006360486149787903, 'sentence': \"\u201cSmall pockets of silence in daily life can help us regulate stress and make us less impulsive,\u201d says Lehmann, noting her goal isn't to drown life's noise entirely.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0056131137534976006, 'sentence': \"It's about striking a balance between peace and the chaos of everyday life\u1173and that's becoming more achievable as a growing quiet movement weaves silence into different parts of our routines.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002510822843760252, 'sentence': '<br><br><b>A quiet counterculture<\/b> <br><br>Few trends have shown the growing quest for quiet, particularly among younger generations, like silent walking, a phenomenon that went viral on TikTok last year as creators raved about the value of strolling sans distractions\u1173no podcasts, music, or phone calls.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002531124744564295, 'sentence': \"Despite snark from pre-smartphone generations, the activity's widespread popularity underscores how starved digital natives are for a break from the noise.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0026256495621055365, 'sentence': '<br><br>Some quiet-seekers pursue more drastic measures via multi-day silent meditations or darkness retreats.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.526920735836029, 'sentence': \"The latter gained significant traction following NFL quarterback Aaron Rodgers' experience at Sky Caves Retreat in Oregon.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7844386100769043, 'sentence': 'These sensory deprivation experiences go beyond the auditory; 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This overwhelming cacophony has sent many people searching for an increasingly elusive soundscape: quiet. <br><br>\u201cI don\u2019t think we\u2019re wired for the amount of noise we experience or the overstimulation,\u201d says Norway-based psychologist Olga Lehmann, whose work centers on silence. Overexposure to noise pollution\u2014particularly sounds above 85 decibels, roughly the level of a loud restaurant\u2014can lead to hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and insomnia. <br><br>Some escape the ruckus by traveling for silence, but quiet time at home is just as crucial. \u201cSmall pockets of silence in daily life can help us regulate stress and make us less impulsive,\u201d says Lehmann, noting her goal isn\u2019t to drown life\u2019s noise entirely. It's about striking a balance between peace and the chaos of everyday life\u2014and that\u2019s becoming more achievable as a growing quiet movement weaves silence into different parts of our routines. <br><br><b>A quiet counterculture<\/b> <br><br>Few trends have shown the growing quest for quiet, particularly among younger generations, like silent walking, a phenomenon that went viral on TikTok last year as creators raved about the value of strolling sans distractions\u2014no podcasts, music, or phone calls. Despite snark from pre-smartphone generations, the activity\u2019s widespread popularity underscores how starved digital natives are for a break from the noise. <br><br>Some quiet-seekers pursue more drastic measures via multi-day silent meditations or darkness retreats. The latter gained significant traction following NFL quarterback Aaron Rodgers\u2019 experience at Sky Caves Retreat in Oregon. These sensory deprivation experiences go beyond the auditory; they immerse participants in total darkness and near-isolation for several days, with the goal of self-discovery and introspection. Lehmann says strenuous options work for some, \u201cbut I prefer to start with small challenges.\u201d <br><br>It could be as simple as sitting in a local park, museum, or library without technology for 10 minutes, or joining a meditation or yoga\u2014or, better yet, silent yoga\u2014class. No matter the practice, quiet time doesn\u2019t necessarily mean seclusion. \u201cWe\u2019re in a pandemic of disconnection and loneliness,\u201d says Lehmann. \u201cThat\u2019s what I could call the dark side of silence.\u201d <br><br><b>Socializing in silence<\/b> <br><br>Fortunately, many quiet-seekers pair silence with community. Meetup organizations like Georgia-based Peace in the Wild, which connects Black nature enthusiasts through outdoor recreation, have turned no-talk hiking into a meditative group activity. <br><br>Silent Book Club, which brings readers together to read for an hour sans chatter, has recently soared in popularity thanks to social media subcommunities like BookTok and Bookstagram. \u201cWe call it the introvert happy hour,\u201d says Guinevere de la Mare, co-founder of the group, which has over 1,000 chapters across 50 countries. \u201cSilent book clubs took off as a way to have low pressure, low stakes ways of interacting with humanity again after the pandemic.\u201d <br><br>Despite the name, Silent Book Club events aren\u2019t entirely devoid of sound. Their meeting spaces, often local caf\u00e9s, have their own racket\u2014but a handful of no-talking coffee shops in Japan show that noisy caf\u00e9s don\u2019t have to be the norm. The latest, the new Shojo quiet caf\u00e9 in Osaka, is run largely by deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals. The venue fosters a tranquil, no-chatter ambiance; patrons use sign language, handwriting, and pointing to order fare. <br><br>Low-volume haunts are trickier to find in the U.S., but not impossible. Starbucks, for example, recently announced it\u2019s introducing noise-absorbing ceiling designs, known as baffles, in over 1,000 stores. The \u201cYelp for quiet restaurants\u201d platform Soundprint lets users measure and share sound levels at establishments, from coffee shops to nightclubs, around the world. Over 1,000 noise-measured hangouts appear on its global map, ranking from quiet (below 70 decibels) to very loud (above 81 decibels). <br><br><b>Improving city soundscapes<\/b> <br><br>Digital detoxes and quiet haunts only get you so far, especially in loud cities, where over 50 percent of the world\u2019s population resides. The World Health Organization named noise pollution a leading environmental trigger for health issues, topped only by air pollution\u2014a fact that\u2019s not surprising given urbanites are chronically exposed to noise above 85 decibels. In addition, the U.S. National Park Service estimates that noise pollution more than doubles every 30 years\u2014and it\u2019s rising faster than the country\u2019s population. <br><br>\u201cThe main issue in cities is always road traffic noise; that\u2019s why a lot of people are pushing the idea of electric vehicles,\u201d says Francesco Aletta, an architect, urban sound planner, and lecturer at University College London. EVs are significantly quieter than fossil fuel-powered cars at lower residential-area speeds. On highways, where the roar comes from tire noise, city officials are adopting quieter technologies for asphalt, Aletta says. <br><br>Unfortunately, action at the government level requires time and red tape\u2014particularly in places like the U.S., where noise-exposure research remains widely understudied and under-regulated. But cities are showing slight signs of progress. Last year, the New York City Council installed noise cameras to track vehicles that break the city\u2019s 85-decibel limit. Rules limiting loud gas-powered leaf blowers are quieting urban and suburban areas across the country, from Washington, D.C. to Portland, Oregon. <br><br>Greenery can play a role, too. Planting rows of trees on highways reduces noise by up to 12 decibels. And living walls, like the 30,000-plant exterior on an office building in Dusseldorf, Germany\u2014the largest green fa\u00e7ade in Europe\u2014soak up noise while minimizing urban heat. <br><br>One technology Aletta predicts will continue society\u2019s call for quiet: wearables, such as Apple Watches, that alert users to environmental noise levels. \u201cThe moment you start monitoring and becoming aware, you take action,\u201d he says, noting recent progress, like Wales passing a law to protect soundscapes alongside clean air, which gives him hope. \u201cI take these kinds of policies and these new pieces of legislation as a good signal that the tide is changing.\u201d \"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8857408762,"RADAR":0.0086514801,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"This article is a somewhat weird mix of human and AI markers. It's almost like someone humanized an AI article or used AI to try and improve an article they wrote. I decided to go with human-generated because the unique parts felt beyond what AI would do e.g. \"snark from pre-smartphone generations\". The quotes specifically were quite human and the names used were ones I've never seen in AI articles. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"There are several AI-favoured words and phrases in this article, namely, \"crucial, \"fosters,\" \"it's about,\" and \"play a role.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The first sentence portrays a well-written and engaging text that has personality. Other tells: It doesn't capitalise the first word after a colon. But the phrases 'sans distractions' , and 'sans chatter' were what gave it away in the end. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am very confident this is human-written. It provides a lot of visual descriptions that offer context to the topic, and many of those descriptions are eloquently put, such as with \"in total darkness and near-isolation for several days,\" and \"the largest green fa\u00e7ade in Europe\". Simple phrases that, while they don't go all out on the vocabulary too hard, are able to connect to the facts presented throughout the article. Quotes are referenced in areas where there is context, and explanations, such as \"Over 1,000 noise-measured hangouts appear on its global map, ranking from quiet (below 70 decibels) to very loud (above 81 decibels)\" help educate people about the topic and its widespread interest. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This author uses the dash as a stylistic device.\nInteresting, sometimes unusual, word choices add to the flavour of the text.\nExtensive use of punctuation makes long sentences easy to read."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"70":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":11,"title":"Why is wombat poop cube-shaped?","sub-title":"Wombats are the only animals in the world that produce cube-shaped scat. But how and why do they do it? Scientists now have a better idea. ","author":"Tik Root","source":"National Geographic","issue":-17955000,"section":"Animals ","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/animals\/article\/wombat-poop-cube-why-is-it-square-shaped","article":"Wombats are a burrowing animal native to Australia perhaps best-known for being, well, pudgy\u2014and quite cute. But there\u2019s something you might not know about these adorable marsupials: Wombats are the only animals in the world that produce cube-shaped poop. <br><br>While this peculiarity has sparked much interest and debate, actual research into the intricacies of wombat scat has been scant. That\u2019s left scientists largely in the dark about the phenomenon\u2014until recently. <br><br><b>Early theories<\/b> <br><br>In 2018, Patricia Yang, a researcher at the Georgia Institute of Technology who specializes in bodily fluids, started to look into the topic more closely after hearing about it at a conference. <br><br>\u201cI didn't really believe it,\u201d Yang says. But after confirming that it is, indeed, a fact, she began trying to figure out why, and how, wombats poop in cubes. <br><br>\u201cPeople have had all sorts of theories,\u201d says Mike Swinbourne, a wombat expert at the University of Adelaide in Australia. One popular postulate is that wombats make cubes so that they can stack them to mark their territory, without the pieces rolling away. But Swinbourne says that\u2019s a misconception. <br><br>While wombats do use their scat to mark territory, \u201cit's not like they're trying to build little brick pyramids,\u201d he says. \u201cThey just poop where they poop.\u201d <br><br>Instead, Swinbourne says the cubic shape is more likely related to the dry environments that most wombats live in. \u201cThey have to really squeeze every drop of moisture out [of their food],\u201d he said. And sometimes, in zoos, where the animals have readier access to hydration, Swinbourne says their scat is less cubic. Being dry helps the scats form more rigid shapes with sharper angles. <br><br>Moisture plays a role, but \u201cit's also a factor of the primary digestive tract,\u201d adds Bill Zeigler, senior vice president for animal programs at Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, which has had wombats since 1969. Peter Clements, the president of the organization Wombats SA in Southern Australia, concurs, speculating that it\u2019s a combination of the two. <br><br><b>Finding answers<\/b> <br><br>Finding a more concrete answer, however, hasn\u2019t been easy. It took Yang and her colleagues months just to get ahold of wombat innards for their study. No zoos in North America had any, so Yang had the intestines of two roadkill wombats shipped from Australia. She wasn\u2019t sure what to expect when they arrived. <br><br>\u201cAt first I thought they maybe have square anus, or maybe [the cube] forms right around the stomach,\u201d she said. But neither of those hypotheses turned out to be the case. What she found to be more important was how the wombat intestines\u2019 stretched. <br><br>As food is digested it moves through the gut, and pressure from the intestine helps sculpt the feces\u2014meaning that the shape of the intestine will affect the shape of a dropping. So Yang and the team expanded both wombat and pig intestines with a balloon to measure and compare their elasticities (or stretchiness). <br><br>The pig intestine had a relatively uniform elasticity, which would explain the animal\u2019s rounder poo. The wombat intestines, however, had a much more irregular shape. Yang observed two distinct ravine-like grooves, where the intestine is stretchier, which she believes helps shape wombat feces into cubic scat. <br><br>\u201cIt's really the first time I've ever seen anybody come up with a good biological, physiological explanation,\u201d said Swinbourne, who reviewed the draft. Clements, who also read the early study, added, \u201cI think this is a useful contribution but more explanation of a possible mechanism would be helpful.\u201d <br><br>Yang agrees that there are still a host of questions to answer and says her research is ongoing. She has since published a study on how the wombat's soft intestine can mold the faces into these sharp-cornered cubes. But even the initial findings imply broader implications for sectors such as manufacturing. <br><br>Cubes, Yang says, are very rare in nature. \u201cWe currently have only two methods to manufacture cubes,\u201d she said, explaining that humans either mold cubes from soft materials, or cut them from harder objects. <br><br>\u201cWombats have a third way.\u201d ","id":40,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"Wombats are a burrowing animal native to Australia perhaps best-known for being, well, pudgy\u2014and quite cute. But there\u2019s something you might not know about these adorable marsupials: Wombats are the only animals in the world that produce cube-shaped poop. <br><br>While this peculiarity has sparked much interest and debate, actual research into the intricacies of wombat scat has been scant. That\u2019s left scientists largely in the dark about the phenomenon\u2014until recently. <br><br><b>Early theories<\/b> <br><br>In 2018, Patricia Yang, a researcher at the Georgia Institute of Technology who specializes in bodily fluids, started to look into the topic more closely after hearing about it at a conference. <br><br>\u201cI didn't really believe it,\u201d Yang says. But after confirming that it is, indeed, a fact, she began trying to figure out why, and how, wombats poop in cubes. <br><br>\u201cPeople have had all sorts of theories,\u201d says Mike Swinbourne, a wombat expert at the University of Adelaide in Australia. One popular postulate is that wombats make cubes so that they can stack them to mark their territory, without the pieces rolling away. But Swinbourne says that\u2019s a misconception. <br><br>While wombats do use their scat to mark territory, \u201cit's not like they're trying to build little brick pyramids,\u201d he says. \u201cThey just poop where they poop.\u201d <br><br>Instead, Swinbourne says the cubic shape is more likely related to the dry environments that most wombats live in. \u201cThey have to really squeeze every drop of moisture out [of their food],\u201d he said. And sometimes, in zoos, where the animals have readier access to hydration, Swinbourne says their scat is less cubic. Being dry helps the scats form more rigid shapes with sharper angles. <br><br>Moisture plays a role, but \u201cit's also a factor of the primary digestive tract,\u201d adds Bill Zeigler, senior vice president for animal programs at Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, which has had wombats since 1969. Peter Clements, the president of the organization Wombats SA in Southern Australia, concurs, speculating that it\u2019s a combination of the two. <br><br><b>Finding answers<\/b> <br><br>Finding a more concrete answer, however, hasn\u2019t been easy. It took Yang and her colleagues months just to get ahold of wombat innards for their study. No zoos in North America had any, so Yang had the intestines of two roadkill wombats shipped from Australia. She wasn\u2019t sure what to expect when they arrived. <br><br>\u201cAt first I thought they maybe have square anus, or maybe [the cube] forms right around the stomach,\u201d she said. But neither of those hypotheses turned out to be the case. What she found to be more important was how the wombat intestines\u2019 stretched. <br><br>As food is digested it moves through the gut, and pressure from the intestine helps sculpt the feces\u2014meaning that the shape of the intestine will affect the shape of a dropping. So Yang and the team expanded both wombat and pig intestines with a balloon to measure and compare their elasticities (or stretchiness). <br><br>The pig intestine had a relatively uniform elasticity, which would explain the animal\u2019s rounder poo. The wombat intestines, however, had a much more irregular shape. Yang observed two distinct ravine-like grooves, where the intestine is stretchier, which she believes helps shape wombat feces into cubic scat. <br><br>\u201cIt's really the first time I've ever seen anybody come up with a good biological, physiological explanation,\u201d said Swinbourne, who reviewed the draft. Clements, who also read the early study, added, \u201cI think this is a useful contribution but more explanation of a possible mechanism would be helpful.\u201d <br><br>Yang agrees that there are still a host of questions to answer and says her research is ongoing. She has since published a study on how the wombat's soft intestine can mold the faces into these sharp-cornered cubes. But even the initial findings imply broader implications for sectors such as manufacturing. <br><br>Cubes, Yang says, are very rare in nature. \u201cWe currently have only two methods to manufacture cubes,\u201d she said, explaining that humans either mold cubes from soft materials, or cut them from harder objects. <br><br>\u201cWombats have a third way.\u201d \", 'ai_likelihood': 2.0265579223632812e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"Wombats are a burrowing animal native to Australia perhaps best-known for being, well, pudgy\u2014and quite cute. But there\u2019s something you might not know about these adorable marsupials: Wombats are the only animals in the world that produce cube-shaped poop. <br><br>While this peculiarity has sparked much interest and debate, actual research into the intricacies of wombat scat has been scant. That\u2019s left scientists largely in the dark about the phenomenon\u2014until recently. <br><br><b>Early theories<\/b> <br><br>In 2018, Patricia Yang, a researcher at the Georgia Institute of Technology who specializes in bodily fluids, started to look into the topic more closely after hearing about it at a conference. <br><br>\u201cI didn't really believe it,\u201d Yang says. But after confirming that it is, indeed, a fact, she began trying to figure out why, and how, wombats poop in cubes. <br><br>\u201cPeople have had all sorts of theories,\u201d says Mike Swinbourne, a wombat expert at the University of Adelaide in Australia. One popular postulate is that wombats make cubes so that they can stack them to mark their territory, without the pieces rolling away. But Swinbourne says that\u2019s a misconception. <br><br>While wombats do use their scat to mark territory, \u201cit's not like they're trying to build little brick pyramids,\u201d he says. \u201cThey just poop where they poop.\u201d <br><br>Instead, Swinbourne says the cubic shape is more likely related to the dry environments that most wombats live in. \u201cThey have to really squeeze every drop of moisture out [of their food],\u201d he said. And sometimes, in zoos, where the animals have readier access to hydration, Swinbourne says their scat is less cubic. Being dry helps the scats form more rigid shapes with sharper angles. <br><br>Moisture plays a role, but \u201cit's also a factor of the primary digestive tract,\u201d adds Bill Zeigler, senior vice president for animal programs at Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, which has had wombats since 1969. Peter Clements, the president of the organization Wombats SA in Southern Australia, concurs, speculating that it\u2019s a combination of the two. <br><br><b>Finding answers<\/b> <br><br>Finding a more concrete answer, however, hasn\u2019t been easy. It took Yang and her colleagues months just to get ahold of wombat innards for their study. No zoos in North America had any, so Yang had the intestines of two roadkill wombats shipped from Australia. She wasn\u2019t sure what to expect when they arrived. <br><br>\u201cAt first I thought they maybe have square anus, or maybe [the cube] forms right around the stomach,\u201d she said. But neither of those hypotheses turned out to be the case. What she found to be more important was how the wombat intestines\u2019 stretched. <br><br>As food is digested it moves through the gut, and pressure from the intestine helps sculpt the feces\u2014meaning that the shape of the intestine will affect the shape of a dropping. So Yang and the team expanded both wombat and pig intestines with a balloon to measure and compare their elasticities (or stretchiness). <br><br>The pig intestine had a relatively uniform elasticity, which would explain the animal\u2019s rounder poo. The wombat intestines, however, had a much more irregular shape. Yang observed two distinct ravine-like grooves, where the intestine is stretchier, which she believes helps shape wombat feces into cubic scat. <br><br>\u201cIt's really the first time I've ever seen anybody come up with a good biological, physiological explanation,\u201d said Swinbourne, who reviewed the draft. Clements, who also read the early study, added, \u201cI think this is a useful contribution but more explanation of a possible mechanism would be helpful.\u201d <br><br>Yang agrees that there are still a host of questions to answer and says her research is ongoing. She has since published a study on how the wombat's soft intestine can mold the faces into these sharp-cornered cubes. But even the initial findings imply broader implications for sectors such as manufacturing. <br><br>Cubes, Yang says, are very rare in nature. \u201cWe currently have only two methods to manufacture cubes,\u201d she said, explaining that humans either mold cubes from soft materials, or cut them from harder objects. <br><br>\u201cWombats have a third way.\u201d \", 'ai_likelihood': 1.2695789337158203e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '943fb9e2-9254-4d8d-a6ef-7bb75620998a', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.00016494453302584589, 'sentence': 'Wombats are a burrowing animal native to Australia perhaps best-known for being, well, pudgy\u1173and quite cute.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019236086518503726, 'sentence': \"But there's something 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{'generated_prob': 0.000304452667478472, 'sentence': \"What she found to be more important was how the wombat intestines' stretched.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015031638031359762, 'sentence': '<br><br>As food is digested it moves through the gut, and pressure from the intestine helps sculpt the feces\u1173meaning that the shape of the intestine will affect the shape of a dropping.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002923706197179854, 'sentence': 'So Yang and the team expanded both wombat and pig intestines with a balloon to measure and compare their elasticities (or stretchiness).', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00023956903896760195, 'sentence': \"<br><br>The pig intestine had a relatively uniform elasticity, which would explain the animal's rounder poo.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 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research is ongoing.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000224475865252316, 'sentence': \"She has since published a study on how the wombat's soft intestine can mold the faces into these sharp-cornered cubes.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021502611343748868, 'sentence': 'But even the initial findings imply broader implications for sectors such as manufacturing.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014019606169313192, 'sentence': '<br><br>Cubes, Yang says, are very rare in nature.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002876681392081082, 'sentence': '\u201cWe currently have only two methods to manufacture cubes,\u201d she said, explaining that humans either mold cubes from soft materials, or cut them from harder objects.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001695554965408519, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cWombats have a third way.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 36, 'completely_generated_prob': 6.578664755433406e-32}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.007193352923999878, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.992520907244902, 'ai': 0.007193352923999878, 'mixed': 0.000285739831098058}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.992520907244902, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.007193352923999878, 'human': 0.992520907244902, 'mixed': 0.000285739831098058}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': \"Wombats are a burrowing animal native to Australia perhaps best-known for being, well, pudgy\u2014and quite cute. But there\u2019s something you might not know about these adorable marsupials: Wombats are the only animals in the world that produce cube-shaped poop. <br><br>While this peculiarity has sparked much interest and debate, actual research into the intricacies of wombat scat has been scant. That\u2019s left scientists largely in the dark about the phenomenon\u2014until recently. <br><br><b>Early theories<\/b> <br><br>In 2018, Patricia Yang, a researcher at the Georgia Institute of Technology who specializes in bodily fluids, started to look into the topic more closely after hearing about it at a conference. <br><br>\u201cI didn't really believe it,\u201d Yang says. But after confirming that it is, indeed, a fact, she began trying to figure out why, and how, wombats poop in cubes. <br><br>\u201cPeople have had all sorts of theories,\u201d says Mike Swinbourne, a wombat expert at the University of Adelaide in Australia. One popular postulate is that wombats make cubes so that they can stack them to mark their territory, without the pieces rolling away. But Swinbourne says that\u2019s a misconception. <br><br>While wombats do use their scat to mark territory, \u201cit's not like they're trying to build little brick pyramids,\u201d he says. \u201cThey just poop where they poop.\u201d <br><br>Instead, Swinbourne says the cubic shape is more likely related to the dry environments that most wombats live in. \u201cThey have to really squeeze every drop of moisture out [of their food],\u201d he said. And sometimes, in zoos, where the animals have readier access to hydration, Swinbourne says their scat is less cubic. Being dry helps the scats form more rigid shapes with sharper angles. <br><br>Moisture plays a role, but \u201cit's also a factor of the primary digestive tract,\u201d adds Bill Zeigler, senior vice president for animal programs at Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, which has had wombats since 1969. Peter Clements, the president of the organization Wombats SA in Southern Australia, concurs, speculating that it\u2019s a combination of the two. <br><br><b>Finding answers<\/b> <br><br>Finding a more concrete answer, however, hasn\u2019t been easy. It took Yang and her colleagues months just to get ahold of wombat innards for their study. No zoos in North America had any, so Yang had the intestines of two roadkill wombats shipped from Australia. She wasn\u2019t sure what to expect when they arrived. <br><br>\u201cAt first I thought they maybe have square anus, or maybe [the cube] forms right around the stomach,\u201d she said. But neither of those hypotheses turned out to be the case. What she found to be more important was how the wombat intestines\u2019 stretched. <br><br>As food is digested it moves through the gut, and pressure from the intestine helps sculpt the feces\u2014meaning that the shape of the intestine will affect the shape of a dropping. So Yang and the team expanded both wombat and pig intestines with a balloon to measure and compare their elasticities (or stretchiness). <br><br>The pig intestine had a relatively uniform elasticity, which would explain the animal\u2019s rounder poo. The wombat intestines, however, had a much more irregular shape. Yang observed two distinct ravine-like grooves, where the intestine is stretchier, which she believes helps shape wombat feces into cubic scat. <br><br>\u201cIt's really the first time I've ever seen anybody come up with a good biological, physiological explanation,\u201d said Swinbourne, who reviewed the draft. Clements, who also read the early study, added, \u201cI think this is a useful contribution but more explanation of a possible mechanism would be helpful.\u201d <br><br>Yang agrees that there are still a host of questions to answer and says her research is ongoing. She has since published a study on how the wombat's soft intestine can mold the faces into these sharp-cornered cubes. But even the initial findings imply broader implications for sectors such as manufacturing. <br><br>Cubes, Yang says, are very rare in nature. \u201cWe currently have only two methods to manufacture cubes,\u201d she said, explaining that humans either mold cubes from soft materials, or cut them from harder objects. <br><br>\u201cWombats have a third way.\u201d \"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8627548218,"RADAR":0.0158776268,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The quotes in this article seem quite natural, especially the way clarification is needed in brackets to make some of them make sense. It's also quite specific about how the study was carried out and the difficulties they faced, which makes me lean towards human-generated."},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"There are 2 instances of alliteration here, which I've never seen AI use, namely, \"scat...scant\" and \"popular postulate.\" There are also several different words used for feces here, namely, feces, poo, scat, and poop, hinting at a wider vocabulary than AI normally uses. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: filler words like 'quite', 'very' and 'really'. Adjectives like 'pudgy'. Use of alliteration. Ends with a quote. Shifts in tone and voice. Use of contractions. Slang like 'get ahold of' and the incorrect spelling of the word 'faeces'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this is human-written, primarily due to a lot of the common-use language throughout the article, as it's simple and easy to read, no matter the audience. Phrases such as \"best-known for being, well, pudgy\u2014and quite cute.\" and \"specializes in bodily fluids\" really place the author's humor and commentary about the ridiculousness of the topic, but helps make it endearing and fun to read. Also, combinations of words, such as \"ravine-like grooves\" and \"sharp-cornered cubes\" are better ways to condense ideas because they are self-containing and visually descriptive, which helps aid in understanding. Because of the tone and word choice is casual and relatable, especially with words like \"scat\" included, it makes it human to me. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The impact of the short final sentence that follows the less is more principle.\nHumour of the \"scat scant\" construction. \nPunctuation of direct quotes."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"71":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":12,"title":"Is climate change putting the lobster roll in jeopardy?","sub-title":"The deep waters in the Gulf of Maine have cooled down after decades of rapid warming, but it\u2019s hard to say yet if that\u2019s good news ","author":"Callie Radke Stevens","source":"National Geographic","issue":-17955000,"section":"Environment","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/climate-change-driving-lobster-population-changes","article":"Since the early 1980s, Maine lobstermen have experienced a climate-driven lobster boom. <br><br>That\u2019s because climate change has been warming the Gulf of Maine more than three times faster than 99 percent of the ocean. Warmer waters initially meant more lobster, but by 2050 conditions may become challenging for lobsters to survive in. <br><br>\u201cThey can stand quite a heat, but I don't think they particularly like it,\u201d Lennie Young, an eighth-generation lobsterman from Corea, Maine says. \u201cIt's just a waterborne bug, but it keeps you guessing. It doesn't always do what you expect it to do.\u201d <br><br>Lobsters molt as they grow, shedding their old shell and growing a new, softer one. They\u2019re an ectothermic species, which means their body processes are dictated by the surrounding water temperature: the warmer the water, the more likely the lobsters are to molt earlier. <br><br>Newly-molted lobsters, often referred to as shedders, drive the peak season, when most of the lobster is caught and sold. Thanks to warmer waters, lobsters have typically been showing up in traps in low numbers in April and come in earnest by the first of July, allowing lobstermen (a title applied to all genders) to extend their high-earning months. This year, waters are cooler than average, and peak lobster season is yet to come. Young says he thinks the season will probably start the third or fourth week of July instead. <br><br>Young has been measuring surface temperature on his own for decades, and the temperature on the surface hasn\u2019t changed much compared to previous years. He says it\u2019s likely colder temperatures farther below that are causing the lobsters to molt (and move into traps) later this year, a theory confirmed by Katherine Mills, a senior scientist at the Gulf of Maine Research Institute (GMRI). <br><br>It\u2019s a rare cool year exhibiting deep-water temperatures that haven\u2019t been seen in the last fifteen years, an anomaly in a rapidly-warming gulf and another hurdle in an increasingly unpredictable industry.  <br><br>\u201cI think what this year highlights is just a real need to think about uncertainty,\u201d Mills says. <br><br><b>Cooler temperatures\u2014for now<\/b> <br><br>The temperatures in the Gulf of Maine are controlled by the interplay between cold water moving south through the Labrador Current and warm water moving north through the Gulf Stream. The last six months of colder and fresher deep waters have resulted from waters with a little more Labrador than Gulf Stream, perplexing scientists. Since a 2012 marine heatwave, the deep-water temperatures have been about 3\u00b0F warmer than average, but this year, temperatures are back to levels not seen since before 2011.    <br><br>But it\u2019s still hard to say if this year\u2019s cooler waters will benefit Maine\u2019s lobsters, particularly if the warming trend continues in future years. Colder water means more fat on larval lobster\u2019s preferred prey, zooplankton, which is good for baby lobster growth and nutrition. <br><br>Warmer water, on the other hand, could lead to less nutritional zooplankton, and sustained, high temperatures weakens lobsters\u2019 respiratory and immune systems. <br><br>Forecasting exact temperature changes in the gulf if challenging. While the region is rapid warming, natural fluctuations in global ocean currents shift every few decades and could still introduce cooler temperatures, mitigating some of the effects of climate change. <br><br><b>Unpredictable seasons and storms<\/b> <br><br>Right now, the colder, deep water makes it a harder year for lobstermen. A later start means less time to earn a year\u2019s worth of income, Virginia Olsen explains. <br><br>Olsen is a fifth-generation lobsterman from Stonington and an advocate for fair regulations for lobstermen. The shorter fishing season and the effects of unpredictable water and weather are just some of the many challenges lobstermen are facing.  <br><br>\u201cThere's so much pressure put on the fishermen right now, it's very difficult for them,\u201d she says. <br><br>\u201cWho wants to go out and put down a quarter of a million dollars on the beginning of a new boat, to not know what's going to happen in the end? That uncertainty is a lot of mental pressure for these guys.\u201d <br><br>Environmental conditions outside of the water have also become more unpredictable. Storms in the region have become more destructive and dump more precipitation. Those storms wreaked havoc on small towns across coastal Maine earlier this year, causing millions of dollars of damage to wharves, boats, and piers. That, too, has made this year more challenging as lobstermen have to invest in repairs before the peak season even begins.  <br><br><b>Changing ocean chemistry<\/b> <br><br>Climate change is also lowering the ocean\u2019s pH, an effect known as ocean acidification. While the results of that haven\u2019t hit the markets yet, it\u2019s a looming threat that has significantly impacted other fisheries like oyster farmers in the Pacific Northwest. <br><br>Acidic waters make it harder for lobsters and the zooplankton they eat to form their shells. Populations could be impacted as soon as 2050. Altered pH may also affect the lobsters\u2019 ability to smell, diminishing their ability to sense food, avoid predators, and find mates.  <br><br>Facing these challenges and an uncertain long-term future, some lobstermen are adapting and diversifying their income streams. <br><br>Young has colleagues who run tourist boats now, and Olsen knows lobstermen who have taken up oyster and seaweed farming to supplement their income. However, they remained concerned that the uncertainty will push small businesses out of the industry and the way of life will be lost or overtaken by bigger, more industrialized boats.  <br><br>But lobstermen may yet be able to adapt to an unpredictable new norm and are working with researchers on solutions. The GMRI recently released a Climate Adaptation Resource Hub, and lobstermen have practiced conservation methods on their own for centuries. If anyone is invested in securing the livelihood, it\u2019s lobstermen. <br><br>\u201cWhat they want, what their soul needs, is the water,\u201d Olsen says. \u201cI can't express or put into words, the feeling that I get when I'm on the water.\u201d ","id":41,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"Since the early 1980s, Maine lobstermen have experienced a climate-driven lobster boom. <br><br>That\u2019s because climate change has been warming the Gulf of Maine more than three times faster than 99 percent of the ocean. Warmer waters initially meant more lobster, but by 2050 conditions may become challenging for lobsters to survive in. <br><br>\u201cThey can stand quite a heat, but I don't think they particularly like it,\u201d Lennie Young, an eighth-generation lobsterman from Corea, Maine says. \u201cIt's just a waterborne bug, but it keeps you guessing. It doesn't always do what you expect it to do.\u201d <br><br>Lobsters molt as they grow, shedding their old shell and growing a new, softer one. They\u2019re an ectothermic species, which means their body processes are dictated by the surrounding water temperature: the warmer the water, the more likely the lobsters are to molt earlier. <br><br>Newly-molted lobsters, often referred to as shedders, drive the peak season, when most of the lobster is caught and sold. Thanks to warmer waters, lobsters have typically been showing up in traps in low numbers in April and come in earnest by the first of July, allowing lobstermen (a title applied to all genders) to extend their high-earning months. This year, waters are cooler than average, and peak lobster season is yet to come. Young says he thinks the season will probably start the third or fourth week of July instead. <br><br>Young has been measuring surface temperature on his own for decades, and the temperature on the surface hasn\u2019t changed much compared to previous years. He says it\u2019s likely colder temperatures farther below that are causing the lobsters to molt (and move into traps) later this year, a theory confirmed by Katherine Mills, a senior scientist at the Gulf of Maine Research Institute (GMRI). <br><br>It\u2019s a rare cool year exhibiting deep-water temperatures that haven\u2019t been seen in the last fifteen years, an anomaly in a rapidly-warming gulf and another hurdle in an increasingly unpredictable industry.  <br><br>\u201cI think what this year highlights is just a real need to think about uncertainty,\u201d Mills says. <br><br><b>Cooler temperatures\u2014for now<\/b> <br><br>The temperatures in the Gulf of Maine are controlled by the interplay between cold water moving south through the Labrador Current and warm water moving north through the Gulf Stream. The last six months of colder and fresher deep waters have resulted from waters with a little more Labrador than Gulf Stream, perplexing scientists. Since a 2012 marine heatwave, the deep-water temperatures have been about 3\u00b0F warmer than average, but this year, temperatures are back to levels not seen since before 2011.    <br><br>But it\u2019s still hard to say if this year\u2019s cooler waters will benefit Maine\u2019s lobsters, particularly if the warming trend continues in future years. Colder water means more fat on larval lobster\u2019s preferred prey, zooplankton, which is good for baby lobster growth and nutrition. <br><br>Warmer water, on the other hand, could lead to less nutritional zooplankton, and sustained, high temperatures weakens lobsters\u2019 respiratory and immune systems. <br><br>Forecasting exact temperature changes in the gulf if challenging. While the region is rapid warming, natural fluctuations in global ocean currents shift every few decades and could still introduce cooler temperatures, mitigating some of the effects of climate change. <br><br><b>Unpredictable seasons and storms<\/b> <br><br>Right now, the colder, deep water makes it a harder year for lobstermen. A later start means less time to earn a year\u2019s worth of income, Virginia Olsen explains. <br><br>Olsen is a fifth-generation lobsterman from Stonington and an advocate for fair regulations for lobstermen. The shorter fishing season and the effects of unpredictable water and weather are just some of the many challenges lobstermen are facing.  <br><br>\u201cThere's so much pressure put on the fishermen right now, it's very difficult for them,\u201d she says. <br><br>\u201cWho wants to go out and put down a quarter of a million dollars on the beginning of a new boat, to not know what's going to happen in the end? That uncertainty is a lot of mental pressure for these guys.\u201d <br><br>Environmental conditions outside of the water have also become more unpredictable. Storms in the region have become more destructive and dump more precipitation. Those storms wreaked havoc on small towns across coastal Maine earlier this year, causing millions of dollars of damage to wharves, boats, and piers. That, too, has made this year more challenging as lobstermen have to invest in repairs before the peak season even begins.  <br><br><b>Changing ocean chemistry<\/b> <br><br>Climate change is also lowering the ocean\u2019s pH, an effect known as ocean acidification. While the results of that haven\u2019t hit the markets yet, it\u2019s a looming threat that has significantly impacted other fisheries like oyster farmers in the Pacific Northwest. <br><br>Acidic waters make it harder for lobsters and the zooplankton they eat to form their shells. Populations could be impacted as soon as 2050. Altered pH may also affect the lobsters\u2019 ability to smell, diminishing their ability to sense food, avoid predators, and find mates.  <br><br>Facing these challenges and an uncertain long-term future, some lobstermen are adapting and diversifying their income streams. <br><br>Young has colleagues who run tourist boats now, and Olsen knows lobstermen who have taken up oyster and seaweed farming to supplement their income. However, they remained concerned that the uncertainty will push small businesses out of the industry and the way of life will be lost or overtaken by bigger, more industrialized boats.  <br><br>But lobstermen may yet be able to adapt to an unpredictable new norm and are working with researchers on solutions. The GMRI recently released a Climate Adaptation Resource Hub, and lobstermen have practiced conservation methods on their own for centuries. If anyone is invested in securing the livelihood, it\u2019s lobstermen. <br><br>\u201cWhat they want, what their soul needs, is the water,\u201d Olsen says. \u201cI can't express or put into words, the feeling that I get when I'm on the water.\u201d \", 'ai_likelihood': 6.175041198730469e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"Since the early 1980s, Maine lobstermen have experienced a climate-driven lobster boom. <br><br>That\u2019s because climate change has been warming the Gulf of Maine more than three times faster than 99 percent of the ocean. Warmer waters initially meant more lobster, but by 2050 conditions may become challenging for lobsters to survive in. <br><br>\u201cThey can stand quite a heat, but I don't think they particularly like it,\u201d Lennie Young, an eighth-generation lobsterman from Corea, Maine says. \u201cIt's just a waterborne bug, but it keeps you guessing. It doesn't always do what you expect it to do.\u201d <br><br>Lobsters molt as they grow, shedding their old shell and growing a new, softer one. They\u2019re an ectothermic species, which means their body processes are dictated by the surrounding water temperature: the warmer the water, the more likely the lobsters are to molt earlier. <br><br>Newly-molted lobsters, often referred to as shedders, drive the peak season, when most of the lobster is caught and sold. Thanks to warmer waters, lobsters have typically been showing up in traps in low numbers in April and come in earnest by the first of July, allowing lobstermen (a title applied to all genders) to extend their high-earning months. This year, waters are cooler than average, and peak lobster season is yet to come. Young says he thinks the season will probably start the third or fourth week of July instead. <br><br>Young has been measuring surface temperature on his own for decades, and the temperature on the surface hasn\u2019t changed much compared to previous years. He says it\u2019s likely colder temperatures farther below that are causing the lobsters to molt (and move into traps) later this year, a theory confirmed by Katherine Mills, a senior scientist at the Gulf of Maine Research Institute (GMRI). <br><br>It\u2019s a rare cool year exhibiting deep-water temperatures that haven\u2019t been seen in the last fifteen years, an anomaly in a rapidly-warming gulf and another hurdle in an increasingly unpredictable industry.  <br><br>\u201cI think what this year highlights is just a real need to think about uncertainty,\u201d Mills says. <br><br><b>Cooler temperatures\u2014for now<\/b> <br><br>The temperatures in the Gulf of Maine are controlled by the interplay between cold water moving south through the Labrador Current and warm water moving north through the Gulf Stream. The last six months of colder and fresher deep waters have resulted from waters with a little more Labrador than Gulf Stream, perplexing scientists. Since a 2012 marine heatwave, the deep-water temperatures have been about 3\u00b0F warmer than average, but this year, temperatures are back to levels not seen since before 2011.    <br><br>But it\u2019s still hard to say if this year\u2019s cooler waters will benefit Maine\u2019s lobsters, particularly if the warming trend continues in future years. Colder water means more fat on larval lobster\u2019s preferred prey, zooplankton, which is good for baby lobster growth and nutrition. <br><br>Warmer water, on the other hand, could lead to less nutritional zooplankton, and sustained, high temperatures weakens lobsters\u2019 respiratory and immune systems. <br><br>Forecasting exact temperature changes in the gulf if challenging. While the region is rapid warming, natural fluctuations in global ocean currents shift every few decades and could still introduce cooler temperatures, mitigating some of the effects of climate change. <br><br><b>Unpredictable seasons and storms<\/b> <br><br>Right now, the colder, deep water makes it a harder year for lobstermen. A later start means less time to earn a year\u2019s worth of income, Virginia Olsen explains. <br><br>Olsen is a fifth-generation lobsterman from Stonington and an advocate for fair regulations for lobstermen. The shorter fishing season and the effects of unpredictable water and weather are just some of the many challenges lobstermen are facing.  <br><br>\u201cThere's so much pressure put on the fishermen right now, it's very difficult for them,\u201d she says. <br><br>\u201cWho wants to go out and put down a quarter of a million dollars on the beginning of a new boat, to not know what's going to happen in the end? That uncertainty is a lot of mental pressure for these guys.\u201d <br><br>Environmental conditions outside of the water have also become more unpredictable. Storms in the region have become more destructive and dump more precipitation. Those storms wreaked havoc on small towns across coastal Maine earlier this year, causing millions of dollars of damage to wharves, boats, and piers. That, too, has made this year more challenging as lobstermen have to invest in repairs before the peak season even begins.  <br><br><b>Changing ocean chemistry<\/b> <br><br>Climate change is also lowering the ocean\u2019s pH, an effect known as ocean acidification. While the results of that haven\u2019t hit the markets yet, it\u2019s a looming threat that has significantly impacted other fisheries like oyster farmers in the Pacific Northwest. <br><br>Acidic waters make it harder for lobsters and the zooplankton they eat to form their shells. Populations could be impacted as soon as 2050. Altered pH may also affect the lobsters\u2019 ability to smell, diminishing their ability to sense food, avoid predators, and find mates.  <br><br>Facing these challenges and an uncertain long-term future, some lobstermen are adapting and diversifying their income streams. <br><br>Young has colleagues who run tourist boats now, and Olsen knows lobstermen who have taken up oyster and seaweed farming to supplement their income. However, they remained concerned that the uncertainty will push small businesses out of the industry and the way of life will be lost or overtaken by bigger, more industrialized boats.  <br><br>But lobstermen may yet be able to adapt to an unpredictable new norm and are working with researchers on solutions. The GMRI recently released a Climate Adaptation Resource Hub, and lobstermen have practiced conservation methods on their own for centuries. If anyone is invested in securing the livelihood, it\u2019s lobstermen. <br><br>\u201cWhat they want, what their soul needs, is the water,\u201d Olsen says. \u201cI can't express or put into words, the feeling that I get when I'm on the water.\u201d \", 'ai_likelihood': 1.3947486877441406e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'e1b3629c-0599-4068-913f-a0cfa207837e', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.115601066383533e-05, 'sentence': 'Since the early 1980s, Maine lobstermen have experienced a climate-driven lobster boom.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.483675052644685e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>That's because climate change has been warming the Gulf of Maine more than three times faster than 99 percent of the ocean.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.6685098418965936e-05, 'sentence': 'Warmer waters initially meant more lobster, but by 2050 conditions may become challenging for lobsters to survive in.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.8745034544263035e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cThey can stand quite a heat, but I don't think they particularly like it,\u201d Lennie Young, an eighth-generation lobsterman from Corea, Maine says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.9266312998952344e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's just a waterborne bug, but it keeps you guessing.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.1685605285456404e-05, 'sentence': \"It doesn't always do what you expect it to do.\u201d <br><br>Lobsters molt as they grow, shedding their old shell and growing a new, softer one.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.069572241860442e-05, 'sentence': \"They're an ectothermic species, which means their body processes are dictated by the surrounding water temperature: the warmer the water, the more likely the lobsters are to molt earlier.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.217474659322761e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Newly-molted lobsters, often referred to as shedders, drive the peak season, when most of the lobster is caught and sold.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.5421624741284177e-05, 'sentence': 'Thanks to warmer waters, lobsters have typically been showing up in traps in low numbers in April and come in earnest by the first of July, allowing lobstermen (a title applied to all genders) to extend their high-earning months.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.561437759140972e-05, 'sentence': 'This year, waters are cooler than average, and peak lobster season is yet to come.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.085305434069596e-05, 'sentence': 'Young says he thinks the season will probably start the third or fourth week of July instead.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.565642691683024e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>Young has been measuring surface temperature on his own for decades, and the temperature on the surface hasn't changed much compared to previous years.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.539889778243378e-05, 'sentence': \"He says it's likely colder temperatures farther below that are causing the lobsters to molt (and move into traps) later this year, a theory confirmed by Katherine Mills, a senior scientist at the Gulf of Maine Research Institute (GMRI).\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.9446087612304837e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>It's a rare cool year exhibiting deep-water temperatures that haven't been seen in the last fifteen years, an anomaly in a rapidly-warming gulf and another hurdle in an increasingly unpredictable industry.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.789601967378985e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cI think what this year highlights is just a real need to think about uncertainty,\u201d Mills says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.03348652645945549, 'sentence': '<br><br><b>Cooler temperatures\u1173for now<\/b> <br><br>The temperatures in the Gulf of Maine are controlled by the interplay between cold water moving south through the Labrador Current and warm water moving north through the Gulf Stream.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0329182967543602, 'sentence': 'The last six months of colder and fresher deep waters have resulted from waters with a little more Labrador than Gulf Stream, perplexing scientists.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.05634968727827072, 'sentence': 'Since a 2012 marine heatwave, the deep-water temperatures have been about 3\u00b0F warmer than average, but this year, temperatures are back to levels not seen since before 2011.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.08873797953128815, 'sentence': \"<br><br>But it's still hard to say if this year's cooler waters will benefit Maine's lobsters, particularly if the warming trend continues in future years.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.22533880174160004, 'sentence': \"Colder water means more fat on larval lobster's preferred prey, zooplankton, which is good for baby lobster growth and nutrition.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.13293056190013885, 'sentence': \"<br><br>Warmer water, on the other hand, could lead to less nutritional zooplankton, and sustained, high temperatures weakens lobsters' respiratory and immune systems.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.12802356481552124, 'sentence': '<br><br>Forecasting exact temperature changes in the gulf if challenging.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.053072042763233185, 'sentence': 'While the region is rapid warming, natural fluctuations in global ocean currents shift every few decades and could still introduce cooler temperatures, mitigating some of the effects of climate change.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.068649061024189, 'sentence': '<br><br><b>Unpredictable seasons and storms<\/b> <br><br>Right now, the colder, deep water makes it a harder year for lobstermen.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.047925595194101334, 'sentence': \"A later start means less time to earn a year's worth of income, Virginia Olsen explains.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.06598243862390518, 'sentence': '<br><br>Olsen is a fifth-generation lobsterman from Stonington and an advocate for fair regulations for lobstermen.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0871158242225647, 'sentence': 'The shorter fishing season and the effects of unpredictable water and weather are just some of the many challenges lobstermen are facing.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.04841260612010956, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cThere's so much pressure put on the fishermen right now, it's very difficult for them,\u201d she says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.05728811398148537, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cWho wants to go out and put down a quarter of a million dollars on the beginning of a new boat, to not know what's going to happen in the end?\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.027716921642422676, 'sentence': 'That uncertainty is a lot of mental pressure for these guys.\u201d <br><br>Environmental conditions outside of the water have also become more unpredictable.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.04802187532186508, 'sentence': 'Storms in the region have become more destructive and dump more precipitation.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00035881545045413077, 'sentence': 'Those storms wreaked havoc on small towns across coastal Maine earlier this year, causing millions of dollars of damage to wharves, boats, and piers.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00029105882276780903, 'sentence': 'That, too, has made this year more challenging as lobstermen have to invest in repairs before the peak season even begins.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002775687607936561, 'sentence': \"<br><br><b>Changing ocean chemistry<\/b> <br><br>Climate change is also lowering the ocean's pH, an effect known as ocean acidification.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004549840814433992, 'sentence': \"While the results of that haven't hit the markets yet, it's a looming threat that has significantly impacted other fisheries like oyster farmers in the Pacific Northwest.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00034181360388174653, 'sentence': '<br><br>Acidic waters make it harder for lobsters and the zooplankton they eat to form their shells.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019205498392693698, 'sentence': 'Populations could be impacted as soon as 2050.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000324759166687727, 'sentence': \"Altered pH may also affect the lobsters' ability to smell, diminishing their ability to sense food, avoid predators, and find mates.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00048346829134970903, 'sentence': '<br><br>Facing these challenges and an uncertain long-term future, some lobstermen are adapting and diversifying their income streams.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003567018429748714, 'sentence': '<br><br>Young has colleagues who run tourist boats now, and Olsen knows lobstermen who have taken up oyster and seaweed farming to supplement their income.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00034020061139017344, 'sentence': 'However, they remained concerned that the uncertainty will push small businesses out of the industry and the way of life will be lost or overtaken by bigger, more industrialized boats.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00022447911032941192, 'sentence': '<br><br>But lobstermen may yet be able to adapt to an unpredictable new norm and are working with researchers on solutions.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00035691168159246445, 'sentence': 'The GMRI recently released a Climate Adaptation Resource Hub, and lobstermen have practiced conservation methods on their own for centuries.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00022989438730292022, 'sentence': \"If anyone is invested in securing the livelihood, it's lobstermen.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00032235970138572156, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cWhat they want, what their soul needs, is the water,\u201d Olsen says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00043074696441181004, 'sentence': \"\u201cI can't express or put into words, the feeling that I get when I'm on the water.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 46, 'completely_generated_prob': 7.688601443292485e-41}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.024461651786716186, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9754981327244504, 'ai': 0.024461651786716186, 'mixed': 4.0215488833363626e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9754981327244504, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.024461651786716186, 'human': 0.9754981327244504, 'mixed': 4.0215488833363626e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': \"Since the early 1980s, Maine lobstermen have experienced a climate-driven lobster boom. <br><br>That\u2019s because climate change has been warming the Gulf of Maine more than three times faster than 99 percent of the ocean. Warmer waters initially meant more lobster, but by 2050 conditions may become challenging for lobsters to survive in. <br><br>\u201cThey can stand quite a heat, but I don't think they particularly like it,\u201d Lennie Young, an eighth-generation lobsterman from Corea, Maine says. \u201cIt's just a waterborne bug, but it keeps you guessing. It doesn't always do what you expect it to do.\u201d <br><br>Lobsters molt as they grow, shedding their old shell and growing a new, softer one. They\u2019re an ectothermic species, which means their body processes are dictated by the surrounding water temperature: the warmer the water, the more likely the lobsters are to molt earlier. <br><br>Newly-molted lobsters, often referred to as shedders, drive the peak season, when most of the lobster is caught and sold. Thanks to warmer waters, lobsters have typically been showing up in traps in low numbers in April and come in earnest by the first of July, allowing lobstermen (a title applied to all genders) to extend their high-earning months. This year, waters are cooler than average, and peak lobster season is yet to come. Young says he thinks the season will probably start the third or fourth week of July instead. <br><br>Young has been measuring surface temperature on his own for decades, and the temperature on the surface hasn\u2019t changed much compared to previous years. He says it\u2019s likely colder temperatures farther below that are causing the lobsters to molt (and move into traps) later this year, a theory confirmed by Katherine Mills, a senior scientist at the Gulf of Maine Research Institute (GMRI). <br><br>It\u2019s a rare cool year exhibiting deep-water temperatures that haven\u2019t been seen in the last fifteen years, an anomaly in a rapidly-warming gulf and another hurdle in an increasingly unpredictable industry.  <br><br>\u201cI think what this year highlights is just a real need to think about uncertainty,\u201d Mills says. <br><br><b>Cooler temperatures\u2014for now<\/b> <br><br>The temperatures in the Gulf of Maine are controlled by the interplay between cold water moving south through the Labrador Current and warm water moving north through the Gulf Stream. The last six months of colder and fresher deep waters have resulted from waters with a little more Labrador than Gulf Stream, perplexing scientists. Since a 2012 marine heatwave, the deep-water temperatures have been about 3\u00b0F warmer than average, but this year, temperatures are back to levels not seen since before 2011.    <br><br>But it\u2019s still hard to say if this year\u2019s cooler waters will benefit Maine\u2019s lobsters, particularly if the warming trend continues in future years. Colder water means more fat on larval lobster\u2019s preferred prey, zooplankton, which is good for baby lobster growth and nutrition. <br><br>Warmer water, on the other hand, could lead to less nutritional zooplankton, and sustained, high temperatures weakens lobsters\u2019 respiratory and immune systems. <br><br>Forecasting exact temperature changes in the gulf if challenging. While the region is rapid warming, natural fluctuations in global ocean currents shift every few decades and could still introduce cooler temperatures, mitigating some of the effects of climate change. <br><br><b>Unpredictable seasons and storms<\/b> <br><br>Right now, the colder, deep water makes it a harder year for lobstermen. A later start means less time to earn a year\u2019s worth of income, Virginia Olsen explains. <br><br>Olsen is a fifth-generation lobsterman from Stonington and an advocate for fair regulations for lobstermen. The shorter fishing season and the effects of unpredictable water and weather are just some of the many challenges lobstermen are facing.  <br><br>\u201cThere's so much pressure put on the fishermen right now, it's very difficult for them,\u201d she says. <br><br>\u201cWho wants to go out and put down a quarter of a million dollars on the beginning of a new boat, to not know what's going to happen in the end? That uncertainty is a lot of mental pressure for these guys.\u201d <br><br>Environmental conditions outside of the water have also become more unpredictable. Storms in the region have become more destructive and dump more precipitation. Those storms wreaked havoc on small towns across coastal Maine earlier this year, causing millions of dollars of damage to wharves, boats, and piers. That, too, has made this year more challenging as lobstermen have to invest in repairs before the peak season even begins.  <br><br><b>Changing ocean chemistry<\/b> <br><br>Climate change is also lowering the ocean\u2019s pH, an effect known as ocean acidification. While the results of that haven\u2019t hit the markets yet, it\u2019s a looming threat that has significantly impacted other fisheries like oyster farmers in the Pacific Northwest. <br><br>Acidic waters make it harder for lobsters and the zooplankton they eat to form their shells. Populations could be impacted as soon as 2050. Altered pH may also affect the lobsters\u2019 ability to smell, diminishing their ability to sense food, avoid predators, and find mates.  <br><br>Facing these challenges and an uncertain long-term future, some lobstermen are adapting and diversifying their income streams. <br><br>Young has colleagues who run tourist boats now, and Olsen knows lobstermen who have taken up oyster and seaweed farming to supplement their income. However, they remained concerned that the uncertainty will push small businesses out of the industry and the way of life will be lost or overtaken by bigger, more industrialized boats.  <br><br>But lobstermen may yet be able to adapt to an unpredictable new norm and are working with researchers on solutions. The GMRI recently released a Climate Adaptation Resource Hub, and lobstermen have practiced conservation methods on their own for centuries. If anyone is invested in securing the livelihood, it\u2019s lobstermen. <br><br>\u201cWhat they want, what their soul needs, is the water,\u201d Olsen says. \u201cI can't express or put into words, the feeling that I get when I'm on the water.\u201d \"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7802946568,"RADAR":0.0051843873,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The words and tone used in the article seem human, for example, calling people \"lobstermen\". The article is also quite specific about certain facts like water temperature and how altered pH can affect lobsters, which further points towards human-generated text. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I see no signs of AI writing here such as the usual use of words like \"not only...but also\" and \"crucial.\" However, there are a few mistakes which suggest human error. For example, \"by 2050\" is missing a comma; \"baby lobster\" instead of \"baby lobsters\" and \"if\" instead of \"is.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: varied paragraph and sentence length. The article ends with a quote. The headings are sentence case. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I feel like this article was rewritten from an AI-generated one. I mostly believe this is AI-generated because the sentences throughout it are...wonky and hard to read, especially with sentences that seem to repeat information or try to place some explanation on already known topics, such as with \"Olsen is a fifth-generation lobsterman from Stonington and an advocate for fair regulations for lobstermen\" and \"lobstermen (a title applied to all genders)\" Explanations are put in places where they're not really needed, and other areas that need information are either skipped over, or condensed into long-winded sentences. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"1. Lobsters can stand heat which is \"a waterborne bug\"?\n2. The sentence beginning \"It\u2019s a rare cool year \" has no link to the previous or the next sentence.\n3. Not clear how precipitation can be \"dumped\". Strange word choice. \nI would ascribe these oddities to a machine. The rest of the text has enough variation for me to go with human-authored."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"72":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":13,"title":"Will a Movie Faking the Moon Landing Propel a Debunked Conspiracy Theory? ","sub-title":"The screenwriters of \u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d say they emphasized the facts of the Apollo 11 landing, but experts worry that clips can be misused. ","author":"Annie Aguiar ","source":"New York Times","issue":-17955000,"section":"Space & Astronomy","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/07\/19\/movies\/fly-me-to-the-moon-conspiracy-theory.html","article":"The new Scarlett Johansson-Channing Tatum vehicle \u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d uses a long-debunked conspiracy theory as the jumping-off point for a space-race romantic comedy. At the end of the 1960s, a wary NASA recognizes the need for better public relations during the Vietnam War. The resulting campaign leads to a faked version of the Apollo 11 mission being shot on a sound stage even as the real mission is unfolding. Shenanigans, and romance, ensue. <br><br>\u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d isn\u2019t the first movie based on the mistaken belief that the moon landing was a hoax, a conspiracy theory that first arose in the 1970s. \u201cCapricorn One\u201d (1978), about a faked mission to Mars, taps into Watergate-era institutional distrust, and more recently, \u201cMoonwalkers\u201d (2015) pairs a C.I.A. agent with a rock band manager to fake the Apollo 11 landing. <br><br>What sets \u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d apart is its insistence on the truth. The movie\u2019s writers say they hope it will reinforce the real story of the moon landing. But is that possible in a post-Covid age when conspiracy theories are amplified on social media? <br><br>The screenplay, written by Rose Gilroy and based on a story by Keenan Flynn and Bill Kirstein, plays with the theory, including a joke on some conspiracists\u2019 belief that the director Stanley Kubrick supposedly had a hand in faking the historic event. (He did not.) But ultimately the film emphasizes that the Apollo 11 landing did take place. <br><br>Flynn said the initial idea for the movie came in 2016. As the nation wrangled with questions about truth during a presidential campaign in which Donald J. Trump frequently castigated the \u201clying\u201d media, the moon landing made for a perfect setting. <br><br>\u201cThat was the assignment,\u201d Flynn said. \u201cHow do you have your cake and eat it, too? You have fun with the fake moon landing, but you really bring home that truth matters by highlighting that achievement.\u201d <br><br>Gilroy said that she had read some books to better understand the conspiracy but that there was simply nothing to them. <br><br>\u201cWe wanted to build a story around the idea of these people coming together to ensure that the mission is real,\u201d she said. \u201cNot in any of my research did I ever come across one iota of a fact that made me question in any way the validity of this accomplishment.\u201d <br><br>Adam Frank, an astronomer and physicist at the University of Rochester whose work focuses on science denial, said pop culture had a responsibility to fight a nihilistic tendency to doubt science and human potential. <br><br>\u201cIt\u2019s lazy writing to say \u2018the government was in on the conspiracy\u2019 as opposed to \u2018people actually all worked together and they found the answer,\u2019\u201d Frank said. \u201cThey worked for 20 years and sent a probe to Mars and it did exactly what they said they were going to do. Somehow, that is less exciting than \u2018It didn\u2019t work and they had a conspiracy.\u2019\u201d <br><br>\u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d does focus on the laborious team effort that went into the landing. But now that it\u2019s easier than ever to take an image out of context and spread it online, good intentions can be lost. Fretting about the film may also be quaint at this point: Images generated by artificial intelligence showing a faked-moon-landing film set went viral earlier this year. <br><br>Lawrence Hamilton, a professor of sociology at the University of New Hampshire who studies anti-science conspiracy belief, pointed to an image used by moon landing deniers as a cautionary tale. The photo, showing astronauts without their helmets during a training exercise at the Kennedy Space Center, has been shared repeatedly on social media over the years. <br><br>\u201cThey said, \u2018This is them faking the moon landing, and it\u2019s proof,\u2019\u201d he recalled. \u201cAnd they will do the same thing with clips from this movie. They\u2019ll do whatever it takes to say, \u2018This proves what we\u2019ve said all along.\u2019\u201d <br><br>For people who don\u2019t have strong memories of watching the moon landing, that influence can be strong. In a 2021 national survey, Hamilton found that only 12 percent of respondents believed that the moon landings were faked, but that millennials were more likely than other generations to deny it happened. <br><br>Gen Z-ers were more likely to be unsure if it happened. A recent TikTok filter asking users to rank things on a scale of one to 10 based on how much they believe in them, with one being more likely and 10 being less likely, inspired multiple videos with people placing the moon landing below things like God, magic and ghosts. But a few popular videos doesn\u2019t mean Gen-Zers are flocking to moon landing conspiracies en masse, as the survey shows. <br><br>One person who isn\u2019t worried about the movie unintentionally bolstering conspiracy beliefs: Anna Garcia, the actress who plays Ruby, an assistant to Johansson\u2019s character. <br><br>\u201cI think if someone\u2019s really dumb, they\u2019ll definitely get that message,\u201d Garcia told Variety at the movie\u2019s premiere. \u201cI think if someone is sort of dumb as rocks, they\u2019ll be like, \u2018It was fake.\u2019\u201d ","id":42,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'The new Scarlett Johansson-Channing Tatum vehicle \u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d uses a long-debunked conspiracy theory as the jumping-off point for a space-race romantic comedy. At the end of the 1960s, a wary NASA recognizes the need for better public relations during the Vietnam War. The resulting campaign leads to a faked version of the Apollo 11 mission being shot on a sound stage even as the real mission is unfolding. Shenanigans, and romance, ensue. <br><br>\u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d isn\u2019t the first movie based on the mistaken belief that the moon landing was a hoax, a conspiracy theory that first arose in the 1970s. \u201cCapricorn One\u201d (1978), about a faked mission to Mars, taps into Watergate-era institutional distrust, and more recently, \u201cMoonwalkers\u201d (2015) pairs a C.I.A. agent with a rock band manager to fake the Apollo 11 landing. <br><br>What sets \u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d apart is its insistence on the truth. The movie\u2019s writers say they hope it will reinforce the real story of the moon landing. But is that possible in a post-Covid age when conspiracy theories are amplified on social media? <br><br>The screenplay, written by Rose Gilroy and based on a story by Keenan Flynn and Bill Kirstein, plays with the theory, including a joke on some conspiracists\u2019 belief that the director Stanley Kubrick supposedly had a hand in faking the historic event. (He did not.) But ultimately the film emphasizes that the Apollo 11 landing did take place. <br><br>Flynn said the initial idea for the movie came in 2016. As the nation wrangled with questions about truth during a presidential campaign in which Donald J. Trump frequently castigated the \u201clying\u201d media, the moon landing made for a perfect setting. <br><br>\u201cThat was the assignment,\u201d Flynn said. \u201cHow do you have your cake and eat it, too? You have fun with the fake moon landing, but you really bring home that truth matters by highlighting that achievement.\u201d <br><br>Gilroy said that she had read some books to better understand the conspiracy but that there was simply nothing to them. <br><br>\u201cWe wanted to build a story around the idea of these people coming together to ensure that the mission is real,\u201d she said. \u201cNot in any of my research did I ever come across one iota of a fact that made me question in any way the validity of this accomplishment.\u201d <br><br>Adam Frank, an astronomer and physicist at the University of Rochester whose work focuses on science denial, said pop culture had a responsibility to fight a nihilistic tendency to doubt science and human potential. <br><br>\u201cIt\u2019s lazy writing to say \u2018the government was in on the conspiracy\u2019 as opposed to \u2018people actually all worked together and they found the answer,\u2019\u201d Frank said. \u201cThey worked for 20 years and sent a probe to Mars and it did exactly what they said they were going to do. Somehow, that is less exciting than \u2018It didn\u2019t work and they had a conspiracy.\u2019\u201d <br><br>\u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d does focus on the laborious team effort that went into the landing. But now that it\u2019s easier than ever to take an image out of context and spread it online, good intentions can be lost. Fretting about the film may also be quaint at this point: Images generated by artificial intelligence showing a faked-moon-landing film set went viral earlier this year. <br><br>Lawrence Hamilton, a professor of sociology at the University of New Hampshire who studies anti-science conspiracy belief, pointed to an image used by moon landing deniers as a cautionary tale. The photo, showing astronauts without their helmets during a training exercise at the Kennedy Space Center, has been shared repeatedly on social media over the years. <br><br>\u201cThey said, \u2018This is them faking the moon landing, and it\u2019s proof,\u2019\u201d he recalled. \u201cAnd they will do the same thing with clips from this movie. They\u2019ll do whatever it takes to say, \u2018This proves what we\u2019ve said all along.\u2019\u201d <br><br>For people who don\u2019t have strong memories of watching the moon landing, that influence can be strong. In a 2021 national survey, Hamilton found that only 12 percent of respondents believed that the moon landings were faked, but that millennials were more likely than other generations to deny it happened. <br><br>Gen Z-ers were more likely to be unsure if it happened. A recent TikTok filter asking users to rank things on a scale of one to 10 based on how much they believe in them, with one being more likely and 10 being less likely, inspired multiple videos with people placing the moon landing below things like God, magic and ghosts. But a few popular videos doesn\u2019t mean Gen-Zers are flocking to moon landing conspiracies en masse, as the survey shows. <br><br>One person who isn\u2019t worried about the movie unintentionally bolstering conspiracy beliefs: Anna Garcia, the actress who plays Ruby, an assistant to Johansson\u2019s character. <br><br>\u201cI think if someone\u2019s really dumb, they\u2019ll definitely get that message,\u201d Garcia told Variety at the movie\u2019s premiere. \u201cI think if someone is sort of dumb as rocks, they\u2019ll be like, \u2018It was fake.\u2019\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00027823448181152344, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'The new Scarlett Johansson-Channing Tatum vehicle \u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d uses a long-debunked conspiracy theory as the jumping-off point for a space-race romantic comedy. At the end of the 1960s, a wary NASA recognizes the need for better public relations during the Vietnam War. The resulting campaign leads to a faked version of the Apollo 11 mission being shot on a sound stage even as the real mission is unfolding. Shenanigans, and romance, ensue. <br><br>\u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d isn\u2019t the first movie based on the mistaken belief that the moon landing was a hoax, a conspiracy theory that first arose in the 1970s. \u201cCapricorn One\u201d (1978), about a faked mission to Mars, taps into Watergate-era institutional distrust, and more recently, \u201cMoonwalkers\u201d (2015) pairs a C.I.A. agent with a rock band manager to fake the Apollo 11 landing. <br><br>What sets \u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d apart is its insistence on the truth. The movie\u2019s writers say they hope it will reinforce the real story of the moon landing. But is that possible in a post-Covid age when conspiracy theories are amplified on social media? <br><br>The screenplay, written by Rose Gilroy and based on a story by Keenan Flynn and Bill Kirstein, plays with the theory, including a joke on some conspiracists\u2019 belief that the director Stanley Kubrick supposedly had a hand in faking the historic event. (He did not.) But ultimately the film emphasizes that the Apollo 11 landing did take place. <br><br>Flynn said the initial idea for the movie came in 2016. As the nation wrangled with questions about truth during a presidential campaign in which Donald J. Trump frequently castigated the \u201clying\u201d media, the moon landing made for a perfect setting. <br><br>\u201cThat was the assignment,\u201d Flynn said. \u201cHow do you have your cake and eat it, too? You have fun with the fake moon landing, but you really bring home that truth matters by highlighting that achievement.\u201d <br><br>Gilroy said that she had read some books to better understand the conspiracy but that there was simply nothing to them. <br><br>\u201cWe wanted to build a story around the idea of these people coming together to ensure that the mission is real,\u201d she said. \u201cNot in any of my research did I ever come across one iota of a fact that made me question in any way the validity of this accomplishment.\u201d <br><br>Adam Frank, an astronomer and physicist at the University of Rochester whose work focuses on science denial, said pop culture had a responsibility to fight a nihilistic tendency to doubt science and human potential. <br><br>\u201cIt\u2019s lazy writing to say \u2018the government was in on the conspiracy\u2019 as opposed to \u2018people actually all worked together and they found the answer,\u2019\u201d Frank said. \u201cThey worked for 20 years and sent a probe to Mars and it did exactly what they said they were going to do. Somehow, that is less exciting than \u2018It didn\u2019t work and they had a conspiracy.\u2019\u201d <br><br>\u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d does focus on the laborious team effort that went into the landing. But now that it\u2019s easier than ever to take an image out of context and spread it online, good intentions can be lost. Fretting about the film may also be quaint at this point: Images generated by artificial intelligence showing a faked-moon-landing film set went viral earlier this year. <br><br>Lawrence Hamilton, a professor of sociology at the University of New Hampshire who studies anti-science conspiracy belief, pointed to an image used by moon landing deniers as a cautionary tale. The photo, showing astronauts without their helmets during a training exercise at the Kennedy Space Center, has been shared repeatedly on social media over the years. <br><br>\u201cThey said, \u2018This is them faking the moon landing, and it\u2019s proof,\u2019\u201d he recalled. \u201cAnd they will do the same thing with clips from this movie. They\u2019ll do whatever it takes to say, \u2018This proves what we\u2019ve said all along.\u2019\u201d <br><br>For people who don\u2019t have strong memories of watching the moon landing, that influence can be strong. In a 2021 national survey, Hamilton found that only 12 percent of respondents believed that the moon landings were faked, but that millennials were more likely than other generations to deny it happened. <br><br>Gen Z-ers were more likely to be unsure if it happened. A recent TikTok filter asking users to rank things on a scale of one to 10 based on how much they believe in them, with one being more likely and 10 being less likely, inspired multiple videos with people placing the moon landing below things like God, magic and ghosts. But a few popular videos doesn\u2019t mean Gen-Zers are flocking to moon landing conspiracies en masse, as the survey shows. <br><br>One person who isn\u2019t worried about the movie unintentionally bolstering conspiracy beliefs: Anna Garcia, the actress who plays Ruby, an assistant to Johansson\u2019s character. <br><br>\u201cI think if someone\u2019s really dumb, they\u2019ll definitely get that message,\u201d Garcia told Variety at the movie\u2019s premiere. \u201cI think if someone is sort of dumb as rocks, they\u2019ll be like, \u2018It was fake.\u2019\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 7.987022399902344e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '56a0b969-c5c8-4b8b-a6a7-2591db2f4443', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 2.5781835574889556e-05, 'sentence': 'The new Scarlett Johansson-Channing Tatum vehicle \u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d uses a long-debunked conspiracy theory as the jumping-off point for a space-race romantic comedy.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.343695450690575e-05, 'sentence': 'At the end of the 1960s, a wary NASA recognizes the need for better public relations during the Vietnam War.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.3813123334548436e-05, 'sentence': 'The resulting campaign leads to a faked version of the Apollo 11 mission being shot on a sound stage even as the real mission is unfolding.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.9119359421893023e-05, 'sentence': 'Shenanigans, and romance, ensue.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.1689738787245005e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d isn't the first movie based on the mistaken belief that the moon landing was a hoax, a conspiracy theory that first arose in the 1970s.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.8894217393826693e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cCapricorn One\u201d (1978), about a faked mission to Mars, taps into Watergate-era institutional distrust, and more recently, \u201cMoonwalkers\u201d (2015) pairs a C.I.A.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.369277328602038e-05, 'sentence': 'agent with a rock band manager to fake the Apollo 11 landing.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.4427909011137672e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>What sets \u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d apart is its insistence on the truth.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.1657604520441964e-05, 'sentence': \"The movie's writers say they hope it will reinforce the real story of the moon landing.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.7765825507231057e-05, 'sentence': 'But is that possible in a post-Covid age when conspiracy theories are amplified on social media?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.2006744731916115e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>The screenplay, written by Rose Gilroy and based on a story by Keenan Flynn and Bill Kirstein, plays with the theory, including a joke on some conspiracists' belief that the director Stanley Kubrick supposedly had a hand in faking the historic event.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.465808211127296e-05, 'sentence': '(He did not.)', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.274945109093096e-05, 'sentence': 'But ultimately the film emphasizes that the Apollo 11 landing did take place.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.3398883058689535e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Flynn said the initial idea for the movie came in 2016.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.32447889377363e-05, 'sentence': 'As the nation wrangled with questions about truth during a presidential campaign in which Donald J. Trump frequently castigated the \u201clying\u201d media, the moon landing made for a perfect setting.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00017019348160829395, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cThat was the assignment,\u201d Flynn said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000282871478702873, 'sentence': '\u201cHow do you have your cake and eat it, too?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00025572837330400944, 'sentence': 'You have fun with the fake moon landing, but you really bring home that truth matters by highlighting that achievement.\u201d <br><br>Gilroy said that she had read some books to better understand the conspiracy but that there was simply nothing to them.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003478299477137625, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cWe wanted to build a story around the idea of these people coming together to ensure that the mission is real,\u201d she said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021390571782831103, 'sentence': '\u201cNot in any of my research did I ever come across one iota of a fact that made me question in any way the validity of this accomplishment.\u201d <br><br>Adam Frank, an astronomer and physicist at the University of Rochester whose work focuses on science denial, said pop culture had a responsibility to fight a nihilistic tendency to doubt science and human potential.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00026801388594321907, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cIt's lazy writing to say 'the government was in on the conspiracy' as opposed to 'people actually all worked together and they found the answer,'\u201d Frank said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00024677152396179736, 'sentence': '\u201cThey worked for 20 years and sent a probe to Mars and it did exactly what they said they were going to do.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002614954428281635, 'sentence': \"Somehow, that is less exciting than 'It didn't work and they had a conspiracy.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004109967849217355, 'sentence': \"'\u201d <br><br>\u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d does focus on the laborious team effort that went into the landing.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006059151492081583, 'sentence': \"But now that it's easier than ever to take an image out of context and spread it online, good intentions can be lost.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005588817875832319, 'sentence': 'Fretting about the film may also be quaint at this point: Images generated by artificial intelligence showing a faked-moon-landing film set went viral earlier this year.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006777998059988022, 'sentence': '<br><br>Lawrence Hamilton, a professor of sociology at the University of New Hampshire who studies anti-science conspiracy belief, pointed to an image used by moon landing deniers as a cautionary tale.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0024082125164568424, 'sentence': 'The photo, showing astronauts without their helmets during a training exercise at the Kennedy Space Center, has been shared repeatedly on social media over the years.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001936864573508501, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cThey said, 'This is them faking the moon landing, and it's proof,'\u201d he recalled.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0020517127122730017, 'sentence': '\u201cAnd they will do the same thing with clips from this movie.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0027478307019919157, 'sentence': \"They'll do whatever it takes to say, 'This proves what we've said all along.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002897199708968401, 'sentence': \"'\u201d <br><br>For people who don't have strong memories of watching the moon landing, that influence can be strong.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0029618707485497, 'sentence': 'In a 2021 national survey, Hamilton found that only 12 percent of respondents believed that the moon landings were faked, but that millennials were more likely than other generations to deny it happened.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001027240534313023, 'sentence': '<br><br>Gen Z-ers were more likely to be unsure if it happened.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002097035525366664, 'sentence': 'A recent TikTok filter asking users to rank things on a scale of one to 10 based on how much they believe in them, with one being more likely and 10 being less likely, inspired multiple videos with people placing the moon landing below things like God, magic and ghosts.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010005158837884665, 'sentence': \"But a few popular videos doesn't mean Gen-Zers are flocking to moon landing conspiracies en masse, as the survey shows.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0020081200636923313, 'sentence': \"<br><br>One person who isn't worried about the movie unintentionally bolstering conspiracy beliefs: Anna Garcia, the actress who plays Ruby, an assistant to Johansson's character.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0017077666707336903, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cI think if someone's really dumb, they'll definitely get that message,\u201d 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{'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'The new Scarlett Johansson-Channing Tatum vehicle \u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d uses a long-debunked conspiracy theory as the jumping-off point for a space-race romantic comedy. At the end of the 1960s, a wary NASA recognizes the need for better public relations during the Vietnam War. The resulting campaign leads to a faked version of the Apollo 11 mission being shot on a sound stage even as the real mission is unfolding. Shenanigans, and romance, ensue. <br><br>\u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d isn\u2019t the first movie based on the mistaken belief that the moon landing was a hoax, a conspiracy theory that first arose in the 1970s. \u201cCapricorn One\u201d (1978), about a faked mission to Mars, taps into Watergate-era institutional distrust, and more recently, \u201cMoonwalkers\u201d (2015) pairs a C.I.A. agent with a rock band manager to fake the Apollo 11 landing. <br><br>What sets \u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d apart is its insistence on the truth. The movie\u2019s writers say they hope it will reinforce the real story of the moon landing. But is that possible in a post-Covid age when conspiracy theories are amplified on social media? <br><br>The screenplay, written by Rose Gilroy and based on a story by Keenan Flynn and Bill Kirstein, plays with the theory, including a joke on some conspiracists\u2019 belief that the director Stanley Kubrick supposedly had a hand in faking the historic event. (He did not.) But ultimately the film emphasizes that the Apollo 11 landing did take place. <br><br>Flynn said the initial idea for the movie came in 2016. As the nation wrangled with questions about truth during a presidential campaign in which Donald J. Trump frequently castigated the \u201clying\u201d media, the moon landing made for a perfect setting. <br><br>\u201cThat was the assignment,\u201d Flynn said. \u201cHow do you have your cake and eat it, too? You have fun with the fake moon landing, but you really bring home that truth matters by highlighting that achievement.\u201d <br><br>Gilroy said that she had read some books to better understand the conspiracy but that there was simply nothing to them. <br><br>\u201cWe wanted to build a story around the idea of these people coming together to ensure that the mission is real,\u201d she said. \u201cNot in any of my research did I ever come across one iota of a fact that made me question in any way the validity of this accomplishment.\u201d <br><br>Adam Frank, an astronomer and physicist at the University of Rochester whose work focuses on science denial, said pop culture had a responsibility to fight a nihilistic tendency to doubt science and human potential. <br><br>\u201cIt\u2019s lazy writing to say \u2018the government was in on the conspiracy\u2019 as opposed to \u2018people actually all worked together and they found the answer,\u2019\u201d Frank said. \u201cThey worked for 20 years and sent a probe to Mars and it did exactly what they said they were going to do. Somehow, that is less exciting than \u2018It didn\u2019t work and they had a conspiracy.\u2019\u201d <br><br>\u201cFly Me to the Moon\u201d does focus on the laborious team effort that went into the landing. But now that it\u2019s easier than ever to take an image out of context and spread it online, good intentions can be lost. Fretting about the film may also be quaint at this point: Images generated by artificial intelligence showing a faked-moon-landing film set went viral earlier this year. <br><br>Lawrence Hamilton, a professor of sociology at the University of New Hampshire who studies anti-science conspiracy belief, pointed to an image used by moon landing deniers as a cautionary tale. The photo, showing astronauts without their helmets during a training exercise at the Kennedy Space Center, has been shared repeatedly on social media over the years. <br><br>\u201cThey said, \u2018This is them faking the moon landing, and it\u2019s proof,\u2019\u201d he recalled. \u201cAnd they will do the same thing with clips from this movie. They\u2019ll do whatever it takes to say, \u2018This proves what we\u2019ve said all along.\u2019\u201d <br><br>For people who don\u2019t have strong memories of watching the moon landing, that influence can be strong. In a 2021 national survey, Hamilton found that only 12 percent of respondents believed that the moon landings were faked, but that millennials were more likely than other generations to deny it happened. <br><br>Gen Z-ers were more likely to be unsure if it happened. A recent TikTok filter asking users to rank things on a scale of one to 10 based on how much they believe in them, with one being more likely and 10 being less likely, inspired multiple videos with people placing the moon landing below things like God, magic and ghosts. But a few popular videos doesn\u2019t mean Gen-Zers are flocking to moon landing conspiracies en masse, as the survey shows. <br><br>One person who isn\u2019t worried about the movie unintentionally bolstering conspiracy beliefs: Anna Garcia, the actress who plays Ruby, an assistant to Johansson\u2019s character. <br><br>\u201cI think if someone\u2019s really dumb, they\u2019ll definitely get that message,\u201d Garcia told Variety at the movie\u2019s premiere. \u201cI think if someone is sort of dumb as rocks, they\u2019ll be like, \u2018It was fake.\u2019\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8108955622,"RADAR":0.0074999426,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article seems to display some political bias, which immediately makes me lean towards human-generated. The quotes also seem very human-generated with the way they call people \"dumb as rocks\" and use casual language such as \"they'll be like\", which I wouldn't expect from AI. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"I'm extremely unsure about this one. The overall \"tone\" seems to be AI-generated but it's difficult to be specific about why. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"It's getting harder! But I think this is human-generated. It has a few instances of missing punctuation. It also has an authenticity to it. And although it's very information-heavy, I don't see any of the usual offending AI words or phrases. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am quite confident this article is human-written. The article contains a lot of good story-telling mechanics; its pacing, its word choice, and its tone help set the stage for the topic. Phrases such as \"Shenanigans, and romance, ensue.\" and \"flocking to moon landing conspiracies en masse\" show a good use of words that are unique and playful, and throughout the article, it connects ideas together with a good use of adjectives and adverbs, and other grammatical terms that I don't know how to describe attached, such as with \"Watergate-era institutional distrust\", \"anti-science conspiracy belief,\" and \"a post-Covid age\" that provide context, timeliness to the article that AI tends to lack when generating content. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The last sentence of par. 1 is definitely not machine-generated. Too playful.\nThe expressive quality of words used in the text."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"73":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":14,"title":"Japan\u2019s Favorite Snowy Mountain Finally Has Some Snow ","sub-title":"Mount Fuji, the country\u2019s tallest summit, is revered for its snowy peak. A snowfall reported on Wednesday ended its longest snowless period in 130 years.","author":"Yan Zhuang and Hisako Ueno ","source":"New York Times","issue":-17954000,"section":"Climate & Environment","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/11\/05\/world\/asia\/mount-fuji-snow.html","article":"Mount Fuji looms large as Japan\u2019s tallest mountain and one of its most enduring national symbols. Its snowy peak has inspired countless paintings and poems over the centuries, and more recently been featured on travel brochures and merchandise. <br><br>But this year, Fuji went without its snow cap for the longest period since records began 130 years ago. While smatterings of snow usually begin to appear in early October, the mountain\u2019s peak remained bare into November. The first observable snow on Fuji was reported early Wednesday morning, the local news media said. <br><br>The mountain has long been revered as a spiritual, political and cultural symbol, in part because its snowy cap \u2014 which often remains even as smaller mountaintops thaw \u2014 is said to lend it an eternal quality. As October turned to November, many Japanese found its bare peak disquieting. <br><br>\u201cThis is the first time we haven\u2019t seen snow on the mountain in November,\u201d said Takefumi Sakaki, an official from Fujiyoshida City, at the foot of the mountain. \u201cEveryone feels strange not seeing snow in November.\u201d <br><br>At 12,389 feet tall, Mount Fuji is an active volcano that is covered in snow for most of the year. But for about two months between July and September, climbers are allowed to trek on its conical slopes. <br><br>On average, the first snow falls on Mount Fuji on Oct. 2. If Nov. 6 is officially confirmed as the first-snowfall date, it would be the latest since the Japan Meteorological Agency\u2019s records started in 1894. <br><br>For the past month, officials in Fujiyoshida City have woken up every day at 5 a.m. and peered out their windows, hoping to glimpse the first snow of the season so they could announce it, Mr. Sakaki said. <br><br>Snow appeared to have fallen on Mount Fuji overnight on Wednesday, Mr. Sakaki said, but cloud cover prevented local officials from making a definitive confirmation. The local news media published photos showing a dusting of snow on the mountain\u2019s peak. <br><br>This year, which tied 2023 for the hottest summer on record in Japan, unseasonably warm weather stretched deep into autumn. Tomoki Tanaka, a researcher at a meteorological office about 20 miles north of Fuji, said that while many factors likely contributed to the delayed snowfall, climate change undeniably played a role. <br><br>Mount Fuji has long been seen as a symbol of immortality in Japan\u2019s Shinto and Buddhist traditions. In the country\u2019s oldest known anthology of poems, the Man\u2019yoshu, compiled in the 8th century, the poet Yamabe no Akahito described Fuji as a divine peak that had stood \u201csince the parting of heaven and earth.\u201d <br><br>In Japan\u2019s ancient capitals, Kyoto and Nara, few people would have seen Mount Fuji for themselves, over 150 miles away. <br><br>But people of that era told stories of a mountain that, unlike those around Kyoto that changed with the seasons, had snow on its peak nearly all the time, said Timon Screech, an art historian at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto. <br><br>\u201cFuji was seen to be bigger than anything else \u2014 magisterial and standing outside the normal passage of the seasons, which gave it a kind of immutability,\u201d he said. <br><br>When Japan moved its capital to Tokyo in the 1600s, residents there could see Mt. Fuji, just 60 miles away, on clear days. Depictions of the mountain became more realistic, and many artworks showed Mount Fuji in its snowy state. <br><br>In the 1830s, Katsushika Hokusai\u2019s \u201c36 views of Mount Fuji,\u201d series, which included the famous \u201cUnder the Wave off Kanagawa,\u201d helped to popularize the image of the mountain abroad. <br><br>Over the centuries, the mountain was occasionally depicted with little or no snow.  But it was generally not shown without its snowy cap, said Radu Leca, an assistant professor at Hong Kong Baptist University\u2019s Academy of Visual Arts. <br><br>In the 18th and 19th centuries, the expression \u201csummer Fuji\u201d was used to describe something or someone that was bare or naked, such as Kabuki theater actors seen without their traditional full-faced makeup, Dr. Leca said. <br><br>\u201cThink of it as a person without clothes,\u201d he added. \u201cIt\u2019s a bit embarrassing.\u201d <br><br>Over the years, Fuji has also been fashioned into a political symbol. <br><br>During the Edo period, which ran from the 1600s to the 1800s, the shoguns, the military leaders who ruled in Tokyo, promoted the peak as a symbol of the stability of the country under their reign, Professor Screech said. <br><br>In the early 20th century, Fuji was used as a nationalist symbol to invoke Japanese uniqueness and superiority, he said. And after Japan\u2019s loss in World War II, its meaning shifted again to become a symbol of Japan\u2019s cultural continuity. <br><br>The prospect of such a symbol being altered drives home the impact of climate change, he said. <br><br>\u201cWhen something that\u2019s supposed to be an icon of eternal Japanese selfhood is being altered because of climate change,\" he said, \u201cit\u2019s kind of like, \u2018Wow, something\u2019s really changing here.\u2019\u201d ","id":43,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Mount Fuji looms large as Japan\u2019s tallest mountain and one of its most enduring national symbols. Its snowy peak has inspired countless paintings and poems over the centuries, and more recently been featured on travel brochures and merchandise. <br><br>But this year, Fuji went without its snow cap for the longest period since records began 130 years ago. While smatterings of snow usually begin to appear in early October, the mountain\u2019s peak remained bare into November. The first observable snow on Fuji was reported early Wednesday morning, the local news media said. <br><br>The mountain has long been revered as a spiritual, political and cultural symbol, in part because its snowy cap \u2014 which often remains even as smaller mountaintops thaw \u2014 is said to lend it an eternal quality. As October turned to November, many Japanese found its bare peak disquieting. <br><br>\u201cThis is the first time we haven\u2019t seen snow on the mountain in November,\u201d said Takefumi Sakaki, an official from Fujiyoshida City, at the foot of the mountain. \u201cEveryone feels strange not seeing snow in November.\u201d <br><br>At 12,389 feet tall, Mount Fuji is an active volcano that is covered in snow for most of the year. But for about two months between July and September, climbers are allowed to trek on its conical slopes. <br><br>On average, the first snow falls on Mount Fuji on Oct. 2. If Nov. 6 is officially confirmed as the first-snowfall date, it would be the latest since the Japan Meteorological Agency\u2019s records started in 1894. <br><br>For the past month, officials in Fujiyoshida City have woken up every day at 5 a.m. and peered out their windows, hoping to glimpse the first snow of the season so they could announce it, Mr. Sakaki said. <br><br>Snow appeared to have fallen on Mount Fuji overnight on Wednesday, Mr. Sakaki said, but cloud cover prevented local officials from making a definitive confirmation. The local news media published photos showing a dusting of snow on the mountain\u2019s peak. <br><br>This year, which tied 2023 for the hottest summer on record in Japan, unseasonably warm weather stretched deep into autumn. Tomoki Tanaka, a researcher at a meteorological office about 20 miles north of Fuji, said that while many factors likely contributed to the delayed snowfall, climate change undeniably played a role. <br><br>Mount Fuji has long been seen as a symbol of immortality in Japan\u2019s Shinto and Buddhist traditions. In the country\u2019s oldest known anthology of poems, the Man\u2019yoshu, compiled in the 8th century, the poet Yamabe no Akahito described Fuji as a divine peak that had stood \u201csince the parting of heaven and earth.\u201d <br><br>In Japan\u2019s ancient capitals, Kyoto and Nara, few people would have seen Mount Fuji for themselves, over 150 miles away. <br><br>But people of that era told stories of a mountain that, unlike those around Kyoto that changed with the seasons, had snow on its peak nearly all the time, said Timon Screech, an art historian at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto. <br><br>\u201cFuji was seen to be bigger than anything else \u2014 magisterial and standing outside the normal passage of the seasons, which gave it a kind of immutability,\u201d he said. <br><br>When Japan moved its capital to Tokyo in the 1600s, residents there could see Mt. Fuji, just 60 miles away, on clear days. Depictions of the mountain became more realistic, and many artworks showed Mount Fuji in its snowy state. <br><br>In the 1830s, Katsushika Hokusai\u2019s \u201c36 views of Mount Fuji,\u201d series, which included the famous \u201cUnder the Wave off Kanagawa,\u201d helped to popularize the image of the mountain abroad. <br><br>Over the centuries, the mountain was occasionally depicted with little or no snow.  But it was generally not shown without its snowy cap, said Radu Leca, an assistant professor at Hong Kong Baptist University\u2019s Academy of Visual Arts. <br><br>In the 18th and 19th centuries, the expression \u201csummer Fuji\u201d was used to describe something or someone that was bare or naked, such as Kabuki theater actors seen without their traditional full-faced makeup, Dr. Leca said. <br><br>\u201cThink of it as a person without clothes,\u201d he added. \u201cIt\u2019s a bit embarrassing.\u201d <br><br>Over the years, Fuji has also been fashioned into a political symbol. <br><br>During the Edo period, which ran from the 1600s to the 1800s, the shoguns, the military leaders who ruled in Tokyo, promoted the peak as a symbol of the stability of the country under their reign, Professor Screech said. <br><br>In the early 20th century, Fuji was used as a nationalist symbol to invoke Japanese uniqueness and superiority, he said. And after Japan\u2019s loss in World War II, its meaning shifted again to become a symbol of Japan\u2019s cultural continuity. <br><br>The prospect of such a symbol being altered drives home the impact of climate change, he said. <br><br>\u201cWhen something that\u2019s supposed to be an icon of eternal Japanese selfhood is being altered because of climate change,\" he said, \u201cit\u2019s kind of like, \u2018Wow, something\u2019s really changing here.\u2019\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00012153387069702148, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Mount Fuji looms large as Japan\u2019s tallest mountain and one of its most enduring national symbols. Its snowy peak has inspired countless paintings and poems over the centuries, and more recently been featured on travel brochures and merchandise. <br><br>But this year, Fuji went without its snow cap for the longest period since records began 130 years ago. While smatterings of snow usually begin to appear in early October, the mountain\u2019s peak remained bare into November. The first observable snow on Fuji was reported early Wednesday morning, the local news media said. <br><br>The mountain has long been revered as a spiritual, political and cultural symbol, in part because its snowy cap \u2014 which often remains even as smaller mountaintops thaw \u2014 is said to lend it an eternal quality. As October turned to November, many Japanese found its bare peak disquieting. <br><br>\u201cThis is the first time we haven\u2019t seen snow on the mountain in November,\u201d said Takefumi Sakaki, an official from Fujiyoshida City, at the foot of the mountain. \u201cEveryone feels strange not seeing snow in November.\u201d <br><br>At 12,389 feet tall, Mount Fuji is an active volcano that is covered in snow for most of the year. But for about two months between July and September, climbers are allowed to trek on its conical slopes. <br><br>On average, the first snow falls on Mount Fuji on Oct. 2. If Nov. 6 is officially confirmed as the first-snowfall date, it would be the latest since the Japan Meteorological Agency\u2019s records started in 1894. <br><br>For the past month, officials in Fujiyoshida City have woken up every day at 5 a.m. and peered out their windows, hoping to glimpse the first snow of the season so they could announce it, Mr. Sakaki said. <br><br>Snow appeared to have fallen on Mount Fuji overnight on Wednesday, Mr. Sakaki said, but cloud cover prevented local officials from making a definitive confirmation. The local news media published photos showing a dusting of snow on the mountain\u2019s peak. <br><br>This year, which tied 2023 for the hottest summer on record in Japan, unseasonably warm weather stretched deep into autumn. Tomoki Tanaka, a researcher at a meteorological office about 20 miles north of Fuji, said that while many factors likely contributed to the delayed snowfall, climate change undeniably played a role. <br><br>Mount Fuji has long been seen as a symbol of immortality in Japan\u2019s Shinto and Buddhist traditions. In the country\u2019s oldest known anthology of poems, the Man\u2019yoshu, compiled in the 8th century, the poet Yamabe no Akahito described Fuji as a divine peak that had stood \u201csince the parting of heaven and earth.\u201d <br><br>In Japan\u2019s ancient capitals, Kyoto and Nara, few people would have seen Mount Fuji for themselves, over 150 miles away. <br><br>But people of that era told stories of a mountain that, unlike those around Kyoto that changed with the seasons, had snow on its peak nearly all the time, said Timon Screech, an art historian at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto. <br><br>\u201cFuji was seen to be bigger than anything else \u2014 magisterial and standing outside the normal passage of the seasons, which gave it a kind of immutability,\u201d he said. <br><br>When Japan moved its capital to Tokyo in the 1600s, residents there could see Mt. Fuji, just 60 miles away, on clear days. Depictions of the mountain became more realistic, and many artworks showed Mount Fuji in its snowy state. <br><br>In the 1830s, Katsushika Hokusai\u2019s \u201c36 views of Mount Fuji,\u201d series, which included the famous \u201cUnder the Wave off Kanagawa,\u201d helped to popularize the image of the mountain abroad. <br><br>Over the centuries, the mountain was occasionally depicted with little or no snow.  But it was generally not shown without its snowy cap, said Radu Leca, an assistant professor at Hong Kong Baptist University\u2019s Academy of Visual Arts. <br><br>In the 18th and 19th centuries, the expression \u201csummer Fuji\u201d was used to describe something or someone that was bare or naked, such as Kabuki theater actors seen without their traditional full-faced makeup, Dr. Leca said. <br><br>\u201cThink of it as a person without clothes,\u201d he added. \u201cIt\u2019s a bit embarrassing.\u201d <br><br>Over the years, Fuji has also been fashioned into a political symbol. <br><br>During the Edo period, which ran from the 1600s to the 1800s, the shoguns, the military leaders who ruled in Tokyo, promoted the peak as a symbol of the stability of the country under their reign, Professor Screech said. <br><br>In the early 20th century, Fuji was used as a nationalist symbol to invoke Japanese uniqueness and superiority, he said. And after Japan\u2019s loss in World War II, its meaning shifted again to become a symbol of Japan\u2019s cultural continuity. <br><br>The prospect of such a symbol being altered drives home the impact of climate change, he said. <br><br>\u201cWhen something that\u2019s supposed to be an icon of eternal Japanese selfhood is being altered because of climate change,\" he said, \u201cit\u2019s kind of like, \u2018Wow, something\u2019s really changing here.\u2019\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0003612041473388672, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '8227a08a-36ee-4aff-8c8c-788aa24d3c33', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.00011956393427681178, 'sentence': \"Mount Fuji looms large as Japan's tallest mountain and one of its most enduring national symbols.\", 'perplexity': 0, 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entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Mount Fuji looms large as Japan\u2019s tallest mountain and one of its most enduring national symbols. Its snowy peak has inspired countless paintings and poems over the centuries, and more recently been featured on travel brochures and merchandise. <br><br>But this year, Fuji went without its snow cap for the longest period since records began 130 years ago. While smatterings of snow usually begin to appear in early October, the mountain\u2019s peak remained bare into November. The first observable snow on Fuji was reported early Wednesday morning, the local news media said. <br><br>The mountain has long been revered as a spiritual, political and cultural symbol, in part because its snowy cap \u2014 which often remains even as smaller mountaintops thaw \u2014 is said to lend it an eternal quality. As October turned to November, many Japanese found its bare peak disquieting. <br><br>\u201cThis is the first time we haven\u2019t seen snow on the mountain in November,\u201d said Takefumi Sakaki, an official from Fujiyoshida City, at the foot of the mountain. \u201cEveryone feels strange not seeing snow in November.\u201d <br><br>At 12,389 feet tall, Mount Fuji is an active volcano that is covered in snow for most of the year. But for about two months between July and September, climbers are allowed to trek on its conical slopes. <br><br>On average, the first snow falls on Mount Fuji on Oct. 2. If Nov. 6 is officially confirmed as the first-snowfall date, it would be the latest since the Japan Meteorological Agency\u2019s records started in 1894. <br><br>For the past month, officials in Fujiyoshida City have woken up every day at 5 a.m. and peered out their windows, hoping to glimpse the first snow of the season so they could announce it, Mr. Sakaki said. <br><br>Snow appeared to have fallen on Mount Fuji overnight on Wednesday, Mr. Sakaki said, but cloud cover prevented local officials from making a definitive confirmation. The local news media published photos showing a dusting of snow on the mountain\u2019s peak. <br><br>This year, which tied 2023 for the hottest summer on record in Japan, unseasonably warm weather stretched deep into autumn. Tomoki Tanaka, a researcher at a meteorological office about 20 miles north of Fuji, said that while many factors likely contributed to the delayed snowfall, climate change undeniably played a role. <br><br>Mount Fuji has long been seen as a symbol of immortality in Japan\u2019s Shinto and Buddhist traditions. In the country\u2019s oldest known anthology of poems, the Man\u2019yoshu, compiled in the 8th century, the poet Yamabe no Akahito described Fuji as a divine peak that had stood \u201csince the parting of heaven and earth.\u201d <br><br>In Japan\u2019s ancient capitals, Kyoto and Nara, few people would have seen Mount Fuji for themselves, over 150 miles away. <br><br>But people of that era told stories of a mountain that, unlike those around Kyoto that changed with the seasons, had snow on its peak nearly all the time, said Timon Screech, an art historian at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto. <br><br>\u201cFuji was seen to be bigger than anything else \u2014 magisterial and standing outside the normal passage of the seasons, which gave it a kind of immutability,\u201d he said. <br><br>When Japan moved its capital to Tokyo in the 1600s, residents there could see Mt. Fuji, just 60 miles away, on clear days. Depictions of the mountain became more realistic, and many artworks showed Mount Fuji in its snowy state. <br><br>In the 1830s, Katsushika Hokusai\u2019s \u201c36 views of Mount Fuji,\u201d series, which included the famous \u201cUnder the Wave off Kanagawa,\u201d helped to popularize the image of the mountain abroad. <br><br>Over the centuries, the mountain was occasionally depicted with little or no snow.  But it was generally not shown without its snowy cap, said Radu Leca, an assistant professor at Hong Kong Baptist University\u2019s Academy of Visual Arts. <br><br>In the 18th and 19th centuries, the expression \u201csummer Fuji\u201d was used to describe something or someone that was bare or naked, such as Kabuki theater actors seen without their traditional full-faced makeup, Dr. Leca said. <br><br>\u201cThink of it as a person without clothes,\u201d he added. \u201cIt\u2019s a bit embarrassing.\u201d <br><br>Over the years, Fuji has also been fashioned into a political symbol. <br><br>During the Edo period, which ran from the 1600s to the 1800s, the shoguns, the military leaders who ruled in Tokyo, promoted the peak as a symbol of the stability of the country under their reign, Professor Screech said. <br><br>In the early 20th century, Fuji was used as a nationalist symbol to invoke Japanese uniqueness and superiority, he said. And after Japan\u2019s loss in World War II, its meaning shifted again to become a symbol of Japan\u2019s cultural continuity. <br><br>The prospect of such a symbol being altered drives home the impact of climate change, he said. <br><br>\u201cWhen something that\u2019s supposed to be an icon of eternal Japanese selfhood is being altered because of climate change,\" he said, \u201cit\u2019s kind of like, \u2018Wow, something\u2019s really changing here.\u2019\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.6832618713,"RADAR":0.0055225845,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article contains quite a few dates and facts that could be considered unnecessary, something which you wouldn't see in machine-generated text. The quote \"Think of it as a person without clothes\" is a reference to nudity that most LLMs would rather avoid. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual AI-used words here such as \"fostering\" or \"crucial.\"\nThere are several long, complicated sentences, which are suggestive of human writing. For instance, \"In the country's...heaven and earth.\" The last sentence uses the colloquial term \"like\" which I've never seen used by AI."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: varied sentence and paragraph length. Missing punctuation marks. Mixed tense use. Redundant or repetitive phrases. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am a bit more confident this is AI generated, but not entirely confident. This article conveys the topic well, and it presents its information with a sense of order and structure to it. But, the only thing that's convincing me that it's AI is those generalizations it likes to make about the topic scattered throughout it, such as \"while many factors likely contributed to the delayed snowfall, climate change undeniably played a role.\" and \"promoted the peak as a symbol of the stability.\" and even found one example of it within one of the quotes, despite most of the quotes appearing quotes. Also, it doesn't clarify who's saying what throughout it so that to me is a bit unclear in itself. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Author uses adverb phrases as a linking device, which improves narrativity.\nAuthor uses \"said\" throughout the text and refrains from selecting alternatives beloved by AI. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"74":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":15,"title":"Sorry, Mom. I\u2019m Skipping Your Turkey Dinner for a Solo Vacation. ","sub-title":"Seeking self-care and a respite from the pressures of the season, more Americans are viewing the holidays as a perfect time to take a trip on their own. ","author":"Julie Weed ","source":"New York Times","issue":-17954000,"section":"Travel","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/11\/04\/travel\/thanksgiving-solo-trip-holidays.html","article":"Last Thanksgiving, Dennis Friedrichsen, a 43-year-old tech worker from Minnesota, found himself dining on the banks of the Nile, sharing a feast of kebabs and chickpea stew with 11 strangers from three continents. Then he spent Christmas in Tanzania. Like a growing number of travelers, Mr. Friedrichsen saw the holidays as the perfect time for a solo adventure. <br><br>Spending the holidays away from friends or family has long carried a stigma of loneliness. But that is changing as more people replace the pressures of gift giving and holiday traditions with self-care and the chance to make up for travel opportunities they missed during the Covid pandemic, often making new friends along the way. <br><br>Flash Pack, a company that connects almost entirely solo travelers in their 30s and 40s for group adventures, said its bookings had doubled during the holidays in the last two years. Mr. Friedrichsen was among those customers. <br><br>Other tour organizers and lodging companies are seeing the increased interest, too. The low-cost European lodging chain a&o Hostels has experienced \u201ca massive influx of solo travelers booking during the holidays,\u201d with single-person Christmas reservations soaring 51 percent from 2019 to 2023 said the company\u2019s chief executive, Oliver Winter. \u201cDecember weekends used to be absolutely off-season and we would think about closing,\u201d he said. \u201cNow it\u2019s a high-occupancy time.\u201d <br><br>A mix of factors is fueling the growing popularity of solo trips in general, Mr. Winter said. Traveling alone is safer than ever, thanks to online destination and transportation information, widespread cellphone coverage, and location-sharing tools, he said. It is also easier than ever to find social activities online, on apps or through a lodging provider \u2014 visits to popular Christmas markets and ice skating outings, for example. Mr. Winter added that he sees people still making up for the trips they skipped during the Covid years. <br><br>The pandemic brought self-care to the fore, with some people now opting to swap pressure-filled family holiday gatherings for a solo escape, said the Seattle-based psychotherapist Stephanie Brownell. \u201cHolidays come with expectations,\u201d Ms. Brownell said, and people are realizing they have options. \u201cThey are feeling more flexible and not bound by preconceived ideas of what a holiday means,\u201d she said, adding that they are \u201cattending to their emotions.\u201d <br><br>Social media is contributing to the trend as well, with influencers celebrating solo trips as a mark of independence and adventurousness. Instagram accounts like SarahWoodwardTravels and SunnRayy, each with more than 100,000 followers, offer inspiration and encouragement to those thinking of traveling alone, with photo posts that have captions like \u201cYou\u2019ve never been married but have taken yourself on more honeymoons than you can count.\u201d Taking a trip on your own now, Ms. Brownell said, \u201coffers a sense of agency as an alternative to tradition.\u201d <br><br>For some, going solo over the holidays can end up being a gift to their family, Ms. Brownell said. An older parent taking a solo trip, for example, could reduce the pressure on grown children, who may be establishing their own traditions, planning their own vacations or spending time with in-laws. Telling them, \u201c\u2018Go have fun. I\u2019m going to have a great time too,\u2019 takes a big weight off the kids,\u201d Ms. Brownell said. \u201cYou are modeling self-care and letting your children know they don\u2019t have to worry about you.\u201d <br><br>Big cities are popular with independent travelers. Tokyo, London, New York and Las Vegas are among the top destinations for solo travelers this holiday season, according data from Expedia. But of course, trips are as varied as the travelers. Specialists putting together itineraries in Africa, Indian Ocean islands and remote Asian locales have also seen a notable increase in people traveling alone. <br><br>Some solo travelers see the end of the year as a time to rest, renew and restart. Lennie Garrido, the general manager at the Punta Islita, a Marriott Autograph Collection hotel on Costa Rica\u2019s Nicoya Peninsula, attributes a 20 percent jump in solo travel bookings from the previous year to guests seeking \u201crejuvenation in a peaceful environment surrounded by nature.\u201d <br><br>Mr. Friedrichsen said a variety of reasons spurred his decision to go it alone, twice, during the holidays last year. His sister had recently started her own family, and his parents were reveling in celebrating Christmas as first-time grandparents, so he was giving them some space. \u201cI don\u2019t live too far away so I could see them a different week,\u201d he said. Also, traveling over the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays allowed him to take a longer trip while using fewer vacation days, something he said he valued more than material gifts. And the clincher: With his own birthday near Christmas, he wanted to celebrate by \u201cdoing amazing things in other parts of the world.\u201d <br><br>Amber Laree, 58, a New York-based travel planner at Mountain Travel Sobek, a company that puts together outdoor and cultural journeys, found herself drawn to solo trips when her children grew up and she divorced her husband. \u201cI spent most of my adult life curating magical experiences for others at the holidays,\u201d she said. \u201cFor decades, I put great effort into ensuring the surprise and delight of my family.\u201d Now, she said, she travels over the holidays as a present to herself, this year planning to go to Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam in November and December. <br><br>\u201cNo turkeys to roast, no decorations to put up and take down, no endless gift shopping,\u201d Ms. Laree said. <br><br>There was an escapist element to her travel plans as well, Ms. Laree said. \u201cLoneliness and loss can be overwhelming at the holidays,\u201d and it can be a relief, she said, to be \u201cin the company of strangers who have no knowledge of, or investment in, my past.\u201d ","id":44,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Last Thanksgiving, Dennis Friedrichsen, a 43-year-old tech worker from Minnesota, found himself dining on the banks of the Nile, sharing a feast of kebabs and chickpea stew with 11 strangers from three continents. Then he spent Christmas in Tanzania. Like a growing number of travelers, Mr. Friedrichsen saw the holidays as the perfect time for a solo adventure. <br><br>Spending the holidays away from friends or family has long carried a stigma of loneliness. But that is changing as more people replace the pressures of gift giving and holiday traditions with self-care and the chance to make up for travel opportunities they missed during the Covid pandemic, often making new friends along the way. <br><br>Flash Pack, a company that connects almost entirely solo travelers in their 30s and 40s for group adventures, said its bookings had doubled during the holidays in the last two years. Mr. Friedrichsen was among those customers. <br><br>Other tour organizers and lodging companies are seeing the increased interest, too. The low-cost European lodging chain a&o Hostels has experienced \u201ca massive influx of solo travelers booking during the holidays,\u201d with single-person Christmas reservations soaring 51 percent from 2019 to 2023 said the company\u2019s chief executive, Oliver Winter. \u201cDecember weekends used to be absolutely off-season and we would think about closing,\u201d he said. \u201cNow it\u2019s a high-occupancy time.\u201d <br><br>A mix of factors is fueling the growing popularity of solo trips in general, Mr. Winter said. Traveling alone is safer than ever, thanks to online destination and transportation information, widespread cellphone coverage, and location-sharing tools, he said. It is also easier than ever to find social activities online, on apps or through a lodging provider \u2014 visits to popular Christmas markets and ice skating outings, for example. Mr. Winter added that he sees people still making up for the trips they skipped during the Covid years. <br><br>The pandemic brought self-care to the fore, with some people now opting to swap pressure-filled family holiday gatherings for a solo escape, said the Seattle-based psychotherapist Stephanie Brownell. \u201cHolidays come with expectations,\u201d Ms. Brownell said, and people are realizing they have options. \u201cThey are feeling more flexible and not bound by preconceived ideas of what a holiday means,\u201d she said, adding that they are \u201cattending to their emotions.\u201d <br><br>Social media is contributing to the trend as well, with influencers celebrating solo trips as a mark of independence and adventurousness. Instagram accounts like SarahWoodwardTravels and SunnRayy, each with more than 100,000 followers, offer inspiration and encouragement to those thinking of traveling alone, with photo posts that have captions like \u201cYou\u2019ve never been married but have taken yourself on more honeymoons than you can count.\u201d Taking a trip on your own now, Ms. Brownell said, \u201coffers a sense of agency as an alternative to tradition.\u201d <br><br>For some, going solo over the holidays can end up being a gift to their family, Ms. Brownell said. An older parent taking a solo trip, for example, could reduce the pressure on grown children, who may be establishing their own traditions, planning their own vacations or spending time with in-laws. Telling them, \u201c\u2018Go have fun. I\u2019m going to have a great time too,\u2019 takes a big weight off the kids,\u201d Ms. Brownell said. \u201cYou are modeling self-care and letting your children know they don\u2019t have to worry about you.\u201d <br><br>Big cities are popular with independent travelers. Tokyo, London, New York and Las Vegas are among the top destinations for solo travelers this holiday season, according data from Expedia. But of course, trips are as varied as the travelers. Specialists putting together itineraries in Africa, Indian Ocean islands and remote Asian locales have also seen a notable increase in people traveling alone. <br><br>Some solo travelers see the end of the year as a time to rest, renew and restart. Lennie Garrido, the general manager at the Punta Islita, a Marriott Autograph Collection hotel on Costa Rica\u2019s Nicoya Peninsula, attributes a 20 percent jump in solo travel bookings from the previous year to guests seeking \u201crejuvenation in a peaceful environment surrounded by nature.\u201d <br><br>Mr. Friedrichsen said a variety of reasons spurred his decision to go it alone, twice, during the holidays last year. His sister had recently started her own family, and his parents were reveling in celebrating Christmas as first-time grandparents, so he was giving them some space. \u201cI don\u2019t live too far away so I could see them a different week,\u201d he said. Also, traveling over the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays allowed him to take a longer trip while using fewer vacation days, something he said he valued more than material gifts. And the clincher: With his own birthday near Christmas, he wanted to celebrate by \u201cdoing amazing things in other parts of the world.\u201d <br><br>Amber Laree, 58, a New York-based travel planner at Mountain Travel Sobek, a company that puts together outdoor and cultural journeys, found herself drawn to solo trips when her children grew up and she divorced her husband. \u201cI spent most of my adult life curating magical experiences for others at the holidays,\u201d she said. \u201cFor decades, I put great effort into ensuring the surprise and delight of my family.\u201d Now, she said, she travels over the holidays as a present to herself, this year planning to go to Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam in November and December. <br><br>\u201cNo turkeys to roast, no decorations to put up and take down, no endless gift shopping,\u201d Ms. Laree said. <br><br>There was an escapist element to her travel plans as well, Ms. Laree said. \u201cLoneliness and loss can be overwhelming at the holidays,\u201d and it can be a relief, she said, to be \u201cin the company of strangers who have no knowledge of, or investment in, my past.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.390146255493164e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Last Thanksgiving, Dennis Friedrichsen, a 43-year-old tech worker from Minnesota, found himself dining on the banks of the Nile, sharing a feast of kebabs and chickpea stew with 11 strangers from three continents. Then he spent Christmas in Tanzania. Like a growing number of travelers, Mr. Friedrichsen saw the holidays as the perfect time for a solo adventure. <br><br>Spending the holidays away from friends or family has long carried a stigma of loneliness. But that is changing as more people replace the pressures of gift giving and holiday traditions with self-care and the chance to make up for travel opportunities they missed during the Covid pandemic, often making new friends along the way. <br><br>Flash Pack, a company that connects almost entirely solo travelers in their 30s and 40s for group adventures, said its bookings had doubled during the holidays in the last two years. Mr. Friedrichsen was among those customers. <br><br>Other tour organizers and lodging companies are seeing the increased interest, too. The low-cost European lodging chain a&o Hostels has experienced \u201ca massive influx of solo travelers booking during the holidays,\u201d with single-person Christmas reservations soaring 51 percent from 2019 to 2023 said the company\u2019s chief executive, Oliver Winter. \u201cDecember weekends used to be absolutely off-season and we would think about closing,\u201d he said. \u201cNow it\u2019s a high-occupancy time.\u201d <br><br>A mix of factors is fueling the growing popularity of solo trips in general, Mr. Winter said. Traveling alone is safer than ever, thanks to online destination and transportation information, widespread cellphone coverage, and location-sharing tools, he said. It is also easier than ever to find social activities online, on apps or through a lodging provider \u2014 visits to popular Christmas markets and ice skating outings, for example. Mr. Winter added that he sees people still making up for the trips they skipped during the Covid years. <br><br>The pandemic brought self-care to the fore, with some people now opting to swap pressure-filled family holiday gatherings for a solo escape, said the Seattle-based psychotherapist Stephanie Brownell. \u201cHolidays come with expectations,\u201d Ms. Brownell said, and people are realizing they have options. \u201cThey are feeling more flexible and not bound by preconceived ideas of what a holiday means,\u201d she said, adding that they are \u201cattending to their emotions.\u201d <br><br>Social media is contributing to the trend as well, with influencers celebrating solo trips as a mark of independence and adventurousness. Instagram accounts like SarahWoodwardTravels and SunnRayy, each with more than 100,000 followers, offer inspiration and encouragement to those thinking of traveling alone, with photo posts that have captions like \u201cYou\u2019ve never been married but have taken yourself on more honeymoons than you can count.\u201d Taking a trip on your own now, Ms. Brownell said, \u201coffers a sense of agency as an alternative to tradition.\u201d <br><br>For some, going solo over the holidays can end up being a gift to their family, Ms. Brownell said. An older parent taking a solo trip, for example, could reduce the pressure on grown children, who may be establishing their own traditions, planning their own vacations or spending time with in-laws. Telling them, \u201c\u2018Go have fun. I\u2019m going to have a great time too,\u2019 takes a big weight off the kids,\u201d Ms. Brownell said. \u201cYou are modeling self-care and letting your children know they don\u2019t have to worry about you.\u201d <br><br>Big cities are popular with independent travelers. Tokyo, London, New York and Las Vegas are among the top destinations for solo travelers this holiday season, according data from Expedia. But of course, trips are as varied as the travelers. Specialists putting together itineraries in Africa, Indian Ocean islands and remote Asian locales have also seen a notable increase in people traveling alone. <br><br>Some solo travelers see the end of the year as a time to rest, renew and restart. Lennie Garrido, the general manager at the Punta Islita, a Marriott Autograph Collection hotel on Costa Rica\u2019s Nicoya Peninsula, attributes a 20 percent jump in solo travel bookings from the previous year to guests seeking \u201crejuvenation in a peaceful environment surrounded by nature.\u201d <br><br>Mr. Friedrichsen said a variety of reasons spurred his decision to go it alone, twice, during the holidays last year. His sister had recently started her own family, and his parents were reveling in celebrating Christmas as first-time grandparents, so he was giving them some space. \u201cI don\u2019t live too far away so I could see them a different week,\u201d he said. Also, traveling over the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays allowed him to take a longer trip while using fewer vacation days, something he said he valued more than material gifts. And the clincher: With his own birthday near Christmas, he wanted to celebrate by \u201cdoing amazing things in other parts of the world.\u201d <br><br>Amber Laree, 58, a New York-based travel planner at Mountain Travel Sobek, a company that puts together outdoor and cultural journeys, found herself drawn to solo trips when her children grew up and she divorced her husband. \u201cI spent most of my adult life curating magical experiences for others at the holidays,\u201d she said. \u201cFor decades, I put great effort into ensuring the surprise and delight of my family.\u201d Now, she said, she travels over the holidays as a present to herself, this year planning to go to Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam in November and December. <br><br>\u201cNo turkeys to roast, no decorations to put up and take down, no endless gift shopping,\u201d Ms. Laree said. <br><br>There was an escapist element to her travel plans as well, Ms. Laree said. \u201cLoneliness and loss can be overwhelming at the holidays,\u201d and it can be a relief, she said, to be \u201cin the company of strangers who have no knowledge of, or investment in, my past.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 5.662441253662109e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '68ae478b-3963-4291-8d66-5f62bbe8972a', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 5.7055109209613875e-05, 'sentence': 'Last Thanksgiving, Dennis Friedrichsen, a 43-year-old tech worker from Minnesota, found himself dining on the banks of the Nile, sharing a feast of kebabs and chickpea stew with 11 strangers from three continents.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.8819227484054863e-05, 'sentence': 'Then he spent Christmas in Tanzania.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.519250796874985e-05, 'sentence': 'Like a growing number of travelers, Mr. Friedrichsen saw the holidays as the perfect time for a solo adventure.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.763813558383845e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Spending the holidays away from friends or family has long carried a stigma of loneliness.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.433454109355807e-05, 'sentence': 'But that is changing as more people replace the pressures of gift giving and holiday traditions with self-care and the chance to make up for travel opportunities they missed during the Covid pandemic, often making new friends along the way.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.844149978249334e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Flash Pack, a company that connects almost entirely solo travelers in their 30s and 40s for group adventures, said its bookings had doubled during the holidays in the last two years.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.605995491147041e-05, 'sentence': 'Mr. Friedrichsen was among those customers.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.651678369147703e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Other tour organizers and lodging companies are seeing the increased interest, too.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.573974754544906e-05, 'sentence': \"The low-cost European lodging chain a&o Hostels has experienced \u201ca massive influx of solo travelers booking during the holidays,\u201d with single-person Christmas reservations soaring 51 percent from 2019 to 2023 said the company's chief executive, Oliver Winter.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.336367808515206e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cDecember weekends used to be absolutely off-season and we would think about closing,\u201d he said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.8711885533994064e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cNow it's a high-occupancy time.\u201d <br><br>A mix of factors is fueling the growing popularity of solo trips in general, Mr. Winter said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.454121178947389e-05, 'sentence': 'Traveling alone is safer than ever, thanks to online destination and transportation information, widespread cellphone coverage, and location-sharing tools, he said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.207605136092752e-05, 'sentence': 'It is also easier than ever to find social activities online, on apps or through a lodging provider \u1173 visits to popular Christmas markets and ice skating outings, for example.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.849042645422742e-05, 'sentence': 'Mr. Winter added that he sees people still making up for the trips they skipped during the Covid years.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.366239151451737e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>The pandemic brought self-care to the fore, with some people now opting to swap pressure-filled family holiday gatherings for a solo escape, said the Seattle-based psychotherapist Stephanie Brownell.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.371280662482604e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cHolidays come with expectations,\u201d Ms. Brownell said, and people are realizing they have options.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003366661025211215, 'sentence': '\u201cThey are feeling more flexible and not bound by preconceived ideas of what a holiday means,\u201d she said, adding that they are \u201cattending to their emotions.\u201d <br><br>Social media is contributing to the trend as well, with influencers celebrating solo trips as a mark of independence and adventurousness.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004898724611848593, 'sentence': \"Instagram accounts like SarahWoodwardTravels and SunnRayy, each with more than 100,000 followers, offer inspiration and encouragement to those thinking of traveling alone, with photo posts that have captions like \u201cYou've never been married but have taken yourself on more honeymoons than you can count.\u201d Taking a trip on your own now, Ms. Brownell said, \u201coffers a sense of agency as an alternative to tradition.\u201d <br><br>For some, going solo over the holidays can end up being a gift to their family, Ms. Brownell said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00357150100171566, 'sentence': 'An older parent taking a solo trip, for example, could reduce the pressure on grown children, who may be establishing their own traditions, planning their own vacations or spending time with in-laws.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.006708909757435322, 'sentence': \"Telling them, \u201c'Go have fun.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003130869707092643, 'sentence': \"I'm going to have a great time too,' takes a big weight off the kids,\u201d Ms. Brownell said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0032088477164506912, 'sentence': \"\u201cYou are modeling self-care and letting your children know they don't have to worry about you.\u201d <br><br>Big cities are popular with independent travelers.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006651926669292152, 'sentence': 'Tokyo, London, New York and Las Vegas are among the top destinations for solo travelers this holiday season, according data from Expedia.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014281878247857094, 'sentence': 'But of course, trips are as varied as the travelers.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001580298412591219, 'sentence': 'Specialists putting together itineraries in Africa, Indian Ocean islands and remote Asian locales have also seen a notable increase in people traveling alone.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015950645320117474, 'sentence': '<br><br>Some solo travelers see the end of the year as a time to rest, renew and restart.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019814155530184507, 'sentence': \"Lennie Garrido, the general manager at the Punta Islita, a Marriott Autograph Collection hotel on Costa Rica's Nicoya Peninsula, attributes a 20 percent jump in solo travel bookings from the previous year to guests seeking \u201crejuvenation in a peaceful environment surrounded by nature.\u201d <br><br>Mr.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00035468401620164514, 'sentence': 'Friedrichsen said a variety of reasons spurred his decision to go it alone, twice, during the holidays last year.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00037838469143025577, 'sentence': 'His sister had recently started her own family, and his parents were reveling in celebrating Christmas as first-time grandparents, so he was giving them some space.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019131143926642835, 'sentence': \"\u201cI don't live too far away so I could see them a different week,\u201d he said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021655810996890068, 'sentence': 'Also, traveling over the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays allowed him to take a longer trip while using fewer vacation days, something he said he valued more than material gifts.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00016957712068688124, 'sentence': 'And the clincher: With his own birthday near Christmas, he wanted to celebrate by \u201cdoing amazing things in other parts of the world.\u201d <br><br>Amber Laree, 58, a New York-based travel planner at Mountain Travel Sobek, a company that puts together outdoor and cultural journeys, found herself drawn to solo trips when her children grew up and she divorced her husband.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.93968133116141e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cI spent most of my adult life curating magical experiences for others at the holidays,\u201d she said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015066990454215556, 'sentence': '\u201cFor decades, I put great effort into ensuring the surprise and delight of my family.\u201d Now, she said, she travels over the holidays as a present to herself, this year planning to go to Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam in November and December.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00017467449652031064, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cNo turkeys to roast, no decorations to put up and take down, no endless gift shopping,\u201d Ms. Laree said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013096767361275852, 'sentence': '<br><br>There was an escapist element to her travel plans as well, Ms. Laree said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00024308137653861195, 'sentence': '\u201cLoneliness and loss can be overwhelming at the holidays,\u201d and it can be a relief, she said, to be \u201cin the company of strangers who have no knowledge of, or investment in, my past.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 37, 'completely_generated_prob': 8.44453234384748e-33}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.005877363699239822, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9926593922262607, 'ai': 0.005877363699239822, 'mixed': 0.001463244074499541}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9926593922262607, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.005877363699239822, 'human': 0.9926593922262607, 'mixed': 0.001463244074499541}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Last Thanksgiving, Dennis Friedrichsen, a 43-year-old tech worker from Minnesota, found himself dining on the banks of the Nile, sharing a feast of kebabs and chickpea stew with 11 strangers from three continents. Then he spent Christmas in Tanzania. Like a growing number of travelers, Mr. Friedrichsen saw the holidays as the perfect time for a solo adventure. <br><br>Spending the holidays away from friends or family has long carried a stigma of loneliness. But that is changing as more people replace the pressures of gift giving and holiday traditions with self-care and the chance to make up for travel opportunities they missed during the Covid pandemic, often making new friends along the way. <br><br>Flash Pack, a company that connects almost entirely solo travelers in their 30s and 40s for group adventures, said its bookings had doubled during the holidays in the last two years. Mr. Friedrichsen was among those customers. <br><br>Other tour organizers and lodging companies are seeing the increased interest, too. The low-cost European lodging chain a&o Hostels has experienced \u201ca massive influx of solo travelers booking during the holidays,\u201d with single-person Christmas reservations soaring 51 percent from 2019 to 2023 said the company\u2019s chief executive, Oliver Winter. \u201cDecember weekends used to be absolutely off-season and we would think about closing,\u201d he said. \u201cNow it\u2019s a high-occupancy time.\u201d <br><br>A mix of factors is fueling the growing popularity of solo trips in general, Mr. Winter said. Traveling alone is safer than ever, thanks to online destination and transportation information, widespread cellphone coverage, and location-sharing tools, he said. It is also easier than ever to find social activities online, on apps or through a lodging provider \u2014 visits to popular Christmas markets and ice skating outings, for example. Mr. Winter added that he sees people still making up for the trips they skipped during the Covid years. <br><br>The pandemic brought self-care to the fore, with some people now opting to swap pressure-filled family holiday gatherings for a solo escape, said the Seattle-based psychotherapist Stephanie Brownell. \u201cHolidays come with expectations,\u201d Ms. Brownell said, and people are realizing they have options. \u201cThey are feeling more flexible and not bound by preconceived ideas of what a holiday means,\u201d she said, adding that they are \u201cattending to their emotions.\u201d <br><br>Social media is contributing to the trend as well, with influencers celebrating solo trips as a mark of independence and adventurousness. Instagram accounts like SarahWoodwardTravels and SunnRayy, each with more than 100,000 followers, offer inspiration and encouragement to those thinking of traveling alone, with photo posts that have captions like \u201cYou\u2019ve never been married but have taken yourself on more honeymoons than you can count.\u201d Taking a trip on your own now, Ms. Brownell said, \u201coffers a sense of agency as an alternative to tradition.\u201d <br><br>For some, going solo over the holidays can end up being a gift to their family, Ms. Brownell said. An older parent taking a solo trip, for example, could reduce the pressure on grown children, who may be establishing their own traditions, planning their own vacations or spending time with in-laws. Telling them, \u201c\u2018Go have fun. I\u2019m going to have a great time too,\u2019 takes a big weight off the kids,\u201d Ms. Brownell said. \u201cYou are modeling self-care and letting your children know they don\u2019t have to worry about you.\u201d <br><br>Big cities are popular with independent travelers. Tokyo, London, New York and Las Vegas are among the top destinations for solo travelers this holiday season, according data from Expedia. But of course, trips are as varied as the travelers. Specialists putting together itineraries in Africa, Indian Ocean islands and remote Asian locales have also seen a notable increase in people traveling alone. <br><br>Some solo travelers see the end of the year as a time to rest, renew and restart. Lennie Garrido, the general manager at the Punta Islita, a Marriott Autograph Collection hotel on Costa Rica\u2019s Nicoya Peninsula, attributes a 20 percent jump in solo travel bookings from the previous year to guests seeking \u201crejuvenation in a peaceful environment surrounded by nature.\u201d <br><br>Mr. Friedrichsen said a variety of reasons spurred his decision to go it alone, twice, during the holidays last year. His sister had recently started her own family, and his parents were reveling in celebrating Christmas as first-time grandparents, so he was giving them some space. \u201cI don\u2019t live too far away so I could see them a different week,\u201d he said. Also, traveling over the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays allowed him to take a longer trip while using fewer vacation days, something he said he valued more than material gifts. And the clincher: With his own birthday near Christmas, he wanted to celebrate by \u201cdoing amazing things in other parts of the world.\u201d <br><br>Amber Laree, 58, a New York-based travel planner at Mountain Travel Sobek, a company that puts together outdoor and cultural journeys, found herself drawn to solo trips when her children grew up and she divorced her husband. \u201cI spent most of my adult life curating magical experiences for others at the holidays,\u201d she said. \u201cFor decades, I put great effort into ensuring the surprise and delight of my family.\u201d Now, she said, she travels over the holidays as a present to herself, this year planning to go to Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam in November and December. <br><br>\u201cNo turkeys to roast, no decorations to put up and take down, no endless gift shopping,\u201d Ms. Laree said. <br><br>There was an escapist element to her travel plans as well, Ms. Laree said. \u201cLoneliness and loss can be overwhelming at the holidays,\u201d and it can be a relief, she said, to be \u201cin the company of strangers who have no knowledge of, or investment in, my past.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7638107538,"RADAR":0.0166444127,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article uses \"X said\" throughout in a very repetitive manner. AI would almost always use  at least a few synonyms for this many instances. The Instagram accounts also felt a bit too random to be made up, I would expect ones AI made to be a bit more generic. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The only real clue here is the extensive use of lists such as \"No turkeys...gift shopping.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: The sentence and paragraph structure is varied. Some of the quotes are quite confusing. It's not the same textbook layout it ends with a quote, and there are a few typos. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident this is human-written. While there are some word use that's usually found in AI, the majority of the article's tone was able to maintain control over how words were used. When simple explanations were needed, phrases such as \"a time to rest, renew and restart.\" and \"thanks to online destination and transportation information\" were used in a conversational tone, while areas of statistics used words like \"a massive influx of solo travelers\" and \"seen a notable increase\" when describing statistics. Alongside that, all of the quotes were believable, and the variety of ways the writer incorporated explanations, attributions, and direct quotes, makes it more believable to me. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Unnecessary use of the progressive tense.\nNoun stacks like \"single-person Christmas reservations\" and \"pressure-filled family holiday gatherings\". "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"75":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":16,"title":"Being Sugar-Deprived Had Major Effects on These Children\u2019s Health","sub-title":"British data shows that children conceived and born during a period of sugar rationing were less likely to develop diabetes or high blood pressure later in life. ","author":"Gina Kolata ","source":"New York Times","issue":-17954000,"section":"Lifestyle","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/10\/31\/health\/sugar-rationing-britain-health-experiment.html","article":"People who were restricted to limited amounts of sugar in the first few years of life were less likely to develop diabetes and high blood pressure decades later, a new study has found. <br><br>The study, published Thursday in the journal Science, took advantage of a unique situation in the United Kingdom. The country was under strict rationing during World War II and its aftermath. When the rationing ended, in September 1953, the average sugar intake by people in Britain doubled. That provided a natural experiment and allowed the researchers to ask: What happened to the health of people who were conceived and born when sugar was rationed compared with people conceived and born just after sugar rationing ended? <br><br>To find out, the researchers, Tadeja Gracner, an economist at the University of Southern California, and her colleagues, Claire Boone of McGill University and Paul J. Gertler of the University of California, Berkeley, turned to the UK Biobank. It contains genetic and medical information on half a million people, and steps have been taken to preserve contributors\u2019 privacy. Using the data, the investigators analyzed the health of 60,183 people who were born from October 1951 through March 1956, and were age 51 to 60 when they were surveyed. <br><br>The investigators reported that those exposed to sugar rationing early in life had a 35 percent lower risk of diabetes and a 20 percent lower risk of high blood pressure in middle age. The onset of those chronic diseases was also delayed by four years for diabetes and two years for high blood pressure. They also found that disease protection was greatest for those who had been conceived during sugar rationing and were babies while rationing continued. Those who were exposed to sugar rationing only before birth and then grew up with higher sugar intake had higher disease rates. <br><br>The results contribute to a body of evidence suggesting that nutrition very early in life can affect health much later. But because of the unique circumstances of British sugar rationing, the new study provides additional rigor, experts said. <br><br>For example, a study of military records of men whose mothers were in the first half of pregnancy during the Dutch famine, or Hunger Winter, during World War II found that the men were more likely to be obese at age 19 than men born after that event. Another study found that women whose mothers were pregnant during the famine were heavier at age 50 than women born later. <br><br>Chemical changes in DNA might explain the different health outcomes, noted Aryeh Stein, a professor of global health at Emory University who has conducted studies of the Dutch famine. <br><br>But famine studies cannot pinpoint any particular nutrients that might have caused the effect. <br><br>The new study had that ability, with its focus on sugar. And its results are unexpected, Dr. Stein said. Although the absolute amount of sugar the population consumed doubled, from 41 to 80 grams a day, that is only an additional 155 calories. Yet, he said, the researchers\u2019 methodology is sound and the result appears \u201creally interesting.\u201d <br><br>Dr. Gracner noted that other foods in addition to sugar were rationed in the United Kingdom during and after World War II. When butter was rationed, people substituted margarine. Cereals were rationed, too, but the amount people ate did not change much when rationing ended. <br><br>Sugar consumption was the exception, as it doubled when rationing ended. <br><br>\u201cThere was a huge demand for sugar,\u201d Dr. Gracner said. <br><br>The early 1950s was generally not a time of starvation or food shortages, minimizing the possibility that the health effects were a result of a general lack of calories early in life. <br><br>Researchers not involved with the study said it was entirely credible. <br><br>\u201cI believe it,\u201d said Dr. Anupam Jena, a health economist and physician at Harvard Medical School. \u201cThe study design is really quite good.\u201d <br><br>And, he added, it is an important contribution to the field of nutritional epidemiology that, he noted, has been plagued by studies that draw conclusions almost exclusively from correlations. There are claims that excess sugar consumption leads to poor health, for example, based on observational studies of people eating more sugar, or less. But there generally are many differences between groups that are studied, leaving open the possibility that other factors are affecting health. <br><br>The new study is different, he said. With the sharp cutoff of sugar rationing, and with the Biobank data, \u201cthis study introduces a different kind of thinking,\u201d Dr. Jena said. <br><br>Of course, Dr. Jeffrey Flier, an obesity and diabetes researcher at Harvard Medical School, noted, it is still possible that factors other than sugar consumption affected the people in the Biobank. But, he said, \u201cthe authors have done a lot of analysis to support the conclusion.\u201d <br><br>One thing the new study cannot answer, though, is why sugar rationing early in life had such profound effects later. <br><br>\u201cIt is very weird,\u201d said Kriti Jain, a program officer at the National Institute on Aging, which funded the study. But, she added, \u201cthis kind of study is not designed to tell us why \u2014 it is designed to tell us what.\u201d <br><br>One idea, Dr. Gracner said, is that early exposure to sugar leads to a lifelong craving for it. People who were conceived and born during sugar rationing ate less sugar later in life, according to the British government\u2019s National Diet and Nutrition Survey. <br><br>She sees the disease risk as \u201ca cumulative response\u201d to a lifetime of sugar consumption. <br><br>\u201cChronic diseases do take time to develop,\u201d she said. ","id":45,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'People who were restricted to limited amounts of sugar in the first few years of life were less likely to develop diabetes and high blood pressure decades later, a new study has found. <br><br>The study, published Thursday in the journal Science, took advantage of a unique situation in the United Kingdom. The country was under strict rationing during World War II and its aftermath. When the rationing ended, in September 1953, the average sugar intake by people in Britain doubled. That provided a natural experiment and allowed the researchers to ask: What happened to the health of people who were conceived and born when sugar was rationed compared with people conceived and born just after sugar rationing ended? <br><br>To find out, the researchers, Tadeja Gracner, an economist at the University of Southern California, and her colleagues, Claire Boone of McGill University and Paul J. Gertler of the University of California, Berkeley, turned to the UK Biobank. It contains genetic and medical information on half a million people, and steps have been taken to preserve contributors\u2019 privacy. Using the data, the investigators analyzed the health of 60,183 people who were born from October 1951 through March 1956, and were age 51 to 60 when they were surveyed. <br><br>The investigators reported that those exposed to sugar rationing early in life had a 35 percent lower risk of diabetes and a 20 percent lower risk of high blood pressure in middle age. The onset of those chronic diseases was also delayed by four years for diabetes and two years for high blood pressure. They also found that disease protection was greatest for those who had been conceived during sugar rationing and were babies while rationing continued. Those who were exposed to sugar rationing only before birth and then grew up with higher sugar intake had higher disease rates. <br><br>The results contribute to a body of evidence suggesting that nutrition very early in life can affect health much later. But because of the unique circumstances of British sugar rationing, the new study provides additional rigor, experts said. <br><br>For example, a study of military records of men whose mothers were in the first half of pregnancy during the Dutch famine, or Hunger Winter, during World War II found that the men were more likely to be obese at age 19 than men born after that event. Another study found that women whose mothers were pregnant during the famine were heavier at age 50 than women born later. <br><br>Chemical changes in DNA might explain the different health outcomes, noted Aryeh Stein, a professor of global health at Emory University who has conducted studies of the Dutch famine. <br><br>But famine studies cannot pinpoint any particular nutrients that might have caused the effect. <br><br>The new study had that ability, with its focus on sugar. And its results are unexpected, Dr. Stein said. Although the absolute amount of sugar the population consumed doubled, from 41 to 80 grams a day, that is only an additional 155 calories. Yet, he said, the researchers\u2019 methodology is sound and the result appears \u201creally interesting.\u201d <br><br>Dr. Gracner noted that other foods in addition to sugar were rationed in the United Kingdom during and after World War II. When butter was rationed, people substituted margarine. Cereals were rationed, too, but the amount people ate did not change much when rationing ended. <br><br>Sugar consumption was the exception, as it doubled when rationing ended. <br><br>\u201cThere was a huge demand for sugar,\u201d Dr. Gracner said. <br><br>The early 1950s was generally not a time of starvation or food shortages, minimizing the possibility that the health effects were a result of a general lack of calories early in life. <br><br>Researchers not involved with the study said it was entirely credible. <br><br>\u201cI believe it,\u201d said Dr. Anupam Jena, a health economist and physician at Harvard Medical School. \u201cThe study design is really quite good.\u201d <br><br>And, he added, it is an important contribution to the field of nutritional epidemiology that, he noted, has been plagued by studies that draw conclusions almost exclusively from correlations. There are claims that excess sugar consumption leads to poor health, for example, based on observational studies of people eating more sugar, or less. But there generally are many differences between groups that are studied, leaving open the possibility that other factors are affecting health. <br><br>The new study is different, he said. With the sharp cutoff of sugar rationing, and with the Biobank data, \u201cthis study introduces a different kind of thinking,\u201d Dr. Jena said. <br><br>Of course, Dr. Jeffrey Flier, an obesity and diabetes researcher at Harvard Medical School, noted, it is still possible that factors other than sugar consumption affected the people in the Biobank. But, he said, \u201cthe authors have done a lot of analysis to support the conclusion.\u201d <br><br>One thing the new study cannot answer, though, is why sugar rationing early in life had such profound effects later. <br><br>\u201cIt is very weird,\u201d said Kriti Jain, a program officer at the National Institute on Aging, which funded the study. But, she added, \u201cthis kind of study is not designed to tell us why \u2014 it is designed to tell us what.\u201d <br><br>One idea, Dr. Gracner said, is that early exposure to sugar leads to a lifelong craving for it. People who were conceived and born during sugar rationing ate less sugar later in life, according to the British government\u2019s National Diet and Nutrition Survey. <br><br>She sees the disease risk as \u201ca cumulative response\u201d to a lifetime of sugar consumption. <br><br>\u201cChronic diseases do take time to develop,\u201d she said. ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.485513687133789e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'People who were restricted to limited amounts of sugar in the first few years of life were less likely to develop diabetes and high blood pressure decades later, a new study has found. <br><br>The study, published Thursday in the journal Science, took advantage of a unique situation in the United Kingdom. The country was under strict rationing during World War II and its aftermath. When the rationing ended, in September 1953, the average sugar intake by people in Britain doubled. That provided a natural experiment and allowed the researchers to ask: What happened to the health of people who were conceived and born when sugar was rationed compared with people conceived and born just after sugar rationing ended? <br><br>To find out, the researchers, Tadeja Gracner, an economist at the University of Southern California, and her colleagues, Claire Boone of McGill University and Paul J. Gertler of the University of California, Berkeley, turned to the UK Biobank. It contains genetic and medical information on half a million people, and steps have been taken to preserve contributors\u2019 privacy. Using the data, the investigators analyzed the health of 60,183 people who were born from October 1951 through March 1956, and were age 51 to 60 when they were surveyed. <br><br>The investigators reported that those exposed to sugar rationing early in life had a 35 percent lower risk of diabetes and a 20 percent lower risk of high blood pressure in middle age. The onset of those chronic diseases was also delayed by four years for diabetes and two years for high blood pressure. They also found that disease protection was greatest for those who had been conceived during sugar rationing and were babies while rationing continued. Those who were exposed to sugar rationing only before birth and then grew up with higher sugar intake had higher disease rates. <br><br>The results contribute to a body of evidence suggesting that nutrition very early in life can affect health much later. But because of the unique circumstances of British sugar rationing, the new study provides additional rigor, experts said. <br><br>For example, a study of military records of men whose mothers were in the first half of pregnancy during the Dutch famine, or Hunger Winter, during World War II found that the men were more likely to be obese at age 19 than men born after that event. Another study found that women whose mothers were pregnant during the famine were heavier at age 50 than women born later. <br><br>Chemical changes in DNA might explain the different health outcomes, noted Aryeh Stein, a professor of global health at Emory University who has conducted studies of the Dutch famine. <br><br>But famine studies cannot pinpoint any particular nutrients that might have caused the effect. <br><br>The new study had that ability, with its focus on sugar. And its results are unexpected, Dr. Stein said. Although the absolute amount of sugar the population consumed doubled, from 41 to 80 grams a day, that is only an additional 155 calories. Yet, he said, the researchers\u2019 methodology is sound and the result appears \u201creally interesting.\u201d <br><br>Dr. Gracner noted that other foods in addition to sugar were rationed in the United Kingdom during and after World War II. When butter was rationed, people substituted margarine. Cereals were rationed, too, but the amount people ate did not change much when rationing ended. <br><br>Sugar consumption was the exception, as it doubled when rationing ended. <br><br>\u201cThere was a huge demand for sugar,\u201d Dr. Gracner said. <br><br>The early 1950s was generally not a time of starvation or food shortages, minimizing the possibility that the health effects were a result of a general lack of calories early in life. <br><br>Researchers not involved with the study said it was entirely credible. <br><br>\u201cI believe it,\u201d said Dr. Anupam Jena, a health economist and physician at Harvard Medical School. \u201cThe study design is really quite good.\u201d <br><br>And, he added, it is an important contribution to the field of nutritional epidemiology that, he noted, has been plagued by studies that draw conclusions almost exclusively from correlations. There are claims that excess sugar consumption leads to poor health, for example, based on observational studies of people eating more sugar, or less. But there generally are many differences between groups that are studied, leaving open the possibility that other factors are affecting health. <br><br>The new study is different, he said. With the sharp cutoff of sugar rationing, and with the Biobank data, \u201cthis study introduces a different kind of thinking,\u201d Dr. Jena said. <br><br>Of course, Dr. Jeffrey Flier, an obesity and diabetes researcher at Harvard Medical School, noted, it is still possible that factors other than sugar consumption affected the people in the Biobank. But, he said, \u201cthe authors have done a lot of analysis to support the conclusion.\u201d <br><br>One thing the new study cannot answer, though, is why sugar rationing early in life had such profound effects later. <br><br>\u201cIt is very weird,\u201d said Kriti Jain, a program officer at the National Institute on Aging, which funded the study. But, she added, \u201cthis kind of study is not designed to tell us why \u2014 it is designed to tell us what.\u201d <br><br>One idea, Dr. Gracner said, is that early exposure to sugar leads to a lifelong craving for it. People who were conceived and born during sugar rationing ate less sugar later in life, according to the British government\u2019s National Diet and Nutrition Survey. <br><br>She sees the disease risk as \u201ca cumulative response\u201d to a lifetime of sugar consumption. <br><br>\u201cChronic diseases do take time to develop,\u201d she said. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1682510375976562e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'f242b139-f5e2-4b80-8a58-13b5926e49c9', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 4.7712943342048675e-05, 'sentence': 'People who were restricted to limited amounts of sugar in the first few years of life were less likely to develop diabetes and high blood pressure decades later, a new study has found.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.5726875871187076e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>The study, published Thursday in the journal Science, took advantage of a unique situation in the United Kingdom.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.806238863850012e-05, 'sentence': 'The country was under strict rationing during World War II and its aftermath.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.462327630491927e-05, 'sentence': 'When the rationing ended, in September 1953, the average sugar intake by people in Britain doubled.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.3702093535102904e-05, 'sentence': 'That provided a natural experiment and allowed the researchers to ask: What happened to the health of people who were conceived and born when sugar was rationed compared with people conceived and born just after sugar rationing ended?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.0042003345442936e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>To find out, the researchers, Tadeja Gracner, an economist at the University of Southern California, and her colleagues, Claire Boone of McGill University and Paul J. 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'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'People who were restricted to limited amounts of sugar in the first few years of life were less likely to develop diabetes and high blood pressure decades later, a new study has found. <br><br>The study, published Thursday in the journal Science, took advantage of a unique situation in the United Kingdom. The country was under strict rationing during World War II and its aftermath. When the rationing ended, in September 1953, the average sugar intake by people in Britain doubled. That provided a natural experiment and allowed the researchers to ask: What happened to the health of people who were conceived and born when sugar was rationed compared with people conceived and born just after sugar rationing ended? <br><br>To find out, the researchers, Tadeja Gracner, an economist at the University of Southern California, and her colleagues, Claire Boone of McGill University and Paul J. Gertler of the University of California, Berkeley, turned to the UK Biobank. It contains genetic and medical information on half a million people, and steps have been taken to preserve contributors\u2019 privacy. Using the data, the investigators analyzed the health of 60,183 people who were born from October 1951 through March 1956, and were age 51 to 60 when they were surveyed. <br><br>The investigators reported that those exposed to sugar rationing early in life had a 35 percent lower risk of diabetes and a 20 percent lower risk of high blood pressure in middle age. The onset of those chronic diseases was also delayed by four years for diabetes and two years for high blood pressure. They also found that disease protection was greatest for those who had been conceived during sugar rationing and were babies while rationing continued. Those who were exposed to sugar rationing only before birth and then grew up with higher sugar intake had higher disease rates. <br><br>The results contribute to a body of evidence suggesting that nutrition very early in life can affect health much later. But because of the unique circumstances of British sugar rationing, the new study provides additional rigor, experts said. <br><br>For example, a study of military records of men whose mothers were in the first half of pregnancy during the Dutch famine, or Hunger Winter, during World War II found that the men were more likely to be obese at age 19 than men born after that event. Another study found that women whose mothers were pregnant during the famine were heavier at age 50 than women born later. <br><br>Chemical changes in DNA might explain the different health outcomes, noted Aryeh Stein, a professor of global health at Emory University who has conducted studies of the Dutch famine. <br><br>But famine studies cannot pinpoint any particular nutrients that might have caused the effect. <br><br>The new study had that ability, with its focus on sugar. And its results are unexpected, Dr. Stein said. Although the absolute amount of sugar the population consumed doubled, from 41 to 80 grams a day, that is only an additional 155 calories. Yet, he said, the researchers\u2019 methodology is sound and the result appears \u201creally interesting.\u201d <br><br>Dr. Gracner noted that other foods in addition to sugar were rationed in the United Kingdom during and after World War II. When butter was rationed, people substituted margarine. Cereals were rationed, too, but the amount people ate did not change much when rationing ended. <br><br>Sugar consumption was the exception, as it doubled when rationing ended. <br><br>\u201cThere was a huge demand for sugar,\u201d Dr. Gracner said. <br><br>The early 1950s was generally not a time of starvation or food shortages, minimizing the possibility that the health effects were a result of a general lack of calories early in life. <br><br>Researchers not involved with the study said it was entirely credible. <br><br>\u201cI believe it,\u201d said Dr. Anupam Jena, a health economist and physician at Harvard Medical School. \u201cThe study design is really quite good.\u201d <br><br>And, he added, it is an important contribution to the field of nutritional epidemiology that, he noted, has been plagued by studies that draw conclusions almost exclusively from correlations. There are claims that excess sugar consumption leads to poor health, for example, based on observational studies of people eating more sugar, or less. But there generally are many differences between groups that are studied, leaving open the possibility that other factors are affecting health. <br><br>The new study is different, he said. With the sharp cutoff of sugar rationing, and with the Biobank data, \u201cthis study introduces a different kind of thinking,\u201d Dr. Jena said. <br><br>Of course, Dr. Jeffrey Flier, an obesity and diabetes researcher at Harvard Medical School, noted, it is still possible that factors other than sugar consumption affected the people in the Biobank. But, he said, \u201cthe authors have done a lot of analysis to support the conclusion.\u201d <br><br>One thing the new study cannot answer, though, is why sugar rationing early in life had such profound effects later. <br><br>\u201cIt is very weird,\u201d said Kriti Jain, a program officer at the National Institute on Aging, which funded the study. But, she added, \u201cthis kind of study is not designed to tell us why \u2014 it is designed to tell us what.\u201d <br><br>One idea, Dr. Gracner said, is that early exposure to sugar leads to a lifelong craving for it. People who were conceived and born during sugar rationing ate less sugar later in life, according to the British government\u2019s National Diet and Nutrition Survey. <br><br>She sees the disease risk as \u201ca cumulative response\u201d to a lifetime of sugar consumption. <br><br>\u201cChronic diseases do take time to develop,\u201d she said. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4934613705,"RADAR":0.0031355738,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The study has a number of unique names, which leads me to think that it's human-generated. The methodology used and findings are also very well explained. Lastly, it lacks a true conclusion, which is not something you see often in machine-generated articles. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"I don't see signs here of either human or AI generation. However, due to the \"bland\" nature of the writing, I've gone with AI."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: the opening paragraph does follow the same formulaic structure as AI. The article ends with a quote. The sentence and paragraph length is varied. There are a few redundancies. There's a comma before an 'and'. There are missing quotation marks. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident that this is human-written. The article appears human written to me, despite its technical details, because there's a good use of casual, conversational tone and word choice throughout it to make it easier for the reader to understand. Phrases such as \"additional rigor,\" \"higher sugar intake had higher disease rates\" and \"a lifelong craving for it\" helps connect ideas together and keep things straight to the point, and the quotes themselves also feel realistic as well due to their tone and nature of speech. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The style is a bit clunky but at least the author gives the reader the required details to track down the relevant article.\nSeveral sentence begin with conjunctions."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"76":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":17,"title":"What Is a Mid-Wedding Chop?","sub-title":"This season's hottest wedding trend is a new spin on the \"second look.\" ","author":"Van Van Cleave","source":"Readers Digest","issue":-17955000,"section":"News","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/what-is-a-mid-wedding-chop\/","article":"May is now coming to a close, which means wedding season is creeping up. And with wedding season comes a flurry of new wedding traditions and trends. <br><br>One of the hottest events this season is the \u201cmid-wedding chop,\u201d displays of which have gathered over 1.6 million views on TikTok. So what exactly is a mid-wedding chop and why are brides including it as part of their ceremonies? Here is exactly what you need to know about the new trend, as well as how you can pull it off for yourself. <br><br><b>What is the mid-wedding chop?<\/b> <br><br>The mid-wedding chop is a haircut that takes place during a wedding, typically between the ceremony and the reception. Brides are opting to enter the ceremony with long, luscious locks\u2014often in an updo\u2014then debuting a completely different, shorter, loose hairstyle for the afterparty. Many are doing so as an alternative to, or in addition to, changing from their wedding dress into a reception outfit. <br><br>Anyone can perform the mid-wedding chop, though it is typically done by a professional hairstylist. However, according to the New York Times, some brides ask their spouses-to-be to cut their hair for them, as in the wedding of Angela and Chase Gulick. Angela explained, \u201cI surprised him with scissors. He was speechless.\u201d Angela also opted to donate 11 inches of hair to the organization Wigs for Kids, a positive consequence of the trend. <br><br><b>Why are brides cutting their hair mid-wedding?<\/b> <br><br>Numerous impulses may inspire a bride to make the mid-wedding chop, from the desire to get the best of both worlds in their hairstyling, to enjoying the shock value of a new do, to imparting a symbolic meaning onto the haircut. <br><br>One bride, Jamie Littleton, explained that she \u201cthought it was a great way to represent letting go of [her] past and embarking on this new exciting chapter of [her] life.\u201d Hair historian Rachel Gibson concurred, claiming, \u201cThere\u2019s a rich history of hair reflecting relationship status.\u201d She continued, \u201cSome Orthodox Jewish women shave their heads the day after their wedding in keeping with tradition, while in many African cultures, the choice of braiding and styling techniques is used to visually convey marital status.\u201d In this context, the mid-wedding chop seems like a natural extension of hairstyles marking momentous occasions. <br><br>Other brides appreciate the excitement and individuality of the mid-wedding chop, which can feel like a fun \u201cwedding rule break.\u201d Such is the case for Courtney Sneddon and Christopher Laird. Sneddon had grown her hair out for two years before her November 2022 wedding. After the fact, Laird recalled, \u201cThe first thing she did after we cut it was head to the dance floor and headbang. She felt amazing, fierce and really liberated.\u201d Similarly, self-described \u201cshort hair girlie\u201d Natalie Pizard wanted her hair in a bun for her wedding ceremony but wanted to \u201clook like herself\u201d while dancing. <br><br><b>How can I do a mid-wedding chop?<\/b> <br><br>If you are planning a wedding and intrigued by the proposition of a mid-wedding chop, keep a few key tips in mind. <br><br>First, according to celebrity hairstylist Alex Brown, avoid using large quantities of hair product for the reception. The mid-wedding chop is a dry haircut, so globs of product can hinder a sleek result. <br><br>Second, plan your reception accordingly. Build time into your wedding schedule for the mid-wedding chop (10 to 20 minutes is standard). Additionally, inform your wedding planner and photographer so they\u2019re <br><br>ready for the big reveal. If you\u2019re worried about entertaining the guests, plan to pass out dessert or drinks while the bride sneaks away. <br><br>Finally, manage your expectations. For the best mid-wedding chop possible, hire a hairstylist\u2014and pay them accordingly! However, note that a dry, speedy haircut may not be as flawless as a usual salon job (especially if your spouse performs it). Still, the excitement of the mid-wedding chop lies in its adrenaline-fueled spontaneity, so lean into the moment! After all, joyous dancing hides any number of uneven hairlines. ","id":46,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'May is now coming to a close, which means wedding season is creeping up. And with wedding season comes a flurry of new wedding traditions and trends. <br><br>One of the hottest events this season is the \u201cmid-wedding chop,\u201d displays of which have gathered over 1.6 million views on TikTok. So what exactly is a mid-wedding chop and why are brides including it as part of their ceremonies? Here is exactly what you need to know about the new trend, as well as how you can pull it off for yourself. <br><br><b>What is the mid-wedding chop?<\/b> <br><br>The mid-wedding chop is a haircut that takes place during a wedding, typically between the ceremony and the reception. Brides are opting to enter the ceremony with long, luscious locks\u2014often in an updo\u2014then debuting a completely different, shorter, loose hairstyle for the afterparty. Many are doing so as an alternative to, or in addition to, changing from their wedding dress into a reception outfit. <br><br>Anyone can perform the mid-wedding chop, though it is typically done by a professional hairstylist. However, according to the New York Times, some brides ask their spouses-to-be to cut their hair for them, as in the wedding of Angela and Chase Gulick. Angela explained, \u201cI surprised him with scissors. He was speechless.\u201d Angela also opted to donate 11 inches of hair to the organization Wigs for Kids, a positive consequence of the trend. <br><br><b>Why are brides cutting their hair mid-wedding?<\/b> <br><br>Numerous impulses may inspire a bride to make the mid-wedding chop, from the desire to get the best of both worlds in their hairstyling, to enjoying the shock value of a new do, to imparting a symbolic meaning onto the haircut. <br><br>One bride, Jamie Littleton, explained that she \u201cthought it was a great way to represent letting go of [her] past and embarking on this new exciting chapter of [her] life.\u201d Hair historian Rachel Gibson concurred, claiming, \u201cThere\u2019s a rich history of hair reflecting relationship status.\u201d She continued, \u201cSome Orthodox Jewish women shave their heads the day after their wedding in keeping with tradition, while in many African cultures, the choice of braiding and styling techniques is used to visually convey marital status.\u201d In this context, the mid-wedding chop seems like a natural extension of hairstyles marking momentous occasions. <br><br>Other brides appreciate the excitement and individuality of the mid-wedding chop, which can feel like a fun \u201cwedding rule break.\u201d Such is the case for Courtney Sneddon and Christopher Laird. Sneddon had grown her hair out for two years before her November 2022 wedding. After the fact, Laird recalled, \u201cThe first thing she did after we cut it was head to the dance floor and headbang. She felt amazing, fierce and really liberated.\u201d Similarly, self-described \u201cshort hair girlie\u201d Natalie Pizard wanted her hair in a bun for her wedding ceremony but wanted to \u201clook like herself\u201d while dancing. <br><br><b>How can I do a mid-wedding chop?<\/b> <br><br>If you are planning a wedding and intrigued by the proposition of a mid-wedding chop, keep a few key tips in mind. <br><br>First, according to celebrity hairstylist Alex Brown, avoid using large quantities of hair product for the reception. The mid-wedding chop is a dry haircut, so globs of product can hinder a sleek result. <br><br>Second, plan your reception accordingly. Build time into your wedding schedule for the mid-wedding chop (10 to 20 minutes is standard). Additionally, inform your wedding planner and photographer so they\u2019re <br><br>ready for the big reveal. If you\u2019re worried about entertaining the guests, plan to pass out dessert or drinks while the bride sneaks away. <br><br>Finally, manage your expectations. For the best mid-wedding chop possible, hire a hairstylist\u2014and pay them accordingly! However, note that a dry, speedy haircut may not be as flawless as a usual salon job (especially if your spouse performs it). Still, the excitement of the mid-wedding chop lies in its adrenaline-fueled spontaneity, so lean into the moment! After all, joyous dancing hides any number of uneven hairlines. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00012385845184326172, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'May is now coming to a close, which means wedding season is creeping up. And with wedding season comes a flurry of new wedding traditions and trends. <br><br>One of the hottest events this season is the \u201cmid-wedding chop,\u201d displays of which have gathered over 1.6 million views on TikTok. So what exactly is a mid-wedding chop and why are brides including it as part of their ceremonies? Here is exactly what you need to know about the new trend, as well as how you can pull it off for yourself. <br><br><b>What is the mid-wedding chop?<\/b> <br><br>The mid-wedding chop is a haircut that takes place during a wedding, typically between the ceremony and the reception. Brides are opting to enter the ceremony with long, luscious locks\u2014often in an updo\u2014then debuting a completely different, shorter, loose hairstyle for the afterparty. Many are doing so as an alternative to, or in addition to, changing from their wedding dress into a reception outfit. <br><br>Anyone can perform the mid-wedding chop, though it is typically done by a professional hairstylist. However, according to the New York Times, some brides ask their spouses-to-be to cut their hair for them, as in the wedding of Angela and Chase Gulick. Angela explained, \u201cI surprised him with scissors. He was speechless.\u201d Angela also opted to donate 11 inches of hair to the organization Wigs for Kids, a positive consequence of the trend. <br><br><b>Why are brides cutting their hair mid-wedding?<\/b> <br><br>Numerous impulses may inspire a bride to make the mid-wedding chop, from the desire to get the best of both worlds in their hairstyling, to enjoying the shock value of a new do, to imparting a symbolic meaning onto the haircut. <br><br>One bride, Jamie Littleton, explained that she \u201cthought it was a great way to represent letting go of [her] past and embarking on this new exciting chapter of [her] life.\u201d Hair historian Rachel Gibson concurred, claiming, \u201cThere\u2019s a rich history of hair reflecting relationship status.\u201d She continued, \u201cSome Orthodox Jewish women shave their heads the day after their wedding in keeping with tradition, while in many African cultures, the choice of braiding and styling techniques is used to visually convey marital status.\u201d In this context, the mid-wedding chop seems like a natural extension of hairstyles marking momentous occasions. <br><br>Other brides appreciate the excitement and individuality of the mid-wedding chop, which can feel like a fun \u201cwedding rule break.\u201d Such is the case for Courtney Sneddon and Christopher Laird. Sneddon had grown her hair out for two years before her November 2022 wedding. After the fact, Laird recalled, \u201cThe first thing she did after we cut it was head to the dance floor and headbang. She felt amazing, fierce and really liberated.\u201d Similarly, self-described \u201cshort hair girlie\u201d Natalie Pizard wanted her hair in a bun for her wedding ceremony but wanted to \u201clook like herself\u201d while dancing. <br><br><b>How can I do a mid-wedding chop?<\/b> <br><br>If you are planning a wedding and intrigued by the proposition of a mid-wedding chop, keep a few key tips in mind. <br><br>First, according to celebrity hairstylist Alex Brown, avoid using large quantities of hair product for the reception. The mid-wedding chop is a dry haircut, so globs of product can hinder a sleek result. <br><br>Second, plan your reception accordingly. Build time into your wedding schedule for the mid-wedding chop (10 to 20 minutes is standard). Additionally, inform your wedding planner and photographer so they\u2019re <br><br>ready for the big reveal. If you\u2019re worried about entertaining the guests, plan to pass out dessert or drinks while the bride sneaks away. <br><br>Finally, manage your expectations. For the best mid-wedding chop possible, hire a hairstylist\u2014and pay them accordingly! However, note that a dry, speedy haircut may not be as flawless as a usual salon job (especially if your spouse performs it). Still, the excitement of the mid-wedding chop lies in its adrenaline-fueled spontaneity, so lean into the moment! After all, joyous dancing hides any number of uneven hairlines. ', 'ai_likelihood': 8.64863395690918e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'cccd4760-7ad3-4441-a17f-833caf233d27', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 5.220383172854781e-05, 'sentence': 'May is now coming to a close, which means wedding season is creeping up.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.86487299692817e-05, 'sentence': 'And with wedding season comes a flurry of new wedding traditions and trends.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.691000893013552e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>One of the hottest events this season is the \u201cmid-wedding chop,\u201d displays of which have gathered over 1.6 million views on TikTok.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.922695057350211e-05, 'sentence': 'So what exactly is a mid-wedding chop and why are brides including it as part of their ceremonies?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.9080945751047693e-05, 'sentence': 'Here is exactly what you need to know about the new trend, as well as how you can pull it off for yourself.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.423918340355158e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br><b>What is the mid-wedding chop?<\/b> <br><br>The mid-wedding chop is a haircut that takes place during a wedding, typically between the ceremony and the reception.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.048176924698055e-05, 'sentence': 'Brides are opting to enter the ceremony with long, luscious locks\u1173often in an updo\u1173then debuting a completely different, shorter, loose hairstyle for the afterparty.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.1033781599253416e-05, 'sentence': 'Many are doing so as an alternative to, or in addition to, changing from their wedding dress into a reception outfit.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.237169948988594e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Anyone can perform the mid-wedding chop, though it is typically done by a professional hairstylist.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.443473102990538e-05, 'sentence': 'However, according to the New York Times, some brides ask their spouses-to-be to cut their hair for them, as in the wedding of Angela and Chase Gulick.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.42744518397376e-05, 'sentence': 'Angela explained, \u201cI surprised him with scissors.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.941379928728566e-05, 'sentence': 'He was speechless.\u201d Angela also opted to donate 11 inches of hair to the 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'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9079329371452332, 'sentence': 'She felt amazing, fierce and really liberated.\u201d Similarly, self-described \u201cshort hair girlie\u201d Natalie Pizard wanted her hair in a bun for her wedding ceremony but wanted to \u201clook like herself\u201d while dancing.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.997850239276886, 'sentence': '<br><br><b>How can I do a mid-wedding chop?<\/b> <br><br>If you are planning a wedding and intrigued by the proposition of a mid-wedding chop, keep a few key tips in mind.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9977091550827026, 'sentence': '<br><br>First, according to celebrity hairstylist Alex Brown, avoid using large quantities of hair product for the reception.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9978663325309753, 'sentence': 'The mid-wedding chop is a dry haircut, so globs of product can hinder a sleek result.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9953054189682007, 'sentence': '<br><br>Second, plan your reception accordingly.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9970017075538635, 'sentence': 'Build time into your wedding schedule for the mid-wedding chop (10 to 20 minutes is standard).', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9958233833312988, 'sentence': \"Additionally, inform your wedding planner and photographer so they're <br><br>ready for the big reveal.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.996342122554779, 'sentence': \"If you're worried about entertaining the guests, plan to pass out dessert or drinks while the bride sneaks away.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9942517876625061, 'sentence': '<br><br>Finally, manage your expectations.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.995724081993103, 'sentence': 'For the best mid-wedding chop possible, hire a hairstylist\u1173and pay them accordingly!', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9976853132247925, 'sentence': 'However, note that a dry, speedy haircut may not be as flawless as a usual salon job (especially if your spouse performs it).', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9964337944984436, 'sentence': 'Still, the excitement of the mid-wedding chop lies in its adrenaline-fueled spontaneity, so lean into the moment!', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9964861869812012, 'sentence': 'After all, joyous dancing hides any number of uneven hairlines.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 30, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.000281636480478405}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.49776035834266513, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.5022396416573348, 'ai': 0.49776035834266513, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.5022396416573348, 'confidence_category': 'low', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.49776035834266513, 'human': 0.5022396416573348, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly uncertain about this document. The writing style and content are not particularly AI-like.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'May is now coming to a close, which means wedding season is creeping up. And with wedding season comes a flurry of new wedding traditions and trends. <br><br>One of the hottest events this season is the \u201cmid-wedding chop,\u201d displays of which have gathered over 1.6 million views on TikTok. So what exactly is a mid-wedding chop and why are brides including it as part of their ceremonies? Here is exactly what you need to know about the new trend, as well as how you can pull it off for yourself. <br><br><b>What is the mid-wedding chop?<\/b> <br><br>The mid-wedding chop is a haircut that takes place during a wedding, typically between the ceremony and the reception. Brides are opting to enter the ceremony with long, luscious locks\u2014often in an updo\u2014then debuting a completely different, shorter, loose hairstyle for the afterparty. Many are doing so as an alternative to, or in addition to, changing from their wedding dress into a reception outfit. <br><br>Anyone can perform the mid-wedding chop, though it is typically done by a professional hairstylist. However, according to the New York Times, some brides ask their spouses-to-be to cut their hair for them, as in the wedding of Angela and Chase Gulick. Angela explained, \u201cI surprised him with scissors. He was speechless.\u201d Angela also opted to donate 11 inches of hair to the organization Wigs for Kids, a positive consequence of the trend. <br><br><b>Why are brides cutting their hair mid-wedding?<\/b> <br><br>Numerous impulses may inspire a bride to make the mid-wedding chop, from the desire to get the best of both worlds in their hairstyling, to enjoying the shock value of a new do, to imparting a symbolic meaning onto the haircut. <br><br>One bride, Jamie Littleton, explained that she \u201cthought it was a great way to represent letting go of [her] past and embarking on this new exciting chapter of [her] life.\u201d Hair historian Rachel Gibson concurred, claiming, \u201cThere\u2019s a rich history of hair reflecting relationship status.\u201d She continued, \u201cSome Orthodox Jewish women shave their heads the day after their wedding in keeping with tradition, while in many African cultures, the choice of braiding and styling techniques is used to visually convey marital status.\u201d In this context, the mid-wedding chop seems like a natural extension of hairstyles marking momentous occasions. <br><br>Other brides appreciate the excitement and individuality of the mid-wedding chop, which can feel like a fun \u201cwedding rule break.\u201d Such is the case for Courtney Sneddon and Christopher Laird. Sneddon had grown her hair out for two years before her November 2022 wedding. After the fact, Laird recalled, \u201cThe first thing she did after we cut it was head to the dance floor and headbang. She felt amazing, fierce and really liberated.\u201d Similarly, self-described \u201cshort hair girlie\u201d Natalie Pizard wanted her hair in a bun for her wedding ceremony but wanted to \u201clook like herself\u201d while dancing. <br><br><b>How can I do a mid-wedding chop?<\/b> <br><br>If you are planning a wedding and intrigued by the proposition of a mid-wedding chop, keep a few key tips in mind. <br><br>First, according to celebrity hairstylist Alex Brown, avoid using large quantities of hair product for the reception. The mid-wedding chop is a dry haircut, so globs of product can hinder a sleek result. <br><br>Second, plan your reception accordingly. Build time into your wedding schedule for the mid-wedding chop (10 to 20 minutes is standard). Additionally, inform your wedding planner and photographer so they\u2019re <br><br>ready for the big reveal. If you\u2019re worried about entertaining the guests, plan to pass out dessert or drinks while the bride sneaks away. <br><br>Finally, manage your expectations. For the best mid-wedding chop possible, hire a hairstylist\u2014and pay them accordingly! However, note that a dry, speedy haircut may not be as flawless as a usual salon job (especially if your spouse performs it). Still, the excitement of the mid-wedding chop lies in its adrenaline-fueled spontaneity, so lean into the moment! After all, joyous dancing hides any number of uneven hairlines. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7348604798,"RADAR":0.0287460219,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article has quite a unique introduction and conclusion. It also lacks paragraphs which AI doesn't usually leave out. Lastly, the one quotation (by Jamie Littleton) is very natural."},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual signs of AI. Also, there seems to be a broader use of vocabulary here than AI uses such as the alliteration in \"long, luscious locks.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: Second sentence starts with a coordinating conjunction. It contains some of the irregularity and nuance of human writing (highlighted). There are a couple of typos. Conclusion is more upbeat."},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I am less confident, but I believe this is human written. There's a lot of awkwardly written in language here, but there's also a lot of casual tone language included as well. Some phrases, such as \"intrigued by the proposition\" and \"marking momentous occasions\" give off the impression of AI, but what convinces me is how the quotes are included, such as \"\u201cthought it was a great way to represent letting go of [her] past and embarking on this new exciting chapter of [her] life.\u201d\" and parentheses areas such as \"(especially if your spouse performs it).\" I'm not entirely certain, but I believe that there are enough unique elements in the article to say that it's human-written."},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"No stereotypical LLM expressions.\nWriting style conforms to that typically used in fashion magazines: upbeat, slightly informal, and entirely forgettable."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"77":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":18,"title":"Why Is the Rose a Popular Flower for Valentine\u2019s Day? ","sub-title":"Why is the rose a token of love (or friendship) and a popular flower for Valentine's Day? Here are the details.","author":"Elizabeth Yuko ","source":"Readers Digest","issue":-17955000,"section":"Knowledge","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/roses-popular-valentines-day\/","article":"When it comes to gifts and tokens of affection, flowers are a classic choice. But of all the flowers given on holidays, none are as closely associated with Valentine\u2019s Day as the red rose. Even if you\u2019re not someone who pays attention to this mid-February holiday, it\u2019s hard to miss the sales displays filled with dozens of Valentine\u2019s Day roses situated front and center in supermarkets, drugstores and even gas station mini-marts. There\u2019s a reason the rose is iconic and a popular flower for Valentine\u2019s Day. <br><br>Of course, Valentine\u2019s Day roses aren\u2019t strictly for expressing romantic love. Thanks to different rose color meanings, the classic beauties make great Valentine\u2019s Day gifts for friends and family members too. But before you hit the nearest florist for a rainbow\u2019s array of roses, find out how the tradition of giving roses for Valentine\u2019s Day started and which roses are tops. <br><br><b>What is the average cost of roses on Valentine\u2019s Day?<\/b> <br><br>Some Valentine\u2019s Day trivia: In 2022 alone, people spent $23.9 billion on Valentine\u2019s Day, and the total spending hit $25.9 billion in 2023\u2014the second-highest year on record, according to the National Retail Federation. In 2022, $2.3 billion went to Valentine\u2019s Day flowers\u2014averaging out to nearly $17 per person. Because the rose is a popular flower for Valentine\u2019s Day, that number typically increases every year, so there\u2019s a decent chance the figure will be even higher in 2024. And grumble as they may about the cost of Valentine\u2019s Day roses (the price of roses skyrockets around the holiday), Americans are willing to pay the price for the flower that best signifies love. <br><br>\u201cPlants are great for long-lasting tokens of love, and a simple red rose plant is ever popular,\u201d says Sandra Varley, a florist with more than a decade of experience and the sales and marketing manager for Flying Flowers. And while a bouquet of cut roses may not last quite as long as a rose bush, it\u2019s still a beautiful way of saying \u201cHappy Valentine\u2019s Day\u201d and \u201cI love you\u201d for as long as the flowers live\u2014even longer if you dry them. <br><br><b>Why is a rose given on Valentine\u2019s Day?<\/b> <br><br>There\u2019s history behind why the rose is a popular flower for Valentine\u2019s Day. The tradition of giving roses for Valentine\u2019s Day has several origin stories, and like the Valentine Cupid, it\u2019s rooted in Greek mythology. \u201cSome stories say that the first red rose was created when the Greek goddess Aphrodite was scratched by a white rose\u2019s thorn, causing that rose to turn red,\u201d says Sara Cleto, PhD, a folklorist and co-founder of the Carterhaugh School of Folklore and the Fantastic. \u201cOthers say that the first red rose grew on the ground where Adonis, Aphrodite\u2019s lover, died and the goddess\u2019s tears fell.\u201d <br><br>As far as the history behind the tradition of Valentine\u2019s Day roses, an early figure sometimes connected to the association between roses and romance is Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of a British ambassador to Turkey during the 1700s. \u201cLady Montagu wrote letters home enthusing over a version of Turkish \u2018flower language,\u2019 or the process of assigning certain symbolic meanings to certain flowers, but she seems to have misinterpreted this local custom, which had more to do with rhyming words than the significance of the flowers themselves,\u201d Cleto says. \u201cStill, the concept of \u2018flower languages\u2019 caught on, especially in 19th-century England, and over the course of that century, roses became ever more tightly linked to romantic love.\u201d <br><br>But a huge reason giving roses for Valentine\u2019s Day has persisted as a tradition is \u201csimply because roses are beautiful, fabulous-smelling flowers that happen to travel really well,\u201d says Cleto. \u201cFlowers are usually shipped over long distances, and roses are both gorgeous and hardy, so that\u2019s a huge part of why this practice has continued.\u201d <br><br><b>Which roses are best for Valentine\u2019s Day?<\/b> <br><br>Just like candy hearts, red roses are the best gift for Valentine\u2019s Day because the color is associated with passion and romantic love. That may be why couples book romantic hotels and sprinkle roses on the beds and floors as a gesture of love. \u201cPart of this is probably because red dye used to be particularly expensive, difficult to obtain and sometimes synonymous with royalty,\u201d Cleto explains. \u201cAll these factors made red feel especially desirable and luxurious.\u201d <br><br>Everyone has their preferences as far as the variety, but according to Varley, the Samourai rose is at the top when it comes to the perfect Valentine\u2019s Day flower. \u201cIt is the perfect intense red that oozes luxury, and the large petals are velvety in texture and are complemented well by the surrounding dark green leaves,\u201d she says. \u201cThe shape of the bloom is perfect for a romantic bouquet also, as the oval buds open to a large double bloom flower, which is full and impactful. One further advantage is that this particular rose is thornless, which is perfect for gift giving.\u201d <br><br>While COVID-19\u2013related quarantine ignited a love of houseplants in Americans across the country, plants haven\u2019t supplanted roses as Valentine\u2019s Day gifts. \u201cRed roses are still far and away the most popular stem on Valentine\u2019s Day,\u201d says Varley. \u201cThe younger you are, the more likely you are to buy red roses. Mixed-stem bunches in hot pinks are becoming more popular. However, nothing quite says love like a red, red rose.\u201d <br><br>Of course, if you\u2019re celebrating platonic love\u2014say, for Galentine\u2019s Day\u2014you\u2019ll want to go with something that signifies friendship. Skip the red and go straight for yellow roses. You could even use online flower delivery services for a seamless shipment to your gal pal. <br><br>Those looking for inexpensive Valentine\u2019s Day gifts may want to make homemade Valentine\u2019s Day cards featuring the Valentine\u2019s Day flower and a love quote. Or go with a solo stem. It\u2019s a small nod to tradition that you can present before a date at a romantic restaurant. ","id":47,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'When it comes to gifts and tokens of affection, flowers are a classic choice. But of all the flowers given on holidays, none are as closely associated with Valentine\u2019s Day as the red rose. Even if you\u2019re not someone who pays attention to this mid-February holiday, it\u2019s hard to miss the sales displays filled with dozens of Valentine\u2019s Day roses situated front and center in supermarkets, drugstores and even gas station mini-marts. There\u2019s a reason the rose is iconic and a popular flower for Valentine\u2019s Day. <br><br>Of course, Valentine\u2019s Day roses aren\u2019t strictly for expressing romantic love. Thanks to different rose color meanings, the classic beauties make great Valentine\u2019s Day gifts for friends and family members too. But before you hit the nearest florist for a rainbow\u2019s array of roses, find out how the tradition of giving roses for Valentine\u2019s Day started and which roses are tops. <br><br><b>What is the average cost of roses on Valentine\u2019s Day?<\/b> <br><br>Some Valentine\u2019s Day trivia: In 2022 alone, people spent $23.9 billion on Valentine\u2019s Day, and the total spending hit $25.9 billion in 2023\u2014the second-highest year on record, according to the National Retail Federation. In 2022, $2.3 billion went to Valentine\u2019s Day flowers\u2014averaging out to nearly $17 per person. Because the rose is a popular flower for Valentine\u2019s Day, that number typically increases every year, so there\u2019s a decent chance the figure will be even higher in 2024. And grumble as they may about the cost of Valentine\u2019s Day roses (the price of roses skyrockets around the holiday), Americans are willing to pay the price for the flower that best signifies love. <br><br>\u201cPlants are great for long-lasting tokens of love, and a simple red rose plant is ever popular,\u201d says Sandra Varley, a florist with more than a decade of experience and the sales and marketing manager for Flying Flowers. And while a bouquet of cut roses may not last quite as long as a rose bush, it\u2019s still a beautiful way of saying \u201cHappy Valentine\u2019s Day\u201d and \u201cI love you\u201d for as long as the flowers live\u2014even longer if you dry them. <br><br><b>Why is a rose given on Valentine\u2019s Day?<\/b> <br><br>There\u2019s history behind why the rose is a popular flower for Valentine\u2019s Day. The tradition of giving roses for Valentine\u2019s Day has several origin stories, and like the Valentine Cupid, it\u2019s rooted in Greek mythology. \u201cSome stories say that the first red rose was created when the Greek goddess Aphrodite was scratched by a white rose\u2019s thorn, causing that rose to turn red,\u201d says Sara Cleto, PhD, a folklorist and co-founder of the Carterhaugh School of Folklore and the Fantastic. \u201cOthers say that the first red rose grew on the ground where Adonis, Aphrodite\u2019s lover, died and the goddess\u2019s tears fell.\u201d <br><br>As far as the history behind the tradition of Valentine\u2019s Day roses, an early figure sometimes connected to the association between roses and romance is Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of a British ambassador to Turkey during the 1700s. \u201cLady Montagu wrote letters home enthusing over a version of Turkish \u2018flower language,\u2019 or the process of assigning certain symbolic meanings to certain flowers, but she seems to have misinterpreted this local custom, which had more to do with rhyming words than the significance of the flowers themselves,\u201d Cleto says. \u201cStill, the concept of \u2018flower languages\u2019 caught on, especially in 19th-century England, and over the course of that century, roses became ever more tightly linked to romantic love.\u201d <br><br>But a huge reason giving roses for Valentine\u2019s Day has persisted as a tradition is \u201csimply because roses are beautiful, fabulous-smelling flowers that happen to travel really well,\u201d says Cleto. \u201cFlowers are usually shipped over long distances, and roses are both gorgeous and hardy, so that\u2019s a huge part of why this practice has continued.\u201d <br><br><b>Which roses are best for Valentine\u2019s Day?<\/b> <br><br>Just like candy hearts, red roses are the best gift for Valentine\u2019s Day because the color is associated with passion and romantic love. That may be why couples book romantic hotels and sprinkle roses on the beds and floors as a gesture of love. \u201cPart of this is probably because red dye used to be particularly expensive, difficult to obtain and sometimes synonymous with royalty,\u201d Cleto explains. \u201cAll these factors made red feel especially desirable and luxurious.\u201d <br><br>Everyone has their preferences as far as the variety, but according to Varley, the Samourai rose is at the top when it comes to the perfect Valentine\u2019s Day flower. \u201cIt is the perfect intense red that oozes luxury, and the large petals are velvety in texture and are complemented well by the surrounding dark green leaves,\u201d she says. \u201cThe shape of the bloom is perfect for a romantic bouquet also, as the oval buds open to a large double bloom flower, which is full and impactful. One further advantage is that this particular rose is thornless, which is perfect for gift giving.\u201d <br><br>While COVID-19\u2013related quarantine ignited a love of houseplants in Americans across the country, plants haven\u2019t supplanted roses as Valentine\u2019s Day gifts. \u201cRed roses are still far and away the most popular stem on Valentine\u2019s Day,\u201d says Varley. \u201cThe younger you are, the more likely you are to buy red roses. Mixed-stem bunches in hot pinks are becoming more popular. However, nothing quite says love like a red, red rose.\u201d <br><br>Of course, if you\u2019re celebrating platonic love\u2014say, for Galentine\u2019s Day\u2014you\u2019ll want to go with something that signifies friendship. Skip the red and go straight for yellow roses. You could even use online flower delivery services for a seamless shipment to your gal pal. <br><br>Those looking for inexpensive Valentine\u2019s Day gifts may want to make homemade Valentine\u2019s Day cards featuring the Valentine\u2019s Day flower and a love quote. Or go with a solo stem. It\u2019s a small nod to tradition that you can present before a date at a romantic restaurant. ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.372264862060547e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'When it comes to gifts and tokens of affection, flowers are a classic choice. But of all the flowers given on holidays, none are as closely associated with Valentine\u2019s Day as the red rose. Even if you\u2019re not someone who pays attention to this mid-February holiday, it\u2019s hard to miss the sales displays filled with dozens of Valentine\u2019s Day roses situated front and center in supermarkets, drugstores and even gas station mini-marts. There\u2019s a reason the rose is iconic and a popular flower for Valentine\u2019s Day. <br><br>Of course, Valentine\u2019s Day roses aren\u2019t strictly for expressing romantic love. Thanks to different rose color meanings, the classic beauties make great Valentine\u2019s Day gifts for friends and family members too. But before you hit the nearest florist for a rainbow\u2019s array of roses, find out how the tradition of giving roses for Valentine\u2019s Day started and which roses are tops. <br><br><b>What is the average cost of roses on Valentine\u2019s Day?<\/b> <br><br>Some Valentine\u2019s Day trivia: In 2022 alone, people spent $23.9 billion on Valentine\u2019s Day, and the total spending hit $25.9 billion in 2023\u2014the second-highest year on record, according to the National Retail Federation. In 2022, $2.3 billion went to Valentine\u2019s Day flowers\u2014averaging out to nearly $17 per person. Because the rose is a popular flower for Valentine\u2019s Day, that number typically increases every year, so there\u2019s a decent chance the figure will be even higher in 2024. And grumble as they may about the cost of Valentine\u2019s Day roses (the price of roses skyrockets around the holiday), Americans are willing to pay the price for the flower that best signifies love. <br><br>\u201cPlants are great for long-lasting tokens of love, and a simple red rose plant is ever popular,\u201d says Sandra Varley, a florist with more than a decade of experience and the sales and marketing manager for Flying Flowers. And while a bouquet of cut roses may not last quite as long as a rose bush, it\u2019s still a beautiful way of saying \u201cHappy Valentine\u2019s Day\u201d and \u201cI love you\u201d for as long as the flowers live\u2014even longer if you dry them. <br><br><b>Why is a rose given on Valentine\u2019s Day?<\/b> <br><br>There\u2019s history behind why the rose is a popular flower for Valentine\u2019s Day. The tradition of giving roses for Valentine\u2019s Day has several origin stories, and like the Valentine Cupid, it\u2019s rooted in Greek mythology. \u201cSome stories say that the first red rose was created when the Greek goddess Aphrodite was scratched by a white rose\u2019s thorn, causing that rose to turn red,\u201d says Sara Cleto, PhD, a folklorist and co-founder of the Carterhaugh School of Folklore and the Fantastic. \u201cOthers say that the first red rose grew on the ground where Adonis, Aphrodite\u2019s lover, died and the goddess\u2019s tears fell.\u201d <br><br>As far as the history behind the tradition of Valentine\u2019s Day roses, an early figure sometimes connected to the association between roses and romance is Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of a British ambassador to Turkey during the 1700s. \u201cLady Montagu wrote letters home enthusing over a version of Turkish \u2018flower language,\u2019 or the process of assigning certain symbolic meanings to certain flowers, but she seems to have misinterpreted this local custom, which had more to do with rhyming words than the significance of the flowers themselves,\u201d Cleto says. \u201cStill, the concept of \u2018flower languages\u2019 caught on, especially in 19th-century England, and over the course of that century, roses became ever more tightly linked to romantic love.\u201d <br><br>But a huge reason giving roses for Valentine\u2019s Day has persisted as a tradition is \u201csimply because roses are beautiful, fabulous-smelling flowers that happen to travel really well,\u201d says Cleto. \u201cFlowers are usually shipped over long distances, and roses are both gorgeous and hardy, so that\u2019s a huge part of why this practice has continued.\u201d <br><br><b>Which roses are best for Valentine\u2019s Day?<\/b> <br><br>Just like candy hearts, red roses are the best gift for Valentine\u2019s Day because the color is associated with passion and romantic love. That may be why couples book romantic hotels and sprinkle roses on the beds and floors as a gesture of love. \u201cPart of this is probably because red dye used to be particularly expensive, difficult to obtain and sometimes synonymous with royalty,\u201d Cleto explains. \u201cAll these factors made red feel especially desirable and luxurious.\u201d <br><br>Everyone has their preferences as far as the variety, but according to Varley, the Samourai rose is at the top when it comes to the perfect Valentine\u2019s Day flower. \u201cIt is the perfect intense red that oozes luxury, and the large petals are velvety in texture and are complemented well by the surrounding dark green leaves,\u201d she says. \u201cThe shape of the bloom is perfect for a romantic bouquet also, as the oval buds open to a large double bloom flower, which is full and impactful. One further advantage is that this particular rose is thornless, which is perfect for gift giving.\u201d <br><br>While COVID-19\u2013related quarantine ignited a love of houseplants in Americans across the country, plants haven\u2019t supplanted roses as Valentine\u2019s Day gifts. \u201cRed roses are still far and away the most popular stem on Valentine\u2019s Day,\u201d says Varley. \u201cThe younger you are, the more likely you are to buy red roses. Mixed-stem bunches in hot pinks are becoming more popular. However, nothing quite says love like a red, red rose.\u201d <br><br>Of course, if you\u2019re celebrating platonic love\u2014say, for Galentine\u2019s Day\u2014you\u2019ll want to go with something that signifies friendship. Skip the red and go straight for yellow roses. You could even use online flower delivery services for a seamless shipment to your gal pal. <br><br>Those looking for inexpensive Valentine\u2019s Day gifts may want to make homemade Valentine\u2019s Day cards featuring the Valentine\u2019s Day flower and a love quote. Or go with a solo stem. It\u2019s a small nod to tradition that you can present before a date at a romantic restaurant. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.0311603546142578e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'a7db7f0a-1d25-47f7-af98-707c1096ecb2', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 5.551550202653743e-05, 'sentence': 'When it comes to gifts and tokens of affection, flowers are a classic choice.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.87960525485687e-05, 'sentence': \"But of all the flowers given on holidays, none are as closely associated with Valentine's Day as the red rose.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.512106483569369e-05, 'sentence': \"Even if you're not someone who pays attention to this mid-February holiday, it's hard to miss the sales displays filled with dozens of Valentine's Day roses situated front and center in supermarkets, 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0.9945315803994594, 'mixed': 4.1000153997505923e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'When it comes to gifts and tokens of affection, flowers are a classic choice. But of all the flowers given on holidays, none are as closely associated with Valentine\u2019s Day as the red rose. Even if you\u2019re not someone who pays attention to this mid-February holiday, it\u2019s hard to miss the sales displays filled with dozens of Valentine\u2019s Day roses situated front and center in supermarkets, drugstores and even gas station mini-marts. There\u2019s a reason the rose is iconic and a popular flower for Valentine\u2019s Day. <br><br>Of course, Valentine\u2019s Day roses aren\u2019t strictly for expressing romantic love. Thanks to different rose color meanings, the classic beauties make great Valentine\u2019s Day gifts for friends and family members too. But before you hit the nearest florist for a rainbow\u2019s array of roses, find out how the tradition of giving roses for Valentine\u2019s Day started and which roses are tops. <br><br><b>What is the average cost of roses on Valentine\u2019s Day?<\/b> <br><br>Some Valentine\u2019s Day trivia: In 2022 alone, people spent $23.9 billion on Valentine\u2019s Day, and the total spending hit $25.9 billion in 2023\u2014the second-highest year on record, according to the National Retail Federation. In 2022, $2.3 billion went to Valentine\u2019s Day flowers\u2014averaging out to nearly $17 per person. Because the rose is a popular flower for Valentine\u2019s Day, that number typically increases every year, so there\u2019s a decent chance the figure will be even higher in 2024. And grumble as they may about the cost of Valentine\u2019s Day roses (the price of roses skyrockets around the holiday), Americans are willing to pay the price for the flower that best signifies love. <br><br>\u201cPlants are great for long-lasting tokens of love, and a simple red rose plant is ever popular,\u201d says Sandra Varley, a florist with more than a decade of experience and the sales and marketing manager for Flying Flowers. And while a bouquet of cut roses may not last quite as long as a rose bush, it\u2019s still a beautiful way of saying \u201cHappy Valentine\u2019s Day\u201d and \u201cI love you\u201d for as long as the flowers live\u2014even longer if you dry them. <br><br><b>Why is a rose given on Valentine\u2019s Day?<\/b> <br><br>There\u2019s history behind why the rose is a popular flower for Valentine\u2019s Day. The tradition of giving roses for Valentine\u2019s Day has several origin stories, and like the Valentine Cupid, it\u2019s rooted in Greek mythology. \u201cSome stories say that the first red rose was created when the Greek goddess Aphrodite was scratched by a white rose\u2019s thorn, causing that rose to turn red,\u201d says Sara Cleto, PhD, a folklorist and co-founder of the Carterhaugh School of Folklore and the Fantastic. \u201cOthers say that the first red rose grew on the ground where Adonis, Aphrodite\u2019s lover, died and the goddess\u2019s tears fell.\u201d <br><br>As far as the history behind the tradition of Valentine\u2019s Day roses, an early figure sometimes connected to the association between roses and romance is Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of a British ambassador to Turkey during the 1700s. \u201cLady Montagu wrote letters home enthusing over a version of Turkish \u2018flower language,\u2019 or the process of assigning certain symbolic meanings to certain flowers, but she seems to have misinterpreted this local custom, which had more to do with rhyming words than the significance of the flowers themselves,\u201d Cleto says. \u201cStill, the concept of \u2018flower languages\u2019 caught on, especially in 19th-century England, and over the course of that century, roses became ever more tightly linked to romantic love.\u201d <br><br>But a huge reason giving roses for Valentine\u2019s Day has persisted as a tradition is \u201csimply because roses are beautiful, fabulous-smelling flowers that happen to travel really well,\u201d says Cleto. \u201cFlowers are usually shipped over long distances, and roses are both gorgeous and hardy, so that\u2019s a huge part of why this practice has continued.\u201d <br><br><b>Which roses are best for Valentine\u2019s Day?<\/b> <br><br>Just like candy hearts, red roses are the best gift for Valentine\u2019s Day because the color is associated with passion and romantic love. That may be why couples book romantic hotels and sprinkle roses on the beds and floors as a gesture of love. \u201cPart of this is probably because red dye used to be particularly expensive, difficult to obtain and sometimes synonymous with royalty,\u201d Cleto explains. \u201cAll these factors made red feel especially desirable and luxurious.\u201d <br><br>Everyone has their preferences as far as the variety, but according to Varley, the Samourai rose is at the top when it comes to the perfect Valentine\u2019s Day flower. \u201cIt is the perfect intense red that oozes luxury, and the large petals are velvety in texture and are complemented well by the surrounding dark green leaves,\u201d she says. \u201cThe shape of the bloom is perfect for a romantic bouquet also, as the oval buds open to a large double bloom flower, which is full and impactful. One further advantage is that this particular rose is thornless, which is perfect for gift giving.\u201d <br><br>While COVID-19\u2013related quarantine ignited a love of houseplants in Americans across the country, plants haven\u2019t supplanted roses as Valentine\u2019s Day gifts. \u201cRed roses are still far and away the most popular stem on Valentine\u2019s Day,\u201d says Varley. \u201cThe younger you are, the more likely you are to buy red roses. Mixed-stem bunches in hot pinks are becoming more popular. However, nothing quite says love like a red, red rose.\u201d <br><br>Of course, if you\u2019re celebrating platonic love\u2014say, for Galentine\u2019s Day\u2014you\u2019ll want to go with something that signifies friendship. Skip the red and go straight for yellow roses. You could even use online flower delivery services for a seamless shipment to your gal pal. <br><br>Those looking for inexpensive Valentine\u2019s Day gifts may want to make homemade Valentine\u2019s Day cards featuring the Valentine\u2019s Day flower and a love quote. Or go with a solo stem. It\u2019s a small nod to tradition that you can present before a date at a romantic restaurant. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8340700865,"RADAR":0.0194252692,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There wasn't a huge amount to point to human-generated text outside of a few style choices. I went with human-generated partially because there were no clear AI markers. The sentence \"...find out how the tradition of giving roses for Valentine's Day started...\"  seems like it's designed to make the reader engage and read the article fully which is a human goal."},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"There are none of the usual words AI tends to overuse but the sentence structure is typical of AI with the independent clause followed by a comma and a dependent clause. For example, \"One further advantage....gift giving.\" The word \"both\" appears once, which may be a hint of AI generation. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: inclusive references 'you're not someone', 'you're celebrating'. Varied sentence length. Sentence case headings. There are some punctuation errors, and a comma before an 'and'. Colloquial words like 'grumble' and 'decent'. Varied sentence length. Filler words like 'really'. Sensory words like 'oozes' and 'velvety'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I think the article's casual use of passive voice and its quirky tone is what makes me think this is human-written. While the article's made to be more of a fun-read, everything in it is accessible, easy to understand, and educational on various aspects of red roses and their popularity. Some phrases, such as \"before you hit the nearest florist for a rainbow\u2019s array of roses\" and \"intense red that oozes luxury, and the large petals are velvety in texture\" are descriptive and add quality to the article in how it conveys its information. It also plays with words, such as with \"plants haven\u2019t supplanted roses\" and \"\u2014say, for Galentine\u2019s Day\u2014\" to tickle the brain and entertain the reader, which adds that human element that's often missed. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Use of colloquial language.\nThe number of existential \u201cthere is\/are\u201d expressions. \nSentences that begin with coordinating conjunctions."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"78":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":19,"title":"This Drone Has Reunited Over 1,000 Dogs With Their Owners ","sub-title":"With the help of thermal images on drones, this U.K. charity has rescued over 1,400 lost dogs. ","author":"Lauren Allain","source":"Readers Digest","issue":-17955000,"section":"Pets & Animals","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/drone-to-home-dog-rescue\/","article":"A former police officer has become a real-life hero for dog owners in the United Kingdom. Phil James from Woodborough in Nottinghamshire took his hobby of flying drones and turned it into a rescue operation to help reunite lost dogs with their owners. James started Drone to Home in 2020, and now he and the team have successfully rescued over 1,400 dogs, according to a BBC interview. <br><br><b>What\u2019s Drone to Home?<\/b> <br><br>When a pet goes missing, most owners are left to organize their own search and rescue mission and rely on the kindness of strangers. But for those near Drone to Home, one call can make a world of difference. The charity rescue operation works to locate lost dogs and return them back to their worried owners. With the help of drones, the team at Drone to Home can cover significant ground and search in areas that would take rescuers on foot much longer to scan. <br><br>James wrote on the Drone to Home webpage, \u201cAt the start, it was just me and my drone searching areas that the owners had told me the dog had been last sighted. As I began finding more and more missing dogs, word soon spread that my skills and experience in reuniting missing dogs was a much-needed peace of mind for thousands of people in the community.\u201d <br><br>The Drone to Home operation has grown since then to receive hundreds of calls each year from owners of dogs that have gone missing. On average, the team searches for and reunites about 43 dogs each month. <br><br><b>How does Drone to Home find dogs?<\/b> <br><br>Searching for a lost dog can be tricky business. Not only can dogs often outrun us humans, but they can also find their way into inaccessible areas like dense forests or brush. This can make finding and retrieving a lost animal seem impossible. But thanks to the team at Drone to Home in the East Midlands area of England, these barriers are less of an issue. <br><br>Using thermal drones, James and other drone pilots can cover serious ground in a short amount of time. The thermal camera works to detect warm areas, so a field that would take searchers on foot hours to cover can be searched in minutes. <br><br>Drone to Home also uses their networking skills to help alert the community to be on the lookout for a lost dog. \u201cAs 2021 went by it became clear I required help, so I created a Whatsapp group where volunteers could join and help me if they could spare the time. Drone To Home now has hundreds of volunteers who help share content on social media and assist on-ground searchers,\u201d James said on the charity\u2019s website. <br><br>In January, the team located a lost dog in a field thanks to thermal imaging on the drone, but found the dog was too skittish to approach, even running from its owner. After an agonizing week of searching, Monty was eventually lured to safety thanks to a ham sandwich he found irresistible. <br><br>Drone to Home\u2019s \u201cFound Dog Gallery\u201d is full of other smiling dogs like Monty that are happy to be home and back in the arms of their owners. <br><br> ","id":48,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'A former police officer has become a real-life hero for dog owners in the United Kingdom. Phil James from Woodborough in Nottinghamshire took his hobby of flying drones and turned it into a rescue operation to help reunite lost dogs with their owners. James started Drone to Home in 2020, and now he and the team have successfully rescued over 1,400 dogs, according to a BBC interview. <br><br><b>What\u2019s Drone to Home?<\/b> <br><br>When a pet goes missing, most owners are left to organize their own search and rescue mission and rely on the kindness of strangers. But for those near Drone to Home, one call can make a world of difference. The charity rescue operation works to locate lost dogs and return them back to their worried owners. With the help of drones, the team at Drone to Home can cover significant ground and search in areas that would take rescuers on foot much longer to scan. <br><br>James wrote on the Drone to Home webpage, \u201cAt the start, it was just me and my drone searching areas that the owners had told me the dog had been last sighted. As I began finding more and more missing dogs, word soon spread that my skills and experience in reuniting missing dogs was a much-needed peace of mind for thousands of people in the community.\u201d <br><br>The Drone to Home operation has grown since then to receive hundreds of calls each year from owners of dogs that have gone missing. On average, the team searches for and reunites about 43 dogs each month. <br><br><b>How does Drone to Home find dogs?<\/b> <br><br>Searching for a lost dog can be tricky business. Not only can dogs often outrun us humans, but they can also find their way into inaccessible areas like dense forests or brush. This can make finding and retrieving a lost animal seem impossible. But thanks to the team at Drone to Home in the East Midlands area of England, these barriers are less of an issue. <br><br>Using thermal drones, James and other drone pilots can cover serious ground in a short amount of time. The thermal camera works to detect warm areas, so a field that would take searchers on foot hours to cover can be searched in minutes. <br><br>Drone to Home also uses their networking skills to help alert the community to be on the lookout for a lost dog. \u201cAs 2021 went by it became clear I required help, so I created a Whatsapp group where volunteers could join and help me if they could spare the time. Drone To Home now has hundreds of volunteers who help share content on social media and assist on-ground searchers,\u201d James said on the charity\u2019s website. <br><br>In January, the team located a lost dog in a field thanks to thermal imaging on the drone, but found the dog was too skittish to approach, even running from its owner. After an agonizing week of searching, Monty was eventually lured to safety thanks to a ham sandwich he found irresistible. <br><br>Drone to Home\u2019s \u201cFound Dog Gallery\u201d is full of other smiling dogs like Monty that are happy to be home and back in the arms of their owners. <br><br> ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.501953125, 'prediction': 'Possibly AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.031890869140625, 'GPT4': 0.40380859375, 'MISTRAL': 0.051483154296875, 'LLAMA': 0.00215911865234375, 'GEMINI': 0.005199432373046875, 'CLAUDE': 0.01033782958984375, 'HUMAN': 0.4951171875}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'A former police officer has become a real-life hero for dog owners in the United Kingdom. Phil James from Woodborough in Nottinghamshire took his hobby of flying drones and turned it into a rescue operation to help reunite lost dogs with their owners. James started Drone to Home in 2020, and now he and the team have successfully rescued over 1,400 dogs, according to a BBC interview. <br><br><b>What\u2019s Drone to Home?<\/b> <br><br>When a pet goes missing, most owners are left to organize their own search and rescue mission and rely on the kindness of strangers. But for those near Drone to Home, one call can make a world of difference. The charity rescue operation works to locate lost dogs and return them back to their worried owners. With the help of drones, the team at Drone to Home can cover significant ground and search in areas that would take rescuers on foot much longer to scan. <br><br>James wrote on the Drone to Home webpage, \u201cAt the start, it was just me and my drone searching areas that the owners had told me the dog had been last sighted. As I began finding more and more missing dogs, word soon spread that my skills and experience in reuniting missing dogs was a much-needed peace of mind for thousands of people in the community.\u201d <br><br>The Drone to Home operation has grown since then to receive hundreds of calls each year from owners of dogs that have gone missing. On average, the team searches for and reunites about 43 dogs each month. <br><br><b>How does Drone to Home find dogs?<\/b> <br><br>Searching for a lost dog can be tricky business. Not only can dogs often outrun us humans, but they can also find their way into inaccessible areas like dense forests or brush. This can make finding and retrieving a lost animal seem impossible. But thanks to the team at Drone to Home in the East Midlands area of England, these barriers are less of an issue. <br><br>Using thermal drones, James and other drone pilots can cover serious ground in a short amount of time. The thermal camera works to detect warm areas, so a field that would take searchers on foot hours to cover can be searched in minutes. <br><br>Drone to Home also uses their networking skills to help alert the community to be on the lookout for a lost dog. \u201cAs 2021 went by it became clear I required help, so I created a Whatsapp group where volunteers could join and help me if they could spare the time. Drone To Home now has hundreds of volunteers who help share content on social media and assist on-ground searchers,\u201d James said on the charity\u2019s website. <br><br>In January, the team located a lost dog in a field thanks to thermal imaging on the drone, but found the dog was too skittish to approach, even running from its owner. After an agonizing week of searching, Monty was eventually lured to safety thanks to a ham sandwich he found irresistible. <br><br>Drone to Home\u2019s \u201cFound Dog Gallery\u201d is full of other smiling dogs like Monty that are happy to be home and back in the arms of their owners. <br><br> ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0058441162109375, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '5bb094a1-14b3-4875-a336-d5de73c335e6', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.009481849148869514, 'sentence': 'A former police officer has become a real-life hero for dog owners in the United Kingdom.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.012649022974073887, 'sentence': 'Phil James from Woodborough in Nottinghamshire took his hobby of flying drones and turned it into a rescue operation to help reunite lost dogs with their owners.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.013502928428351879, 'sentence': 'James started Drone to Home in 2020, and now he and the team have successfully rescued over 1,400 dogs, according to a BBC interview.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.02082490362226963, 'sentence': \"<br><br><b>What's Drone to Home?<\/b> <br><br>When a pet goes missing, most owners are left to organize their own search and rescue mission and rely on the kindness of strangers.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.017689863219857216, 'sentence': 'But for those near Drone to Home, one call can make a world of difference.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01583666168153286, 'sentence': 'The charity rescue operation works to locate lost dogs and return them back to their worried owners.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010067332535982132, 'sentence': 'With the help of drones, the team at Drone to Home can cover significant ground and search in areas that would take rescuers on foot much longer to scan.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.005769768264144659, 'sentence': '<br><br>James wrote on the Drone to Home webpage, \u201cAt the start, it was just me and my drone searching areas that the owners had told me the dog had been last sighted.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007700768765062094, 'sentence': 'As I began finding more and more missing dogs, word soon spread that my skills and experience in reuniting missing dogs was a much-needed peace of mind for thousands of people in the community.\u201d <br><br>The Drone to Home operation has grown since then to receive hundreds of calls each year from owners of dogs that have gone missing.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.012227167375385761, 'sentence': 'On average, the team searches for and reunites about 43 dogs each month.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01186185423284769, 'sentence': '<br><br><b>How does Drone to Home find dogs?<\/b> <br><br>Searching for a lost dog can be tricky business.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.415782551513985e-05, 'sentence': 'Not only can dogs often outrun us humans, but they can also find their way into inaccessible areas like dense forests or brush.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011835724581032991, 'sentence': 'This can make finding and retrieving a lost animal seem impossible.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.267088221851736e-05, 'sentence': 'But thanks to the team at Drone to Home in the East Midlands area of England, these barriers are less of an issue.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.5584325309609994e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Using thermal drones, James and other drone pilots can cover serious ground in a short amount of time.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.109342550393194e-05, 'sentence': 'The thermal camera works to detect warm areas, so a field that would take searchers on foot hours to cover can be searched in minutes.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.9067443140083924e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Drone to Home also uses their networking skills to help alert the community to be on the lookout for a lost dog.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.908310100086965e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cAs 2021 went by it became clear I required help, so I created a Whatsapp group where volunteers could join and help me if they could spare the time.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.088489731657319e-05, 'sentence': \"Drone To Home now has hundreds of volunteers who help share content on social media and assist on-ground searchers,\u201d James said on the charity's website.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.483947122935206e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>In January, the team located a lost dog in a field thanks to thermal imaging on the drone, but found the dog was too skittish to approach, even running from its owner.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.334595334716141e-05, 'sentence': 'After an agonizing week of searching, Monty was eventually lured to safety thanks to a ham sandwich he found irresistible.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.14446762483567e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>Drone to Home's \u201cFound Dog Gallery\u201d is full of other smiling dogs like Monty that are happy to be home and back in the arms of their owners.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.601328717195429e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 23, 'completely_generated_prob': 2.3367398512545458e-20}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.024462635563563526, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9755373644364365, 'ai': 0.024462635563563526, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9755373644364365, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.024462635563563526, 'human': 0.9755373644364365, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'A former police officer has become a real-life hero for dog owners in the United Kingdom. Phil James from Woodborough in Nottinghamshire took his hobby of flying drones and turned it into a rescue operation to help reunite lost dogs with their owners. James started Drone to Home in 2020, and now he and the team have successfully rescued over 1,400 dogs, according to a BBC interview. <br><br><b>What\u2019s Drone to Home?<\/b> <br><br>When a pet goes missing, most owners are left to organize their own search and rescue mission and rely on the kindness of strangers. But for those near Drone to Home, one call can make a world of difference. The charity rescue operation works to locate lost dogs and return them back to their worried owners. With the help of drones, the team at Drone to Home can cover significant ground and search in areas that would take rescuers on foot much longer to scan. <br><br>James wrote on the Drone to Home webpage, \u201cAt the start, it was just me and my drone searching areas that the owners had told me the dog had been last sighted. As I began finding more and more missing dogs, word soon spread that my skills and experience in reuniting missing dogs was a much-needed peace of mind for thousands of people in the community.\u201d <br><br>The Drone to Home operation has grown since then to receive hundreds of calls each year from owners of dogs that have gone missing. On average, the team searches for and reunites about 43 dogs each month. <br><br><b>How does Drone to Home find dogs?<\/b> <br><br>Searching for a lost dog can be tricky business. Not only can dogs often outrun us humans, but they can also find their way into inaccessible areas like dense forests or brush. This can make finding and retrieving a lost animal seem impossible. But thanks to the team at Drone to Home in the East Midlands area of England, these barriers are less of an issue. <br><br>Using thermal drones, James and other drone pilots can cover serious ground in a short amount of time. The thermal camera works to detect warm areas, so a field that would take searchers on foot hours to cover can be searched in minutes. <br><br>Drone to Home also uses their networking skills to help alert the community to be on the lookout for a lost dog. \u201cAs 2021 went by it became clear I required help, so I created a Whatsapp group where volunteers could join and help me if they could spare the time. Drone To Home now has hundreds of volunteers who help share content on social media and assist on-ground searchers,\u201d James said on the charity\u2019s website. <br><br>In January, the team located a lost dog in a field thanks to thermal imaging on the drone, but found the dog was too skittish to approach, even running from its owner. After an agonizing week of searching, Monty was eventually lured to safety thanks to a ham sandwich he found irresistible. <br><br>Drone to Home\u2019s \u201cFound Dog Gallery\u201d is full of other smiling dogs like Monty that are happy to be home and back in the arms of their owners. <br><br> '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8810470104,"RADAR":0.0220485236,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The reference to the \"Found Dog Gallery\" at the end seems like it would be taken from a real article and have a link to a gallery. In the context of an AI article, it would make little sense. The other sentence that references \"us humans\" is also not something that AI usually does. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There's only one sign of AI here: \"not only...but also.\"\nDrone to Home is capitalized differently in a couple of places, which is probably a human error: \"Drone To Home\" and \"Drone to Home.\"\n\"Return them back\" would probably be corrected by AI as \"Returned them.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"This was difficult. I don't see any of the usual offenders: 'significantly', 'maintaining' or 'crucial', but it follows the same kind of structure as AI which is why I'm not 100% confident. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am somewhat confident this is AI-generated, mostly because the wording used throughout it is odd, off-putting in a way. For instance, within this quote, \"my skills and experience in reuniting missing dogs was a much-needed peace of mind for thousands of people in the community.\" doesn't feel like what someone would phrase such a thing. While there are exceptions to this rule, the phrase \"much-needed peace of mind\" isn't how most people would put it. Also, phrases such as \"After an agonizing week of searching, Monty was eventually lured to safety thanks to a ham sandwich he found irresistible.\" are brief, but lack details about the dangers of lost dogs in the wilderness, why it takes so long, what are the problems these people face, and why do thermal drones solve this issue. It's brief enough to give the gist, but not enough detail to say how and why this service matters so much to people. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Had the piece been machine-generated, it would have ended with an uplifting message to the reader. Machines know nothing about \"smiling dogs\".\nNo stylistic words that make the text unnecessarily dense.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"79":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":20,"title":"The Myth that Musicians Die at 27 Shows How Superstitions Are Made","sub-title":"Famous people who die at age 27, such as Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix and Amy Winehouse, get even more famous because of the mythology surrounding that number\u2014an example of how modern folklore emerges","author":"Rachel Nuwer ","source":"Scientific American","issue":-17954000,"section":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/the-myth-that-musicians-die-at-27-shows-how-superstitions-are-made\/","article":"Zackary Dunivin, a sociologist now at the University of California, Davis, was watching a movie about artist Jean-Michel Basquiat when something in the epilogue caught his attention. Basquiat, the explanatory text stated, died of a drug overdose at the age of 27. Dunivin felt that something about this particular age seemed to lend additional weight to the tragedy of Basquiat\u2019s death, and he quickly realized why: Basquiat was a member of the \u201c27 Club.\u201d This widespread myth holds that famous people, especially musicians, are unusually likely to die at age 27. <br><br>The film, Basquiat, made Dunivin wonder about how the 27 Club myth propagates itself and what that means for the people who are caught up in it. In a new Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA paper, he provides some answers: more attention is paid to people who die at the age of 27 because of the existence of the club, he found, and this creates a positive feedback loop that both strengthens the legend\u2019s potency and the fame of those it pertains to. <br><br>\u201cThe weird thing about this particular myth is: even if you don\u2019t know about the 27 Club, you encounter more famous dead people who died at 27,\u201d Dunivin says. \u201cWe\u2019ve made this myth appear to be true because the appearance that more people who die at 27 is real.\u201d <br><br>The idea that especially talented people are prone to untimely deaths goes back to ancients. As noted by the Greek playwright Menander in the Fourth Century B.C.E., \u201cWhom the gods love die young.\u201d <br><br>The idea that musicians, artists, actors and other creative people are more likely to die specifically at the age of 27, however, emerged more recently, after a series of high-profile deaths in the early 1970s. Between 1969 and 1971, Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison each died at that age. By chance, these rock stars were all icons of the counterculture movement, and the first and last of their deaths occurred two years apart to the day. \u201cWe are meaning-making machines\u2014that\u2019s what we do as human beings,\u201d Dunivin says. \u201cYou look at that and say, \u2018It can\u2019t be a coincidence!\u2019\u201d <br><br>The fact that people latched on to this particular group of deaths in the 1970s is somewhat justified, Dunivin continues, because of just how unusual it was. In the new paper, he calculated a steep one in 100,000 chance that four 27-year-olds at the top of a Wikipedia list of famous people\u2014the list\u2019s 99.9th percentile, \u201ctrue superstars,\u201d as Dunivin says\u2014would die in a two-year period. <br><br>The myth\u2019s popularity has been revived and reinforced over the years, he adds, by other headline-making deaths of famous 27-year-olds, including Kurt Cobain and Amy Winehouse. <br><br>Dunivin did not set out to debunk the myth itself\u2014that had already been done by another group of researchers in 2011. Instead he wanted to untangle how a legend that emerged out of a random but \u201ctruly strange\u201d series of events went on to have a real-world impact by shaping the legacies of other famous people who subsequently died at 27. <br><br>For the data, Dunivin and his co-author, sociologist Patrick Kaminski of Indiana University Bloomington and the University of Stuttgart in Germany, turned to a database of notable people that includes nearly everyone with a Wikipedia page in all languages. They limited their analysis to people who were born after 1900 and who died before 2015, leaving them with 344,156 individuals. The researchers used page visits as a proxy for fame. <br><br>Statistical models that they used reconfirmed that there is no increased risk of famous people dying at age 27. Among those in the 90th percentile of fame and higher, however, those who died at 27 did experience an extra boost in popularity that could not be accounted for by other factors. The effect was particularly pronounced for the most famous of the famous, or individuals who roughly achieved the 99th percentile of fame. That bump indicates that people who die at age 27 \u201care considerably more likely to be more famous\u201d than those who die at 26 or 28, Dunivin says. <br><br>Cultural myths are generally \u201cvery hard to study empirically,\u201d says Omar Lizardo, a sociologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, who was not involved in the work. But by using a \u201cclever\u201d approach, he says, Dunivin and Kaminski did \u201ca good job of providing a lot of circumstantial evidence that the phenomenon is real and that artists who die around that age garner more attention and notoriety.\u201d <br><br>Timothy Tangherlini, a folklorist at the University of California, Berkeley, who was not involved in the research, calls it a \u201cmajor contribution\u201d to what is known as computational folklore. <br><br>The authors succeed in \u201cleveraging sophisticated statistical models and novel data to understand the feedback mechanisms of belief, storytelling and their real-world effects,\u201d Tangherlini says. \u201cUltimately, they provide a mechanism for understanding how, in death, these young musicians\u2014because of an unusual coincidence of timing\u2014have grown in fame because of the emergence of a coordinating narrative that clearly resonated among fans and the broader public.\u201d ","id":49,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Zackary Dunivin, a sociologist now at the University of California, Davis, was watching a movie about artist Jean-Michel Basquiat when something in the epilogue caught his attention. Basquiat, the explanatory text stated, died of a drug overdose at the age of 27. Dunivin felt that something about this particular age seemed to lend additional weight to the tragedy of Basquiat\u2019s death, and he quickly realized why: Basquiat was a member of the \u201c27 Club.\u201d This widespread myth holds that famous people, especially musicians, are unusually likely to die at age 27. <br><br>The film, Basquiat, made Dunivin wonder about how the 27 Club myth propagates itself and what that means for the people who are caught up in it. In a new Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA paper, he provides some answers: more attention is paid to people who die at the age of 27 because of the existence of the club, he found, and this creates a positive feedback loop that both strengthens the legend\u2019s potency and the fame of those it pertains to. <br><br>\u201cThe weird thing about this particular myth is: even if you don\u2019t know about the 27 Club, you encounter more famous dead people who died at 27,\u201d Dunivin says. \u201cWe\u2019ve made this myth appear to be true because the appearance that more people who die at 27 is real.\u201d <br><br>The idea that especially talented people are prone to untimely deaths goes back to ancients. As noted by the Greek playwright Menander in the Fourth Century B.C.E., \u201cWhom the gods love die young.\u201d <br><br>The idea that musicians, artists, actors and other creative people are more likely to die specifically at the age of 27, however, emerged more recently, after a series of high-profile deaths in the early 1970s. Between 1969 and 1971, Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison each died at that age. By chance, these rock stars were all icons of the counterculture movement, and the first and last of their deaths occurred two years apart to the day. \u201cWe are meaning-making machines\u2014that\u2019s what we do as human beings,\u201d Dunivin says. \u201cYou look at that and say, \u2018It can\u2019t be a coincidence!\u2019\u201d <br><br>The fact that people latched on to this particular group of deaths in the 1970s is somewhat justified, Dunivin continues, because of just how unusual it was. In the new paper, he calculated a steep one in 100,000 chance that four 27-year-olds at the top of a Wikipedia list of famous people\u2014the list\u2019s 99.9th percentile, \u201ctrue superstars,\u201d as Dunivin says\u2014would die in a two-year period. <br><br>The myth\u2019s popularity has been revived and reinforced over the years, he adds, by other headline-making deaths of famous 27-year-olds, including Kurt Cobain and Amy Winehouse. <br><br>Dunivin did not set out to debunk the myth itself\u2014that had already been done by another group of researchers in 2011. Instead he wanted to untangle how a legend that emerged out of a random but \u201ctruly strange\u201d series of events went on to have a real-world impact by shaping the legacies of other famous people who subsequently died at 27. <br><br>For the data, Dunivin and his co-author, sociologist Patrick Kaminski of Indiana University Bloomington and the University of Stuttgart in Germany, turned to a database of notable people that includes nearly everyone with a Wikipedia page in all languages. They limited their analysis to people who were born after 1900 and who died before 2015, leaving them with 344,156 individuals. The researchers used page visits as a proxy for fame. <br><br>Statistical models that they used reconfirmed that there is no increased risk of famous people dying at age 27. Among those in the 90th percentile of fame and higher, however, those who died at 27 did experience an extra boost in popularity that could not be accounted for by other factors. The effect was particularly pronounced for the most famous of the famous, or individuals who roughly achieved the 99th percentile of fame. That bump indicates that people who die at age 27 \u201care considerably more likely to be more famous\u201d than those who die at 26 or 28, Dunivin says. <br><br>Cultural myths are generally \u201cvery hard to study empirically,\u201d says Omar Lizardo, a sociologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, who was not involved in the work. But by using a \u201cclever\u201d approach, he says, Dunivin and Kaminski did \u201ca good job of providing a lot of circumstantial evidence that the phenomenon is real and that artists who die around that age garner more attention and notoriety.\u201d <br><br>Timothy Tangherlini, a folklorist at the University of California, Berkeley, who was not involved in the research, calls it a \u201cmajor contribution\u201d to what is known as computational folklore. <br><br>The authors succeed in \u201cleveraging sophisticated statistical models and novel data to understand the feedback mechanisms of belief, storytelling and their real-world effects,\u201d Tangherlini says. \u201cUltimately, they provide a mechanism for understanding how, in death, these young musicians\u2014because of an unusual coincidence of timing\u2014have grown in fame because of the emergence of a coordinating narrative that clearly resonated among fans and the broader public.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00010514259338378906, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Zackary Dunivin, a sociologist now at the University of California, Davis, was watching a movie about artist Jean-Michel Basquiat when something in the epilogue caught his attention. Basquiat, the explanatory text stated, died of a drug overdose at the age of 27. Dunivin felt that something about this particular age seemed to lend additional weight to the tragedy of Basquiat\u2019s death, and he quickly realized why: Basquiat was a member of the \u201c27 Club.\u201d This widespread myth holds that famous people, especially musicians, are unusually likely to die at age 27. <br><br>The film, Basquiat, made Dunivin wonder about how the 27 Club myth propagates itself and what that means for the people who are caught up in it. In a new Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA paper, he provides some answers: more attention is paid to people who die at the age of 27 because of the existence of the club, he found, and this creates a positive feedback loop that both strengthens the legend\u2019s potency and the fame of those it pertains to. <br><br>\u201cThe weird thing about this particular myth is: even if you don\u2019t know about the 27 Club, you encounter more famous dead people who died at 27,\u201d Dunivin says. \u201cWe\u2019ve made this myth appear to be true because the appearance that more people who die at 27 is real.\u201d <br><br>The idea that especially talented people are prone to untimely deaths goes back to ancients. As noted by the Greek playwright Menander in the Fourth Century B.C.E., \u201cWhom the gods love die young.\u201d <br><br>The idea that musicians, artists, actors and other creative people are more likely to die specifically at the age of 27, however, emerged more recently, after a series of high-profile deaths in the early 1970s. Between 1969 and 1971, Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison each died at that age. By chance, these rock stars were all icons of the counterculture movement, and the first and last of their deaths occurred two years apart to the day. \u201cWe are meaning-making machines\u2014that\u2019s what we do as human beings,\u201d Dunivin says. \u201cYou look at that and say, \u2018It can\u2019t be a coincidence!\u2019\u201d <br><br>The fact that people latched on to this particular group of deaths in the 1970s is somewhat justified, Dunivin continues, because of just how unusual it was. 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epilogue caught his attention. Basquiat, the explanatory text stated, died of a drug overdose at the age of 27. Dunivin felt that something about this particular age seemed to lend additional weight to the tragedy of Basquiat\u2019s death, and he quickly realized why: Basquiat was a member of the \u201c27 Club.\u201d This widespread myth holds that famous people, especially musicians, are unusually likely to die at age 27. <br><br>The film, Basquiat, made Dunivin wonder about how the 27 Club myth propagates itself and what that means for the people who are caught up in it. In a new Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA paper, he provides some answers: more attention is paid to people who die at the age of 27 because of the existence of the club, he found, and this creates a positive feedback loop that both strengthens the legend\u2019s potency and the fame of those it pertains to. <br><br>\u201cThe weird thing about this particular myth is: even if you don\u2019t know about the 27 Club, you encounter more famous dead people who died at 27,\u201d Dunivin says. \u201cWe\u2019ve made this myth appear to be true because the appearance that more people who die at 27 is real.\u201d <br><br>The idea that especially talented people are prone to untimely deaths goes back to ancients. As noted by the Greek playwright Menander in the Fourth Century B.C.E., \u201cWhom the gods love die young.\u201d <br><br>The idea that musicians, artists, actors and other creative people are more likely to die specifically at the age of 27, however, emerged more recently, after a series of high-profile deaths in the early 1970s. Between 1969 and 1971, Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison each died at that age. By chance, these rock stars were all icons of the counterculture movement, and the first and last of their deaths occurred two years apart to the day. \u201cWe are meaning-making machines\u2014that\u2019s what we do as human beings,\u201d Dunivin says. \u201cYou look at that and say, \u2018It can\u2019t be a coincidence!\u2019\u201d <br><br>The fact that people latched on to this particular group of deaths in the 1970s is somewhat justified, Dunivin continues, because of just how unusual it was. In the new paper, he calculated a steep one in 100,000 chance that four 27-year-olds at the top of a Wikipedia list of famous people\u2014the list\u2019s 99.9th percentile, \u201ctrue superstars,\u201d as Dunivin says\u2014would die in a two-year period. <br><br>The myth\u2019s popularity has been revived and reinforced over the years, he adds, by other headline-making deaths of famous 27-year-olds, including Kurt Cobain and Amy Winehouse. <br><br>Dunivin did not set out to debunk the myth itself\u2014that had already been done by another group of researchers in 2011. Instead he wanted to untangle how a legend that emerged out of a random but \u201ctruly strange\u201d series of events went on to have a real-world impact by shaping the legacies of other famous people who subsequently died at 27. <br><br>For the data, Dunivin and his co-author, sociologist Patrick Kaminski of Indiana University Bloomington and the University of Stuttgart in Germany, turned to a database of notable people that includes nearly everyone with a Wikipedia page in all languages. They limited their analysis to people who were born after 1900 and who died before 2015, leaving them with 344,156 individuals. The researchers used page visits as a proxy for fame. <br><br>Statistical models that they used reconfirmed that there is no increased risk of famous people dying at age 27. Among those in the 90th percentile of fame and higher, however, those who died at 27 did experience an extra boost in popularity that could not be accounted for by other factors. The effect was particularly pronounced for the most famous of the famous, or individuals who roughly achieved the 99th percentile of fame. That bump indicates that people who die at age 27 \u201care considerably more likely to be more famous\u201d than those who die at 26 or 28, Dunivin says. <br><br>Cultural myths are generally \u201cvery hard to study empirically,\u201d says Omar Lizardo, a sociologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, who was not involved in the work. But by using a \u201cclever\u201d approach, he says, Dunivin and Kaminski did \u201ca good job of providing a lot of circumstantial evidence that the phenomenon is real and that artists who die around that age garner more attention and notoriety.\u201d <br><br>Timothy Tangherlini, a folklorist at the University of California, Berkeley, who was not involved in the research, calls it a \u201cmajor contribution\u201d to what is known as computational folklore. <br><br>The authors succeed in \u201cleveraging sophisticated statistical models and novel data to understand the feedback mechanisms of belief, storytelling and their real-world effects,\u201d Tangherlini says. \u201cUltimately, they provide a mechanism for understanding how, in death, these young musicians\u2014because of an unusual coincidence of timing\u2014have grown in fame because of the emergence of a coordinating narrative that clearly resonated among fans and the broader public.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8104317188,"RADAR":0.0191605482,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The introduction is unique as it starts with the subject of the article watching a movie rather than instantly explaining the entire point of the article. The relevance is only explained after a few sentences, which aims to grab readers' attention and isn't something LLMs seem to do. The methodology behind the study is also quite well explained which further points towards the article being written by a real human. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There is a grammatical error in the sentence \"and this creates...pertains to.\" It should be \"and this creates a positive feedback loop that strengthens both the legend's potency and the fame of those it pertains to.\" Also, mixing \"we\" and \"you\" is incorrect. These suggest human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: It contains some awkward punctuation, notably the colon in the first highlighted sentence. This phrase is also a clanger 'The idea that especially talented people are prone to untimely deaths goes back to ancients'. There's missing punctuation later on. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this is human-written. Most of the article contains a lot of variety in sentence structure, with its use of grammar, casual tone, and how it presents its statistics. Its quotes are realistic and the sentences contain a lot of those filler words that, while they may not seem necessary, help add to the article's pacing and structure, including \"\u201cWe\u2019ve made this myth appear to be true because the appearance that more people who die at 27 is real.\u201d and \"out of a random but \u201ctruly strange\u201d series of events\" It also plays with word choice and helps introduce concepts, such as \"meaning-making machines\" and \"the 27th club myth propagates itself\", and even includes a quote from Menander that may not seem relevant to the topic, but through ideas, it is, which is hard to achieve if you can't connect patterns together well. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The last sentence of par. 1 is plagiarized so I suppose that counts as human-generated. The paper is undeniably new: published in November 2024.\nA grammatical error (omission of the definite article in \"deaths goes back to ancients\") and adept use of punctuation are the only other reasons for my choice."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"80":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":21,"title":"Pupil Dilation Reveals Better Working Memory ","sub-title":"People whose eyes dilated more performed better on tests of working memory ","author":"Kate Graham-Shaw ","source":"Scientific American","issue":-17955000,"section":"Mind & Brain","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/pupil-dilation-reveals-better-working-memory\/","article":"From a scientific perspective, it may sound a bit too fanciful to call our eyes \u201cwindows to the soul.\u201d But research suggests that looking into them can, quite literally, offer a peep into a person\u2019s basic cognition. <br><br>The 10th Century Persian physician Al-Razi (also known as Rhazes) is often credited with connecting pupil size and light exposure. In the 20th century neuroscientists began to investigate pupils\u2019 connection to deep-brain processes. They found that pupils\u2019 size also fluctuates with attention, arousal and anger\u2014and may even be linked to intelligence. Now a study in Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics suggests that working memory (the executive function that lets us process, remember and use information) correlates with pupil size, too. <br><br>Researchers placed study participants in a light-controlled environment and used a specialized eye-tracking tool to measure pupils during a common test for assessing working memory. Participants viewed a sequence of numerals that flashed on a screen for 2.5 seconds each and had to determine whether the current digit matched the one they had seen two digits back. <br><br>Participants whose pupils dilated more performed better on the task\u2014suggesting pupil size does have a connection with working memory. \u201cThe same part of the brain that controls this dilation when something stressful triggers our body to become aroused also controls arousal when we are really focused on a task or doing something cognitively effortful, leading to an increase in pupil diameter,\u201d says study co-author Lauren D. Garner, a psychologist at the University of Texas at Arlington. <br><br>\u201cOur research specifically focused on individual differences,\u201d Garner continues. \u201cWe\u2019re interested in how people who are more consistent in devoting attention toward a task and more intensely devote attention toward a task perform better\u201d\u2014an idea called the intensity-consistency framework. <br><br>People who were more successful at the task devoted more intense attention (indicated by increased pupil diameter) more consistently (indicated by less variation in pupil size) than people who performed worse, Garner says. High performers\u2019 pupils also dilated more when they looked at numeral matches versus nonmatches. <br><br>Tracking links between an individual\u2019s cognitive mechanisms and pupil size could be an extremely useful method of analysis. \u201cIt\u2019s a noninvasive channel of measuring brain state,\u201d says neuroscientist Andreas Tolias of Stanford University. \u201cFinding these correlations with performance is yet another indication that pupil measurement is very important.\u201d <br><br>Garner and study co-author Matthew Robison, also a psychologist at UT Arlington, hope that future research examines how specific physiological brain activity drives pupil size changes. \u201cWhat would be really cool is to do simultaneous eye tracking and functional neuroimaging,\u201d Robison says. \u201cBecause then we can really start to look at the temporal dynamics and activity of deep-brain regions.\u201d ","id":50,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'From a scientific perspective, it may sound a bit too fanciful to call our eyes \u201cwindows to the soul.\u201d But research suggests that looking into them can, quite literally, offer a peep into a person\u2019s basic cognition. <br><br>The 10th Century Persian physician Al-Razi (also known as Rhazes) is often credited with connecting pupil size and light exposure. In the 20th century neuroscientists began to investigate pupils\u2019 connection to deep-brain processes. They found that pupils\u2019 size also fluctuates with attention, arousal and anger\u2014and may even be linked to intelligence. Now a study in Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics suggests that working memory (the executive function that lets us process, remember and use information) correlates with pupil size, too. <br><br>Researchers placed study participants in a light-controlled environment and used a specialized eye-tracking tool to measure pupils during a common test for assessing working memory. Participants viewed a sequence of numerals that flashed on a screen for 2.5 seconds each and had to determine whether the current digit matched the one they had seen two digits back. <br><br>Participants whose pupils dilated more performed better on the task\u2014suggesting pupil size does have a connection with working memory. \u201cThe same part of the brain that controls this dilation when something stressful triggers our body to become aroused also controls arousal when we are really focused on a task or doing something cognitively effortful, leading to an increase in pupil diameter,\u201d says study co-author Lauren D. Garner, a psychologist at the University of Texas at Arlington. <br><br>\u201cOur research specifically focused on individual differences,\u201d Garner continues. \u201cWe\u2019re interested in how people who are more consistent in devoting attention toward a task and more intensely devote attention toward a task perform better\u201d\u2014an idea called the intensity-consistency framework. <br><br>People who were more successful at the task devoted more intense attention (indicated by increased pupil diameter) more consistently (indicated by less variation in pupil size) than people who performed worse, Garner says. High performers\u2019 pupils also dilated more when they looked at numeral matches versus nonmatches. <br><br>Tracking links between an individual\u2019s cognitive mechanisms and pupil size could be an extremely useful method of analysis. \u201cIt\u2019s a noninvasive channel of measuring brain state,\u201d says neuroscientist Andreas Tolias of Stanford University. \u201cFinding these correlations with performance is yet another indication that pupil measurement is very important.\u201d <br><br>Garner and study co-author Matthew Robison, also a psychologist at UT Arlington, hope that future research examines how specific physiological brain activity drives pupil size changes. \u201cWhat would be really cool is to do simultaneous eye tracking and functional neuroimaging,\u201d Robison says. \u201cBecause then we can really start to look at the temporal dynamics and activity of deep-brain regions.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 8.344650268554688e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'From a scientific perspective, it may sound a bit too fanciful to call our eyes \u201cwindows to the soul.\u201d But research suggests that looking into them can, quite literally, offer a peep into a person\u2019s basic cognition. <br><br>The 10th Century Persian physician Al-Razi (also known as Rhazes) is often credited with connecting pupil size and light exposure. In the 20th century neuroscientists began to investigate pupils\u2019 connection to deep-brain processes. They found that pupils\u2019 size also fluctuates with attention, arousal and anger\u2014and may even be linked to intelligence. Now a study in Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics suggests that working memory (the executive function that lets us process, remember and use information) correlates with pupil size, too. <br><br>Researchers placed study participants in a light-controlled environment and used a specialized eye-tracking tool to measure pupils during a common test for assessing working memory. Participants viewed a sequence of numerals that flashed on a screen for 2.5 seconds each and had to determine whether the current digit matched the one they had seen two digits back. <br><br>Participants whose pupils dilated more performed better on the task\u2014suggesting pupil size does have a connection with working memory. \u201cThe same part of the brain that controls this dilation when something stressful triggers our body to become aroused also controls arousal when we are really focused on a task or doing something cognitively effortful, leading to an increase in pupil diameter,\u201d says study co-author Lauren D. Garner, a psychologist at the University of Texas at Arlington. <br><br>\u201cOur research specifically focused on individual differences,\u201d Garner continues. \u201cWe\u2019re interested in how people who are more consistent in devoting attention toward a task and more intensely devote attention toward a task perform better\u201d\u2014an idea called the intensity-consistency framework. <br><br>People who were more successful at the task devoted more intense attention (indicated by increased pupil diameter) more consistently (indicated by less variation in pupil size) than people who performed worse, Garner says. High performers\u2019 pupils also dilated more when they looked at numeral matches versus nonmatches. <br><br>Tracking links between an individual\u2019s cognitive mechanisms and pupil size could be an extremely useful method of analysis. \u201cIt\u2019s a noninvasive channel of measuring brain state,\u201d says neuroscientist Andreas Tolias of Stanford University. \u201cFinding these correlations with performance is yet another indication that pupil measurement is very important.\u201d <br><br>Garner and study co-author Matthew Robison, also a psychologist at UT Arlington, hope that future research examines how specific physiological brain activity drives pupil size changes. \u201cWhat would be really cool is to do simultaneous eye tracking and functional neuroimaging,\u201d Robison says. \u201cBecause then we can really start to look at the temporal dynamics and activity of deep-brain regions.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.9073486328125e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'b764fcf5-6220-44a5-8348-50d233778c68', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.635519533418119e-05, 'sentence': \"From a scientific perspective, it may sound a bit too fanciful to call our eyes \u201cwindows to the soul.\u201d But research suggests that looking into them can, quite literally, offer a peep into a person's basic cognition.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.408550037420355e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>The 10th Century Persian physician Al-Razi (also known as Rhazes) is often credited with connecting pupil size and light exposure.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.8056001358199865e-05, 'sentence': \"In the 20th century neuroscientists began to investigate pupils' connection to deep-brain processes.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.215856097289361e-05, 'sentence': \"They found that pupils' size also fluctuates with attention, arousal and anger\u1173and may even be linked to intelligence.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.816923683392815e-05, 'sentence': 'Now a study in Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics suggests that working memory (the executive function that lets us process, remember and use information) correlates with pupil size, too.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.63439391751308e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Researchers placed study participants in a light-controlled environment and used a specialized eye-tracking tool to measure pupils during a common test for assessing working memory.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.493441156228073e-05, 'sentence': 'Participants viewed a sequence of numerals that flashed on a screen for 2.5 seconds each and had to determine whether the current digit matched the one they had seen two digits back.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.807281220564619e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Participants whose pupils dilated more performed better on the task\u1173suggesting pupil size does have a connection with working memory.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.382846474181861e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cThe same part of the brain that controls this dilation when something stressful triggers our body to become aroused also controls arousal when we are really focused on a task or doing something cognitively effortful, leading to an increase in pupil diameter,\u201d says study co-author Lauren D. Garner, a psychologist at the University of Texas at Arlington.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.135148527799174e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cOur research specifically focused on individual differences,\u201d Garner continues.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011274391727056354, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe're interested in how people who are more consistent in devoting attention toward a task and more intensely devote attention toward a task perform better\u201d\u1173an idea called the intensity-consistency framework.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.154346869559959e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>People who were more successful at the task devoted more intense attention (indicated by increased pupil diameter) more consistently (indicated by less variation in pupil size) than people who performed worse, Garner says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013547851995099336, 'sentence': \"High performers' pupils also dilated more when they looked at numeral matches versus nonmatches.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011914946662727743, 'sentence': \"<br><br>Tracking links between an individual's cognitive mechanisms and pupil size could be an extremely useful method of analysis.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001493508752901107, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's a noninvasive channel of measuring brain state,\u201d says neuroscientist Andreas Tolias of Stanford University.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001410223194397986, 'sentence': '\u201cFinding these correlations with performance is yet another indication that pupil measurement is very important.\u201d <br><br>Garner and study co-author Matthew Robison, also a psychologist at UT Arlington, hope that future research examines how specific physiological brain activity drives pupil size changes.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001800060272216797, 'sentence': '\u201cWhat would be really cool is to do simultaneous eye tracking and functional neuroimaging,\u201d Robison says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0016084890812635422, 'sentence': '\u201cBecause then we can really start to look at the temporal dynamics and activity of deep-brain regions.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 18, 'completely_generated_prob': 6.037935602283885e-16}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00879996730024586, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9912000326997541, 'ai': 0.00879996730024586, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9912000326997541, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.00879996730024586, 'human': 0.9912000326997541, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'From a scientific perspective, it may sound a bit too fanciful to call our eyes \u201cwindows to the soul.\u201d But research suggests that looking into them can, quite literally, offer a peep into a person\u2019s basic cognition. <br><br>The 10th Century Persian physician Al-Razi (also known as Rhazes) is often credited with connecting pupil size and light exposure. In the 20th century neuroscientists began to investigate pupils\u2019 connection to deep-brain processes. They found that pupils\u2019 size also fluctuates with attention, arousal and anger\u2014and may even be linked to intelligence. Now a study in Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics suggests that working memory (the executive function that lets us process, remember and use information) correlates with pupil size, too. <br><br>Researchers placed study participants in a light-controlled environment and used a specialized eye-tracking tool to measure pupils during a common test for assessing working memory. Participants viewed a sequence of numerals that flashed on a screen for 2.5 seconds each and had to determine whether the current digit matched the one they had seen two digits back. <br><br>Participants whose pupils dilated more performed better on the task\u2014suggesting pupil size does have a connection with working memory. \u201cThe same part of the brain that controls this dilation when something stressful triggers our body to become aroused also controls arousal when we are really focused on a task or doing something cognitively effortful, leading to an increase in pupil diameter,\u201d says study co-author Lauren D. Garner, a psychologist at the University of Texas at Arlington. <br><br>\u201cOur research specifically focused on individual differences,\u201d Garner continues. \u201cWe\u2019re interested in how people who are more consistent in devoting attention toward a task and more intensely devote attention toward a task perform better\u201d\u2014an idea called the intensity-consistency framework. <br><br>People who were more successful at the task devoted more intense attention (indicated by increased pupil diameter) more consistently (indicated by less variation in pupil size) than people who performed worse, Garner says. High performers\u2019 pupils also dilated more when they looked at numeral matches versus nonmatches. <br><br>Tracking links between an individual\u2019s cognitive mechanisms and pupil size could be an extremely useful method of analysis. \u201cIt\u2019s a noninvasive channel of measuring brain state,\u201d says neuroscientist Andreas Tolias of Stanford University. \u201cFinding these correlations with performance is yet another indication that pupil measurement is very important.\u201d <br><br>Garner and study co-author Matthew Robison, also a psychologist at UT Arlington, hope that future research examines how specific physiological brain activity drives pupil size changes. \u201cWhat would be really cool is to do simultaneous eye tracking and functional neuroimaging,\u201d Robison says. \u201cBecause then we can really start to look at the temporal dynamics and activity of deep-brain regions.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7942554355,"RADAR":0.0078410804,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The methodology of the study is well described and makes sense, which strongly points towards it being human-generated. One quote in particular where a psychologist says \"What would be really cool to do...\" seems very real as AI would make someone this educated speak in a much more formal manner. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"\"In the 20th century neuroscientists...\" is missing a comma. This is probably a human error. Also, Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics\" should not be capitalized. Probably also a human error. \"The same part...pupil diameter\" is very long and convoluted. AI doesn't usually write sentences like this."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: it doesn't follow the usual formulaic structure of AI in the opening paragraph. It has a certain wittiness to it, and an authorial voice that shines through. It contains filler words like 'even'. Missing commas. Contains redundant phrases and repetition. Missing punctuation. Contains colloquial language like 'really cool'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I believe it's human-written. Even though the article's talking about a highly scientific topic, as a reader, I am able to understand the topic well. The study was explained in detail, areas that needed clarity were given clarity with parenthesis such as with \"(indicated by increased pupil diameter)\" and \"(the executive function that lets us process, remember and use information) \" and sentences vary in length. Many of the sentences have either casual phrases, or long, overdrawn sentences, but it indicates a good amount of variety throughout it. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Uncomplicated academic prose written without any stylistic choices unrelated to text content.\nThe textual features that influenced my choice are the lighthearted expression in par. 1 and occasional use of parentheses."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"81":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":22,"title":"Has Stomping on Spotted Lanternflies Slowed Their Invasion?","sub-title":"Invasive spotted lanternflies are spreading across the metro areas of New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C., despite professional and amateur attempts to reduce their numbers ","author":"Meghan Bartels ","source":"Scientific American","issue":-17954000,"section":"Environment","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/why-are-there-fewer-spotted-lanternflies-in-new-york-city\/","article":"Even the most hardened dweller of New York City\u2019s concrete jungle was bound to notice when, suddenly, spotted lanternflies were everywhere. <br><br>It doesn\u2019t take an experienced entomologist to notice the insects, which at every stage sport eye-catching polka dots and reach about one inch long in adulthood. Spotted lanternflies (Lycorma delicatula) originally hail from Asia, and their first documented appearance in the U.S. occurred in Pennsylvania in 2014. In the intervening decade, they have spread throughout New Jersey and Delaware and have made substantial inroads in New York State, Connecticut, Maryland and beyond. A spotted lanternfly infestation was first seen in New York City in 2020, and the insects quickly spread across the metropolis. Particularly large populations were seen there in 2022 and 2023. <br><br>\u201cJust like so many invasive species, when they\u2019re out of their native range, they don\u2019t have the natural predators to keep them in check; the populations can explode,\u201d says Brian Eshenaur, a plant pathologist at Cornell University, who works on New York State\u2019s spotted lanternfly response. \u201cThat certainly has happened here.\u201d <br><br>But this year the plague seems to have thinned in New York City\u2014albeit only anecdotally, Eshenaur says. \u201cWe don\u2019t have any real numbers to put with that,\u201d he says. The New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets concurs, reporting that it has received fewer calls from city residents about spotted lanternflies. <br><br>Since the insects first appeared in the city, New Yorkers have heeded calls to squish the invasive species, and the vigilante justice may well have played a role in this year\u2019s decline, both Eshenaur and entomologist Matthew Travis agree. <br><br>But when it comes to invasive species, one season of reduced sightings doesn\u2019t merit a victory lap. \u201cWe know that they\u2019re around. They haven\u2019t left. They\u2019re still here, and they\u2019re still a concern,\u201d says Jessica Ware, an entomologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. She adds that spotted lanternfly populations seem distinctively patchy, with herds of the insects moving around, although scientists aren\u2019t yet sure what drives the pattern. \u201cThat can give people the false idea that perhaps they\u2019ve gone away,\u201d she says. <br><br>And a stunning population boom followed by some declines is a pretty typical pattern for an invasive species, says Travis, who is national policy manager for spotted lanternflies at the U.S. Department of Agriculture\u2019s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Ware also notes several natural factors may have made it more difficult for spotted lanternflies to thrive in New York City this summer. \u201cWe did have a particularly dry summer, and the temperatures were particularly high,\u201d she says. And Eshenaur cites reports that people have seen spotted lanternflies eaten by birds such as Northern Cardinals and Blue Jays and by insects such as praying mantises and wheel bugs. <br><br>That\u2019s not to say that New Yorkers can\u2019t claim credit for pounding the pavement in response to the invasion\u2014or that there isn\u2019t more work to be done. Travis says continuing to squash lanternflies, even in areas where they\u2019re established, is helpful. <br><br>Even more important, however, is making sure not to carry the insects\u2014or their eggs\u2014from their current range into new territory. Spotted lanternflies can spread on their own wing power, Travis says, but the real issues come when humans give them a ride. \u201cIt\u2019s not so much natural spread that we see as it is these large jumps,\u201d he says. \u201cThis thing has become very adept and very good at hitchhiking.\u201d He\u2019s especially concerned about the way the insect\u2019s spread seems to have followed railroads. To avoid giving spotted lanternflies a lift, people should carefully check their cars and cargo for adult insects or their nondescript egg cases, which look like splatters of dried mud. <br><br>Down the line, humans may have extra help in the fight against spotted lanternflies. In addition to the natural predation that Eshenaur says has begun, scientists are evaluating a host of potential lanternfly enemies. One fungus that is native to the mid-Atlantic seems to infect lanternflies on its own, he says, and scientists may be able to develop it into a commercially viable management tool. Researchers are also evaluating parasites that infect spotted lanternflies in their native range, testing for any risk that they could harm U.S. species if they were released here. <br><br>Meanwhile Ware wants people across the region, but especially in New York City, to take their experience with spotted lanternflies and carry it into the future\u2014because there\u2019s no chance the polka-dotted interloper will be the last new insect to arrive in town. \u201cThe spotted lanternfly is not necessarily super unique; we always get invasive species,\u201d Ware says. \u201cAs long as people have traveled to North America, we have brought insects with us.\u201d <br><br>That means it\u2019s important to pay attention to the insects in your area and to keep your eyes peeled for newcomers\u2014even those more subtle than spotted lanternflies\u2014and to sound the alarm if you see something six-legged and suspicious, Ware says. \u201cIf you see something that you\u2019re not used to seeing in your neighborhood,\u201d she adds, \u201cyou should let somebody know.\u201d ","id":51,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Even the most hardened dweller of New York City\u2019s concrete jungle was bound to notice when, suddenly, spotted lanternflies were everywhere. <br><br>It doesn\u2019t take an experienced entomologist to notice the insects, which at every stage sport eye-catching polka dots and reach about one inch long in adulthood. Spotted lanternflies (Lycorma delicatula) originally hail from Asia, and their first documented appearance in the U.S. occurred in Pennsylvania in 2014. In the intervening decade, they have spread throughout New Jersey and Delaware and have made substantial inroads in New York State, Connecticut, Maryland and beyond. A spotted lanternfly infestation was first seen in New York City in 2020, and the insects quickly spread across the metropolis. Particularly large populations were seen there in 2022 and 2023. <br><br>\u201cJust like so many invasive species, when they\u2019re out of their native range, they don\u2019t have the natural predators to keep them in check; the populations can explode,\u201d says Brian Eshenaur, a plant pathologist at Cornell University, who works on New York State\u2019s spotted lanternfly response. \u201cThat certainly has happened here.\u201d <br><br>But this year the plague seems to have thinned in New York City\u2014albeit only anecdotally, Eshenaur says. \u201cWe don\u2019t have any real numbers to put with that,\u201d he says. The New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets concurs, reporting that it has received fewer calls from city residents about spotted lanternflies. <br><br>Since the insects first appeared in the city, New Yorkers have heeded calls to squish the invasive species, and the vigilante justice may well have played a role in this year\u2019s decline, both Eshenaur and entomologist Matthew Travis agree. <br><br>But when it comes to invasive species, one season of reduced sightings doesn\u2019t merit a victory lap. \u201cWe know that they\u2019re around. They haven\u2019t left. They\u2019re still here, and they\u2019re still a concern,\u201d says Jessica Ware, an entomologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. She adds that spotted lanternfly populations seem distinctively patchy, with herds of the insects moving around, although scientists aren\u2019t yet sure what drives the pattern. \u201cThat can give people the false idea that perhaps they\u2019ve gone away,\u201d she says. <br><br>And a stunning population boom followed by some declines is a pretty typical pattern for an invasive species, says Travis, who is national policy manager for spotted lanternflies at the U.S. Department of Agriculture\u2019s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Ware also notes several natural factors may have made it more difficult for spotted lanternflies to thrive in New York City this summer. \u201cWe did have a particularly dry summer, and the temperatures were particularly high,\u201d she says. And Eshenaur cites reports that people have seen spotted lanternflies eaten by birds such as Northern Cardinals and Blue Jays and by insects such as praying mantises and wheel bugs. <br><br>That\u2019s not to say that New Yorkers can\u2019t claim credit for pounding the pavement in response to the invasion\u2014or that there isn\u2019t more work to be done. Travis says continuing to squash lanternflies, even in areas where they\u2019re established, is helpful. <br><br>Even more important, however, is making sure not to carry the insects\u2014or their eggs\u2014from their current range into new territory. Spotted lanternflies can spread on their own wing power, Travis says, but the real issues come when humans give them a ride. \u201cIt\u2019s not so much natural spread that we see as it is these large jumps,\u201d he says. \u201cThis thing has become very adept and very good at hitchhiking.\u201d He\u2019s especially concerned about the way the insect\u2019s spread seems to have followed railroads. To avoid giving spotted lanternflies a lift, people should carefully check their cars and cargo for adult insects or their nondescript egg cases, which look like splatters of dried mud. <br><br>Down the line, humans may have extra help in the fight against spotted lanternflies. In addition to the natural predation that Eshenaur says has begun, scientists are evaluating a host of potential lanternfly enemies. One fungus that is native to the mid-Atlantic seems to infect lanternflies on its own, he says, and scientists may be able to develop it into a commercially viable management tool. Researchers are also evaluating parasites that infect spotted lanternflies in their native range, testing for any risk that they could harm U.S. species if they were released here. <br><br>Meanwhile Ware wants people across the region, but especially in New York City, to take their experience with spotted lanternflies and carry it into the future\u2014because there\u2019s no chance the polka-dotted interloper will be the last new insect to arrive in town. \u201cThe spotted lanternfly is not necessarily super unique; we always get invasive species,\u201d Ware says. \u201cAs long as people have traveled to North America, we have brought insects with us.\u201d <br><br>That means it\u2019s important to pay attention to the insects in your area and to keep your eyes peeled for newcomers\u2014even those more subtle than spotted lanternflies\u2014and to sound the alarm if you see something six-legged and suspicious, Ware says. \u201cIf you see something that you\u2019re not used to seeing in your neighborhood,\u201d she adds, \u201cyou should let somebody know.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 4.488229751586914e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Even the most hardened dweller of New York City\u2019s concrete jungle was bound to notice when, suddenly, spotted lanternflies were everywhere. <br><br>It doesn\u2019t take an experienced entomologist to notice the insects, which at every stage sport eye-catching polka dots and reach about one inch long in adulthood. Spotted lanternflies (Lycorma delicatula) originally hail from Asia, and their first documented appearance in the U.S. occurred in Pennsylvania in 2014. In the intervening decade, they have spread throughout New Jersey and Delaware and have made substantial inroads in New York State, Connecticut, Maryland and beyond. A spotted lanternfly infestation was first seen in New York City in 2020, and the insects quickly spread across the metropolis. Particularly large populations were seen there in 2022 and 2023. <br><br>\u201cJust like so many invasive species, when they\u2019re out of their native range, they don\u2019t have the natural predators to keep them in check; the populations can explode,\u201d says Brian Eshenaur, a plant pathologist at Cornell University, who works on New York State\u2019s spotted lanternfly response. \u201cThat certainly has happened here.\u201d <br><br>But this year the plague seems to have thinned in New York City\u2014albeit only anecdotally, Eshenaur says. \u201cWe don\u2019t have any real numbers to put with that,\u201d he says. The New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets concurs, reporting that it has received fewer calls from city residents about spotted lanternflies. <br><br>Since the insects first appeared in the city, New Yorkers have heeded calls to squish the invasive species, and the vigilante justice may well have played a role in this year\u2019s decline, both Eshenaur and entomologist Matthew Travis agree. <br><br>But when it comes to invasive species, one season of reduced sightings doesn\u2019t merit a victory lap. \u201cWe know that they\u2019re around. They haven\u2019t left. They\u2019re still here, and they\u2019re still a concern,\u201d says Jessica Ware, an entomologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. She adds that spotted lanternfly populations seem distinctively patchy, with herds of the insects moving around, although scientists aren\u2019t yet sure what drives the pattern. \u201cThat can give people the false idea that perhaps they\u2019ve gone away,\u201d she says. <br><br>And a stunning population boom followed by some declines is a pretty typical pattern for an invasive species, says Travis, who is national policy manager for spotted lanternflies at the U.S. Department of Agriculture\u2019s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Ware also notes several natural factors may have made it more difficult for spotted lanternflies to thrive in New York City this summer. \u201cWe did have a particularly dry summer, and the temperatures were particularly high,\u201d she says. And Eshenaur cites reports that people have seen spotted lanternflies eaten by birds such as Northern Cardinals and Blue Jays and by insects such as praying mantises and wheel bugs. <br><br>That\u2019s not to say that New Yorkers can\u2019t claim credit for pounding the pavement in response to the invasion\u2014or that there isn\u2019t more work to be done. Travis says continuing to squash lanternflies, even in areas where they\u2019re established, is helpful. <br><br>Even more important, however, is making sure not to carry the insects\u2014or their eggs\u2014from their current range into new territory. Spotted lanternflies can spread on their own wing power, Travis says, but the real issues come when humans give them a ride. \u201cIt\u2019s not so much natural spread that we see as it is these large jumps,\u201d he says. \u201cThis thing has become very adept and very good at hitchhiking.\u201d He\u2019s especially concerned about the way the insect\u2019s spread seems to have followed railroads. To avoid giving spotted lanternflies a lift, people should carefully check their cars and cargo for adult insects or their nondescript egg cases, which look like splatters of dried mud. <br><br>Down the line, humans may have extra help in the fight against spotted lanternflies. In addition to the natural predation that Eshenaur says has begun, scientists are evaluating a host of potential lanternfly enemies. One fungus that is native to the mid-Atlantic seems to infect lanternflies on its own, he says, and scientists may be able to develop it into a commercially viable management tool. Researchers are also evaluating parasites that infect spotted lanternflies in their native range, testing for any risk that they could harm U.S. species if they were released here. <br><br>Meanwhile Ware wants people across the region, but especially in New York City, to take their experience with spotted lanternflies and carry it into the future\u2014because there\u2019s no chance the polka-dotted interloper will be the last new insect to arrive in town. \u201cThe spotted lanternfly is not necessarily super unique; we always get invasive species,\u201d Ware says. \u201cAs long as people have traveled to North America, we have brought insects with us.\u201d <br><br>That means it\u2019s important to pay attention to the insects in your area and to keep your eyes peeled for newcomers\u2014even those more subtle than spotted lanternflies\u2014and to sound the alarm if you see something six-legged and suspicious, Ware says. \u201cIf you see something that you\u2019re not used to seeing in 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[{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 36, 'completely_generated_prob': 6.578664755433406e-32}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.005050666496180035, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.99494933350382, 'ai': 0.005050666496180035, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.99494933350382, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.005050666496180035, 'human': 0.99494933350382, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Even the most hardened dweller of New York City\u2019s concrete jungle was bound to notice when, suddenly, spotted lanternflies were everywhere. <br><br>It doesn\u2019t take an experienced entomologist to notice the insects, which at every stage sport eye-catching polka dots and reach about one inch long in adulthood. Spotted lanternflies (Lycorma delicatula) originally hail from Asia, and their first documented appearance in the U.S. occurred in Pennsylvania in 2014. In the intervening decade, they have spread throughout New Jersey and Delaware and have made substantial inroads in New York State, Connecticut, Maryland and beyond. A spotted lanternfly infestation was first seen in New York City in 2020, and the insects quickly spread across the metropolis. Particularly large populations were seen there in 2022 and 2023. <br><br>\u201cJust like so many invasive species, when they\u2019re out of their native range, they don\u2019t have the natural predators to keep them in check; the populations can explode,\u201d says Brian Eshenaur, a plant pathologist at Cornell University, who works on New York State\u2019s spotted lanternfly response. \u201cThat certainly has happened here.\u201d <br><br>But this year the plague seems to have thinned in New York City\u2014albeit only anecdotally, Eshenaur says. \u201cWe don\u2019t have any real numbers to put with that,\u201d he says. The New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets concurs, reporting that it has received fewer calls from city residents about spotted lanternflies. <br><br>Since the insects first appeared in the city, New Yorkers have heeded calls to squish the invasive species, and the vigilante justice may well have played a role in this year\u2019s decline, both Eshenaur and entomologist Matthew Travis agree. <br><br>But when it comes to invasive species, one season of reduced sightings doesn\u2019t merit a victory lap. \u201cWe know that they\u2019re around. They haven\u2019t left. They\u2019re still here, and they\u2019re still a concern,\u201d says Jessica Ware, an entomologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. She adds that spotted lanternfly populations seem distinctively patchy, with herds of the insects moving around, although scientists aren\u2019t yet sure what drives the pattern. \u201cThat can give people the false idea that perhaps they\u2019ve gone away,\u201d she says. <br><br>And a stunning population boom followed by some declines is a pretty typical pattern for an invasive species, says Travis, who is national policy manager for spotted lanternflies at the U.S. Department of Agriculture\u2019s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Ware also notes several natural factors may have made it more difficult for spotted lanternflies to thrive in New York City this summer. \u201cWe did have a particularly dry summer, and the temperatures were particularly high,\u201d she says. And Eshenaur cites reports that people have seen spotted lanternflies eaten by birds such as Northern Cardinals and Blue Jays and by insects such as praying mantises and wheel bugs. <br><br>That\u2019s not to say that New Yorkers can\u2019t claim credit for pounding the pavement in response to the invasion\u2014or that there isn\u2019t more work to be done. Travis says continuing to squash lanternflies, even in areas where they\u2019re established, is helpful. <br><br>Even more important, however, is making sure not to carry the insects\u2014or their eggs\u2014from their current range into new territory. Spotted lanternflies can spread on their own wing power, Travis says, but the real issues come when humans give them a ride. \u201cIt\u2019s not so much natural spread that we see as it is these large jumps,\u201d he says. \u201cThis thing has become very adept and very good at hitchhiking.\u201d He\u2019s especially concerned about the way the insect\u2019s spread seems to have followed railroads. To avoid giving spotted lanternflies a lift, people should carefully check their cars and cargo for adult insects or their nondescript egg cases, which look like splatters of dried mud. <br><br>Down the line, humans may have extra help in the fight against spotted lanternflies. In addition to the natural predation that Eshenaur says has begun, scientists are evaluating a host of potential lanternfly enemies. One fungus that is native to the mid-Atlantic seems to infect lanternflies on its own, he says, and scientists may be able to develop it into a commercially viable management tool. Researchers are also evaluating parasites that infect spotted lanternflies in their native range, testing for any risk that they could harm U.S. species if they were released here. <br><br>Meanwhile Ware wants people across the region, but especially in New York City, to take their experience with spotted lanternflies and carry it into the future\u2014because there\u2019s no chance the polka-dotted interloper will be the last new insect to arrive in town. \u201cThe spotted lanternfly is not necessarily super unique; we always get invasive species,\u201d Ware says. \u201cAs long as people have traveled to North America, we have brought insects with us.\u201d <br><br>That means it\u2019s important to pay attention to the insects in your area and to keep your eyes peeled for newcomers\u2014even those more subtle than spotted lanternflies\u2014and to sound the alarm if you see something six-legged and suspicious, Ware says. \u201cIf you see something that you\u2019re not used to seeing in your neighborhood,\u201d she adds, \u201cyou should let somebody know.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.743604064,"RADAR":0.0062747728,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article describes certain things in unique ways which AI doesn't do, for example \"the polka-dotted interloper\". The quotations are also quite natural and one person quoted is simply called \"Travis\" with no surname, whereas AI almost always uses a name and surname to introduce speakers for articles like this one."},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There are none of the usual AI-preferred words such as \"crucial\".\nOne sentence starts with the conjunction \"and,\" which AI doesn't normally do. That same sentence is missing punctuation (speech marks) which seems to be a human error.\n\"Herds of insects\" is a strange, human-sounding error. I think AI would have correctly said, \"Swarms of insects.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: the varied sentence and paragraph length. The article ends with a quote. Opening paragraph doesn't follow the same formulaic structure as AI. The incorrect use of the semicolon in the third paragraph. Adjectives like 'thinned'. Sounds odd to say 'herds of insects'. Some sentences begin with the coordinating conjunction 'and'. Contains filler words like 'even'. The text uses the phrase 'in addition' rather than 'additionally', which AI seems to favour. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"At this point, I feel like I'm rating articles on how enjoyable I find reading them, but to me, this is definitely human-written. It's descriptive in a way that's easy to understand. The article starts off with a sentence that's meant to capture the reader's attention, the next paragraph goes into the details and context the reader needs to understand everything else throughout it. It also uses a lot of good, visual imagery that indicates the writer's tone and their understanding of the topic, with lines such as \"heeded calls to squish the invasive species,\" and \"sound the alarm if you see something six-legged and suspicious.\" It firmly lets people know why they should care, what they should look out for with the insect's invasion in the Northeast, and what's currently being done, without trying to overexaggerate on how important it is. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Pleasing sentence and paragraph variations.\nQuotes are unobtrusive & integrated into the narrative."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"82":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":23,"title":"Voyager 2 Measured a Rare Anomaly When It Flew Past Uranus, Skewing Our Knowledge of the Planet for 40 Years, Study Suggests","sub-title":"The roughly six-hour flyby in 1986 revealed Uranus\u2019 protective magnetic field was strangely empty. Now, researchers say that the data could have been affected by a solar wind event ","author":"Alexa Robles-Gil ","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":-17954000,"section":"Smart News","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/voyager-2-measured-a-rare-anomaly-when-it-flew-past-uranus-skewing-our-knowledge-of-the-planet-for-40-years-study-suggests-180985456\/","article":"In 1986, when NASA\u2019s Voyager 2 flew by the mysterious Uranus, it gave scientists their first close-up peek into the solar system\u2019s seventh planet. The discoveries from that singular visit still provide much of astronomers\u2019 modern understanding of the strange, \u201cice giant\u201d world. But now, a new study reveals Uranus was experiencing a rare solar wind event at the time of the flyby, suggesting the understanding that came from the Voyager 2 visit may have been skewed. <br><br>In a paper published on Monday in Nature Astronomy, researchers argue that if the spacecraft had arrived at Uranus just a few days earlier, it would have discovered something else. <br><br>\u201cThe spacecraft saw Uranus in conditions that only occur about 4 percent of the time,\u201d says Jamie Jasinski, a physicist at NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and lead author of the study, in a statement from NASA. <br><br>Those unusual conditions have to do with Uranus\u2019 magnetosphere\u2014a planet\u2019s protective magnetic bubble that shields it from the solar wind. That 1986 visit encountered an empty magnetosphere around Uranus, oddly devoid of plasma. Astronomers concluded the planet was different compared to others in the solar system, but the new findings suggest its magnetosphere was just being squashed by a solar wind event that sent a stream of plasma and charged particles toward the planet. <br><br>After traveling some 1.8 billion miles to reach Uranus 38 years ago, Voyager 2 gathered its data on the planet in less than six hours, discovering ten new moons and two rings alongside the void magnetosphere. <br><br>When Jasinski and his colleagues presented the new research this past summer, it was a surprise for Fran Bagenal, an astrophysicist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who worked with the Voyager plasma science team, reports the New York Times\u2019 Jonathan O\u2019Callaghan. <br><br>\u201cWhy didn\u2019t we see this?\u201d Bagenal tells the outlet. \u201cI was kicking myself. It was completely out of the blue.\u201d <br><br>Jasinski had always wondered about the results of the flyby, because it provided only a small peek into the planet, he told the Washington Post\u2019s Rachel Pannett in an email. Jasinski has experience with missions that orbited planets and observed changes over much longer periods of time, which led him to believe the conclusions about Uranus may have been flawed. <br><br>\u201cThe extreme type of measurements Voyager 2 took always made me wonder if we just caught Uranus at a very specific moment in time,\u201d he tells the Washington Post. <br><br>For scientists, learning more about magnetospheres helps reveal how different planets function. Using the knowledge from the 1986 flyby, astronomers had concluded that the missing plasma around Uranus also meant its moons were inactive. <br><br>But the new research shows that might not be the case. If the missing plasma was indeed due to solar wind\u2014which would have compressed the planet\u2019s magnetic bubble and driven plasma out\u2014it allows for the possibility that Uranus\u2019 five major moons might indeed be geologically active. <br><br>The solar wind event might also have affected the planet\u2019s radiation belts, regions with lots of energetic and charged particles, by infusing them with even more electrons. This would explain why Voyager 2\u2019s observations showed Uranus\u2019 radiation belts as some of the most intense in our solar system, second only to Jupiter. <br><br> <br><br>Linda Spilker, a planetary scientist at NASA who was not involved in the new study, remembers being glued to the images from the 1986 flyby with anticipation and excitement. \u201cThe flyby was packed with surprises, and we were searching for an explanation of its unusual behavior. The magnetosphere Voyager 2 measured was only a snapshot in time,\u201d she says in the statement. <br><br>NASA might soon expand its knowledge about Uranus in a mission to the planet, marked as a priority by scientists as part of the most recent Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey. They recommended that NASA put a spacecraft into orbit around the mysterious planet and release a probe into its atmosphere to better understand the solar system\u2019s origin and evolution. <br><br>\u201cThe Uranus system is one of the big blank spots that are left on our map,\u201d Francis Nimmo, a planetary scientist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, told Scientific American\u2019s Shannon Hall last year. <br><br>For now, \u201cthis new work explains some of the apparent contradictions,\u201d from the Voyager 2 flyby, Spilker adds in the NASA statement, \u201cand it will change our view of Uranus once again.\u201d ","id":52,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'In 1986, when NASA\u2019s Voyager 2 flew by the mysterious Uranus, it gave scientists their first close-up peek into the solar system\u2019s seventh planet. The discoveries from that singular visit still provide much of astronomers\u2019 modern understanding of the strange, \u201cice giant\u201d world. But now, a new study reveals Uranus was experiencing a rare solar wind event at the time of the flyby, suggesting the understanding that came from the Voyager 2 visit may have been skewed. <br><br>In a paper published on Monday in Nature Astronomy, researchers argue that if the spacecraft had arrived at Uranus just a few days earlier, it would have discovered something else. <br><br>\u201cThe spacecraft saw Uranus in conditions that only occur about 4 percent of the time,\u201d says Jamie Jasinski, a physicist at NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and lead author of the study, in a statement from NASA. <br><br>Those unusual conditions have to do with Uranus\u2019 magnetosphere\u2014a planet\u2019s protective magnetic bubble that shields it from the solar wind. That 1986 visit encountered an empty magnetosphere around Uranus, oddly devoid of plasma. Astronomers concluded the planet was different compared to others in the solar system, but the new findings suggest its magnetosphere was just being squashed by a solar wind event that sent a stream of plasma and charged particles toward the planet. <br><br>After traveling some 1.8 billion miles to reach Uranus 38 years ago, Voyager 2 gathered its data on the planet in less than six hours, discovering ten new moons and two rings alongside the void magnetosphere. <br><br>When Jasinski and his colleagues presented the new research this past summer, it was a surprise for Fran Bagenal, an astrophysicist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who worked with the Voyager plasma science team, reports the New York Times\u2019 Jonathan O\u2019Callaghan. <br><br>\u201cWhy didn\u2019t we see this?\u201d Bagenal tells the outlet. \u201cI was kicking myself. It was completely out of the blue.\u201d <br><br>Jasinski had always wondered about the results of the flyby, because it provided only a small peek into the planet, he told the Washington Post\u2019s Rachel Pannett in an email. Jasinski has experience with missions that orbited planets and observed changes over much longer periods of time, which led him to believe the conclusions about Uranus may have been flawed. <br><br>\u201cThe extreme type of measurements Voyager 2 took always made me wonder if we just caught Uranus at a very specific moment in time,\u201d he tells the Washington Post. <br><br>For scientists, learning more about magnetospheres helps reveal how different planets function. Using the knowledge from the 1986 flyby, astronomers had concluded that the missing plasma around Uranus also meant its moons were inactive. <br><br>But the new research shows that might not be the case. If the missing plasma was indeed due to solar wind\u2014which would have compressed the planet\u2019s magnetic bubble and driven plasma out\u2014it allows for the possibility that Uranus\u2019 five major moons might indeed be geologically active. <br><br>The solar wind event might also have affected the planet\u2019s radiation belts, regions with lots of energetic and charged particles, by infusing them with even more electrons. This would explain why Voyager 2\u2019s observations showed Uranus\u2019 radiation belts as some of the most intense in our solar system, second only to Jupiter. <br><br> <br><br>Linda Spilker, a planetary scientist at NASA who was not involved in the new study, remembers being glued to the images from the 1986 flyby with anticipation and excitement. \u201cThe flyby was packed with surprises, and we were searching for an explanation of its unusual behavior. The magnetosphere Voyager 2 measured was only a snapshot in time,\u201d she says in the statement. <br><br>NASA might soon expand its knowledge about Uranus in a mission to the planet, marked as a priority by scientists as part of the most recent Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey. They recommended that NASA put a spacecraft into orbit around the mysterious planet and release a probe into its atmosphere to better understand the solar system\u2019s origin and evolution. <br><br>\u201cThe Uranus system is one of the big blank spots that are left on our map,\u201d Francis Nimmo, a planetary scientist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, told Scientific American\u2019s Shannon Hall last year. <br><br>For now, \u201cthis new work explains some of the apparent contradictions,\u201d from the Voyager 2 flyby, Spilker adds in the NASA statement, \u201cand it will change our view of Uranus once again.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 6.735324859619141e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'In 1986, when NASA\u2019s Voyager 2 flew by the mysterious Uranus, it gave scientists their first close-up peek into the solar system\u2019s seventh planet. The discoveries from that singular visit still provide much of astronomers\u2019 modern understanding of the strange, \u201cice giant\u201d world. But now, a new study reveals Uranus was experiencing a rare solar wind event at the time of the flyby, suggesting the understanding that came from the Voyager 2 visit may have been skewed. <br><br>In a paper published on Monday in Nature Astronomy, researchers argue that if the spacecraft had arrived at Uranus just a few days earlier, it would have discovered something else. <br><br>\u201cThe spacecraft saw Uranus in conditions that only occur about 4 percent of the time,\u201d says Jamie Jasinski, a physicist at NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and lead author of the study, in a statement from NASA. <br><br>Those unusual conditions have to do with Uranus\u2019 magnetosphere\u2014a planet\u2019s protective magnetic bubble that shields it from the solar wind. That 1986 visit encountered an empty magnetosphere around Uranus, oddly devoid of plasma. Astronomers concluded the planet was different compared to others in the solar system, but the new findings suggest its magnetosphere was just being squashed by a solar wind event that sent a stream of plasma and charged particles toward the planet. <br><br>After traveling some 1.8 billion miles to reach Uranus 38 years ago, Voyager 2 gathered its data on the planet in less than six hours, discovering ten new moons and two rings alongside the void magnetosphere. <br><br>When Jasinski and his colleagues presented the new research this past summer, it was a surprise for Fran Bagenal, an astrophysicist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who worked with the Voyager plasma science team, reports the New York Times\u2019 Jonathan O\u2019Callaghan. <br><br>\u201cWhy didn\u2019t we see this?\u201d Bagenal tells the outlet. \u201cI was kicking myself. It was completely out of the blue.\u201d <br><br>Jasinski had always wondered about the results of the flyby, because it provided only a small peek into the planet, he told the Washington Post\u2019s Rachel Pannett in an email. Jasinski has experience with missions that orbited planets and observed changes over much longer periods of time, which led him to believe the conclusions about Uranus may have been flawed. <br><br>\u201cThe extreme type of measurements Voyager 2 took always made me wonder if we just caught Uranus at a very specific moment in time,\u201d he tells the Washington Post. <br><br>For scientists, learning more about magnetospheres helps reveal how different planets function. Using the knowledge from the 1986 flyby, astronomers had concluded that the missing plasma around Uranus also meant its moons were inactive. <br><br>But the new research shows that might not be the case. If the missing plasma was indeed due to solar wind\u2014which would have compressed the planet\u2019s magnetic bubble and driven plasma out\u2014it allows for the possibility that Uranus\u2019 five major moons might indeed be geologically active. <br><br>The solar wind event might also have affected the planet\u2019s radiation belts, regions with lots of energetic and charged particles, by infusing them with even more electrons. This would explain why Voyager 2\u2019s observations showed Uranus\u2019 radiation belts as some of the most intense in our solar system, second only to Jupiter. <br><br> <br><br>Linda Spilker, a planetary scientist at NASA who was not involved in the new study, remembers being glued to the images from the 1986 flyby with anticipation and excitement. \u201cThe flyby was packed with surprises, and we were searching for an explanation of its unusual behavior. The magnetosphere Voyager 2 measured was only a snapshot in time,\u201d she says in the statement. <br><br>NASA might soon expand its knowledge about Uranus in a mission to the planet, marked as a priority by scientists as part of the most recent Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey. They recommended that NASA put a spacecraft into orbit around the mysterious planet and release a probe into its atmosphere to better understand the solar system\u2019s origin and evolution. <br><br>\u201cThe Uranus system is one of the big blank spots that are left on our map,\u201d Francis Nimmo, a planetary scientist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, told Scientific American\u2019s Shannon Hall last year. <br><br>For now, \u201cthis new work explains some of the apparent contradictions,\u201d from the Voyager 2 flyby, Spilker adds in the NASA statement, \u201cand it will change our view of Uranus once again.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.7881393432617188e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'c9a31f91-0b21-4cbc-b927-0df212f75664', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 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seventh planet. The discoveries from that singular visit still provide much of astronomers\u2019 modern understanding of the strange, \u201cice giant\u201d world. But now, a new study reveals Uranus was experiencing a rare solar wind event at the time of the flyby, suggesting the understanding that came from the Voyager 2 visit may have been skewed. <br><br>In a paper published on Monday in Nature Astronomy, researchers argue that if the spacecraft had arrived at Uranus just a few days earlier, it would have discovered something else. <br><br>\u201cThe spacecraft saw Uranus in conditions that only occur about 4 percent of the time,\u201d says Jamie Jasinski, a physicist at NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and lead author of the study, in a statement from NASA. <br><br>Those unusual conditions have to do with Uranus\u2019 magnetosphere\u2014a planet\u2019s protective magnetic bubble that shields it from the solar wind. That 1986 visit encountered an empty magnetosphere around Uranus, oddly devoid of plasma. Astronomers concluded the planet was different compared to others in the solar system, but the new findings suggest its magnetosphere was just being squashed by a solar wind event that sent a stream of plasma and charged particles toward the planet. <br><br>After traveling some 1.8 billion miles to reach Uranus 38 years ago, Voyager 2 gathered its data on the planet in less than six hours, discovering ten new moons and two rings alongside the void magnetosphere. <br><br>When Jasinski and his colleagues presented the new research this past summer, it was a surprise for Fran Bagenal, an astrophysicist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who worked with the Voyager plasma science team, reports the New York Times\u2019 Jonathan O\u2019Callaghan. <br><br>\u201cWhy didn\u2019t we see this?\u201d Bagenal tells the outlet. \u201cI was kicking myself. It was completely out of the blue.\u201d <br><br>Jasinski had always wondered about the results of the flyby, because it provided only a small peek into the planet, he told the Washington Post\u2019s Rachel Pannett in an email. Jasinski has experience with missions that orbited planets and observed changes over much longer periods of time, which led him to believe the conclusions about Uranus may have been flawed. <br><br>\u201cThe extreme type of measurements Voyager 2 took always made me wonder if we just caught Uranus at a very specific moment in time,\u201d he tells the Washington Post. <br><br>For scientists, learning more about magnetospheres helps reveal how different planets function. Using the knowledge from the 1986 flyby, astronomers had concluded that the missing plasma around Uranus also meant its moons were inactive. <br><br>But the new research shows that might not be the case. If the missing plasma was indeed due to solar wind\u2014which would have compressed the planet\u2019s magnetic bubble and driven plasma out\u2014it allows for the possibility that Uranus\u2019 five major moons might indeed be geologically active. <br><br>The solar wind event might also have affected the planet\u2019s radiation belts, regions with lots of energetic and charged particles, by infusing them with even more electrons. This would explain why Voyager 2\u2019s observations showed Uranus\u2019 radiation belts as some of the most intense in our solar system, second only to Jupiter. <br><br> <br><br>Linda Spilker, a planetary scientist at NASA who was not involved in the new study, remembers being glued to the images from the 1986 flyby with anticipation and excitement. \u201cThe flyby was packed with surprises, and we were searching for an explanation of its unusual behavior. The magnetosphere Voyager 2 measured was only a snapshot in time,\u201d she says in the statement. <br><br>NASA might soon expand its knowledge about Uranus in a mission to the planet, marked as a priority by scientists as part of the most recent Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey. They recommended that NASA put a spacecraft into orbit around the mysterious planet and release a probe into its atmosphere to better understand the solar system\u2019s origin and evolution. <br><br>\u201cThe Uranus system is one of the big blank spots that are left on our map,\u201d Francis Nimmo, a planetary scientist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, told Scientific American\u2019s Shannon Hall last year. <br><br>For now, \u201cthis new work explains some of the apparent contradictions,\u201d from the Voyager 2 flyby, Spilker adds in the NASA statement, \u201cand it will change our view of Uranus once again.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5667366982,"RADAR":0.005624061,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The way that the quotes have been obtained seems very natural, with them being pulled from various other publications and repurposed. The way the article names these publications like the Washington Post also isn't something that AI would do. Lastly, the names themselves aren't commonly used by AI. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The reported speech is punctuated strangely which seems to be a human style\/error. For example, \"for now, this new work...\" would usually be punctuated as: For now, \"This new work explains some of the apparent contradictions from the Voyager 2 flyby,\" Spilker adds in the NASA statement, \"and it will change our view of Uranus once again.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: redundancies like 'close-up peek'; filler words like 'just', 'very' and 'quite'; the numeral 4 with the word percent; some awkward phrasing; varied sentence length; ends with a quote. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I believe this is human-written and I'm mostly confident that it is. There's a lot more use of passive voice, and phrases of words that contain a natural tone, such as \"big blank spots\", \"small peek into the planet\" and \"completely out of the blue.\" I'm also seeing a lot use of possessive apostrophes throughout the article, which is not something I see often with AI-writing, such as \"Uranus\u2019 radiation belts\" and \"solar system\u2019s origin and evolution\" And throughout the article, everything has good tone, is organized clearly enough, and is easy to understand. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Much less fluent than the usual AI product. \nDoubtful that AI would write that the \"magnetosphere was just being squashed\". The verb is certainly not scientific but is highly descriptive.  The same with the choice of \"void\" as adjective. Incorrect but provides a flavour \"empty\" does not.\nAuthor is very specific about the journalists who wrote the articles cited in the text. Easy to verify with a simple online search.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"83":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":24,"title":"Before Lady Liberty, There Was Lady Columbia, America\u2019s First National Mascot ","sub-title":"The forgotten figure symbolized the hopes\u2014and myths\u2014of the early United States","author":"Cari Shane ","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":-17955000,"section":"History","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/could-genetically-modified-houseplants-clean-the-air-in-your-home-180982054\/","article":"The first and longest-ruling mascot of the United States made her debut before the country was even a country, appearing in 17th-century poems and sermons under the name \u201cColumbina.\u201d Samuel Sewall, a chief justice of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, captured her early ethos in a 1697 essay: She was, Sewall wrote, an emblem of the \u201cNew Heaven\u201d of the American colonies. <br><br>By the early 18th century, she was known by the less diminutive \u201cColumbia,\u201d and she became ubiquitous in political cartoons, posters and newspapers. She was portrayed as a goddess, draped in a neoclassical gown and holding a sword, an olive branch and a laurel wreath as metaphors for justice, peace and victory. As Lady Columbia\u2019s image spread across the country, particularly after the Revolution, she came to embody the nation\u2019s highest aspirations\u2014and its colonial ambitions. Though largely forgotten today, she reigned for two centuries as our collective emblem, and her biography offers a tale in miniature of the development of a young democracy. <br><br>As she guided colonial America, Lady Columbia served as a nurturing mother figure, but by the time of the Revolution, she was closer to an avenging angel. In 1775, during the first year of the war, the pioneering African American poet Phillis Wheatley sent General George Washington an ode to Columbia: \u201cColumbia\u2019s arm prevails \u2026 Proceed, great chief, with virtue on thy side, \/ Thy ev\u2019ry action let the goddess guide.\u201d <br><br>Throughout the Revolution, Columbia was a source of strength, a rallying cry. By the end of the war, the victorious colonists celebrated their triumph by invoking her: \u201cHail Columbia, happy land, \/ Hail, ye heroes, heav\u2019n-born band, \/ Who fought and bled in Freedom\u2019s cause,\u201d the lawyer and poet Joseph Hopkinson wrote in 1798. Hopkinson\u2019s verses were soon set to music, and \u201cHail Columbia\u201d became the country\u2019s first, if unofficial, national anthem, sung throughout the 19th century. <br><br>When the War of 1812 began, Lady Columbia was sometimes joined on posters by a new figure, Uncle Sam; both offered a fierce embodiment of American independence. In the decades before the Civil War, both North and South invoked Columbia. In perhaps her most extraordinary appearance, Columbia showed off her strength as a disciplinarian: One 1860 cartoon depicts her spanking Stephen Douglas for having created a schism in the Democratic Party by proposing that laws about slavery should be left to individual states. \u201cYou have been a bad boy, Steve \u2026 and now I\u2019ll pay you for it,\u201d Columbia says as she swats Douglas. <br><br>By the 1870s, Columbia had become a symbol of Manifest Destiny, guiding the country\u2019s westward expansion, says Michael D. Hattem, author of the 2020 book Past and Prologue: Politics and Memory in the American Revolution. This role prompted the most famous image of Lady Columbia, in John Gast\u2019s 1872 painting American Progress. <br><br>One of Lady Columbia\u2019s most poignant roles came in the next decade, as the country greeted swells of immigrants arriving from Europe\u2014and Columbia helped hold the door open. \u201cColumbia welcomes the victims of German persecution to \u2018the asylum of the oppressed,\u2019\u201d reads the caption of a political cartoon published in 1881. Her image was used to help rally millions of immigrants toward an American identity\u2014and, Hattem says, to reinforce a new patriotic movement called Columbianism. <br><br>As Columbianism swept the nation, in 1893 Lady Columbia gave her name and her likeness to posters for the World\u2019s Columbian Exposition\u2014that year\u2019s world\u2019s fair in Chicago. Yet the fair also helped spell Lady Columbia\u2019s doom: At his keynote address, the historian Frederick Jackson Turner declared to the American Historical Association that the western frontier was now closed. <br><br>\u201cOnce there was no frontier left, [Lady Columbia] had, to an important degree, outlived her usefulness as a symbol\u201d of westward expansion, Hattem says. At the same time, advocates like John Dewey were democratizing education, displacing a focus on Greek and Latin with a more modern\u2014and therefore more American\u2014focus on science and problem solving. Columbia, with her Greco-Roman vibe, no longer represented the nation\u2019s educational philosophy. <br><br>Meanwhile, another female avatar for the nation was capturing the imaginations of millions of new immigrants from Italy, Poland and Russia: the Statue of Liberty, dedicated in New York Harbor in 1886. This new guardian became \u201ca symbol for a land where the down-trodden and despised have found a chance,\u201d as the New York Times wrote in 1903, the same year Emma Lazarus\u2019 poem \u201cThe New Colossus\u201d was cast on a bronze plaque in the base of the statue. With unchained shackles at her feet, the Statue of Liberty represented freedom at a time when \u201cAmerica is now the one shedding enlightenment on the rest of the world,\u201d says Jeanne Gutierrez, a senior research fellow at the New-York Historical Society. And in World War I, the ruddy-faced, gruff-looking Uncle Sam came to supplant the more ethereal Columbia in war propaganda. <br><br>By 1931, when the \u201cStar-Spangled Banner\u201d was officially declared our national anthem, replacing \u201cHail Columbia,\u201d Lady Columbia was all but gone. Yet her influence is still all around us. Visit Columbia University, and a seated Columbia greets you, arms aloft. At the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu, a grand Columbia statue honors mothers of fallen veterans. Her most frequent appearance these days, though, is in movie theaters, where she lives on as the logo for Columbia Pictures\u2014a role in which she has shone for nearly a century, since 1924. ","id":53,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'The first and longest-ruling mascot of the United States made her debut before the country was even a country, appearing in 17th-century poems and sermons under the name \u201cColumbina.\u201d Samuel Sewall, a chief justice of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, captured her early ethos in a 1697 essay: She was, Sewall wrote, an emblem of the \u201cNew Heaven\u201d of the American colonies. <br><br>By the early 18th century, she was known by the less diminutive \u201cColumbia,\u201d and she became ubiquitous in political cartoons, posters and newspapers. She was portrayed as a goddess, draped in a neoclassical gown and holding a sword, an olive branch and a laurel wreath as metaphors for justice, peace and victory. As Lady Columbia\u2019s image spread across the country, particularly after the Revolution, she came to embody the nation\u2019s highest aspirations\u2014and its colonial ambitions. Though largely forgotten today, she reigned for two centuries as our collective emblem, and her biography offers a tale in miniature of the development of a young democracy. <br><br>As she guided colonial America, Lady Columbia served as a nurturing mother figure, but by the time of the Revolution, she was closer to an avenging angel. In 1775, during the first year of the war, the pioneering African American poet Phillis Wheatley sent General George Washington an ode to Columbia: \u201cColumbia\u2019s arm prevails \u2026 Proceed, great chief, with virtue on thy side, \/ Thy ev\u2019ry action let the goddess guide.\u201d <br><br>Throughout the Revolution, Columbia was a source of strength, a rallying cry. By the end of the war, the victorious colonists celebrated their triumph by invoking her: \u201cHail Columbia, happy land, \/ Hail, ye heroes, heav\u2019n-born band, \/ Who fought and bled in Freedom\u2019s cause,\u201d the lawyer and poet Joseph Hopkinson wrote in 1798. Hopkinson\u2019s verses were soon set to music, and \u201cHail Columbia\u201d became the country\u2019s first, if unofficial, national anthem, sung throughout the 19th century. <br><br>When the War of 1812 began, Lady Columbia was sometimes joined on posters by a new figure, Uncle Sam; both offered a fierce embodiment of American independence. In the decades before the Civil War, both North and South invoked Columbia. In perhaps her most extraordinary appearance, Columbia showed off her strength as a disciplinarian: One 1860 cartoon depicts her spanking Stephen Douglas for having created a schism in the Democratic Party by proposing that laws about slavery should be left to individual states. \u201cYou have been a bad boy, Steve \u2026 and now I\u2019ll pay you for it,\u201d Columbia says as she swats Douglas. <br><br>By the 1870s, Columbia had become a symbol of Manifest Destiny, guiding the country\u2019s westward expansion, says Michael D. Hattem, author of the 2020 book Past and Prologue: Politics and Memory in the American Revolution. This role prompted the most famous image of Lady Columbia, in John Gast\u2019s 1872 painting American Progress. <br><br>One of Lady Columbia\u2019s most poignant roles came in the next decade, as the country greeted swells of immigrants arriving from Europe\u2014and Columbia helped hold the door open. \u201cColumbia welcomes the victims of German persecution to \u2018the asylum of the oppressed,\u2019\u201d reads the caption of a political cartoon published in 1881. Her image was used to help rally millions of immigrants toward an American identity\u2014and, Hattem says, to reinforce a new patriotic movement called Columbianism. <br><br>As Columbianism swept the nation, in 1893 Lady Columbia gave her name and her likeness to posters for the World\u2019s Columbian Exposition\u2014that year\u2019s world\u2019s fair in Chicago. Yet the fair also helped spell Lady Columbia\u2019s doom: At his keynote address, the historian Frederick Jackson Turner declared to the American Historical Association that the western frontier was now closed. <br><br>\u201cOnce there was no frontier left, [Lady Columbia] had, to an important degree, outlived her usefulness as a symbol\u201d of westward expansion, Hattem says. At the same time, advocates like John Dewey were democratizing education, displacing a focus on Greek and Latin with a more modern\u2014and therefore more American\u2014focus on science and problem solving. Columbia, with her Greco-Roman vibe, no longer represented the nation\u2019s educational philosophy. <br><br>Meanwhile, another female avatar for the nation was capturing the imaginations of millions of new immigrants from Italy, Poland and Russia: the Statue of Liberty, dedicated in New York Harbor in 1886. This new guardian became \u201ca symbol for a land where the down-trodden and despised have found a chance,\u201d as the New York Times wrote in 1903, the same year Emma Lazarus\u2019 poem \u201cThe New Colossus\u201d was cast on a bronze plaque in the base of the statue. With unchained shackles at her feet, the Statue of Liberty represented freedom at a time when \u201cAmerica is now the one shedding enlightenment on the rest of the world,\u201d says Jeanne Gutierrez, a senior research fellow at the New-York Historical Society. And in World War I, the ruddy-faced, gruff-looking Uncle Sam came to supplant the more ethereal Columbia in war propaganda. <br><br>By 1931, when the \u201cStar-Spangled Banner\u201d was officially declared our national anthem, replacing \u201cHail Columbia,\u201d Lady Columbia was all but gone. Yet her influence is still all around us. Visit Columbia University, and a seated Columbia greets you, arms aloft. At the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu, a grand Columbia statue honors mothers of fallen veterans. Her most frequent appearance these days, though, is in movie theaters, where she lives on as the logo for Columbia Pictures\u2014a role in which she has shone for nearly a century, since 1924. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00013053417205810547, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'The first and longest-ruling mascot of the United States made her debut before the country was even a country, appearing in 17th-century poems and sermons under the name \u201cColumbina.\u201d Samuel Sewall, a chief justice of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, captured her early ethos in a 1697 essay: She was, Sewall wrote, an emblem of the \u201cNew Heaven\u201d of the American colonies. <br><br>By the early 18th century, she was known by the less diminutive \u201cColumbia,\u201d and she became ubiquitous in political cartoons, posters and newspapers. She was portrayed as a goddess, draped in a neoclassical gown and holding a sword, an olive branch and a laurel wreath as metaphors for justice, peace and victory. As Lady Columbia\u2019s image spread across the country, particularly after the Revolution, she came to embody the nation\u2019s highest aspirations\u2014and its colonial ambitions. Though largely forgotten today, she reigned for two centuries as our collective emblem, and her biography offers a tale in miniature of the development of a young democracy. <br><br>As she guided colonial America, Lady Columbia served as a nurturing mother figure, but by the time of the Revolution, she was closer to an avenging angel. In 1775, during the first year of the war, the pioneering African American poet Phillis Wheatley sent General George Washington an ode to Columbia: \u201cColumbia\u2019s arm prevails \u2026 Proceed, great chief, with virtue on thy side, \/ Thy ev\u2019ry action let the goddess guide.\u201d <br><br>Throughout the Revolution, Columbia was a source of strength, a rallying cry. By the end of the war, the victorious colonists celebrated their triumph by invoking her: \u201cHail Columbia, happy land, \/ Hail, ye heroes, heav\u2019n-born band, \/ Who fought and bled in Freedom\u2019s cause,\u201d the lawyer and poet Joseph Hopkinson wrote in 1798. Hopkinson\u2019s verses were soon set to music, and \u201cHail Columbia\u201d became the country\u2019s first, if unofficial, national anthem, sung throughout the 19th century. <br><br>When the War of 1812 began, Lady Columbia was sometimes joined on posters by a new figure, Uncle Sam; both offered a fierce embodiment of American independence. In the decades before the Civil War, both North and South invoked Columbia. In perhaps her most extraordinary appearance, Columbia showed off her strength as a disciplinarian: One 1860 cartoon depicts her spanking Stephen Douglas for having created a schism in the Democratic Party by proposing that laws about slavery should be left to individual states. \u201cYou have been a bad boy, Steve \u2026 and now I\u2019ll pay you for it,\u201d Columbia says as she swats Douglas. <br><br>By the 1870s, Columbia had become a symbol of Manifest Destiny, guiding the country\u2019s westward expansion, says Michael D. Hattem, author of the 2020 book Past and Prologue: Politics and Memory in the American Revolution. This role prompted the most famous image of Lady Columbia, in John Gast\u2019s 1872 painting American Progress. <br><br>One of Lady Columbia\u2019s most poignant roles came in the next decade, as the country greeted swells of immigrants arriving from Europe\u2014and Columbia helped hold the door open. \u201cColumbia welcomes the victims of German persecution to \u2018the asylum of the oppressed,\u2019\u201d reads the caption of a political cartoon published in 1881. Her image was used to help rally millions of immigrants toward an American identity\u2014and, Hattem says, to reinforce a new patriotic movement called Columbianism. <br><br>As Columbianism swept the nation, in 1893 Lady Columbia gave her name and her likeness to posters for the World\u2019s Columbian Exposition\u2014that year\u2019s world\u2019s fair in Chicago. Yet the fair also helped spell Lady Columbia\u2019s doom: At his keynote address, the historian Frederick Jackson Turner declared to the American Historical Association that the western frontier was now closed. <br><br>\u201cOnce there was no frontier left, [Lady Columbia] had, to an important degree, outlived her usefulness as a symbol\u201d of westward expansion, Hattem says. At the same time, advocates like John Dewey were democratizing education, displacing a focus on Greek and Latin with a more modern\u2014and therefore more American\u2014focus on science and problem solving. Columbia, with her Greco-Roman vibe, no longer represented the nation\u2019s educational philosophy. <br><br>Meanwhile, another female avatar for the nation was capturing the imaginations of millions of new immigrants from Italy, Poland and Russia: the Statue of Liberty, dedicated in New York Harbor in 1886. This new guardian became \u201ca symbol for a land where the down-trodden and despised have found a chance,\u201d as the New York Times wrote in 1903, the same year Emma Lazarus\u2019 poem \u201cThe New Colossus\u201d was cast on a bronze plaque in the base of the statue. With unchained shackles at her feet, the Statue of Liberty represented freedom at a time when \u201cAmerica is now the one shedding enlightenment on the rest of the world,\u201d says Jeanne Gutierrez, a senior research fellow at the New-York Historical Society. And in World War I, the ruddy-faced, gruff-looking Uncle Sam came to supplant the more ethereal Columbia in war propaganda. <br><br>By 1931, when the \u201cStar-Spangled Banner\u201d was officially declared our national anthem, replacing \u201cHail Columbia,\u201d Lady Columbia was all but gone. Yet her influence is still all around us. Visit Columbia University, and a seated Columbia greets you, arms aloft. At the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu, a grand Columbia statue honors mothers of fallen veterans. Her most frequent appearance these days, though, is in movie theaters, where she lives on as the logo for Columbia Pictures\u2014a role in which she has shone for nearly a century, since 1924. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0004601478576660156, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '30285b55-b972-40b0-ba4b-5cf73795ab4b', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0006247421260923147, 'sentence': 'The first and longest-ruling mascot of the United States made her debut before the country was even a country, appearing in 17th-century poems and sermons under the name \u201cColumbina.\u201d Samuel Sewall, a chief justice of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, captured her early ethos in a 1697 essay: She was, Sewall wrote, an emblem of the \u201cNew Heaven\u201d of the American colonies.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007164095877669752, 'sentence': '<br><br>By the early 18th century, she was known by the less diminutive \u201cColumbia,\u201d and she became ubiquitous in political cartoons, posters and newspapers.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008319969638250768, 'sentence': 'She was portrayed as a goddess, draped in a neoclassical gown and holding a sword, an olive branch and a laurel wreath as metaphors for justice, peace and victory.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009182480280287564, 'sentence': \"As Lady Columbia's image spread across the country, particularly after the Revolution, she came to embody the nation's highest aspirations\u1173and its colonial ambitions.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006942481850273907, 'sentence': 'Though largely forgotten today, she reigned for two centuries as our collective emblem, and her biography offers a tale in miniature of the development of a young democracy.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005224578781053424, 'sentence': '<br><br>As she guided colonial America, Lady Columbia served as a nurturing mother figure, but by the time of the Revolution, she was closer to an avenging angel.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006124080973677337, 'sentence': \"In 1775, during the first year of the war, the pioneering African American poet Phillis Wheatley sent General George Washington an ode to Columbia: \u201cColumbia's arm prevails \u2026 Proceed, great chief, with virtue on thy side, \/ Thy ev'ry action let the goddess guide.\u201d <br><br>Throughout the Revolution, Columbia was a source of strength, a rallying cry.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000474947300972417, 'sentence': \"By the end of the war, the victorious colonists celebrated their triumph by invoking her: \u201cHail Columbia, happy land, \/ Hail, ye heroes, heav'n-born band, \/ Who fought and bled in Freedom's cause,\u201d the lawyer and poet Joseph Hopkinson wrote in 1798.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005332352593541145, 'sentence': \"Hopkinson's verses were soon set to music, and \u201cHail Columbia\u201d became the country's first, if unofficial, national anthem, sung throughout the 19th century.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006710608140565455, 'sentence': '<br><br>When the War of 1812 began, Lady Columbia was sometimes joined on posters by a new figure, Uncle Sam; both offered a fierce embodiment of American independence.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009788447059690952, 'sentence': 'In the decades before the Civil War, both North and South invoked Columbia.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001342633768217638, 'sentence': 'In perhaps her most extraordinary appearance, Columbia showed off her strength as a disciplinarian: One 1860 cartoon depicts her spanking Stephen Douglas for having created a schism in the Democratic Party by proposing that laws about slavery should be left to individual states.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012531176616903394, 'sentence': \"\u201cYou have been a bad boy, Steve \u2026 and now I'll pay you for it,\u201d Columbia says as she swats Douglas.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001440019259462133, 'sentence': \"<br><br>By the 1870s, Columbia had become a symbol of Manifest Destiny, guiding the country's westward expansion, says Michael D. Hattem, author of the 2020 book Past and Prologue: Politics and Memory in the American Revolution.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.194914309773594e-05, 'sentence': \"This role prompted the most famous image of Lady Columbia, in John Gast's 1872 painting American Progress.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.08978550392203e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>One of Lady Columbia's most poignant roles came in the next decade, as the country greeted swells of immigrants arriving from Europe\u1173and Columbia helped hold the door open.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.549840665888041e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cColumbia welcomes the victims of German persecution to 'the asylum of the oppressed,'\u201d reads the caption of a political cartoon published in 1881.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.2525370847433805e-05, 'sentence': 'Her image was used to help rally millions of immigrants toward an American identity\u1173and, Hattem says, to reinforce a new patriotic movement called Columbianism.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.543961692135781e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>As Columbianism swept the nation, in 1893 Lady Columbia gave her name and her likeness to posters for the World's Columbian Exposition\u1173that year's world's fair in Chicago.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.297701424453408e-05, 'sentence': \"Yet the fair also helped spell Lady Columbia's doom: At his keynote address, the historian Frederick Jackson Turner declared to the American Historical Association that the western frontier was now closed.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.915862028719857e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cOnce there was no frontier left, [Lady Columbia] had, to an important degree, outlived her usefulness as a symbol\u201d of westward expansion, Hattem says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0015021746512502432, 'sentence': 'At the same time, advocates like John Dewey were democratizing education, displacing a focus on Greek and Latin with a more modern\u1173and therefore more American\u1173focus on science and problem solving.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002373370574787259, 'sentence': \"Columbia, with her Greco-Roman vibe, no longer represented the nation's educational philosophy.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0024976639542728662, 'sentence': '<br><br>Meanwhile, another female avatar for the nation was capturing the imaginations of millions of new immigrants from Italy, Poland and Russia: the Statue of Liberty, dedicated in New York Harbor in 1886.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00033910415368154645, 'sentence': \"This new guardian became \u201ca symbol for a land where the down-trodden and despised have found a chance,\u201d as the New York Times wrote in 1903, the same year Emma Lazarus' poem \u201cThe New Colossus\u201d was cast on a bronze plaque in the base of the statue.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005053352215327322, 'sentence': 'With unchained shackles at her feet, the Statue of Liberty represented freedom at a time when \u201cAmerica is now the one shedding enlightenment on the rest of the world,\u201d says Jeanne Gutierrez, a senior research fellow at the New-York Historical Society.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005827560089528561, 'sentence': 'And in World War I, the ruddy-faced, gruff-looking Uncle Sam came to supplant the more ethereal Columbia in war propaganda.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007262317813001573, 'sentence': '<br><br>By 1931, when the \u201cStar-Spangled Banner\u201d was officially declared our national anthem, replacing \u201cHail Columbia,\u201d Lady Columbia was all but gone.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006375822704285383, 'sentence': 'Yet her influence is still all around us.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008114585070870817, 'sentence': 'Visit Columbia University, and a seated Columbia greets you, arms aloft.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012389966286718845, 'sentence': 'At the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu, a grand Columbia statue honors mothers of fallen veterans.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006118210731074214, 'sentence': 'Her most frequent appearance these days, though, is in movie theaters, where she lives on as the logo for Columbia Pictures\u1173a role in which she has shone for nearly a century, since 1924.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 32, 'completely_generated_prob': 2.402550696571401e-28}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.009770401925982664, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9899376023754831, 'ai': 0.009770401925982664, 'mixed': 0.000291995698534255}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9899376023754831, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.009770401925982664, 'human': 0.9899376023754831, 'mixed': 0.000291995698534255}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'The first and longest-ruling mascot of the United States made her debut before the country was even a country, appearing in 17th-century poems and sermons under the name \u201cColumbina.\u201d Samuel Sewall, a chief justice of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, captured her early ethos in a 1697 essay: She was, Sewall wrote, an emblem of the \u201cNew Heaven\u201d of the American colonies. <br><br>By the early 18th century, she was known by the less diminutive \u201cColumbia,\u201d and she became ubiquitous in political cartoons, posters and newspapers. She was portrayed as a goddess, draped in a neoclassical gown and holding a sword, an olive branch and a laurel wreath as metaphors for justice, peace and victory. As Lady Columbia\u2019s image spread across the country, particularly after the Revolution, she came to embody the nation\u2019s highest aspirations\u2014and its colonial ambitions. Though largely forgotten today, she reigned for two centuries as our collective emblem, and her biography offers a tale in miniature of the development of a young democracy. <br><br>As she guided colonial America, Lady Columbia served as a nurturing mother figure, but by the time of the Revolution, she was closer to an avenging angel. In 1775, during the first year of the war, the pioneering African American poet Phillis Wheatley sent General George Washington an ode to Columbia: \u201cColumbia\u2019s arm prevails \u2026 Proceed, great chief, with virtue on thy side, \/ Thy ev\u2019ry action let the goddess guide.\u201d <br><br>Throughout the Revolution, Columbia was a source of strength, a rallying cry. By the end of the war, the victorious colonists celebrated their triumph by invoking her: \u201cHail Columbia, happy land, \/ Hail, ye heroes, heav\u2019n-born band, \/ Who fought and bled in Freedom\u2019s cause,\u201d the lawyer and poet Joseph Hopkinson wrote in 1798. Hopkinson\u2019s verses were soon set to music, and \u201cHail Columbia\u201d became the country\u2019s first, if unofficial, national anthem, sung throughout the 19th century. <br><br>When the War of 1812 began, Lady Columbia was sometimes joined on posters by a new figure, Uncle Sam; both offered a fierce embodiment of American independence. In the decades before the Civil War, both North and South invoked Columbia. In perhaps her most extraordinary appearance, Columbia showed off her strength as a disciplinarian: One 1860 cartoon depicts her spanking Stephen Douglas for having created a schism in the Democratic Party by proposing that laws about slavery should be left to individual states. \u201cYou have been a bad boy, Steve \u2026 and now I\u2019ll pay you for it,\u201d Columbia says as she swats Douglas. <br><br>By the 1870s, Columbia had become a symbol of Manifest Destiny, guiding the country\u2019s westward expansion, says Michael D. Hattem, author of the 2020 book Past and Prologue: Politics and Memory in the American Revolution. This role prompted the most famous image of Lady Columbia, in John Gast\u2019s 1872 painting American Progress. <br><br>One of Lady Columbia\u2019s most poignant roles came in the next decade, as the country greeted swells of immigrants arriving from Europe\u2014and Columbia helped hold the door open. \u201cColumbia welcomes the victims of German persecution to \u2018the asylum of the oppressed,\u2019\u201d reads the caption of a political cartoon published in 1881. Her image was used to help rally millions of immigrants toward an American identity\u2014and, Hattem says, to reinforce a new patriotic movement called Columbianism. <br><br>As Columbianism swept the nation, in 1893 Lady Columbia gave her name and her likeness to posters for the World\u2019s Columbian Exposition\u2014that year\u2019s world\u2019s fair in Chicago. Yet the fair also helped spell Lady Columbia\u2019s doom: At his keynote address, the historian Frederick Jackson Turner declared to the American Historical Association that the western frontier was now closed. <br><br>\u201cOnce there was no frontier left, [Lady Columbia] had, to an important degree, outlived her usefulness as a symbol\u201d of westward expansion, Hattem says. At the same time, advocates like John Dewey were democratizing education, displacing a focus on Greek and Latin with a more modern\u2014and therefore more American\u2014focus on science and problem solving. Columbia, with her Greco-Roman vibe, no longer represented the nation\u2019s educational philosophy. <br><br>Meanwhile, another female avatar for the nation was capturing the imaginations of millions of new immigrants from Italy, Poland and Russia: the Statue of Liberty, dedicated in New York Harbor in 1886. This new guardian became \u201ca symbol for a land where the down-trodden and despised have found a chance,\u201d as the New York Times wrote in 1903, the same year Emma Lazarus\u2019 poem \u201cThe New Colossus\u201d was cast on a bronze plaque in the base of the statue. With unchained shackles at her feet, the Statue of Liberty represented freedom at a time when \u201cAmerica is now the one shedding enlightenment on the rest of the world,\u201d says Jeanne Gutierrez, a senior research fellow at the New-York Historical Society. And in World War I, the ruddy-faced, gruff-looking Uncle Sam came to supplant the more ethereal Columbia in war propaganda. <br><br>By 1931, when the \u201cStar-Spangled Banner\u201d was officially declared our national anthem, replacing \u201cHail Columbia,\u201d Lady Columbia was all but gone. Yet her influence is still all around us. Visit Columbia University, and a seated Columbia greets you, arms aloft. At the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu, a grand Columbia statue honors mothers of fallen veterans. Her most frequent appearance these days, though, is in movie theaters, where she lives on as the logo for Columbia Pictures\u2014a role in which she has shone for nearly a century, since 1924. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5081127882,"RADAR":0.009305805,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article is very specific with facts and dates. It comes across as incredibly well-researched in a way that you only see in text written by real people. The quote style is also very unique, which I wouldn't expect from AI."},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"This one is difficult. I'm going with AI-generated on the strength of the 2 lists highlighted."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: inclusive phrases like 'declared our national anthem'. Lack of an Oxford comma. Interesting verbs like 'swats'. Missing punctuation marks. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident that this is human-written because even while there's a lot of romanticization going on with some of the words used, it's appropriate because the article's directly talking about symbols and how those symbols changed in America over time. There's a lot of variety in the article's grammar use, with dashes, brackets, quotes intermixed with sentences, and short spurts of comma sections throughout, as with \"Hail Columbia\u201d became the country\u2019s first, if unofficial, national anthem, sung throughout the 19th century.\" Alongside that, the article contains good visual imagery, such as with \"the ruddy-faced, gruff-looking Uncle Sam\" and \"\u201cYou have been a bad boy, Steve \u2026 and now I\u2019ll pay you for it,\u201d Columbia says as she swats Douglas\" and it gives a good look into what these symbols were at each point in the article, how they morphed over time. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Quotations aptly chosen to advance the narrative.\nParagraphs flow effortlessly from one historical era to the next without repetitive structures and with enough varied details to keep the reader interested.\nHigh diversity of lexical items, sentence structures, and source material. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"84":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":25,"title":"In Norway, Kids Slice Out Cod Tongues for Serious Money ","sub-title":"In the remote Lofoten Islands, youngsters are happy to embrace tradition by collecting the local delicacy and selling their wares ","author":"Rebecca Katzman ","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":-17955000,"section":"Arts & Culture","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/history\/before-lady-liberty-lady-columbia-180982722\/","article":"Pay a winter visit to Norway\u2019s remote Lofoten Islands, north of the Arctic Circle, and it\u2019s impossible to miss the rows of headless fish carcasses hanging from wooden racks to dry. Follow the snaking two-lane road from village to village and you\u2019ll arrive at the dock of H. Sverdrup AS fish factory in a town called Reine. When I visited, a group of kids with sharp knives and bloody smocks stood huddled together for warmth. School had just ended, and they were waiting for more cod heads to arrive.  <br><br>The kids are known as tungeskjaererne, or tongue cutters. It was early March 2020, the middle of fishing season, when Arctic cod known as skrei migrate to the Norwegian coast to spawn. Cod tongue, tender and jellylike, is a local delicacy. \u201cThe best meat of the fish,\u201d said Jakob Arctander, a local fish exporter. \u201cIt\u2019s got the consistency of filet mignon.\u201d <br><br>For as long as anybody can remember, tungeskjaererne have been responsible for the local cod tongue trade, even as fish factories give up the money they would otherwise get from the tongues by donating the fish heads to children and teenagers. The tradition introduces young people to the fishing industry, and teaching them the value of entrepreneurship and hard work seems to matter more than making an extra kroner or two. \u201cFishing is the most important thing that we have here,\u201d said Arctander, who sometimes let his 6-year-old son stay up until midnight cutting tongues. \u201cFisheries will always be our main source of work.\u201d <br><br>The job makes selling Girl Scout cookies or running a lemonade stand look like child\u2019s play. Arctander knows tungeskjaererne who have made more than $11,000 in a single season. \u201cI haven\u2019t thought of anything else in the world where kids can make so much money,\u201d he said.  <br><br>Sea gulls swarmed overhead as a small fishing boat approached the dock. The haul was brought inside the factory, and the sound of scraping metal signaled that workers had fed the fish into a processor to slice off the heads. The bodies would be salted, frozen or dried as stockfish\u2014unsalted fish that\u2019s hung for months in the open air to dry\u2014and then exported for food. The heads were collected in large bins, to be moved outside for the kids. <br><br>That children as young as 6 go straight from school to the docks, where they spend hours in the numbing cold coated in fish guts, sharp knives in hand, may seem bizarre when viewed from the perspective of today\u2019s developed economies and increasingly virtual workplaces. But the rarefied nature of this work, proudly undertaken by kids who feel a connection to the tradition, is part of what makes the practice so fascinating. The task itself involves spearing the head onto a giant metal spike and then slicing out the tongue. The heads were thrown into a bin, to be strung up and dried for export to Nigeria, where they\u2019re a popular ingredient in traditional soups and stews. The tongues piled up on the spike until they reached the top and were then tossed into a bucket. The kids\u2019 handiwork was so quick it was difficult to make out the distinct steps. Heads were grabbed, spiked, sliced, tossed, grabbed, spiked, sliced, tossed, until the large bin was empty and a new batch of cod heads arrived. Despite harsh winds and below-freezing temperatures, a few of the older tongue cutters, who work fast, were sweating. Piles of snow were pink with blood, but they didn\u2019t seem to mind. <br><br>\u201cMy parents don\u2019t want me to tell anyone how much money I\u2019m making,\u201d Alice Bendiksen, 14, said. \u201cBut it\u2019s a lot.\u201d Her two siblings also cut tongues, as did her parents and grandparents. Alice cut tongues nearly every day, sometimes staying at the factory until 2 a.m. Her earnings went toward new Apple AirPods, for listening to music while cutting, and a new phone\u2014but she was saving up most of her money. Alice and other children use a mobile app called MarineTraffic to see when fishing boats are headed back to the dock. <br><br>At the end of each night, the cutters took their haul home to be washed, weighed and vacuum-packed or block-frozen. Their customers, curiously, tend to be local\u2014generally family, friends and restaurant owners. In the old days, children sold tongues door-to-door. Now many use Facebook Marketplace. \u201cThe charm of it is all gone,\u201d said Steve Nilsen with a sigh. His son, Martin, was a tongue cutter in the village of Ballstad. <br><br>The most traditional way to prepare the delicacy is to poach or fry the meat and serve it alongside potatoes and raw shaved carrots. But variations have evolved: served with cod roe and celery root, for example, or deep-fried with capers and tarragon. J\u00f8rgen Botolfsen, then 10, couldn\u2019t stand the taste of cod tongue, but he earned more than $5 for every 2.2 pounds he sold. His mother, Anniken Marie Geirsdatter, made enough money as a teenager\u2014$32,000 in six years\u2014that she was able to buy a car, pay for driving lessons and make a down payment on a home. \u201cI want J\u00f8rgen to learn that it\u2019s not easy to make money\u2014it\u2019s hard work,\u201d she said. <br><br>Because J\u00f8rgen wasn\u2019t old enough to drive himself to the dock, Geirsdatter sat in the car, observing him at work. He didn\u2019t enjoy the supervision. \u201cMommy,\u201d he said, \u201cyou don\u2019t have to watch me cut all the time\u2014I\u2019m not a kid anymore.\u201d ","id":54,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Pay a winter visit to Norway\u2019s remote Lofoten Islands, north of the Arctic Circle, and it\u2019s impossible to miss the rows of headless fish carcasses hanging from wooden racks to dry. Follow the snaking two-lane road from village to village and you\u2019ll arrive at the dock of H. Sverdrup AS fish factory in a town called Reine. When I visited, a group of kids with sharp knives and bloody smocks stood huddled together for warmth. School had just ended, and they were waiting for more cod heads to arrive.  <br><br>The kids are known as tungeskjaererne, or tongue cutters. It was early March 2020, the middle of fishing season, when Arctic cod known as skrei migrate to the Norwegian coast to spawn. Cod tongue, tender and jellylike, is a local delicacy. \u201cThe best meat of the fish,\u201d said Jakob Arctander, a local fish exporter. \u201cIt\u2019s got the consistency of filet mignon.\u201d <br><br>For as long as anybody can remember, tungeskjaererne have been responsible for the local cod tongue trade, even as fish factories give up the money they would otherwise get from the tongues by donating the fish heads to children and teenagers. The tradition introduces young people to the fishing industry, and teaching them the value of entrepreneurship and hard work seems to matter more than making an extra kroner or two. \u201cFishing is the most important thing that we have here,\u201d said Arctander, who sometimes let his 6-year-old son stay up until midnight cutting tongues. \u201cFisheries will always be our main source of work.\u201d <br><br>The job makes selling Girl Scout cookies or running a lemonade stand look like child\u2019s play. Arctander knows tungeskjaererne who have made more than $11,000 in a single season. \u201cI haven\u2019t thought of anything else in the world where kids can make so much money,\u201d he said.  <br><br>Sea gulls swarmed overhead as a small fishing boat approached the dock. The haul was brought inside the factory, and the sound of scraping metal signaled that workers had fed the fish into a processor to slice off the heads. The bodies would be salted, frozen or dried as stockfish\u2014unsalted fish that\u2019s hung for months in the open air to dry\u2014and then exported for food. The heads were collected in large bins, to be moved outside for the kids. <br><br>That children as young as 6 go straight from school to the docks, where they spend hours in the numbing cold coated in fish guts, sharp knives in hand, may seem bizarre when viewed from the perspective of today\u2019s developed economies and increasingly virtual workplaces. But the rarefied nature of this work, proudly undertaken by kids who feel a connection to the tradition, is part of what makes the practice so fascinating. The task itself involves spearing the head onto a giant metal spike and then slicing out the tongue. The heads were thrown into a bin, to be strung up and dried for export to Nigeria, where they\u2019re a popular ingredient in traditional soups and stews. The tongues piled up on the spike until they reached the top and were then tossed into a bucket. The kids\u2019 handiwork was so quick it was difficult to make out the distinct steps. Heads were grabbed, spiked, sliced, tossed, grabbed, spiked, sliced, tossed, until the large bin was empty and a new batch of cod heads arrived. Despite harsh winds and below-freezing temperatures, a few of the older tongue cutters, who work fast, were sweating. Piles of snow were pink with blood, but they didn\u2019t seem to mind. <br><br>\u201cMy parents don\u2019t want me to tell anyone how much money I\u2019m making,\u201d Alice Bendiksen, 14, said. \u201cBut it\u2019s a lot.\u201d Her two siblings also cut tongues, as did her parents and grandparents. Alice cut tongues nearly every day, sometimes staying at the factory until 2 a.m. Her earnings went toward new Apple AirPods, for listening to music while cutting, and a new phone\u2014but she was saving up most of her money. Alice and other children use a mobile app called MarineTraffic to see when fishing boats are headed back to the dock. <br><br>At the end of each night, the cutters took their haul home to be washed, weighed and vacuum-packed or block-frozen. Their customers, curiously, tend to be local\u2014generally family, friends and restaurant owners. In the old days, children sold tongues door-to-door. Now many use Facebook Marketplace. \u201cThe charm of it is all gone,\u201d said Steve Nilsen with a sigh. His son, Martin, was a tongue cutter in the village of Ballstad. <br><br>The most traditional way to prepare the delicacy is to poach or fry the meat and serve it alongside potatoes and raw shaved carrots. But variations have evolved: served with cod roe and celery root, for example, or deep-fried with capers and tarragon. J\u00f8rgen Botolfsen, then 10, couldn\u2019t stand the taste of cod tongue, but he earned more than $5 for every 2.2 pounds he sold. His mother, Anniken Marie Geirsdatter, made enough money as a teenager\u2014$32,000 in six years\u2014that she was able to buy a car, pay for driving lessons and make a down payment on a home. \u201cI want J\u00f8rgen to learn that it\u2019s not easy to make money\u2014it\u2019s hard work,\u201d she said. <br><br>Because J\u00f8rgen wasn\u2019t old enough to drive himself to the dock, Geirsdatter sat in the car, observing him at work. He didn\u2019t enjoy the supervision. \u201cMommy,\u201d he said, \u201cyou don\u2019t have to watch me cut all the time\u2014I\u2019m not a kid anymore.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.2040138244628906e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Pay a winter visit to Norway\u2019s remote Lofoten Islands, north of the Arctic Circle, and it\u2019s impossible to miss the rows of headless fish carcasses hanging from wooden racks to dry. Follow the snaking two-lane road from village to village and you\u2019ll arrive at the dock of H. Sverdrup AS fish factory in a town called Reine. When I visited, a group of kids with sharp knives and bloody smocks stood huddled together for warmth. School had just ended, and they were waiting for more cod heads to arrive.  <br><br>The kids are known as tungeskjaererne, or tongue cutters. It was early March 2020, the middle of fishing season, when Arctic cod known as skrei migrate to the Norwegian coast to spawn. Cod tongue, tender and jellylike, is a local delicacy. \u201cThe best meat of the fish,\u201d said Jakob Arctander, a local fish exporter. \u201cIt\u2019s got the consistency of filet mignon.\u201d <br><br>For as long as anybody can remember, tungeskjaererne have been responsible for the local cod tongue trade, even as fish factories give up the money they would otherwise get from the tongues by donating the fish heads to children and teenagers. The tradition introduces young people to the fishing industry, and teaching them the value of entrepreneurship and hard work seems to matter more than making an extra kroner or two. \u201cFishing is the most important thing that we have here,\u201d said Arctander, who sometimes let his 6-year-old son stay up until midnight cutting tongues. \u201cFisheries will always be our main source of work.\u201d <br><br>The job makes selling Girl Scout cookies or running a lemonade stand look like child\u2019s play. Arctander knows tungeskjaererne who have made more than $11,000 in a single season. \u201cI haven\u2019t thought of anything else in the world where kids can make so much money,\u201d he said.  <br><br>Sea gulls swarmed overhead as a small fishing boat approached the dock. The haul was brought inside the factory, and the sound of scraping metal signaled that workers had fed the fish into a processor to slice off the heads. The bodies would be salted, frozen or dried as stockfish\u2014unsalted fish that\u2019s hung for months in the open air to dry\u2014and then exported for food. The heads were collected in large bins, to be moved outside for the kids. <br><br>That children as young as 6 go straight from school to the docks, where they spend hours in the numbing cold coated in fish guts, sharp knives in hand, may seem bizarre when viewed from the perspective of today\u2019s developed economies and increasingly virtual workplaces. But the rarefied nature of this work, proudly undertaken by kids who feel a connection to the tradition, is part of what makes the practice so fascinating. The task itself involves spearing the head onto a giant metal spike and then slicing out the tongue. The heads were thrown into a bin, to be strung up and dried for export to Nigeria, where they\u2019re a popular ingredient in traditional soups and stews. The tongues piled up on the spike until they reached the top and were then tossed into a bucket. The kids\u2019 handiwork was so quick it was difficult to make out the distinct steps. Heads were grabbed, spiked, sliced, tossed, grabbed, spiked, sliced, tossed, until the large bin was empty and a new batch of cod heads arrived. Despite harsh winds and below-freezing temperatures, a few of the older tongue cutters, who work fast, were sweating. Piles of snow were pink with blood, but they didn\u2019t seem to mind. <br><br>\u201cMy parents don\u2019t want me to tell anyone how much money I\u2019m making,\u201d Alice Bendiksen, 14, said. \u201cBut it\u2019s a lot.\u201d Her two siblings also cut tongues, as did her parents and grandparents. Alice cut tongues nearly every day, sometimes staying at the factory until 2 a.m. Her earnings went toward new Apple AirPods, for listening to music while cutting, and a new phone\u2014but she was saving up most of her money. Alice and other children use a mobile app called MarineTraffic to see when fishing boats are headed back to the dock. <br><br>At the end of each night, the cutters took their haul home to be washed, weighed and vacuum-packed or block-frozen. Their customers, curiously, tend to be local\u2014generally family, friends and restaurant owners. In the old days, children sold tongues door-to-door. Now many use Facebook Marketplace. \u201cThe charm of it is all gone,\u201d said Steve Nilsen with a sigh. His son, Martin, was a tongue cutter in the village of Ballstad. <br><br>The most traditional way to prepare the delicacy is to poach or fry the meat and serve it alongside potatoes and raw shaved carrots. But variations have evolved: served with cod roe and celery root, for example, or deep-fried with capers and tarragon. J\u00f8rgen Botolfsen, then 10, couldn\u2019t stand the taste of cod tongue, but he earned more than $5 for every 2.2 pounds he sold. His mother, Anniken Marie Geirsdatter, made enough money as a teenager\u2014$32,000 in six years\u2014that she was able to buy a car, pay for driving lessons and make a down payment on a home. \u201cI want J\u00f8rgen to learn that it\u2019s not easy to make money\u2014it\u2019s hard work,\u201d she said. <br><br>Because J\u00f8rgen wasn\u2019t old enough to drive himself to the dock, Geirsdatter sat in the car, observing him at work. He didn\u2019t enjoy the supervision. \u201cMommy,\u201d he said, \u201cyou don\u2019t have to watch me cut all the time\u2014I\u2019m not a kid anymore.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.4378299713134766e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '4d8d5dbd-0a38-46d3-bf45-5e64bfa0a20a', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.001227239496074617, 'sentence': \"Pay a winter visit to Norway's remote Lofoten Islands, north of the Arctic Circle, and it's impossible to miss the rows of headless fish carcasses hanging from wooden racks to dry.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001837105373851955, 'sentence': \"Follow the snaking two-lane road from village to village and you'll arrive at the dock of H. Sverdrup AS fish factory in a town called Reine.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002308320254087448, 'sentence': 'When I visited, a group of kids with sharp knives and bloody smocks stood huddled together for warmth.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00207902817055583, 'sentence': 'School had just ended, and they were waiting for more cod heads to arrive.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008809395367279649, 'sentence': '<br><br>The kids are known as tungeskjaererne, or tongue cutters.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0014235865091904998, 'sentence': 'It was early March 2020, the middle of fishing season, when Arctic cod known as skrei migrate to the Norwegian coast to spawn.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011415202170610428, 'sentence': 'Cod tongue, tender and jellylike, is a local delicacy.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001310015912167728, 'sentence': '\u201cThe best meat of the fish,\u201d said Jakob Arctander, a local fish exporter.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009715567575767636, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's got the consistency of filet mignon.\u201d <br><br>For as long as anybody can remember, tungeskjaererne have been responsible for the local cod tongue trade, even as fish factories give up the money they would otherwise get from the tongues by donating the fish heads to children and teenagers.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010271980427205563, 'sentence': 'The tradition introduces young people to the fishing industry, and teaching them the value of entrepreneurship and hard work seems to matter more than making an extra kroner or two.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007404430070891976, 'sentence': '\u201cFishing is the most important thing that we have here,\u201d said Arctander, who sometimes let his 6-year-old son stay up until midnight cutting tongues.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006743333069607615, 'sentence': \"\u201cFisheries will always be our main source of work.\u201d <br><br>The job makes selling Girl Scout cookies or running a lemonade stand look like child's play.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010758667485788465, 'sentence': 'Arctander knows tungeskjaererne who have made more than $11,000 in a single season.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010617179796099663, 'sentence': \"\u201cI haven't thought of anything else in the world where kids can make so much money,\u201d he said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008807439589872956, 'sentence': '<br><br>Sea gulls swarmed overhead as a small fishing boat approached the dock.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011845690896734595, 'sentence': 'The haul was brought inside the factory, and the sound of scraping metal signaled that workers had fed the fish into a processor to slice off the heads.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012757626827806234, 'sentence': \"The bodies would be salted, frozen or dried as stockfish\u1173unsalted fish that's hung for months in the open air to dry\u1173and then exported for food.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013022503117099404, 'sentence': 'The heads were collected in large bins, to be moved outside for the kids.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002103339647874236, 'sentence': \"<br><br>That children as young as 6 go straight from school to the docks, where they spend hours in the numbing cold coated in fish guts, sharp knives in hand, may seem bizarre when viewed from the perspective of today's developed economies and increasingly virtual workplaces.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00036314630415290594, 'sentence': 'But the rarefied nature of this work, proudly undertaken by kids who feel a connection to the tradition, is part of what makes the practice so fascinating.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00026049261214211583, 'sentence': 'The task itself involves spearing the head onto a giant metal spike and then slicing out the tongue.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00032207847107201815, 'sentence': \"The heads were thrown into a bin, to be strung up and dried for export to Nigeria, where they're a popular ingredient in traditional soups and stews.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00024346668215002865, 'sentence': 'The tongues piled up on the spike until they reached the top and were then tossed into a bucket.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00027909912751056254, 'sentence': \"The kids' handiwork was so quick it was difficult to make out the distinct steps.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00017664926417637616, 'sentence': 'Heads were grabbed, spiked, sliced, tossed, grabbed, spiked, sliced, tossed, until the large bin was empty and a new batch of cod heads arrived.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00017644751642365009, 'sentence': 'Despite harsh winds and below-freezing temperatures, a few of the older tongue cutters, who work fast, were sweating.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00016323081217706203, 'sentence': \"Piles of snow were pink with blood, but 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0.00018801633268594742, 'sentence': 'Alice and other children use a mobile app called MarineTraffic to see when fishing boats are headed back to the dock.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012156315642641857, 'sentence': '<br><br>At the end of each night, the cutters took their haul home to be washed, weighed and vacuum-packed or block-frozen.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012397633690852672, 'sentence': 'Their customers, curiously, tend to be local\u1173generally family, friends and restaurant owners.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001332345709670335, 'sentence': 'In the old days, children sold tongues door-to-door.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00030482286820188165, 'sentence': 'Now many use Facebook Marketplace.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 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0.007691498380154371, 'sentence': \"\u201cMommy,\u201d he said, \u201cyou don't have to watch me cut all the time\u1173I'm not a kid anymore.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 46, 'completely_generated_prob': 7.688601443292485e-41}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.024461651786716186, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9754981327244504, 'ai': 0.024461651786716186, 'mixed': 4.0215488833363626e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9754981327244504, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.024461651786716186, 'human': 0.9754981327244504, 'mixed': 4.0215488833363626e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Pay a winter visit to Norway\u2019s remote Lofoten Islands, north of the Arctic Circle, and it\u2019s impossible to miss the rows of headless fish carcasses hanging from wooden racks to dry. Follow the snaking two-lane road from village to village and you\u2019ll arrive at the dock of H. Sverdrup AS fish factory in a town called Reine. When I visited, a group of kids with sharp knives and bloody smocks stood huddled together for warmth. School had just ended, and they were waiting for more cod heads to arrive.  <br><br>The kids are known as tungeskjaererne, or tongue cutters. It was early March 2020, the middle of fishing season, when Arctic cod known as skrei migrate to the Norwegian coast to spawn. Cod tongue, tender and jellylike, is a local delicacy. \u201cThe best meat of the fish,\u201d said Jakob Arctander, a local fish exporter. \u201cIt\u2019s got the consistency of filet mignon.\u201d <br><br>For as long as anybody can remember, tungeskjaererne have been responsible for the local cod tongue trade, even as fish factories give up the money they would otherwise get from the tongues by donating the fish heads to children and teenagers. The tradition introduces young people to the fishing industry, and teaching them the value of entrepreneurship and hard work seems to matter more than making an extra kroner or two. \u201cFishing is the most important thing that we have here,\u201d said Arctander, who sometimes let his 6-year-old son stay up until midnight cutting tongues. \u201cFisheries will always be our main source of work.\u201d <br><br>The job makes selling Girl Scout cookies or running a lemonade stand look like child\u2019s play. Arctander knows tungeskjaererne who have made more than $11,000 in a single season. \u201cI haven\u2019t thought of anything else in the world where kids can make so much money,\u201d he said.  <br><br>Sea gulls swarmed overhead as a small fishing boat approached the dock. The haul was brought inside the factory, and the sound of scraping metal signaled that workers had fed the fish into a processor to slice off the heads. The bodies would be salted, frozen or dried as stockfish\u2014unsalted fish that\u2019s hung for months in the open air to dry\u2014and then exported for food. The heads were collected in large bins, to be moved outside for the kids. <br><br>That children as young as 6 go straight from school to the docks, where they spend hours in the numbing cold coated in fish guts, sharp knives in hand, may seem bizarre when viewed from the perspective of today\u2019s developed economies and increasingly virtual workplaces. But the rarefied nature of this work, proudly undertaken by kids who feel a connection to the tradition, is part of what makes the practice so fascinating. The task itself involves spearing the head onto a giant metal spike and then slicing out the tongue. The heads were thrown into a bin, to be strung up and dried for export to Nigeria, where they\u2019re a popular ingredient in traditional soups and stews. The tongues piled up on the spike until they reached the top and were then tossed into a bucket. The kids\u2019 handiwork was so quick it was difficult to make out the distinct steps. Heads were grabbed, spiked, sliced, tossed, grabbed, spiked, sliced, tossed, until the large bin was empty and a new batch of cod heads arrived. Despite harsh winds and below-freezing temperatures, a few of the older tongue cutters, who work fast, were sweating. Piles of snow were pink with blood, but they didn\u2019t seem to mind. <br><br>\u201cMy parents don\u2019t want me to tell anyone how much money I\u2019m making,\u201d Alice Bendiksen, 14, said. \u201cBut it\u2019s a lot.\u201d Her two siblings also cut tongues, as did her parents and grandparents. Alice cut tongues nearly every day, sometimes staying at the factory until 2 a.m. Her earnings went toward new Apple AirPods, for listening to music while cutting, and a new phone\u2014but she was saving up most of her money. Alice and other children use a mobile app called MarineTraffic to see when fishing boats are headed back to the dock. <br><br>At the end of each night, the cutters took their haul home to be washed, weighed and vacuum-packed or block-frozen. Their customers, curiously, tend to be local\u2014generally family, friends and restaurant owners. In the old days, children sold tongues door-to-door. Now many use Facebook Marketplace. \u201cThe charm of it is all gone,\u201d said Steve Nilsen with a sigh. His son, Martin, was a tongue cutter in the village of Ballstad. <br><br>The most traditional way to prepare the delicacy is to poach or fry the meat and serve it alongside potatoes and raw shaved carrots. But variations have evolved: served with cod roe and celery root, for example, or deep-fried with capers and tarragon. J\u00f8rgen Botolfsen, then 10, couldn\u2019t stand the taste of cod tongue, but he earned more than $5 for every 2.2 pounds he sold. His mother, Anniken Marie Geirsdatter, made enough money as a teenager\u2014$32,000 in six years\u2014that she was able to buy a car, pay for driving lessons and make a down payment on a home. \u201cI want J\u00f8rgen to learn that it\u2019s not easy to make money\u2014it\u2019s hard work,\u201d she said. <br><br>Because J\u00f8rgen wasn\u2019t old enough to drive himself to the dock, Geirsdatter sat in the car, observing him at work. He didn\u2019t enjoy the supervision. \u201cMommy,\u201d he said, \u201cyou don\u2019t have to watch me cut all the time\u2014I\u2019m not a kid anymore.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.9048642516,"RADAR":0.0067506982,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article is quite real and graphic in the way it describes things. It feels a bit harsh for an AI article, especially when it talks about children piling up tongues on spikes. The quotes are also quite realistic and it doesn't have any experts which AI would definitely include for an article of this length. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The metaphor \"snaking two-lane road\" is unusual and not one I've seen used by AI. \"I haven't thought of anything else in the world...\" is a quaint, foreign-sounding way of saying, \"I can't think of anything else in the world...\"I don't think AI would render it like this. The repetition in the sentence, \"Heads were grabbed, spiked, tossed...\" subtly invokes fast motion, and again, I don't think AI would get this right."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"It was the comma before the 'and' in the first sentence that initially gave it away. Other giveaways: reference to the first person. It has a story element to it. Misuse of commas. Descriptive sensory writing. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am 100% certain that this is human-written. As one of my favorite articles so far, it gives so much good detail. It's personal - everything from the occasional input of the writer themselves right down to the long paragraph where the day to day lives of these people are explored, is invigorating. What makes it human to me is that there's perspective, and any areas that need explanation get that context, such as with Alice cut tongues nearly every day, sometimes staying at the factory until 2 a.m.\" and he earned more than $5 for every 2.2 pounds he sold.\" among many other examples I highlighted. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The author has a photographer's eye and the ability to put what they see in words without needing a bunch of descriptive adjectives and adverbs to do so.\nNoticeable variation of sentence and paragraph lengths."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"85":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":26,"title":"How Did Two Bowhead Whales That Were 60 Miles Apart Sync Their Diving? ","sub-title":"Researchers suspect the marine mammals may have been communicating across the vast distance ","author":"Joanna Thompson ","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":-17954000,"section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/science-nature\/how-did-two-bowhead-whales-that-were-60-miles-apart-sync-their-diving-180985132\/","article":"From January to May each year, Qeqertarsuaq Tunua, a large bay on Greenland\u2019s west coast, teems with plankton. Baleen whales come to feast on the bounty, and in 2010, two bowhead whales entered the bay to gorge. As the pair came within roughly 60 miles of one another, they were visually out of range but could likely still hear one another. That\u2019s when something extraordinary happened: They began to synchronize their dives. Researchers had never scientifically documented this behavior before, and the observation offers potential proof for a 53-year-old theory. <br><br>Baleen whales are often thought of as solitary\u2014islands unto themselves. However, some scientists believe they travel in diffuse herds, communicating over hundreds of miles. Legendary biologist Roger Payne and oceanographer Douglas Webb first floated the concept of acoustic herd theory (or should it be heard theory?)  in 1971. <br><br>Payne, who helped discover and record humpback whale song a few years prior, was struck by the fact that many toothed cetaceans such as killer whales and dolphins are highly social and move together in tight-knit family groups. These bands provide safety from predators and allow the animals to raise their young communally. Payne speculated that the larger baleen whales might travel in groups, too, but on a broader geographic scale. And perhaps the behemoths signaled acoustically to keep in touch across vast distances. <br><br>Webb and Payne\u2019s original paper on acoustic herd theory demonstrated that fin whale vocalizations\u2014low-frequency sounds that carry long distances\u2014could theoretically travel an astonishing 430 miles in certain areas of the ocean. However, it\u2019s been easier to show that a whale is making a call than to prove the recipient is a fellow cetacean hundreds of miles away, says Susan Parks, a behavioral ecologist at Syracuse University in New York who studies animal acoustics.  <br><br>For over 50 years, researchers have shared compelling anecdotes about baleen whales seemingly coordinating behavior over long distances, but the stories have remained just that\u2014stories. It took a multidisciplinary research team studying bowhead diving behavior to stumble on evidence for acoustic herd theory. <br><br>At first blush, bowhead whale diving behavior looks \u201cpretty chaotic and unpredictable,\u201d says Evgeny Podolskiy, an environmental scientist at Hokkaido University in Japan and lead author of the new research. The cetaceans will engage in hourslong bouts of diving, only to stop for no apparent reason, he says. <br><br>Podolskiy and his team wanted to extract some order from all that apparent randomness. Using satellite tags, they pulled together diving-depth and location data from 12 bowhead whales in the Arctic over 144 days. Then they applied complex algorithms based on chaos theory\u2014a branch of mathematics that untangles underlying mechanisms behind seemingly erratic systems. As they crunched the numbers, patterns emerged. <br><br>First, the researchers noticed the whales\u2019 dives tend to follow a 24-hour cycle, starting shallower in the mornings and getting deeper in the afternoon. This lines up with a phenomenon known as diel vertical migration (DVM)\u2014the daily commute by plankton and other small creatures from the ocean\u2019s surface <br><br>down to the abyss and back. They also found that the whales execute their deepest dives in spring, which is when DVM tends to be most extreme in Arctic regions. <br><br>It isn\u2019t surprising to see large ocean creatures following their prey, Podolskiy says, but what did surprise him was the second pattern. Two of the whales in Qeqertarsuaq Tunua\u2014whose relationship is unknown\u2014synchronized bouts of diving for as many as seven days on end whenever they were within 60 miles of each other. According to the team\u2019s calculations, that would be about the maximum acoustic range for whales in the area. \u201cThis is very, very peculiar underwater behavior,\u201d Podolskiy says. \u201cIt was very exciting.\u201d <br><br>Podolskiy adds that it\u2019s possible that the synchrony was a mere coincidence\u2014that ocean conditions were conducive to the whales diving simultaneously in different locations. But, given the persistent behavior for days on end, that explanation seems statistically unlikely. \u201cOur current belief is that it\u2019s related to communication somehow,\u201d he says. <br><br>The idea that whales could become long-range diving buddies makes perfect sense to Christopher Clark, a bioacoustics researcher at Cornell University in New York who rubbed shoulders with Payne earlier in his career. Clark is among the scientists who have numerous anecdotes about whales synchronizing their behavior from great distances. It\u2019s intriguing that Podolskiy could demonstrate the whales diving in synchrony, he says, but the new research may still fall short of confirming that the two whales were acoustically communicating. <br><br>Proving whale calls are meant for other whales is a difficult feat because low-frequency sound waves travel very slowly through cold water, Clark says. Sound waves could take over an hour to reach another whale, so it would be hard for scientists to observe the creatures exchanging calls. \u201cIt\u2019s operating over a scale that is unobservable to humans,\u201d he says. Not only do researchers need the proper equipment to even notice the exchange, but they also need sophisticated analysis to connect the dots between one whale\u2019s signal and another\u2019s apparent reaction. <br><br>For Parks, what makes Podolskiy\u2019s research so intriguing is the marrying of mathematics with animal behavior. In the future, she would love to see the team run a similar study using recorded sound data in addition to the satellite tags. That, Parks says, would help demonstrate whether an individual whale\u2019s signal is reaching its peers through the Arctic\u2019s haze of acoustic fog. \u201cThat would be an amazing next step,\u201d she says. <br><br>For now, the two bowheads\u2019 documented behavior is the best clue yet that Payne and Webb were onto something. What the two whales were saying to each other, however, remains a mystery. Messages transmitted over such distance would likely need to be simple: They might have been letting each other in on the local plankton forecast or coordinating to avoid human activity. Maybe they were playing a whale\u2019s version of Marco Polo. Or perhaps, like us, they simply like knowing they\u2019re not alone. ","id":55,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'From January to May each year, Qeqertarsuaq Tunua, a large bay on Greenland\u2019s west coast, teems with plankton. 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However, it\u2019s been easier to show that a whale is making a call than to prove the recipient is a fellow cetacean hundreds of miles away, says Susan Parks, a behavioral ecologist at Syracuse University in New York who studies animal acoustics.  <br><br>For over 50 years, researchers have shared compelling anecdotes about baleen whales seemingly coordinating behavior over long distances, but the stories have remained just that\u2014stories. It took a multidisciplinary research team studying bowhead diving behavior to stumble on evidence for acoustic herd theory. <br><br>At first blush, bowhead whale diving behavior looks \u201cpretty chaotic and unpredictable,\u201d says Evgeny Podolskiy, an environmental scientist at Hokkaido University in Japan and lead author of the new research. The cetaceans will engage in hourslong bouts of diving, only to stop for no apparent reason, he says. <br><br>Podolskiy and his team wanted to extract some order from all that apparent randomness. Using satellite tags, they pulled together diving-depth and location data from 12 bowhead whales in the Arctic over 144 days. Then they applied complex algorithms based on chaos theory\u2014a branch of mathematics that untangles underlying mechanisms behind seemingly erratic systems. As they crunched the numbers, patterns emerged. <br><br>First, the researchers noticed the whales\u2019 dives tend to follow a 24-hour cycle, starting shallower in the mornings and getting deeper in the afternoon. This lines up with a phenomenon known as diel vertical migration (DVM)\u2014the daily commute by plankton and other small creatures from the ocean\u2019s surface <br><br>down to the abyss and back. They also found that the whales execute their deepest dives in spring, which is when DVM tends to be most extreme in Arctic regions. <br><br>It isn\u2019t surprising to see large ocean creatures following their prey, Podolskiy says, but what did surprise him was the second pattern. Two of the whales in Qeqertarsuaq Tunua\u2014whose relationship is unknown\u2014synchronized bouts of diving for as many as seven days on end whenever they were within 60 miles of each other. According to the team\u2019s calculations, that would be about the maximum acoustic range for whales in the area. \u201cThis is very, very peculiar underwater behavior,\u201d Podolskiy says. \u201cIt was very exciting.\u201d <br><br>Podolskiy adds that it\u2019s possible that the synchrony was a mere coincidence\u2014that ocean conditions were conducive to the whales diving simultaneously in different locations. But, given the persistent behavior for days on end, that explanation seems statistically unlikely. \u201cOur current belief is that it\u2019s related to communication somehow,\u201d he says. <br><br>The idea that whales could become long-range diving buddies makes perfect sense to Christopher Clark, a bioacoustics researcher at Cornell University in New York who rubbed shoulders with Payne earlier in his career. Clark is among the scientists who have numerous anecdotes about whales synchronizing their behavior from great distances. It\u2019s intriguing that Podolskiy could demonstrate the whales diving in synchrony, he says, but the new research may still fall short of confirming that the two whales were acoustically communicating. <br><br>Proving whale calls are meant for other whales is a difficult feat because low-frequency sound waves travel very slowly through cold water, Clark says. 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However, some scientists believe they travel in diffuse herds, communicating over hundreds of miles. Legendary biologist Roger Payne and oceanographer Douglas Webb first floated the concept of acoustic herd theory (or should it be heard theory?)  in 1971. <br><br>Payne, who helped discover and record humpback whale song a few years prior, was struck by the fact that many toothed cetaceans such as killer whales and dolphins are highly social and move together in tight-knit family groups. These bands provide safety from predators and allow the animals to raise their young communally. Payne speculated that the larger baleen whales might travel in groups, too, but on a broader geographic scale. And perhaps the behemoths signaled acoustically to keep in touch across vast distances. <br><br>Webb and Payne\u2019s original paper on acoustic herd theory demonstrated that fin whale vocalizations\u2014low-frequency sounds that carry long distances\u2014could theoretically travel an astonishing 430 miles in certain areas of the ocean. However, it\u2019s been easier to show that a whale is making a call than to prove the recipient is a fellow cetacean hundreds of miles away, says Susan Parks, a behavioral ecologist at Syracuse University in New York who studies animal acoustics.  <br><br>For over 50 years, researchers have shared compelling anecdotes about baleen whales seemingly coordinating behavior over long distances, but the stories have remained just that\u2014stories. It took a multidisciplinary research team studying bowhead diving behavior to stumble on evidence for acoustic herd theory. <br><br>At first blush, bowhead whale diving behavior looks \u201cpretty chaotic and unpredictable,\u201d says Evgeny Podolskiy, an environmental scientist at Hokkaido University in Japan and lead author of the new research. The cetaceans will engage in hourslong bouts of diving, only to stop for no apparent reason, he says. <br><br>Podolskiy and his team wanted to extract some order from all that apparent randomness. Using satellite tags, they pulled together diving-depth and location data from 12 bowhead whales in the Arctic over 144 days. Then they applied complex algorithms based on chaos theory\u2014a branch of mathematics that untangles underlying mechanisms behind seemingly erratic systems. As they crunched the numbers, patterns emerged. <br><br>First, the researchers noticed the whales\u2019 dives tend to follow a 24-hour cycle, starting shallower in the mornings and getting deeper in the afternoon. This lines up with a phenomenon known as diel vertical migration (DVM)\u2014the daily commute by plankton and other small creatures from the ocean\u2019s surface <br><br>down to the abyss and back. They also found that the whales execute their deepest dives in spring, which is when DVM tends to be most extreme in Arctic regions. <br><br>It isn\u2019t surprising to see large ocean creatures following their prey, Podolskiy says, but what did surprise him was the second pattern. Two of the whales in Qeqertarsuaq Tunua\u2014whose relationship is unknown\u2014synchronized bouts of diving for as many as seven days on end whenever they were within 60 miles of each other. 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Baleen whales come to feast on the bounty, and in 2010, two bowhead whales entered the bay to gorge. As the pair came within roughly 60 miles of one another, they were visually out of range but could likely still hear one another. That\u2019s when something extraordinary happened: They began to synchronize their dives. Researchers had never scientifically documented this behavior before, and the observation offers potential proof for a 53-year-old theory. <br><br>Baleen whales are often thought of as solitary\u2014islands unto themselves. However, some scientists believe they travel in diffuse herds, communicating over hundreds of miles. Legendary biologist Roger Payne and oceanographer Douglas Webb first floated the concept of acoustic herd theory (or should it be heard theory?)  in 1971. <br><br>Payne, who helped discover and record humpback whale song a few years prior, was struck by the fact that many toothed cetaceans such as killer whales and dolphins are highly social and move together in tight-knit family groups. These bands provide safety from predators and allow the animals to raise their young communally. Payne speculated that the larger baleen whales might travel in groups, too, but on a broader geographic scale. And perhaps the behemoths signaled acoustically to keep in touch across vast distances. <br><br>Webb and Payne\u2019s original paper on acoustic herd theory demonstrated that fin whale vocalizations\u2014low-frequency sounds that carry long distances\u2014could theoretically travel an astonishing 430 miles in certain areas of the ocean. However, it\u2019s been easier to show that a whale is making a call than to prove the recipient is a fellow cetacean hundreds of miles away, says Susan Parks, a behavioral ecologist at Syracuse University in New York who studies animal acoustics.  <br><br>For over 50 years, researchers have shared compelling anecdotes about baleen whales seemingly coordinating behavior over long distances, but the stories have remained just that\u2014stories. It took a multidisciplinary research team studying bowhead diving behavior to stumble on evidence for acoustic herd theory. <br><br>At first blush, bowhead whale diving behavior looks \u201cpretty chaotic and unpredictable,\u201d says Evgeny Podolskiy, an environmental scientist at Hokkaido University in Japan and lead author of the new research. The cetaceans will engage in hourslong bouts of diving, only to stop for no apparent reason, he says. <br><br>Podolskiy and his team wanted to extract some order from all that apparent randomness. Using satellite tags, they pulled together diving-depth and location data from 12 bowhead whales in the Arctic over 144 days. Then they applied complex algorithms based on chaos theory\u2014a branch of mathematics that untangles underlying mechanisms behind seemingly erratic systems. As they crunched the numbers, patterns emerged. <br><br>First, the researchers noticed the whales\u2019 dives tend to follow a 24-hour cycle, starting shallower in the mornings and getting deeper in the afternoon. This lines up with a phenomenon known as diel vertical migration (DVM)\u2014the daily commute by plankton and other small creatures from the ocean\u2019s surface <br><br>down to the abyss and back. They also found that the whales execute their deepest dives in spring, which is when DVM tends to be most extreme in Arctic regions. <br><br>It isn\u2019t surprising to see large ocean creatures following their prey, Podolskiy says, but what did surprise him was the second pattern. Two of the whales in Qeqertarsuaq Tunua\u2014whose relationship is unknown\u2014synchronized bouts of diving for as many as seven days on end whenever they were within 60 miles of each other. According to the team\u2019s calculations, that would be about the maximum acoustic range for whales in the area. \u201cThis is very, very peculiar underwater behavior,\u201d Podolskiy says. \u201cIt was very exciting.\u201d <br><br>Podolskiy adds that it\u2019s possible that the synchrony was a mere coincidence\u2014that ocean conditions were conducive to the whales diving simultaneously in different locations. But, given the persistent behavior for days on end, that explanation seems statistically unlikely. \u201cOur current belief is that it\u2019s related to communication somehow,\u201d he says. <br><br>The idea that whales could become long-range diving buddies makes perfect sense to Christopher Clark, a bioacoustics researcher at Cornell University in New York who rubbed shoulders with Payne earlier in his career. Clark is among the scientists who have numerous anecdotes about whales synchronizing their behavior from great distances. It\u2019s intriguing that Podolskiy could demonstrate the whales diving in synchrony, he says, but the new research may still fall short of confirming that the two whales were acoustically communicating. <br><br>Proving whale calls are meant for other whales is a difficult feat because low-frequency sound waves travel very slowly through cold water, Clark says. Sound waves could take over an hour to reach another whale, so it would be hard for scientists to observe the creatures exchanging calls. \u201cIt\u2019s operating over a scale that is unobservable to humans,\u201d he says. Not only do researchers need the proper equipment to even notice the exchange, but they also need sophisticated analysis to connect the dots between one whale\u2019s signal and another\u2019s apparent reaction. <br><br>For Parks, what makes Podolskiy\u2019s research so intriguing is the marrying of mathematics with animal behavior. In the future, she would love to see the team run a similar study using recorded sound data in addition to the satellite tags. That, Parks says, would help demonstrate whether an individual whale\u2019s signal is reaching its peers through the Arctic\u2019s haze of acoustic fog. \u201cThat would be an amazing next step,\u201d she says. <br><br>For now, the two bowheads\u2019 documented behavior is the best clue yet that Payne and Webb were onto something. What the two whales were saying to each other, however, remains a mystery. Messages transmitted over such distance would likely need to be simple: They might have been letting each other in on the local plankton forecast or coordinating to avoid human activity. Maybe they were playing a whale\u2019s version of Marco Polo. Or perhaps, like us, they simply like knowing they\u2019re not alone. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8810170889,"RADAR":0.0061838632,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article contains a number of very unique\/humorous sentences that I would never imagine AI to use, especially not in the context of a mostly scientific article. The references to whales playing Marco Polo and the pun \"herd theory (or should it be heard theory?\" means that it must be written by a human. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The text mixes up \"each other\" and \"one another\" when talking about the 2 whales. (The correct thing is \"each other\") This suggests human error. The play on words between \"herd theory\" and \"heard theory\" also suggests a human author."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This one was difficult, but the text doesn't follow the same formulaic structure as AI. Also, there were some missing quotation marks and awkward phrasing. And, one of the paragraphs breaks off where it shouldn't. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident this is human-written. It does have some larger vocab that needs some guessing, but the rest of the article's language and tone help provide all the details that a person would need to know while reading it. It gives a lot of good visual imagery and the quotes are realistic, such as with \u201cThis is very, very peculiar underwater behavior,\u201d Podolskiy says. \u201cIt was very exciting.\u201d, \"the Arctic\u2019s haze of acoustic fog\" and \"hourslong bouts of diving, only to stop for no apparent reason, he says.\" It also provide enough casual terms, such as \"best clue yet\" and \"but the stories have remained just that\u2014stories.\" to help connect with the reader better, and it presents its information clearly enough for me to understand it."},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Nice narrative structure with pleasing variation between formal and idiomatic language use.\nNo intrusive quotes that disrupt textual flow."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"86":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":27,"title":"This Low-Cost Device Could Make the Deep Sea Accessible to Everyone ","sub-title":"The inexpensive Maka Niu collects video and data at depths more than five times greater than trained scuba divers can go ","author":"Annie Roth ","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":-17955000,"section":"Innovation","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/innovation\/this-low-cost-device-could-make-the-deep-sea-accessible-to-everyone-180980903\/","article":"Deep-sea exploration has long been largely a privilege of billionaires, fossil fuel companies, and a select few scientists from wealthy nations. This exclusivity has left the vast majority of the deep sea unexplored, its natural wonders understudied and vulnerable to exploitation. In recent years, scientists and conservationists have called for the democratization of the deep sea. They say this extreme region of the planet needs to be accessible to everyone. Now, a group of scientists, conservationists, and explorers has devised a low-cost device that is helping bring that goal closer to reality. <br><br>Called the Maka Niu, which means \u201ccoconut eye\u201d in Hawaiian, the device was initially created by scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and is now being developed by the nonprofit Ocean Discovery League. Looking like little more than a piece of PVC pipe stuffed with gadgets, the compact, customizable, and relatively inexpensive battery-powered data collector can capture video and measure depth, temperature, and salinity at depths as great as 1,500 meters. That\u2019s about five times deeper than even the most specially trained scuba diver can go and deep enough to reach the ocean\u2019s midnight zone, home to deep-sea animals like the vampire squid and chambered nautilus. <br><br>A newer version of the Maka Niu can go even deeper says Katy Croff Bell, the deep-sea explorer, scientist, founder of the Ocean Discovery League, and leader of the MIT team. \u201cWe have designs that can go to 6,000 meters, which would enable it to reach 99 percent of the seafloor,\u201d she says. <br><br>Bell is a vocal advocate for improving equity in deep-sea science, and she hopes the device will aid in the democratization of the deep by giving people the ability to observe it without being reliant on large corporations and the uber-wealthy. <br><br>\u201cNinety-three percent of the ocean is deep sea,\u201d says Bell, \u201cbut the technologies that exist today to explore that massive area are expensive, inefficient, and inequitably distributed around the world.\u201d <br><br>Costing around US $700 to build, the Maka Niu is looking to buck that trend. It\u2019s supported by a highly programmable Raspberry Pi computer chip, which means users can easily add additional sensors to meet their research needs. This device could help scientists, both professional and citizen, discover new species and explore never-before-seen habitats. It could also, says Bell, help communities gather the baseline data needed to monitor the impacts of human activities such as seafloor mining, which threatens to disturb sensitive deep-sea ecosystems by stirring up sediment and damaging habitats that take millions of years to develop. <br><br>As they began developing the Maka Niu, Bell and the MIT team sent prototypes to more than a dozen scientists, educators, fishers, and Indigenous people from 11 countries, all of whom provided recommendations on how to improve the device to meet their specific needs. Now, a new crop of improved prototypes is in the hands of scientists in Sri Lanka, Seychelles, the Cook Islands, South Africa, Montserrat, and Portugal, and in Hawai\u02bbi and Louisiana in the United States. <br><br>This technology, says Jon Copley, a deep-sea biologist at the University of Southampton in England who was not involved in the Maka Niu\u2019s creation, will \u201ccreate opportunities for people anywhere around the world to get involved in deep-ocean science like never before.\u201d <br><br>\u201cThere are loads of places where you could put this in the ocean straight away and find out things you didn\u2019t know,\u201d Copley says. \u201cThis is potentially such a powerful tool for connecting local communities with what\u2019s right off their shores.\u201d <br><br>Creating such a connection, Copley says, is a great way to improve conservation of the deep sea. \u201cThere\u2019s a saying that you can\u2019t manage what you can\u2019t observe,\u201d he says. <br><br>Although the Maka Niu is still being developed, Bell hopes this technology will inspire others to create similar devices and put them to use around the world. <br><br>\u201cMy hope is that systems like this will be in the hands of a much larger community of ocean explorers around the world who are using them for their own research. And I can\u2019t wait to see what they find and learn,\u201d she says. <br><br> <br>KNaCK works by measuring the distances of surfaces and nearby objects with a pulsed laser, reports Gizmodo's Passant Rabie. The laser, a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) lidar, can measure millions of points per second. The lidar then creates a map of the surrounding terrain. As a result, it will allow astronauts to scout less-explored regions on the moon. NASA's dynamic technology is like the technology used by smart cars to alert their drivers of potential collisions, reports Loukia Papadopoulos for Interesting Engineering. The laser can pick up details like the landscape's topography, such as deep ravines, caves and mountains, even in complete darkness. <br><br>\"Basically, the sensor is a surveying tool for both navigation and science mapping, able to create ultra-high-resolution 3-D maps at centimeter-level precision and give them a rich scientific context,\" tells Michael Zanetti, planetary scientist and project lead of KNaCK, in a statement. \"It also will help ensure the safety of astronauts and rover vehicles in a GPS-denied environment such as the Moon, identifying actual distances to far-off landmarks and showing explorers in real time how far they've come and how far is left to go to reach their destination.\" <br><br>As part of the Artemis program, NASA plans to have astronauts return to the moon by 2025. The team is set to land near the lunar south pole because previous evidence suggests that the area may contain subsurface water ice, per Gizmodo. Part of the reason astronauts would need a GPS tracking backpack like KNaCK is because the area on the moon's south pole is shrouded by shadows, making it difficult for space explorers to estimate distances on the moon. KNaCK will also let astronauts estimate the exact amount of oxygen they will need to complete missions while on the moon, Gizmodo reports. <br><br>\"As human beings, we tend to orient ourselves based on landmarks\u2014a specific building, a grove of trees,\" Zanetti says in a statement. \"Those things don't exist on the moon. KNaCK will continuously enable explorers traversing the surface to determine their movement, direction, and orientation to distant peaks or to their base of operations. They can even mark specific sites where they found some unique mineral or rock formation, so others can easily return for further study.\" <br><br>Next, NASA is working on bringing the backpack's weight and size down. Currently, KNaCK weighs 40 pounds, but the team is envisioning that the tech could be small enough to fit on an astronaut's helmet, per Interesting Engineering. ","id":56,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Deep-sea exploration has long been largely a privilege of billionaires, fossil fuel companies, and a select few scientists from wealthy nations. This exclusivity has left the vast majority of the deep sea unexplored, its natural wonders understudied and vulnerable to exploitation. In recent years, scientists and conservationists have called for the democratization of the deep sea. They say this extreme region of the planet needs to be accessible to everyone. Now, a group of scientists, conservationists, and explorers has devised a low-cost device that is helping bring that goal closer to reality. <br><br>Called the Maka Niu, which means \u201ccoconut eye\u201d in Hawaiian, the device was initially created by scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and is now being developed by the nonprofit Ocean Discovery League. Looking like little more than a piece of PVC pipe stuffed with gadgets, the compact, customizable, and relatively inexpensive battery-powered data collector can capture video and measure depth, temperature, and salinity at depths as great as 1,500 meters. That\u2019s about five times deeper than even the most specially trained scuba diver can go and deep enough to reach the ocean\u2019s midnight zone, home to deep-sea animals like the vampire squid and chambered nautilus. <br><br>A newer version of the Maka Niu can go even deeper says Katy Croff Bell, the deep-sea explorer, scientist, founder of the Ocean Discovery League, and leader of the MIT team. \u201cWe have designs that can go to 6,000 meters, which would enable it to reach 99 percent of the seafloor,\u201d she says. <br><br>Bell is a vocal advocate for improving equity in deep-sea science, and she hopes the device will aid in the democratization of the deep by giving people the ability to observe it without being reliant on large corporations and the uber-wealthy. <br><br>\u201cNinety-three percent of the ocean is deep sea,\u201d says Bell, \u201cbut the technologies that exist today to explore that massive area are expensive, inefficient, and inequitably distributed around the world.\u201d <br><br>Costing around US $700 to build, the Maka Niu is looking to buck that trend. It\u2019s supported by a highly programmable Raspberry Pi computer chip, which means users can easily add additional sensors to meet their research needs. This device could help scientists, both professional and citizen, discover new species and explore never-before-seen habitats. It could also, says Bell, help communities gather the baseline data needed to monitor the impacts of human activities such as seafloor mining, which threatens to disturb sensitive deep-sea ecosystems by stirring up sediment and damaging habitats that take millions of years to develop. <br><br>As they began developing the Maka Niu, Bell and the MIT team sent prototypes to more than a dozen scientists, educators, fishers, and Indigenous people from 11 countries, all of whom provided recommendations on how to improve the device to meet their specific needs. Now, a new crop of improved prototypes is in the hands of scientists in Sri Lanka, Seychelles, the Cook Islands, South Africa, Montserrat, and Portugal, and in Hawai\u02bbi and Louisiana in the United States. <br><br>This technology, says Jon Copley, a deep-sea biologist at the University of Southampton in England who was not involved in the Maka Niu\u2019s creation, will \u201ccreate opportunities for people anywhere around the world to get involved in deep-ocean science like never before.\u201d <br><br>\u201cThere are loads of places where you could put this in the ocean straight away and find out things you didn\u2019t know,\u201d Copley says. \u201cThis is potentially such a powerful tool for connecting local communities with what\u2019s right off their shores.\u201d <br><br>Creating such a connection, Copley says, is a great way to improve conservation of the deep sea. \u201cThere\u2019s a saying that you can\u2019t manage what you can\u2019t observe,\u201d he says. <br><br>Although the Maka Niu is still being developed, Bell hopes this technology will inspire others to create similar devices and put them to use around the world. <br><br>\u201cMy hope is that systems like this will be in the hands of a much larger community of ocean explorers around the world who are using them for their own research. And I can\u2019t wait to see what they find and learn,\u201d she says. <br><br> <br>KNaCK works by measuring the distances of surfaces and nearby objects with a pulsed laser, reports Gizmodo\\'s Passant Rabie. The laser, a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) lidar, can measure millions of points per second. The lidar then creates a map of the surrounding terrain. As a result, it will allow astronauts to scout less-explored regions on the moon. NASA\\'s dynamic technology is like the technology used by smart cars to alert their drivers of potential collisions, reports Loukia Papadopoulos for Interesting Engineering. The laser can pick up details like the landscape\\'s topography, such as deep ravines, caves and mountains, even in complete darkness. <br><br>\"Basically, the sensor is a surveying tool for both navigation and science mapping, able to create ultra-high-resolution 3-D maps at centimeter-level precision and give them a rich scientific context,\" tells Michael Zanetti, planetary scientist and project lead of KNaCK, in a statement. \"It also will help ensure the safety of astronauts and rover vehicles in a GPS-denied environment such as the Moon, identifying actual distances to far-off landmarks and showing explorers in real time how far they\\'ve come and how far is left to go to reach their destination.\" <br><br>As part of the Artemis program, NASA plans to have astronauts return to the moon by 2025. The team is set to land near the lunar south pole because previous evidence suggests that the area may contain subsurface water ice, per Gizmodo. Part of the reason astronauts would need a GPS tracking backpack like KNaCK is because the area on the moon\\'s south pole is shrouded by shadows, making it difficult for space explorers to estimate distances on the moon. KNaCK will also let astronauts estimate the exact amount of oxygen they will need to complete missions while on the moon, Gizmodo reports. <br><br>\"As human beings, we tend to orient ourselves based on landmarks\u2014a specific building, a grove of trees,\" Zanetti says in a statement. \"Those things don\\'t exist on the moon. KNaCK will continuously enable explorers traversing the surface to determine their movement, direction, and orientation to distant peaks or to their base of operations. They can even mark specific sites where they found some unique mineral or rock formation, so others can easily return for further study.\" <br><br>Next, NASA is working on bringing the backpack\\'s weight and size down. Currently, KNaCK weighs 40 pounds, but the team is envisioning that the tech could be small enough to fit on an astronaut\\'s helmet, per Interesting Engineering. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0002415180206298828, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Deep-sea exploration has long been largely a privilege of billionaires, fossil fuel companies, and a select few scientists from wealthy nations. This exclusivity has left the vast majority of the deep sea unexplored, its natural wonders understudied and vulnerable to exploitation. In recent years, scientists and conservationists have called for the democratization of the deep sea. They say this extreme region of the planet needs to be accessible to everyone. Now, a group of scientists, conservationists, and explorers has devised a low-cost device that is helping bring that goal closer to reality. <br><br>Called the Maka Niu, which means \u201ccoconut eye\u201d in Hawaiian, the device was initially created by scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and is now being developed by the nonprofit Ocean Discovery League. Looking like little more than a piece of PVC pipe stuffed with gadgets, the compact, customizable, and relatively inexpensive battery-powered data collector can capture video and measure depth, temperature, and salinity at depths as great as 1,500 meters. That\u2019s about five times deeper than even the most specially trained scuba diver can go and deep enough to reach the ocean\u2019s midnight zone, home to deep-sea animals like the vampire squid and chambered nautilus. <br><br>A newer version of the Maka Niu can go even deeper says Katy Croff Bell, the deep-sea explorer, scientist, founder of the Ocean Discovery League, and leader of the MIT team. \u201cWe have designs that can go to 6,000 meters, which would enable it to reach 99 percent of the seafloor,\u201d she says. <br><br>Bell is a vocal advocate for improving equity in deep-sea science, and she hopes the device will aid in the democratization of the deep by giving people the ability to observe it without being reliant on large corporations and the uber-wealthy. <br><br>\u201cNinety-three percent of the ocean is deep sea,\u201d says Bell, \u201cbut the technologies that exist today to explore that massive area are expensive, inefficient, and inequitably distributed around the world.\u201d <br><br>Costing around US $700 to build, the Maka Niu is looking to buck that trend. It\u2019s supported by a highly programmable Raspberry Pi computer chip, which means users can easily add additional sensors to meet their research needs. This device could help scientists, both professional and citizen, discover new species and explore never-before-seen habitats. It could also, says Bell, help communities gather the baseline data needed to monitor the impacts of human activities such as seafloor mining, which threatens to disturb sensitive deep-sea ecosystems by stirring up sediment and damaging habitats that take millions of years to develop. <br><br>As they began developing the Maka Niu, Bell and the MIT team sent prototypes to more than a dozen scientists, educators, fishers, and Indigenous people from 11 countries, all of whom provided recommendations on how to improve the device to meet their specific needs. Now, a new crop of improved prototypes is in the hands of scientists in Sri Lanka, Seychelles, the Cook Islands, South Africa, Montserrat, and Portugal, and in Hawai\u02bbi and Louisiana in the United States. <br><br>This technology, says Jon Copley, a deep-sea biologist at the University of Southampton in England who was not involved in the Maka Niu\u2019s creation, will \u201ccreate opportunities for people anywhere around the world to get involved in deep-ocean science like never before.\u201d <br><br>\u201cThere are loads of places where you could put this in the ocean straight away and find out things you didn\u2019t know,\u201d Copley says. \u201cThis is potentially such a powerful tool for connecting local communities with what\u2019s right off their shores.\u201d <br><br>Creating such a connection, Copley says, is a great way to improve conservation of the deep sea. \u201cThere\u2019s a saying that you can\u2019t manage what you can\u2019t observe,\u201d he says. <br><br>Although the Maka Niu is still being developed, Bell hopes this technology will inspire others to create similar devices and put them to use around the world. <br><br>\u201cMy hope is that systems like this will be in the hands of a much larger community of ocean explorers around the world who are using them for their own research. And I can\u2019t wait to see what they find and learn,\u201d she says. <br><br> <br>KNaCK works by measuring the distances of surfaces and nearby objects with a pulsed laser, reports Gizmodo\\'s Passant Rabie. The laser, a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) lidar, can measure millions of points per second. The lidar then creates a map of the surrounding terrain. As a result, it will allow astronauts to scout less-explored regions on the moon. NASA\\'s dynamic technology is like the technology used by smart cars to alert their drivers of potential collisions, reports Loukia Papadopoulos for Interesting Engineering. The laser can pick up details like the landscape\\'s topography, such as deep ravines, caves and mountains, even in complete darkness. <br><br>\"Basically, the sensor is a surveying tool for both navigation and science mapping, able to create ultra-high-resolution 3-D maps at centimeter-level precision and give them a rich scientific context,\" tells Michael Zanetti, planetary scientist and project lead of KNaCK, in a statement. \"It also will help ensure the safety of astronauts and rover vehicles in a GPS-denied environment such as the Moon, identifying actual distances to far-off landmarks and showing explorers in real time how far they\\'ve come and how far is left to go to reach their destination.\" <br><br>As part of the Artemis program, NASA plans to have astronauts return to the moon by 2025. The team is set to land near the lunar south pole because previous evidence suggests that the area may contain subsurface water ice, per Gizmodo. Part of the reason astronauts would need a GPS tracking backpack like KNaCK is because the area on the moon\\'s south pole is shrouded by shadows, making it difficult for space explorers to estimate distances on the moon. KNaCK will also let astronauts estimate the exact amount of oxygen they will need to complete missions while on the moon, Gizmodo reports. <br><br>\"As human beings, we tend to orient ourselves based on landmarks\u2014a specific building, a grove of trees,\" Zanetti says in a statement. \"Those things don\\'t exist on the moon. KNaCK will continuously enable explorers traversing the surface to determine their movement, direction, and orientation to distant peaks or to their base of operations. They can even mark specific sites where they found some unique mineral or rock formation, so others can easily return for further study.\" <br><br>Next, NASA is working on bringing the backpack\\'s weight and size down. Currently, KNaCK weighs 40 pounds, but the team is envisioning that the tech could be small enough to fit on an astronaut\\'s helmet, per Interesting Engineering. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00051116943359375, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'bdb14760-c31e-42ac-ae3e-363fc668d129', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.00019371240341570228, 'sentence': 'Deep-sea exploration has long been largely a privilege of billionaires, fossil fuel companies, and a select few scientists from wealthy nations.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013442510680761188, 'sentence': 'This exclusivity has left the vast majority of the deep sea unexplored, its natural wonders understudied and vulnerable to exploitation.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011721920600393787, 'sentence': 'In recent years, scientists and conservationists have called for the democratization of the deep sea.', 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customizable, and relatively inexpensive battery-powered data collector can capture video and measure depth, temperature, and salinity at depths as great as 1,500 meters.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.058293653652072e-05, 'sentence': \"That's about five times deeper than even the most specially trained scuba diver can go and deep enough to reach the ocean's midnight zone, home to deep-sea animals like the vampire squid and chambered nautilus.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.102513286052272e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>A newer version of the Maka Niu can go even deeper says Katy Croff Bell, the deep-sea explorer, scientist, founder of the Ocean Discovery League, and leader of the MIT team.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012716457422357053, 'sentence': '\u201cWe have designs that can go to 6,000 meters, which would enable it to reach 99 percent of the seafloor,\u201d she says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010625115100992844, 'sentence': '<br><br>Bell is a vocal advocate for improving equity in deep-sea science, and she hopes the device will aid in the democratization of the deep by giving people the ability to observe it without being reliant on large corporations and the uber-wealthy.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002432463224977255, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cNinety-three percent of the ocean is deep sea,\u201d says Bell, \u201cbut the technologies that exist today to explore that massive area are expensive, inefficient, and inequitably distributed around the world.\u201d <br><br>Costing around US $700 to build, the Maka Niu is looking to buck that trend.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015905019245110452, 'sentence': \"It's supported by a highly programmable Raspberry Pi computer chip, which means users can easily add additional sensors to meet their research needs.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00016422447515651584, 'sentence': 'This device could help scientists, both professional and citizen, discover new species and explore never-before-seen habitats.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00018053101666737348, 'sentence': 'It could also, says Bell, help communities gather the baseline data needed to monitor the impacts of human activities such as seafloor mining, which threatens to disturb sensitive deep-sea ecosystems by stirring up sediment and damaging habitats that take millions of years to develop.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001780341990524903, 'sentence': '<br><br>As they began developing the Maka Niu, Bell and the MIT team sent prototypes to more than a dozen scientists, educators, fishers, and Indigenous people from 11 countries, all of whom provided recommendations on how to improve the device to meet their specific needs.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002665529027581215, 'sentence': \"Now, a new crop of improved prototypes is in the hands of scientists in Sri Lanka, Seychelles, the Cook Islands, South Africa, Montserrat, and Portugal, and in Hawai'i and Louisiana in the United States.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002143754973076284, 'sentence': \"<br><br>This technology, says Jon Copley, a deep-sea biologist at the University of Southampton in England who was not involved in the Maka Niu's creation, will \u201ccreate opportunities for people anywhere around the world to get involved in deep-ocean science like never before.\u201d <br><br>\u201cThere are loads of places where you could put this in the ocean straight away and find out things you didn't know,\u201d Copley says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009210779680870473, 'sentence': \"\u201cThis is potentially such a powerful tool for connecting local communities with what's right off their shores.\u201d <br><br>Creating such a connection, Copley says, is a great way to improve conservation of the deep sea.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0013511994620785117, 'sentence': \"\u201cThere's a saying that you can't manage what you can't observe,\u201d he says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007367308135144413, 'sentence': '<br><br>Although the Maka Niu is still being developed, Bell hopes this technology will inspire others to create similar devices and put them to use around the world.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010901939822360873, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cMy hope is that systems like this will be in the hands of a much larger community of ocean explorers around the world who are using them for their own research.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009183909860439599, 'sentence': \"And I can't wait to see what they find and learn,\u201d she says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00022811353846918792, 'sentence': \"<br><br> <br>KNaCK works by measuring the distances of surfaces and nearby objects with a pulsed laser, reports Gizmodo's Passant Rabie.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003882503660861403, 'sentence': 'The laser, a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) lidar, can measure millions of points per second.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00035189095069654286, 'sentence': 'The lidar then creates a map of the surrounding terrain.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002718160394579172, 'sentence': 'As a result, it will allow astronauts to scout less-explored regions on the moon.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002521705173421651, 'sentence': \"NASA's dynamic technology is like the technology used by smart cars to alert their drivers of potential collisions, reports Loukia Papadopoulos for Interesting Engineering.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00027659465558826923, 'sentence': \"The laser can pick up details like the landscape's topography, such as deep ravines, caves and mountains, even in complete darkness.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00025700844707898796, 'sentence': '<br><br>\"Basically, the sensor is a surveying tool for both navigation and science mapping, able to create ultra-high-resolution 3-D maps at centimeter-level precision and give them a rich scientific context,\" tells Michael Zanetti, planetary scientist and project lead of KNaCK, in a statement.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.894983668345958e-05, 'sentence': '\"It also will help ensure the safety of astronauts and rover vehicles in a GPS-denied environment such as the Moon, identifying actual distances to far-off landmarks and showing explorers in real time how far they\\'ve come and how far is left to go to reach their destination.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015424747834913433, 'sentence': '<br><br>As part of the Artemis program, NASA plans to have astronauts return to the moon by 2025.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011741556227207184, 'sentence': 'The team is set to land near the lunar south pole because previous evidence suggests that the area may contain subsurface water ice, per Gizmodo.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001465586683480069, 'sentence': \"Part of the reason astronauts would need a GPS tracking backpack like KNaCK is because the area on the moon's south pole is shrouded by shadows, making it difficult for space explorers to estimate distances on the moon.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.670445433584973e-05, 'sentence': 'KNaCK will also let astronauts estimate the exact amount of oxygen they will need to complete missions while on the moon, Gizmodo reports.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011756475578295067, 'sentence': '<br><br>\"As human beings, we tend to orient ourselves based on landmarks\u1173a specific building, a grove of trees,\" Zanetti says in a statement.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00016957837215159088, 'sentence': '\"Those things don\\'t exist on the moon.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001650074846111238, 'sentence': 'KNaCK will continuously enable explorers traversing the surface to determine their movement, direction, and orientation to distant peaks or to their base of operations.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013336504343897104, 'sentence': 'They can even mark specific sites where they found some unique mineral or rock formation, so others can easily return for further study.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015042735321912915, 'sentence': \"<br><br>Next, NASA is working on bringing the backpack's weight and size down.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00020810372370760888, 'sentence': \"Currently, KNaCK weighs 40 pounds, but the team is envisioning that the tech could be small enough to fit on an astronaut's helmet, per Interesting Engineering.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 41, 'completely_generated_prob': 2.274134500326115e-36}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.005664118664073121, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9940497013756854, 'ai': 0.005664118664073121, 'mixed': 0.00028617996024145944}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9940497013756854, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.005664118664073121, 'human': 0.9940497013756854, 'mixed': 0.00028617996024145944}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Deep-sea exploration has long been largely a privilege of billionaires, fossil fuel companies, and a select few scientists from wealthy nations. This exclusivity has left the vast majority of the deep sea unexplored, its natural wonders understudied and vulnerable to exploitation. In recent years, scientists and conservationists have called for the democratization of the deep sea. They say this extreme region of the planet needs to be accessible to everyone. Now, a group of scientists, conservationists, and explorers has devised a low-cost device that is helping bring that goal closer to reality. <br><br>Called the Maka Niu, which means \u201ccoconut eye\u201d in Hawaiian, the device was initially created by scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and is now being developed by the nonprofit Ocean Discovery League. Looking like little more than a piece of PVC pipe stuffed with gadgets, the compact, customizable, and relatively inexpensive battery-powered data collector can capture video and measure depth, temperature, and salinity at depths as great as 1,500 meters. That\u2019s about five times deeper than even the most specially trained scuba diver can go and deep enough to reach the ocean\u2019s midnight zone, home to deep-sea animals like the vampire squid and chambered nautilus. <br><br>A newer version of the Maka Niu can go even deeper says Katy Croff Bell, the deep-sea explorer, scientist, founder of the Ocean Discovery League, and leader of the MIT team. \u201cWe have designs that can go to 6,000 meters, which would enable it to reach 99 percent of the seafloor,\u201d she says. <br><br>Bell is a vocal advocate for improving equity in deep-sea science, and she hopes the device will aid in the democratization of the deep by giving people the ability to observe it without being reliant on large corporations and the uber-wealthy. <br><br>\u201cNinety-three percent of the ocean is deep sea,\u201d says Bell, \u201cbut the technologies that exist today to explore that massive area are expensive, inefficient, and inequitably distributed around the world.\u201d <br><br>Costing around US $700 to build, the Maka Niu is looking to buck that trend. It\u2019s supported by a highly programmable Raspberry Pi computer chip, which means users can easily add additional sensors to meet their research needs. This device could help scientists, both professional and citizen, discover new species and explore never-before-seen habitats. It could also, says Bell, help communities gather the baseline data needed to monitor the impacts of human activities such as seafloor mining, which threatens to disturb sensitive deep-sea ecosystems by stirring up sediment and damaging habitats that take millions of years to develop. <br><br>As they began developing the Maka Niu, Bell and the MIT team sent prototypes to more than a dozen scientists, educators, fishers, and Indigenous people from 11 countries, all of whom provided recommendations on how to improve the device to meet their specific needs. Now, a new crop of improved prototypes is in the hands of scientists in Sri Lanka, Seychelles, the Cook Islands, South Africa, Montserrat, and Portugal, and in Hawai\u02bbi and Louisiana in the United States. <br><br>This technology, says Jon Copley, a deep-sea biologist at the University of Southampton in England who was not involved in the Maka Niu\u2019s creation, will \u201ccreate opportunities for people anywhere around the world to get involved in deep-ocean science like never before.\u201d <br><br>\u201cThere are loads of places where you could put this in the ocean straight away and find out things you didn\u2019t know,\u201d Copley says. \u201cThis is potentially such a powerful tool for connecting local communities with what\u2019s right off their shores.\u201d <br><br>Creating such a connection, Copley says, is a great way to improve conservation of the deep sea. \u201cThere\u2019s a saying that you can\u2019t manage what you can\u2019t observe,\u201d he says. <br><br>Although the Maka Niu is still being developed, Bell hopes this technology will inspire others to create similar devices and put them to use around the world. <br><br>\u201cMy hope is that systems like this will be in the hands of a much larger community of ocean explorers around the world who are using them for their own research. And I can\u2019t wait to see what they find and learn,\u201d she says. <br><br> <br>KNaCK works by measuring the distances of surfaces and nearby objects with a pulsed laser, reports Gizmodo\\'s Passant Rabie. The laser, a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) lidar, can measure millions of points per second. The lidar then creates a map of the surrounding terrain. As a result, it will allow astronauts to scout less-explored regions on the moon. NASA\\'s dynamic technology is like the technology used by smart cars to alert their drivers of potential collisions, reports Loukia Papadopoulos for Interesting Engineering. The laser can pick up details like the landscape\\'s topography, such as deep ravines, caves and mountains, even in complete darkness. <br><br>\"Basically, the sensor is a surveying tool for both navigation and science mapping, able to create ultra-high-resolution 3-D maps at centimeter-level precision and give them a rich scientific context,\" tells Michael Zanetti, planetary scientist and project lead of KNaCK, in a statement. \"It also will help ensure the safety of astronauts and rover vehicles in a GPS-denied environment such as the Moon, identifying actual distances to far-off landmarks and showing explorers in real time how far they\\'ve come and how far is left to go to reach their destination.\" <br><br>As part of the Artemis program, NASA plans to have astronauts return to the moon by 2025. The team is set to land near the lunar south pole because previous evidence suggests that the area may contain subsurface water ice, per Gizmodo. Part of the reason astronauts would need a GPS tracking backpack like KNaCK is because the area on the moon\\'s south pole is shrouded by shadows, making it difficult for space explorers to estimate distances on the moon. KNaCK will also let astronauts estimate the exact amount of oxygen they will need to complete missions while on the moon, Gizmodo reports. <br><br>\"As human beings, we tend to orient ourselves based on landmarks\u2014a specific building, a grove of trees,\" Zanetti says in a statement. \"Those things don\\'t exist on the moon. KNaCK will continuously enable explorers traversing the surface to determine their movement, direction, and orientation to distant peaks or to their base of operations. They can even mark specific sites where they found some unique mineral or rock formation, so others can easily return for further study.\" <br><br>Next, NASA is working on bringing the backpack\\'s weight and size down. Currently, KNaCK weighs 40 pounds, but the team is envisioning that the tech could be small enough to fit on an astronaut\\'s helmet, per Interesting Engineering. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7842509151,"RADAR":0.0246307086,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article has a very clear political\/social slant against billionaires and those more privileged. It's not particularly subtly blaming them for the deep sea being largely unexplored. AI would try to be more neutral and give both sides to any issue. I had already made up my mind that this was human-generated but towards the end it looks like an additional article has been mistakenly copied into this one. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"This is a strange article because the second part is about a completely different subject from the first, with no transition. This speaks of human error. Also, the quoted sentences \"A newer version...Bell\" and  \"Creating...says\" are missing speech marks, again suggesting human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated - grammatical issues like problems with the verb-subject agreement. Numerals written with the word percent. Phrases like the 'uber-wealthy'. Commas before the 'ands'. Missing quotation marks. Redundancies. Some sentences begin with 'and'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident this is human-written, although I believe that the last few paragraphs are from a different example and weren't meant to be part of this one. To me, this one is able to frame the topic well with some good visual imagery and descriptions, such as \"Looking like little more than a piece of PVC pipe stuffed with gadgets\" and phrases from quotes like \"\u201cNinety-three percent of the ocean is deep sea,\u201d Alongside that, it includes some colloquial phrases that are unique to the article, such as \"buck that trend\" and \"the uber-wealthy\" to convey ideas in ways that are easy to understand. It also places emphasis on ideas that need explanation, and clarity where information is coming from, such as with one person \"who was not involved in the Maka Niu\u2019s creation\" and the explanation of what seafloor mining is. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"No obvious LLM marker words. Register is appropriate for a magazine like Stuff. \nFirst piece on the deep-sea device uses both direct quotes and paraphrase. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"87":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":28,"title":"TikTok Sued by Multiple States for Allegedly Harming Young People ","sub-title":"The app has been sued by a number of attorneys general who cite the popular but dangerous challenges it serves up to young users ","author":"Richard Vanderford","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":-17954000,"section":"Law","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/tiktok-sued-by-multiple-states-for-allegedly-harming-young-people-77eb49d7?mod=law_more_article_pos41","article":"TikTok faces lawsuits from more than a dozen U.S. states that allege the popular video platform, which has attracted attention for the sometimes risky challenges it hosts, has helped put young people in danger and harmed their mental health. <br><br>A bipartisan coalition of 14 attorneys general on Tuesday announced the filing of legal actions against TikTok in their own state courts. <br><br>\u201cTikTok claims that their platform is safe for young people, but that is far from true,\u201d said New York Attorney General Letitia James, who leads the coalition along with California Attorney General Rob Bonta. <br><br>\u201cIn New York and across the country, young people have died or gotten injured doing dangerous TikTok challenges and many more are feeling more sad, anxious and depressed because of TikTok\u2019s addictive features,\u201d James said. <br><br>TikTok says it strongly disagrees with the claims and believes many of them are inaccurate and misleading. The company said it provides robust safeguards and has voluntarily launched features such as screen-time limits and privacy by default for users under age 16. <br><br>TikTok has amassed an audience of tens of millions of users, including many children and young people, by serving up catchy short videos using a secretive algorithm that seems to tap viewers\u2019 deepest desires. But critics have slammed the app\u2019s allegedly addictive aspects and its hosting of trendy challenges that have enticed users, particularly young people, to engage in antisocial or dangerous behavior. <br><br>James noted that a 15-year-old Manhattan boy who died in 2023 while subway surfing\u2014riding on the outside of a subway car\u2014allegedly had subway surfing videos in his TikTok account. The attorney general also pointed to the so-called Kia Challenge, a TikTok trend where a number of videos showed users how to steal certain Kia and Hyundai models. <br><br>TikTok is accused of violating New York law against false advertising by claiming that the app is safe for young users and by failing to disclose its adverse health consequences. The company is also accused of negligence and for violating product liability law. <br><br>New York has asked a Manhattan judge to order TikTok to turn over profits from ads directed at teens and preteen users in the state, and to pay punitive damages. The state cited a Harvard University study showing that TikTok in 2022 generated $2 billion from U.S.-based users aged 13 to 17. <br><br>The coalition filing the lawsuits is made up of attorneys general for several other jurisdictions: Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Vermont, Washington and the District of Columbia. <br><br>The attorneys general chose to file the lawsuits in their own courts rather than as a single action in federal court, which could complicate TikTok\u2019s efforts to defend against the allegations. <br><br>So far, 23 attorneys general have filed actions against TikTok over its conduct toward youth, according to California\u2019s Bonta. These include existing actions under way from attorneys general for Utah, Nevada, Indiana, New Hampshire, Nebraska, Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas and Texas. <br><br>President Biden in April signed bipartisan legislation that would force TikTok, which is owned by Beijing-based ByteDance, to sever ties with China if it wants to keep operating in the U.S. <br><br>TikTok has challenged that legislation in court, citing free speech arguments, but in September faced skepticism from appeals court judges. The intelligence community has warned that China might be able to exploit the app, which has about 170 million U.S. users. ","id":57,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'TikTok faces lawsuits from more than a dozen U.S. states that allege the popular video platform, which has attracted attention for the sometimes risky challenges it hosts, has helped put young people in danger and harmed their mental health. <br><br>A bipartisan coalition of 14 attorneys general on Tuesday announced the filing of legal actions against TikTok in their own state courts. <br><br>\u201cTikTok claims that their platform is safe for young people, but that is far from true,\u201d said New York Attorney General Letitia James, who leads the coalition along with California Attorney General Rob Bonta. <br><br>\u201cIn New York and across the country, young people have died or gotten injured doing dangerous TikTok challenges and many more are feeling more sad, anxious and depressed because of TikTok\u2019s addictive features,\u201d James said. <br><br>TikTok says it strongly disagrees with the claims and believes many of them are inaccurate and misleading. The company said it provides robust safeguards and has voluntarily launched features such as screen-time limits and privacy by default for users under age 16. <br><br>TikTok has amassed an audience of tens of millions of users, including many children and young people, by serving up catchy short videos using a secretive algorithm that seems to tap viewers\u2019 deepest desires. But critics have slammed the app\u2019s allegedly addictive aspects and its hosting of trendy challenges that have enticed users, particularly young people, to engage in antisocial or dangerous behavior. <br><br>James noted that a 15-year-old Manhattan boy who died in 2023 while subway surfing\u2014riding on the outside of a subway car\u2014allegedly had subway surfing videos in his TikTok account. The attorney general also pointed to the so-called Kia Challenge, a TikTok trend where a number of videos showed users how to steal certain Kia and Hyundai models. <br><br>TikTok is accused of violating New York law against false advertising by claiming that the app is safe for young users and by failing to disclose its adverse health consequences. The company is also accused of negligence and for violating product liability law. <br><br>New York has asked a Manhattan judge to order TikTok to turn over profits from ads directed at teens and preteen users in the state, and to pay punitive damages. The state cited a Harvard University study showing that TikTok in 2022 generated $2 billion from U.S.-based users aged 13 to 17. <br><br>The coalition filing the lawsuits is made up of attorneys general for several other jurisdictions: Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Vermont, Washington and the District of Columbia. <br><br>The attorneys general chose to file the lawsuits in their own courts rather than as a single action in federal court, which could complicate TikTok\u2019s efforts to defend against the allegations. <br><br>So far, 23 attorneys general have filed actions against TikTok over its conduct toward youth, according to California\u2019s Bonta. These include existing actions under way from attorneys general for Utah, Nevada, Indiana, New Hampshire, Nebraska, Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas and Texas. <br><br>President Biden in April signed bipartisan legislation that would force TikTok, which is owned by Beijing-based ByteDance, to sever ties with China if it wants to keep operating in the U.S. <br><br>TikTok has challenged that legislation in court, citing free speech arguments, but in September faced skepticism from appeals court judges. The intelligence community has warned that China might be able to exploit the app, which has about 170 million U.S. users. ', 'ai_likelihood': 9.238719940185547e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'TikTok faces lawsuits from more than a dozen U.S. states that allege the popular video platform, which has attracted attention for the sometimes risky challenges it hosts, has helped put young people in danger and harmed their mental health. <br><br>A bipartisan coalition of 14 attorneys general on Tuesday announced the filing of legal actions against TikTok in their own state courts. <br><br>\u201cTikTok claims that their platform is safe for young people, but that is far from true,\u201d said New York Attorney General Letitia James, who leads the coalition along with California Attorney General Rob Bonta. <br><br>\u201cIn New York and across the country, young people have died or gotten injured doing dangerous TikTok challenges and many more are feeling more sad, anxious and depressed because of TikTok\u2019s addictive features,\u201d James said. <br><br>TikTok says it strongly disagrees with the claims and believes many of them are inaccurate and misleading. The company said it provides robust safeguards and has voluntarily launched features such as screen-time limits and privacy by default for users under age 16. <br><br>TikTok has amassed an audience of tens of millions of users, including many children and young people, by serving up catchy short videos using a secretive algorithm that seems to tap viewers\u2019 deepest desires. But critics have slammed the app\u2019s allegedly addictive aspects and its hosting of trendy challenges that have enticed users, particularly young people, to engage in antisocial or dangerous behavior. <br><br>James noted that a 15-year-old Manhattan boy who died in 2023 while subway surfing\u2014riding on the outside of a subway car\u2014allegedly had subway surfing videos in his TikTok account. The attorney general also pointed to the so-called Kia Challenge, a TikTok trend where a number of videos showed users how to steal certain Kia and Hyundai models. <br><br>TikTok is accused of violating New York law against false advertising by claiming that the app is safe for young users and by failing to disclose its adverse health consequences. The company is also accused of negligence and for violating product liability law. <br><br>New York has asked a Manhattan judge to order TikTok to turn over profits from ads directed at teens and preteen users in the state, and to pay punitive damages. The state cited a Harvard University study showing that TikTok in 2022 generated $2 billion from U.S.-based users aged 13 to 17. <br><br>The coalition filing the lawsuits is made up of attorneys general for several other jurisdictions: Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Vermont, Washington and the District of Columbia. <br><br>The attorneys general chose to file the lawsuits in their own courts rather than as a single action in federal court, which could complicate TikTok\u2019s efforts to defend against the allegations. <br><br>So far, 23 attorneys general have filed actions against TikTok over its conduct toward youth, according to California\u2019s Bonta. These include existing actions under way from attorneys general for Utah, Nevada, Indiana, New Hampshire, Nebraska, Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas and Texas. <br><br>President Biden in April signed bipartisan legislation that would force TikTok, which is owned by Beijing-based ByteDance, to sever ties with China if it wants to keep operating in the U.S. <br><br>TikTok has challenged that legislation in court, citing free speech arguments, but in September faced skepticism from appeals court judges. The intelligence community has warned that China might be able to exploit the app, which has about 170 million U.S. users. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0022430419921875, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'c45a29fc-301a-409a-a0df-cf1827eb8f8a', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 9.152240818366408e-05, 'sentence': 'TikTok faces lawsuits from more than a dozen U.S. states that allege the popular video platform, which has attracted attention for the sometimes risky challenges it hosts, has helped put young people in danger and harmed their mental health.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.042377546895295e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>A bipartisan coalition of 14 attorneys general on Tuesday announced the filing of legal actions against TikTok in their own state courts.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013560859952121973, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cTikTok claims that their platform is safe for young people, but that is far from true,\u201d said New York Attorney General Letitia James, who leads the coalition along with California Attorney General Rob Bonta.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.519294351572171e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cIn New York and across the country, young people have died or gotten injured doing dangerous TikTok challenges and many more are feeling more sad, anxious and depressed because of TikTok's addictive features,\u201d James said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.763276127865538e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>TikTok says it strongly disagrees with the claims and believes many of them are inaccurate and misleading.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.769623673288152e-05, 'sentence': 'The company said it provides robust safeguards and has voluntarily launched features such as screen-time limits and privacy by default for users under age 16.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.72732455516234e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>TikTok has amassed an audience of tens of millions of users, including many children and young people, by serving up catchy short videos using a secretive algorithm that seems to tap viewers' deepest desires.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011094388173660263, 'sentence': \"But critics have slammed the app's allegedly addictive aspects and its hosting of trendy challenges that have enticed users, particularly young people, to engage in antisocial or dangerous behavior.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.8598809118848294e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>James noted that a 15-year-old Manhattan boy who died in 2023 while subway surfing\u1173riding on the outside of a subway car\u1173allegedly had subway surfing videos in his TikTok account.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.313240298070014e-05, 'sentence': 'The attorney general also pointed to the so-called Kia Challenge, a TikTok trend where a number of videos showed users how to steal certain Kia and Hyundai models.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014059564273338765, 'sentence': '<br><br>TikTok is accused of violating New York law against false advertising by claiming that the app is safe for young users and by failing to disclose its adverse health consequences.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019760330906137824, 'sentence': 'The company is also accused of negligence and for violating product liability law.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014130165800452232, 'sentence': '<br><br>New York has asked a Manhattan judge to order TikTok to turn over profits from ads directed at teens and preteen users in the state, and to pay punitive damages.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0017773355357348919, 'sentence': 'The state cited a Harvard University study showing that TikTok in 2022 generated $2 billion from U.S.-based users aged 13 to 17.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0015399185940623283, 'sentence': '<br><br>The coalition filing the lawsuits is made up of attorneys general for several other jurisdictions: Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Vermont, Washington and the District of Columbia.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002056645695120096, 'sentence': \"<br><br>The attorneys general chose to file the lawsuits in their own courts rather than as a single action in federal court, which could complicate TikTok's efforts to defend against the allegations.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002105958526954055, 'sentence': \"<br><br>So far, 23 attorneys general have filed actions against TikTok over its conduct toward youth, according to California's Bonta.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0015913737006485462, 'sentence': 'These include existing actions under way from attorneys general for Utah, Nevada, Indiana, New Hampshire, Nebraska, Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas and Texas.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0014627292985096574, 'sentence': '<br><br>President Biden in April signed bipartisan legislation that would force TikTok, which is owned by Beijing-based ByteDance, to sever ties with China if it wants to keep operating in the U.S. <br><br>TikTok has challenged that legislation in court, citing free speech arguments, but in September faced skepticism from appeals court judges.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012768292799592018, 'sentence': 'The intelligence community has warned that China might be able to exploit the app, which has about 170 million U.S. users.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 20, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.0446359549956209e-17}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.009286439698962494, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9906738183616249, 'ai': 0.009286439698962494, 'mixed': 3.974193941249849e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9906738183616249, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.009286439698962494, 'human': 0.9906738183616249, 'mixed': 3.974193941249849e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'TikTok faces lawsuits from more than a dozen U.S. states that allege the popular video platform, which has attracted attention for the sometimes risky challenges it hosts, has helped put young people in danger and harmed their mental health. <br><br>A bipartisan coalition of 14 attorneys general on Tuesday announced the filing of legal actions against TikTok in their own state courts. <br><br>\u201cTikTok claims that their platform is safe for young people, but that is far from true,\u201d said New York Attorney General Letitia James, who leads the coalition along with California Attorney General Rob Bonta. <br><br>\u201cIn New York and across the country, young people have died or gotten injured doing dangerous TikTok challenges and many more are feeling more sad, anxious and depressed because of TikTok\u2019s addictive features,\u201d James said. <br><br>TikTok says it strongly disagrees with the claims and believes many of them are inaccurate and misleading. The company said it provides robust safeguards and has voluntarily launched features such as screen-time limits and privacy by default for users under age 16. <br><br>TikTok has amassed an audience of tens of millions of users, including many children and young people, by serving up catchy short videos using a secretive algorithm that seems to tap viewers\u2019 deepest desires. But critics have slammed the app\u2019s allegedly addictive aspects and its hosting of trendy challenges that have enticed users, particularly young people, to engage in antisocial or dangerous behavior. <br><br>James noted that a 15-year-old Manhattan boy who died in 2023 while subway surfing\u2014riding on the outside of a subway car\u2014allegedly had subway surfing videos in his TikTok account. The attorney general also pointed to the so-called Kia Challenge, a TikTok trend where a number of videos showed users how to steal certain Kia and Hyundai models. <br><br>TikTok is accused of violating New York law against false advertising by claiming that the app is safe for young users and by failing to disclose its adverse health consequences. The company is also accused of negligence and for violating product liability law. <br><br>New York has asked a Manhattan judge to order TikTok to turn over profits from ads directed at teens and preteen users in the state, and to pay punitive damages. The state cited a Harvard University study showing that TikTok in 2022 generated $2 billion from U.S.-based users aged 13 to 17. <br><br>The coalition filing the lawsuits is made up of attorneys general for several other jurisdictions: Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Vermont, Washington and the District of Columbia. <br><br>The attorneys general chose to file the lawsuits in their own courts rather than as a single action in federal court, which could complicate TikTok\u2019s efforts to defend against the allegations. <br><br>So far, 23 attorneys general have filed actions against TikTok over its conduct toward youth, according to California\u2019s Bonta. These include existing actions under way from attorneys general for Utah, Nevada, Indiana, New Hampshire, Nebraska, Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas and Texas. <br><br>President Biden in April signed bipartisan legislation that would force TikTok, which is owned by Beijing-based ByteDance, to sever ties with China if it wants to keep operating in the U.S. <br><br>TikTok has challenged that legislation in court, citing free speech arguments, but in September faced skepticism from appeals court judges. The intelligence community has warned that China might be able to exploit the app, which has about 170 million U.S. users. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4271797836,"RADAR":0.0058637098,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article seems to display some bias against TikTok while trying to remain impartial or impartial-seeming. The same goes for its political slant which although subtle seems to be there. Additionally, this sentence in particular sounded very unique and also biased against TikTok\"by serving up catchy short videos using a secretive algorithm that seems to tap viewers\u2019 deepest desires:\""},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"This article does not contain specific signs of AI, such as the words \"fosters\" and \"role.\" The long sentences in some places and varied sentence styles suggest human writing."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: missing punctuation. It doesn't have the same sentence construction as AI. It's sometimes not entirely clear who the quotes belong to. Missing words e.g. 'tap viewers' should be 'tap into viewers'. The fact that 'according to so-and-so' is tagged onto then and of a sentence."},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident this is human-written. This article, while it's reporting on a topic regarding lawsuits and he-said, she-said claims, still remains partially neutral throughout it, and avoids using a lot of that fancy vocabulary and flowery language to appeal to emotions. Instead, it relies on a lot of action verbs that (despite having negative connotations) help produce flow throughout it, such as with \"slammed the app\u2019s allegedly addictive aspects and its hosting of trendy challenges that have enticed users\" and \"President Biden in April signed bipartisan legislation that would force TikTok...\" While the verbs used here aren't entirely neutral, it's still reporting it from a news-like perspective. It still presents its facts clearly enough that readers would be able to make an opinion out of it. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The tone and writing style is typical of a teenager, which I suppose a machine can mimic.  However, it may not yet be able to jump all over the place in the dizzying manner this author does."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"88":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":29,"title":"Want to Ruin a Destination\u2019s Appeal for Others? Take a Selfie and Post It ","sub-title":"According to new research, when people are choosing a place for a big event, they want to feel unique ","author":"Heidi Mitchell ","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":-17954000,"section":"Lifestyle","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/lifestyle\/travel\/selfies-vacation-travel-research-46ac89f9?mod=relationships_more_article_pos61","article":"When planning a trip, or seeking a venue for a special celebration, prospective travelers often look at social-media photos of people enjoying possible destinations. <br><br>Such selfies can actually make the destinations seem less appealing, according to a recently published study. More specifically, if consumers are considering a place for a self-defining experience such as a wedding, proposal or special vacation, they won\u2019t like it if they see other people pictured there. <br><br>The reason, researchers say, is that when a human is featured in a website picture or social-media post of a destination, it can give the viewer a sense that the person pictured has or is signaling ownership of the place. <br><br>\u201cWe want to stand out by being a little different,\u201d says Zoe Y. Lu, an assistant professor of marketing at Tulane University and the lead author of the paper. \u201cIf my cousin saw a picture of my husband proposing to me at a particular national park, for example, my cousin would worry that choosing that same spot to propose to his loved one would be perceived as him being a boring person, lacking a sense of self.\u201d <br><br><b>The \u2018experience venues\u2019<\/b> <br><br>Across six studies, Lu and two colleagues looked at when and why human presence in online photos lowers viewers\u2019 preference for what she calls \u201cexperience venues\u201d\u2014that is, destinations that serve not only as physical spaces but as symbolic arenas that provide a way for people to define themselves. <br><br>In one experiment, Lu and her team asked 416 online participants to look at images of two hiking trails, labeled A and B, and to imagine they were picking one for their New Year\u2019s Day hike. Participants liked trail A better than trail B when no person was shown. If there was a hiker present in the photo of trail A but not trail B, viewers preferred trail A significantly less than when no human was shown. \u201cOur theory is that the hiker in the image offers kind of a territorial signal,\u201d says Lu. \u201cIt says to our self-identity, \u2018Someone else has been here, don\u2019t try their hike, try a hike that seems like nobody has done.\u2019 \u201d <br><br>In another experiment, participants were asked to imagine the photos they were being shown were of two potential wedding locations for themselves. Fifty-three percent of participants chose location A if neither picture included another couple tying the knot. But if another couple was shown in a photo of location A, and not in location B, only 27% of the participants chose location A. <br><br>By contrast, in another experiment, participants were told to imagine they were planning a wedding for someone else. As planners, they didn\u2019t mind whether or not a couple was shown in the photo. \u201cWedding planners aren\u2019t seeking self-identity the way their clients are,\u201d Lu says.  <br><br><b>Online-marketing lesson<\/b> <br><br>Lu says that her research may have some implications for online marketers. \u201cThey might encourage previous customers not to post selfies of special experiences if they want new customers to try those experiences at the same location, which seems counterintuitive, I know,\u201d she says. <br><br>Hotels and destinations, too, might reconsider including images of clearly visible guests and visitors in their marketing materials. And social-media influencers might want to skip the selfie in paid posts for destinations, so as not to seem territorial. One exception, Lu notes, is when the person in the photo has an identity that is distinct from that of the viewer, such as the owner of the venue, \u201cbut you might want to acknowledge that the person shown is the owner,\u201d she says. ","id":58,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'When planning a trip, or seeking a venue for a special celebration, prospective travelers often look at social-media photos of people enjoying possible destinations. <br><br>Such selfies can actually make the destinations seem less appealing, according to a recently published study. More specifically, if consumers are considering a place for a self-defining experience such as a wedding, proposal or special vacation, they won\u2019t like it if they see other people pictured there. <br><br>The reason, researchers say, is that when a human is featured in a website picture or social-media post of a destination, it can give the viewer a sense that the person pictured has or is signaling ownership of the place. <br><br>\u201cWe want to stand out by being a little different,\u201d says Zoe Y. Lu, an assistant professor of marketing at Tulane University and the lead author of the paper. \u201cIf my cousin saw a picture of my husband proposing to me at a particular national park, for example, my cousin would worry that choosing that same spot to propose to his loved one would be perceived as him being a boring person, lacking a sense of self.\u201d <br><br><b>The \u2018experience venues\u2019<\/b> <br><br>Across six studies, Lu and two colleagues looked at when and why human presence in online photos lowers viewers\u2019 preference for what she calls \u201cexperience venues\u201d\u2014that is, destinations that serve not only as physical spaces but as symbolic arenas that provide a way for people to define themselves. <br><br>In one experiment, Lu and her team asked 416 online participants to look at images of two hiking trails, labeled A and B, and to imagine they were picking one for their New Year\u2019s Day hike. Participants liked trail A better than trail B when no person was shown. If there was a hiker present in the photo of trail A but not trail B, viewers preferred trail A significantly less than when no human was shown. \u201cOur theory is that the hiker in the image offers kind of a territorial signal,\u201d says Lu. \u201cIt says to our self-identity, \u2018Someone else has been here, don\u2019t try their hike, try a hike that seems like nobody has done.\u2019 \u201d <br><br>In another experiment, participants were asked to imagine the photos they were being shown were of two potential wedding locations for themselves. Fifty-three percent of participants chose location A if neither picture included another couple tying the knot. But if another couple was shown in a photo of location A, and not in location B, only 27% of the participants chose location A. <br><br>By contrast, in another experiment, participants were told to imagine they were planning a wedding for someone else. As planners, they didn\u2019t mind whether or not a couple was shown in the photo. \u201cWedding planners aren\u2019t seeking self-identity the way their clients are,\u201d Lu says.  <br><br><b>Online-marketing lesson<\/b> <br><br>Lu says that her research may have some implications for online marketers. \u201cThey might encourage previous customers not to post selfies of special experiences if they want new customers to try those experiences at the same location, which seems counterintuitive, I know,\u201d she says. <br><br>Hotels and destinations, too, might reconsider including images of clearly visible guests and visitors in their marketing materials. And social-media influencers might want to skip the selfie in paid posts for destinations, so as not to seem territorial. One exception, Lu notes, is when the person in the photo has an identity that is distinct from that of the viewer, such as the owner of the venue, \u201cbut you might want to acknowledge that the person shown is the owner,\u201d she says. ', 'ai_likelihood': 9.5367431640625e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'When planning a trip, or seeking a venue for a special celebration, prospective travelers often look at social-media photos of people enjoying possible destinations. <br><br>Such selfies can actually make the destinations seem less appealing, according to a recently published study. More specifically, if consumers are considering a place for a self-defining experience such as a wedding, proposal or special vacation, they won\u2019t like it if they see other people pictured there. <br><br>The reason, researchers say, is that when a human is featured in a website picture or social-media post of a destination, it can give the viewer a sense that the person pictured has or is signaling ownership of the place. <br><br>\u201cWe want to stand out by being a little different,\u201d says Zoe Y. Lu, an assistant professor of marketing at Tulane University and the lead author of the paper. \u201cIf my cousin saw a picture of my husband proposing to me at a particular national park, for example, my cousin would worry that choosing that same spot to propose to his loved one would be perceived as him being a boring person, lacking a sense of self.\u201d <br><br><b>The \u2018experience venues\u2019<\/b> <br><br>Across six studies, Lu and two colleagues looked at when and why human presence in online photos lowers viewers\u2019 preference for what she calls \u201cexperience venues\u201d\u2014that is, destinations that serve not only as physical spaces but as symbolic arenas that provide a way for people to define themselves. <br><br>In one experiment, Lu and her team asked 416 online participants to look at images of two hiking trails, labeled A and B, and to imagine they were picking one for their New Year\u2019s Day hike. Participants liked trail A better than trail B when no person was shown. If there was a hiker present in the photo of trail A but not trail B, viewers preferred trail A significantly less than when no human was shown. \u201cOur theory is that the hiker in the image offers kind of a territorial signal,\u201d says Lu. \u201cIt says to our self-identity, \u2018Someone else has been here, don\u2019t try their hike, try a hike that seems like nobody has done.\u2019 \u201d <br><br>In another experiment, participants were asked to imagine the photos they were being shown were of two potential wedding locations for themselves. Fifty-three percent of participants chose location A if neither picture included another couple tying the knot. But if another couple was shown in a photo of location A, and not in location B, only 27% of the participants chose location A. <br><br>By contrast, in another experiment, participants were told to imagine they were planning a wedding for someone else. As planners, they didn\u2019t mind whether or not a couple was shown in the photo. \u201cWedding planners aren\u2019t seeking self-identity the way their clients are,\u201d Lu says.  <br><br><b>Online-marketing lesson<\/b> <br><br>Lu says that her research may have some implications for online marketers. \u201cThey might encourage previous customers not to post selfies of special experiences if they want new customers to try those experiences at the same location, which seems counterintuitive, I know,\u201d she says. <br><br>Hotels and destinations, too, might reconsider including images of clearly visible guests and visitors in their marketing materials. And social-media influencers might want to skip the selfie in paid posts for destinations, so as not to seem territorial. One exception, Lu notes, is when the person in the photo has an identity that is distinct from that of the viewer, such as the owner of the venue, \u201cbut you might want to acknowledge that the person shown is the owner,\u201d she says. ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.5033950805664062e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '771fd285-383a-49a0-aea1-a3aaecbfef17', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 2.249839781143237e-05, 'sentence': 'When planning a trip, or seeking a venue for a special celebration, prospective travelers often look at social-media photos of people enjoying possible destinations.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.0997704268665984e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Such selfies can actually make the destinations seem less appealing, according to a recently published study.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.184422373829875e-05, 'sentence': \"More specifically, if consumers are considering a place for a self-defining experience such as a wedding, proposal or special vacation, they won't like it if they see other people pictured there.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.3910879463073798e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>The reason, researchers say, is that when a human is featured in a website picture or social-media post of a destination, it can give the viewer a sense that the person pictured has or is signaling ownership of the place.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.5967397959902883e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cWe want to stand out by being a little different,\u201d says Zoe Y. Lu, an assistant professor of marketing at Tulane University and the lead author of the paper.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.136795567115769e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cIf my cousin saw a picture of my husband proposing to me at a particular national park, for example, my cousin would worry that choosing that same spot to propose to his loved one would be perceived as him being a boring person, lacking a sense of self.\u201d <br><br><b>The 'experience venues'<\/b> <br><br>Across six studies, Lu and two colleagues looked at when and why human presence in online photos lowers viewers' preference for what she calls \u201cexperience venues\u201d\u1173that is, destinations that serve not only as physical spaces but as symbolic arenas that provide a way for people to define themselves.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.076580833294429e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>In one experiment, Lu and her team asked 416 online participants to look at images of two hiking trails, labeled A and B, and to imagine they were picking one for their New Year's Day hike.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.461521035002079e-05, 'sentence': 'Participants liked trail A better than trail B when no person was shown.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.3904629415483214e-05, 'sentence': 'If there was a hiker present in the photo of trail A but not trail B, viewers preferred trail A significantly less than when no human was shown.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.049317117780447e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cOur theory is that the hiker in the image offers kind of a territorial signal,\u201d says Lu.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.265993655077182e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt says to our self-identity, 'Someone else has been here, don't try their hike, try a hike that seems like nobody has done.'\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.590185588109307e-05, 'sentence': '\u201d <br><br>In another experiment, participants were asked to imagine the photos they were being shown were of two potential wedding locations for themselves.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003952109254896641, 'sentence': 'Fifty-three percent of participants chose location A if neither picture included another couple tying the knot.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003429890493862331, 'sentence': 'But if another couple was shown in a photo of location A, and not in location B, only 27% of the participants chose location A.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00023618177510797977, 'sentence': '<br><br>By contrast, in another experiment, participants were told to imagine they were planning a wedding for someone else.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00025054009165614843, 'sentence': \"As planners, they didn't mind whether or not a couple was shown in the photo.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00028517062310129404, 'sentence': \"\u201cWedding planners aren't seeking self-identity the way their clients are,\u201d Lu says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001957860658876598, 'sentence': '<br><br><b>Online-marketing lesson<\/b> <br><br>Lu says that her research may have some implications for online marketers.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00023698281438555568, 'sentence': '\u201cThey might encourage previous customers not to post selfies of special experiences if they want new customers to try those experiences at the same location, which seems counterintuitive, I know,\u201d she says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002070579503197223, 'sentence': '<br><br>Hotels and destinations, too, might reconsider including images of clearly visible guests and visitors in their marketing materials.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003246970591135323, 'sentence': 'And social-media influencers might want to skip the selfie in paid posts for destinations, so as not to seem territorial.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006851463695056736, 'sentence': 'One exception, Lu notes, is when the person in the photo has an identity that is distinct from that of the viewer, such as the owner of the venue, \u201cbut you might want to acknowledge that the person shown is the owner,\u201d she says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 22, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.790351317743908e-19}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0054274194465430865, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9945315803994594, 'ai': 0.0054274194465430865, 'mixed': 4.1000153997505923e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9945315803994594, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.0054274194465430865, 'human': 0.9945315803994594, 'mixed': 4.1000153997505923e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'When planning a trip, or seeking a venue for a special celebration, prospective travelers often look at social-media photos of people enjoying possible destinations. <br><br>Such selfies can actually make the destinations seem less appealing, according to a recently published study. More specifically, if consumers are considering a place for a self-defining experience such as a wedding, proposal or special vacation, they won\u2019t like it if they see other people pictured there. <br><br>The reason, researchers say, is that when a human is featured in a website picture or social-media post of a destination, it can give the viewer a sense that the person pictured has or is signaling ownership of the place. <br><br>\u201cWe want to stand out by being a little different,\u201d says Zoe Y. Lu, an assistant professor of marketing at Tulane University and the lead author of the paper. \u201cIf my cousin saw a picture of my husband proposing to me at a particular national park, for example, my cousin would worry that choosing that same spot to propose to his loved one would be perceived as him being a boring person, lacking a sense of self.\u201d <br><br><b>The \u2018experience venues\u2019<\/b> <br><br>Across six studies, Lu and two colleagues looked at when and why human presence in online photos lowers viewers\u2019 preference for what she calls \u201cexperience venues\u201d\u2014that is, destinations that serve not only as physical spaces but as symbolic arenas that provide a way for people to define themselves. <br><br>In one experiment, Lu and her team asked 416 online participants to look at images of two hiking trails, labeled A and B, and to imagine they were picking one for their New Year\u2019s Day hike. Participants liked trail A better than trail B when no person was shown. If there was a hiker present in the photo of trail A but not trail B, viewers preferred trail A significantly less than when no human was shown. \u201cOur theory is that the hiker in the image offers kind of a territorial signal,\u201d says Lu. \u201cIt says to our self-identity, \u2018Someone else has been here, don\u2019t try their hike, try a hike that seems like nobody has done.\u2019 \u201d <br><br>In another experiment, participants were asked to imagine the photos they were being shown were of two potential wedding locations for themselves. Fifty-three percent of participants chose location A if neither picture included another couple tying the knot. But if another couple was shown in a photo of location A, and not in location B, only 27% of the participants chose location A. <br><br>By contrast, in another experiment, participants were told to imagine they were planning a wedding for someone else. As planners, they didn\u2019t mind whether or not a couple was shown in the photo. \u201cWedding planners aren\u2019t seeking self-identity the way their clients are,\u201d Lu says.  <br><br><b>Online-marketing lesson<\/b> <br><br>Lu says that her research may have some implications for online marketers. \u201cThey might encourage previous customers not to post selfies of special experiences if they want new customers to try those experiences at the same location, which seems counterintuitive, I know,\u201d she says. <br><br>Hotels and destinations, too, might reconsider including images of clearly visible guests and visitors in their marketing materials. And social-media influencers might want to skip the selfie in paid posts for destinations, so as not to seem territorial. One exception, Lu notes, is when the person in the photo has an identity that is distinct from that of the viewer, such as the owner of the venue, \u201cbut you might want to acknowledge that the person shown is the owner,\u201d she says. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8165567517,"RADAR":0.0086385896,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The article is very generic and lacks anything particularly unique or interesting, which made me lean towards AI. However, the methods used are actually explained quite well and it uses \"says\" throughout rather than cycling through synonyms like AI would. It also only has one expert with a unique name. This made me pick human-generated but I wasn't particularly sure."},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"There is one list so the text may be AI-written. However, there's only one. The use of \"not only...but\" may be AI also. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The first thing that gave it away was the 'according to so-and-so' tagged onto the end of a sentence rather than at the beginning. Otherwise the titles are sentence case. It includes some grammatical errors like 'photos lowers viewers\u2019 preference' (verb-subject agreement). There are some typos, e.g. missing articles"},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I am somewhat confident this is human-written. While there are patterns of words used that can indicate AI-writing to me, the rest of the article appears solid because there's a lot more variety of word choice, sentence structure, and the quotes themselves. Sentences such as \"...look at images of two hiking trails, labeled A and B, and to imagine they were picking one for their New Year\u2019s Day hike.\" and \"As planners, they didn\u2019t mind whether or not a couple was shown in the photo.\" helped create a good amount of detail about the studies themselves, how they were conducted, and how the results influence the article's topic. The quotes are realistic and believable, and much of the article contains some simpler phrases like \"special occasion\" or \"they were being shown were\" and \"when and why\", like the addition of ands, buts, mights, maybes, and other words that amend sentences, help make it more human to me. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Awkward structures are the result of the author writing the way they speak, which is a human error. \nRepetition of the modal \"might\" in the last paragraph indicates the writer's attitude towards these assertions. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"89":{"generation_model":"claude","prompt_id":30,"title":"A Wave of Hoax Shooting Threats Is Jolting Schools This Year","sub-title":"Student arrests, canceled classes and football games, and drops in attendance have followed ","author":"Sara Randazzo ","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":-17954000,"section":"Education","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/us-news\/education\/hoax-threats-school-8f747ca9?mod=education_more_article_pos31","article":"Days after four people died in a school shooting in Georgia, students walked into middle-school principal Kirsten Clemons\u2019s office and showed her a TikTok post they thought threatened their Missouri school. <br><br>As she tried to figure out whether the threat was real, Clemons\u2019s phone soon began ringing with calls from concerned parents, teachers and neighboring principals who had seen the post. <br><br>\u201cThere became this panic,\u201d Clemons said. \u201cPeople were saying, \u2018We\u2019re next.\u2019\u201d <br><br>Threats of shootings, bombings and other violence are upending the school year throughout the country, fueling worry among families and frantic responses from law enforcement and district administrators. Most of the threats\u2014which number roughly in the thousands, according to state and local estimates\u2014have been hoaxes spread by teenagers on TikTok and Snapchat. Yet some threats have led to student arrests, canceled classes and football games, and drops in attendance. <br><br>School shootings like the Sept. 4 tragedy in Winder, Ga., which left two students and two teachers dead, often spawn a rise in copycat threats. But school leaders and security experts say the volume now is particularly high, driven in large part by how fast posts travel on social media. While some posts have detailed specific plans to attack a local school, many have been vague, like one mentioning \u201cMHS,\u201d which sparked alarm in several states with high schools using that acronym. <br><br>A Missouri hotline has fielded 301 reports of potential school violence this academic year, closing in on the amount reported in the entire prior year. Tennessee\u2019s Department of Safety and Homeland Security investigated 321 threats from August to mid-September. Oklahoma City Police said they have looked into 65 reports of threats to metro-area schools since the school year began, many of them rumors or widely circulating social-media posts. Each one requires its own thorough inquiry to determine whether schools are in real danger. <br><br>\u201cYou cannot afford to say, \u2018Eh, it\u2019s not going to happen here,\u2019\u201d said Chad Soupir, a middle-school principal in suburban Omaha, Neb., who recently spent several days quashing a false rumor that a student was planning to shoot up the school after being romantically spurned by a classmate. \u201cYou want to make sure you have vetted it out completely.\u201d <br><br><b>\u2018This is not a joke\u2019<\/b> <br><br>Today\u2019s students have grown up in an era of school shootings and frequent lockdown drills that simulate what to do when an armed intruder is on campus. In many places, teachers are equipped with panic buttons, classroom doors stay locked and alarms sound if exterior doors are left propped open. <br><br>\u201cWe\u2019re living in a society where it doesn\u2019t matter if your school has actually suffered a tragedy like a shooting, almost every single student has had fears for their safety,\u201d said Anjali Verma, a high-school senior in Pennsylvania, who speaks frequently about student mental health as president of the National Student Council. <br><br>Schools are on high alert at any online post even hinting at violence. Those caught posting hoax threats often say they meant it as a joke or a dare, say school administrators and law enforcement. <br><br>\u201cWe do communicate very often and let kids know this is not a joke,\u201d said Howard Hepburn, the superintendent of Broward County Public Schools, the Florida district where 17 students and staff died in the 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School. <br><br>At least nine students in Broward County between the ages of 11 and 15 have been arrested for making threats since August. Most told law enforcement they meant the threats as a joke, according to a sheriff\u2019s office news release, with one 13-year-old saying he was upset about a new school cellphone policy. <br><br>School leaders say they want students to know that hoax threats can lead to expulsion and even arrests, with felony charges in some places. <br><br>Teenagers make mistakes, but \u201cspending all our resources and time and energy on potential threats should not be the focus of education,\u201d said Brad Herzer, an assistant superintendent in Oklahoma City Public Schools. <br><br><b>\u2018A level of fear\u2019<\/b> <br><br>At Clemons\u2019s Kansas City, Mo., district, the safety team soon realized the worrisome TikTok post wasn\u2019t referring to their school, Lakeview Middle School, at all. It wasn\u2019t even a threat. Instead, it was a cropped list of Georgia schools targeted by that state\u2019s education department for extra academic help. <br><br>Yet a post showing the words \u201ctargeted\u201d and \u201cLakeview Middle School\u201d in the same frame was all it took to send alarm pulsing through Clemons\u2019s community, where two years ago a gun was found in a student\u2019s locker.  <br><br>Almost as soon as Clemons assured students and parents that the Lakeview Middle School post wasn\u2019t a real threat, she said she had to investigate and tell families about online posts from students who threatened gun violence against each other. <br><br>Clemons has seen safety threats ebb and flow in her years as a school leader. The Georgia shooting sent her community into a greater panic than she had experienced before. <br><br>\u201cThere is a level of fear in parents when they send their kid off to school,\u201d she said. ","id":59,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Days after four people died in a school shooting in Georgia, students walked into middle-school principal Kirsten Clemons\u2019s office and showed her a TikTok post they thought threatened their Missouri school. <br><br>As she tried to figure out whether the threat was real, Clemons\u2019s phone soon began ringing with calls from concerned parents, teachers and neighboring principals who had seen the post. <br><br>\u201cThere became this panic,\u201d Clemons said. \u201cPeople were saying, \u2018We\u2019re next.\u2019\u201d <br><br>Threats of shootings, bombings and other violence are upending the school year throughout the country, fueling worry among families and frantic responses from law enforcement and district administrators. Most of the threats\u2014which number roughly in the thousands, according to state and local estimates\u2014have been hoaxes spread by teenagers on TikTok and Snapchat. Yet some threats have led to student arrests, canceled classes and football games, and drops in attendance. <br><br>School shootings like the Sept. 4 tragedy in Winder, Ga., which left two students and two teachers dead, often spawn a rise in copycat threats. But school leaders and security experts say the volume now is particularly high, driven in large part by how fast posts travel on social media. While some posts have detailed specific plans to attack a local school, many have been vague, like one mentioning \u201cMHS,\u201d which sparked alarm in several states with high schools using that acronym. <br><br>A Missouri hotline has fielded 301 reports of potential school violence this academic year, closing in on the amount reported in the entire prior year. Tennessee\u2019s Department of Safety and Homeland Security investigated 321 threats from August to mid-September. Oklahoma City Police said they have looked into 65 reports of threats to metro-area schools since the school year began, many of them rumors or widely circulating social-media posts. Each one requires its own thorough inquiry to determine whether schools are in real danger. <br><br>\u201cYou cannot afford to say, \u2018Eh, it\u2019s not going to happen here,\u2019\u201d said Chad Soupir, a middle-school principal in suburban Omaha, Neb., who recently spent several days quashing a false rumor that a student was planning to shoot up the school after being romantically spurned by a classmate. \u201cYou want to make sure you have vetted it out completely.\u201d <br><br><b>\u2018This is not a joke\u2019<\/b> <br><br>Today\u2019s students have grown up in an era of school shootings and frequent lockdown drills that simulate what to do when an armed intruder is on campus. In many places, teachers are equipped with panic buttons, classroom doors stay locked and alarms sound if exterior doors are left propped open. <br><br>\u201cWe\u2019re living in a society where it doesn\u2019t matter if your school has actually suffered a tragedy like a shooting, almost every single student has had fears for their safety,\u201d said Anjali Verma, a high-school senior in Pennsylvania, who speaks frequently about student mental health as president of the National Student Council. <br><br>Schools are on high alert at any online post even hinting at violence. Those caught posting hoax threats often say they meant it as a joke or a dare, say school administrators and law enforcement. <br><br>\u201cWe do communicate very often and let kids know this is not a joke,\u201d said Howard Hepburn, the superintendent of Broward County Public Schools, the Florida district where 17 students and staff died in the 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School. <br><br>At least nine students in Broward County between the ages of 11 and 15 have been arrested for making threats since August. Most told law enforcement they meant the threats as a joke, according to a sheriff\u2019s office news release, with one 13-year-old saying he was upset about a new school cellphone policy. <br><br>School leaders say they want students to know that hoax threats can lead to expulsion and even arrests, with felony charges in some places. <br><br>Teenagers make mistakes, but \u201cspending all our resources and time and energy on potential threats should not be the focus of education,\u201d said Brad Herzer, an assistant superintendent in Oklahoma City Public Schools. <br><br><b>\u2018A level of fear\u2019<\/b> <br><br>At Clemons\u2019s Kansas City, Mo., district, the safety team soon realized the worrisome TikTok post wasn\u2019t referring to their school, Lakeview Middle School, at all. It wasn\u2019t even a threat. Instead, it was a cropped list of Georgia schools targeted by that state\u2019s education department for extra academic help. <br><br>Yet a post showing the words \u201ctargeted\u201d and \u201cLakeview Middle School\u201d in the same frame was all it took to send alarm pulsing through Clemons\u2019s community, where two years ago a gun was found in a student\u2019s locker.  <br><br>Almost as soon as Clemons assured students and parents that the Lakeview Middle School post wasn\u2019t a real threat, she said she had to investigate and tell families about online posts from students who threatened gun violence against each other. <br><br>Clemons has seen safety threats ebb and flow in her years as a school leader. The Georgia shooting sent her community into a greater panic than she had experienced before. <br><br>\u201cThere is a level of fear in parents when they send their kid off to school,\u201d she said. ', 'ai_likelihood': 4.1365623474121094e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Days after four people died in a school shooting in Georgia, students walked into middle-school principal Kirsten Clemons\u2019s office and showed her a TikTok post they thought threatened their Missouri school. <br><br>As she tried to figure out whether the threat was real, Clemons\u2019s phone soon began ringing with calls from concerned parents, teachers and neighboring principals who had seen the post. <br><br>\u201cThere became this panic,\u201d Clemons said. \u201cPeople were saying, \u2018We\u2019re next.\u2019\u201d <br><br>Threats of shootings, bombings and other violence are upending the school year throughout the country, fueling worry among families and frantic responses from law enforcement and district administrators. Most of the threats\u2014which number roughly in the thousands, according to state and local estimates\u2014have been hoaxes spread by teenagers on TikTok and Snapchat. Yet some threats have led to student arrests, canceled classes and football games, and drops in attendance. <br><br>School shootings like the Sept. 4 tragedy in Winder, Ga., which left two students and two teachers dead, often spawn a rise in copycat threats. But school leaders and security experts say the volume now is particularly high, driven in large part by how fast posts travel on social media. While some posts have detailed specific plans to attack a local school, many have been vague, like one mentioning \u201cMHS,\u201d which sparked alarm in several states with high schools using that acronym. <br><br>A Missouri hotline has fielded 301 reports of potential school violence this academic year, closing in on the amount reported in the entire prior year. Tennessee\u2019s Department of Safety and Homeland Security investigated 321 threats from August to mid-September. Oklahoma City Police said they have looked into 65 reports of threats to metro-area schools since the school year began, many of them rumors or widely circulating social-media posts. Each one requires its own thorough inquiry to determine whether schools are in real danger. <br><br>\u201cYou cannot afford to say, \u2018Eh, it\u2019s not going to happen here,\u2019\u201d said Chad Soupir, a middle-school principal in suburban Omaha, Neb., who recently spent several days quashing a false rumor that a student was planning to shoot up the school after being romantically spurned by a classmate. \u201cYou want to make sure you have vetted it out completely.\u201d <br><br><b>\u2018This is not a joke\u2019<\/b> <br><br>Today\u2019s students have grown up in an era of school shootings and frequent lockdown drills that simulate what to do when an armed intruder is on campus. In many places, teachers are equipped with panic buttons, classroom doors stay locked and alarms sound if exterior doors are left propped open. <br><br>\u201cWe\u2019re living in a society where it doesn\u2019t matter if your school has actually suffered a tragedy like a shooting, almost every single student has had fears for their safety,\u201d said Anjali Verma, a high-school senior in Pennsylvania, who speaks frequently about student mental health as president of the National Student Council. <br><br>Schools are on high alert at any online post even hinting at violence. Those caught posting hoax threats often say they meant it as a joke or a dare, say school administrators and law enforcement. <br><br>\u201cWe do communicate very often and let kids know this is not a joke,\u201d said Howard Hepburn, the superintendent of Broward County Public Schools, the Florida district where 17 students and staff died in the 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School. <br><br>At least nine students in Broward County between the ages of 11 and 15 have been arrested for making threats since August. Most told law enforcement they meant the threats as a joke, according to a sheriff\u2019s office news release, with one 13-year-old saying he was upset about a new school cellphone policy. <br><br>School leaders say they want students to know that hoax threats can lead to expulsion and even arrests, with felony charges in some places. <br><br>Teenagers make mistakes, but \u201cspending all our resources and time and energy on potential threats should not be the focus of education,\u201d said Brad Herzer, an assistant superintendent in Oklahoma City Public Schools. <br><br><b>\u2018A level of fear\u2019<\/b> <br><br>At Clemons\u2019s Kansas City, Mo., district, the safety team soon realized the worrisome TikTok post wasn\u2019t referring to their school, Lakeview Middle School, at all. It wasn\u2019t even a threat. Instead, it was a cropped list of Georgia schools targeted by that state\u2019s education department for extra academic help. <br><br>Yet a post showing the words \u201ctargeted\u201d and \u201cLakeview Middle School\u201d in the same frame was all it took to send alarm pulsing through Clemons\u2019s community, where two years ago a gun was found in a student\u2019s locker.  <br><br>Almost as soon as Clemons assured students and parents that the Lakeview Middle School post wasn\u2019t a real threat, she said she had to investigate and tell families about online posts from students who threatened gun violence against each other. <br><br>Clemons has seen safety threats ebb and flow in her years as a school leader. The Georgia shooting sent her community into a greater panic than she had experienced before. <br><br>\u201cThere is a level of fear in parents when they send their kid off to school,\u201d she said. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00014591217041015625, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '80b06d41-d7d8-4373-93e4-c5ea10d4a917', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.979347457061522e-05, 'sentence': \"Days after four people died in a school shooting in Georgia, students walked into middle-school principal Kirsten Clemons's office and showed her a TikTok post they thought threatened their Missouri school.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.51078124367632e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>As she tried to figure out whether the threat was real, Clemons's phone soon began ringing with calls from concerned parents, teachers and neighboring principals who had seen the post.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.946970926132053e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cThere became this panic,\u201d Clemons said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.348045669961721e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cPeople were saying, 'We're next.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.768106398638338e-05, 'sentence': \"'\u201d <br><br>Threats of shootings, bombings and other violence are upending the school year throughout the country, fueling worry among families and frantic responses from law enforcement and district administrators.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.1795552786206827e-05, 'sentence': 'Most of the threats\u1173which number roughly in the thousands, according to state and local estimates\u1173have been hoaxes spread by teenagers on TikTok and Snapchat.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.5523330956930295e-05, 'sentence': 'Yet some threats have led to student arrests, canceled classes and football games, and drops in attendance.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.3717565858969465e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>School shootings like the Sept. 4 tragedy in Winder, Ga., which left two students and two teachers dead, often spawn a rise in copycat threats.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.880677442997694e-05, 'sentence': 'But school leaders and security experts say the volume now is particularly high, driven in large part by how fast posts travel on social media.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.514227425213903e-05, 'sentence': 'While some posts have detailed specific plans to attack a local school, many have been vague, like one mentioning \u201cMHS,\u201d which sparked alarm in several states with high schools using that acronym.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.20971986791119e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>A Missouri hotline has fielded 301 reports of potential school violence this academic year, closing in on the amount reported in the entire prior year.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011196527339052409, 'sentence': \"Tennessee's Department of Safety and Homeland Security investigated 321 threats from August to mid-September.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.941628089407459e-05, 'sentence': 'Oklahoma City Police said they have looked into 65 reports of threats to metro-area schools since the school year began, many of them rumors or widely circulating social-media posts.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012283313844818622, 'sentence': 'Each one requires its own thorough inquiry to determine whether schools are in real danger.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011318309407215565, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cYou cannot afford to say, 'Eh, it's not going to happen here,'\u201d said Chad Soupir, a middle-school principal in suburban Omaha, Neb., who recently spent several days quashing a false rumor that a student was planning to shoot up the school after being romantically spurned by a classmate.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.701117672491819e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cYou want to make sure you have vetted it out completely.\u201d <br><br><b>'This is not a joke'<\/b> <br><br>Today's students have grown up in an era of school shootings and frequent lockdown drills that simulate what to do when an armed intruder is on campus.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.138729077065364e-05, 'sentence': 'In many places, teachers are equipped with panic buttons, classroom doors stay locked and alarms sound if exterior doors are left propped open.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.002885442692786e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>\u201cWe're living in a society where it doesn't matter if your school has actually suffered a tragedy like a shooting, almost every single student has had fears for their safety,\u201d said Anjali Verma, a high-school senior in Pennsylvania, who speaks frequently about student mental health as president of the National Student Council.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.817757821409032e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Schools are on high alert at any online post even hinting at violence.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.191302963998169e-05, 'sentence': 'Those caught posting hoax threats often say they meant it as a joke or a dare, say school administrators and law enforcement.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.840668644756079e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cWe do communicate very often and let kids know this is not a joke,\u201d said Howard Hepburn, the superintendent of Broward County Public Schools, the Florida district where 17 students and staff died in the 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010351881064707413, 'sentence': '<br><br>At least nine students in Broward County between the ages of 11 and 15 have been arrested for making threats since August.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.2825031667016447e-05, 'sentence': \"Most told law enforcement they meant the threats as a joke, according to a sheriff's office news release, with one 13-year-old saying he was upset about a new school cellphone policy.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.4557399228797294e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>School leaders say they want students to know that hoax threats can lead to expulsion and even arrests, with felony charges in some places.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.3692728063906543e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Teenagers make mistakes, but \u201cspending all our resources and time and energy on potential threats should not be the focus of education,\u201d said Brad Herzer, an assistant superintendent in Oklahoma City Public Schools.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.8393862774246372e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br><b>'A level of fear'<\/b> <br><br>At Clemons's Kansas City, Mo., district, the safety team soon realized the worrisome TikTok post wasn't referring to their school, Lakeview Middle School, at all.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.768109723343514e-05, 'sentence': \"It wasn't even a threat.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.1547593860304914e-05, 'sentence': \"Instead, it was a cropped list of Georgia schools targeted by that state's education department for extra academic help.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.7193817257066257e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>Yet a post showing the words \u201ctargeted\u201d and \u201cLakeview Middle School\u201d in the same frame was all it took to send alarm pulsing through Clemons's community, where two years ago a gun was found in a student's locker.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.713850724627264e-05, 'sentence': \"<br><br>Almost as soon as Clemons assured students and parents that the Lakeview Middle School post wasn't a real threat, she said she had to investigate and tell families about online posts from students who threatened gun violence against each other.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.0088928067707457e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>Clemons has seen safety threats ebb and flow in her years as a school leader.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.2927728423383087e-05, 'sentence': 'The Georgia shooting sent her community into a greater panic than she had experienced before.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.3611911931075156e-05, 'sentence': '<br><br>\u201cThere is a level of fear in parents when they send their kid off to school,\u201d she said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 33, 'completely_generated_prob': 3.09473749034336e-29}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0032155735640056345, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9967844264359944, 'ai': 0.0032155735640056345, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9967844264359944, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.0032155735640056345, 'human': 0.9967844264359944, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Days after four people died in a school shooting in Georgia, students walked into middle-school principal Kirsten Clemons\u2019s office and showed her a TikTok post they thought threatened their Missouri school. <br><br>As she tried to figure out whether the threat was real, Clemons\u2019s phone soon began ringing with calls from concerned parents, teachers and neighboring principals who had seen the post. <br><br>\u201cThere became this panic,\u201d Clemons said. \u201cPeople were saying, \u2018We\u2019re next.\u2019\u201d <br><br>Threats of shootings, bombings and other violence are upending the school year throughout the country, fueling worry among families and frantic responses from law enforcement and district administrators. Most of the threats\u2014which number roughly in the thousands, according to state and local estimates\u2014have been hoaxes spread by teenagers on TikTok and Snapchat. Yet some threats have led to student arrests, canceled classes and football games, and drops in attendance. <br><br>School shootings like the Sept. 4 tragedy in Winder, Ga., which left two students and two teachers dead, often spawn a rise in copycat threats. But school leaders and security experts say the volume now is particularly high, driven in large part by how fast posts travel on social media. While some posts have detailed specific plans to attack a local school, many have been vague, like one mentioning \u201cMHS,\u201d which sparked alarm in several states with high schools using that acronym. <br><br>A Missouri hotline has fielded 301 reports of potential school violence this academic year, closing in on the amount reported in the entire prior year. Tennessee\u2019s Department of Safety and Homeland Security investigated 321 threats from August to mid-September. Oklahoma City Police said they have looked into 65 reports of threats to metro-area schools since the school year began, many of them rumors or widely circulating social-media posts. Each one requires its own thorough inquiry to determine whether schools are in real danger. <br><br>\u201cYou cannot afford to say, \u2018Eh, it\u2019s not going to happen here,\u2019\u201d said Chad Soupir, a middle-school principal in suburban Omaha, Neb., who recently spent several days quashing a false rumor that a student was planning to shoot up the school after being romantically spurned by a classmate. \u201cYou want to make sure you have vetted it out completely.\u201d <br><br><b>\u2018This is not a joke\u2019<\/b> <br><br>Today\u2019s students have grown up in an era of school shootings and frequent lockdown drills that simulate what to do when an armed intruder is on campus. In many places, teachers are equipped with panic buttons, classroom doors stay locked and alarms sound if exterior doors are left propped open. <br><br>\u201cWe\u2019re living in a society where it doesn\u2019t matter if your school has actually suffered a tragedy like a shooting, almost every single student has had fears for their safety,\u201d said Anjali Verma, a high-school senior in Pennsylvania, who speaks frequently about student mental health as president of the National Student Council. <br><br>Schools are on high alert at any online post even hinting at violence. Those caught posting hoax threats often say they meant it as a joke or a dare, say school administrators and law enforcement. <br><br>\u201cWe do communicate very often and let kids know this is not a joke,\u201d said Howard Hepburn, the superintendent of Broward County Public Schools, the Florida district where 17 students and staff died in the 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School. <br><br>At least nine students in Broward County between the ages of 11 and 15 have been arrested for making threats since August. Most told law enforcement they meant the threats as a joke, according to a sheriff\u2019s office news release, with one 13-year-old saying he was upset about a new school cellphone policy. <br><br>School leaders say they want students to know that hoax threats can lead to expulsion and even arrests, with felony charges in some places. <br><br>Teenagers make mistakes, but \u201cspending all our resources and time and energy on potential threats should not be the focus of education,\u201d said Brad Herzer, an assistant superintendent in Oklahoma City Public Schools. <br><br><b>\u2018A level of fear\u2019<\/b> <br><br>At Clemons\u2019s Kansas City, Mo., district, the safety team soon realized the worrisome TikTok post wasn\u2019t referring to their school, Lakeview Middle School, at all. It wasn\u2019t even a threat. Instead, it was a cropped list of Georgia schools targeted by that state\u2019s education department for extra academic help. <br><br>Yet a post showing the words \u201ctargeted\u201d and \u201cLakeview Middle School\u201d in the same frame was all it took to send alarm pulsing through Clemons\u2019s community, where two years ago a gun was found in a student\u2019s locker.  <br><br>Almost as soon as Clemons assured students and parents that the Lakeview Middle School post wasn\u2019t a real threat, she said she had to investigate and tell families about online posts from students who threatened gun violence against each other. <br><br>Clemons has seen safety threats ebb and flow in her years as a school leader. The Georgia shooting sent her community into a greater panic than she had experienced before. <br><br>\u201cThere is a level of fear in parents when they send their kid off to school,\u201d she said. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.873611629,"RADAR":0.0032720263,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The story has no obvious AI markers. It uses \"said\" throughout rather than cycling through synonyms. The names used are unique and there are no obvious AI words or phrases. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"Due to the large number of lists used in this text, I think it may be AI-generated. For example, \"panic buttons...alarms sound\" and \"shootings, bombings and other violence.\" However, the lack of an Oxford comma in these lists may be a sign of human error. It may, however, be a sign that this isn't written in US English. :-)"},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: it has a story element to it. It ends with a quote. The headings are sentence case in quotation marks. Colloquial phrasing.  Uses some filler words like 'even'.  Missing quotation marks. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I feel very confident this is human-written. There's good pacing and tone to the story. There's also plenty of visual elements that really immerse you in the experience, really highlight the fear that these people experience, such as with, \"At least nine students in Broward County between the ages of 11 and 15 have been arrested for making threats since August.\" and the ending quote \"\u201cThere is a level of fear in parents when they send their kid off to school,\u201d she said.\" Because of how it's written, there's also an indication of stylistic writing here, such as with \"one 13-year-old\" and \"321 threats from August to mid-September\" to help organize information more clearly. There's a lot of good stuff here, and even the small sub headers add to the story's details and help lead into the story more. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"No typical LLM words\/phrases.\nAI seems to avoid demonstrative pronouns. This author uses quite a few.\nUncomplicated sentence structure. Idiomatic language use.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"90":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":1,"title":"An abrupt goodbye to a guerrilla goldfish aquarium beneath a leaky Brooklyn fire hydrant ","sub-title":"A makeshift aquarium that popped up this summer in a puddle beneath a leaky New York City fire hydrant is no more ","author":"Cedar Attanasio","source":"Associated Press","issue":-17954410,"section":"US News","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/bedstuy-hydrant-aquarium-nyc-goldfish-brooklyn-0fdb7ada0716b9e9951c88311b8c5d7d","article":"A makeshift aquarium that popped up this summer in a puddle beneath a leaky fire hydrant has been paved over, to the dismay of neighbors who turned the area into a hangout spot and goldfish shrine. \n\nThe city\u2019s Department of Environmental Protection has long said the dribbling hydrant created a safety hazard. Workers filled the earthen area that formerly held the puddle Friday morning, and yellow tape cordoned off a patch of freshly poured concrete around the repaired hydrant, leaving it looking like the city\u2019s smallest-ever crime scene. \n\n\u201cOh my God,\u201d said Sofia Talavera, her hands raised to her head as she looked at the spot. \u201cPeople actually took their time and their money to make it beautiful. This was literally the community coming together.\u201d \n\nThe so-called Bed-Stuy Aquarium, named after the surrounding Brooklyn neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant, was formed when the leaky hydrant carved out the shallow pool next to a tree bed on a residential street and residents filled it with store-bought goldfish. \n\nThe pond was controversial from the start. Some of the fish were \u201crescued\u201d over the summer by people concerned about their welfare. That angered others, who said the fish were fine, restocked the pool and set up a watch. \n\nAfter media attention and some donations, organizers kept building out the site, adding signage, decorations and seating. A bootleg sign designed to look like an official Parks Department plaque read \u201cBEDSTUY AQUARIUM,\u201d and a telephone pole was painted with palm-size goldfish surrounded in blue. \n\nThe pond was easy for tourists to find after it became searchable on Google Maps. Two visitors from California who came to the site Friday morning said they had planned to send a picture to friends in Los Angeles who were obsessed from afar. \n\n\u201cNow we have to break the news,\u201d said Adam Aguilar, a visual artist. His friend laid a bouquet of flowers next to two flickering candles at an impromptu memorial site. \n\nIt always seemed inevitable that the fish would eventually have to be removed. The Fire Department needs hydrants to be in working order. Winter was coming. \n\nFire officials fixed the hydrant Tuesday, but residents quickly replenished the pond with water and fish. Videos on social media showed testy exchanges between locals and fire department workers, and police protection for the cement-layers. \n\nThe Department of Environmental Protection said in a statement that it was \u201clooking forward to working with community members to find an appropriate alternative location for this impromptu gem,\u201d adding, \u201cThis allows us to keep New Yorkers safe by ensuring that the previously leaking fire hydrant doesn\u2019t freeze over and become inoperable.\u201d \n\nThe remaining goldfish were removed and placed in a bucket, the department said. \n\nSome residents expressed optimism that the pond could be moved to a nearby community garden, while others are holding out for converting a derelict storefront on the block into an indoor aquarium and hangout space. Organizers most involved in those efforts declined to comment. \n\nOn his way to work, Jon Frier passed by the site and joked to friends, \u201cDoes anyone have a jackhammer?\u201d \n\n He paused to try to draw a goldfish in the wet concrete. Across the street, an employee in a Environment Protection truck warned him not to with a long honk, backed up by a police officer in another vehicle. \n\n \u201cThey just can\u2019t let us have anything can they? I can\u2019t believe Eric Adams,\u201d Frier said, referring to the city\u2019s mayor. \n\n Adams\u2019 media team did not immediately respond to requests for comment. \n\nCity officials have sometimes clashed or negotiated with residents over the use of fire hydrants, long commandeered to create cool-off spray zones during hot summer months. A compromise was eventually reached under which residents can apply for a permit to use a low-flow sprayer, lent and installed by a firefighter. \n\n For Talavera the disappearance of the aquarium means the loss of a of late-night hangout that, unlike city parks, couldn\u2019t be closed at night. \n\n After the New York Liberty won the WNBA national championship recently, she posted a grainy image of the hydrant to Instagram. It read: \u201clast night was so awesome i had to go to the aquarium to celebrate.\u201d ","id":0,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'A makeshift aquarium that popped up this summer in a puddle beneath a leaky fire hydrant has been paved over, to the dismay of neighbors who turned the area into a hangout spot and goldfish shrine. \\n\\nThe city\u2019s Department of Environmental Protection has long said the dribbling hydrant created a safety hazard. Workers filled the earthen area that formerly held the puddle Friday morning, and yellow tape cordoned off a patch of freshly poured concrete around the repaired hydrant, leaving it looking like the city\u2019s smallest-ever crime scene. \\n\\n\u201cOh my God,\u201d said Sofia Talavera, her hands raised to her head as she looked at the spot. \u201cPeople actually took their time and their money to make it beautiful. This was literally the community coming together.\u201d \\n\\nThe so-called Bed-Stuy Aquarium, named after the surrounding Brooklyn neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant, was formed when the leaky hydrant carved out the shallow pool next to a tree bed on a residential street and residents filled it with store-bought goldfish. \\n\\nThe pond was controversial from the start. Some of the fish were \u201crescued\u201d over the summer by people concerned about their welfare. That angered others, who said the fish were fine, restocked the pool and set up a watch. \\n\\nAfter media attention and some donations, organizers kept building out the site, adding signage, decorations and seating. A bootleg sign designed to look like an official Parks Department plaque read \u201cBEDSTUY AQUARIUM,\u201d and a telephone pole was painted with palm-size goldfish surrounded in blue. \\n\\nThe pond was easy for tourists to find after it became searchable on Google Maps. Two visitors from California who came to the site Friday morning said they had planned to send a picture to friends in Los Angeles who were obsessed from afar. \\n\\n\u201cNow we have to break the news,\u201d said Adam Aguilar, a visual artist. His friend laid a bouquet of flowers next to two flickering candles at an impromptu memorial site. \\n\\nIt always seemed inevitable that the fish would eventually have to be removed. The Fire Department needs hydrants to be in working order. Winter was coming. \\n\\nFire officials fixed the hydrant Tuesday, but residents quickly replenished the pond with water and fish. Videos on social media showed testy exchanges between locals and fire department workers, and police protection for the cement-layers. \\n\\nThe Department of Environmental Protection said in a statement that it was \u201clooking forward to working with community members to find an appropriate alternative location for this impromptu gem,\u201d adding, \u201cThis allows us to keep New Yorkers safe by ensuring that the previously leaking fire hydrant doesn\u2019t freeze over and become inoperable.\u201d \\n\\nThe remaining goldfish were removed and placed in a bucket, the department said. \\n\\nSome residents expressed optimism that the pond could be moved to a nearby community garden, while others are holding out for converting a derelict storefront on the block into an indoor aquarium and hangout space. Organizers most involved in those efforts declined to comment. \\n\\nOn his way to work, Jon Frier passed by the site and joked to friends, \u201cDoes anyone have a jackhammer?\u201d \\n\\n He paused to try to draw a goldfish in the wet concrete. Across the street, an employee in a Environment Protection truck warned him not to with a long honk, backed up by a police officer in another vehicle. \\n\\n \u201cThey just can\u2019t let us have anything can they? I can\u2019t believe Eric Adams,\u201d Frier said, referring to the city\u2019s mayor. \\n\\n Adams\u2019 media team did not immediately respond to requests for comment. \\n\\nCity officials have sometimes clashed or negotiated with residents over the use of fire hydrants, long commandeered to create cool-off spray zones during hot summer months. A compromise was eventually reached under which residents can apply for a permit to use a low-flow sprayer, lent and installed by a firefighter. \\n\\n For Talavera the disappearance of the aquarium means the loss of a of late-night hangout that, unlike city parks, couldn\u2019t be closed at night. \\n\\n After the New York Liberty won the WNBA national championship recently, she posted a grainy image of the hydrant to Instagram. It read: \u201clast night was so awesome i had to go to the aquarium to celebrate.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.980232238769531e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'A makeshift aquarium that popped up this summer in a puddle beneath a leaky fire hydrant has been paved over, to the dismay of neighbors who turned the area into a hangout spot and goldfish shrine. \\n\\nThe city\u2019s Department of Environmental Protection has long said the dribbling hydrant created a safety hazard. Workers filled the earthen area that formerly held the puddle Friday morning, and yellow tape cordoned off a patch of freshly poured concrete around the repaired hydrant, leaving it looking like the city\u2019s smallest-ever crime scene. \\n\\n\u201cOh my God,\u201d said Sofia Talavera, her hands raised to her head as she looked at the spot. \u201cPeople actually took their time and their money to make it beautiful. This was literally the community coming together.\u201d \\n\\nThe so-called Bed-Stuy Aquarium, named after the surrounding Brooklyn neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant, was formed when the leaky hydrant carved out the shallow pool next to a tree bed on a residential street and residents filled it with store-bought goldfish. \\n\\nThe pond was controversial from the start. Some of the fish were \u201crescued\u201d over the summer by people concerned about their welfare. That angered others, who said the fish were fine, restocked the pool and set up a watch. \\n\\nAfter media attention and some donations, organizers kept building out the site, adding signage, decorations and seating. A bootleg sign designed to look like an official Parks Department plaque read \u201cBEDSTUY AQUARIUM,\u201d and a telephone pole was painted with palm-size goldfish surrounded in blue. \\n\\nThe pond was easy for tourists to find after it became searchable on Google Maps. Two visitors from California who came to the site Friday morning said they had planned to send a picture to friends in Los Angeles who were obsessed from afar. \\n\\n\u201cNow we have to break the news,\u201d said Adam Aguilar, a visual artist. His friend laid a bouquet of flowers next to two flickering candles at an impromptu memorial site. \\n\\nIt always seemed inevitable that the fish would eventually have to be removed. The Fire Department needs hydrants to be in working order. Winter was coming. \\n\\nFire officials fixed the hydrant Tuesday, but residents quickly replenished the pond with water and fish. Videos on social media showed testy exchanges between locals and fire department workers, and police protection for the cement-layers. \\n\\nThe Department of Environmental Protection said in a statement that it was \u201clooking forward to working with community members to find an appropriate alternative location for this impromptu gem,\u201d adding, \u201cThis allows us to keep New Yorkers safe by ensuring that the previously leaking fire hydrant doesn\u2019t freeze over and become inoperable.\u201d \\n\\nThe remaining goldfish were removed and placed in a bucket, the department said. \\n\\nSome residents expressed optimism that the pond could be moved to a nearby community garden, while others are holding out for converting a derelict storefront on the block into an indoor aquarium and hangout space. Organizers most involved in those efforts declined to comment. \\n\\nOn his way to work, Jon Frier passed by the site and joked to friends, \u201cDoes anyone have a jackhammer?\u201d \\n\\n He paused to try to draw a goldfish in the wet concrete. Across the street, an employee in a Environment Protection truck warned him not to with a long honk, backed up by a police officer in another vehicle. \\n\\n \u201cThey just can\u2019t let us have anything can they? I can\u2019t believe Eric Adams,\u201d Frier said, referring to the city\u2019s mayor. \\n\\n Adams\u2019 media team did not immediately respond to requests for comment. \\n\\nCity officials have sometimes clashed or negotiated with residents over the use of fire hydrants, long commandeered to create cool-off spray zones during hot summer months. A compromise was eventually reached under which residents can apply for a permit to use a low-flow sprayer, lent and installed by a firefighter. \\n\\n For Talavera the disappearance of the aquarium means the loss of a of late-night hangout that, unlike city parks, couldn\u2019t be closed at night. \\n\\n After the New York Liberty won the WNBA national championship recently, she posted a grainy image of the hydrant to Instagram. It read: \u201clast night was so awesome i had to go to the aquarium to celebrate.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1920928955078125e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '32629e24-1faa-463d-9de8-8ee42db39c26', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.00013673362263944, 'sentence': 'A makeshift aquarium that popped up this summer in a puddle beneath a leaky fire hydrant has been paved over, to the dismay of neighbors who turned the area into a hangout spot and goldfish shrine.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010588031727820635, 'sentence': \"The city's Department of Environmental Protection has long said the dribbling hydrant created a safety hazard.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000127698527649045, 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neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant, was formed when the leaky hydrant carved out the shallow pool next to a tree bed on a residential street and residents filled it with store-bought goldfish.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010150557500310242, 'sentence': 'The pond was controversial from the start.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.377199603477493e-05, 'sentence': 'Some of the fish were \u201crescued\u201d over the summer by people concerned about their welfare.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.30735739832744e-05, 'sentence': 'That angered others, who said the fish were fine, restocked the pool and set up a watch.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.313284004339948e-05, 'sentence': 'After media attention and some donations, organizers kept building out the site, adding signage, decorations and seating.', 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3.94368885912277e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9945097664902408, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.0054507966211679235, 'human': 0.9945097664902408, 'mixed': 3.94368885912277e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'A makeshift aquarium that popped up this summer in a puddle beneath a leaky fire hydrant has been paved over, to the dismay of neighbors who turned the area into a hangout spot and goldfish shrine. \\n\\nThe city\u2019s Department of Environmental Protection has long said the dribbling hydrant created a safety hazard. Workers filled the earthen area that formerly held the puddle Friday morning, and yellow tape cordoned off a patch of freshly poured concrete around the repaired hydrant, leaving it looking like the city\u2019s smallest-ever crime scene. \\n\\n\u201cOh my God,\u201d said Sofia Talavera, her hands raised to her head as she looked at the spot. \u201cPeople actually took their time and their money to make it beautiful. This was literally the community coming together.\u201d \\n\\nThe so-called Bed-Stuy Aquarium, named after the surrounding Brooklyn neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant, was formed when the leaky hydrant carved out the shallow pool next to a tree bed on a residential street and residents filled it with store-bought goldfish. \\n\\nThe pond was controversial from the start. Some of the fish were \u201crescued\u201d over the summer by people concerned about their welfare. That angered others, who said the fish were fine, restocked the pool and set up a watch. \\n\\nAfter media attention and some donations, organizers kept building out the site, adding signage, decorations and seating. A bootleg sign designed to look like an official Parks Department plaque read \u201cBEDSTUY AQUARIUM,\u201d and a telephone pole was painted with palm-size goldfish surrounded in blue. \\n\\nThe pond was easy for tourists to find after it became searchable on Google Maps. Two visitors from California who came to the site Friday morning said they had planned to send a picture to friends in Los Angeles who were obsessed from afar. \\n\\n\u201cNow we have to break the news,\u201d said Adam Aguilar, a visual artist. His friend laid a bouquet of flowers next to two flickering candles at an impromptu memorial site. \\n\\nIt always seemed inevitable that the fish would eventually have to be removed. The Fire Department needs hydrants to be in working order. Winter was coming. \\n\\nFire officials fixed the hydrant Tuesday, but residents quickly replenished the pond with water and fish. Videos on social media showed testy exchanges between locals and fire department workers, and police protection for the cement-layers. \\n\\nThe Department of Environmental Protection said in a statement that it was \u201clooking forward to working with community members to find an appropriate alternative location for this impromptu gem,\u201d adding, \u201cThis allows us to keep New Yorkers safe by ensuring that the previously leaking fire hydrant doesn\u2019t freeze over and become inoperable.\u201d \\n\\nThe remaining goldfish were removed and placed in a bucket, the department said. \\n\\nSome residents expressed optimism that the pond could be moved to a nearby community garden, while others are holding out for converting a derelict storefront on the block into an indoor aquarium and hangout space. Organizers most involved in those efforts declined to comment. \\n\\nOn his way to work, Jon Frier passed by the site and joked to friends, \u201cDoes anyone have a jackhammer?\u201d \\n\\n He paused to try to draw a goldfish in the wet concrete. Across the street, an employee in a Environment Protection truck warned him not to with a long honk, backed up by a police officer in another vehicle. \\n\\n \u201cThey just can\u2019t let us have anything can they? I can\u2019t believe Eric Adams,\u201d Frier said, referring to the city\u2019s mayor. \\n\\n Adams\u2019 media team did not immediately respond to requests for comment. \\n\\nCity officials have sometimes clashed or negotiated with residents over the use of fire hydrants, long commandeered to create cool-off spray zones during hot summer months. A compromise was eventually reached under which residents can apply for a permit to use a low-flow sprayer, lent and installed by a firefighter. \\n\\n For Talavera the disappearance of the aquarium means the loss of a of late-night hangout that, unlike city parks, couldn\u2019t be closed at night. \\n\\n After the New York Liberty won the WNBA national championship recently, she posted a grainy image of the hydrant to Instagram. It read: \u201clast night was so awesome i had to go to the aquarium to celebrate.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5971762538,"RADAR":0.008781991,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The entire article feels a bit too bizarre and creative to be machine-generated. Certain teams declining to comment also feels very human as it's common in real articles and AI articles tend to give both sides comments to be more balanced. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual signs of AI. The quirky writing style in sentences like \"hangout spot and goldfish shrine\" and \"smallest-ever crime scene\" are for me decidedly human."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I scanned the text and paragraph length and though it might be human-generated. They're more varied than AI. There are also some grammatical errors \u2013 issues with tenses etc. And interesting word choices 'popped', for example. This piece has a voice. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I believe this is human-written. To me, most of the article contained a lot of good visual imagery, and that visual imagery was enough to convince me, such as with \"yellow tape cordoned off a patch of freshly poured concrete\" and \"carved out the shallow pool next to a tree bed\". Alongside that, the quotes feel realistic and there's a lot of unique vocabulary, including \"derelict\", \"dribbling\" and \"earthen area\". "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"No obvious AI language markers.\nTwo instances where prepositions are omitted. Often done in human writing but AI would (probably) regard this as an error. \nUse of scare quotes around the word \"rescued\".   "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"91":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":2,"title":"Australia plans a social media ban for children under 16","sub-title":"The Australian government announced on Thursday what it described as world-leading legislation that would set an age limit of 16 years for children to start using social media, and hold platforms responsible for ensuring compliance","author":"Rod McGuirk","source":"Associated Press","issue":-17954397,"section":"World News","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/australia-social-media-age-limit-e8259408c0b1456f41967decd474782a","article":"The Australian government announced on Thursday what it described as world-leading legislation that would institute an age limit of 16 years for children to start using social media, and hold platforms responsible for ensuring compliance. \n\n \u201cSocial media is doing harm to our kids and I\u2019m calling time on it,\u201d Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said. \n\n The legislation will be introduced in Parliament during its final two weeks in session this year, which begin on Nov. 18. The age limit would take effect 12 months after the law is passed, Albanese told reporters. \n\n The platforms including X, TikTok, Instagram and Facebook would need to use that year to work out how to exclude Australian children younger than 16. \n\n \u201cI\u2019ve spoken to thousands of parents, grandparents, aunties and uncles. They, like me, are worried sick about the safety of our kids online,\u201d Albanese said. \n\nThe proposal comes as governments around the world are wrestling with how to supervise young people\u2019s use of technologies like smartphones and social media. \n\n Social media platforms would be penalized for breaching the age limit, but under-age children and their parents would not. \n\n\u201cThe onus will be on social media platforms to demonstrate they are taking reasonable steps to prevent access. The onus won\u2019t be on parents or young people,\u201d Albanese said. \n\n Antigone Davis, head of safety at Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram, said the company would respect any age limitations the government wants to introduce. \n\n \u201cHowever, what\u2019s missing is a deeper discussion on how we implement protections, otherwise we risk making ourselves feel better, like we have taken action, but teens and parents will not find themselves in a better place,\u201d Davis said in a statement. \n\nShe added that stronger tools in app stores and operating systems for parents to control what apps their children can use would be a \u201csimple and effective solution.\u201d \n\nX did not immediately respond to a request for comment on Thursday. TikTok declined to comment. \n\nThe Digital Industry Group Inc., an advocate for the digital industry in Australia, described the age limit as a \u201c20th Century response to 21st Century challenges.\u201d \n\n\u201cRather than blocking access through bans, we need to take a balanced approach to create age-appropriate spaces, build digital literacy and protect young people from online harm,\u201d DIGI managing director Sunita Bose said in a statement. \n\n More than 140 Australian and international academics with expertise in fields related to technology and child welfare signed an open letter to Albanese last month opposing a social media age limit as \u201ctoo blunt an instrument to address risks effectively.\u201d \n\nJackie Hallan, a director at the youth mental health service ReachOut, opposed the ban. She said 73% of young people across Australia accessing mental health support did so through social media. \n\n\u201cWe\u2019re uncomfortable with the ban. We think young people are likely to circumvent a ban and our concern is that it really drives the behavior underground and then if things go wrong, young people are less likely to get support from parents and carers because they\u2019re worried about getting in trouble,\u201d Hallan said. \n\nChild psychologist Philip Tam said a minimum age of 12 or 13 would have been more enforceable. \n\n\u201cMy real fear honestly is that the problem of social media will simply be driven underground,\u201d Tam said. \n\nAustralian National University lawyer Associate Prof. Faith Gordon feared separating children from there platforms could create pressures within families. \n\n Albanese said there would be exclusions and exemptions in circumstances such as a need to continue access to educational services. \n\n But parental consent would not entitle a child under 16 to access social media. \n\n Earlier this year, the government began a trial of age-restriciton technologies. Australia\u2019s eSafety Commissioner, the online watchdog that will police compliance, will use the results of that trial to provide platforms with guidance on what reasonable steps they can take. \n\nCommunications Minister Michelle Rowland said the year-long lead-in would ensure the age limit could be implemented in a \u201cvery practical way.\u201d \n\n \u201cThere does need to be enhanced penalties to ensure compliance,\u201d Rowland said. \n\n \u201cEvery company that operates in Australia, whether domiciled here or otherwise, is expected and must comply with Australian law or face the consequences,\u201d she added. \n\n The main opposition party has given in-principle support for an age limit at 16. \n\n Opposition lawmaker Paul Fletcher said the platforms already had the technology to enforce such an age ban. \n\n \u201cIt\u2019s not really a technical viability question, it\u2019s a question of their readiness to do it and will they incur the cost to do it,\u201d Fletcher told Australian Broadcasting Corp. \n\n \u201cThe platforms say: \u2019It\u2019s all too hard, we can\u2019t do it, Australia will become a backwater, it won\u2019t possibly work.\u2019 But if you have well-drafted legislation and you stick to your guns, you can get the outcomes,\u201d Fletcher added. ","id":1,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'The Australian government announced on Thursday what it described as world-leading legislation that would institute an age limit of 16 years for children to start using social media, and hold platforms responsible for ensuring compliance. \\n\\n \u201cSocial media is doing harm to our kids and I\u2019m calling time on it,\u201d Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said. \\n\\n The legislation will be introduced in Parliament during its final two weeks in session this year, which begin on Nov. 18. The age limit would take effect 12 months after the law is passed, Albanese told reporters. \\n\\n The platforms including X, TikTok, Instagram and Facebook would need to use that year to work out how to exclude Australian children younger than 16. \\n\\n \u201cI\u2019ve spoken to thousands of parents, grandparents, aunties and uncles. They, like me, are worried sick about the safety of our kids online,\u201d Albanese said. \\n\\nThe proposal comes as governments around the world are wrestling with how to supervise young people\u2019s use of technologies like smartphones and social media. \\n\\n Social media platforms would be penalized for breaching the age limit, but under-age children and their parents would not. \\n\\n\u201cThe onus will be on social media platforms to demonstrate they are taking reasonable steps to prevent access. The onus won\u2019t be on parents or young people,\u201d Albanese said. \\n\\n Antigone Davis, head of safety at Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram, said the company would respect any age limitations the government wants to introduce. \\n\\n \u201cHowever, what\u2019s missing is a deeper discussion on how we implement protections, otherwise we risk making ourselves feel better, like we have taken action, but teens and parents will not find themselves in a better place,\u201d Davis said in a statement. \\n\\nShe added that stronger tools in app stores and operating systems for parents to control what apps their children can use would be a \u201csimple and effective solution.\u201d \\n\\nX did not immediately respond to a request for comment on Thursday. TikTok declined to comment. \\n\\nThe Digital Industry Group Inc., an advocate for the digital industry in Australia, described the age limit as a \u201c20th Century response to 21st Century challenges.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cRather than blocking access through bans, we need to take a balanced approach to create age-appropriate spaces, build digital literacy and protect young people from online harm,\u201d DIGI managing director Sunita Bose said in a statement. \\n\\n More than 140 Australian and international academics with expertise in fields related to technology and child welfare signed an open letter to Albanese last month opposing a social media age limit as \u201ctoo blunt an instrument to address risks effectively.\u201d \\n\\nJackie Hallan, a director at the youth mental health service ReachOut, opposed the ban. She said 73% of young people across Australia accessing mental health support did so through social media. \\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re uncomfortable with the ban. We think young people are likely to circumvent a ban and our concern is that it really drives the behavior underground and then if things go wrong, young people are less likely to get support from parents and carers because they\u2019re worried about getting in trouble,\u201d Hallan said. \\n\\nChild psychologist Philip Tam said a minimum age of 12 or 13 would have been more enforceable. \\n\\n\u201cMy real fear honestly is that the problem of social media will simply be driven underground,\u201d Tam said. \\n\\nAustralian National University lawyer Associate Prof. Faith Gordon feared separating children from there platforms could create pressures within families. \\n\\n Albanese said there would be exclusions and exemptions in circumstances such as a need to continue access to educational services. \\n\\n But parental consent would not entitle a child under 16 to access social media. \\n\\n Earlier this year, the government began a trial of age-restriciton technologies. Australia\u2019s eSafety Commissioner, the online watchdog that will police compliance, will use the results of that trial to provide platforms with guidance on what reasonable steps they can take. \\n\\nCommunications Minister Michelle Rowland said the year-long lead-in would ensure the age limit could be implemented in a \u201cvery practical way.\u201d \\n\\n \u201cThere does need to be enhanced penalties to ensure compliance,\u201d Rowland said. \\n\\n \u201cEvery company that operates in Australia, whether domiciled here or otherwise, is expected and must comply with Australian law or face the consequences,\u201d she added. \\n\\n The main opposition party has given in-principle support for an age limit at 16. \\n\\n Opposition lawmaker Paul Fletcher said the platforms already had the technology to enforce such an age ban. \\n\\n \u201cIt\u2019s not really a technical viability question, it\u2019s a question of their readiness to do it and will they incur the cost to do it,\u201d Fletcher told Australian Broadcasting Corp. \\n\\n \u201cThe platforms say: \u2019It\u2019s all too hard, we can\u2019t do it, Australia will become a backwater, it won\u2019t possibly work.\u2019 But if you have well-drafted legislation and you stick to your guns, you can get the outcomes,\u201d Fletcher added. ', 'ai_likelihood': 5.424022674560547e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'The Australian government announced on Thursday what it described as world-leading legislation that would institute an age limit of 16 years for children to start using social media, and hold platforms responsible for ensuring compliance. \\n\\n \u201cSocial media is doing harm to our kids and I\u2019m calling time on it,\u201d Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said. \\n\\n The legislation will be introduced in Parliament during its final two weeks in session this year, which begin on Nov. 18. The age limit would take effect 12 months after the law is passed, Albanese told reporters. \\n\\n The platforms including X, TikTok, Instagram and Facebook would need to use that year to work out how to exclude Australian children younger than 16. \\n\\n \u201cI\u2019ve spoken to thousands of parents, grandparents, aunties and uncles. They, like me, are worried sick about the safety of our kids online,\u201d Albanese said. \\n\\nThe proposal comes as governments around the world are wrestling with how to supervise young people\u2019s use of technologies like smartphones and social media. \\n\\n Social media platforms would be penalized for breaching the age limit, but under-age children and their parents would not. \\n\\n\u201cThe onus will be on social media platforms to demonstrate they are taking reasonable steps to prevent access. The onus won\u2019t be on parents or young people,\u201d Albanese said. \\n\\n Antigone Davis, head of safety at Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram, said the company would respect any age limitations the government wants to introduce. \\n\\n \u201cHowever, what\u2019s missing is a deeper discussion on how we implement protections, otherwise we risk making ourselves feel better, like we have taken action, but teens and parents will not find themselves in a better place,\u201d Davis said in a statement. \\n\\nShe added that stronger tools in app stores and operating systems for parents to control what apps their children can use would be a \u201csimple and effective solution.\u201d \\n\\nX did not immediately respond to a request for comment on Thursday. TikTok declined to comment. \\n\\nThe Digital Industry Group Inc., an advocate for the digital industry in Australia, described the age limit as a \u201c20th Century response to 21st Century challenges.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cRather than blocking access through bans, we need to take a balanced approach to create age-appropriate spaces, build digital literacy and protect young people from online harm,\u201d DIGI managing director Sunita Bose said in a statement. \\n\\n More than 140 Australian and international academics with expertise in fields related to technology and child welfare signed an open letter to Albanese last month opposing a social media age limit as \u201ctoo blunt an instrument to address risks effectively.\u201d \\n\\nJackie Hallan, a director at the youth mental health service ReachOut, opposed the ban. She said 73% of young people across Australia accessing mental health support did so through social media. \\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re uncomfortable with the ban. We think young people are likely to circumvent a ban and our concern is that it really drives the behavior underground and then if things go wrong, young people are less likely to get support from parents and carers because they\u2019re worried about getting in trouble,\u201d Hallan said. \\n\\nChild psychologist Philip Tam said a minimum age of 12 or 13 would have been more enforceable. \\n\\n\u201cMy real fear honestly is that the problem of social media will simply be driven underground,\u201d Tam said. \\n\\nAustralian National University lawyer Associate Prof. Faith Gordon feared separating children from there platforms could create pressures within families. \\n\\n Albanese said there would be exclusions and exemptions in circumstances such as a need to continue access to educational services. \\n\\n But parental consent would not entitle a child under 16 to access social media. \\n\\n Earlier this year, the government began a trial of age-restriciton technologies. Australia\u2019s eSafety Commissioner, the online watchdog that will police compliance, will use the results of that trial to provide platforms with guidance on what reasonable steps they can take. \\n\\nCommunications Minister Michelle Rowland said the year-long lead-in would ensure the age limit could be implemented in a \u201cvery practical way.\u201d \\n\\n \u201cThere does need to be enhanced penalties to ensure compliance,\u201d Rowland said. \\n\\n \u201cEvery company that operates in Australia, whether domiciled here or otherwise, is expected and must comply with Australian law or face the consequences,\u201d she added. \\n\\n The main opposition party has given in-principle support for an age limit at 16. \\n\\n Opposition lawmaker Paul Fletcher said the platforms already had the technology to enforce such an age ban. \\n\\n \u201cIt\u2019s not really a technical viability question, it\u2019s a question of their readiness to do it and will they incur the cost to do it,\u201d Fletcher told Australian Broadcasting Corp. \\n\\n \u201cThe platforms say: \u2019It\u2019s all too hard, we can\u2019t do it, Australia will become a backwater, it won\u2019t possibly work.\u2019 But if you have well-drafted legislation and you stick to your guns, you can get the outcomes,\u201d Fletcher added. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.9669532775878906e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'b5800f4c-6db1-41a3-a235-bd09d27b5ad5', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 8.898441592464224e-06, 'sentence': 'The Australian government announced on Thursday what it described as world-leading legislation that would institute an age limit of 16 years for children to start using social media, and hold platforms responsible for ensuring compliance.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.1392714441171847e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cSocial media is doing harm to our kids and I'm calling time on it,\u201d Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.480188964516856e-06, 'sentence': 'The legislation will be 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0.006922837844142335, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.99303778363816, 'ai': 0.006922837844142335, 'mixed': 3.937851769764606e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.99303778363816, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.006922837844142335, 'human': 0.99303778363816, 'mixed': 3.937851769764606e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'The Australian government announced on Thursday what it described as world-leading legislation that would institute an age limit of 16 years for children to start using social media, and hold platforms responsible for ensuring compliance. \\n\\n \u201cSocial media is doing harm to our kids and I\u2019m calling time on it,\u201d Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said. \\n\\n The legislation will be introduced in Parliament during its final two weeks in session this year, which begin on Nov. 18. The age limit would take effect 12 months after the law is passed, Albanese told reporters. \\n\\n The platforms including X, TikTok, Instagram and Facebook would need to use that year to work out how to exclude Australian children younger than 16. \\n\\n \u201cI\u2019ve spoken to thousands of parents, grandparents, aunties and uncles. They, like me, are worried sick about the safety of our kids online,\u201d Albanese said. \\n\\nThe proposal comes as governments around the world are wrestling with how to supervise young people\u2019s use of technologies like smartphones and social media. \\n\\n Social media platforms would be penalized for breaching the age limit, but under-age children and their parents would not. \\n\\n\u201cThe onus will be on social media platforms to demonstrate they are taking reasonable steps to prevent access. The onus won\u2019t be on parents or young people,\u201d Albanese said. \\n\\n Antigone Davis, head of safety at Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram, said the company would respect any age limitations the government wants to introduce. \\n\\n \u201cHowever, what\u2019s missing is a deeper discussion on how we implement protections, otherwise we risk making ourselves feel better, like we have taken action, but teens and parents will not find themselves in a better place,\u201d Davis said in a statement. \\n\\nShe added that stronger tools in app stores and operating systems for parents to control what apps their children can use would be a \u201csimple and effective solution.\u201d \\n\\nX did not immediately respond to a request for comment on Thursday. TikTok declined to comment. \\n\\nThe Digital Industry Group Inc., an advocate for the digital industry in Australia, described the age limit as a \u201c20th Century response to 21st Century challenges.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cRather than blocking access through bans, we need to take a balanced approach to create age-appropriate spaces, build digital literacy and protect young people from online harm,\u201d DIGI managing director Sunita Bose said in a statement. \\n\\n More than 140 Australian and international academics with expertise in fields related to technology and child welfare signed an open letter to Albanese last month opposing a social media age limit as \u201ctoo blunt an instrument to address risks effectively.\u201d \\n\\nJackie Hallan, a director at the youth mental health service ReachOut, opposed the ban. She said 73% of young people across Australia accessing mental health support did so through social media. \\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019re uncomfortable with the ban. We think young people are likely to circumvent a ban and our concern is that it really drives the behavior underground and then if things go wrong, young people are less likely to get support from parents and carers because they\u2019re worried about getting in trouble,\u201d Hallan said. \\n\\nChild psychologist Philip Tam said a minimum age of 12 or 13 would have been more enforceable. \\n\\n\u201cMy real fear honestly is that the problem of social media will simply be driven underground,\u201d Tam said. \\n\\nAustralian National University lawyer Associate Prof. Faith Gordon feared separating children from there platforms could create pressures within families. \\n\\n Albanese said there would be exclusions and exemptions in circumstances such as a need to continue access to educational services. \\n\\n But parental consent would not entitle a child under 16 to access social media. \\n\\n Earlier this year, the government began a trial of age-restriciton technologies. Australia\u2019s eSafety Commissioner, the online watchdog that will police compliance, will use the results of that trial to provide platforms with guidance on what reasonable steps they can take. \\n\\nCommunications Minister Michelle Rowland said the year-long lead-in would ensure the age limit could be implemented in a \u201cvery practical way.\u201d \\n\\n \u201cThere does need to be enhanced penalties to ensure compliance,\u201d Rowland said. \\n\\n \u201cEvery company that operates in Australia, whether domiciled here or otherwise, is expected and must comply with Australian law or face the consequences,\u201d she added. \\n\\n The main opposition party has given in-principle support for an age limit at 16. \\n\\n Opposition lawmaker Paul Fletcher said the platforms already had the technology to enforce such an age ban. \\n\\n \u201cIt\u2019s not really a technical viability question, it\u2019s a question of their readiness to do it and will they incur the cost to do it,\u201d Fletcher told Australian Broadcasting Corp. \\n\\n \u201cThe platforms say: \u2019It\u2019s all too hard, we can\u2019t do it, Australia will become a backwater, it won\u2019t possibly work.\u2019 But if you have well-drafted legislation and you stick to your guns, you can get the outcomes,\u201d Fletcher added. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4107427299,"RADAR":0.0326012895,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article uses \"said\" too many times in a row to be machine-generated. There's also a psychologist who isn't referred to by \"Dr.\" which further convinced me that it was written by a real person. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"The differences in sentence length and structure suggest human writing but it isn't clear."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think this is human-generated: Short choppy sentences and paragraphs. Ends on a quote. Uses filler words like 'really'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this is human-written. While some verbs used by AI are present in the article, the rest of the article backs it up with very-real sounding quotes from sources that, in their context, make sense. And information is controlled and presented in one-sentence-long sections which gives people time and space to interpret the information give, and some good examples of this include \"X did not immediately respond to a request for comment on Thursday. TikTok declined to comment.\" and \"But parental consent would not entitle a child under 16 to access social media.\" as they're straight to the point of the article. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Typical style of a newspaper report\u2014a bunch of single sentences presented as paragraphs.\nThe quotes I checked are all legitimate.\nNothing to indicate AI authorship."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"92":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":3,"title":"A spacecraft is on its way to a harmless asteroid slammed by NASA in a previous save-the-Earth test ","sub-title":"A spacecraft has blasted off to investigate the scene of a cosmic crash. The European Space Agency\u2019s Hera spacecraft rocketed away from Florida on Monday on a two-year journey to the small, harmless asteroid rammed by NASA in 2022. ","author":"Marcia Dunn","source":"Associated Press","issue":-17954428,"section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/hera-dimorphos-asteroid-impact-e716ac29b5b056861a995c0bf6342c2c","article":"A spacecraft blasted off Monday to investigate the scene of a cosmic crash. \n\nThe European Space Agency\u2019s Hera spacecraft rocketed away on a two-year journey to the small, harmless asteroid rammed by NASA two years ago in a dress rehearsal for the day a killer space rock threatens Earth. It\u2019s the second part of a planetary defense test that could one day help save the planet. \n\nSpaceX\u2019s Falcon rocket quickly disappeared with Hera into the late morning clouds. An hour later, applause erupted in the control center in Germany as the spacecraft separated from the rocket\u2019s upper stage and then called home. \u201cIt\u2019s an amazing day,\u201d the space agency\u2019s director general Josef Aschbacher said afterward. \n\nThe 2022 crash by NASA\u2019s Dart spacecraft shortened Dimorphos\u2019 orbit around its bigger companion, demonstrating that if a dangerous rock was headed our way, there\u2019s a chance it could be knocked off course with enough advance notice. \n\nScientists are eager to examine the impact\u2019s aftermath up close to know exactly how effective Dart was and what changes might be needed to safeguard Earth in the future. \n\n\u201cThe more detail we can glean the better as it may be important for planning a future deflection mission should one be needed,\u201d University of Maryland astronomer Derek Richardson said before launch. \n\nResearchers want to know whether Dart \u2014 short for Double Asteroid Redirection Test \u2014 left a crater or perhaps reshaped the 500-foot (150-meter) asteroid more dramatically. It looked something like a flying saucer before Dart\u2019s blow and may now resemble a kidney bean, said Richardson, who took part in the Dart mission and is helping with Hera. \n\nDart\u2019s wallop sent rubble and even boulders flying off Dimorphos, providing an extra kick to the impact\u2019s momentum. The debris trail extended thousands of miles (more than 10,000 kilometers) into space for months. \n\nSome boulders and other debris could still be hanging around the asteroid, posing a potential threat to Hera, said flight director Ignacio Tanco. \n\n\u201cWe don\u2019t really know very well the environment in which we are going to operate,\u201d said Tanco. \u201cBut that\u2019s the whole point of the mission is to go there and find out.\u201d \n\nEuropean officials describe the $400 million (363 million euro) mission as a \u201ccrash scene investigation.\u201d \n\nHera \u201cis going back to the crime site and getting all the scientific and technical information,\u201d said project manager Ian Carnelli. \n\nCarrying a dozen science instruments, the small car-sized Hera will need to swing past Mars in 2025 for a gravity boost, before arriving at Dimorphos by the end of 2026. It\u2019s a moonlet of Didymos, Greek for twin, a fast-spinning asteroid that\u2019s five times bigger. At that time, the asteroids will be 120 million miles (195 million kilometers) from Earth. \n\nHera will attempt to go into orbit around the rocky pair, with the flyby distances gradually dropping from 18 miles (30 kilometers) all the way down to a half-mile (1 kilometer). The spacecraft will survey the moonlet for at least six months to ascertain its mass, shape and composition, as well as its orbit around Didymos. \n\nBefore the impact, Dimorphos circled its larger companion from three-quarters of a mile (1,189 meters) out. Scientists believe the orbit is now tighter and oval-shaped, and that the moonlet may even be tumbling. \n\nTwo shoebox-sized Cubesats will pop off Hera for even closer drone-like inspections, with one of them using radar to peer beneath the moonlet\u2019s boulder-strewn surface. Scientists suspect Dimorphos was formed from material shed from Didymos. The radar observations should help confirm whether Didymos is indeed the little moon\u2019s parent. \n\nThe Cubesats will attempt to land on the moonlet once their survey is complete. If the moonlet is tumbling, that will complicate the endeavor. Hera may also end its mission with a precarious touchdown, but on the larger Didymos. \n\nNeither asteroid poses any threat to Earth \u2014 before or after Dart showed up. That\u2019s why NASA picked the pair for humanity\u2019s first asteroid-deflecting demo. \n\nLeftovers from the solar system\u2019s formation 4.6 billion years ago, asteroids primarily orbit the sun between Mars and Jupiter in what\u2019s known as the main asteroid belt, where millions of them reside. They become near-Earth objects when they\u2019re knocked out of the belt and into our neck of the woods. \n\nNASA\u2019s near-Earth object count currently tops 36,000, almost all asteroids but also some comets. More than 2,400 of them are considered potentially hazardous to Earth. ","id":2,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'A spacecraft blasted off Monday to investigate the scene of a cosmic crash. \\n\\nThe European Space Agency\u2019s Hera spacecraft rocketed away on a two-year journey to the small, harmless asteroid rammed by NASA two years ago in a dress rehearsal for the day a killer space rock threatens Earth. It\u2019s the second part of a planetary defense test that could one day help save the planet. \\n\\nSpaceX\u2019s Falcon rocket quickly disappeared with Hera into the late morning clouds. An hour later, applause erupted in the control center in Germany as the spacecraft separated from the rocket\u2019s upper stage and then called home. \u201cIt\u2019s an amazing day,\u201d the space agency\u2019s director general Josef Aschbacher said afterward. \\n\\nThe 2022 crash by NASA\u2019s Dart spacecraft shortened Dimorphos\u2019 orbit around its bigger companion, demonstrating that if a dangerous rock was headed our way, there\u2019s a chance it could be knocked off course with enough advance notice. \\n\\nScientists are eager to examine the impact\u2019s aftermath up close to know exactly how effective Dart was and what changes might be needed to safeguard Earth in the future. \\n\\n\u201cThe more detail we can glean the better as it may be important for planning a future deflection mission should one be needed,\u201d University of Maryland astronomer Derek Richardson said before launch. \\n\\nResearchers want to know whether Dart \u2014 short for Double Asteroid Redirection Test \u2014 left a crater or perhaps reshaped the 500-foot (150-meter) asteroid more dramatically. It looked something like a flying saucer before Dart\u2019s blow and may now resemble a kidney bean, said Richardson, who took part in the Dart mission and is helping with Hera. \\n\\nDart\u2019s wallop sent rubble and even boulders flying off Dimorphos, providing an extra kick to the impact\u2019s momentum. The debris trail extended thousands of miles (more than 10,000 kilometers) into space for months. \\n\\nSome boulders and other debris could still be hanging around the asteroid, posing a potential threat to Hera, said flight director Ignacio Tanco. \\n\\n\u201cWe don\u2019t really know very well the environment in which we are going to operate,\u201d said Tanco. \u201cBut that\u2019s the whole point of the mission is to go there and find out.\u201d \\n\\nEuropean officials describe the $400 million (363 million euro) mission as a \u201ccrash scene investigation.\u201d \\n\\nHera \u201cis going back to the crime site and getting all the scientific and technical information,\u201d said project manager Ian Carnelli. \\n\\nCarrying a dozen science instruments, the small car-sized Hera will need to swing past Mars in 2025 for a gravity boost, before arriving at Dimorphos by the end of 2026. It\u2019s a moonlet of Didymos, Greek for twin, a fast-spinning asteroid that\u2019s five times bigger. At that time, the asteroids will be 120 million miles (195 million kilometers) from Earth. \\n\\nHera will attempt to go into orbit around the rocky pair, with the flyby distances gradually dropping from 18 miles (30 kilometers) all the way down to a half-mile (1 kilometer). The spacecraft will survey the moonlet for at least six months to ascertain its mass, shape and composition, as well as its orbit around Didymos. \\n\\nBefore the impact, Dimorphos circled its larger companion from three-quarters of a mile (1,189 meters) out. Scientists believe the orbit is now tighter and oval-shaped, and that the moonlet may even be tumbling. \\n\\nTwo shoebox-sized Cubesats will pop off Hera for even closer drone-like inspections, with one of them using radar to peer beneath the moonlet\u2019s boulder-strewn surface. Scientists suspect Dimorphos was formed from material shed from Didymos. 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More than 2,400 of them are considered potentially hazardous to Earth. ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.9742717742919922e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'A spacecraft blasted off Monday to investigate the scene of a cosmic crash. \\n\\nThe European Space Agency\u2019s Hera spacecraft rocketed away on a two-year journey to the small, harmless asteroid rammed by NASA two years ago in a dress rehearsal for the day a killer space rock threatens Earth. It\u2019s the second part of a planetary defense test that could one day help save the planet. \\n\\nSpaceX\u2019s Falcon rocket quickly disappeared with Hera into the late morning clouds. An hour later, applause erupted in the control center in Germany as the spacecraft separated from the rocket\u2019s upper stage and then called home. \u201cIt\u2019s an amazing day,\u201d the space agency\u2019s director general Josef Aschbacher said afterward. \\n\\nThe 2022 crash by NASA\u2019s Dart spacecraft shortened Dimorphos\u2019 orbit around its bigger companion, demonstrating that if a dangerous rock was headed our way, there\u2019s a chance it could be knocked off course with enough advance notice. \\n\\nScientists are eager to examine the impact\u2019s aftermath up close to know exactly how effective Dart was and what changes might be needed to safeguard Earth in the future. \\n\\n\u201cThe more detail we can glean the better as it may be important for planning a future deflection mission should one be needed,\u201d University of Maryland astronomer Derek Richardson said before launch. \\n\\nResearchers want to know whether Dart \u2014 short for Double Asteroid Redirection Test \u2014 left a crater or perhaps reshaped the 500-foot (150-meter) asteroid more dramatically. 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The debris trail extended thousands of miles (more than 10,000 kilometers) into space for months. \\n\\nSome boulders and other debris could still be hanging around the asteroid, posing a potential threat to Hera, said flight director Ignacio Tanco. \\n\\n\u201cWe don\u2019t really know very well the environment in which we are going to operate,\u201d said Tanco. \u201cBut that\u2019s the whole point of the mission is to go there and find out.\u201d \\n\\nEuropean officials describe the $400 million (363 million euro) mission as a \u201ccrash scene investigation.\u201d \\n\\nHera \u201cis going back to the crime site and getting all the scientific and technical information,\u201d said project manager Ian Carnelli. \\n\\nCarrying a dozen science instruments, the small car-sized Hera will need to swing past Mars in 2025 for a gravity boost, before arriving at Dimorphos by the end of 2026. 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'inputText': 'A spacecraft blasted off Monday to investigate the scene of a cosmic crash. \\n\\nThe European Space Agency\u2019s Hera spacecraft rocketed away on a two-year journey to the small, harmless asteroid rammed by NASA two years ago in a dress rehearsal for the day a killer space rock threatens Earth. It\u2019s the second part of a planetary defense test that could one day help save the planet. \\n\\nSpaceX\u2019s Falcon rocket quickly disappeared with Hera into the late morning clouds. An hour later, applause erupted in the control center in Germany as the spacecraft separated from the rocket\u2019s upper stage and then called home. \u201cIt\u2019s an amazing day,\u201d the space agency\u2019s director general Josef Aschbacher said afterward. \\n\\nThe 2022 crash by NASA\u2019s Dart spacecraft shortened Dimorphos\u2019 orbit around its bigger companion, demonstrating that if a dangerous rock was headed our way, there\u2019s a chance it could be knocked off course with enough advance notice. \\n\\nScientists are eager to examine the impact\u2019s aftermath up close to know exactly how effective Dart was and what changes might be needed to safeguard Earth in the future. \\n\\n\u201cThe more detail we can glean the better as it may be important for planning a future deflection mission should one be needed,\u201d University of Maryland astronomer Derek Richardson said before launch. \\n\\nResearchers want to know whether Dart \u2014 short for Double Asteroid Redirection Test \u2014 left a crater or perhaps reshaped the 500-foot (150-meter) asteroid more dramatically. It looked something like a flying saucer before Dart\u2019s blow and may now resemble a kidney bean, said Richardson, who took part in the Dart mission and is helping with Hera. \\n\\nDart\u2019s wallop sent rubble and even boulders flying off Dimorphos, providing an extra kick to the impact\u2019s momentum. The debris trail extended thousands of miles (more than 10,000 kilometers) into space for months. \\n\\nSome boulders and other debris could still be hanging around the asteroid, posing a potential threat to Hera, said flight director Ignacio Tanco. \\n\\n\u201cWe don\u2019t really know very well the environment in which we are going to operate,\u201d said Tanco. \u201cBut that\u2019s the whole point of the mission is to go there and find out.\u201d \\n\\nEuropean officials describe the $400 million (363 million euro) mission as a \u201ccrash scene investigation.\u201d \\n\\nHera \u201cis going back to the crime site and getting all the scientific and technical information,\u201d said project manager Ian Carnelli. \\n\\nCarrying a dozen science instruments, the small car-sized Hera will need to swing past Mars in 2025 for a gravity boost, before arriving at Dimorphos by the end of 2026. It\u2019s a moonlet of Didymos, Greek for twin, a fast-spinning asteroid that\u2019s five times bigger. At that time, the asteroids will be 120 million miles (195 million kilometers) from Earth. \\n\\nHera will attempt to go into orbit around the rocky pair, with the flyby distances gradually dropping from 18 miles (30 kilometers) all the way down to a half-mile (1 kilometer). The spacecraft will survey the moonlet for at least six months to ascertain its mass, shape and composition, as well as its orbit around Didymos. \\n\\nBefore the impact, Dimorphos circled its larger companion from three-quarters of a mile (1,189 meters) out. Scientists believe the orbit is now tighter and oval-shaped, and that the moonlet may even be tumbling. \\n\\nTwo shoebox-sized Cubesats will pop off Hera for even closer drone-like inspections, with one of them using radar to peer beneath the moonlet\u2019s boulder-strewn surface. Scientists suspect Dimorphos was formed from material shed from Didymos. The radar observations should help confirm whether Didymos is indeed the little moon\u2019s parent. \\n\\nThe Cubesats will attempt to land on the moonlet once their survey is complete. If the moonlet is tumbling, that will complicate the endeavor. Hera may also end its mission with a precarious touchdown, but on the larger Didymos. \\n\\nNeither asteroid poses any threat to Earth \u2014 before or after Dart showed up. That\u2019s why NASA picked the pair for humanity\u2019s first asteroid-deflecting demo. \\n\\nLeftovers from the solar system\u2019s formation 4.6 billion years ago, asteroids primarily orbit the sun between Mars and Jupiter in what\u2019s known as the main asteroid belt, where millions of them reside. They become near-Earth objects when they\u2019re knocked out of the belt and into our neck of the woods. \\n\\nNASA\u2019s near-Earth object count currently tops 36,000, almost all asteroids but also some comets. More than 2,400 of them are considered potentially hazardous to Earth. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8392857909,"RADAR":0.0043093734,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article uses \"said\" throughout for speakers, a clear sign that it's been written by a human. It also has a few words that are quite casual like \"wallop\" and \"demo\" where machine-generated text would be more formal. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I see no signs of AI use.\nThere is a strange way of saying things in some of the sentences, which may be human. For instance, \"NASA's near-Earth object count currently tops 36000, almost all asteroids but also some comets.\" This seems to be missing some words to make it clear. This may signify human error\/style."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I'm assuming it's human-generated before reading it. The paragraphs are a lot shorter than AI's usual. After reading it, the text contains contractions. There's also missing punctuation. It contains spaced en dashes instead of em dashes, uses filler words like 'even' and 'very' and sounds conversational in areas. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. Many of the sentences throughout it were descriptive, short, and action-intense, such as with \"the small car-sized Hera will need to swing past Mars in 2025 for a gravity boost\" and \"peer beneath the moonlet\u2019s boulder-strewn surface.\" and these descriptions have a lot of unique phrases like \"rocky pair\" or \"boulder-strewn surface\". But even with those visuals, there is information packed in alongside it to help provide context for what this topic means to the reader. It's clear and engaging, and the last parts of the article help provide additional clarity to the reader for why this soon-to-occur event won't be a threat, which takes consideration into account. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"A quick, informative read that flows easily.\nThe author uses a pleasing conversational tone and sprinkles the text with a few contextually appropriate colloquialisms. Plus some creatively made-up adjectives."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"93":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":4,"title":"An Eruption Like Pompeii Most Likely Didn't Preserve These Dinosaur Fossils ","sub-title":"Both scientific \u2018red herrings\u2019 and flaws in human logic led to inaccurate \u2018Pompeii effect\u2019 hypothesis","author":"Paul Smaglik ","source":"Discover","issue":-17954399,"section":"The Sciences","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/the-sciences\/an-eruption-like-pompeii-most-likely-didnt-preserve-these-dinosaur-fossils","article":"Some of the most famous and best-preserved dinosaur fossils were thought to have been suspended in time due to a massive volcanic event like the Mt. Vesuvius eruption that literally froze Pompeii in stone. \n\nBut the cause of those dinos\u2019 demise was likely much more mundane \u2014 collapsing animal burrows, according to a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. \n\n<b>Incredibly Preserved Fossils <\/b> \n\nA steady stream of fossil discoveries in northeast China in the 1980s triggered a paleontological \u201cGold Rush\u201d \u2014 a \u201cDino Dash,\u201d if you will. Subsequently, many of the bones discovered in what is now called the Yixian Formation, which contained fossils from between 120 million years and 130 million years ago \u2014 were remarkably well preserved. An upper flattened fossil layer even captured some colored feather, which linked how birds and dinos were related. Another layer sometimes captured ancient creatures in 3-D poses that resembled tableaus. \n\nWhat\u2019s not up for debate is that both layers contained incredibly preserved fossils. \u201cIn the upper part of the layers, there were these flattened animals with soft tissues preserved \u2014 like eye pigment, feathers, color of hair,\u201d says Paul Olsen, a paleontologist with Columbia University and an author of the study. \u201cIt unequivocally showed that non-avian dinosaurs had evolved feathers before flight.\u201d \n\nThe deeper layer is equally interesting. In the older strata, the animals were preserved in three dimensions, often in sleeping positions or in nests, or as a guardian of nests, a predator attacking a mammal, or even dinos locked in a fight. The number and variety of these tableaus begged an obvious question. \n\n\u201cHow is it possible that these animals are preserved in, in such exquisite detail?\u201d says Olsen. \n\n<b>No Signs of Volcano Destruction<\/b> \n\nThose scenes of seemingly suspended animation launched speculation that a massive event essentially froze time. But researchers involved in the new study say that two large issues have led to this incorrect conclusion. One involves a scientific \u201cred herring\u201d and the other, flaws in human logic. Both fallacies worked together to lead scientists to an incorrect conclusion. The red herring involves the presence of ash \u2014 which seems to indicate that volcanic activity played a role. The logic piece is that when we see something that is amazing, we assume a major event created it. \n\nBecause volcanic ash deposits are associated with both upper and lower layers, researchers just assumed there was a causal connection. \u201cYou've got an extraordinary preservation and then you have evidence of volcanic eruptions,\" says Olsen. \"Therefore, it must have been something like the catastrophic burial processes at Pompeii.\u201d \n\nHowever, careful scientific examination has proved both those conjectures wrong. Volcanoes kill in several ways. Rivers of lava burn creatures. A wave of poisonous gas and ashes called pyroclastic flow suffocates, then buries them. \n\nThe Yixian Formation shows no sign of either. Hot rivers of lavas would have scorched the soft tissue in the upper layer \u2014 including feathers and fur. And the victims of Pompeii adapted what\u2019s called a \u2018pugilistic pose\u2019 \u2014 a defensive crouch essentially preparing for the death blow. That\u2019s not the case in China. Also, volcanic activity tends to be violent \u2014 smashing and scattering objects asunder. Again, that doesn\u2019t appear to have happened in the Yixian Formation fossils. \n\nFor the lower 3-D level of fossils, the explanation of cause of death is much more banal: burrow collapse. \u201cIn modern animals that burrow, burrow collapse is a really common cause of death,\u201d says Olsen. \n\nFor the ancient creatures, collapse could have been triggered by many causes. Earthquakes could cave in an underground home. Flooding could saturate the earth above and around it. A giant sauropod could stomp on it. \n\n<b>A Common \u2014 Not Extraordinary \u2014 Phenomenon<\/b> \n\nDetailed scientific analysis by the study\u2019s lead author, Scott MacLennan of South Africa\u2019s University of the Witwatersrand, also underscored how and why both layers of fossils were so well preserved. He used a relatively new, extremely sensitive method to date both the fossils and the rocks around them. He determined that they hailed from about 125.8 million years ago and were all from a period of around 93,000 years \u2014 a \u201cgeological eye blink,\u201d says Olsen. \n\nThat short geological window is significant because it matches with three periods where variations in the Earth\u2019s orbit triggered relatively wet weather. That would cause sediment to build up and surround fossils faster than previously thought. A quicker burial would cut off the oxygen that aids decomposition. This effect is relevant to both the upper flattened layer as well as the lower 3-D strata, according to Olsen. \n\nHe suspects that similar effects may well have happened in other places and times on Earth. We just haven\u2019t found them yet. The rush on the Yixian Formation perhaps over-emphasized a phenomenon that seemed extraordinary, but in fact was probably quite common. \n\nOlsen stresses that understanding how the fossils were preserved doesn\u2019t denigrate them. \u201cThis in no way diminishes the importance or spectacular nature of these fossils,\u201d Olsen says ","id":3,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Some of the most famous and best-preserved dinosaur fossils were thought to have been suspended in time due to a massive volcanic event like the Mt. Vesuvius eruption that literally froze Pompeii in stone. \\n\\nBut the cause of those dinos\u2019 demise was likely much more mundane \u2014 collapsing animal burrows, according to a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. \\n\\n<b>Incredibly Preserved Fossils <\/b> \\n\\nA steady stream of fossil discoveries in northeast China in the 1980s triggered a paleontological \u201cGold Rush\u201d \u2014 a \u201cDino Dash,\u201d if you will. Subsequently, many of the bones discovered in what is now called the Yixian Formation, which contained fossils from between 120 million years and 130 million years ago \u2014 were remarkably well preserved. An upper flattened fossil layer even captured some colored feather, which linked how birds and dinos were related. Another layer sometimes captured ancient creatures in 3-D poses that resembled tableaus. \\n\\nWhat\u2019s not up for debate is that both layers contained incredibly preserved fossils. \u201cIn the upper part of the layers, there were these flattened animals with soft tissues preserved \u2014 like eye pigment, feathers, color of hair,\u201d says Paul Olsen, a paleontologist with Columbia University and an author of the study. \u201cIt unequivocally showed that non-avian dinosaurs had evolved feathers before flight.\u201d \\n\\nThe deeper layer is equally interesting. In the older strata, the animals were preserved in three dimensions, often in sleeping positions or in nests, or as a guardian of nests, a predator attacking a mammal, or even dinos locked in a fight. The number and variety of these tableaus begged an obvious question. \\n\\n\u201cHow is it possible that these animals are preserved in, in such exquisite detail?\u201d says Olsen. \\n\\n<b>No Signs of Volcano Destruction<\/b> \\n\\nThose scenes of seemingly suspended animation launched speculation that a massive event essentially froze time. But researchers involved in the new study say that two large issues have led to this incorrect conclusion. One involves a scientific \u201cred herring\u201d and the other, flaws in human logic. Both fallacies worked together to lead scientists to an incorrect conclusion. The red herring involves the presence of ash \u2014 which seems to indicate that volcanic activity played a role. The logic piece is that when we see something that is amazing, we assume a major event created it. \\n\\nBecause volcanic ash deposits are associated with both upper and lower layers, researchers just assumed there was a causal connection. \u201cYou\\'ve got an extraordinary preservation and then you have evidence of volcanic eruptions,\" says Olsen. \"Therefore, it must have been something like the catastrophic burial processes at Pompeii.\u201d \\n\\nHowever, careful scientific examination has proved both those conjectures wrong. Volcanoes kill in several ways. Rivers of lava burn creatures. A wave of poisonous gas and ashes called pyroclastic flow suffocates, then buries them. \\n\\nThe Yixian Formation shows no sign of either. Hot rivers of lavas would have scorched the soft tissue in the upper layer \u2014 including feathers and fur. And the victims of Pompeii adapted what\u2019s called a \u2018pugilistic pose\u2019 \u2014 a defensive crouch essentially preparing for the death blow. That\u2019s not the case in China. Also, volcanic activity tends to be violent \u2014 smashing and scattering objects asunder. Again, that doesn\u2019t appear to have happened in the Yixian Formation fossils. \\n\\nFor the lower 3-D level of fossils, the explanation of cause of death is much more banal: burrow collapse. \u201cIn modern animals that burrow, burrow collapse is a really common cause of death,\u201d says Olsen. \\n\\nFor the ancient creatures, collapse could have been triggered by many causes. Earthquakes could cave in an underground home. Flooding could saturate the earth above and around it. A giant sauropod could stomp on it. \\n\\n<b>A Common \u2014 Not Extraordinary \u2014 Phenomenon<\/b> \\n\\nDetailed scientific analysis by the study\u2019s lead author, Scott MacLennan of South Africa\u2019s University of the Witwatersrand, also underscored how and why both layers of fossils were so well preserved. He used a relatively new, extremely sensitive method to date both the fossils and the rocks around them. He determined that they hailed from about 125.8 million years ago and were all from a period of around 93,000 years \u2014 a \u201cgeological eye blink,\u201d says Olsen. \\n\\nThat short geological window is significant because it matches with three periods where variations in the Earth\u2019s orbit triggered relatively wet weather. That would cause sediment to build up and surround fossils faster than previously thought. A quicker burial would cut off the oxygen that aids decomposition. This effect is relevant to both the upper flattened layer as well as the lower 3-D strata, according to Olsen. \\n\\nHe suspects that similar effects may well have happened in other places and times on Earth. We just haven\u2019t found them yet. The rush on the Yixian Formation perhaps over-emphasized a phenomenon that seemed extraordinary, but in fact was probably quite common. \\n\\nOlsen stresses that understanding how the fossils were preserved doesn\u2019t denigrate them. \u201cThis in no way diminishes the importance or spectacular nature of these fossils,\u201d Olsen says ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1920928955078125e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Some of the most famous and best-preserved dinosaur fossils were thought to have been suspended in time due to a massive volcanic event like the Mt. Vesuvius eruption that literally froze Pompeii in stone. \\n\\nBut the cause of those dinos\u2019 demise was likely much more mundane \u2014 collapsing animal burrows, according to a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. \\n\\n<b>Incredibly Preserved Fossils <\/b> \\n\\nA steady stream of fossil discoveries in northeast China in the 1980s triggered a paleontological \u201cGold Rush\u201d \u2014 a \u201cDino Dash,\u201d if you will. Subsequently, many of the bones discovered in what is now called the Yixian Formation, which contained fossils from between 120 million years and 130 million years ago \u2014 were remarkably well preserved. An upper flattened fossil layer even captured some colored feather, which linked how birds and dinos were related. Another layer sometimes captured ancient creatures in 3-D poses that resembled tableaus. \\n\\nWhat\u2019s not up for debate is that both layers contained incredibly preserved fossils. \u201cIn the upper part of the layers, there were these flattened animals with soft tissues preserved \u2014 like eye pigment, feathers, color of hair,\u201d says Paul Olsen, a paleontologist with Columbia University and an author of the study. \u201cIt unequivocally showed that non-avian dinosaurs had evolved feathers before flight.\u201d \\n\\nThe deeper layer is equally interesting. In the older strata, the animals were preserved in three dimensions, often in sleeping positions or in nests, or as a guardian of nests, a predator attacking a mammal, or even dinos locked in a fight. The number and variety of these tableaus begged an obvious question. \\n\\n\u201cHow is it possible that these animals are preserved in, in such exquisite detail?\u201d says Olsen. \\n\\n<b>No Signs of Volcano Destruction<\/b> \\n\\nThose scenes of seemingly suspended animation launched speculation that a massive event essentially froze time. But researchers involved in the new study say that two large issues have led to this incorrect conclusion. One involves a scientific \u201cred herring\u201d and the other, flaws in human logic. Both fallacies worked together to lead scientists to an incorrect conclusion. The red herring involves the presence of ash \u2014 which seems to indicate that volcanic activity played a role. The logic piece is that when we see something that is amazing, we assume a major event created it. \\n\\nBecause volcanic ash deposits are associated with both upper and lower layers, researchers just assumed there was a causal connection. \u201cYou\\'ve got an extraordinary preservation and then you have evidence of volcanic eruptions,\" says Olsen. \"Therefore, it must have been something like the catastrophic burial processes at Pompeii.\u201d \\n\\nHowever, careful scientific examination has proved both those conjectures wrong. Volcanoes kill in several ways. Rivers of lava burn creatures. A wave of poisonous gas and ashes called pyroclastic flow suffocates, then buries them. \\n\\nThe Yixian Formation shows no sign of either. Hot rivers of lavas would have scorched the soft tissue in the upper layer \u2014 including feathers and fur. And the victims of Pompeii adapted what\u2019s called a \u2018pugilistic pose\u2019 \u2014 a defensive crouch essentially preparing for the death blow. That\u2019s not the case in China. Also, volcanic activity tends to be violent \u2014 smashing and scattering objects asunder. Again, that doesn\u2019t appear to have happened in the Yixian Formation fossils. \\n\\nFor the lower 3-D level of fossils, the explanation of cause of death is much more banal: burrow collapse. \u201cIn modern animals that burrow, burrow collapse is a really common cause of death,\u201d says Olsen. \\n\\nFor the ancient creatures, collapse could have been triggered by many causes. Earthquakes could cave in an underground home. Flooding could saturate the earth above and around it. A giant sauropod could stomp on it. \\n\\n<b>A Common \u2014 Not Extraordinary \u2014 Phenomenon<\/b> \\n\\nDetailed scientific analysis by the study\u2019s lead author, Scott MacLennan of South Africa\u2019s University of the Witwatersrand, also underscored how and why both layers of fossils were so well preserved. He used a relatively new, extremely sensitive method to date both the fossils and the rocks around them. He determined that they hailed from about 125.8 million years ago and were all from a period of around 93,000 years \u2014 a \u201cgeological eye blink,\u201d says Olsen. \\n\\nThat short geological window is significant because it matches with three periods where variations in the Earth\u2019s orbit triggered relatively wet weather. That would cause sediment to build up and surround fossils faster than previously thought. A quicker burial would cut off the oxygen that aids decomposition. 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0.00014408104470930994, 'sentence': \"Again, that doesn't appear to have happened in the Yixian Formation fossils.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00016049377154558897, 'sentence': 'For the lower 3-D level of fossils, the explanation of cause of death is much more banal: burrow collapse.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00034872861579060555, 'sentence': '\u201cIn modern animals that burrow, burrow collapse is a really common cause of death,\u201d says Olsen.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002977158292196691, 'sentence': 'For the ancient creatures, collapse could have been triggered by many causes.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002890879404731095, 'sentence': 'Earthquakes could cave in an underground home.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00022301441640593112, 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0.00041618887917138636, 'sentence': 'He determined that they hailed from about 125.8 million years ago and were all from a period of around 93,000 years \u1173 a \u201cgeological eye blink,\u201d says Olsen.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005936663364991546, 'sentence': \"That short geological window is significant because it matches with three periods where variations in the Earth's orbit triggered relatively wet weather.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00041427987162023783, 'sentence': 'That would cause sediment to build up and surround fossils faster than previously thought.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004876215825788677, 'sentence': 'A quicker burial would cut off the oxygen that aids decomposition.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005451214965432882, 'sentence': 'This effect is relevant to both the upper flattened layer as well as the lower 3-D strata, according to Olsen.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004184319404885173, 'sentence': 'He suspects that similar effects may well have happened in other places and times on Earth.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005388136487454176, 'sentence': \"We just haven't found them yet.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00042941159335896373, 'sentence': 'The rush on the Yixian Formation perhaps over-emphasized a phenomenon that seemed extraordinary, but in fact was probably quite common.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00038259965367615223, 'sentence': \"Olsen stresses that understanding how the fossils were preserved doesn't denigrate them.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006734086200594902, 'sentence': '\u201cThis in no way diminishes the importance or spectacular nature of these fossils,\u201d Olsen says', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 14, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 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{'start_sentence_index': 52, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.006608679833334143, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9933913201666659, 'ai': 0.006608679833334143, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9933913201666659, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.006608679833334143, 'human': 0.9933913201666659, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Some of the most famous and best-preserved dinosaur fossils were thought to have been suspended in time due to a massive volcanic event like the Mt. Vesuvius eruption that literally froze Pompeii in stone. \\n\\nBut the cause of those dinos\u2019 demise was likely much more mundane \u2014 collapsing animal burrows, according to a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. \\n\\n<b>Incredibly Preserved Fossils <\/b> \\n\\nA steady stream of fossil discoveries in northeast China in the 1980s triggered a paleontological \u201cGold Rush\u201d \u2014 a \u201cDino Dash,\u201d if you will. Subsequently, many of the bones discovered in what is now called the Yixian Formation, which contained fossils from between 120 million years and 130 million years ago \u2014 were remarkably well preserved. An upper flattened fossil layer even captured some colored feather, which linked how birds and dinos were related. Another layer sometimes captured ancient creatures in 3-D poses that resembled tableaus. \\n\\nWhat\u2019s not up for debate is that both layers contained incredibly preserved fossils. \u201cIn the upper part of the layers, there were these flattened animals with soft tissues preserved \u2014 like eye pigment, feathers, color of hair,\u201d says Paul Olsen, a paleontologist with Columbia University and an author of the study. \u201cIt unequivocally showed that non-avian dinosaurs had evolved feathers before flight.\u201d \\n\\nThe deeper layer is equally interesting. In the older strata, the animals were preserved in three dimensions, often in sleeping positions or in nests, or as a guardian of nests, a predator attacking a mammal, or even dinos locked in a fight. The number and variety of these tableaus begged an obvious question. \\n\\n\u201cHow is it possible that these animals are preserved in, in such exquisite detail?\u201d says Olsen. \\n\\n<b>No Signs of Volcano Destruction<\/b> \\n\\nThose scenes of seemingly suspended animation launched speculation that a massive event essentially froze time. But researchers involved in the new study say that two large issues have led to this incorrect conclusion. One involves a scientific \u201cred herring\u201d and the other, flaws in human logic. Both fallacies worked together to lead scientists to an incorrect conclusion. The red herring involves the presence of ash \u2014 which seems to indicate that volcanic activity played a role. The logic piece is that when we see something that is amazing, we assume a major event created it. \\n\\nBecause volcanic ash deposits are associated with both upper and lower layers, researchers just assumed there was a causal connection. \u201cYou\\'ve got an extraordinary preservation and then you have evidence of volcanic eruptions,\" says Olsen. \"Therefore, it must have been something like the catastrophic burial processes at Pompeii.\u201d \\n\\nHowever, careful scientific examination has proved both those conjectures wrong. Volcanoes kill in several ways. Rivers of lava burn creatures. A wave of poisonous gas and ashes called pyroclastic flow suffocates, then buries them. \\n\\nThe Yixian Formation shows no sign of either. Hot rivers of lavas would have scorched the soft tissue in the upper layer \u2014 including feathers and fur. And the victims of Pompeii adapted what\u2019s called a \u2018pugilistic pose\u2019 \u2014 a defensive crouch essentially preparing for the death blow. That\u2019s not the case in China. Also, volcanic activity tends to be violent \u2014 smashing and scattering objects asunder. Again, that doesn\u2019t appear to have happened in the Yixian Formation fossils. \\n\\nFor the lower 3-D level of fossils, the explanation of cause of death is much more banal: burrow collapse. \u201cIn modern animals that burrow, burrow collapse is a really common cause of death,\u201d says Olsen. \\n\\nFor the ancient creatures, collapse could have been triggered by many causes. Earthquakes could cave in an underground home. Flooding could saturate the earth above and around it. A giant sauropod could stomp on it. \\n\\n<b>A Common \u2014 Not Extraordinary \u2014 Phenomenon<\/b> \\n\\nDetailed scientific analysis by the study\u2019s lead author, Scott MacLennan of South Africa\u2019s University of the Witwatersrand, also underscored how and why both layers of fossils were so well preserved. He used a relatively new, extremely sensitive method to date both the fossils and the rocks around them. He determined that they hailed from about 125.8 million years ago and were all from a period of around 93,000 years \u2014 a \u201cgeological eye blink,\u201d says Olsen. \\n\\nThat short geological window is significant because it matches with three periods where variations in the Earth\u2019s orbit triggered relatively wet weather. That would cause sediment to build up and surround fossils faster than previously thought. A quicker burial would cut off the oxygen that aids decomposition. This effect is relevant to both the upper flattened layer as well as the lower 3-D strata, according to Olsen. \\n\\nHe suspects that similar effects may well have happened in other places and times on Earth. We just haven\u2019t found them yet. The rush on the Yixian Formation perhaps over-emphasized a phenomenon that seemed extraordinary, but in fact was probably quite common. \\n\\nOlsen stresses that understanding how the fossils were preserved doesn\u2019t denigrate them. \u201cThis in no way diminishes the importance or spectacular nature of these fossils,\u201d Olsen says '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7185754776,"RADAR":0.025423836,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article is quite casual in some ways, especially how it refers to dinosaurs as \"dinos\". This style of writing is something that I have yet to see in AI text. It also uses \"says\" throughout. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I ee no signs of AI writing.\nThe phrase \"dino's demise\" sounds human.\nThe repetition of \"in\" also sounds like a human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: varied sentence and paragraph length. Ends on a quote. Uses the words 'massive' and 'literally' in the first sentence. Uses spaced em dashes rather than en dashes, and full stops are sometimes followed by conjunctions. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. The imagery and descriptions of the topic is excellent; You get visual images of volcanoes \"smashing and scattering objects asunder.\" and scenarios of why burrows collapsed with \"Earthquakes could cave in an underground home. Flooding could saturate the earth above and around it. A giant sauropod could stomp on it.\" All of it works because the imagery adds to the article's explanation of why scientists are baffled by these findings, why they're so perfectly intact, and what this means when we think of the \"dinos' demise\". It's great, super engaging, and it lets the quality of its writing and quotes speak for itself. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Variety in sentence and paragraph length.\nInteresting word choices."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"94":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":5,"title":"New Telescope Could Potentially Identify Planet X ","sub-title":"Are there hidden planets in our solar system? New technologies, like the powerful Rubin Observatory, brings us closer to answers. ","author":"Emilie Le Beau Lucchesi","source":"Discover","issue":-17954398,"section":"The Sciences","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/the-sciences\/new-telescope-could-potentially-identify-planet-x","article":"For thousands of years, gazing upward was how astronomers studied the sky above. On a clear night, several planets in our solar system were visible without a telescope. However, as telescopes increased in sophistication, astronomers discovered more planets, confirming the eight in our solar system. As technology continues to progress, though, could we uncover a new one? \n\nAstrophysicists don\u2019t know if there are undiscovered planets in our solar system, but new technologies are enabling researchers to get closer to an answer.  \n\n<b>What Is Planet X?<\/b> \n\nAncient people and early astronomers long knew about five planets: Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Saturn, and Venus, though these planets seemed like stars at first. In 1781, a British astronomer identified Uranus as also being a planet and not a star. \n\nIn the coming decades, astronomers worked with mathematical equations that suggested there was a planet beyond Uranus. Only in the mid-1800s was a telescope powerful enough to put the planet in scientists\u2019 sights. \n\n\u201cNeptune was discovered in 1846, and basically the speculation of a possible planet beyond Neptune began just a few years after that,\u201d says Amir Siraj, an astrophysicist with Princeton University. \n\n<b>Renewed Interest in Planet X<\/b> \n\nThe search for Planet X eventually led to the discovery of Pluto in 1930. \u201cAt the time, astronomers thought, this planet we\u2019ve been talking about, it\u2019s a giant planet beyond Neptune,\u201d Siraj says. \n\nAs technology improved, scientists were better able to calculate Pluto\u2019s mass, which prompted some astrophysicists to argue Pluto was not Planet X. Their argument was furthered when the  International Astronomical Union downgraded Pluto in 2006 to dwarf-planet status.   \n\n\u201cIn the past 10 years, in particular, there has been a reignition in this search,\u201d Siraj says. \n\nOne of the primary reasons some astrophysicists propose there is a planet beyond Neptune has to do with odd orbits. \n\n\u201cOrbits of the most distant small bodies \u2014 comets or asteroids \u2014 seem to be clustered on one half or one side of the solar system,\u201d Siraj says. \u201cThat\u2019s very weird and something that can\u2019t be explained by our current understanding of the solar system.\u201d \n\nA 2014 study in Nature first noted these orbits. A 2021 study in The Astronomical Journal examined the clustering in the orbit and concluded that \u201cPlanet Nine\u201d was likely closer and brighter than expected. \n\n<b>Searching for Planet Nine<\/b> \n\nAstrophysicists don\u2019t agree whether the clustering in the orbit is a real effect. Some have argued it is biased because the view that scientists currently have is limited, Siraj says. \n\n\u201cThis debate for the last decade has a lot of scientists confused, including myself. I decided to look at the problem from scratch,\u201d he says. \n\nIn a 2024 paper, Siraj and his co-authors ran simulations of the solar system, including an extra planet beyond Neptune. \n\n\u201cWe did it 300 times, about 2.5 times more than what was done previously,\u201d Siraj says. \u201cIn each simulation, you try different parameters for the extra planet. A different mass, a different tilt, a different shape of the orbit. You run these for millions of years, and then you compare the distribution to what we see in our solar system.\u201d \n\nSiraj and his co-authors were able to compare 51 objects in the solar system. A previous work had only been able to compare 11. They found that the perimeters for this possible planet were different than what has been previously discussed in the scientific literature, and they supported the possibility of an unseen planet beyond Neptune. \n\nScientists hope a new telescope will have the potential to see deeper into the solar system. In 2025, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory on Cerro Pach\u00f3n \u2014 a mountain in Chile, is expected to go online. The observatory boasts that in the time it takes a person to open up their phone and pose for a selfie, their new telescope will be able to snap an image of 100,000 galaxies, many of which have never been seen by scientists. \n\nThe telescope will have the largest digital camera ever built, the LSST. Siraj says he expects it will take \u201cthe deepest, all-sky survey that humanity has ever conducted.\u201d \n\n<b>What the Future Holds for Planetary Science<\/b> \n\nSo, what might the Rubin Observatory find past Neptune? Based on the current literature, Siraj sees a few possibilities. One is that the Rubin Observatory, with its increased capabilities, might be able to see a planet beyond Neptune.  \n\nAnother possibility is the telescope doesn\u2019t identify a ninth planet but finds more distant objects than what was previously known. Siraj says there is also a possibility a planet isn\u2019t found, and the lopsided objects are not confirmed. Or a planet isn\u2019t found, but the clustering is established. The last scenario, Siraj says, would be \u201cpuzzling\u201d to astrophysicists and may even suggest the objects are coming from beyond the Kuiper Belt.  \n\nEither way, Siraj says the Rubin could answer a lot of questions while posing many new ones. \n\n\u201cNext year is going to be an enormous year for solar system science,\u201d he says. ","id":4,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'For thousands of years, gazing upward was how astronomers studied the sky above. On a clear night, several planets in our solar system were visible without a telescope. However, as telescopes increased in sophistication, astronomers discovered more planets, confirming the eight in our solar system. As technology continues to progress, though, could we uncover a new one? \\n\\nAstrophysicists don\u2019t know if there are undiscovered planets in our solar system, but new technologies are enabling researchers to get closer to an answer.  \\n\\n<b>What Is Planet X?<\/b> \\n\\nAncient people and early astronomers long knew about five planets: Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Saturn, and Venus, though these planets seemed like stars at first. In 1781, a British astronomer identified Uranus as also being a planet and not a star. \\n\\nIn the coming decades, astronomers worked with mathematical equations that suggested there was a planet beyond Uranus. Only in the mid-1800s was a telescope powerful enough to put the planet in scientists\u2019 sights. \\n\\n\u201cNeptune was discovered in 1846, and basically the speculation of a possible planet beyond Neptune began just a few years after that,\u201d says Amir Siraj, an astrophysicist with Princeton University. \\n\\n<b>Renewed Interest in Planet X<\/b> \\n\\nThe search for Planet X eventually led to the discovery of Pluto in 1930. \u201cAt the time, astronomers thought, this planet we\u2019ve been talking about, it\u2019s a giant planet beyond Neptune,\u201d Siraj says. \\n\\nAs technology improved, scientists were better able to calculate Pluto\u2019s mass, which prompted some astrophysicists to argue Pluto was not Planet X. Their argument was furthered when the  International Astronomical Union downgraded Pluto in 2006 to dwarf-planet status.   \\n\\n\u201cIn the past 10 years, in particular, there has been a reignition in this search,\u201d Siraj says. \\n\\nOne of the primary reasons some astrophysicists propose there is a planet beyond Neptune has to do with odd orbits. \\n\\n\u201cOrbits of the most distant small bodies \u2014 comets or asteroids \u2014 seem to be clustered on one half or one side of the solar system,\u201d Siraj says. \u201cThat\u2019s very weird and something that can\u2019t be explained by our current understanding of the solar system.\u201d \\n\\nA 2014 study in Nature first noted these orbits. A 2021 study in The Astronomical Journal examined the clustering in the orbit and concluded that \u201cPlanet Nine\u201d was likely closer and brighter than expected. \\n\\n<b>Searching for Planet Nine<\/b> \\n\\nAstrophysicists don\u2019t agree whether the clustering in the orbit is a real effect. Some have argued it is biased because the view that scientists currently have is limited, Siraj says. \\n\\n\u201cThis debate for the last decade has a lot of scientists confused, including myself. I decided to look at the problem from scratch,\u201d he says. \\n\\nIn a 2024 paper, Siraj and his co-authors ran simulations of the solar system, including an extra planet beyond Neptune. \\n\\n\u201cWe did it 300 times, about 2.5 times more than what was done previously,\u201d Siraj says. \u201cIn each simulation, you try different parameters for the extra planet. A different mass, a different tilt, a different shape of the orbit. You run these for millions of years, and then you compare the distribution to what we see in our solar system.\u201d \\n\\nSiraj and his co-authors were able to compare 51 objects in the solar system. A previous work had only been able to compare 11. They found that the perimeters for this possible planet were different than what has been previously discussed in the scientific literature, and they supported the possibility of an unseen planet beyond Neptune. \\n\\nScientists hope a new telescope will have the potential to see deeper into the solar system. In 2025, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory on Cerro Pach\u00f3n \u2014 a mountain in Chile, is expected to go online. The observatory boasts that in the time it takes a person to open up their phone and pose for a selfie, their new telescope will be able to snap an image of 100,000 galaxies, many of which have never been seen by scientists. \\n\\nThe telescope will have the largest digital camera ever built, the LSST. Siraj says he expects it will take \u201cthe deepest, all-sky survey that humanity has ever conducted.\u201d \\n\\n<b>What the Future Holds for Planetary Science<\/b> \\n\\nSo, what might the Rubin Observatory find past Neptune? Based on the current literature, Siraj sees a few possibilities. One is that the Rubin Observatory, with its increased capabilities, might be able to see a planet beyond Neptune.  \\n\\nAnother possibility is the telescope doesn\u2019t identify a ninth planet but finds more distant objects than what was previously known. Siraj says there is also a possibility a planet isn\u2019t found, and the lopsided objects are not confirmed. Or a planet isn\u2019t found, but the clustering is established. The last scenario, Siraj says, would be \u201cpuzzling\u201d to astrophysicists and may even suggest the objects are coming from beyond the Kuiper Belt.  \\n\\nEither way, Siraj says the Rubin could answer a lot of questions while posing many new ones. \\n\\n\u201cNext year is going to be an enormous year for solar system science,\u201d he says. ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.2649765014648438e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'For thousands of years, gazing upward was how astronomers studied the sky above. On a clear night, several planets in our solar system were visible without a telescope. However, as telescopes increased in sophistication, astronomers discovered more planets, confirming the eight in our solar system. As technology continues to progress, though, could we uncover a new one? \\n\\nAstrophysicists don\u2019t know if there are undiscovered planets in our solar system, but new technologies are enabling researchers to get closer to an answer.  \\n\\n<b>What Is Planet X?<\/b> \\n\\nAncient people and early astronomers long knew about five planets: Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Saturn, and Venus, though these planets seemed like stars at first. In 1781, a British astronomer identified Uranus as also being a planet and not a star. \\n\\nIn the coming decades, astronomers worked with mathematical equations that suggested there was a planet beyond Uranus. Only in the mid-1800s was a telescope powerful enough to put the planet in scientists\u2019 sights. \\n\\n\u201cNeptune was discovered in 1846, and basically the speculation of a possible planet beyond Neptune began just a few years after that,\u201d says Amir Siraj, an astrophysicist with Princeton University. \\n\\n<b>Renewed Interest in Planet X<\/b> \\n\\nThe search for Planet X eventually led to the discovery of Pluto in 1930. \u201cAt the time, astronomers thought, this planet we\u2019ve been talking about, it\u2019s a giant planet beyond Neptune,\u201d Siraj says. \\n\\nAs technology improved, scientists were better able to calculate Pluto\u2019s mass, which prompted some astrophysicists to argue Pluto was not Planet X. Their argument was furthered when the  International Astronomical Union downgraded Pluto in 2006 to dwarf-planet status.   \\n\\n\u201cIn the past 10 years, in particular, there has been a reignition in this search,\u201d Siraj says. \\n\\nOne of the primary reasons some astrophysicists propose there is a planet beyond Neptune has to do with odd orbits. \\n\\n\u201cOrbits of the most distant small bodies \u2014 comets or asteroids \u2014 seem to be clustered on one half or one side of the solar system,\u201d Siraj says. \u201cThat\u2019s very weird and something that can\u2019t be explained by our current understanding of the solar system.\u201d \\n\\nA 2014 study in Nature first noted these orbits. A 2021 study in The Astronomical Journal examined the clustering in the orbit and concluded that \u201cPlanet Nine\u201d was likely closer and brighter than expected. \\n\\n<b>Searching for Planet Nine<\/b> \\n\\nAstrophysicists don\u2019t agree whether the clustering in the orbit is a real effect. Some have argued it is biased because the view that scientists currently have is limited, Siraj says. \\n\\n\u201cThis debate for the last decade has a lot of scientists confused, including myself. I decided to look at the problem from scratch,\u201d he says. \\n\\nIn a 2024 paper, Siraj and his co-authors ran simulations of the solar system, including an extra planet beyond Neptune. \\n\\n\u201cWe did it 300 times, about 2.5 times more than what was done previously,\u201d Siraj says. \u201cIn each simulation, you try different parameters for the extra planet. A different mass, a different tilt, a different shape of the orbit. You run these for millions of years, and then you compare the distribution to what we see in our solar system.\u201d \\n\\nSiraj and his co-authors were able to compare 51 objects in the solar system. A previous work had only been able to compare 11. They found that the perimeters for this possible planet were different than what has been previously discussed in the scientific literature, and they supported the possibility of an unseen planet beyond Neptune. \\n\\nScientists hope a new telescope will have the potential to see deeper into the solar system. In 2025, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory on Cerro Pach\u00f3n \u2014 a mountain in Chile, is expected to go online. The observatory boasts that in the time it takes a person to open up their phone and pose for a selfie, their new telescope will be able to snap an image of 100,000 galaxies, many of which have never been seen by scientists. \\n\\nThe telescope will have the largest digital camera ever built, the LSST. Siraj says he expects it will take \u201cthe deepest, all-sky survey that humanity has ever conducted.\u201d \\n\\n<b>What the Future Holds for Planetary Science<\/b> \\n\\nSo, what might the Rubin Observatory find past Neptune? Based on the current literature, Siraj sees a few possibilities. One is that the Rubin Observatory, with its increased capabilities, might be able to see a planet beyond Neptune.  \\n\\nAnother possibility is the telescope doesn\u2019t identify a ninth planet but finds more distant objects than what was previously known. Siraj says there is also a possibility a planet isn\u2019t found, and the lopsided objects are not confirmed. Or a planet isn\u2019t found, but the clustering is established. The last scenario, Siraj says, would be \u201cpuzzling\u201d to astrophysicists and may even suggest the objects are coming from beyond the Kuiper Belt.  \\n\\nEither way, Siraj says the Rubin could answer a lot of questions while posing many new ones. \\n\\n\u201cNext year is going to be an enormous year for solar system science,\u201d he says. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1324882507324219e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'a3d55246-8647-4a71-ae05-0c7a8ed329ad', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0011146437609568238, 'sentence': 'For thousands of years, gazing upward was how astronomers studied the sky above.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001408990123309195, 'sentence': 'On a clear night, several planets in our solar system were visible without a telescope.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0013099325587972999, 'sentence': 'However, as telescopes increased in sophistication, astronomers discovered more planets, confirming the eight in our solar system.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 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'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'For thousands of years, gazing upward was how astronomers studied the sky above. On a clear night, several planets in our solar system were visible without a telescope. However, as telescopes increased in sophistication, astronomers discovered more planets, confirming the eight in our solar system. As technology continues to progress, though, could we uncover a new one? \\n\\nAstrophysicists don\u2019t know if there are undiscovered planets in our solar system, but new technologies are enabling researchers to get closer to an answer.  \\n\\n<b>What Is Planet X?<\/b> \\n\\nAncient people and early astronomers long knew about five planets: Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Saturn, and Venus, though these planets seemed like stars at first. In 1781, a British astronomer identified Uranus as also being a planet and not a star. \\n\\nIn the coming decades, astronomers worked with mathematical equations that suggested there was a planet beyond Uranus. Only in the mid-1800s was a telescope powerful enough to put the planet in scientists\u2019 sights. \\n\\n\u201cNeptune was discovered in 1846, and basically the speculation of a possible planet beyond Neptune began just a few years after that,\u201d says Amir Siraj, an astrophysicist with Princeton University. \\n\\n<b>Renewed Interest in Planet X<\/b> \\n\\nThe search for Planet X eventually led to the discovery of Pluto in 1930. \u201cAt the time, astronomers thought, this planet we\u2019ve been talking about, it\u2019s a giant planet beyond Neptune,\u201d Siraj says. \\n\\nAs technology improved, scientists were better able to calculate Pluto\u2019s mass, which prompted some astrophysicists to argue Pluto was not Planet X. Their argument was furthered when the  International Astronomical Union downgraded Pluto in 2006 to dwarf-planet status.   \\n\\n\u201cIn the past 10 years, in particular, there has been a reignition in this search,\u201d Siraj says. \\n\\nOne of the primary reasons some astrophysicists propose there is a planet beyond Neptune has to do with odd orbits. \\n\\n\u201cOrbits of the most distant small bodies \u2014 comets or asteroids \u2014 seem to be clustered on one half or one side of the solar system,\u201d Siraj says. \u201cThat\u2019s very weird and something that can\u2019t be explained by our current understanding of the solar system.\u201d \\n\\nA 2014 study in Nature first noted these orbits. A 2021 study in The Astronomical Journal examined the clustering in the orbit and concluded that \u201cPlanet Nine\u201d was likely closer and brighter than expected. \\n\\n<b>Searching for Planet Nine<\/b> \\n\\nAstrophysicists don\u2019t agree whether the clustering in the orbit is a real effect. Some have argued it is biased because the view that scientists currently have is limited, Siraj says. \\n\\n\u201cThis debate for the last decade has a lot of scientists confused, including myself. I decided to look at the problem from scratch,\u201d he says. \\n\\nIn a 2024 paper, Siraj and his co-authors ran simulations of the solar system, including an extra planet beyond Neptune. \\n\\n\u201cWe did it 300 times, about 2.5 times more than what was done previously,\u201d Siraj says. \u201cIn each simulation, you try different parameters for the extra planet. A different mass, a different tilt, a different shape of the orbit. You run these for millions of years, and then you compare the distribution to what we see in our solar system.\u201d \\n\\nSiraj and his co-authors were able to compare 51 objects in the solar system. A previous work had only been able to compare 11. They found that the perimeters for this possible planet were different than what has been previously discussed in the scientific literature, and they supported the possibility of an unseen planet beyond Neptune. \\n\\nScientists hope a new telescope will have the potential to see deeper into the solar system. In 2025, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory on Cerro Pach\u00f3n \u2014 a mountain in Chile, is expected to go online. The observatory boasts that in the time it takes a person to open up their phone and pose for a selfie, their new telescope will be able to snap an image of 100,000 galaxies, many of which have never been seen by scientists. \\n\\nThe telescope will have the largest digital camera ever built, the LSST. Siraj says he expects it will take \u201cthe deepest, all-sky survey that humanity has ever conducted.\u201d \\n\\n<b>What the Future Holds for Planetary Science<\/b> \\n\\nSo, what might the Rubin Observatory find past Neptune? Based on the current literature, Siraj sees a few possibilities. One is that the Rubin Observatory, with its increased capabilities, might be able to see a planet beyond Neptune.  \\n\\nAnother possibility is the telescope doesn\u2019t identify a ninth planet but finds more distant objects than what was previously known. Siraj says there is also a possibility a planet isn\u2019t found, and the lopsided objects are not confirmed. Or a planet isn\u2019t found, but the clustering is established. The last scenario, Siraj says, would be \u201cpuzzling\u201d to astrophysicists and may even suggest the objects are coming from beyond the Kuiper Belt.  \\n\\nEither way, Siraj says the Rubin could answer a lot of questions while posing many new ones. \\n\\n\u201cNext year is going to be an enormous year for solar system science,\u201d he says. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5948464274,"RADAR":0.6329671741,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article uses \"says\" throughout without any synonyms, which is a fairly strong indication that it's human-generated. However, I put 4\/5 on confidence as I found it to be a bit bland overall which can be a sign of AI. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"I see only one vague sign of human authorship here...the use of the wrong preposition in \"in this search\" instead of \"of this search.\"\nThere aren't any of the usual signs of AI yet the bland style caused me to choose \"AI-generated\" as my answer."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: varied sentence and paragraph length. 'The author uses terms like 'a lot of' instead of 'a significant amount of'. It ends with a quote and uses sentence case headings. Unnecessary words like 'though'. Uses spaced en dashes rather than em dashes. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I'm pretty confident this is human-written because it doesn't try to overembellish it with its own input, i.e., purple prose that tries to state how romantic or idealistic it all is. The majority of the sentences throughout it provide context the reader needs; I, for instance, did not know what planet X referred to until the article explained it, and the topic of the new telescope in Chile is exciting to me, especially when combined with this description: \"in the time it takes a person to open up their phone and pose for a selfie, their new telescope will be able to snap an image of 100,000 galaxies, many of which have never been seen by scientists.\" It leaves everything as a possibility without blatantly trying to convince the reader of that sentiment. It's neutral, lets the main quotes and studies do the talking. Even the formatting, which is often a similar pattern found in AI, is relevant because the article's bodies of text help support the sub-headers well to make them relevant and cohesive. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article is not littered with LLM markers that characterize AI-generated text.\n Register and style typical of that found in popular science magazines."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"95":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":6,"title":"Squid Have Tiny Teeth In Their Suckers That Could Help Make Self-Healing Materials ","sub-title":"\"Squid sucker teeth have some outstanding properties.\" ","author":" Abdon Pena-Francesch","source":"Discover","issue":-17954474,"section":"Health","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/health\/squid-have-tiny-teeth-in-their-suckers-that-could-help-make-self-healing","article":"When you think of a fearsome, sharp-toothed predator, a squid probably isn\u2019t the first animal that comes to mind. But these complex creatures have sophisticated eyesight, a strong beak to crush shells, and agile tentacles that help them snatch up prey. \n\nOh, and they have teeth in their suckers. The serrated teeth inside the suction cups on their tentacles allow them to latch onto prey. \n\nWhile most hard tissues in animals are mineralized, with calcium fortifying their bones, shells, or teeth, the squids\u2019 sucker teeth are instead composed of structural proteins. Scientists don\u2019t really understand how these teeth are made. \n\nBy looking inside a squid sucker using an electron microscope, our team of scientists captured an image that shows the cell tissue that grows the teeth. The cells located in the inside walls of the suction cup secrete proteins that bind to each other and form complex teethed-ring structures. \n\n<b>High-Strength Proteins in Squid Sucker Teeth<\/b> \n\nSquid sucker teeth have some outstanding properties. They\u2019re resistant to compression, yet they\u2019re flexible and can conform to the shape of their prey. Our team\u2019s research tries to understand not only how these teeth are made but also where their unique properties come from. \n\nThe teeth are composed of a family of structural proteins, which have a mechanical function rather than a biological function. Some examples include keratin, which makes up hair and nails, or silk, which gives structure to spider webs and silkworm cocoons. In squids, these sucker teeth catch and grip onto prey. \n\nProteins are made of amino acids arranged in a specific order, and that order defines their structure. Sucker teeth proteins have amino acids that form hard, tiny crystals called nanocrystals in the material. These nanocrystals connect the protein strands in a network \u2013 similar to knots in a fishing net. \n\nThese nanocrystals come together to form nanotubes inside the material, like tiny honeycomb structures. When we look at them through an electron microscope, we can see a tooth cut in half, revealing the intricate internal structure with long but tiny nanotubes. Thanks to these nanostructures, the squid protein teeth have strength, toughness, and flexibility that outperforms many synthetic polymers and modern materials. \n\n<b>Squid-Inspired New Materials<\/b> \n\nScientists and engineers can take inspiration from biology and use unique natural structures to model and develop new types of materials. For example, squid sucker ring teeth have inspired the development of self-healing materials that can repair their own cuts, punctures, or scratches. \n\nThe nanocrystals that hold together the squid teeth proteins can reform after they break. Materials made in our lab inspired by squid nanocrystals could lead to self-repairing medical devices or robots. These materials would last longer and require less upkeep, which would be useful in dangerous environments or inside the human body. \n\nThese squid-inspired materials could also assemble and disassemble by themselves. Materials with this property could be recycled or degraded without leaving behind any waste. That would make this sort of material a promising bio-based alternative to single-use plastic. \n\n \n\n ","id":5,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'When you think of a fearsome, sharp-toothed predator, a squid probably isn\u2019t the first animal that comes to mind. But these complex creatures have sophisticated eyesight, a strong beak to crush shells, and agile tentacles that help them snatch up prey. \\n\\nOh, and they have teeth in their suckers. The serrated teeth inside the suction cups on their tentacles allow them to latch onto prey. \\n\\nWhile most hard tissues in animals are mineralized, with calcium fortifying their bones, shells, or teeth, the squids\u2019 sucker teeth are instead composed of structural proteins. Scientists don\u2019t really understand how these teeth are made. \\n\\nBy looking inside a squid sucker using an electron microscope, our team of scientists captured an image that shows the cell tissue that grows the teeth. The cells located in the inside walls of the suction cup secrete proteins that bind to each other and form complex teethed-ring structures. \\n\\n<b>High-Strength Proteins in Squid Sucker Teeth<\/b> \\n\\nSquid sucker teeth have some outstanding properties. They\u2019re resistant to compression, yet they\u2019re flexible and can conform to the shape of their prey. Our team\u2019s research tries to understand not only how these teeth are made but also where their unique properties come from. \\n\\nThe teeth are composed of a family of structural proteins, which have a mechanical function rather than a biological function. Some examples include keratin, which makes up hair and nails, or silk, which gives structure to spider webs and silkworm cocoons. In squids, these sucker teeth catch and grip onto prey. \\n\\nProteins are made of amino acids arranged in a specific order, and that order defines their structure. Sucker teeth proteins have amino acids that form hard, tiny crystals called nanocrystals in the material. These nanocrystals connect the protein strands in a network \u2013 similar to knots in a fishing net. \\n\\nThese nanocrystals come together to form nanotubes inside the material, like tiny honeycomb structures. When we look at them through an electron microscope, we can see a tooth cut in half, revealing the intricate internal structure with long but tiny nanotubes. Thanks to these nanostructures, the squid protein teeth have strength, toughness, and flexibility that outperforms many synthetic polymers and modern materials. \\n\\n<b>Squid-Inspired New Materials<\/b> \\n\\nScientists and engineers can take inspiration from biology and use unique natural structures to model and develop new types of materials. For example, squid sucker ring teeth have inspired the development of self-healing materials that can repair their own cuts, punctures, or scratches. \\n\\nThe nanocrystals that hold together the squid teeth proteins can reform after they break. Materials made in our lab inspired by squid nanocrystals could lead to self-repairing medical devices or robots. These materials would last longer and require less upkeep, which would be useful in dangerous environments or inside the human body. \\n\\nThese squid-inspired materials could also assemble and disassemble by themselves. Materials with this property could be recycled or degraded without leaving behind any waste. That would make this sort of material a promising bio-based alternative to single-use plastic. \\n\\n \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.6404857635498047e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'When you think of a fearsome, sharp-toothed predator, a squid probably isn\u2019t the first animal that comes to mind. But these complex creatures have sophisticated eyesight, a strong beak to crush shells, and agile tentacles that help them snatch up prey. \\n\\nOh, and they have teeth in their suckers. The serrated teeth inside the suction cups on their tentacles allow them to latch onto prey. \\n\\nWhile most hard tissues in animals are mineralized, with calcium fortifying their bones, shells, or teeth, the squids\u2019 sucker teeth are instead composed of structural proteins. Scientists don\u2019t really understand how these teeth are made. \\n\\nBy looking inside a squid sucker using an electron microscope, our team of scientists captured an image that shows the cell tissue that grows the teeth. The cells located in the inside walls of the suction cup secrete proteins that bind to each other and form complex teethed-ring structures. \\n\\n<b>High-Strength Proteins in Squid Sucker Teeth<\/b> \\n\\nSquid sucker teeth have some outstanding properties. They\u2019re resistant to compression, yet they\u2019re flexible and can conform to the shape of their prey. Our team\u2019s research tries to understand not only how these teeth are made but also where their unique properties come from. \\n\\nThe teeth are composed of a family of structural proteins, which have a mechanical function rather than a biological function. Some examples include keratin, which makes up hair and nails, or silk, which gives structure to spider webs and silkworm cocoons. In squids, these sucker teeth catch and grip onto prey. \\n\\nProteins are made of amino acids arranged in a specific order, and that order defines their structure. Sucker teeth proteins have amino acids that form hard, tiny crystals called nanocrystals in the material. These nanocrystals connect the protein strands in a network \u2013 similar to knots in a fishing net. \\n\\nThese nanocrystals come together to form nanotubes inside the material, like tiny honeycomb structures. When we look at them through an electron microscope, we can see a tooth cut in half, revealing the intricate internal structure with long but tiny nanotubes. Thanks to these nanostructures, the squid protein teeth have strength, toughness, and flexibility that outperforms many synthetic polymers and modern materials. \\n\\n<b>Squid-Inspired New Materials<\/b> \\n\\nScientists and engineers can take inspiration from biology and use unique natural structures to model and develop new types of materials. For example, squid sucker ring teeth have inspired the development of self-healing materials that can repair their own cuts, punctures, or scratches. \\n\\nThe nanocrystals that hold together the squid teeth proteins can reform after they break. Materials made in our lab inspired by squid nanocrystals could lead to self-repairing medical devices or robots. These materials would last longer and require less upkeep, which would be useful in dangerous environments or inside the human body. \\n\\nThese squid-inspired materials could also assemble and disassemble by themselves. Materials with this property could be recycled or degraded without leaving behind any waste. That would make this sort of material a promising bio-based alternative to single-use plastic. \\n\\n \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00028514862060546875, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '4e2e58bf-a014-41e1-8cf2-e42cf5baede1', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0008401318918913603, 'sentence': \"When you think of a fearsome, sharp-toothed predator, a squid probably isn't the first animal that comes to mind.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007441326742991805, 'sentence': 'But these complex creatures have sophisticated eyesight, a strong beak to crush shells, and agile tentacles that help them snatch up prey.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009753182530403137, 'sentence': 'Oh, and they have teeth in 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inspired by squid nanocrystals could lead to self-repairing medical devices or robots.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.5795934200286865, 'sentence': 'These materials would last longer and require less upkeep, which would be useful in dangerous environments or inside the human body.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6062639951705933, 'sentence': 'These squid-inspired materials could also assemble and disassemble by themselves.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.5010685920715332, 'sentence': 'Materials with this property could be recycled or degraded without leaving behind any waste.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.5224907994270325, 'sentence': 'That would make this sort of material a promising bio-based alternative to single-use plastic.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': 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{'start_sentence_index': 22, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 24, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 27, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.039837804045504216, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9601216422360306, 'ai': 0.039837804045504216, 'mixed': 4.055371846526579e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9601216422360306, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.039837804045504216, 'human': 0.9601216422360306, 'mixed': 4.055371846526579e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'When you think of a fearsome, sharp-toothed predator, a squid probably isn\u2019t the first animal that comes to mind. But these complex creatures have sophisticated eyesight, a strong beak to crush shells, and agile tentacles that help them snatch up prey. \\n\\nOh, and they have teeth in their suckers. The serrated teeth inside the suction cups on their tentacles allow them to latch onto prey. \\n\\nWhile most hard tissues in animals are mineralized, with calcium fortifying their bones, shells, or teeth, the squids\u2019 sucker teeth are instead composed of structural proteins. Scientists don\u2019t really understand how these teeth are made. \\n\\nBy looking inside a squid sucker using an electron microscope, our team of scientists captured an image that shows the cell tissue that grows the teeth. The cells located in the inside walls of the suction cup secrete proteins that bind to each other and form complex teethed-ring structures. \\n\\n<b>High-Strength Proteins in Squid Sucker Teeth<\/b> \\n\\nSquid sucker teeth have some outstanding properties. They\u2019re resistant to compression, yet they\u2019re flexible and can conform to the shape of their prey. Our team\u2019s research tries to understand not only how these teeth are made but also where their unique properties come from. \\n\\nThe teeth are composed of a family of structural proteins, which have a mechanical function rather than a biological function. Some examples include keratin, which makes up hair and nails, or silk, which gives structure to spider webs and silkworm cocoons. In squids, these sucker teeth catch and grip onto prey. \\n\\nProteins are made of amino acids arranged in a specific order, and that order defines their structure. Sucker teeth proteins have amino acids that form hard, tiny crystals called nanocrystals in the material. These nanocrystals connect the protein strands in a network \u2013 similar to knots in a fishing net. \\n\\nThese nanocrystals come together to form nanotubes inside the material, like tiny honeycomb structures. When we look at them through an electron microscope, we can see a tooth cut in half, revealing the intricate internal structure with long but tiny nanotubes. Thanks to these nanostructures, the squid protein teeth have strength, toughness, and flexibility that outperforms many synthetic polymers and modern materials. \\n\\n<b>Squid-Inspired New Materials<\/b> \\n\\nScientists and engineers can take inspiration from biology and use unique natural structures to model and develop new types of materials. For example, squid sucker ring teeth have inspired the development of self-healing materials that can repair their own cuts, punctures, or scratches. \\n\\nThe nanocrystals that hold together the squid teeth proteins can reform after they break. Materials made in our lab inspired by squid nanocrystals could lead to self-repairing medical devices or robots. These materials would last longer and require less upkeep, which would be useful in dangerous environments or inside the human body. \\n\\nThese squid-inspired materials could also assemble and disassemble by themselves. Materials with this property could be recycled or degraded without leaving behind any waste. That would make this sort of material a promising bio-based alternative to single-use plastic. \\n\\n \\n\\n '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2350136787,"RADAR":0.2282681763,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"This one was a bit difficult to tell. I went with human-generated because of the explanation provided for how information was gathered and a couple of phrases that seemed quite human such as \"sucker teeth\" which isn't very scientific-sounding. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"Signs of AI:\n# \"not only...but also\"\n# Several lists such as \"strength, toughness, and flexibility\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"There are issues with faulty parallelism which make me think this is human-generated. The paragraphs are varied in length , it uses spaced en dashes instead of em dashes. Oh, and there's an 'oh,' at the beginning of one of the sentences. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I am a bit less confident with this one, but I think it's human-written. Most of the tone is neutral, but the implication of tone with third-person plural, and the fact that every sentence doesn't try to immediately relate something to some symbol, means that the information is clear and easy to understand, especially with sentences such as \"Materials with this property could be recycled or degraded without leaving behind any waste.\" and how the squid teeth's proteins serve \"a mechanical function rather than a biological function\" The information presents the study, the topic itself and what could potentially come out of it in a practical sense. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Similes from everyday life to make abstract scientific concepts understandable to the general reader.\nThe funny aside that begins par. 2.\nThe final paragraph tells us why we should care without belabouring the point."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"96":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":7,"title":"Yes, Electric Eels Really Are Electric, and Capable of Producing 800 Volts of Electricity ","sub-title":"Are electric eels actually electric? The short answer is yes, and these eels can also leap from the water to target their prey. ","author":"Emilie Le Beau Lucchesi","source":"Discover","issue":-17954413,"section":"Planet Earth","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/planet-earth\/yes-electric-eels-really-are-electric-and-capable-of-producing-800-volts-of","article":"At the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, five eels live in the Amazon Rising habitat, where probes in the water sense their electricity and transmit their energy to a lightbar and a speaker. \n\nAt any given time, visitors can hear low-voltage pulsing coming from the speakers. If guests push a button, they can summon bubbles or make it rain in the habitat. The eels become more active, and their electricity increases. \n\nScientists have long known that electric eels are indeed electric. But in the wild, they are elusive and difficult to study. New habitats like the one at Shedd are allowing researchers to learn more about eels and how they employ their electricity.  \n\n<b>The Elusive Electric Eel<\/b> \n\nAt Shedd, the five eels living in the Amazon Rising habitat are unique in the sense that most aquariums and research centers aren\u2019t able to keep groups. \n\n\u201cNormally, you go places, and you only see one individual,\u201d says Jim Watson, senior aquarist at Shedd Aquarium. \n\nShedd acquired their five eels when they were young, and Watson says that helped them grow accustomed to each other. \n\nHousing five eels together has the potential to help scientists who study eels to better learn how they interact. \n\n\u201cThere\u2019s not a ton known about this animal because they are a little more difficult to research in the wild,\u201d Watson says.  \n\nThe eels at Shedd are technically fish, and they belong to the knifefish family. And yes, they are electric. Adult, full-size knifefish are capable of producing up to 800 volts of electricity, Watson says. \n\nSuch a jolt could knock a person off their feet or cause fatal disruption to their heart rhythm. When the eels in Watson\u2019s care need medical attention, he says they anesthetize the animal and then monitor their electric output using the probes connected to the lightbar and speaker. Once the eel is safe to handle, they do so wearing insulated gloves.  \n\n\u201cAt the aquarium, we\u2019re really careful as to how we handle these animals,\u201d Watson says.  \n\n<b>How Do Electric Eels Work?<\/b> \n\nScientists have long studied how eels were electric, but only in recent years have researchers turned their attention to the eels\u2019 behavior and how they use electricity to communicate, navigate, hunt, and, when necessary, defend themselves. \n\nEels are able to produce various levels of electrical impulses, depending on what they are trying to accomplish. When hunting, eels emit low-voltage electric waves to navigate and locate their prey. Higher voltage, starting around 400 Hz, is used to attack. \n\nIn some situations, prey may be well hidden. Low-voltage emissions cause the prey to involuntarily twitch. The resulting water disturbance reveals their location. When a higher voltage is released, the prey is paralyzed. The eel then suspends the electrical impulses and strikes the prey while it is immobile. However, if the eel misses its mark, the prey has an opportunity to recover and escape.  \n\n<b>How Powerful Are Electric Eels?<\/b> \n\nEels are capable of lifting themselves out of the water to shock a target. In a 2017 article in Current Biology, a researcher willingly made himself the target of such a shocking leap. \n\nThe larger the eel, the greater its potential for producing stronger shocks, so the experiment occurred in a laboratory setting with a smaller eel (about 15 inches long). In multiple trials, the researcher put his fist and arm into the top of the tank. In defense, the eel jumped out of the water and onto the researcher\u2019s wrist and arm. \n\nThe higher the eel was able to go onto the researcher\u2019s arm, the more forceful the shock. The eel released up to 50 milliamperes (or .05 amperes), and the researcher compared it to touching an electric fence. \n\nAt Shedd, the eels are well-fed and have no need to prey upon the others living in their exhibit. \u201cWe found that if you put them with certain fish that get used to them, they can sense these pulses as well. The fish around them just move away, so they know,\u201d Watson says. \n\nDuring feeding times, the eels\u2019 electricity soars due to the activity and excitement. Otherwise, the eels are satisfied and safe, which means they use their electrical impulses for other purposes like navigation and communication. \n\n\u201cThey use the low voltage a lot more often as a form of navigation. They are sending out electrical pulses, and they are receiving electrical pulses,\u201d Watson says.                  \n\nResearchers are able to determine whether an eel is using electricity to locate a piece of food based on how the signals change as they approach. Scientists would like to know whether such low-level impulses are also a form of communication between eels. \n\nIn the wild, eels typically keep to themselves unless it is mating season. With five eels living in the Shedd habitat, Watson says he\u2019d like to better understand which electrical impulses are consistent with specific behaviors. \n\n \n\n ","id":6,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'At the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, five eels live in the Amazon Rising habitat, where probes in the water sense their electricity and transmit their energy to a lightbar and a speaker. \\n\\nAt any given time, visitors can hear low-voltage pulsing coming from the speakers. If guests push a button, they can summon bubbles or make it rain in the habitat. The eels become more active, and their electricity increases. \\n\\nScientists have long known that electric eels are indeed electric. But in the wild, they are elusive and difficult to study. New habitats like the one at Shedd are allowing researchers to learn more about eels and how they employ their electricity.  \\n\\n<b>The Elusive Electric Eel<\/b> \\n\\nAt Shedd, the five eels living in the Amazon Rising habitat are unique in the sense that most aquariums and research centers aren\u2019t able to keep groups. \\n\\n\u201cNormally, you go places, and you only see one individual,\u201d says Jim Watson, senior aquarist at Shedd Aquarium. \\n\\nShedd acquired their five eels when they were young, and Watson says that helped them grow accustomed to each other. \\n\\nHousing five eels together has the potential to help scientists who study eels to better learn how they interact. \\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s not a ton known about this animal because they are a little more difficult to research in the wild,\u201d Watson says.  \\n\\nThe eels at Shedd are technically fish, and they belong to the knifefish family. And yes, they are electric. Adult, full-size knifefish are capable of producing up to 800 volts of electricity, Watson says. \\n\\nSuch a jolt could knock a person off their feet or cause fatal disruption to their heart rhythm. When the eels in Watson\u2019s care need medical attention, he says they anesthetize the animal and then monitor their electric output using the probes connected to the lightbar and speaker. Once the eel is safe to handle, they do so wearing insulated gloves.  \\n\\n\u201cAt the aquarium, we\u2019re really careful as to how we handle these animals,\u201d Watson says.  \\n\\n<b>How Do Electric Eels Work?<\/b> \\n\\nScientists have long studied how eels were electric, but only in recent years have researchers turned their attention to the eels\u2019 behavior and how they use electricity to communicate, navigate, hunt, and, when necessary, defend themselves. \\n\\nEels are able to produce various levels of electrical impulses, depending on what they are trying to accomplish. 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New habitats like the one at Shedd are allowing researchers to learn more about eels and how they employ their electricity.  \\n\\n<b>The Elusive Electric Eel<\/b> \\n\\nAt Shedd, the five eels living in the Amazon Rising habitat are unique in the sense that most aquariums and research centers aren\u2019t able to keep groups. \\n\\n\u201cNormally, you go places, and you only see one individual,\u201d says Jim Watson, senior aquarist at Shedd Aquarium. \\n\\nShedd acquired their five eels when they were young, and Watson says that helped them grow accustomed to each other. \\n\\nHousing five eels together has the potential to help scientists who study eels to better learn how they interact. \\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s not a ton known about this animal because they are a little more difficult to research in the wild,\u201d Watson says.  \\n\\nThe eels at Shedd are technically fish, and they belong to the knifefish family. And yes, they are electric. 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Adult, full-size knifefish are capable of producing up to 800 volts of electricity, Watson says. \\n\\nSuch a jolt could knock a person off their feet or cause fatal disruption to their heart rhythm. When the eels in Watson\u2019s care need medical attention, he says they anesthetize the animal and then monitor their electric output using the probes connected to the lightbar and speaker. Once the eel is safe to handle, they do so wearing insulated gloves.  \\n\\n\u201cAt the aquarium, we\u2019re really careful as to how we handle these animals,\u201d Watson says.  \\n\\n<b>How Do Electric Eels Work?<\/b> \\n\\nScientists have long studied how eels were electric, but only in recent years have researchers turned their attention to the eels\u2019 behavior and how they use electricity to communicate, navigate, hunt, and, when necessary, defend themselves. \\n\\nEels are able to produce various levels of electrical impulses, depending on what they are trying to accomplish. 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In multiple trials, the researcher put his fist and arm into the top of the tank. In defense, the eel jumped out of the water and onto the researcher\u2019s wrist and arm. \\n\\nThe higher the eel was able to go onto the researcher\u2019s arm, the more forceful the shock. The eel released up to 50 milliamperes (or .05 amperes), and the researcher compared it to touching an electric fence. \\n\\nAt Shedd, the eels are well-fed and have no need to prey upon the others living in their exhibit. \u201cWe found that if you put them with certain fish that get used to them, they can sense these pulses as well. The fish around them just move away, so they know,\u201d Watson says. \\n\\nDuring feeding times, the eels\u2019 electricity soars due to the activity and excitement. Otherwise, the eels are satisfied and safe, which means they use their electrical impulses for other purposes like navigation and communication. \\n\\n\u201cThey use the low voltage a lot more often as a form of navigation. They are sending out electrical pulses, and they are receiving electrical pulses,\u201d Watson says.                  \\n\\nResearchers are able to determine whether an eel is using electricity to locate a piece of food based on how the signals change as they approach. Scientists would like to know whether such low-level impulses are also a form of communication between eels. \\n\\nIn the wild, eels typically keep to themselves unless it is mating season. With five eels living in the Shedd habitat, Watson says he\u2019d like to better understand which electrical impulses are consistent with specific behaviors. \\n\\n \\n\\n '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3413680196,"RADAR":0.1956133842,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article uses \"says\" throughout and the conclusion doesn't summarise it in any way. It also only has one expert speaker who it uses quotes from throughout, which is realistic. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The use of the phrases \"are capable of\" and \"are able to\" seems to be human. AI usually corrects this to \"can.\"\nThe phrase \"not a ton known\" sounds human."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I think it's human-generated because of the incorrect use of the parenthetical commas in the first sentence. Also, the paragraphs are varied in length. It also uses contractions, colloquial phrasing, fullstops followed by conjunctions and filler words like 'really'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this is human-written. Most of the phrasing throughout the article is simplistic and easy to understand, such as with \"Scientists would like to know whether such low-level impulses are also a form of communication between eels.\". It maintains a neutral perspective, and gives detail about the study itself, what the researchers went through to find more information, and the quotes are realistic. Although the formatting of the article gives some doubt for me, if I am able to gather information and understand the article without having to look over it, then it's most likely human. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"Nothing in this text is typically human or machine. The register is appropriate for a junior science & nature magazine. The (unintentional) humour of the eel making a \"shocking leap\" is the only thing that influenced my choice. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"97":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":8,"title":"The tragic history of the largest uninhabited island on Earth","sub-title":"Explore the relics of failed settlements, doomed expeditions, and ancient Inuit history on Devon Island, one of the Arctic\u2019s most unforgiving landscapes.","author":"Jacqueline Kehoe","source":"National Geographic","issue":-17954425,"section":"History & Culture","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/devon-island-arctic-explorers-nasa-mars-missions","article":"At 74\u00ba latitude, Devon Island is nearly 5,000 miles north of Hawaii\u2014and more than five times the size. Remote, windswept, and harsh, the isle is classified as a polar desert, with barren mountains rising above frost-worn beaches, where seabirds fill the skies and the occasional muskox wanders along the shore. Lying along the storied Northwest Passage in Nunavut, Canada, Devon Island remains uninhabited.\n\nBut that\u2019s not to say humans haven\u2019t tried. People have failed to live on the Arctic isle for centuries, with the last settlement occurring in 1951. Ancient Inuit settlements sit alongside a military ghost town, relics of doomed expeditions, and even a NASA research station perched at the edge of a massive crater. Today, Devon Island showcases the long, long art of human survival to its few visitors.\n\n<b>Devon\u2019s forgotten stories<\/b>\n\nIf Devon Island sounds familiar, that\u2019s likely because of the Lost Franklin Expedition. In 1845, 129 men on the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror set out to map the fabled Northwest Passage for Great Britain\u2014never to return. Search parties began in 1848, and the first Franklin clue was found in 1850: a naturalist\u2019s rake discovered on Devon Island. Other finds included a piece of canvas marked \u201cTerror\u201d; 700 empty, lead-lined meat tins; and dozens more traces of the Franklin crew, from clothes to iron, rope, and pipes.\n\nIn 1852, Sir Edward Belcher led the last rescue attempt for the missing men. Staying on Devon Island, the team lined a small bay with survey and marker cairns\u2014an area now known as Port Refuge National Historic Site. Though Belcher\u2019s rescue mission was unsuccessful, one of his ships, the HMS Resolute, would find quite the legacy. Its timbers later helped build one of the world\u2019s most iconic pieces of furniture\u2014the Resolute Desk, still used by U.S. presidents today.\n\nOnce the Northwest Passage was successfully mapped some 70 years later, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) wanted to stake their flag on Devon Island. In 1924, three RCMP officers\u2014and 52 forcibly displaced Inuit\u2014were sent to rule over the high Arctic at Dundas Harbour, where the island\u2019s ragged cliffs and rocky beaches overlook Lancaster Sound. \u201cIt really was about asserting a presence\u2014they weren\u2019t necessarily policing,\u201d says Kaylee Baxter, an archaeologist with Adventure Canada. \u201cIt was more about boots on the ground, keeping other nations from claiming the Arctic as their own.\u201d\n\nWithin three years, two of the officers were dead: One had committed suicide, and the other had accidentally shot himself\u2014or so the story goes. As for the remaining officer and Inuit families, they soon abandoned their isolated home. The RCMP shut down the post in 1933, reopened it in 1945, and then shut it down for good in 1951.\n\nThe regularly maintained graves of the two officers remain, resting on a hill above the forlorn outpost, in the most northern cemetery in the world. The grave of an Inuit girl lies unceremoniously a few steps away. \u201cIt\u2019s a pretty accurate representation of colonization in the Arctic,\u201d says Baxter.\n\nCompared to Devon Island\u2019s first inhabitants, Canada\u2019s \u201cMounties\u201d and those wayward British explorers are modern visitors. A stone\u2019s throw from Belcher\u2019s cairns at Port Refuge National Historic Site, archaeologists have found artifacts up to 4,000 years old, offering evidence of ancestral Inuit contact with the medieval Norse colonies of Greenland. Asiatic artifacts have been found here, too, denoting far-reaching, northern trade routes spanning half the globe.\n\nAt Dundas Harbour, just steps from the RCMP post lies the rocky remains of a roughly 1,000-year-old ancestral Inuit \u201cneighborhood.\u201d The Morin Point Thule site holds clues to the first pioneers crossing the eastern Arctic\u2014and it\u2019s eroding away. \u201cIt\u2019s a great example of coastal erosion at archaeological sites,\u201d says Baxter, who is helping to record the site before it disappears. \u201cA great example in the worst way.\u201d\n\n<b>Simulating survival on Mars<\/b>\n\nNASA and the Mars Institute are the latest to take on Devon Island\u2019s challenges. With the island\u2019s extreme cold, limited communication systems, and lack of sunlight and vegetation, scientists are carrying out analog missions\u2014or practice runs\u2014simulating Mars exploration. The Haughton\u2013Mars Project allows astronauts to train in formidable conditions, test equipment to its limits, and research plant growth and long-duration spaceflight challenges.\n\nOf course, the island is deemed too harsh for a permanent research station. Modular summer tents are set up at the 14-mile-wide Haughton impact crater, one of the northernmost craters on the planet. But even NASA\u2019s best-equipped teams avoid the island\u2019s brutal winters.\n\n<b>Planning your own expedition<\/b>\n\nWhile Devon Island may be uninhabited, Nunavut\u2019s northern communities, like nearby Pond Inlet and Arctic Bay, are very much alive. \u201cThere\u2019s so much culture here,\u201d says Jason Edmunds, vice-chair of the board at Travel Nunavut and one of Canada\u2019s only Inuit expedition leaders. \u201cWhen you\u2019re in the region, think about the culture itself. Don\u2019t just concentrate on the impacts of another culture on it.\u201d\n\nToday, most visitors explore Devon Island and its Arctic neighbors via expedition cruise. Companies like Adventure Canada and Lindblad Expeditions offer itineraries through the Northwest Passage, where travelers can engage in wildlife viewing, hiking, and exploring ancient Inuit settlements and relics from past expeditions. Though, it\u2019s essential to understand the crux of expedition cruising. Your itinerary will flex with the ice, just like every journey here has since that first Inuit explorer.","id":7,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'At 74\u00ba latitude, Devon Island is nearly 5,000 miles north of Hawaii\u2014and more than five times the size. Remote, windswept, and harsh, the isle is classified as a polar desert, with barren mountains rising above frost-worn beaches, where seabirds fill the skies and the occasional muskox wanders along the shore. Lying along the storied Northwest Passage in Nunavut, Canada, Devon Island remains uninhabited.\\n\\nBut that\u2019s not to say humans haven\u2019t tried. People have failed to live on the Arctic isle for centuries, with the last settlement occurring in 1951. Ancient Inuit settlements sit alongside a military ghost town, relics of doomed expeditions, and even a NASA research station perched at the edge of a massive crater. Today, Devon Island showcases the long, long art of human survival to its few visitors.\\n\\n<b>Devon\u2019s forgotten stories<\/b>\\n\\nIf Devon Island sounds familiar, that\u2019s likely because of the Lost Franklin Expedition. In 1845, 129 men on the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror set out to map the fabled Northwest Passage for Great Britain\u2014never to return. Search parties began in 1848, and the first Franklin clue was found in 1850: a naturalist\u2019s rake discovered on Devon Island. Other finds included a piece of canvas marked \u201cTerror\u201d; 700 empty, lead-lined meat tins; and dozens more traces of the Franklin crew, from clothes to iron, rope, and pipes.\\n\\nIn 1852, Sir Edward Belcher led the last rescue attempt for the missing men. Staying on Devon Island, the team lined a small bay with survey and marker cairns\u2014an area now known as Port Refuge National Historic Site. Though Belcher\u2019s rescue mission was unsuccessful, one of his ships, the HMS Resolute, would find quite the legacy. Its timbers later helped build one of the world\u2019s most iconic pieces of furniture\u2014the Resolute Desk, still used by U.S. presidents today.\\n\\nOnce the Northwest Passage was successfully mapped some 70 years later, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) wanted to stake their flag on Devon Island. In 1924, three RCMP officers\u2014and 52 forcibly displaced Inuit\u2014were sent to rule over the high Arctic at Dundas Harbour, where the island\u2019s ragged cliffs and rocky beaches overlook Lancaster Sound. \u201cIt really was about asserting a presence\u2014they weren\u2019t necessarily policing,\u201d says Kaylee Baxter, an archaeologist with Adventure Canada. \u201cIt was more about boots on the ground, keeping other nations from claiming the Arctic as their own.\u201d\\n\\nWithin three years, two of the officers were dead: One had committed suicide, and the other had accidentally shot himself\u2014or so the story goes. As for the remaining officer and Inuit families, they soon abandoned their isolated home. The RCMP shut down the post in 1933, reopened it in 1945, and then shut it down for good in 1951.\\n\\nThe regularly maintained graves of the two officers remain, resting on a hill above the forlorn outpost, in the most northern cemetery in the world. The grave of an Inuit girl lies unceremoniously a few steps away. \u201cIt\u2019s a pretty accurate representation of colonization in the Arctic,\u201d says Baxter.\\n\\nCompared to Devon Island\u2019s first inhabitants, Canada\u2019s \u201cMounties\u201d and those wayward British explorers are modern visitors. A stone\u2019s throw from Belcher\u2019s cairns at Port Refuge National Historic Site, archaeologists have found artifacts up to 4,000 years old, offering evidence of ancestral Inuit contact with the medieval Norse colonies of Greenland. Asiatic artifacts have been found here, too, denoting far-reaching, northern trade routes spanning half the globe.\\n\\nAt Dundas Harbour, just steps from the RCMP post lies the rocky remains of a roughly 1,000-year-old ancestral Inuit \u201cneighborhood.\u201d The Morin Point Thule site holds clues to the first pioneers crossing the eastern Arctic\u2014and it\u2019s eroding away. \u201cIt\u2019s a great example of coastal erosion at archaeological sites,\u201d says Baxter, who is helping to record the site before it disappears. \u201cA great example in the worst way.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Simulating survival on Mars<\/b>\\n\\nNASA and the Mars Institute are the latest to take on Devon Island\u2019s challenges. With the island\u2019s extreme cold, limited communication systems, and lack of sunlight and vegetation, scientists are carrying out analog missions\u2014or practice runs\u2014simulating Mars exploration. The Haughton\u2013Mars Project allows astronauts to train in formidable conditions, test equipment to its limits, and research plant growth and long-duration spaceflight challenges.\\n\\nOf course, the island is deemed too harsh for a permanent research station. Modular summer tents are set up at the 14-mile-wide Haughton impact crater, one of the northernmost craters on the planet. But even NASA\u2019s best-equipped teams avoid the island\u2019s brutal winters.\\n\\n<b>Planning your own expedition<\/b>\\n\\nWhile Devon Island may be uninhabited, Nunavut\u2019s northern communities, like nearby Pond Inlet and Arctic Bay, are very much alive. \u201cThere\u2019s so much culture here,\u201d says Jason Edmunds, vice-chair of the board at Travel Nunavut and one of Canada\u2019s only Inuit expedition leaders. \u201cWhen you\u2019re in the region, think about the culture itself. Don\u2019t just concentrate on the impacts of another culture on it.\u201d\\n\\nToday, most visitors explore Devon Island and its Arctic neighbors via expedition cruise. Companies like Adventure Canada and Lindblad Expeditions offer itineraries through the Northwest Passage, where travelers can engage in wildlife viewing, hiking, and exploring ancient Inuit settlements and relics from past expeditions. Though, it\u2019s essential to understand the crux of expedition cruising. Your itinerary will flex with the ice, just like every journey here has since that first Inuit explorer.', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00016427040100097656, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'At 74\u00ba latitude, Devon Island is nearly 5,000 miles north of Hawaii\u2014and more than five times the size. Remote, windswept, and harsh, the isle is classified as a polar desert, with barren mountains rising above frost-worn beaches, where seabirds fill the skies and the occasional muskox wanders along the shore. Lying along the storied Northwest Passage in Nunavut, Canada, Devon Island remains uninhabited.\\n\\nBut that\u2019s not to say humans haven\u2019t tried. People have failed to live on the Arctic isle for centuries, with the last settlement occurring in 1951. Ancient Inuit settlements sit alongside a military ghost town, relics of doomed expeditions, and even a NASA research station perched at the edge of a massive crater. Today, Devon Island showcases the long, long art of human survival to its few visitors.\\n\\n<b>Devon\u2019s forgotten stories<\/b>\\n\\nIf Devon Island sounds familiar, that\u2019s likely because of the Lost Franklin Expedition. In 1845, 129 men on the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror set out to map the fabled Northwest Passage for Great Britain\u2014never to return. Search parties began in 1848, and the first Franklin clue was found in 1850: a naturalist\u2019s rake discovered on Devon Island. Other finds included a piece of canvas marked \u201cTerror\u201d; 700 empty, lead-lined meat tins; and dozens more traces of the Franklin crew, from clothes to iron, rope, and pipes.\\n\\nIn 1852, Sir Edward Belcher led the last rescue attempt for the missing men. Staying on Devon Island, the team lined a small bay with survey and marker cairns\u2014an area now known as Port Refuge National Historic Site. Though Belcher\u2019s rescue mission was unsuccessful, one of his ships, the HMS Resolute, would find quite the legacy. Its timbers later helped build one of the world\u2019s most iconic pieces of furniture\u2014the Resolute Desk, still used by U.S. presidents today.\\n\\nOnce the Northwest Passage was successfully mapped some 70 years later, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) wanted to stake their flag on Devon Island. In 1924, three RCMP officers\u2014and 52 forcibly displaced Inuit\u2014were sent to rule over the high Arctic at Dundas Harbour, where the island\u2019s ragged cliffs and rocky beaches overlook Lancaster Sound. \u201cIt really was about asserting a presence\u2014they weren\u2019t necessarily policing,\u201d says Kaylee Baxter, an archaeologist with Adventure Canada. \u201cIt was more about boots on the ground, keeping other nations from claiming the Arctic as their own.\u201d\\n\\nWithin three years, two of the officers were dead: One had committed suicide, and the other had accidentally shot himself\u2014or so the story goes. As for the remaining officer and Inuit families, they soon abandoned their isolated home. The RCMP shut down the post in 1933, reopened it in 1945, and then shut it down for good in 1951.\\n\\nThe regularly maintained graves of the two officers remain, resting on a hill above the forlorn outpost, in the most northern cemetery in the world. The grave of an Inuit girl lies unceremoniously a few steps away. \u201cIt\u2019s a pretty accurate representation of colonization in the Arctic,\u201d says Baxter.\\n\\nCompared to Devon Island\u2019s first inhabitants, Canada\u2019s \u201cMounties\u201d and those wayward British explorers are modern visitors. A stone\u2019s throw from Belcher\u2019s cairns at Port Refuge National Historic Site, archaeologists have found artifacts up to 4,000 years old, offering evidence of ancestral Inuit contact with the medieval Norse colonies of Greenland. Asiatic artifacts have been found here, too, denoting far-reaching, northern trade routes spanning half the globe.\\n\\nAt Dundas Harbour, just steps from the RCMP post lies the rocky remains of a roughly 1,000-year-old ancestral Inuit \u201cneighborhood.\u201d The Morin Point Thule site holds clues to the first pioneers crossing the eastern Arctic\u2014and it\u2019s eroding away. \u201cIt\u2019s a great example of coastal erosion at archaeological sites,\u201d says Baxter, who is helping to record the site before it disappears. \u201cA great example in the worst way.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Simulating survival on Mars<\/b>\\n\\nNASA and the Mars Institute are the latest to take on Devon Island\u2019s challenges. With the island\u2019s extreme cold, limited communication systems, and lack of sunlight and vegetation, scientists are carrying out analog missions\u2014or practice runs\u2014simulating Mars exploration. The Haughton\u2013Mars Project allows astronauts to train in formidable conditions, test equipment to its limits, and research plant growth and long-duration spaceflight challenges.\\n\\nOf course, the island is deemed too harsh for a permanent research station. Modular summer tents are set up at the 14-mile-wide Haughton impact crater, one of the northernmost craters on the planet. But even NASA\u2019s best-equipped teams avoid the island\u2019s brutal winters.\\n\\n<b>Planning your own expedition<\/b>\\n\\nWhile Devon Island may be uninhabited, Nunavut\u2019s northern communities, like nearby Pond Inlet and Arctic Bay, are very much alive. \u201cThere\u2019s so much culture here,\u201d says Jason Edmunds, vice-chair of the board at Travel Nunavut and one of Canada\u2019s only Inuit expedition leaders. \u201cWhen you\u2019re in the region, think about the culture itself. Don\u2019t just concentrate on the impacts of another culture on it.\u201d\\n\\nToday, most visitors explore Devon Island and its Arctic neighbors via expedition cruise. Companies like Adventure Canada and Lindblad Expeditions offer itineraries through the Northwest Passage, where travelers can engage in wildlife viewing, hiking, and exploring ancient Inuit settlements and relics from past expeditions. Though, it\u2019s essential to understand the crux of expedition cruising. Your itinerary will flex with the ice, just like every journey here has since that first Inuit explorer.', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00021147727966308594, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'c531e867-62bd-4431-8fc4-5649f2054baf', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.029902342706918716, 'sentence': 'At 74\u00ba latitude, Devon Island is nearly 5,000 miles north of Hawaii\u1173and more than five times the size.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.04656201973557472, 'sentence': 'Remote, windswept, and harsh, the isle is classified as a polar desert, with barren mountains rising above frost-worn beaches, where seabirds fill the skies and the occasional muskox wanders along the shore.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 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example in the worst way.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000128306113765575, 'sentence': '<b>Simulating survival on Mars<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00016406745999120176, 'sentence': \"NASA and the Mars Institute are the latest to take on Devon Island's challenges.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003095994470641017, 'sentence': \"With the island's extreme cold, limited communication systems, and lack of sunlight and vegetation, scientists are carrying out analog missions\u1173or practice runs\u1173simulating Mars exploration.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7476959228515625, 'sentence': 'The Haughton-Mars Project allows astronauts to train in formidable conditions, test equipment to its limits, and research plant growth and long-duration spaceflight challenges.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7606624960899353, 'sentence': 'Of course, the island is deemed too harsh for a permanent research station.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7619659900665283, 'sentence': 'Modular summer tents are set up at the 14-mile-wide Haughton impact crater, one of the northernmost craters on the planet.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6423638463020325, 'sentence': \"But even NASA's best-equipped teams avoid the island's brutal winters.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6525269150733948, 'sentence': '<b>Planning your own expedition<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6778332591056824, 'sentence': \"While Devon Island may be uninhabited, Nunavut's northern communities, like nearby Pond Inlet and Arctic Bay, are very much alive.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.5131264925003052, 'sentence': \"\u201cThere's so much culture here,\u201d says Jason Edmunds, vice-chair of the board at Travel Nunavut and one of Canada's only Inuit expedition leaders.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6402779817581177, 'sentence': \"\u201cWhen you're in the region, think about the culture itself.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.5328078269958496, 'sentence': \"Don't just concentrate on the impacts of another culture on it.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.669426441192627, 'sentence': 'Today, most visitors explore Devon Island and its Arctic neighbors via expedition cruise.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.5400812029838562, 'sentence': 'Companies like Adventure Canada and Lindblad Expeditions offer itineraries through the Northwest Passage, where travelers can engage in wildlife viewing, hiking, and exploring ancient Inuit settlements and relics from past expeditions.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.47103968262672424, 'sentence': \"Though, it's essential to understand the crux of expedition cruising.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.33371689915657043, 'sentence': 'Your itinerary will flex with the ice, just like every journey here has since that first Inuit explorer.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 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'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'At 74\u00ba latitude, Devon Island is nearly 5,000 miles north of Hawaii\u2014and more than five times the size. Remote, windswept, and harsh, the isle is classified as a polar desert, with barren mountains rising above frost-worn beaches, where seabirds fill the skies and the occasional muskox wanders along the shore. Lying along the storied Northwest Passage in Nunavut, Canada, Devon Island remains uninhabited.\\n\\nBut that\u2019s not to say humans haven\u2019t tried. People have failed to live on the Arctic isle for centuries, with the last settlement occurring in 1951. Ancient Inuit settlements sit alongside a military ghost town, relics of doomed expeditions, and even a NASA research station perched at the edge of a massive crater. Today, Devon Island showcases the long, long art of human survival to its few visitors.\\n\\n<b>Devon\u2019s forgotten stories<\/b>\\n\\nIf Devon Island sounds familiar, that\u2019s likely because of the Lost Franklin Expedition. In 1845, 129 men on the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror set out to map the fabled Northwest Passage for Great Britain\u2014never to return. Search parties began in 1848, and the first Franklin clue was found in 1850: a naturalist\u2019s rake discovered on Devon Island. Other finds included a piece of canvas marked \u201cTerror\u201d; 700 empty, lead-lined meat tins; and dozens more traces of the Franklin crew, from clothes to iron, rope, and pipes.\\n\\nIn 1852, Sir Edward Belcher led the last rescue attempt for the missing men. Staying on Devon Island, the team lined a small bay with survey and marker cairns\u2014an area now known as Port Refuge National Historic Site. Though Belcher\u2019s rescue mission was unsuccessful, one of his ships, the HMS Resolute, would find quite the legacy. Its timbers later helped build one of the world\u2019s most iconic pieces of furniture\u2014the Resolute Desk, still used by U.S. presidents today.\\n\\nOnce the Northwest Passage was successfully mapped some 70 years later, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) wanted to stake their flag on Devon Island. In 1924, three RCMP officers\u2014and 52 forcibly displaced Inuit\u2014were sent to rule over the high Arctic at Dundas Harbour, where the island\u2019s ragged cliffs and rocky beaches overlook Lancaster Sound. \u201cIt really was about asserting a presence\u2014they weren\u2019t necessarily policing,\u201d says Kaylee Baxter, an archaeologist with Adventure Canada. \u201cIt was more about boots on the ground, keeping other nations from claiming the Arctic as their own.\u201d\\n\\nWithin three years, two of the officers were dead: One had committed suicide, and the other had accidentally shot himself\u2014or so the story goes. As for the remaining officer and Inuit families, they soon abandoned their isolated home. The RCMP shut down the post in 1933, reopened it in 1945, and then shut it down for good in 1951.\\n\\nThe regularly maintained graves of the two officers remain, resting on a hill above the forlorn outpost, in the most northern cemetery in the world. The grave of an Inuit girl lies unceremoniously a few steps away. \u201cIt\u2019s a pretty accurate representation of colonization in the Arctic,\u201d says Baxter.\\n\\nCompared to Devon Island\u2019s first inhabitants, Canada\u2019s \u201cMounties\u201d and those wayward British explorers are modern visitors. A stone\u2019s throw from Belcher\u2019s cairns at Port Refuge National Historic Site, archaeologists have found artifacts up to 4,000 years old, offering evidence of ancestral Inuit contact with the medieval Norse colonies of Greenland. Asiatic artifacts have been found here, too, denoting far-reaching, northern trade routes spanning half the globe.\\n\\nAt Dundas Harbour, just steps from the RCMP post lies the rocky remains of a roughly 1,000-year-old ancestral Inuit \u201cneighborhood.\u201d The Morin Point Thule site holds clues to the first pioneers crossing the eastern Arctic\u2014and it\u2019s eroding away. \u201cIt\u2019s a great example of coastal erosion at archaeological sites,\u201d says Baxter, who is helping to record the site before it disappears. \u201cA great example in the worst way.\u201d\\n\\n<b>Simulating survival on Mars<\/b>\\n\\nNASA and the Mars Institute are the latest to take on Devon Island\u2019s challenges. With the island\u2019s extreme cold, limited communication systems, and lack of sunlight and vegetation, scientists are carrying out analog missions\u2014or practice runs\u2014simulating Mars exploration. The Haughton\u2013Mars Project allows astronauts to train in formidable conditions, test equipment to its limits, and research plant growth and long-duration spaceflight challenges.\\n\\nOf course, the island is deemed too harsh for a permanent research station. Modular summer tents are set up at the 14-mile-wide Haughton impact crater, one of the northernmost craters on the planet. But even NASA\u2019s best-equipped teams avoid the island\u2019s brutal winters.\\n\\n<b>Planning your own expedition<\/b>\\n\\nWhile Devon Island may be uninhabited, Nunavut\u2019s northern communities, like nearby Pond Inlet and Arctic Bay, are very much alive. \u201cThere\u2019s so much culture here,\u201d says Jason Edmunds, vice-chair of the board at Travel Nunavut and one of Canada\u2019s only Inuit expedition leaders. \u201cWhen you\u2019re in the region, think about the culture itself. Don\u2019t just concentrate on the impacts of another culture on it.\u201d\\n\\nToday, most visitors explore Devon Island and its Arctic neighbors via expedition cruise. Companies like Adventure Canada and Lindblad Expeditions offer itineraries through the Northwest Passage, where travelers can engage in wildlife viewing, hiking, and exploring ancient Inuit settlements and relics from past expeditions. Though, it\u2019s essential to understand the crux of expedition cruising. Your itinerary will flex with the ice, just like every journey here has since that first Inuit explorer.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8814672232,"RADAR":0.0124674328,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"This article contains a few \"darker\" references like suicide, lead-lined cans, and a piece of canvas marked \"terror\". This, combined with the use of \"says\" and a realistic number of experts leads me to believe that it's human-generated. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual signs of AI here.\nThe subtle play on words in \"It's a great example in the worst way\" seems human.\nAlso, the repetition of \"long, long\" for emphasis seems human."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: filler words like 'just'. Use of contractions. The first letter after a colon is capitalised. The headings are sentence case. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. The article contains a lot of facts and details, all neatly organized in a way that's descriptive and engaging. One of the best examples I saw was this section: \"The grave of an Inuit girl lies unceremoniously a few steps away. \u201cIt\u2019s a pretty accurate representation of colonization in the Arctic,\u201d says Baxter.\" it creates such a good connection of ideas. A stark, depressing idea, combined with the reason why that exists; it's a perfect transition, and it takes good thought and care to execute right. Also, to add another sentence, \"Your itinerary will flex with the ice, just like every journey here has since that first Inuit explorer.\" is well-put, as it outlines the entire article neatly and make it relevant to the reader. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Headings are meaningful introductions to the paragraphs they introduce.\nOne section is 3x longer than the other two.\nQuotes are credible: written in conversational English that people use every day.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"98":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":9,"title":"In Kenya, martial eagles hunt lion cubs for lunch","sub-title":"Martial eagles, with wingspans that can exceed six feet, can take out young impalas or gazelles. Recently, researchers have seen them targeting another species\u2019 young.","author":"Joshua Rapp Learn","source":"National Geographic","issue":-17954432,"section":"Animals","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/animals\/article\/martial-eagles-lion-cubs-prey-eat-hunt","article":"In December 2012, tour guides in Kenya\u2019s Maasai Mara National Reserve witnessed a series of killings targeting one of the savannah\u2019s top predators. An adult martial eagle followed a pride of lions for weeks, waiting for the right time to swoop in and kill three cubs in total.  \n \n\u201cThis is an eagle really looking at these lions and thinking, \u2018I\u2019m going to systematically hunt these lions,\u2019\u201d says R. Stratton Hatfield, a Ph.D. candidate at Wageningen University and Research in the Netherlands.\nWhile the supposed kings of the jungle may dominate the land around them, this incident and others like it show that African lions (Panthera leo) may not always sit on top of the food chain when it comes to the skies. In fact, martial eagles (Polemaetus bellicosus) likely prey on lion cubs when the opportunity arises, Hatfield and his colleagues recently reported in Ecology and Evolution. \n\n\u201cIt\u2019s really a testament to the predatory nature of martial eagles,\u201d Hatfield says. \n\n<b>Queen of the skies<\/b>\n\nMartial eagles\u2019 wingspans can exceed six feet. Adult females weigh more than 10 pounds, while adult males typically weigh around seven pounds. Though comparable in size and ecology to golden eagles, the species often kills larger prey. The birds swoop in and dig their razor-like talons into their prey\u2019s spine at the back of their skull, sometimes taking out young impalas or gazelles far above their weight class. \u201c[Their talons] are just massive killing utensils,\u201d Hatfield says. \u201cFrom a predator perspective, they are impressive in what they\u2019re able to do.\u201d \n\nHatfield\u2019s team only recently realized the birds also preyed on other predators. The team collected seven records, including the 2012 incident, that describe martial eagles preying on lion cubs, resulting in the deaths of nine cubs and one near miss. Most of these episodes probably involve larger females, Hatfield suspects, though two records included juveniles preying on cubs. \n\nThe earliest case comes from 2008, when a photographer captured an image of an eagle feeding on a freshly killed cub, while the most recent was in 2023, when a safari guide saw a juvenile eagle hunt and kill a cub large enough that the raptor couldn\u2019t fly off with it.\n\n<b>Risk versus reward<\/b>\n\nDespite their aerial antics, martial eagles are typically risk averse. \u201cWhen they go to take a lion cub, it\u2019s with a lot of recognition of the risks,\u201d Hatfield says. But not all records seem to show this careful calculation.\n\nIn the one failed killing, a martial eagle swoops in to snatch a six-week-old cub right next to its mother. The lioness spots the approaching danger, and \u201cliterally leaps in the air to try to take the martial out of the sky,\u201d Hatfield describes. \u201cYou can just see the lioness\u2019s eyes lock onto something, then she crouches and launches.\u201d\n\nThe eagle dodged the counterattack, and didn\u2019t get the cub, but the whole maneuver \u201cwas just stupid.\u201d Hatfield speculates that the raptor didn\u2019t see the lioness. Episodes like this are so dangerous for the eagle, \u201cyou wonder if they are doing something ever just for fun,\u201d he says.\n\nAmy Dickman, a conservation biologist at Oxford University in the U.K., isn\u2019t surprised that eagles will go after cubs again and again if the strategy proves successful. She also leads Lion Landscapes, a nonprofit focused on coexistence of humans and wildlife in Kenya and Tanzania, and says the conclusions of Hatfield\u2019s team \u201cseem sound.\u201d\n\nAs far as the lions are concerned, \u201cit\u2019s just another kind of risk that lions have to deal with,\u201d Dickman says, like predation from hyenas or male lions from competing prides. While she doesn\u2019t think the eagles pose a conservation threat to the big cats, an individual pride in a given area might feel pressure if a martial eagle has honed in on their cubs as a food source. \u201cIt shows you how interesting and diverse the natural world is,\u201d Dickman says.\n\n<b>Predators or prey?<\/b>\n\nMartial eagles aren\u2019t picky when it comes to big cats. Some have taken cheetah and leopard kittens, as well. Hatfield also notes the risk probably goes both ways\u2014lions could and probably have hunted adult eagles or nests. At least one YouTube video shows a leopard killing a martial eagle. \n\n\u201cThe relationships between top predators at the top of the [food] pyramid are complicated,\u201d Hatfield says.\nMartial eagles are considered endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and Hatfield hopes that studies like this bring more attention to their plight. Like other large raptors in Africa, the species faces habitat loss, poaching for parts, electrocution on power lines and persecution.\n\n\u201cWe are all so focused on the elephant and lion and rhino,\u201d Hatfield says. \u201cA lot of these big eagles and vultures are going to go extinct right in front of our eyes.\u201d","id":8,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'In December 2012, tour guides in Kenya\u2019s Maasai Mara National Reserve witnessed a series of killings targeting one of the savannah\u2019s top predators. An adult martial eagle followed a pride of lions for weeks, waiting for the right time to swoop in and kill three cubs in total.  \\n \\n\u201cThis is an eagle really looking at these lions and thinking, \u2018I\u2019m going to systematically hunt these lions,\u2019\u201d says R. Stratton Hatfield, a Ph.D. candidate at Wageningen University and Research in the Netherlands.\\nWhile the supposed kings of the jungle may dominate the land around them, this incident and others like it show that African lions (Panthera leo) may not always sit on top of the food chain when it comes to the skies. In fact, martial eagles (Polemaetus bellicosus) likely prey on lion cubs when the opportunity arises, Hatfield and his colleagues recently reported in Ecology and Evolution. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s really a testament to the predatory nature of martial eagles,\u201d Hatfield says. \\n\\n<b>Queen of the skies<\/b>\\n\\nMartial eagles\u2019 wingspans can exceed six feet. Adult females weigh more than 10 pounds, while adult males typically weigh around seven pounds. Though comparable in size and ecology to golden eagles, the species often kills larger prey. The birds swoop in and dig their razor-like talons into their prey\u2019s spine at the back of their skull, sometimes taking out young impalas or gazelles far above their weight class. \u201c[Their talons] are just massive killing utensils,\u201d Hatfield says. \u201cFrom a predator perspective, they are impressive in what they\u2019re able to do.\u201d \\n\\nHatfield\u2019s team only recently realized the birds also preyed on other predators. The team collected seven records, including the 2012 incident, that describe martial eagles preying on lion cubs, resulting in the deaths of nine cubs and one near miss. Most of these episodes probably involve larger females, Hatfield suspects, though two records included juveniles preying on cubs. \\n\\nThe earliest case comes from 2008, when a photographer captured an image of an eagle feeding on a freshly killed cub, while the most recent was in 2023, when a safari guide saw a juvenile eagle hunt and kill a cub large enough that the raptor couldn\u2019t fly off with it.\\n\\n<b>Risk versus reward<\/b>\\n\\nDespite their aerial antics, martial eagles are typically risk averse. \u201cWhen they go to take a lion cub, it\u2019s with a lot of recognition of the risks,\u201d Hatfield says. But not all records seem to show this careful calculation.\\n\\nIn the one failed killing, a martial eagle swoops in to snatch a six-week-old cub right next to its mother. The lioness spots the approaching danger, and \u201cliterally leaps in the air to try to take the martial out of the sky,\u201d Hatfield describes. \u201cYou can just see the lioness\u2019s eyes lock onto something, then she crouches and launches.\u201d\\n\\nThe eagle dodged the counterattack, and didn\u2019t get the cub, but the whole maneuver \u201cwas just stupid.\u201d Hatfield speculates that the raptor didn\u2019t see the lioness. Episodes like this are so dangerous for the eagle, \u201cyou wonder if they are doing something ever just for fun,\u201d he says.\\n\\nAmy Dickman, a conservation biologist at Oxford University in the U.K., isn\u2019t surprised that eagles will go after cubs again and again if the strategy proves successful. She also leads Lion Landscapes, a nonprofit focused on coexistence of humans and wildlife in Kenya and Tanzania, and says the conclusions of Hatfield\u2019s team \u201cseem sound.\u201d\\n\\nAs far as the lions are concerned, \u201cit\u2019s just another kind of risk that lions have to deal with,\u201d Dickman says, like predation from hyenas or male lions from competing prides. While she doesn\u2019t think the eagles pose a conservation threat to the big cats, an individual pride in a given area might feel pressure if a martial eagle has honed in on their cubs as a food source. \u201cIt shows you how interesting and diverse the natural world is,\u201d Dickman says.\\n\\n<b>Predators or prey?<\/b>\\n\\nMartial eagles aren\u2019t picky when it comes to big cats. Some have taken cheetah and leopard kittens, as well. Hatfield also notes the risk probably goes both ways\u2014lions could and probably have hunted adult eagles or nests. At least one YouTube video shows a leopard killing a martial eagle. \\n\\n\u201cThe relationships between top predators at the top of the [food] pyramid are complicated,\u201d Hatfield says.\\nMartial eagles are considered endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and Hatfield hopes that studies like this bring more attention to their plight. Like other large raptors in Africa, the species faces habitat loss, poaching for parts, electrocution on power lines and persecution.\\n\\n\u201cWe are all so focused on the elephant and lion and rhino,\u201d Hatfield says. \u201cA lot of these big eagles and vultures are going to go extinct right in front of our eyes.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0005125999450683594, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'In December 2012, tour guides in Kenya\u2019s Maasai Mara National Reserve witnessed a series of killings targeting one of the savannah\u2019s top predators. An adult martial eagle followed a pride of lions for weeks, waiting for the right time to swoop in and kill three cubs in total.  \\n \\n\u201cThis is an eagle really looking at these lions and thinking, \u2018I\u2019m going to systematically hunt these lions,\u2019\u201d says R. Stratton Hatfield, a Ph.D. candidate at Wageningen University and Research in the Netherlands.\\nWhile the supposed kings of the jungle may dominate the land around them, this incident and others like it show that African lions (Panthera leo) may not always sit on top of the food chain when it comes to the skies. In fact, martial eagles (Polemaetus bellicosus) likely prey on lion cubs when the opportunity arises, Hatfield and his colleagues recently reported in Ecology and Evolution. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s really a testament to the predatory nature of martial eagles,\u201d Hatfield says. \\n\\n<b>Queen of the skies<\/b>\\n\\nMartial eagles\u2019 wingspans can exceed six feet. Adult females weigh more than 10 pounds, while adult males typically weigh around seven pounds. Though comparable in size and ecology to golden eagles, the species often kills larger prey. The birds swoop in and dig their razor-like talons into their prey\u2019s spine at the back of their skull, sometimes taking out young impalas or gazelles far above their weight class. \u201c[Their talons] are just massive killing utensils,\u201d Hatfield says. \u201cFrom a predator perspective, they are impressive in what they\u2019re able to do.\u201d \\n\\nHatfield\u2019s team only recently realized the birds also preyed on other predators. The team collected seven records, including the 2012 incident, that describe martial eagles preying on lion cubs, resulting in the deaths of nine cubs and one near miss. Most of these episodes probably involve larger females, Hatfield suspects, though two records included juveniles preying on cubs. \\n\\nThe earliest case comes from 2008, when a photographer captured an image of an eagle feeding on a freshly killed cub, while the most recent was in 2023, when a safari guide saw a juvenile eagle hunt and kill a cub large enough that the raptor couldn\u2019t fly off with it.\\n\\n<b>Risk versus reward<\/b>\\n\\nDespite their aerial antics, martial eagles are typically risk averse. \u201cWhen they go to take a lion cub, it\u2019s with a lot of recognition of the risks,\u201d Hatfield says. But not all records seem to show this careful calculation.\\n\\nIn the one failed killing, a martial eagle swoops in to snatch a six-week-old cub right next to its mother. The lioness spots the approaching danger, and \u201cliterally leaps in the air to try to take the martial out of the sky,\u201d Hatfield describes. \u201cYou can just see the lioness\u2019s eyes lock onto something, then she crouches and launches.\u201d\\n\\nThe eagle dodged the counterattack, and didn\u2019t get the cub, but the whole maneuver \u201cwas just stupid.\u201d Hatfield speculates that the raptor didn\u2019t see the lioness. Episodes like this are so dangerous for the eagle, \u201cyou wonder if they are doing something ever just for fun,\u201d he says.\\n\\nAmy Dickman, a conservation biologist at Oxford University in the U.K., isn\u2019t surprised that eagles will go after cubs again and again if the strategy proves successful. She also leads Lion Landscapes, a nonprofit focused on coexistence of humans and wildlife in Kenya and Tanzania, and says the conclusions of Hatfield\u2019s team \u201cseem sound.\u201d\\n\\nAs far as the lions are concerned, \u201cit\u2019s just another kind of risk that lions have to deal with,\u201d Dickman says, like predation from hyenas or male lions from competing prides. While she doesn\u2019t think the eagles pose a conservation threat to the big cats, an individual pride in a given area might feel pressure if a martial eagle has honed in on their cubs as a food source. \u201cIt shows you how interesting and diverse the natural world is,\u201d Dickman says.\\n\\n<b>Predators or prey?<\/b>\\n\\nMartial eagles aren\u2019t picky when it comes to big cats. Some have taken cheetah and leopard kittens, as well. Hatfield also notes the risk probably goes both ways\u2014lions could and probably have hunted adult eagles or nests. At least one YouTube video shows a leopard killing a martial eagle. \\n\\n\u201cThe relationships between top predators at the top of the [food] pyramid are complicated,\u201d Hatfield says.\\nMartial eagles are considered endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and Hatfield hopes that studies like this bring more attention to their plight. Like other large raptors in Africa, the species faces habitat loss, poaching for parts, electrocution on power lines and persecution.\\n\\n\u201cWe are all so focused on the elephant and lion and rhino,\u201d Hatfield says. \u201cA lot of these big eagles and vultures are going to go extinct right in front of our eyes.\u201d', 'ai_likelihood': 3.516674041748047e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'acdc0820-1f65-4955-9c6b-2c51cc3518aa', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 2.611641502880957e-05, 'sentence': \"In December 2012, tour guides in Kenya's Maasai Mara National Reserve witnessed a series of killings targeting one of the savannah's top predators.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.998052903218195e-05, 'sentence': 'An adult martial eagle followed a pride of lions for weeks, waiting for the right time to swoop in and kill three cubs in total.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.0369079720694572e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cThis is an eagle really looking at these lions and thinking, 'I'm going to systematically hunt these lions,'\u201d says R. Stratton Hatfield, a Ph.D. candidate at Wageningen University and Research in the Netherlands.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.9990366126876324e-05, 'sentence': 'While the supposed kings of the jungle may dominate the land around them, this incident and others like it show that African lions (Panthera leo) may not always sit on top of the food chain when it comes to the skies.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.224212948931381e-05, 'sentence': 'In fact, martial eagles (Polemaetus bellicosus) likely prey on lion cubs when the opportunity arises, Hatfield and his colleagues recently reported in Ecology and Evolution.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.5753188310773112e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's really a testament to the predatory nature of martial eagles,\u201d Hatfield says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.766108991636429e-05, 'sentence': '<b>Queen of the skies<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.049426570418291e-05, 'sentence': \"Martial eagles' wingspans can exceed six feet.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.2108291634358466e-05, 'sentence': 'Adult females weigh more than 10 pounds, while adult males typically weigh around seven pounds.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.422564623178914e-05, 'sentence': 'Though comparable in size and ecology to golden eagles, the species often kills larger prey.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.3028805773938075e-05, 'sentence': \"The birds swoop in and dig their razor-like talons into their prey's spine at the back of their skull, sometimes taking out young impalas or gazelles far above their weight class.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.9804848963976838e-05, 'sentence': '\u201c[Their talons] are just massive killing utensils,\u201d Hatfield says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.1560837922152132e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cFrom a predator perspective, they are impressive in what they're able to do.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.236304499092512e-05, 'sentence': \"Hatfield's team only recently realized the birds also preyed on other predators.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.09449858218431473, 'sentence': 'The team collected seven records, including the 2012 incident, that describe martial eagles preying on lion cubs, resulting in the deaths of nine cubs and one near miss.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.11955032497644424, 'sentence': 'Most of these episodes probably involve larger females, Hatfield suspects, though two records included juveniles preying on cubs.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0897490382194519, 'sentence': \"The earliest case comes from 2008, when a photographer captured an image of an eagle feeding on a freshly killed cub, while the most recent was in 2023, when a safari guide saw a juvenile eagle hunt and kill a cub large enough that the raptor couldn't fly off with it.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.1843818724155426, 'sentence': '<b>Risk versus reward<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.15345540642738342, 'sentence': 'Despite their aerial antics, martial eagles are typically risk averse.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.14544110000133514, 'sentence': \"\u201cWhen they go to take a lion cub, it's with a lot of recognition of the risks,\u201d Hatfield says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 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cub, but the whole maneuver \u201cwas just stupid.\u201d Hatfield speculates that the raptor didn't see the lioness.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.08110973984003067, 'sentence': 'Episodes like this are so dangerous for the eagle, \u201cyou wonder if they are doing something ever just for fun,\u201d he says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.12688444554805756, 'sentence': \"Amy Dickman, a conservation biologist at Oxford University in the U.K., isn't surprised that eagles will go after cubs again and again if the strategy proves successful.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015093735419213772, 'sentence': \"She also leads Lion Landscapes, a nonprofit focused on coexistence of humans and wildlife in Kenya and Tanzania, and says the conclusions of Hatfield's team \u201cseem sound.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019088653789367527, 'sentence': \"As far as the lions are concerned, \u201cit's just another kind of risk that lions have to deal with,\u201d Dickman says, like predation from hyenas or male lions from competing prides.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00020001200027763844, 'sentence': \"While she doesn't think the eagles pose a conservation threat to the big cats, an individual pride in a given area might feel pressure if a martial eagle has honed in on their cubs as a food source.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002599384752102196, 'sentence': '\u201cIt shows you how interesting and diverse the natural world is,\u201d Dickman says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003597205213736743, 'sentence': '<b>Predators or prey?<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003977640881203115, 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'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9333949326468816, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.06631762963797466, 'human': 0.9333949326468816, 'mixed': 0.0002874377151437875}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'In December 2012, tour guides in Kenya\u2019s Maasai Mara National Reserve witnessed a series of killings targeting one of the savannah\u2019s top predators. An adult martial eagle followed a pride of lions for weeks, waiting for the right time to swoop in and kill three cubs in total.  \\n \\n\u201cThis is an eagle really looking at these lions and thinking, \u2018I\u2019m going to systematically hunt these lions,\u2019\u201d says R. Stratton Hatfield, a Ph.D. candidate at Wageningen University and Research in the Netherlands.\\nWhile the supposed kings of the jungle may dominate the land around them, this incident and others like it show that African lions (Panthera leo) may not always sit on top of the food chain when it comes to the skies. In fact, martial eagles (Polemaetus bellicosus) likely prey on lion cubs when the opportunity arises, Hatfield and his colleagues recently reported in Ecology and Evolution. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s really a testament to the predatory nature of martial eagles,\u201d Hatfield says. \\n\\n<b>Queen of the skies<\/b>\\n\\nMartial eagles\u2019 wingspans can exceed six feet. Adult females weigh more than 10 pounds, while adult males typically weigh around seven pounds. Though comparable in size and ecology to golden eagles, the species often kills larger prey. The birds swoop in and dig their razor-like talons into their prey\u2019s spine at the back of their skull, sometimes taking out young impalas or gazelles far above their weight class. \u201c[Their talons] are just massive killing utensils,\u201d Hatfield says. \u201cFrom a predator perspective, they are impressive in what they\u2019re able to do.\u201d \\n\\nHatfield\u2019s team only recently realized the birds also preyed on other predators. The team collected seven records, including the 2012 incident, that describe martial eagles preying on lion cubs, resulting in the deaths of nine cubs and one near miss. Most of these episodes probably involve larger females, Hatfield suspects, though two records included juveniles preying on cubs. \\n\\nThe earliest case comes from 2008, when a photographer captured an image of an eagle feeding on a freshly killed cub, while the most recent was in 2023, when a safari guide saw a juvenile eagle hunt and kill a cub large enough that the raptor couldn\u2019t fly off with it.\\n\\n<b>Risk versus reward<\/b>\\n\\nDespite their aerial antics, martial eagles are typically risk averse. \u201cWhen they go to take a lion cub, it\u2019s with a lot of recognition of the risks,\u201d Hatfield says. But not all records seem to show this careful calculation.\\n\\nIn the one failed killing, a martial eagle swoops in to snatch a six-week-old cub right next to its mother. The lioness spots the approaching danger, and \u201cliterally leaps in the air to try to take the martial out of the sky,\u201d Hatfield describes. \u201cYou can just see the lioness\u2019s eyes lock onto something, then she crouches and launches.\u201d\\n\\nThe eagle dodged the counterattack, and didn\u2019t get the cub, but the whole maneuver \u201cwas just stupid.\u201d Hatfield speculates that the raptor didn\u2019t see the lioness. Episodes like this are so dangerous for the eagle, \u201cyou wonder if they are doing something ever just for fun,\u201d he says.\\n\\nAmy Dickman, a conservation biologist at Oxford University in the U.K., isn\u2019t surprised that eagles will go after cubs again and again if the strategy proves successful. She also leads Lion Landscapes, a nonprofit focused on coexistence of humans and wildlife in Kenya and Tanzania, and says the conclusions of Hatfield\u2019s team \u201cseem sound.\u201d\\n\\nAs far as the lions are concerned, \u201cit\u2019s just another kind of risk that lions have to deal with,\u201d Dickman says, like predation from hyenas or male lions from competing prides. While she doesn\u2019t think the eagles pose a conservation threat to the big cats, an individual pride in a given area might feel pressure if a martial eagle has honed in on their cubs as a food source. \u201cIt shows you how interesting and diverse the natural world is,\u201d Dickman says.\\n\\n<b>Predators or prey?<\/b>\\n\\nMartial eagles aren\u2019t picky when it comes to big cats. Some have taken cheetah and leopard kittens, as well. Hatfield also notes the risk probably goes both ways\u2014lions could and probably have hunted adult eagles or nests. At least one YouTube video shows a leopard killing a martial eagle. \\n\\n\u201cThe relationships between top predators at the top of the [food] pyramid are complicated,\u201d Hatfield says.\\nMartial eagles are considered endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and Hatfield hopes that studies like this bring more attention to their plight. Like other large raptors in Africa, the species faces habitat loss, poaching for parts, electrocution on power lines and persecution.\\n\\n\u201cWe are all so focused on the elephant and lion and rhino,\u201d Hatfield says. \u201cA lot of these big eagles and vultures are going to go extinct right in front of our eyes.\u201d'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7838017344,"RADAR":0.0165296644,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"This article had quite a generic AI introduction and also a few phrases like \"a testament to\" that seemed AI-generated. Ultimately I mainly decided to go with human-generated largely because of the quotation style with clarifications in square brackets which I've never seen in machine-generated text. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I see no signs of AI here.\nThe highlighted sentence with \"something ever\" has strange word order that I don't think AI would use, therefore, I\"ve concluded this is human-generated."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: sentence case headings; ends with a quote; varied paragraph length; choppy sentences. Predator or prey. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I'm pretty confident this is human-written. Mostly because I see a lot of modal phrases (I just learned what this is and am now finally able to describe it better) in its sentences among others, such as with \"may not always sit on top of the food chain\", \"only recently realized\" and \"it\u2019s just another kind of risk that lions have to deal with\". Alongside that, the article presents its information with control, as it first introduces the topic, goes into visual details about a few specific events like with \"literally leaps in the air to try to take the martial out of the sky,\", connects it to statistics and observations, and then provides context for why these birds may be doing this. It doesn't try to control it with sentiments or structured jargon, so to me it's human writing. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Sources are paraphrased and quotes are integrated in the narrative without interrupting the flow. \nUse of square brackets where author changed the original text."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"99":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":10,"title":"AI is helping seismologists find the next monster earthquake","sub-title":"Some earthquakes are imperceptibly quiet. We may not feel them, but machines might detect them\u2014and they can point scientists to a potential \"Big One\".","author":"Robin George Andrews","source":"National Geographic","issue":-17954420,"section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/science\/article\/ai-predict-earthquakes-seismology","article":"Beneath California lies a labyrinth of faults\u2014places where large chunks of rock slide past, over, under, or into one another. They move at the rate a fingernail grows until, eventually, they violently jolt and the ground shudders. Inevitably, destructive earthquakes will rock the state. Nothing can be done to prevent them from striking. But understanding where they are likely to happen, and what sort of power they can unleash, means communities can prepare. \n\nIn other words, the best way to mitigate these future disasters is to draw maps of the underworld, charting every fault and monitoring its behavior. \n\nTo create those maps, researchers deploy seismometers on the surface\u2014little machines that sense and chronicle all sorts of vibrations, including earthquakes. Seismic waves are a bit like music. Identify their notes and rhythm changes, and scientists can work out what subterranean instruments created them, where they lie, and how they behave upon rupture. \n\nThis work, historically, has been painstaking, often slow, and sometimes imprecise. When Zachary Ross, an assistant geophysics professor at Caltech, started in the field in the early 2010s, he sought a new way forward. Traditional methods of quake-hunting science \u201cjust sucked, quite honestly,\u201d he says. Even the best computer programs at the time missed certain earthquakes. There had to be a better way. \n\n\u201cWe had massive amounts of data available,\u201d says Ross. He explains that because California is so geologically active and so thoroughly covered in seismometers, there were more data than human experts alone could reasonably handle. Plus, most fault slips create tiny, imperceptible quakes. These emanate seismic waves so minuscule that even the most highly skilled seismologist can have difficulty spotting them in seismic data, especially when they resemble noise from human sources, like traffic. \n\nIn 2017 Ross had an epiphany. He saw machine learning programs handle huge sets of photos\u2014identifying and categorizing elements within them, and with accuracy and speed that humans couldn\u2019t match. So, he thought, why not apply a similar approach to seismology? \n\nRoss\u2019s first target: those copious tiny quakes. They might be harmless, but that doesn\u2019t make them unimportant\u2014their waves can illuminate each fault they pass through, including the more precarious, stress-loaded ones that may one day snap and trigger a disaster. \n\nRoss and his colleagues took seismic waveforms from across Southern California that human scientists had identified as genuine quakes. Then he made templates of them, snapshots of each earthquake\u2019s seismic wave pattern. Finally, he set an algorithm upon the seismic record, one searching for elusive quakes that matched those templates, those snapshots. \n\nThe algorithm quickly identified nearly two million previously hidden tiny quakes from 2008 to 2017\u2014which, in turn, illuminated an intricate network of faults and fault features that prior quake searches were unable to see. \n\nThe results, published in 2019, \u201cwere so good that you had to even question if what you were seeing was really legitimate,\u201d says Ross. \u201cIt\u2019s such a cool paper,\u201d agrees Marine Denolle, a geophysicist at the University of Washington who also uses machine learning in her research. \u201cThe body of work there is phenomenal.\u201d \n\nThere was a drawback, however. This program, a sort of precursor to true AI software, could only find earthquakes in the seismic record that it was taught to recognize. Novel seismic events went unnoticed. \n\nSo Ross turned to more advanced tools: self-learning programs, software that could take preexisting information and make predictions about the future\u2014in this case, what a vastly wider variety of earthquakes might sound like. Very quickly, these programs found all sorts of unfamiliar-sounding quakes\u2014later verified by human scientists. \u201cYou just see so many things that were completely missed,\u201d Ross says. \n\nThese machine learning programs are still evolving and have gone beyond identifying quiet quakes and hidden faults. They have been deployed all over California, where they have identified a new class of prolonged, slowly migrating earthquake swarms. In Hawaii they found a never before seen network of pulsing and migrating molten rock underneath two active volcanoes that traditional methods of seismic analysis were unable to identify. \n\n\u201cThis is just light-years beyond what we could have done a few years ago,\u201d Ross says. \u201cIt\u2019s at superhuman levels now.\u201d \n\nToday many in the seismological community receive Ross\u2019s work with cautious optimism. \u201cI think it can really catapult the field of seismology forward,\u201d says Wendy Bohon, a seismic hazards and earthquake scientist. AI multiplies and accelerates the capabilities of a single scientist. It can process many seismic records simultaneously, rendering them with great precision and in three dimensions faster than any human could in the same amount of time. \n\nThere is some concern that geoscientists who have not studied machine learning will have some catching up to do. \u201cHow can we train the broader seismology community to understand and know what goes on under the hood, so we can evaluate these products appropriately?\u201d asks Bohon. \n\nAs these machine learning programs work with increasing precision, they may bring much of the planet\u2019s shallow subsurface into focus. Eventually, they may also be used to boost the speed and accuracy of earthquake early-warning systems\u2014largely autonomous programs that forecast threats to life and property in the moments after an earthquake starts and send people emergency text messages before seismic waves reach them. They\u2019ll join a growing suite of AI tools used to mitigate disasters. In earthquake-prone Tokyo, for example, AI software will scan images from cameras perched at high points throughout the city to recognize fires and building collapses and alert authorities the moment they happen. Such programs can save precious time needed for search and rescue. \n\nBut for all their promise, AI programs won\u2019t replace human scientists. \u201cThey\u2019re just tools,\u201d Ross says\u2014ones that in time, he suspects, will become as ordinary as seismometers themselve","id":9,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Beneath California lies a labyrinth of faults\u2014places where large chunks of rock slide past, over, under, or into one another. They move at the rate a fingernail grows until, eventually, they violently jolt and the ground shudders. Inevitably, destructive earthquakes will rock the state. Nothing can be done to prevent them from striking. 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Even the best computer programs at the time missed certain earthquakes. There had to be a better way. \\n\\n\u201cWe had massive amounts of data available,\u201d says Ross. He explains that because California is so geologically active and so thoroughly covered in seismometers, there were more data than human experts alone could reasonably handle. Plus, most fault slips create tiny, imperceptible quakes. These emanate seismic waves so minuscule that even the most highly skilled seismologist can have difficulty spotting them in seismic data, especially when they resemble noise from human sources, like traffic. \\n\\nIn 2017 Ross had an epiphany. He saw machine learning programs handle huge sets of photos\u2014identifying and categorizing elements within them, and with accuracy and speed that humans couldn\u2019t match. So, he thought, why not apply a similar approach to seismology? \\n\\nRoss\u2019s first target: those copious tiny quakes. They might be harmless, but that doesn\u2019t make them unimportant\u2014their waves can illuminate each fault they pass through, including the more precarious, stress-loaded ones that may one day snap and trigger a disaster. \\n\\nRoss and his colleagues took seismic waveforms from across Southern California that human scientists had identified as genuine quakes. Then he made templates of them, snapshots of each earthquake\u2019s seismic wave pattern. Finally, he set an algorithm upon the seismic record, one searching for elusive quakes that matched those templates, those snapshots. \\n\\nThe algorithm quickly identified nearly two million previously hidden tiny quakes from 2008 to 2017\u2014which, in turn, illuminated an intricate network of faults and fault features that prior quake searches were unable to see. \\n\\nThe results, published in 2019, \u201cwere so good that you had to even question if what you were seeing was really legitimate,\u201d says Ross. \u201cIt\u2019s such a cool paper,\u201d agrees Marine Denolle, a geophysicist at the University of Washington who also uses machine learning in her research. \u201cThe body of work there is phenomenal.\u201d \\n\\nThere was a drawback, however. This program, a sort of precursor to true AI software, could only find earthquakes in the seismic record that it was taught to recognize. 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Inevitably, destructive earthquakes will rock the state. Nothing can be done to prevent them from striking. But understanding where they are likely to happen, and what sort of power they can unleash, means communities can prepare. \\n\\nIn other words, the best way to mitigate these future disasters is to draw maps of the underworld, charting every fault and monitoring its behavior. \\n\\nTo create those maps, researchers deploy seismometers on the surface\u2014little machines that sense and chronicle all sorts of vibrations, including earthquakes. Seismic waves are a bit like music. Identify their notes and rhythm changes, and scientists can work out what subterranean instruments created them, where they lie, and how they behave upon rupture. \\n\\nThis work, historically, has been painstaking, often slow, and sometimes imprecise. When Zachary Ross, an assistant geophysics professor at Caltech, started in the field in the early 2010s, he sought a new way forward. Traditional methods of quake-hunting science \u201cjust sucked, quite honestly,\u201d he says. Even the best computer programs at the time missed certain earthquakes. There had to be a better way. \\n\\n\u201cWe had massive amounts of data available,\u201d says Ross. He explains that because California is so geologically active and so thoroughly covered in seismometers, there were more data than human experts alone could reasonably handle. Plus, most fault slips create tiny, imperceptible quakes. These emanate seismic waves so minuscule that even the most highly skilled seismologist can have difficulty spotting them in seismic data, especially when they resemble noise from human sources, like traffic. \\n\\nIn 2017 Ross had an epiphany. He saw machine learning programs handle huge sets of photos\u2014identifying and categorizing elements within them, and with accuracy and speed that humans couldn\u2019t match. So, he thought, why not apply a similar approach to seismology? \\n\\nRoss\u2019s first target: those copious tiny quakes. They might be harmless, but that doesn\u2019t make them unimportant\u2014their waves can illuminate each fault they pass through, including the more precarious, stress-loaded ones that may one day snap and trigger a disaster. \\n\\nRoss and his colleagues took seismic waveforms from across Southern California that human scientists had identified as genuine quakes. Then he made templates of them, snapshots of each earthquake\u2019s seismic wave pattern. 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'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.992520907244902, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.007193352923999878, 'human': 0.992520907244902, 'mixed': 0.000285739831098058}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Beneath California lies a labyrinth of faults\u2014places where large chunks of rock slide past, over, under, or into one another. They move at the rate a fingernail grows until, eventually, they violently jolt and the ground shudders. Inevitably, destructive earthquakes will rock the state. Nothing can be done to prevent them from striking. But understanding where they are likely to happen, and what sort of power they can unleash, means communities can prepare. \\n\\nIn other words, the best way to mitigate these future disasters is to draw maps of the underworld, charting every fault and monitoring its behavior. \\n\\nTo create those maps, researchers deploy seismometers on the surface\u2014little machines that sense and chronicle all sorts of vibrations, including earthquakes. Seismic waves are a bit like music. Identify their notes and rhythm changes, and scientists can work out what subterranean instruments created them, where they lie, and how they behave upon rupture. \\n\\nThis work, historically, has been painstaking, often slow, and sometimes imprecise. When Zachary Ross, an assistant geophysics professor at Caltech, started in the field in the early 2010s, he sought a new way forward. Traditional methods of quake-hunting science \u201cjust sucked, quite honestly,\u201d he says. Even the best computer programs at the time missed certain earthquakes. There had to be a better way. \\n\\n\u201cWe had massive amounts of data available,\u201d says Ross. He explains that because California is so geologically active and so thoroughly covered in seismometers, there were more data than human experts alone could reasonably handle. Plus, most fault slips create tiny, imperceptible quakes. These emanate seismic waves so minuscule that even the most highly skilled seismologist can have difficulty spotting them in seismic data, especially when they resemble noise from human sources, like traffic. \\n\\nIn 2017 Ross had an epiphany. He saw machine learning programs handle huge sets of photos\u2014identifying and categorizing elements within them, and with accuracy and speed that humans couldn\u2019t match. So, he thought, why not apply a similar approach to seismology? \\n\\nRoss\u2019s first target: those copious tiny quakes. They might be harmless, but that doesn\u2019t make them unimportant\u2014their waves can illuminate each fault they pass through, including the more precarious, stress-loaded ones that may one day snap and trigger a disaster. \\n\\nRoss and his colleagues took seismic waveforms from across Southern California that human scientists had identified as genuine quakes. Then he made templates of them, snapshots of each earthquake\u2019s seismic wave pattern. Finally, he set an algorithm upon the seismic record, one searching for elusive quakes that matched those templates, those snapshots. \\n\\nThe algorithm quickly identified nearly two million previously hidden tiny quakes from 2008 to 2017\u2014which, in turn, illuminated an intricate network of faults and fault features that prior quake searches were unable to see. \\n\\nThe results, published in 2019, \u201cwere so good that you had to even question if what you were seeing was really legitimate,\u201d says Ross. \u201cIt\u2019s such a cool paper,\u201d agrees Marine Denolle, a geophysicist at the University of Washington who also uses machine learning in her research. \u201cThe body of work there is phenomenal.\u201d \\n\\nThere was a drawback, however. This program, a sort of precursor to true AI software, could only find earthquakes in the seismic record that it was taught to recognize. Novel seismic events went unnoticed. \\n\\nSo Ross turned to more advanced tools: self-learning programs, software that could take preexisting information and make predictions about the future\u2014in this case, what a vastly wider variety of earthquakes might sound like. Very quickly, these programs found all sorts of unfamiliar-sounding quakes\u2014later verified by human scientists. \u201cYou just see so many things that were completely missed,\u201d Ross says. \\n\\nThese machine learning programs are still evolving and have gone beyond identifying quiet quakes and hidden faults. They have been deployed all over California, where they have identified a new class of prolonged, slowly migrating earthquake swarms. In Hawaii they found a never before seen network of pulsing and migrating molten rock underneath two active volcanoes that traditional methods of seismic analysis were unable to identify. \\n\\n\u201cThis is just light-years beyond what we could have done a few years ago,\u201d Ross says. \u201cIt\u2019s at superhuman levels now.\u201d \\n\\nToday many in the seismological community receive Ross\u2019s work with cautious optimism. \u201cI think it can really catapult the field of seismology forward,\u201d says Wendy Bohon, a seismic hazards and earthquake scientist. AI multiplies and accelerates the capabilities of a single scientist. It can process many seismic records simultaneously, rendering them with great precision and in three dimensions faster than any human could in the same amount of time. \\n\\nThere is some concern that geoscientists who have not studied machine learning will have some catching up to do. \u201cHow can we train the broader seismology community to understand and know what goes on under the hood, so we can evaluate these products appropriately?\u201d asks Bohon. \\n\\nAs these machine learning programs work with increasing precision, they may bring much of the planet\u2019s shallow subsurface into focus. Eventually, they may also be used to boost the speed and accuracy of earthquake early-warning systems\u2014largely autonomous programs that forecast threats to life and property in the moments after an earthquake starts and send people emergency text messages before seismic waves reach them. They\u2019ll join a growing suite of AI tools used to mitigate disasters. In earthquake-prone Tokyo, for example, AI software will scan images from cameras perched at high points throughout the city to recognize fires and building collapses and alert authorities the moment they happen. Such programs can save precious time needed for search and rescue. \\n\\nBut for all their promise, AI programs won\u2019t replace human scientists. \u201cThey\u2019re just tools,\u201d Ross says\u2014ones that in time, he suspects, will become as ordinary as seismometers themselve'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2875000238,"RADAR":0.0091581205,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"This one was difficult. It had markers for both sides and it felt like a coin flip to me. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"I see no signs of AI\nThere are a few phrases with a distinctly human sound such as \"maps of the underworld\" and \"just sucked\"."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: It's got no Oxford comma. It includes filler words like 'just', 'very' and 'really'. colloquial language like 'sucked'. Missing punctuation. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am very confident this is human-written. This article is a great example of where comparison statements should be made; for instance, if there's a transition being made, such as with \"As these machine learning programs work with increasing precision\" then the next part of the sentence should be relevant and easy to understand so that you don't mislead the reader, as with \"they may bring much of the planet\u2019s shallow subsurface into focus.\" To me, there's a lot of examples of this in the article, and there's some good creative writing with good words like \"o draw maps of the underworld, charting every fault and monitoring its behavior.\" and \"Ross\u2019s first target: those copious tiny quakes.\" as they're descriptive. active and visually engaging. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Sentences with fewer than 10 words. No stylistic words unrelated to text content. Diverse sentence and paragraph lengths. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"100":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":11,"title":"What\u2019s in the world\u2019s oldest cheese? These mummies are giving up their secrets ","sub-title":"The Tarim Basin mummies were discovered wearing tiny hunks of cheese around their necks\u2014and a new DNA analysis is revealing its origins. ","author":"Carolyn Wilke","source":"National Geographic","issue":-17954440,"section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/science\/article\/tarim-basin-mummy-cheese-microbe-kefir","article":"For millennia, the Taklamakan Desert environment preserved more than the bodies of those buried in China\u2019s Tarim Basin. Scattered around the necks of some laid to rest in Xiaohe, a Bronze Age cemetery, archaeologists found pebble-sized hunks of a yellowish substance: the world\u2019s oldest cheese. A new analysis of the ancient dairy\u2019s DNA hints at how it was made and how its production spread, researchers report today in Cell.\n\nIn a previous study, researchers took tiny samples of the 3,500-year-old cheese that bedecked the mummies\u2019 necks. An analysis of proteins in those bits revealed the presence of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, a microbe used to produce a type of fermented cheese called kefir. That was \u201creally amazing,\u201d says Qiaomei Fu, a paleogeneticist at Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Having worked with ancient human DNA, she wanted to study the fermenting microbe\u2019s DNA.\n\nBut \u201cto extract genomes from these ancient samples is not trivial,\u201d Fu says. The tiny amount of DNA left in the ancient cheese has degraded into tiny fragments over time and mixed with genetic information from the environment. In 2014, Fu began designing special molecules that could efficiently capture the microbe\u2019s ancient DNA from the cheese. After years of work, the team has compiled a genome for the ancient organism that is 92 percent complete.\n\nFrom this microbe\u2019s DNA, the team could explore the history of the cheese\u2019s production. Kefir begins with a culture, a slurry created by inoculating milk with an existing bit of kefir\u2014just like how a lump of yogurt can be used to make new yogurt. As the cheese spread from place to place, so did the cultures used to make it.  To retrace the probiotic microbe\u2019s journey, the researchers compared the DNA of the L. kefiranofaciens found in the mummies\u2019 cheese with that of others in the family tree. Two separate branches emerged. One included strains from Europe and the Pacific Islands, while the cemetery kefir strains were related to those from Tibet and some from East Asia.\n\nResearchers have previously proposed that kefir spread from the Northern Caucasus in modern Russia to other parts of Europe and beyond. But the microbe in the cemetery cheese evolved relatively early, suggesting another route from near Xiaohe, which is in Xinjiang, China, to East Asian locales, such as Tibet. During the Bronze Age, people from Xinjiang may have immigrated to Tibet, but more archaeological evidence is needed, says study coauthor Yimin Yang, a molecular archaeologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.\n\nThe milk also pointed to the mingling of ancient peoples. Two samples contained DNA from cows, while another had only had genetic material from goats. The goat DNA was similar to that of other ancient Central Asian samples, suggesting it may have been part of a group of domesticated goats that became widely distributed, Fu says. She and her colleagues previously found signs for the mixing of those in Xinjiang with other Bronze Age populations.\n\nAlong with people on the move, kefir may have spread in part because its fermentation decreases the dairy\u2019s lactose, making it easier to consume for lactose-intolerant Bronze Age populations, including those of Xiaohe. L. kefiranofaciens isn\u2019t the only microbe found in the Tarim mummy cheese, and the team may find further clues to past human activities from other bacteria and yeast in the mix. That, along with intel from other samples such as hardened dental plaque and fossilized poop, could reveal more about the interactions between Bronze Age populations.","id":10,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'For millennia, the Taklamakan Desert environment preserved more than the bodies of those buried in China\u2019s Tarim Basin. Scattered around the necks of some laid to rest in Xiaohe, a Bronze Age cemetery, archaeologists found pebble-sized hunks of a yellowish substance: the world\u2019s oldest cheese. A new analysis of the ancient dairy\u2019s DNA hints at how it was made and how its production spread, researchers report today in Cell.\\n\\nIn a previous study, researchers took tiny samples of the 3,500-year-old cheese that bedecked the mummies\u2019 necks. An analysis of proteins in those bits revealed the presence of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, a microbe used to produce a type of fermented cheese called kefir. That was \u201creally amazing,\u201d says Qiaomei Fu, a paleogeneticist at Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Having worked with ancient human DNA, she wanted to study the fermenting microbe\u2019s DNA.\\n\\nBut \u201cto extract genomes from these ancient samples is not trivial,\u201d Fu says. The tiny amount of DNA left in the ancient cheese has degraded into tiny fragments over time and mixed with genetic information from the environment. In 2014, Fu began designing special molecules that could efficiently capture the microbe\u2019s ancient DNA from the cheese. After years of work, the team has compiled a genome for the ancient organism that is 92 percent complete.\\n\\nFrom this microbe\u2019s DNA, the team could explore the history of the cheese\u2019s production. Kefir begins with a culture, a slurry created by inoculating milk with an existing bit of kefir\u2014just like how a lump of yogurt can be used to make new yogurt. As the cheese spread from place to place, so did the cultures used to make it.  To retrace the probiotic microbe\u2019s journey, the researchers compared the DNA of the L. kefiranofaciens found in the mummies\u2019 cheese with that of others in the family tree. Two separate branches emerged. One included strains from Europe and the Pacific Islands, while the cemetery kefir strains were related to those from Tibet and some from East Asia.\\n\\nResearchers have previously proposed that kefir spread from the Northern Caucasus in modern Russia to other parts of Europe and beyond. But the microbe in the cemetery cheese evolved relatively early, suggesting another route from near Xiaohe, which is in Xinjiang, China, to East Asian locales, such as Tibet. During the Bronze Age, people from Xinjiang may have immigrated to Tibet, but more archaeological evidence is needed, says study coauthor Yimin Yang, a molecular archaeologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.\\n\\nThe milk also pointed to the mingling of ancient peoples. Two samples contained DNA from cows, while another had only had genetic material from goats. The goat DNA was similar to that of other ancient Central Asian samples, suggesting it may have been part of a group of domesticated goats that became widely distributed, Fu says. She and her colleagues previously found signs for the mixing of those in Xinjiang with other Bronze Age populations.\\n\\nAlong with people on the move, kefir may have spread in part because its fermentation decreases the dairy\u2019s lactose, making it easier to consume for lactose-intolerant Bronze Age populations, including those of Xiaohe. L. kefiranofaciens isn\u2019t the only microbe found in the Tarim mummy cheese, and the team may find further clues to past human activities from other bacteria and yeast in the mix. That, along with intel from other samples such as hardened dental plaque and fossilized poop, could reveal more about the interactions between Bronze Age populations.', 'ai_likelihood': 2.110004425048828e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'For millennia, the Taklamakan Desert environment preserved more than the bodies of those buried in China\u2019s Tarim Basin. Scattered around the necks of some laid to rest in Xiaohe, a Bronze Age cemetery, archaeologists found pebble-sized hunks of a yellowish substance: the world\u2019s oldest cheese. A new analysis of the ancient dairy\u2019s DNA hints at how it was made and how its production spread, researchers report today in Cell.\\n\\nIn a previous study, researchers took tiny samples of the 3,500-year-old cheese that bedecked the mummies\u2019 necks. An analysis of proteins in those bits revealed the presence of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, a microbe used to produce a type of fermented cheese called kefir. That was \u201creally amazing,\u201d says Qiaomei Fu, a paleogeneticist at Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Having worked with ancient human DNA, she wanted to study the fermenting microbe\u2019s DNA.\\n\\nBut \u201cto extract genomes from these ancient samples is not trivial,\u201d Fu says. The tiny amount of DNA left in the ancient cheese has degraded into tiny fragments over time and mixed with genetic information from the environment. In 2014, Fu began designing special molecules that could efficiently capture the microbe\u2019s ancient DNA from the cheese. After years of work, the team has compiled a genome for the ancient organism that is 92 percent complete.\\n\\nFrom this microbe\u2019s DNA, the team could explore the history of the cheese\u2019s production. Kefir begins with a culture, a slurry created by inoculating milk with an existing bit of kefir\u2014just like how a lump of yogurt can be used to make new yogurt. As the cheese spread from place to place, so did the cultures used to make it.  To retrace the probiotic microbe\u2019s journey, the researchers compared the DNA of the L. kefiranofaciens found in the mummies\u2019 cheese with that of others in the family tree. Two separate branches emerged. One included strains from Europe and the Pacific Islands, while the cemetery kefir strains were related to those from Tibet and some from East Asia.\\n\\nResearchers have previously proposed that kefir spread from the Northern Caucasus in modern Russia to other parts of Europe and beyond. But the microbe in the cemetery cheese evolved relatively early, suggesting another route from near Xiaohe, which is in Xinjiang, China, to East Asian locales, such as Tibet. During the Bronze Age, people from Xinjiang may have immigrated to Tibet, but more archaeological evidence is needed, says study coauthor Yimin Yang, a molecular archaeologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.\\n\\nThe milk also pointed to the mingling of ancient peoples. Two samples contained DNA from cows, while another had only had genetic material from goats. The goat DNA was similar to that of other ancient Central Asian samples, suggesting it may have been part of a group of domesticated goats that became widely distributed, Fu says. She and her colleagues previously found signs for the mixing of those in Xinjiang with other Bronze Age populations.\\n\\nAlong with people on the move, kefir may have spread in part because its fermentation decreases the dairy\u2019s lactose, making it easier to consume for lactose-intolerant Bronze Age populations, including those of Xiaohe. L. kefiranofaciens isn\u2019t the only microbe found in the Tarim mummy cheese, and the team may find further clues to past human activities from other bacteria and yeast in the mix. That, along with intel from other samples such as hardened dental plaque and fossilized poop, could reveal more about the interactions between Bronze Age populations.', 'ai_likelihood': 1.9609928131103516e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'f43fbcb0-a0dd-4e21-9b29-5e44f0acdee3', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 5.1016009820159525e-05, 'sentence': \"For millennia, the Taklamakan Desert environment preserved more than the bodies of those buried in China's Tarim Basin.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.957772034686059e-05, 'sentence': \"Scattered around the necks of some laid to rest in Xiaohe, a Bronze Age cemetery, archaeologists found pebble-sized hunks of a yellowish substance: the world's oldest cheese.\", 'perplexity': 0, 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'ai': 0.0051780533755591265, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9948219466244408, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.0051780533755591265, 'human': 0.9948219466244408, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'For millennia, the Taklamakan Desert environment preserved more than the bodies of those buried in China\u2019s Tarim Basin. Scattered around the necks of some laid to rest in Xiaohe, a Bronze Age cemetery, archaeologists found pebble-sized hunks of a yellowish substance: the world\u2019s oldest cheese. A new analysis of the ancient dairy\u2019s DNA hints at how it was made and how its production spread, researchers report today in Cell.\\n\\nIn a previous study, researchers took tiny samples of the 3,500-year-old cheese that bedecked the mummies\u2019 necks. An analysis of proteins in those bits revealed the presence of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, a microbe used to produce a type of fermented cheese called kefir. That was \u201creally amazing,\u201d says Qiaomei Fu, a paleogeneticist at Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Having worked with ancient human DNA, she wanted to study the fermenting microbe\u2019s DNA.\\n\\nBut \u201cto extract genomes from these ancient samples is not trivial,\u201d Fu says. The tiny amount of DNA left in the ancient cheese has degraded into tiny fragments over time and mixed with genetic information from the environment. In 2014, Fu began designing special molecules that could efficiently capture the microbe\u2019s ancient DNA from the cheese. After years of work, the team has compiled a genome for the ancient organism that is 92 percent complete.\\n\\nFrom this microbe\u2019s DNA, the team could explore the history of the cheese\u2019s production. Kefir begins with a culture, a slurry created by inoculating milk with an existing bit of kefir\u2014just like how a lump of yogurt can be used to make new yogurt. As the cheese spread from place to place, so did the cultures used to make it.  To retrace the probiotic microbe\u2019s journey, the researchers compared the DNA of the L. kefiranofaciens found in the mummies\u2019 cheese with that of others in the family tree. Two separate branches emerged. One included strains from Europe and the Pacific Islands, while the cemetery kefir strains were related to those from Tibet and some from East Asia.\\n\\nResearchers have previously proposed that kefir spread from the Northern Caucasus in modern Russia to other parts of Europe and beyond. But the microbe in the cemetery cheese evolved relatively early, suggesting another route from near Xiaohe, which is in Xinjiang, China, to East Asian locales, such as Tibet. During the Bronze Age, people from Xinjiang may have immigrated to Tibet, but more archaeological evidence is needed, says study coauthor Yimin Yang, a molecular archaeologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.\\n\\nThe milk also pointed to the mingling of ancient peoples. Two samples contained DNA from cows, while another had only had genetic material from goats. The goat DNA was similar to that of other ancient Central Asian samples, suggesting it may have been part of a group of domesticated goats that became widely distributed, Fu says. She and her colleagues previously found signs for the mixing of those in Xinjiang with other Bronze Age populations.\\n\\nAlong with people on the move, kefir may have spread in part because its fermentation decreases the dairy\u2019s lactose, making it easier to consume for lactose-intolerant Bronze Age populations, including those of Xiaohe. L. kefiranofaciens isn\u2019t the only microbe found in the Tarim mummy cheese, and the team may find further clues to past human activities from other bacteria and yeast in the mix. That, along with intel from other samples such as hardened dental plaque and fossilized poop, could reveal more about the interactions between Bronze Age populations.'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3582803309,"RADAR":0.013223757,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The article feels a bit too casual in its style to be machine-generated. That said, there isn't much other evidence outside of the lack of AI clues and I don't feel exceptionally sure. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I can find no signs of AI.\nSome words have a human feel to them such as \"bedecked,\" \"intel\" and \"poop.\" "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"There's a mix in tenses and the use of a filler word in this line: That was \u201creally amazing,\u201d says Qiaomei Fu, a paleogeneticist at Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, which makes me think it was human-generated. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident this is human-written, mostly because the majority of the article contains descriptive explanations that back up what would normally be blanket statements or transition sentences. The article is informative about the study itself, explains what scientists believe about what happened, where more research is needed, and provides a lot of good visual descriptions such as \"pebble-sized hunks of a yellowish substance: the world\u2019s oldest cheese.\" and \"Kefir begins with a culture, a slurry created by inoculating milk with an existing bit of kefir\u2014just like how a lump of yogurt can be used to make new yogurt.\" "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Easier to annotate words\/phrases that identify an AI author than a human who uses a consistently objective voice. \nThe structure, style, and tone is typical of academic writing without any LLM markers. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"101":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":12,"title":"Streetlights are influencing nature\u2014from how leaves grow to how insects eat ","sub-title":"The steady glow from streetlights is changing the texture of tree leaves, making them less appetizing to insects, according to new research from China. ","author":null,"source":"National Geographic","issue":-17954491,"section":"Environent","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/artificial-night-sky-light-pollution-trees-insects","article":"Light pollution has increased about 10 percent each year over the past decade, making it one of the most drastic changes humans have made to the environment\u2014and insects worldwide are noticing. \n\nArtificial lights that run all night, like streetlights, can make leaves grow tougher and less appetizing for insects, according to new research in Frontiers in Plant Science. This change to photosynthesis could threaten the small food chains that exist within cities. \n\n<b>Taking a closer look at well-lit leaves<\/b> \n\nNighttime artificial light affects wildlife throughout the world, with studies showing it skews animals\u2019 circadian rhythms, interferes with amphibian reproduction, confuses sea turtle hatchlings searching for the moon, and throws migrating birds off course. \n\nInsects behave differently when there\u2019s light at night: artificial light hinders firefly communication and reproduction, and some insects may become more visible to predators like bats, or be attracted to lights that can kill them. \n\nResearchers based at the Chinese Academy of Sciences were curious about how light might affect relationships between insects and plants. They noticed tree leaves in cities typically showed fewer signs of insect damage than those outside of cities, so they analyzed leaf samples from trees throughout Beijing. \n\nFocusing on two common street trees\u2014the Japanese pagoda and green ash tree\u2014at 30 sites spaced apart among main roads illuminated at night, the researchers measured brightness and collected leaves. They evaluated almost 5,500 leaves for size, toughness, and levels of nutrients and chemicals, and analyzed them for signs of insects. \n\nExamining leaves\u2019 composition and characteristics can tell scientists a lot about how that plant is using resources. Plants grow differently depending on factors in their environment. \n\n\u201cPlants distribute their limited resources (such as nutrients, water, and energy) among various functions like growth, reproduction, and defense,\u201d says Ellen Cieraad, plant ecologist at Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology in New Zealand, in an email. \u201cDepending on the environment, it makes sense to invest in different types of functions.\u201d If there are a lot of herbivores around, for example, plants may prioritize defending against being eaten\u2014with thorns, unappetizing chemicals, or tougher leaves. \n\nAnd for both species of trees the researchers studied, more artificial light in a given area meant tougher leaves. And the tougher the leaf, the less evidence of hungry insects. In areas with the most intense light, leaves were more likely have no signs of insect predation. \n\n<b>What do tougher leaves mean for urban environments?<\/b> \n\nWhile the researchers from the new study don\u2019t fully understand why plants are reacting to streetlights in this way, they hypothesize that trees under artificial light at night might be extending their photosynthesis cycle. Since plants use light for growth, explains Shuang Zhang, biologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and author of the paper, artificial night light could be unnaturally increasing the time trees spend on photosynthesis. \n\nScientists don\u2019t fully understand how plants will respond and adapt to the change, says Cieraad. \n\nThe type of light also affects how plants use resources: for example absorbing the red light from sunlight can make plants develop tougher leaves, says Cieraad, but these mechanisms probably work differently for artificial red light at night. So something about Beijing\u2019s streetlights could be making the trees in this new study allocate more resources to chemical compounds that make leaves tougher. \n\nThis research needs to be expanded to other plant species, says Zhang. \u201cIf artificial light at night also makes the leaves of other species tougher, this would be bad news for insects,\u201d says Zhang. \n\nChanges in plants, and in interactions between plants and animals, can significantly impact the entire urban ecosystem.  \n\nA poor diet might cause herbivorous insects die off, resulting in fewer insects that eat those herbivorous insects, and fewer insect-eating birds, and so on up the food chain. \n\nBeyond forming a crucial link in food webs, herbivorous insects are sometimes pollinators and contribute to biodiversity. They also eat decaying plants, helping to break down leaves and returning nutrients to soil. In cities, healthy soil and healthy plant life supported by insects are good for humans. Plants in cities provide shade and mitigate heat trapped in cities.  \n\nTo minimize the negative impacts of light at night, Zhang recommends simply reducing light intensity. The study found a linear relationship between brightness at night and how much leaves were eaten by insects, so just reducing light intensity could make leaves more appealing to insects. \n\nIn cities we should focus on only lighting what and when it is needed, says Cieraad. Motion sensors could also help, as could shields for streetlights so light doesn\u2019t spill into surrounding areas. \n\nAt home, biologists recommend turning off lights that aren\u2019t needed at night, using motion activated lights, choosing fixtures that direct light only where it\u2019s needed, and using amber-colored lights near homes which appear to be the safest for insects. ","id":11,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Light pollution has increased about 10 percent each year over the past decade, making it one of the most drastic changes humans have made to the environment\u2014and insects worldwide are noticing. \\n\\nArtificial lights that run all night, like streetlights, can make leaves grow tougher and less appetizing for insects, according to new research in Frontiers in Plant Science. This change to photosynthesis could threaten the small food chains that exist within cities. \\n\\n<b>Taking a closer look at well-lit leaves<\/b> \\n\\nNighttime artificial light affects wildlife throughout the world, with studies showing it skews animals\u2019 circadian rhythms, interferes with amphibian reproduction, confuses sea turtle hatchlings searching for the moon, and throws migrating birds off course. \\n\\nInsects behave differently when there\u2019s light at night: artificial light hinders firefly communication and reproduction, and some insects may become more visible to predators like bats, or be attracted to lights that can kill them. \\n\\nResearchers based at the Chinese Academy of Sciences were curious about how light might affect relationships between insects and plants. They noticed tree leaves in cities typically showed fewer signs of insect damage than those outside of cities, so they analyzed leaf samples from trees throughout Beijing. \\n\\nFocusing on two common street trees\u2014the Japanese pagoda and green ash tree\u2014at 30 sites spaced apart among main roads illuminated at night, the researchers measured brightness and collected leaves. They evaluated almost 5,500 leaves for size, toughness, and levels of nutrients and chemicals, and analyzed them for signs of insects. \\n\\nExamining leaves\u2019 composition and characteristics can tell scientists a lot about how that plant is using resources. Plants grow differently depending on factors in their environment. \\n\\n\u201cPlants distribute their limited resources (such as nutrients, water, and energy) among various functions like growth, reproduction, and defense,\u201d says Ellen Cieraad, plant ecologist at Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology in New Zealand, in an email. \u201cDepending on the environment, it makes sense to invest in different types of functions.\u201d If there are a lot of herbivores around, for example, plants may prioritize defending against being eaten\u2014with thorns, unappetizing chemicals, or tougher leaves. \\n\\nAnd for both species of trees the researchers studied, more artificial light in a given area meant tougher leaves. And the tougher the leaf, the less evidence of hungry insects. In areas with the most intense light, leaves were more likely have no signs of insect predation. \\n\\n<b>What do tougher leaves mean for urban environments?<\/b> \\n\\nWhile the researchers from the new study don\u2019t fully understand why plants are reacting to streetlights in this way, they hypothesize that trees under artificial light at night might be extending their photosynthesis cycle. Since plants use light for growth, explains Shuang Zhang, biologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and author of the paper, artificial night light could be unnaturally increasing the time trees spend on photosynthesis. \\n\\nScientists don\u2019t fully understand how plants will respond and adapt to the change, says Cieraad. \\n\\nThe type of light also affects how plants use resources: for example absorbing the red light from sunlight can make plants develop tougher leaves, says Cieraad, but these mechanisms probably work differently for artificial red light at night. So something about Beijing\u2019s streetlights could be making the trees in this new study allocate more resources to chemical compounds that make leaves tougher. \\n\\nThis research needs to be expanded to other plant species, says Zhang. \u201cIf artificial light at night also makes the leaves of other species tougher, this would be bad news for insects,\u201d says Zhang. \\n\\nChanges in plants, and in interactions between plants and animals, can significantly impact the entire urban ecosystem.  \\n\\nA poor diet might cause herbivorous insects die off, resulting in fewer insects that eat those herbivorous insects, and fewer insect-eating birds, and so on up the food chain. \\n\\nBeyond forming a crucial link in food webs, herbivorous insects are sometimes pollinators and contribute to biodiversity. They also eat decaying plants, helping to break down leaves and returning nutrients to soil. In cities, healthy soil and healthy plant life supported by insects are good for humans. Plants in cities provide shade and mitigate heat trapped in cities.  \\n\\nTo minimize the negative impacts of light at night, Zhang recommends simply reducing light intensity. The study found a linear relationship between brightness at night and how much leaves were eaten by insects, so just reducing light intensity could make leaves more appealing to insects. \\n\\nIn cities we should focus on only lighting what and when it is needed, says Cieraad. Motion sensors could also help, as could shields for streetlights so light doesn\u2019t spill into surrounding areas. \\n\\nAt home, biologists recommend turning off lights that aren\u2019t needed at night, using motion activated lights, choosing fixtures that direct light only where it\u2019s needed, and using amber-colored lights near homes which appear to be the safest for insects. ', 'ai_likelihood': 5.900859832763672e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Light pollution has increased about 10 percent each year over the past decade, making it one of the most drastic changes humans have made to the environment\u2014and insects worldwide are noticing. \\n\\nArtificial lights that run all night, like streetlights, can make leaves grow tougher and less appetizing for insects, according to new research in Frontiers in Plant Science. This change to photosynthesis could threaten the small food chains that exist within cities. \\n\\n<b>Taking a closer look at well-lit leaves<\/b> \\n\\nNighttime artificial light affects wildlife throughout the world, with studies showing it skews animals\u2019 circadian rhythms, interferes with amphibian reproduction, confuses sea turtle hatchlings searching for the moon, and throws migrating birds off course. \\n\\nInsects behave differently when there\u2019s light at night: artificial light hinders firefly communication and reproduction, and some insects may become more visible to predators like bats, or be attracted to lights that can kill them. \\n\\nResearchers based at the Chinese Academy of Sciences were curious about how light might affect relationships between insects and plants. They noticed tree leaves in cities typically showed fewer signs of insect damage than those outside of cities, so they analyzed leaf samples from trees throughout Beijing. \\n\\nFocusing on two common street trees\u2014the Japanese pagoda and green ash tree\u2014at 30 sites spaced apart among main roads illuminated at night, the researchers measured brightness and collected leaves. They evaluated almost 5,500 leaves for size, toughness, and levels of nutrients and chemicals, and analyzed them for signs of insects. \\n\\nExamining leaves\u2019 composition and characteristics can tell scientists a lot about how that plant is using resources. Plants grow differently depending on factors in their environment. \\n\\n\u201cPlants distribute their limited resources (such as nutrients, water, and energy) among various functions like growth, reproduction, and defense,\u201d says Ellen Cieraad, plant ecologist at Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology in New Zealand, in an email. \u201cDepending on the environment, it makes sense to invest in different types of functions.\u201d If there are a lot of herbivores around, for example, plants may prioritize defending against being eaten\u2014with thorns, unappetizing chemicals, or tougher leaves. \\n\\nAnd for both species of trees the researchers studied, more artificial light in a given area meant tougher leaves. And the tougher the leaf, the less evidence of hungry insects. In areas with the most intense light, leaves were more likely have no signs of insect predation. \\n\\n<b>What do tougher leaves mean for urban environments?<\/b> \\n\\nWhile the researchers from the new study don\u2019t fully understand why plants are reacting to streetlights in this way, they hypothesize that trees under artificial light at night might be extending their photosynthesis cycle. Since plants use light for growth, explains Shuang Zhang, biologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and author of the paper, artificial night light could be unnaturally increasing the time trees spend on photosynthesis. \\n\\nScientists don\u2019t fully understand how plants will respond and adapt to the change, says Cieraad. \\n\\nThe type of light also affects how plants use resources: for example absorbing the red light from sunlight can make plants develop tougher leaves, says Cieraad, but these mechanisms probably work differently for artificial red light at night. So something about Beijing\u2019s streetlights could be making the trees in this new study allocate more resources to chemical compounds that make leaves tougher. \\n\\nThis research needs to be expanded to other plant species, says Zhang. \u201cIf artificial light at night also makes the leaves of other species tougher, this would be bad news for insects,\u201d says Zhang. \\n\\nChanges in plants, and in interactions between plants and animals, can significantly impact the entire urban ecosystem.  \\n\\nA poor diet might cause herbivorous insects die off, resulting in fewer insects that eat those herbivorous insects, and fewer insect-eating birds, and so on up the food chain. \\n\\nBeyond forming a crucial link in food webs, herbivorous insects are sometimes pollinators and contribute to biodiversity. They also eat decaying plants, helping to break down leaves and returning nutrients to soil. In cities, healthy soil and healthy plant life supported by insects are good for humans. Plants in cities provide shade and mitigate heat trapped in cities.  \\n\\nTo minimize the negative impacts of light at night, Zhang recommends simply reducing light intensity. The study found a linear relationship between brightness at night and how much leaves were eaten by insects, so just reducing light intensity could make leaves more appealing to insects. \\n\\nIn cities we should focus on only lighting what and when it is needed, says Cieraad. Motion sensors could also help, as could shields for streetlights so light doesn\u2019t spill into surrounding areas. \\n\\nAt home, biologists recommend turning off lights that aren\u2019t needed at night, using motion activated lights, choosing fixtures that direct light only where it\u2019s needed, and using amber-colored lights near homes which appear to be the safest for insects. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.0728836059570312e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '2c86b67f-630e-4d33-a0eb-740ad6612e40', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.001699554268270731, 'sentence': 'Light pollution has increased about 10 percent each year over the past decade, making it one of the most drastic changes humans have made to the environment\u1173and insects worldwide are noticing.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0017421290976926684, 'sentence': 'Artificial lights that run all night, like streetlights, can make leaves grow tougher and less appetizing for insects, according to new research in Frontiers in Plant Science.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0016853425186127424, 'sentence': 'This change to 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0.9901780749285501, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.00982192507144982, 'human': 0.9901780749285501, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Light pollution has increased about 10 percent each year over the past decade, making it one of the most drastic changes humans have made to the environment\u2014and insects worldwide are noticing. \\n\\nArtificial lights that run all night, like streetlights, can make leaves grow tougher and less appetizing for insects, according to new research in Frontiers in Plant Science. This change to photosynthesis could threaten the small food chains that exist within cities. \\n\\n<b>Taking a closer look at well-lit leaves<\/b> \\n\\nNighttime artificial light affects wildlife throughout the world, with studies showing it skews animals\u2019 circadian rhythms, interferes with amphibian reproduction, confuses sea turtle hatchlings searching for the moon, and throws migrating birds off course. \\n\\nInsects behave differently when there\u2019s light at night: artificial light hinders firefly communication and reproduction, and some insects may become more visible to predators like bats, or be attracted to lights that can kill them. \\n\\nResearchers based at the Chinese Academy of Sciences were curious about how light might affect relationships between insects and plants. They noticed tree leaves in cities typically showed fewer signs of insect damage than those outside of cities, so they analyzed leaf samples from trees throughout Beijing. \\n\\nFocusing on two common street trees\u2014the Japanese pagoda and green ash tree\u2014at 30 sites spaced apart among main roads illuminated at night, the researchers measured brightness and collected leaves. They evaluated almost 5,500 leaves for size, toughness, and levels of nutrients and chemicals, and analyzed them for signs of insects. \\n\\nExamining leaves\u2019 composition and characteristics can tell scientists a lot about how that plant is using resources. Plants grow differently depending on factors in their environment. \\n\\n\u201cPlants distribute their limited resources (such as nutrients, water, and energy) among various functions like growth, reproduction, and defense,\u201d says Ellen Cieraad, plant ecologist at Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology in New Zealand, in an email. \u201cDepending on the environment, it makes sense to invest in different types of functions.\u201d If there are a lot of herbivores around, for example, plants may prioritize defending against being eaten\u2014with thorns, unappetizing chemicals, or tougher leaves. \\n\\nAnd for both species of trees the researchers studied, more artificial light in a given area meant tougher leaves. And the tougher the leaf, the less evidence of hungry insects. In areas with the most intense light, leaves were more likely have no signs of insect predation. \\n\\n<b>What do tougher leaves mean for urban environments?<\/b> \\n\\nWhile the researchers from the new study don\u2019t fully understand why plants are reacting to streetlights in this way, they hypothesize that trees under artificial light at night might be extending their photosynthesis cycle. Since plants use light for growth, explains Shuang Zhang, biologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and author of the paper, artificial night light could be unnaturally increasing the time trees spend on photosynthesis. \\n\\nScientists don\u2019t fully understand how plants will respond and adapt to the change, says Cieraad. \\n\\nThe type of light also affects how plants use resources: for example absorbing the red light from sunlight can make plants develop tougher leaves, says Cieraad, but these mechanisms probably work differently for artificial red light at night. So something about Beijing\u2019s streetlights could be making the trees in this new study allocate more resources to chemical compounds that make leaves tougher. \\n\\nThis research needs to be expanded to other plant species, says Zhang. \u201cIf artificial light at night also makes the leaves of other species tougher, this would be bad news for insects,\u201d says Zhang. \\n\\nChanges in plants, and in interactions between plants and animals, can significantly impact the entire urban ecosystem.  \\n\\nA poor diet might cause herbivorous insects die off, resulting in fewer insects that eat those herbivorous insects, and fewer insect-eating birds, and so on up the food chain. \\n\\nBeyond forming a crucial link in food webs, herbivorous insects are sometimes pollinators and contribute to biodiversity. They also eat decaying plants, helping to break down leaves and returning nutrients to soil. In cities, healthy soil and healthy plant life supported by insects are good for humans. Plants in cities provide shade and mitigate heat trapped in cities.  \\n\\nTo minimize the negative impacts of light at night, Zhang recommends simply reducing light intensity. The study found a linear relationship between brightness at night and how much leaves were eaten by insects, so just reducing light intensity could make leaves more appealing to insects. \\n\\nIn cities we should focus on only lighting what and when it is needed, says Cieraad. Motion sensors could also help, as could shields for streetlights so light doesn\u2019t spill into surrounding areas. \\n\\nAt home, biologists recommend turning off lights that aren\u2019t needed at night, using motion activated lights, choosing fixtures that direct light only where it\u2019s needed, and using amber-colored lights near homes which appear to be the safest for insects. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.6769452691,"RADAR":0.024871476,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"This study is very specific about the methodology used by the researchers down to details like the number of leaves collected and what signs of insect predation were used. It also uses \"says\" throughout with only one synonym, which further indicates that it was human-generated. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"There are a few lists used and \"crucial\" appears. This could suggest AI.\nHowever, the use of \"and\" to start two sentences close together has a human feel to it. Also, a couple of sentences are quite long...suggestive of human authorship."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: choppy sentences and paragraphs. Missing punctuation. Awkward phrasing. Missing hyphens. Full stops followed by conjunctions. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this is human-written. What makes it human to me is those modal terms in sentences that add readability, and most of the sentences give clear depictions of concepts, scientific terms, and the reason to care about the effect artificial light has on plants and insects in cities. Even when it stated \"changes in plants can significantly impact entire urban ecosystems\" it backed it up with relevant information related to the topic that's visual and easy to understand, with \"A poor diet might cause herbivorous insects die off, resulting in fewer insects that eat those herbivorous insects, and fewer insect-eating birds, and so on up the food chain.\" It's even able to clarify on the flaws of the study, which an AI language model would have overlooked. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Resembles a student report on new research. The research study is available and the researcher is correctly identified. No telltale signs of AI authorship. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"102":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":13,"title":"The Science That Makes Baseball Mud \u2018Magical\u2019 ","sub-title":"Scientists dug up the real dirt on the substance applied to all the baseballs used in the major leagues. ","author":"David Waldstein","source":"New York Times","issue":-17954400,"section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/11\/04\/science\/baseball-mud-mlb.html","article":"If you looked closely at the baseballs used in the World Series last month, you would notice that they were covered in a mysterious brown substance. \n\nIt was not a mistake, and nothing illegal was found on the balls. It was just mud. \n\nFor decades, all the balls used in Major League Baseball have been coated with mud harvested from a secret spot along a Delaware River tributary in New Jersey. Only a few people knew of the exact location and until recently, and only a few knew the exact contents of that mud. \n\nNow researchers have dug deep and found what they consider to be remarkable mechanical properties of this mud. \n\n\u201cThis is the magical thing: It spreads like face cream and grips like sandpaper,\u201d said Douglas Jerolmack, an associate professor of earth and environmental science at the University of Pennsylvania and one of the authors of a paper published on Monday in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. \n\nTheir research may be well suited for more than just studying baseball. The researchers say that the techniques they used to understand how baseball mud works could be extended to the development of sustainable materials for construction, agriculture and infrastructure. \n\n\u201cThis study helps in trying to find materials in nature that can replace hydrocarbon-based materials that we use today,\u201d said Shravan Pradeep, a chemical engineer, postdoctoral researcher at Penn and another author of the study. \n\nBaseball mud is part of the game\u2019s mythology. Since the 1950s, it has been dug up along the Delaware River and applied to brand-new balls by clubhouse attendants. They grab a dab from a container, apply it to the balls with their hands and leave behind a thin brown film. \n\nThe mud is applied because new balls from the manufacturer are glossy and slippery, making them difficult for pitchers to grip. But the league allows the material to be rubbed in, unlike other sticky substances that pitchers have tried to use over the years, which are against the rules. \n\nWhile the source of the mud is a well-guarded secret, the mud is not difficult to obtain. The authors of the new study bought a small jar of Lena Blackburne Baseball Rubbing Mud from the company\u2019s website for less than $30. \n\nUsing various instruments, they measured the composition of the mud, its viscosity, levels of friction and adhesion. They say the mud is composed of clay, tiny particulates of quartz and other minerals, a little sand and a very small amount of material from plants and other living things; it is about 43 percent water by weight. The basic ingredients alone are neither surprising nor remarkable. What makes the mud special are the proportions of the ingredients, which give the mud two characteristics that seem at odds with one another. \n\nThe mud spreads on smoothly, but once it dries it has a slightly rough and sticky aspect. The angular particles of sand seem to play an important role, the researchers found. \u201cThe sand grains are glued to the surface by the clay,\" Dr. Jerolmack said, \u201cand now you have this uniform layer with sand particles that are like barnacles studding the surface.\u201d \n\nThis duality, the researchers say, means that the mud, or a similar material, could be used as both a lubricant and a friction agent. The mud also gives the balls a more uniform surface by filling in the pores on the leather, and it can effectively double the contact adhesion, or stickiness, between the ball and the pitcher\u2019s hand. \n\nThe company that produces the mud is very secretive about the riverbank from which the mud is harvested, as well as the processing procedures. The researchers assume that some filtering occurs \u2014 perhaps to reduce the proportion of sand. There may also be a small additive. But they concluded that, as with many geomaterials, years of production and observation had helped the company arrive at its secret recipe. \n\n\u201cThey really know what they are doing,\u201d Dr. Jerolmack said. \u201cThis stuff has been processed to optimize its properties.\u201d \n\nIn recent years, Major League Baseball has sought manufactured alternatives to the mud. But the researchers behind the new study say the age-old product that comes from the ground is effective, and sustainable through tidal replenishment. \n\n\u201cYou don\u2019t need to go synthetic,\u201d said Paulo Arratia, a professor of mechanical engineering and applied mechanics at Penn. \n\nWhile the study\u2019s authors said that their methods for studying the mud could be applied to similar materials that one day might replace carbon-intensive construction materials, they conceded that there were other motivations for doing the research. \n\n\u201cIt\u2019s baseball-related,\u201d Dr. Pradeep said, \u201cso it\u2019s fun.\u201d ","id":12,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'If you looked closely at the baseballs used in the World Series last month, you would notice that they were covered in a mysterious brown substance. \\n\\nIt was not a mistake, and nothing illegal was found on the balls. It was just mud. \\n\\nFor decades, all the balls used in Major League Baseball have been coated with mud harvested from a secret spot along a Delaware River tributary in New Jersey. Only a few people knew of the exact location and until recently, and only a few knew the exact contents of that mud. \\n\\nNow researchers have dug deep and found what they consider to be remarkable mechanical properties of this mud. \\n\\n\u201cThis is the magical thing: It spreads like face cream and grips like sandpaper,\u201d said Douglas Jerolmack, an associate professor of earth and environmental science at the University of Pennsylvania and one of the authors of a paper published on Monday in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. \\n\\nTheir research may be well suited for more than just studying baseball. The researchers say that the techniques they used to understand how baseball mud works could be extended to the development of sustainable materials for construction, agriculture and infrastructure. \\n\\n\u201cThis study helps in trying to find materials in nature that can replace hydrocarbon-based materials that we use today,\u201d said Shravan Pradeep, a chemical engineer, postdoctoral researcher at Penn and another author of the study. \\n\\nBaseball mud is part of the game\u2019s mythology. Since the 1950s, it has been dug up along the Delaware River and applied to brand-new balls by clubhouse attendants. They grab a dab from a container, apply it to the balls with their hands and leave behind a thin brown film. \\n\\nThe mud is applied because new balls from the manufacturer are glossy and slippery, making them difficult for pitchers to grip. But the league allows the material to be rubbed in, unlike other sticky substances that pitchers have tried to use over the years, which are against the rules. \\n\\nWhile the source of the mud is a well-guarded secret, the mud is not difficult to obtain. The authors of the new study bought a small jar of Lena Blackburne Baseball Rubbing Mud from the company\u2019s website for less than $30. \\n\\nUsing various instruments, they measured the composition of the mud, its viscosity, levels of friction and adhesion. They say the mud is composed of clay, tiny particulates of quartz and other minerals, a little sand and a very small amount of material from plants and other living things; it is about 43 percent water by weight. The basic ingredients alone are neither surprising nor remarkable. What makes the mud special are the proportions of the ingredients, which give the mud two characteristics that seem at odds with one another. \\n\\nThe mud spreads on smoothly, but once it dries it has a slightly rough and sticky aspect. The angular particles of sand seem to play an important role, the researchers found. \u201cThe sand grains are glued to the surface by the clay,\" Dr. Jerolmack said, \u201cand now you have this uniform layer with sand particles that are like barnacles studding the surface.\u201d \\n\\nThis duality, the researchers say, means that the mud, or a similar material, could be used as both a lubricant and a friction agent. The mud also gives the balls a more uniform surface by filling in the pores on the leather, and it can effectively double the contact adhesion, or stickiness, between the ball and the pitcher\u2019s hand. \\n\\nThe company that produces the mud is very secretive about the riverbank from which the mud is harvested, as well as the processing procedures. The researchers assume that some filtering occurs \u2014 perhaps to reduce the proportion of sand. There may also be a small additive. But they concluded that, as with many geomaterials, years of production and observation had helped the company arrive at its secret recipe. \\n\\n\u201cThey really know what they are doing,\u201d Dr. Jerolmack said. \u201cThis stuff has been processed to optimize its properties.\u201d \\n\\nIn recent years, Major League Baseball has sought manufactured alternatives to the mud. But the researchers behind the new study say the age-old product that comes from the ground is effective, and sustainable through tidal replenishment. \\n\\n\u201cYou don\u2019t need to go synthetic,\u201d said Paulo Arratia, a professor of mechanical engineering and applied mechanics at Penn. \\n\\nWhile the study\u2019s authors said that their methods for studying the mud could be applied to similar materials that one day might replace carbon-intensive construction materials, they conceded that there were other motivations for doing the research. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s baseball-related,\u201d Dr. Pradeep said, \u201cso it\u2019s fun.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.2516975402832031e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'If you looked closely at the baseballs used in the World Series last month, you would notice that they were covered in a mysterious brown substance. \\n\\nIt was not a mistake, and nothing illegal was found on the balls. It was just mud. \\n\\nFor decades, all the balls used in Major League Baseball have been coated with mud harvested from a secret spot along a Delaware River tributary in New Jersey. Only a few people knew of the exact location and until recently, and only a few knew the exact contents of that mud. \\n\\nNow researchers have dug deep and found what they consider to be remarkable mechanical properties of this mud. \\n\\n\u201cThis is the magical thing: It spreads like face cream and grips like sandpaper,\u201d said Douglas Jerolmack, an associate professor of earth and environmental science at the University of Pennsylvania and one of the authors of a paper published on Monday in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. \\n\\nTheir research may be well suited for more than just studying baseball. The researchers say that the techniques they used to understand how baseball mud works could be extended to the development of sustainable materials for construction, agriculture and infrastructure. \\n\\n\u201cThis study helps in trying to find materials in nature that can replace hydrocarbon-based materials that we use today,\u201d said Shravan Pradeep, a chemical engineer, postdoctoral researcher at Penn and another author of the study. \\n\\nBaseball mud is part of the game\u2019s mythology. Since the 1950s, it has been dug up along the Delaware River and applied to brand-new balls by clubhouse attendants. They grab a dab from a container, apply it to the balls with their hands and leave behind a thin brown film. \\n\\nThe mud is applied because new balls from the manufacturer are glossy and slippery, making them difficult for pitchers to grip. But the league allows the material to be rubbed in, unlike other sticky substances that pitchers have tried to use over the years, which are against the rules. \\n\\nWhile the source of the mud is a well-guarded secret, the mud is not difficult to obtain. The authors of the new study bought a small jar of Lena Blackburne Baseball Rubbing Mud from the company\u2019s website for less than $30. \\n\\nUsing various instruments, they measured the composition of the mud, its viscosity, levels of friction and adhesion. They say the mud is composed of clay, tiny particulates of quartz and other minerals, a little sand and a very small amount of material from plants and other living things; it is about 43 percent water by weight. The basic ingredients alone are neither surprising nor remarkable. 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The mud also gives the balls a more uniform surface by filling in the pores on the leather, and it can effectively double the contact adhesion, or stickiness, between the ball and the pitcher\u2019s hand. \\n\\nThe company that produces the mud is very secretive about the riverbank from which the mud is harvested, as well as the processing procedures. The researchers assume that some filtering occurs \u2014 perhaps to reduce the proportion of sand. There may also be a small additive. But they concluded that, as with many geomaterials, years of production and observation had helped the company arrive at its secret recipe. \\n\\n\u201cThey really know what they are doing,\u201d Dr. Jerolmack said. \u201cThis stuff has been processed to optimize its properties.\u201d \\n\\nIn recent years, Major League Baseball has sought manufactured alternatives to the mud. 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understand how baseball mud works could be extended to the development of sustainable materials for construction, agriculture and infrastructure.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.740717875189148e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cThis study helps in trying to find materials in nature that can replace hydrocarbon-based materials that we use today,\u201d said Shravan Pradeep, a chemical engineer, postdoctoral researcher at Penn and another author of the study.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.0856680900324136e-05, 'sentence': \"Baseball mud is part of the game's mythology.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.2334169595269486e-05, 'sentence': 'Since the 1950s, it has been dug up along the Delaware River and applied to brand-new balls by clubhouse attendants.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.033431443735026e-05, 'sentence': 'They 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Baseball Rubbing Mud from the company's website for less than $30.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.596628059516661e-05, 'sentence': 'Using various instruments, they measured the composition of the mud, its viscosity, levels of friction and adhesion.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.1013182858005166e-05, 'sentence': 'They say the mud is composed of clay, tiny particulates of quartz and other minerals, a little sand and a very small amount of material from plants and other living things; it is about 43 percent water by weight.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.013097035698592663, 'sentence': 'The basic ingredients alone are neither surprising nor remarkable.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0509217195212841, 'sentence': 'What makes the mud special are the proportions of the ingredients, which give the mud two characteristics that seem at odds with one another.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.022155899554491043, 'sentence': 'The mud spreads on smoothly, but once it dries it has a slightly rough and sticky aspect.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.020351335406303406, 'sentence': 'The angular particles of sand seem to play an important role, the researchers found.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.015011247247457504, 'sentence': '\u201cThe sand grains are glued to the surface by the clay,\" Dr. Jerolmack said, \u201cand now you have this uniform layer with sand particles that are like barnacles studding the surface.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.03383408114314079, 'sentence': 'This duality, the researchers say, means that the mud, or a similar material, could be used as both a lubricant and a friction agent.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.024698957800865173, 'sentence': \"The mud also gives the balls a more uniform surface by filling in the pores on the leather, and it can effectively double the contact adhesion, or stickiness, between the ball and the pitcher's hand.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.022865446284413338, 'sentence': 'The company that produces the mud is very secretive about the riverbank from which the mud is harvested, as well as the processing procedures.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01077724527567625, 'sentence': 'The researchers assume that some filtering occurs \u1173 perhaps to reduce the proportion of sand.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007463407702744007, 'sentence': 'There may also be a small additive.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.009733056649565697, 'sentence': 'But they concluded that, as with many geomaterials, years of production and observation had helped the company arrive at its secret recipe.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010509755462408066, 'sentence': '\u201cThey really know what they are doing,\u201d Dr. Jerolmack said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.016336916014552116, 'sentence': '\u201cThis stuff has been processed to optimize its properties.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.011404387652873993, 'sentence': 'In recent years, Major League Baseball has sought manufactured alternatives to the mud.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.011254878714680672, 'sentence': 'But the researchers behind the new study say the age-old product that comes from the ground is effective, and sustainable through tidal replenishment.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.018066074699163437, 'sentence': \"\u201cYou don't need to go synthetic,\u201d said Paulo Arratia, a professor of mechanical engineering and applied mechanics at Penn.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00841650739312172, 'sentence': \"While the study's authors said that their methods for studying the mud could be applied to similar materials that one day might replace carbon-intensive construction materials, they conceded that there were other motivations for doing the research.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002009788528084755, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's baseball-related,\u201d Dr. Pradeep said, \u201cso it's fun.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 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0.9789663246930144, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.021033675306985546, 'human': 0.9789663246930144, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'If you looked closely at the baseballs used in the World Series last month, you would notice that they were covered in a mysterious brown substance. \\n\\nIt was not a mistake, and nothing illegal was found on the balls. It was just mud. \\n\\nFor decades, all the balls used in Major League Baseball have been coated with mud harvested from a secret spot along a Delaware River tributary in New Jersey. Only a few people knew of the exact location and until recently, and only a few knew the exact contents of that mud. \\n\\nNow researchers have dug deep and found what they consider to be remarkable mechanical properties of this mud. \\n\\n\u201cThis is the magical thing: It spreads like face cream and grips like sandpaper,\u201d said Douglas Jerolmack, an associate professor of earth and environmental science at the University of Pennsylvania and one of the authors of a paper published on Monday in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. \\n\\nTheir research may be well suited for more than just studying baseball. The researchers say that the techniques they used to understand how baseball mud works could be extended to the development of sustainable materials for construction, agriculture and infrastructure. \\n\\n\u201cThis study helps in trying to find materials in nature that can replace hydrocarbon-based materials that we use today,\u201d said Shravan Pradeep, a chemical engineer, postdoctoral researcher at Penn and another author of the study. \\n\\nBaseball mud is part of the game\u2019s mythology. Since the 1950s, it has been dug up along the Delaware River and applied to brand-new balls by clubhouse attendants. They grab a dab from a container, apply it to the balls with their hands and leave behind a thin brown film. \\n\\nThe mud is applied because new balls from the manufacturer are glossy and slippery, making them difficult for pitchers to grip. But the league allows the material to be rubbed in, unlike other sticky substances that pitchers have tried to use over the years, which are against the rules. \\n\\nWhile the source of the mud is a well-guarded secret, the mud is not difficult to obtain. The authors of the new study bought a small jar of Lena Blackburne Baseball Rubbing Mud from the company\u2019s website for less than $30. \\n\\nUsing various instruments, they measured the composition of the mud, its viscosity, levels of friction and adhesion. They say the mud is composed of clay, tiny particulates of quartz and other minerals, a little sand and a very small amount of material from plants and other living things; it is about 43 percent water by weight. The basic ingredients alone are neither surprising nor remarkable. What makes the mud special are the proportions of the ingredients, which give the mud two characteristics that seem at odds with one another. \\n\\nThe mud spreads on smoothly, but once it dries it has a slightly rough and sticky aspect. The angular particles of sand seem to play an important role, the researchers found. \u201cThe sand grains are glued to the surface by the clay,\" Dr. Jerolmack said, \u201cand now you have this uniform layer with sand particles that are like barnacles studding the surface.\u201d \\n\\nThis duality, the researchers say, means that the mud, or a similar material, could be used as both a lubricant and a friction agent. The mud also gives the balls a more uniform surface by filling in the pores on the leather, and it can effectively double the contact adhesion, or stickiness, between the ball and the pitcher\u2019s hand. \\n\\nThe company that produces the mud is very secretive about the riverbank from which the mud is harvested, as well as the processing procedures. The researchers assume that some filtering occurs \u2014 perhaps to reduce the proportion of sand. There may also be a small additive. But they concluded that, as with many geomaterials, years of production and observation had helped the company arrive at its secret recipe. \\n\\n\u201cThey really know what they are doing,\u201d Dr. Jerolmack said. \u201cThis stuff has been processed to optimize its properties.\u201d \\n\\nIn recent years, Major League Baseball has sought manufactured alternatives to the mud. But the researchers behind the new study say the age-old product that comes from the ground is effective, and sustainable through tidal replenishment. \\n\\n\u201cYou don\u2019t need to go synthetic,\u201d said Paulo Arratia, a professor of mechanical engineering and applied mechanics at Penn. \\n\\nWhile the study\u2019s authors said that their methods for studying the mud could be applied to similar materials that one day might replace carbon-intensive construction materials, they conceded that there were other motivations for doing the research. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s baseball-related,\u201d Dr. Pradeep said, \u201cso it\u2019s fun.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2786168754,"RADAR":0.1955694854,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There is a postdoctoral researcher in the study who they don't refer to as \"Dr\". The article also uses said throughout, which leads to me believing that it was human-generated. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The phrase \"you would notice\" should be \"would have noticed.\" I assume this is a human error.\nAlso, the Oxford comma is missing in some places such as in \"...materials for construction, agriculture, and infrastructure.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: varied paragraph length; end's with a quote; uses 'you' language. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. There's a good format in this article that varies depending on the information. It stays tentative about direct statements and references opinions to their references, and most of all, the sentences aren't flowery and are packed with answers about what the reader needs to know, either visual or informative, such as with \"Using various instruments, they measured the composition of the mud, its viscosity, levels of friction and adhesion.\" and \"They grab a dab from a container, apply it to the balls with their hands and leave behind a thin brown film.\" It's an easy to read article that gets to the point and ends it with a conclusion that feels real to how people work. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"A balanced mix of direct quotes and paraphrase.\nThe authors and journal in which the research study was published are identified."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"103":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":14,"title":"This Toad Is So Tiny That They Call It a Flea ","sub-title":"A \u201ctoadlet\u201d in Brazil is the second-smallest vertebrate known to exist on the planet. ","author":"Sofia Quaglia","source":"New York Times","issue":-17954406,"section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/10\/29\/science\/tiny-frog-toad-brazil.html","article":"At 6.95 tiny millimeters in length, this creature could fit on your fingertip. It is smaller than several ant species. While it sounds like a cricket, it\u2019s not an insect: It\u2019s an extremely small frog. \n\nThe recently discovered animal is one of the smallest known vertebrates on Earth. \n\n\u201cWe are talking about the limits of life size on Earth,\u201d said Lu\u00eds Felipe Toledo, a herpetologist at the University of Campinas in Brazil. \n\nHe and colleagues described the frog in a study published last week in the journal PeerJ, naming it Brachycephalus dacnis after the Dacnis conservation project through which it was spotted. \n\nDr. Toledo got his first hint about the very tiny frog when a colleague shared several audio recordings of miniature frog species he was collecting in the Atlantic forest of Brazil. As soon as he listened, he knew he was hearing something novel. \n\n\u201cOh, that\u2019s actually two species that you have in your hands,\u201d Dr. Toledo recalls saying. \n\nBrazil\u2019s Atlantic forest has many frogs of the Brachycephalus genus, which are known also as saddleback toads. Their penchant for springing around and leaping distances about 30 times their body length has led to the nickname \u201cflea toadlets.\u201d \n\nBecause Brachycephalus frogs are so small, though, some different species look very similar and can\u2019t be distinguished by sight alone. Yet scientists have found that their mating calls are distinct enough so females will be attracted to the correct male of their species, and even an inexperienced human listener can hear the differences. \n\n\u201cYou immediately know that they are different sounds,\u201d said Dr. Toledo, who described the B. dacnis mating call as shorter, with fewer notes, soft in volume and chirpy in sound. \u201cPeople usually think it\u2019s a cricket, not a frog.\u201d \n\nDNA tests provided confirmation that B. dacnis is genetically different from other species in its group. \n\nThis makes it the seventh flea-toad species known to science, and the second-smallest vertebrate species known on the planet. One specimen found from another Brachycephalus frog is slightly smaller, at 6.5 millimeters. These differences are almost imperceptible, according to Dr. Toledo, and just a matter of what specimens have been recorded so far \u2014 scientists could soon find a specimen from the new B. dacnis species that is just as small too. \n\n\u201cThere are untold numbers of unknown tiny frogs out there,\u201d says Mark Scherz, curator of herpetology at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, who was not involved in this study. He added that \u201cthese small species have been overlooked previously, by virtue of how hard they can be to find and collect.\u201d \n\nBefore these discoveries, the record for the smallest vertebrate was held by the New Guinea Amau frog, at 7 millimeters long, and a freshwater dwarf goby fish, at 7.9 millimeters. \n\nDr. Toledo\u2019s team also ran specialized high-resolution CT scans on the toadlet to uncover more about the inner workings of how a frog could still be a frog when it is this miniaturized. \n\nWhile frogs usually have four fingers on their hands and five on their feet, B. dacnis, like other miniature frogs, has two fingers on its hands and three on its feet. Parts of its inner ears are missing too. \n\nSeveral species of Brachycephalus also have fused and ossified bones in the cranium, said C\u00e9lio Haddad from S\u00e3o Paulo State University, who was not involved in the study. But B. dacnis doesn\u2019t: Its head is made like a normal-size frog\u2019s. \u201cWe do not know exactly why this duality occurs,\u201d Dr. Haddad said. \n\nB. dacnis, like all Brachycephalus frogs, is also not subject to the kind of amphibian metamorphosis commonly taught in basic biology classes. It lays just two eggs each reproductive cycle, which hatch into fully formed frogs rather than tadpoles. ","id":13,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'At 6.95 tiny millimeters in length, this creature could fit on your fingertip. It is smaller than several ant species. While it sounds like a cricket, it\u2019s not an insect: It\u2019s an extremely small frog. \\n\\nThe recently discovered animal is one of the smallest known vertebrates on Earth. \\n\\n\u201cWe are talking about the limits of life size on Earth,\u201d said Lu\u00eds Felipe Toledo, a herpetologist at the University of Campinas in Brazil. \\n\\nHe and colleagues described the frog in a study published last week in the journal PeerJ, naming it Brachycephalus dacnis after the Dacnis conservation project through which it was spotted. \\n\\nDr. Toledo got his first hint about the very tiny frog when a colleague shared several audio recordings of miniature frog species he was collecting in the Atlantic forest of Brazil. As soon as he listened, he knew he was hearing something novel. \\n\\n\u201cOh, that\u2019s actually two species that you have in your hands,\u201d Dr. Toledo recalls saying. \\n\\nBrazil\u2019s Atlantic forest has many frogs of the Brachycephalus genus, which are known also as saddleback toads. Their penchant for springing around and leaping distances about 30 times their body length has led to the nickname \u201cflea toadlets.\u201d \\n\\nBecause Brachycephalus frogs are so small, though, some different species look very similar and can\u2019t be distinguished by sight alone. Yet scientists have found that their mating calls are distinct enough so females will be attracted to the correct male of their species, and even an inexperienced human listener can hear the differences. \\n\\n\u201cYou immediately know that they are different sounds,\u201d said Dr. Toledo, who described the B. dacnis mating call as shorter, with fewer notes, soft in volume and chirpy in sound. \u201cPeople usually think it\u2019s a cricket, not a frog.\u201d \\n\\nDNA tests provided confirmation that B. dacnis is genetically different from other species in its group. \\n\\nThis makes it the seventh flea-toad species known to science, and the second-smallest vertebrate species known on the planet. One specimen found from another Brachycephalus frog is slightly smaller, at 6.5 millimeters. These differences are almost imperceptible, according to Dr. Toledo, and just a matter of what specimens have been recorded so far \u2014 scientists could soon find a specimen from the new B. dacnis species that is just as small too. \\n\\n\u201cThere are untold numbers of unknown tiny frogs out there,\u201d says Mark Scherz, curator of herpetology at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, who was not involved in this study. He added that \u201cthese small species have been overlooked previously, by virtue of how hard they can be to find and collect.\u201d \\n\\nBefore these discoveries, the record for the smallest vertebrate was held by the New Guinea Amau frog, at 7 millimeters long, and a freshwater dwarf goby fish, at 7.9 millimeters. \\n\\nDr. Toledo\u2019s team also ran specialized high-resolution CT scans on the toadlet to uncover more about the inner workings of how a frog could still be a frog when it is this miniaturized. \\n\\nWhile frogs usually have four fingers on their hands and five on their feet, B. dacnis, like other miniature frogs, has two fingers on its hands and three on its feet. Parts of its inner ears are missing too. \\n\\nSeveral species of Brachycephalus also have fused and ossified bones in the cranium, said C\u00e9lio Haddad from S\u00e3o Paulo State University, who was not involved in the study. But B. dacnis doesn\u2019t: Its head is made like a normal-size frog\u2019s. \u201cWe do not know exactly why this duality occurs,\u201d Dr. Haddad said. \\n\\nB. dacnis, like all Brachycephalus frogs, is also not subject to the kind of amphibian metamorphosis commonly taught in basic biology classes. It lays just two eggs each reproductive cycle, which hatch into fully formed frogs rather than tadpoles. ', 'ai_likelihood': 9.775161743164062e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'At 6.95 tiny millimeters in length, this creature could fit on your fingertip. It is smaller than several ant species. While it sounds like a cricket, it\u2019s not an insect: It\u2019s an extremely small frog. \\n\\nThe recently discovered animal is one of the smallest known vertebrates on Earth. \\n\\n\u201cWe are talking about the limits of life size on Earth,\u201d said Lu\u00eds Felipe Toledo, a herpetologist at the University of Campinas in Brazil. \\n\\nHe and colleagues described the frog in a study published last week in the journal PeerJ, naming it Brachycephalus dacnis after the Dacnis conservation project through which it was spotted. \\n\\nDr. Toledo got his first hint about the very tiny frog when a colleague shared several audio recordings of miniature frog species he was collecting in the Atlantic forest of Brazil. As soon as he listened, he knew he was hearing something novel. \\n\\n\u201cOh, that\u2019s actually two species that you have in your hands,\u201d Dr. Toledo recalls saying. \\n\\nBrazil\u2019s Atlantic forest has many frogs of the Brachycephalus genus, which are known also as saddleback toads. Their penchant for springing around and leaping distances about 30 times their body length has led to the nickname \u201cflea toadlets.\u201d \\n\\nBecause Brachycephalus frogs are so small, though, some different species look very similar and can\u2019t be distinguished by sight alone. Yet scientists have found that their mating calls are distinct enough so females will be attracted to the correct male of their species, and even an inexperienced human listener can hear the differences. \\n\\n\u201cYou immediately know that they are different sounds,\u201d said Dr. Toledo, who described the B. dacnis mating call as shorter, with fewer notes, soft in volume and chirpy in sound. \u201cPeople usually think it\u2019s a cricket, not a frog.\u201d \\n\\nDNA tests provided confirmation that B. dacnis is genetically different from other species in its group. \\n\\nThis makes it the seventh flea-toad species known to science, and the second-smallest vertebrate species known on the planet. One specimen found from another Brachycephalus frog is slightly smaller, at 6.5 millimeters. These differences are almost imperceptible, according to Dr. Toledo, and just a matter of what specimens have been recorded so far \u2014 scientists could soon find a specimen from the new B. dacnis species that is just as small too. \\n\\n\u201cThere are untold numbers of unknown tiny frogs out there,\u201d says Mark Scherz, curator of herpetology at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, who was not involved in this study. He added that \u201cthese small species have been overlooked previously, by virtue of how hard they can be to find and collect.\u201d \\n\\nBefore these discoveries, the record for the smallest vertebrate was held by the New Guinea Amau frog, at 7 millimeters long, and a freshwater dwarf goby fish, at 7.9 millimeters. \\n\\nDr. Toledo\u2019s team also ran specialized high-resolution CT scans on the toadlet to uncover more about the inner workings of how a frog could still be a frog when it is this miniaturized. \\n\\nWhile frogs usually have four fingers on their hands and five on their feet, B. dacnis, like other miniature frogs, has two fingers on its hands and three on its feet. Parts of its inner ears are missing too. \\n\\nSeveral species of Brachycephalus also have fused and ossified bones in the cranium, said C\u00e9lio Haddad from S\u00e3o Paulo State University, who was not involved in the study. But B. dacnis doesn\u2019t: Its head is made like a normal-size frog\u2019s. \u201cWe do not know exactly why this duality occurs,\u201d Dr. Haddad said. \\n\\nB. dacnis, like all Brachycephalus frogs, is also not subject to the kind of amphibian metamorphosis commonly taught in basic biology classes. It lays just two eggs each reproductive cycle, which hatch into fully formed frogs rather than tadpoles. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.710653305053711e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '1e647269-b28d-4473-964b-aec88d31fe1b', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.008650452829897404, 'sentence': 'At 6.95 tiny millimeters in length, this creature could fit on your fingertip.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.005155848804861307, 'sentence': 'It is smaller than several ant species.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007741815410554409, 'sentence': \"While it sounds like a cricket, it's not an insect: It's an extremely small frog.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.006270427722483873, 'sentence': 'The recently discovered animal is one of the smallest known vertebrates on 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0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.009972043335437775, 'sentence': 'This makes it the seventh flea-toad species known to science, and the second-smallest vertebrate species known on the planet.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.008670398034155369, 'sentence': 'One specimen found from another Brachycephalus frog is slightly smaller, at 6.5 millimeters.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.006307891104370356, 'sentence': 'These differences are almost imperceptible, according to Dr. Toledo, and just a matter of what specimens have been recorded so far \u1173 scientists could soon find a specimen from the new B. dacnis species that is just as small too.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006432753871195018, 'sentence': '\u201cThere are untold numbers of unknown tiny frogs out there,\u201d says Mark Scherz, curator of herpetology at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, who was not involved in this study.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006866346811875701, 'sentence': 'He added that \u201cthese small species have been overlooked previously, by virtue of how hard they can be to find and collect.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010857456363737583, 'sentence': 'Before these discoveries, the record for the smallest vertebrate was held by the New Guinea Amau frog, at 7 millimeters long, and a freshwater dwarf goby fish, at 7.9 millimeters.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011184021132066846, 'sentence': \"Dr. Toledo's team also ran specialized high-resolution CT scans on the toadlet to uncover more about the inner workings of how a frog could still be a frog when it is this miniaturized.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011852484894916415, 'sentence': 'While frogs usually have four fingers on their hands and five on their feet, B. dacnis, like other miniature frogs, has two fingers on its hands and three on its feet.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012401167768985033, 'sentence': 'Parts of its inner ears are missing too.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001018073526211083, 'sentence': 'Several species of Brachycephalus also have fused and ossified bones in the cranium, said C\u00e9lio Haddad from S\u00e3o Paulo State University, who was not involved in the study.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0010136435739696026, 'sentence': \"But B. dacnis doesn't: Its head is made like a normal-size frog's.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011217897990718484, 'sentence': '\u201cWe do not know exactly why this duality occurs,\u201d 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'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 25, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 28, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.021033675306985546, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9789663246930144, 'ai': 0.021033675306985546, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9789663246930144, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.021033675306985546, 'human': 0.9789663246930144, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'At 6.95 tiny millimeters in length, this creature could fit on your fingertip. It is smaller than several ant species. While it sounds like a cricket, it\u2019s not an insect: It\u2019s an extremely small frog. \\n\\nThe recently discovered animal is one of the smallest known vertebrates on Earth. \\n\\n\u201cWe are talking about the limits of life size on Earth,\u201d said Lu\u00eds Felipe Toledo, a herpetologist at the University of Campinas in Brazil. \\n\\nHe and colleagues described the frog in a study published last week in the journal PeerJ, naming it Brachycephalus dacnis after the Dacnis conservation project through which it was spotted. \\n\\nDr. Toledo got his first hint about the very tiny frog when a colleague shared several audio recordings of miniature frog species he was collecting in the Atlantic forest of Brazil. As soon as he listened, he knew he was hearing something novel. \\n\\n\u201cOh, that\u2019s actually two species that you have in your hands,\u201d Dr. Toledo recalls saying. \\n\\nBrazil\u2019s Atlantic forest has many frogs of the Brachycephalus genus, which are known also as saddleback toads. Their penchant for springing around and leaping distances about 30 times their body length has led to the nickname \u201cflea toadlets.\u201d \\n\\nBecause Brachycephalus frogs are so small, though, some different species look very similar and can\u2019t be distinguished by sight alone. Yet scientists have found that their mating calls are distinct enough so females will be attracted to the correct male of their species, and even an inexperienced human listener can hear the differences. \\n\\n\u201cYou immediately know that they are different sounds,\u201d said Dr. Toledo, who described the B. dacnis mating call as shorter, with fewer notes, soft in volume and chirpy in sound. \u201cPeople usually think it\u2019s a cricket, not a frog.\u201d \\n\\nDNA tests provided confirmation that B. dacnis is genetically different from other species in its group. \\n\\nThis makes it the seventh flea-toad species known to science, and the second-smallest vertebrate species known on the planet. One specimen found from another Brachycephalus frog is slightly smaller, at 6.5 millimeters. These differences are almost imperceptible, according to Dr. Toledo, and just a matter of what specimens have been recorded so far \u2014 scientists could soon find a specimen from the new B. dacnis species that is just as small too. \\n\\n\u201cThere are untold numbers of unknown tiny frogs out there,\u201d says Mark Scherz, curator of herpetology at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, who was not involved in this study. He added that \u201cthese small species have been overlooked previously, by virtue of how hard they can be to find and collect.\u201d \\n\\nBefore these discoveries, the record for the smallest vertebrate was held by the New Guinea Amau frog, at 7 millimeters long, and a freshwater dwarf goby fish, at 7.9 millimeters. \\n\\nDr. Toledo\u2019s team also ran specialized high-resolution CT scans on the toadlet to uncover more about the inner workings of how a frog could still be a frog when it is this miniaturized. \\n\\nWhile frogs usually have four fingers on their hands and five on their feet, B. dacnis, like other miniature frogs, has two fingers on its hands and three on its feet. Parts of its inner ears are missing too. \\n\\nSeveral species of Brachycephalus also have fused and ossified bones in the cranium, said C\u00e9lio Haddad from S\u00e3o Paulo State University, who was not involved in the study. But B. dacnis doesn\u2019t: Its head is made like a normal-size frog\u2019s. \u201cWe do not know exactly why this duality occurs,\u201d Dr. Haddad said. \\n\\nB. dacnis, like all Brachycephalus frogs, is also not subject to the kind of amphibian metamorphosis commonly taught in basic biology classes. It lays just two eggs each reproductive cycle, which hatch into fully formed frogs rather than tadpoles. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3879167438,"RADAR":0.0084415162,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article is more specific about various facts and methods than I would expect from an AI-generated article. It also lacks a generic introduction or conclusion and neither summarizes the article. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual signs of AI.\nThere are a couple of incorrect prepositions, namely, \"hint about\" would usually be written as \"hint of\" and \"distinct enough so\" would usually be \"distinct enough that.\" I think these are human errors. Also, \"normal-size\" should be \"normal-sized.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"'Tiny' millimetres is redundant (first sentence) so I think it's human-generated based solely on that. There are also choppy sentences and varied paragraphs, filler words and missing punctuation. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. Mostly because with this article, I am able to have at least a small grasp on why herpetologists are fascinated with the tiny frog. Through descriptions such as \"its mating call as shorter, with fewer notes, soft in volume and chirpy in sound\", \"Its head is made like a normal-size frog\u2019s.\" and \"It lays just two eggs each reproductive cycle, which hatch into fully formed frogs rather than tadpoles.\" I, as the reader, am able to understand why it's such a cool creature. The article doesn't try to embellish its words, and it organizes its information based on when the reader needs it the most. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Typical newspaper article in which single sentences function as paragraphs. \nNo long introduction or conclusion. I suppose the headline and accompanying image function to get the reader interested."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"104":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":15,"title":"White \u2018Blobs\u2019 Washing Up on Canada\u2019s Shores Stump Residents and Scientists","sub-title":"Over a month after the substance began appearing on the southern shores of Newfoundland, a federal agency is still investigating.","author":"Alan Yuhas","source":"New York Times","issue":-17954412,"section":"World - Canada","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/10\/23\/world\/canada\/newfoundland-canada-beach-blobs.html","article":"On an ordinary day, beachcombers roaming the rocky shores of Newfoundland can hope to find treasures like mermaid\u2019s purses, barnacle shells and a rainbow\u2019s worth of sea-polished glass fragments. The oddest thing might be the occasional moose teeth, tools or even a doll\u2019s head. \n\nWeird, white mystery blobs are another matter. \n\n\u201cIt\u2019s the first time I\u2019ve ever seen anything like it, and I\u2019ve lived right here in Placentia Bay my whole life,\u201d said David McGrath, a 67-year-old retiree who stumbled across the mysterious newcomers last month. \n\nThe Canadian Coast Guard was notified. Beaches on the southern shores of the North Atlantic isle were briefly roped off. A federal agency began investigating. \n\nThe blobs range in size from a coin to a dinner plate. They come in an almost pristine white before mixing with sand and turning darker. They are sticky. And they are \u2014 this the main thing \u2014 indisputably blobby. \n\nAfter that, there is some disagreement. \n\nSome say the blobs carry a whiff of odor not unlike paint. \n\nBut Mr. McGrath said he had not detected that, even when he broke one of them apart with a stick, though that may have been because the air was heavy with the smell of salt. \u201cThe ocean was a little frisky at the time,\u201d he said. \n\nAnother beachcomber, Philip Grace, said that he and his wife were walking along the bay last month when they ran across first a scattering of blobs and then many of them. Like Mr. McGrath, he decided to pry one apart. \n\n\u201cIt had a texture similar to not-fully-cooked dough or foam,\u201d Mr. Grace said. More precisely, he said, it resembled the dough used for a Newfoundland fried bread dish called toutons. \n\nHe turned for help to fellow beachcombers online, where people suggested a wide range of possible culprits. They ranged from the industrial (palm oil, paraffin, pollution) to the biological (slime mold, an invertebrate called sea pork and whale excretions). \n\nBefore long, the authorities joined in. \n\nA federal agency, Environment and Climate Change Canada, said that in the days and weeks after it was notified about the wash-ups on Sept. 7, it sent environmental officers and scientists to collect samples and assess the effects on the shore. The agency said it had also conducted \u201cseveral aerial, underwater and manual surveys of the beaches and shorelines\u201d to try to ascertain the extent of the spread and its source. \n\nBut mystery still reigns. \n\n\u201cAt this time, neither the substance nor its source has been identified,\u201d the agency said this week. It did say that early tests indicated the blobs might be plant-based. \n\nScientists not involved in the investigation said that while there were many tests that could be performed \u2014 the ocean has long thrown up mysterious things to puzzle over \u2014 it would take time to narrow down the possibilities. \n\n\u201cThere is no one telltale piece of information that\u2019s going to slam-dunk this,\u201d said Christopher Reddy, a senior scientist in marine chemistry and geochemistry at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.  Instead, he said, the mystery might need to be solved through \u201can ensemble of chemical, biological, physical and geographic data.\u201d \n\nAnother scientist, Steven Carr, a biologist at Memorial University of Newfoundland, said he did not think the material originated from an animal, at least based on the photos. It does not look like ambergris, the sperm whale excretion used in perfumes, he said. Bits of whale carcass would smell far more powerfully. Sea sponges have holes, but not like those found in the blobs. \n\nLike some of the locals, Mr. Carr also raised the specter of baked-goods incursion, though he cited not toutons but perhaps pastries or pierogies that were abraded by seawater but preserved some shape. But he said that without a sample to examine firsthand, \u201cright now I\u2019m stumped.\u201d \n\nUntil more is known, scientists said, beachgoers should be careful. \u201cIf something came to my lab that was a complete unknown, I would have to treat it with a certain cautiousness,\u201d Mr. Reddy said. \n\nMr. McGrath, for one, is hoping answers come soon. \u201cWe still don\u2019t know if it\u2019s chemical or toxic or harmful to the environment, pets, humans,\u201d he said. \n\nBut mostly he hopes that the blobs, which on Tuesday were still littering the beaches, are gone soon. \n\n\u201cIt\u2019s not very nice,\u201d he said. ","id":14,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'On an ordinary day, beachcombers roaming the rocky shores of Newfoundland can hope to find treasures like mermaid\u2019s purses, barnacle shells and a rainbow\u2019s worth of sea-polished glass fragments. The oddest thing might be the occasional moose teeth, tools or even a doll\u2019s head. \\n\\nWeird, white mystery blobs are another matter. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s the first time I\u2019ve ever seen anything like it, and I\u2019ve lived right here in Placentia Bay my whole life,\u201d said David McGrath, a 67-year-old retiree who stumbled across the mysterious newcomers last month. \\n\\nThe Canadian Coast Guard was notified. Beaches on the southern shores of the North Atlantic isle were briefly roped off. A federal agency began investigating. \\n\\nThe blobs range in size from a coin to a dinner plate. They come in an almost pristine white before mixing with sand and turning darker. They are sticky. And they are \u2014 this the main thing \u2014 indisputably blobby. \\n\\nAfter that, there is some disagreement. \\n\\nSome say the blobs carry a whiff of odor not unlike paint. \\n\\nBut Mr. McGrath said he had not detected that, even when he broke one of them apart with a stick, though that may have been because the air was heavy with the smell of salt. \u201cThe ocean was a little frisky at the time,\u201d he said. \\n\\nAnother beachcomber, Philip Grace, said that he and his wife were walking along the bay last month when they ran across first a scattering of blobs and then many of them. Like Mr. McGrath, he decided to pry one apart. \\n\\n\u201cIt had a texture similar to not-fully-cooked dough or foam,\u201d Mr. Grace said. More precisely, he said, it resembled the dough used for a Newfoundland fried bread dish called toutons. \\n\\nHe turned for help to fellow beachcombers online, where people suggested a wide range of possible culprits. They ranged from the industrial (palm oil, paraffin, pollution) to the biological (slime mold, an invertebrate called sea pork and whale excretions). \\n\\nBefore long, the authorities joined in. \\n\\nA federal agency, Environment and Climate Change Canada, said that in the days and weeks after it was notified about the wash-ups on Sept. 7, it sent environmental officers and scientists to collect samples and assess the effects on the shore. The agency said it had also conducted \u201cseveral aerial, underwater and manual surveys of the beaches and shorelines\u201d to try to ascertain the extent of the spread and its source. \\n\\nBut mystery still reigns. \\n\\n\u201cAt this time, neither the substance nor its source has been identified,\u201d the agency said this week. It did say that early tests indicated the blobs might be plant-based. \\n\\nScientists not involved in the investigation said that while there were many tests that could be performed \u2014 the ocean has long thrown up mysterious things to puzzle over \u2014 it would take time to narrow down the possibilities. \\n\\n\u201cThere is no one telltale piece of information that\u2019s going to slam-dunk this,\u201d said Christopher Reddy, a senior scientist in marine chemistry and geochemistry at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.  Instead, he said, the mystery might need to be solved through \u201can ensemble of chemical, biological, physical and geographic data.\u201d \\n\\nAnother scientist, Steven Carr, a biologist at Memorial University of Newfoundland, said he did not think the material originated from an animal, at least based on the photos. It does not look like ambergris, the sperm whale excretion used in perfumes, he said. Bits of whale carcass would smell far more powerfully. Sea sponges have holes, but not like those found in the blobs. \\n\\nLike some of the locals, Mr. Carr also raised the specter of baked-goods incursion, though he cited not toutons but perhaps pastries or pierogies that were abraded by seawater but preserved some shape. But he said that without a sample to examine firsthand, \u201cright now I\u2019m stumped.\u201d \\n\\nUntil more is known, scientists said, beachgoers should be careful. \u201cIf something came to my lab that was a complete unknown, I would have to treat it with a certain cautiousness,\u201d Mr. Reddy said. \\n\\nMr. McGrath, for one, is hoping answers come soon. \u201cWe still don\u2019t know if it\u2019s chemical or toxic or harmful to the environment, pets, humans,\u201d he said. \\n\\nBut mostly he hopes that the blobs, which on Tuesday were still littering the beaches, are gone soon. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not very nice,\u201d he said. ', 'ai_likelihood': 7.826089859008789e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'On an ordinary day, beachcombers roaming the rocky shores of Newfoundland can hope to find treasures like mermaid\u2019s purses, barnacle shells and a rainbow\u2019s worth of sea-polished glass fragments. The oddest thing might be the occasional moose teeth, tools or even a doll\u2019s head. \\n\\nWeird, white mystery blobs are another matter. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s the first time I\u2019ve ever seen anything like it, and I\u2019ve lived right here in Placentia Bay my whole life,\u201d said David McGrath, a 67-year-old retiree who stumbled across the mysterious newcomers last month. \\n\\nThe Canadian Coast Guard was notified. Beaches on the southern shores of the North Atlantic isle were briefly roped off. A federal agency began investigating. \\n\\nThe blobs range in size from a coin to a dinner plate. They come in an almost pristine white before mixing with sand and turning darker. They are sticky. And they are \u2014 this the main thing \u2014 indisputably blobby. \\n\\nAfter that, there is some disagreement. \\n\\nSome say the blobs carry a whiff of odor not unlike paint. \\n\\nBut Mr. McGrath said he had not detected that, even when he broke one of them apart with a stick, though that may have been because the air was heavy with the smell of salt. \u201cThe ocean was a little frisky at the time,\u201d he said. \\n\\nAnother beachcomber, Philip Grace, said that he and his wife were walking along the bay last month when they ran across first a scattering of blobs and then many of them. Like Mr. McGrath, he decided to pry one apart. \\n\\n\u201cIt had a texture similar to not-fully-cooked dough or foam,\u201d Mr. Grace said. More precisely, he said, it resembled the dough used for a Newfoundland fried bread dish called toutons. \\n\\nHe turned for help to fellow beachcombers online, where people suggested a wide range of possible culprits. They ranged from the industrial (palm oil, paraffin, pollution) to the biological (slime mold, an invertebrate called sea pork and whale excretions). \\n\\nBefore long, the authorities joined in. \\n\\nA federal agency, Environment and Climate Change Canada, said that in the days and weeks after it was notified about the wash-ups on Sept. 7, it sent environmental officers and scientists to collect samples and assess the effects on the shore. The agency said it had also conducted \u201cseveral aerial, underwater and manual surveys of the beaches and shorelines\u201d to try to ascertain the extent of the spread and its source. \\n\\nBut mystery still reigns. \\n\\n\u201cAt this time, neither the substance nor its source has been identified,\u201d the agency said this week. It did say that early tests indicated the blobs might be plant-based. \\n\\nScientists not involved in the investigation said that while there were many tests that could be performed \u2014 the ocean has long thrown up mysterious things to puzzle over \u2014 it would take time to narrow down the possibilities. \\n\\n\u201cThere is no one telltale piece of information that\u2019s going to slam-dunk this,\u201d said Christopher Reddy, a senior scientist in marine chemistry and geochemistry at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.  Instead, he said, the mystery might need to be solved through \u201can ensemble of chemical, biological, physical and geographic data.\u201d \\n\\nAnother scientist, Steven Carr, a biologist at Memorial University of Newfoundland, said he did not think the material originated from an animal, at least based on the photos. It does not look like ambergris, the sperm whale excretion used in perfumes, he said. Bits of whale carcass would smell far more powerfully. Sea sponges have holes, but not like those found in the blobs. \\n\\nLike some of the locals, Mr. Carr also raised the specter of baked-goods incursion, though he cited not toutons but perhaps pastries or pierogies that were abraded by seawater but preserved some shape. But he said that without a sample to examine firsthand, \u201cright now I\u2019m stumped.\u201d \\n\\nUntil more is known, scientists said, beachgoers should be careful. \u201cIf something came to my lab that was a complete unknown, I would have to treat it with a certain cautiousness,\u201d Mr. Reddy said. \\n\\nMr. McGrath, for one, is hoping answers come soon. \u201cWe still don\u2019t know if it\u2019s chemical or toxic or harmful to the environment, pets, humans,\u201d he said. \\n\\nBut mostly he hopes that the blobs, which on Tuesday were still littering the beaches, are gone soon. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not very nice,\u201d he said. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.2874603271484375e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'b82e6e13-1efe-42d9-baa1-f31aa7b36d17', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0002809545549098402, 'sentence': \"On an ordinary day, beachcombers roaming the rocky shores of Newfoundland can hope to find treasures like mermaid's purses, barnacle shells and a rainbow's worth of sea-polished glass fragments.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00018917307897936553, 'sentence': \"The oddest thing might be the occasional moose teeth, tools or even a doll's head.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021122355246916413, 'sentence': 'Weird, white mystery blobs are another matter.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, 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it resembled the dough used for a Newfoundland fried bread dish called toutons.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005988091579638422, 'sentence': 'He turned for help to fellow beachcombers online, where people suggested a wide range of possible culprits.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007194502977654338, 'sentence': 'They ranged from the industrial (palm oil, paraffin, pollution) to the biological (slime mold, an invertebrate called sea pork and whale excretions).', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004887273535132408, 'sentence': 'Before long, the authorities joined in.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005549355410039425, 'sentence': 'A federal agency, Environment and Climate Change Canada, said that in the days and weeks after it was notified about the wash-ups on Sept. 7, it sent environmental officers and 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'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.983211253304034e-05, 'sentence': \"But he said that without a sample to examine firsthand, \u201cright now I'm stumped.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014863429532852024, 'sentence': 'Until more is known, scientists said, beachgoers should be careful.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010559402289800346, 'sentence': '\u201cIf something came to my lab that was a complete unknown, I would have to treat it with a certain cautiousness,\u201d Mr. Reddy said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010236123489448801, 'sentence': 'Mr. McGrath, for one, is hoping answers come soon.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.97738607111387e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe still don't know if it's chemical or toxic or harmful to the environment, pets, 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0.9415289118698688, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.058471088130131146, 'human': 0.9415289118698688, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'On an ordinary day, beachcombers roaming the rocky shores of Newfoundland can hope to find treasures like mermaid\u2019s purses, barnacle shells and a rainbow\u2019s worth of sea-polished glass fragments. The oddest thing might be the occasional moose teeth, tools or even a doll\u2019s head. \\n\\nWeird, white mystery blobs are another matter. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s the first time I\u2019ve ever seen anything like it, and I\u2019ve lived right here in Placentia Bay my whole life,\u201d said David McGrath, a 67-year-old retiree who stumbled across the mysterious newcomers last month. \\n\\nThe Canadian Coast Guard was notified. Beaches on the southern shores of the North Atlantic isle were briefly roped off. A federal agency began investigating. \\n\\nThe blobs range in size from a coin to a dinner plate. They come in an almost pristine white before mixing with sand and turning darker. They are sticky. And they are \u2014 this the main thing \u2014 indisputably blobby. \\n\\nAfter that, there is some disagreement. \\n\\nSome say the blobs carry a whiff of odor not unlike paint. \\n\\nBut Mr. McGrath said he had not detected that, even when he broke one of them apart with a stick, though that may have been because the air was heavy with the smell of salt. \u201cThe ocean was a little frisky at the time,\u201d he said. \\n\\nAnother beachcomber, Philip Grace, said that he and his wife were walking along the bay last month when they ran across first a scattering of blobs and then many of them. Like Mr. McGrath, he decided to pry one apart. \\n\\n\u201cIt had a texture similar to not-fully-cooked dough or foam,\u201d Mr. Grace said. More precisely, he said, it resembled the dough used for a Newfoundland fried bread dish called toutons. \\n\\nHe turned for help to fellow beachcombers online, where people suggested a wide range of possible culprits. They ranged from the industrial (palm oil, paraffin, pollution) to the biological (slime mold, an invertebrate called sea pork and whale excretions). \\n\\nBefore long, the authorities joined in. \\n\\nA federal agency, Environment and Climate Change Canada, said that in the days and weeks after it was notified about the wash-ups on Sept. 7, it sent environmental officers and scientists to collect samples and assess the effects on the shore. The agency said it had also conducted \u201cseveral aerial, underwater and manual surveys of the beaches and shorelines\u201d to try to ascertain the extent of the spread and its source. \\n\\nBut mystery still reigns. \\n\\n\u201cAt this time, neither the substance nor its source has been identified,\u201d the agency said this week. It did say that early tests indicated the blobs might be plant-based. \\n\\nScientists not involved in the investigation said that while there were many tests that could be performed \u2014 the ocean has long thrown up mysterious things to puzzle over \u2014 it would take time to narrow down the possibilities. \\n\\n\u201cThere is no one telltale piece of information that\u2019s going to slam-dunk this,\u201d said Christopher Reddy, a senior scientist in marine chemistry and geochemistry at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.  Instead, he said, the mystery might need to be solved through \u201can ensemble of chemical, biological, physical and geographic data.\u201d \\n\\nAnother scientist, Steven Carr, a biologist at Memorial University of Newfoundland, said he did not think the material originated from an animal, at least based on the photos. It does not look like ambergris, the sperm whale excretion used in perfumes, he said. Bits of whale carcass would smell far more powerfully. Sea sponges have holes, but not like those found in the blobs. \\n\\nLike some of the locals, Mr. Carr also raised the specter of baked-goods incursion, though he cited not toutons but perhaps pastries or pierogies that were abraded by seawater but preserved some shape. But he said that without a sample to examine firsthand, \u201cright now I\u2019m stumped.\u201d \\n\\nUntil more is known, scientists said, beachgoers should be careful. \u201cIf something came to my lab that was a complete unknown, I would have to treat it with a certain cautiousness,\u201d Mr. Reddy said. \\n\\nMr. McGrath, for one, is hoping answers come soon. \u201cWe still don\u2019t know if it\u2019s chemical or toxic or harmful to the environment, pets, humans,\u201d he said. \\n\\nBut mostly he hopes that the blobs, which on Tuesday were still littering the beaches, are gone soon. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not very nice,\u201d he said. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7142484784,"RADAR":0.0092110606,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article uses \"said\" throughout rather than cycling through synonyms. It also breaks the flow with short snappy sentences and is overall too well written to be machine-generated. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There are several unusual ways of saying things here that sound human: \"indisputably blobby\", \"the ocean was a little frisky\", \"slam-dunk this\".\nAlso, AI generally uses \"he said\" even for reported speech while this text uses the more correct way: \"he said that...\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: Filler words like 'very'. Awkward phrasing. Short choppy sentences and paragraphs. Redundancies like 'whiff of odor'. Adjectives like 'frisky'. I think tell-tale needs a hyphen. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written; it's got a great detail for organization and story-telling mechanics; the language used throughout it is precise, simple at times, and even the conclusion part avoids putting personal moral bias into the article to reference that the 'scientists' specifically stated to avoid it and be cautious. All ideas throughout the article as ascribed to their sources, and the details are descriptive and easy to read, such as with \"They ranged from the industrial (palm oil, paraffin, pollution) to the biological (slime mold, an invertebrate called sea pork and whale excretions).\" and \"the specter of baked-goods incursion, though he cited not toutons but perhaps pastries or pierogies that were abraded by seawater but preserved some shape\". It ends on a quote that summarizes how people feel about it overall, and educates the readers well. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The author has a droll sense of humour. And so do the residents. Very refreshing to read the blobs described as \"indisputably blobby\" instead of some dark alien force that threatens the entire coastline (\u00e0 la the AI version I read a few hours ago). \n[Aside: I wonder whether Grok is funny yet.]"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"105":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":16,"title":"Can Your Electric Vehicle Catch Fire During a Hurricane? ","sub-title":"E.V. batteries that are submerged in saltwater can catch fire after the floods subside, but experts say it\u2019s a rarity. ","author":"Austyn Gaffney & Brad Plumer","source":"New York Times","issue":-17954426,"section":"Automobiles","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/10\/09\/climate\/electric-vehicles-fire-hurricanes.html","article":"Officials in Florida warned residents to move their electric vehicles away from potential flood zones ahead of Hurricane Milton to avoid the risk that the cars could burst into flames after being submerged in saltwater for extended periods. \n\n\u201cKeep electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries away from floodwaters and storm surge,\u201d urged the Facebook page for Hillsborough County, which contains Tampa. \n\nElectric vehicles contain lithium-ion batteries, which can also be found in e-bikes and scooters, wheelchairs, golf carts, electric lawn mowers and tools like cordless drills. If these batteries are soaked in saltwater, some can ignite after floodwaters subside. \n\nIt\u2019s a relatively rare problem, but the risk is real. \n\nThere were roughly three dozen fires associated with electric vehicles during Hurricane Helene last month, according to officials, at least one of which destroyed a home. More than 254,000 electric vehicles were registered in Florida at the end of 2023. \n\n<b>Why do batteries catch fire in floods?<\/b> \n\nIf saltwater reaches the interior of a lithium-ion battery, it can cause the cells to short-circuit by conducting electricity between the positive and negative terminals. This generates heat. \n\nIn some cases, that heat can spur a chain reaction inside the battery called thermal runaway. Heat from one cell starts melting the plastic separators inside neighboring cells, which causes additional short-circuiting and generates more heat. The end result: a fire that can last for hours and is hard to extinguish. \n\nAutomakers design their lithium-ion batteries to be water-resistant. But if a vehicle is submerged in saltwater for an extended period, wear and tear or corrosion could allow saltwater to seep into the battery and cause a fire. \n\n\u201cThis isn\u2019t a risk for freshwater immersion\u201d associated with heavy rainfall or river floods, said Albert Gore, the executive director of the Zero Emission Transportation Association, a trade group. \u201cBut in places prone to saltwater flooding and storm surges, it\u2019s a risk to be aware of.\u201d \n\n<b>How safe am I?<\/b> \n\nAfter Hurricane Ian hit southwest Florida in 2022, more than 3,000 electric vehicles were affected by floods, but just 36 were reported to have caught on fire, according to a January report by Idaho National Laboratory. \n\n\u201cIt\u2019s not super common,\u201d said Thomas Barth, chief of a special investigations branch into highway safety at the National Transportation Safety Board. \n\nResearchers have been dissecting and studying batteries that did catch fire after being flooded with saltwater to understand the causes, potentially allowing battery manufacturers to get better at preventing future fires. \n\n\u201cWe\u2019ve had 100 years to refine the safety of gasoline-powered vehicles, and we\u2019re a little over a decade in terms of high-volume production of E.V.s,\u201d said Alan Taub, director of the Electric Vehicle Center at the University of Michigan. \u201cEvents are rare but they catch a lot of attention.\u201d \n\n<b>How can I protect my vehicle?<\/b> \n\nIf you\u2019re in the path of a hurricane, you can evacuate the area in your electric vehicle just as you would in a gasoline-powered car. In that scenario, you would want to make sure your car is fully charged before leaving. \n\nIf you\u2019re not on the move but anticipate saltwater flooding or storm surge where your electric vehicle is parked, reduce your vehicle\u2019s charge to 20 or 30 percent. A lower charge means there is less energy in the vehicle to cause thermal runaway. \n\nThen, move the car to a place that\u2019s less likely to be flooded, such as the top floor of a parking garage. If you don\u2019t have that option, park it at least 50 feet away from structures that are flammable, like your house or garage or a stand of trees. \n\n\u201cIf the worst does happen, then it\u2019s only a car you end up losing,\u201d said Greg Less, director of University of Michigan\u2019s Battery Lab. \n\n<b>My E.V. was submerged. What should I do next?<\/b> \n\nIf you know your E.V. was submerged in floodwaters, don\u2019t drive the vehicle, even if it looks safe. Fires can start hours, days or even weeks after the floodwaters drain away. \n\nContact the manufacturer for an inspection. Be clear that your vehicle was submerged and needs to be assessed for flood damage. Often, a damaged electric vehicle will need to be towed away on a flatbed truck for further inspection. \n\n\u201cIn spite of what might sound like dire warnings, we still believe E.V.s are safe to drive and safe to own,\u201d said Dr. Less, who owns an electric vehicle. \n\n<b>Are battery fires a problem for firefighters?<\/b? \n\nElectric vehicles aren\u2019t the only source of fire risk during a disaster. Gasoline-powered cars can, and often do, catch fire as well. But electric vehicle fires need to be dealt with differently. \n\nFirefighters have to spray water in just the right places around the battery to reduce heat. \u201cIf you don\u2019t get it right, you can spray all the water you want and it won\u2019t stop the battery from reigniting,\u201d said Andrew Klock, a senior manager at the National Fire Protection Association. \n\nThe association has educated about 350,000 firefighters in extinguishing electric vehicle fires, but there are roughly 1.2 million firefighters nationwide and more need training, he added. ","id":15,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Officials in Florida warned residents to move their electric vehicles away from potential flood zones ahead of Hurricane Milton to avoid the risk that the cars could burst into flames after being submerged in saltwater for extended periods. \\n\\n\u201cKeep electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries away from floodwaters and storm surge,\u201d urged the Facebook page for Hillsborough County, which contains Tampa. \\n\\nElectric vehicles contain lithium-ion batteries, which can also be found in e-bikes and scooters, wheelchairs, golf carts, electric lawn mowers and tools like cordless drills. If these batteries are soaked in saltwater, some can ignite after floodwaters subside. \\n\\nIt\u2019s a relatively rare problem, but the risk is real. \\n\\nThere were roughly three dozen fires associated with electric vehicles during Hurricane Helene last month, according to officials, at least one of which destroyed a home. More than 254,000 electric vehicles were registered in Florida at the end of 2023. \\n\\n<b>Why do batteries catch fire in floods?<\/b> \\n\\nIf saltwater reaches the interior of a lithium-ion battery, it can cause the cells to short-circuit by conducting electricity between the positive and negative terminals. This generates heat. \\n\\nIn some cases, that heat can spur a chain reaction inside the battery called thermal runaway. Heat from one cell starts melting the plastic separators inside neighboring cells, which causes additional short-circuiting and generates more heat. The end result: a fire that can last for hours and is hard to extinguish. \\n\\nAutomakers design their lithium-ion batteries to be water-resistant. But if a vehicle is submerged in saltwater for an extended period, wear and tear or corrosion could allow saltwater to seep into the battery and cause a fire. \\n\\n\u201cThis isn\u2019t a risk for freshwater immersion\u201d associated with heavy rainfall or river floods, said Albert Gore, the executive director of the Zero Emission Transportation Association, a trade group. \u201cBut in places prone to saltwater flooding and storm surges, it\u2019s a risk to be aware of.\u201d \\n\\n<b>How safe am I?<\/b> \\n\\nAfter Hurricane Ian hit southwest Florida in 2022, more than 3,000 electric vehicles were affected by floods, but just 36 were reported to have caught on fire, according to a January report by Idaho National Laboratory. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not super common,\u201d said Thomas Barth, chief of a special investigations branch into highway safety at the National Transportation Safety Board. \\n\\nResearchers have been dissecting and studying batteries that did catch fire after being flooded with saltwater to understand the causes, potentially allowing battery manufacturers to get better at preventing future fires. \\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019ve had 100 years to refine the safety of gasoline-powered vehicles, and we\u2019re a little over a decade in terms of high-volume production of E.V.s,\u201d said Alan Taub, director of the Electric Vehicle Center at the University of Michigan. \u201cEvents are rare but they catch a lot of attention.\u201d \\n\\n<b>How can I protect my vehicle?<\/b> \\n\\nIf you\u2019re in the path of a hurricane, you can evacuate the area in your electric vehicle just as you would in a gasoline-powered car. In that scenario, you would want to make sure your car is fully charged before leaving. \\n\\nIf you\u2019re not on the move but anticipate saltwater flooding or storm surge where your electric vehicle is parked, reduce your vehicle\u2019s charge to 20 or 30 percent. A lower charge means there is less energy in the vehicle to cause thermal runaway. \\n\\nThen, move the car to a place that\u2019s less likely to be flooded, such as the top floor of a parking garage. If you don\u2019t have that option, park it at least 50 feet away from structures that are flammable, like your house or garage or a stand of trees. \\n\\n\u201cIf the worst does happen, then it\u2019s only a car you end up losing,\u201d said Greg Less, director of University of Michigan\u2019s Battery Lab. \\n\\n<b>My E.V. was submerged. What should I do next?<\/b> \\n\\nIf you know your E.V. was submerged in floodwaters, don\u2019t drive the vehicle, even if it looks safe. Fires can start hours, days or even weeks after the floodwaters drain away. \\n\\nContact the manufacturer for an inspection. Be clear that your vehicle was submerged and needs to be assessed for flood damage. Often, a damaged electric vehicle will need to be towed away on a flatbed truck for further inspection. \\n\\n\u201cIn spite of what might sound like dire warnings, we still believe E.V.s are safe to drive and safe to own,\u201d said Dr. Less, who owns an electric vehicle. \\n\\n<b>Are battery fires a problem for firefighters?<\/b? \\n\\nElectric vehicles aren\u2019t the only source of fire risk during a disaster. Gasoline-powered cars can, and often do, catch fire as well. But electric vehicle fires need to be dealt with differently. \\n\\nFirefighters have to spray water in just the right places around the battery to reduce heat. \u201cIf you don\u2019t get it right, you can spray all the water you want and it won\u2019t stop the battery from reigniting,\u201d said Andrew Klock, a senior manager at the National Fire Protection Association. \\n\\nThe association has educated about 350,000 firefighters in extinguishing electric vehicle fires, but there are roughly 1.2 million firefighters nationwide and more need training, he added. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.722574234008789e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Officials in Florida warned residents to move their electric vehicles away from potential flood zones ahead of Hurricane Milton to avoid the risk that the cars could burst into flames after being submerged in saltwater for extended periods. \\n\\n\u201cKeep electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries away from floodwaters and storm surge,\u201d urged the Facebook page for Hillsborough County, which contains Tampa. \\n\\nElectric vehicles contain lithium-ion batteries, which can also be found in e-bikes and scooters, wheelchairs, golf carts, electric lawn mowers and tools like cordless drills. If these batteries are soaked in saltwater, some can ignite after floodwaters subside. \\n\\nIt\u2019s a relatively rare problem, but the risk is real. \\n\\nThere were roughly three dozen fires associated with electric vehicles during Hurricane Helene last month, according to officials, at least one of which destroyed a home. More than 254,000 electric vehicles were registered in Florida at the end of 2023. \\n\\n<b>Why do batteries catch fire in floods?<\/b> \\n\\nIf saltwater reaches the interior of a lithium-ion battery, it can cause the cells to short-circuit by conducting electricity between the positive and negative terminals. This generates heat. \\n\\nIn some cases, that heat can spur a chain reaction inside the battery called thermal runaway. Heat from one cell starts melting the plastic separators inside neighboring cells, which causes additional short-circuiting and generates more heat. The end result: a fire that can last for hours and is hard to extinguish. \\n\\nAutomakers design their lithium-ion batteries to be water-resistant. But if a vehicle is submerged in saltwater for an extended period, wear and tear or corrosion could allow saltwater to seep into the battery and cause a fire. \\n\\n\u201cThis isn\u2019t a risk for freshwater immersion\u201d associated with heavy rainfall or river floods, said Albert Gore, the executive director of the Zero Emission Transportation Association, a trade group. \u201cBut in places prone to saltwater flooding and storm surges, it\u2019s a risk to be aware of.\u201d \\n\\n<b>How safe am I?<\/b> \\n\\nAfter Hurricane Ian hit southwest Florida in 2022, more than 3,000 electric vehicles were affected by floods, but just 36 were reported to have caught on fire, according to a January report by Idaho National Laboratory. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not super common,\u201d said Thomas Barth, chief of a special investigations branch into highway safety at the National Transportation Safety Board. \\n\\nResearchers have been dissecting and studying batteries that did catch fire after being flooded with saltwater to understand the causes, potentially allowing battery manufacturers to get better at preventing future fires. \\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019ve had 100 years to refine the safety of gasoline-powered vehicles, and we\u2019re a little over a decade in terms of high-volume production of E.V.s,\u201d said Alan Taub, director of the Electric Vehicle Center at the University of Michigan. \u201cEvents are rare but they catch a lot of attention.\u201d \\n\\n<b>How can I protect my vehicle?<\/b> \\n\\nIf you\u2019re in the path of a hurricane, you can evacuate the area in your electric vehicle just as you would in a gasoline-powered car. 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If these batteries are soaked in saltwater, some can ignite after floodwaters subside. \\n\\nIt\u2019s a relatively rare problem, but the risk is real. \\n\\nThere were roughly three dozen fires associated with electric vehicles during Hurricane Helene last month, according to officials, at least one of which destroyed a home. More than 254,000 electric vehicles were registered in Florida at the end of 2023. \\n\\n<b>Why do batteries catch fire in floods?<\/b> \\n\\nIf saltwater reaches the interior of a lithium-ion battery, it can cause the cells to short-circuit by conducting electricity between the positive and negative terminals. This generates heat. \\n\\nIn some cases, that heat can spur a chain reaction inside the battery called thermal runaway. Heat from one cell starts melting the plastic separators inside neighboring cells, which causes additional short-circuiting and generates more heat. The end result: a fire that can last for hours and is hard to extinguish. \\n\\nAutomakers design their lithium-ion batteries to be water-resistant. But if a vehicle is submerged in saltwater for an extended period, wear and tear or corrosion could allow saltwater to seep into the battery and cause a fire. \\n\\n\u201cThis isn\u2019t a risk for freshwater immersion\u201d associated with heavy rainfall or river floods, said Albert Gore, the executive director of the Zero Emission Transportation Association, a trade group. \u201cBut in places prone to saltwater flooding and storm surges, it\u2019s a risk to be aware of.\u201d \\n\\n<b>How safe am I?<\/b> \\n\\nAfter Hurricane Ian hit southwest Florida in 2022, more than 3,000 electric vehicles were affected by floods, but just 36 were reported to have caught on fire, according to a January report by Idaho National Laboratory. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not super common,\u201d said Thomas Barth, chief of a special investigations branch into highway safety at the National Transportation Safety Board. \\n\\nResearchers have been dissecting and studying batteries that did catch fire after being flooded with saltwater to understand the causes, potentially allowing battery manufacturers to get better at preventing future fires. \\n\\n\u201cWe\u2019ve had 100 years to refine the safety of gasoline-powered vehicles, and we\u2019re a little over a decade in terms of high-volume production of E.V.s,\u201d said Alan Taub, director of the Electric Vehicle Center at the University of Michigan. \u201cEvents are rare but they catch a lot of attention.\u201d \\n\\n<b>How can I protect my vehicle?<\/b> \\n\\nIf you\u2019re in the path of a hurricane, you can evacuate the area in your electric vehicle just as you would in a gasoline-powered car. In that scenario, you would want to make sure your car is fully charged before leaving. \\n\\nIf you\u2019re not on the move but anticipate saltwater flooding or storm surge where your electric vehicle is parked, reduce your vehicle\u2019s charge to 20 or 30 percent. A lower charge means there is less energy in the vehicle to cause thermal runaway. \\n\\nThen, move the car to a place that\u2019s less likely to be flooded, such as the top floor of a parking garage. If you don\u2019t have that option, park it at least 50 feet away from structures that are flammable, like your house or garage or a stand of trees. \\n\\n\u201cIf the worst does happen, then it\u2019s only a car you end up losing,\u201d said Greg Less, director of University of Michigan\u2019s Battery Lab. \\n\\n<b>My E.V. was submerged. What should I do next?<\/b> \\n\\nIf you know your E.V. was submerged in floodwaters, don\u2019t drive the vehicle, even if it looks safe. Fires can start hours, days or even weeks after the floodwaters drain away. \\n\\nContact the manufacturer for an inspection. Be clear that your vehicle was submerged and needs to be assessed for flood damage. Often, a damaged electric vehicle will need to be towed away on a flatbed truck for further inspection. \\n\\n\u201cIn spite of what might sound like dire warnings, we still believe E.V.s are safe to drive and safe to own,\u201d said Dr. Less, who owns an electric vehicle. \\n\\n<b>Are battery fires a problem for firefighters?<\/b? \\n\\nElectric vehicles aren\u2019t the only source of fire risk during a disaster. Gasoline-powered cars can, and often do, catch fire as well. But electric vehicle fires need to be dealt with differently. \\n\\nFirefighters have to spray water in just the right places around the battery to reduce heat. \u201cIf you don\u2019t get it right, you can spray all the water you want and it won\u2019t stop the battery from reigniting,\u201d said Andrew Klock, a senior manager at the National Fire Protection Association. \\n\\nThe association has educated about 350,000 firefighters in extinguishing electric vehicle fires, but there are roughly 1.2 million firefighters nationwide and more need training, he added. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8293453455,"RADAR":0.0652611107,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article has an HTML tag in one of the headings which almost certainly means it's human-generated and there was a mistake when copying it. Another sign is that it uses \"said\" almost exclusively."},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I think this is human-generated because of the punctuation error in the speech \"This isn't a risk...said Albert Gore...\" The quotation marks should close after \"river floods.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: Sentence case headings. Choppy sentences. Varied paragraph length. Contractions. Colloquial language like 'super common'. 'You' language. Also, not sure what's going on with the last heading."},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written because the writing is clear and straight to the point. All quotes are referenced where they are found, are realistic in their context, and all other information supports and surrounds the quotes well. As for how the article is written, it informs with facts, easy to read language, and formats the headers in a way that sections out where information is and what the reader needs to know. Some examples include \"you can evacuate the area in your electric vehicle just as you would in a gasoline-powered car\" and \"park it at least 50 feet away from structures that are flammable, like your house or garage or a stand of trees.\" "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The use of simple instead of perfect or progressive verb forms.\nInformative and to the point."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"106":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":17,"title":"What Does the N95 Stand for in N95 Masks?","sub-title":"Who knew? ","author":"Madeline Wahl","source":"Readers Digest","issue":-17954999,"section":"Knowledge","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/what-does-the-n95-stand-for-in-n95-masks\/","article":"<b>A global pandemic<\/b> \n\nAs COVID-19 spreads around the world and cases continue to increase, there are multiple aspects of the worldwide pandemic to pay attention to. From knowing the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic, the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, and what hospital workers need in order to help save patients, there are a lot of new terms to learn. When the coronavirus was at its worst, you probably heard that hospitals needed more ventilators, N95 respirators, and surgical masks, but what does N95 stand for? \n\n<b>What\u2019s an N95 respirator?<\/b> \n\nFirst of all, it\u2019s important to note what these masks are. According to the Food and Drug Administration, an N95 respirator is \u201ca respiratory protective device designed to achieve a very close facial fit and very efficient filtration of airborne particles.\u201d A surgical N95 respirator, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), \u201cis a NIOSH-approved N95 respirator that has also been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a surgical mask.\u201d \n\n<b>What does N95 stand for?<\/b> \n\nAccording to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), there are different types of disposable particle respirators and an N95 respirator falls into that category. But what is a disposable particle respirator? According to the CDC, \u201cParticulate respirators are also known as \u2018air-purifying respirators\u2019 because they protect by filtering particles out of the air as you breathe. These respirators protect only against particles\u2014not gases or vapors. Since airborne biological agents such as bacteria or viruses are particles, they can be filtered by particulate respirators.\u201d \n\nThere are two separate factors in classifying a disposable particle respirator: how the mask filters air and how resistant the mask is to oil. The different ratings in place for respirators indicate how well the mask would protect against oils and are rated as N, R, or P. According to NIOSH, \u201crespirators are rated \u2018N,\u2019 if they are Not resistant to oil, \u2018R\u2019 if somewhat Resistant to oil, and \u2018P\u2019 if strongly resistant (oil Proof).\u201d \n\nThis is where the numbers come in. Respirators that filter out 95 percent of airborne particles are given a 95 rating, so N95 respirator filters out 95 percent of airborne particles but is not resistant to oil. The respirators that filter out at least 99 percent of airborne particles have a 99 rating and the ones that filter out 99.97 percent of airborne particles, which NIOSH notes as essentially 100 percent, receive a 100 rating. \n\n<b>The similarities and differences between N95 masks and surgeon masks<\/b> \n\nThe CDC has an infographic highlighting the differences between surgical masks and N95 respirators. For example, testing and approval for surgical masks are done by the FDA, whereas testing and approval for N95 respirators are done by NIOSH. Surgical masks are loose-fitting whereas N95 respirators have a tighter fit. For similarities, according to the FDA, both masks are \u201ctested for fluid resistance, filtration efficiency (particulate filtration efficiency and bacterial filtration efficiency), flammability and biocompatibility.\u201d Surgeon masks and N95 masks should not be reused or shared. ","id":16,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': '<b>A global pandemic<\/b> \\n\\nAs COVID-19 spreads around the world and cases continue to increase, there are multiple aspects of the worldwide pandemic to pay attention to. From knowing the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic, the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, and what hospital workers need in order to help save patients, there are a lot of new terms to learn. When the coronavirus was at its worst, you probably heard that hospitals needed more ventilators, N95 respirators, and surgical masks, but what does N95 stand for? \\n\\n<b>What\u2019s an N95 respirator?<\/b> \\n\\nFirst of all, it\u2019s important to note what these masks are. According to the Food and Drug Administration, an N95 respirator is \u201ca respiratory protective device designed to achieve a very close facial fit and very efficient filtration of airborne particles.\u201d A surgical N95 respirator, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), \u201cis a NIOSH-approved N95 respirator that has also been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a surgical mask.\u201d \\n\\n<b>What does N95 stand for?<\/b> \\n\\nAccording to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), there are different types of disposable particle respirators and an N95 respirator falls into that category. But what is a disposable particle respirator? According to the CDC, \u201cParticulate respirators are also known as \u2018air-purifying respirators\u2019 because they protect by filtering particles out of the air as you breathe. These respirators protect only against particles\u2014not gases or vapors. Since airborne biological agents such as bacteria or viruses are particles, they can be filtered by particulate respirators.\u201d \\n\\nThere are two separate factors in classifying a disposable particle respirator: how the mask filters air and how resistant the mask is to oil. The different ratings in place for respirators indicate how well the mask would protect against oils and are rated as N, R, or P. According to NIOSH, \u201crespirators are rated \u2018N,\u2019 if they are Not resistant to oil, \u2018R\u2019 if somewhat Resistant to oil, and \u2018P\u2019 if strongly resistant (oil Proof).\u201d \\n\\nThis is where the numbers come in. Respirators that filter out 95 percent of airborne particles are given a 95 rating, so N95 respirator filters out 95 percent of airborne particles but is not resistant to oil. The respirators that filter out at least 99 percent of airborne particles have a 99 rating and the ones that filter out 99.97 percent of airborne particles, which NIOSH notes as essentially 100 percent, receive a 100 rating. \\n\\n<b>The similarities and differences between N95 masks and surgeon masks<\/b> \\n\\nThe CDC has an infographic highlighting the differences between surgical masks and N95 respirators. For example, testing and approval for surgical masks are done by the FDA, whereas testing and approval for N95 respirators are done by NIOSH. Surgical masks are loose-fitting whereas N95 respirators have a tighter fit. For similarities, according to the FDA, both masks are \u201ctested for fluid resistance, filtration efficiency (particulate filtration efficiency and bacterial filtration efficiency), flammability and biocompatibility.\u201d Surgeon masks and N95 masks should not be reused or shared. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1920928955078125e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': '<b>A global pandemic<\/b> \\n\\nAs COVID-19 spreads around the world and cases continue to increase, there are multiple aspects of the worldwide pandemic to pay attention to. From knowing the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic, the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, and what hospital workers need in order to help save patients, there are a lot of new terms to learn. When the coronavirus was at its worst, you probably heard that hospitals needed more ventilators, N95 respirators, and surgical masks, but what does N95 stand for? \\n\\n<b>What\u2019s an N95 respirator?<\/b> \\n\\nFirst of all, it\u2019s important to note what these masks are. According to the Food and Drug Administration, an N95 respirator is \u201ca respiratory protective device designed to achieve a very close facial fit and very efficient filtration of airborne particles.\u201d A surgical N95 respirator, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), \u201cis a NIOSH-approved N95 respirator that has also been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a surgical mask.\u201d \\n\\n<b>What does N95 stand for?<\/b> \\n\\nAccording to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), there are different types of disposable particle respirators and an N95 respirator falls into that category. But what is a disposable particle respirator? According to the CDC, \u201cParticulate respirators are also known as \u2018air-purifying respirators\u2019 because they protect by filtering particles out of the air as you breathe. These respirators protect only against particles\u2014not gases or vapors. Since airborne biological agents such as bacteria or viruses are particles, they can be filtered by particulate respirators.\u201d \\n\\nThere are two separate factors in classifying a disposable particle respirator: how the mask filters air and how resistant the mask is to oil. The different ratings in place for respirators indicate how well the mask would protect against oils and are rated as N, R, or P. According to NIOSH, \u201crespirators are rated \u2018N,\u2019 if they are Not resistant to oil, \u2018R\u2019 if somewhat Resistant to oil, and \u2018P\u2019 if strongly resistant (oil Proof).\u201d \\n\\nThis is where the numbers come in. Respirators that filter out 95 percent of airborne particles are given a 95 rating, so N95 respirator filters out 95 percent of airborne particles but is not resistant to oil. The respirators that filter out at least 99 percent of airborne particles have a 99 rating and the ones that filter out 99.97 percent of airborne particles, which NIOSH notes as essentially 100 percent, receive a 100 rating. \\n\\n<b>The similarities and differences between N95 masks and surgeon masks<\/b> \\n\\nThe CDC has an infographic highlighting the differences between surgical masks and N95 respirators. For example, testing and approval for surgical masks are done by the FDA, whereas testing and approval for N95 respirators are done by NIOSH. Surgical masks are loose-fitting whereas N95 respirators have a tighter fit. For similarities, according to the FDA, both masks are \u201ctested for fluid resistance, filtration efficiency (particulate filtration efficiency and bacterial filtration efficiency), flammability and biocompatibility.\u201d Surgeon masks and N95 masks should not be reused or shared. ', 'ai_likelihood': 5.960464477539063e-08, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'db8b0713-0e26-43ab-bad8-1f5d754459e9', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.008930172771215439, 'sentence': '<b>A global pandemic<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.009938281029462814, 'sentence': 'As COVID-19 spreads around the world and cases continue to increase, there are multiple aspects of the worldwide pandemic to pay attention to.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.013908839784562588, 'sentence': 'From knowing the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic, the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, and what hospital workers need in order to help save patients, there are a lot of new terms to learn.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.015029098838567734, 'sentence': 'When the coronavirus was at its worst, you probably heard that hospitals needed more ventilators, N95 respirators, and surgical masks, but what does N95 stand for?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.013497414998710155, 'sentence': \"<b>What's an N95 respirator?<\/b>\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.019755838438868523, 'sentence': \"First of all, it's important to note what these masks are.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.009980335831642151, 'sentence': 'According to the Food and Drug Administration, an N95 respirator is \u201ca respiratory protective device designed to achieve a very close facial fit and very efficient filtration of airborne particles.\u201d A surgical N95 respirator, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), \u201cis a NIOSH-approved N95 respirator that has also been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a surgical mask.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.009750651195645332, 'sentence': '<b>What does N95 stand for?<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01113671250641346, 'sentence': 'According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), there are different types of disposable particle respirators and an N95 respirator falls into that category.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01572047732770443, 'sentence': 'But what is a disposable particle respirator?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.012938719242811203, 'sentence': \"According to the CDC, \u201cParticulate respirators are also known as 'air-purifying respirators' because they protect by filtering particles out of the air as you breathe.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.013762842863798141, 'sentence': 'These respirators protect only against particles\u1173not gases or vapors.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.008035382255911827, 'sentence': 'Since airborne biological agents such as bacteria or viruses are particles, they can be filtered by particulate respirators.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.006288749631494284, 'sentence': 'There are two separate factors in classifying a disposable particle respirator: how the mask filters air and how resistant the mask is to oil.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.008342232555150986, 'sentence': \"The different ratings in place for respirators indicate how well the mask would protect against oils and are rated as N, R, or P. According to NIOSH, \u201crespirators are rated 'N,' if they are Not resistant to oil, 'R' if somewhat Resistant to oil, and 'P' if strongly resistant (oil Proof).\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010947217233479023, 'sentence': 'This is where the numbers come in.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004245758056640625, 'sentence': 'Respirators that filter out 95 percent of airborne particles are given a 95 rating, so N95 respirator filters out 95 percent of airborne particles but is not resistant to oil.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004546465817838907, 'sentence': 'The respirators that filter out at least 99 percent of airborne particles have a 99 rating and the ones that filter out 99.97 percent of airborne particles, which NIOSH notes as essentially 100 percent, receive a 100 rating.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003248730208724737, 'sentence': '<b>The similarities and differences between N95 masks and surgeon masks<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0034443424083292484, 'sentence': 'The CDC has an infographic highlighting the differences between surgical masks and N95 respirators.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00395556865260005, 'sentence': 'For example, testing and approval for surgical masks are done by the FDA, whereas testing and approval for N95 respirators are done by NIOSH.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003132175887003541, 'sentence': 'Surgical masks are loose-fitting whereas N95 respirators have a tighter fit.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00398535281419754, 'sentence': 'For similarities, according to the FDA, both masks are \u201ctested for fluid resistance, filtration efficiency (particulate filtration efficiency and bacterial filtration efficiency), flammability and biocompatibility.\u201d Surgeon masks and N95 masks should not be reused or shared.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 18, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 19, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.022115309848016095, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9775963346799376, 'ai': 0.022115309848016095, 'mixed': 0.0002883554720463312}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9775963346799376, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.022115309848016095, 'human': 0.9775963346799376, 'mixed': 0.0002883554720463312}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': '<b>A global pandemic<\/b> \\n\\nAs COVID-19 spreads around the world and cases continue to increase, there are multiple aspects of the worldwide pandemic to pay attention to. From knowing the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic, the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, and what hospital workers need in order to help save patients, there are a lot of new terms to learn. When the coronavirus was at its worst, you probably heard that hospitals needed more ventilators, N95 respirators, and surgical masks, but what does N95 stand for? \\n\\n<b>What\u2019s an N95 respirator?<\/b> \\n\\nFirst of all, it\u2019s important to note what these masks are. According to the Food and Drug Administration, an N95 respirator is \u201ca respiratory protective device designed to achieve a very close facial fit and very efficient filtration of airborne particles.\u201d A surgical N95 respirator, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), \u201cis a NIOSH-approved N95 respirator that has also been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a surgical mask.\u201d \\n\\n<b>What does N95 stand for?<\/b> \\n\\nAccording to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), there are different types of disposable particle respirators and an N95 respirator falls into that category. But what is a disposable particle respirator? According to the CDC, \u201cParticulate respirators are also known as \u2018air-purifying respirators\u2019 because they protect by filtering particles out of the air as you breathe. These respirators protect only against particles\u2014not gases or vapors. Since airborne biological agents such as bacteria or viruses are particles, they can be filtered by particulate respirators.\u201d \\n\\nThere are two separate factors in classifying a disposable particle respirator: how the mask filters air and how resistant the mask is to oil. The different ratings in place for respirators indicate how well the mask would protect against oils and are rated as N, R, or P. According to NIOSH, \u201crespirators are rated \u2018N,\u2019 if they are Not resistant to oil, \u2018R\u2019 if somewhat Resistant to oil, and \u2018P\u2019 if strongly resistant (oil Proof).\u201d \\n\\nThis is where the numbers come in. Respirators that filter out 95 percent of airborne particles are given a 95 rating, so N95 respirator filters out 95 percent of airborne particles but is not resistant to oil. The respirators that filter out at least 99 percent of airborne particles have a 99 rating and the ones that filter out 99.97 percent of airborne particles, which NIOSH notes as essentially 100 percent, receive a 100 rating. \\n\\n<b>The similarities and differences between N95 masks and surgeon masks<\/b> \\n\\nThe CDC has an infographic highlighting the differences between surgical masks and N95 respirators. For example, testing and approval for surgical masks are done by the FDA, whereas testing and approval for N95 respirators are done by NIOSH. Surgical masks are loose-fitting whereas N95 respirators have a tighter fit. For similarities, according to the FDA, both masks are \u201ctested for fluid resistance, filtration efficiency (particulate filtration efficiency and bacterial filtration efficiency), flammability and biocompatibility.\u201d Surgeon masks and N95 masks should not be reused or shared. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1495275646,"RADAR":0.6361420751,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The use of \"so\" to link points is quite casual and not something you usually see in machine-generated articles. The conclusion is also not much of a conclusion and the closing sentence isn't something that an AI article would ever usually end with. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"There are few clues here, apart from the lack of any terms commonly used by AI. \nThe term \"surgeon mask\" should be \"surgical mask\" which I assume is a human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: some awkward phrasing, particularly in the opening paragraph. Sentence case headings. Filler words and phrases like 'first of all', and 'in order to'. Repetition of 'very' in the second paragraph. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I think this one was the hardest one for me so far because the majority of the article doesn't indicate any writing style or tone of voice. It's all large quotes one inserted after another, and either a person or an AI language model instructed to do so may produce this article. The quotes and statistics are shoved into the article with very little room to understand the words or numbers... but I'm inclined to believe it's human-written because sentences like \"how the mask filters air and how resistant the mask is to oil.\" and \"Surgeon masks and N95 masks should not be reused or shared.\" indicate that the information in it is intended to be clear without trying to make an emotional response. If this was AI, there would be more filler words."},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The text lacks AI attention to detail. Had there been more lexical choices typical of AI, I would have chosen machine-generated. As it is, I'll label the text as uninspired human writing."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"107":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":18,"title":"The Delicious History of Hot Chocolate ","sub-title":"The tasty beginnings of a beloved winter tradition: drinking hot chocolate ","author":"Leila El Shennawy ","source":"Readers Digest","issue":-17954675,"section":"Food","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/origin-of-hot-chocolate\/","article":"After skating, skiing or shoveling snow, nothing warms you up better than a cup of hot cocoa. Although today\u2019s typical toppings\u2014whipped cream, marshmallows, crushed peppermint candy\u2014may be modern marvels, chocolate was first consumed in liquid form by the Olmec people of northwestern Central America around 1500 B.C. It was even enjoyed by the Aztec emperor Montezuma, and the Aztec word for it (xocolatl, pronounced shoh-kwah-tl or shoh-kwah-lah-tl) evolved into the English word chocolate. \n\nBut the Aztecs didn\u2019t serve their cocoa hot. And since sugar had not yet arrived from Europe, back then, the drink was often flavored with peppers and spices. It may not have been quite as indulgent as today\u2019s version, but it was more palatable if you believed, as the Aztecs did, that chocolate was a gift from the gods and had healing properties. \n\nAfter the Spanish arrived in the Americas in the 1500s, liquid chocolate made its way across the pond, where wealthy Europeans added sugar and drank it warm. In Chocolate: History, Culture and Heritage, author Bertram Gordon says hot chocolate became \u201cthe beverage of the aristocracy,\u201d as sugar was still a luxury. (Marie Antoinette even had a servant with the title Chocolate Maker to the Queen.) Doctors also began using it to mask the unpleasant taste of medicines\u2014and some doctors today still suggest that parents try that. \n\nSoon enough, though, hot chocolate caught on with the masses. Chocolate houses\u2014a cross between cafes and casinos\u2014started popping up around 17th-century Europe. In these lively places, hot chocolate was poured from gilded pots into elegant cups. (Anyone looking for such a posh experience can still find it today at the famed Parisian tearoom Angelina\u2019s, which also has a location in New York City.) But by the end of the 18th century, chocolate houses had mostly died off, partly because the cost of chocolate was much higher than that of coffee or tea. \n\nIn Colonial America, meanwhile, George Washington is said to have enjoyed a breakfast of cornmeal pancakes alongside a warm chocolate drink\u2014rumored to have been spiked with brandy. \n\nMarshmallows first came into the picture in 1917, when the company Angelus Marshmallows published a recipe for hot cocoa topped with their product. (In another genius marketing move, the company also hitched its wagon to sweet potatoes with a recipe for the side dish that has since become a Thanksgiving staple.) \n\nInstant cocoa is another American invention, created in the late 1950s when dairy company owner Charles Sanna faced an oversupply of powdered coffee creamer. His solution: mix the creamer, sugar and cocoa powder together, thus creating the original Swiss Miss formulation. \n\nTaking a tour of international cups of cocoa, in Italy, you can try cioccolata calda, a thick, puddinglike version. In Colombia and Ecuador, chocolate caliente is served with a dollop of soft farmer cheese\u2014a divinely gooey experience. And Filipino hot chocolate, \u00adsikwate, is served with mango chunks. \n\nHowever you choose to jazz up your own cup, the simple pleasure of drinking a warm, chocolaty beverage is one that hasn\u2019t gotten old for thousands of years. A gift from the gods? Perhaps. But it\u2019s certainly one that keeps on giving. ","id":17,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'After skating, skiing or shoveling snow, nothing warms you up better than a cup of hot cocoa. Although today\u2019s typical toppings\u2014whipped cream, marshmallows, crushed peppermint candy\u2014may be modern marvels, chocolate was first consumed in liquid form by the Olmec people of northwestern Central America around 1500 B.C. It was even enjoyed by the Aztec emperor Montezuma, and the Aztec word for it (xocolatl, pronounced shoh-kwah-tl or shoh-kwah-lah-tl) evolved into the English word chocolate. \\n\\nBut the Aztecs didn\u2019t serve their cocoa hot. And since sugar had not yet arrived from Europe, back then, the drink was often flavored with peppers and spices. It may not have been quite as indulgent as today\u2019s version, but it was more palatable if you believed, as the Aztecs did, that chocolate was a gift from the gods and had healing properties. \\n\\nAfter the Spanish arrived in the Americas in the 1500s, liquid chocolate made its way across the pond, where wealthy Europeans added sugar and drank it warm. In Chocolate: History, Culture and Heritage, author Bertram Gordon says hot chocolate became \u201cthe beverage of the aristocracy,\u201d as sugar was still a luxury. (Marie Antoinette even had a servant with the title Chocolate Maker to the Queen.) Doctors also began using it to mask the unpleasant taste of medicines\u2014and some doctors today still suggest that parents try that. \\n\\nSoon enough, though, hot chocolate caught on with the masses. Chocolate houses\u2014a cross between cafes and casinos\u2014started popping up around 17th-century Europe. In these lively places, hot chocolate was poured from gilded pots into elegant cups. (Anyone looking for such a posh experience can still find it today at the famed Parisian tearoom Angelina\u2019s, which also has a location in New York City.) But by the end of the 18th century, chocolate houses had mostly died off, partly because the cost of chocolate was much higher than that of coffee or tea. \\n\\nIn Colonial America, meanwhile, George Washington is said to have enjoyed a breakfast of cornmeal pancakes alongside a warm chocolate drink\u2014rumored to have been spiked with brandy. \\n\\nMarshmallows first came into the picture in 1917, when the company Angelus Marshmallows published a recipe for hot cocoa topped with their product. (In another genius marketing move, the company also hitched its wagon to sweet potatoes with a recipe for the side dish that has since become a Thanksgiving staple.) \\n\\nInstant cocoa is another American invention, created in the late 1950s when dairy company owner Charles Sanna faced an oversupply of powdered coffee creamer. His solution: mix the creamer, sugar and cocoa powder together, thus creating the original Swiss Miss formulation. \\n\\nTaking a tour of international cups of cocoa, in Italy, you can try cioccolata calda, a thick, puddinglike version. In Colombia and Ecuador, chocolate caliente is served with a dollop of soft farmer cheese\u2014a divinely gooey experience. And Filipino hot chocolate, \\xadsikwate, is served with mango chunks. \\n\\nHowever you choose to jazz up your own cup, the simple pleasure of drinking a warm, chocolaty beverage is one that hasn\u2019t gotten old for thousands of years. A gift from the gods? Perhaps. But it\u2019s certainly one that keeps on giving. ', 'ai_likelihood': 3.6954879760742188e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'After skating, skiing or shoveling snow, nothing warms you up better than a cup of hot cocoa. Although today\u2019s typical toppings\u2014whipped cream, marshmallows, crushed peppermint candy\u2014may be modern marvels, chocolate was first consumed in liquid form by the Olmec people of northwestern Central America around 1500 B.C. It was even enjoyed by the Aztec emperor Montezuma, and the Aztec word for it (xocolatl, pronounced shoh-kwah-tl or shoh-kwah-lah-tl) evolved into the English word chocolate. \\n\\nBut the Aztecs didn\u2019t serve their cocoa hot. And since sugar had not yet arrived from Europe, back then, the drink was often flavored with peppers and spices. It may not have been quite as indulgent as today\u2019s version, but it was more palatable if you believed, as the Aztecs did, that chocolate was a gift from the gods and had healing properties. \\n\\nAfter the Spanish arrived in the Americas in the 1500s, liquid chocolate made its way across the pond, where wealthy Europeans added sugar and drank it warm. In Chocolate: History, Culture and Heritage, author Bertram Gordon says hot chocolate became \u201cthe beverage of the aristocracy,\u201d as sugar was still a luxury. (Marie Antoinette even had a servant with the title Chocolate Maker to the Queen.) Doctors also began using it to mask the unpleasant taste of medicines\u2014and some doctors today still suggest that parents try that. \\n\\nSoon enough, though, hot chocolate caught on with the masses. Chocolate houses\u2014a cross between cafes and casinos\u2014started popping up around 17th-century Europe. In these lively places, hot chocolate was poured from gilded pots into elegant cups. (Anyone looking for such a posh experience can still find it today at the famed Parisian tearoom Angelina\u2019s, which also has a location in New York City.) But by the end of the 18th century, chocolate houses had mostly died off, partly because the cost of chocolate was much higher than that of coffee or tea. \\n\\nIn Colonial America, meanwhile, George Washington is said to have enjoyed a breakfast of cornmeal pancakes alongside a warm chocolate drink\u2014rumored to have been spiked with brandy. \\n\\nMarshmallows first came into the picture in 1917, when the company Angelus Marshmallows published a recipe for hot cocoa topped with their product. (In another genius marketing move, the company also hitched its wagon to sweet potatoes with a recipe for the side dish that has since become a Thanksgiving staple.) \\n\\nInstant cocoa is another American invention, created in the late 1950s when dairy company owner Charles Sanna faced an oversupply of powdered coffee creamer. His solution: mix the creamer, sugar and cocoa powder together, thus creating the original Swiss Miss formulation. \\n\\nTaking a tour of international cups of cocoa, in Italy, you can try cioccolata calda, a thick, puddinglike version. In Colombia and Ecuador, chocolate caliente is served with a dollop of soft farmer cheese\u2014a divinely gooey experience. And Filipino hot chocolate, \\xadsikwate, is served with mango chunks. \\n\\nHowever you choose to jazz up your own cup, the simple pleasure of drinking a warm, chocolaty beverage is one that hasn\u2019t gotten old for thousands of years. A gift from the gods? Perhaps. But it\u2019s certainly one that keeps on giving. ', 'ai_likelihood': 3.820657730102539e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '2f9e80fd-61f6-45f1-a0c6-114c8543a271', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 4.2852381739066914e-05, 'sentence': 'After skating, skiing or shoveling snow, nothing warms you up better than a cup of hot cocoa.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.588568142731674e-05, 'sentence': \"Although today's typical toppings\u1173whipped cream, marshmallows, crushed peppermint candy\u1173may be modern marvels, chocolate was first consumed in liquid form by the Olmec people of northwestern Central America around 1500 B.C.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.5572400520322844e-05, 'sentence': 'It was even enjoyed by the Aztec emperor Montezuma, and the Aztec word for it (xocolatl, pronounced shoh-kwah-tl or shoh-kwah-lah-tl) evolved into the English word chocolate.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.841689249384217e-05, 'sentence': \"But the Aztecs didn't serve their cocoa hot.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.531117181410082e-05, 'sentence': 'And since sugar had not yet arrived from Europe, back then, the drink was often flavored with peppers and spices.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.510419264785014e-05, 'sentence': \"It may not have been quite as indulgent as today's version, but it was more palatable if you believed, as the Aztecs did, that chocolate was a gift from the gods and had healing properties.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.0643713873578236e-05, 'sentence': 'After the Spanish arrived in the Americas in the 1500s, liquid chocolate made its way across the pond, where wealthy Europeans added sugar and drank it warm.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.264054612373002e-05, 'sentence': 'In Chocolate: History, Culture and Heritage, author Bertram Gordon says hot chocolate became \u201cthe beverage of the aristocracy,\u201d as sugar was still a luxury.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.031608477816917e-05, 'sentence': '(Marie Antoinette even had a servant with the title Chocolate Maker to the Queen.)', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.7282457924447954e-05, 'sentence': 'Doctors also began using it to mask the unpleasant taste of medicines\u1173and some doctors today still suggest that parents try that.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.774677315959707e-05, 'sentence': 'Soon enough, though, hot chocolate caught on with the masses.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.0236256609205157e-05, 'sentence': 'Chocolate houses\u1173a cross between cafes and casinos\u1173started popping up around 17th-century Europe.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.094079486094415e-05, 'sentence': 'In these lively places, hot chocolate was poured from gilded pots into elegant cups.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.0260900277644396e-05, 'sentence': \"(Anyone looking for such a posh experience can still find it today at the famed Parisian tearoom Angelina's, which also has a location in New York City.)\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.248299228493124e-05, 'sentence': 'But by the end of the 18th century, chocolate houses had mostly died off, partly because the cost of chocolate was much higher than that of coffee or tea.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.966492244624533e-05, 'sentence': 'In Colonial America, meanwhile, George Washington is said to have enjoyed a breakfast of cornmeal pancakes alongside a warm chocolate drink\u1173rumored to have been spiked with brandy.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9968494176864624, 'sentence': 'Marshmallows first came into the picture in 1917, when the company Angelus Marshmallows published a recipe for hot cocoa topped with their product.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9955086708068848, 'sentence': '(In another genius marketing move, the company also hitched its wagon to sweet potatoes with a recipe for the side dish that has since become a Thanksgiving staple.)', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9961891174316406, 'sentence': 'Instant cocoa is another American invention, created in the late 1950s when dairy company owner Charles Sanna faced an oversupply of powdered coffee creamer.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9961893558502197, 'sentence': 'His solution: mix the creamer, sugar and cocoa powder together, thus creating the original Swiss Miss formulation.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9989757537841797, 'sentence': 'Taking a tour of international cups of cocoa, in Italy, you can try cioccolata calda, a thick, puddinglike version.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.999171257019043, 'sentence': 'In Colombia and Ecuador, chocolate caliente is served with a dollop of soft farmer cheese\u1173a divinely gooey experience.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9993805885314941, 'sentence': 'And Filipino hot chocolate, sikwate, is served with mango chunks.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9993297457695007, 'sentence': \"However you choose to jazz up your own cup, the simple pleasure of drinking a warm, chocolaty beverage is one that hasn't gotten old for thousands of years.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9993861317634583, 'sentence': 'A gift from the gods?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9844436645507812, 'sentence': 'Perhaps.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9981304407119751, 'sentence': \"But it's certainly one that keeps on giving.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.8254776901813464}, {'start_sentence_index': 18, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.8254776901813464}, {'start_sentence_index': 20, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.850090677245877}, {'start_sentence_index': 23, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.8708627247549962}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.3178082191780822, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.6821917808219177, 'ai': 0.3178082191780822, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.6821917808219177, 'confidence_category': 'low', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.3178082191780822, 'human': 0.6821917808219177, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly uncertain about this document. The writing style and content are not particularly AI-like.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'After skating, skiing or shoveling snow, nothing warms you up better than a cup of hot cocoa. Although today\u2019s typical toppings\u2014whipped cream, marshmallows, crushed peppermint candy\u2014may be modern marvels, chocolate was first consumed in liquid form by the Olmec people of northwestern Central America around 1500 B.C. It was even enjoyed by the Aztec emperor Montezuma, and the Aztec word for it (xocolatl, pronounced shoh-kwah-tl or shoh-kwah-lah-tl) evolved into the English word chocolate. \\n\\nBut the Aztecs didn\u2019t serve their cocoa hot. And since sugar had not yet arrived from Europe, back then, the drink was often flavored with peppers and spices. It may not have been quite as indulgent as today\u2019s version, but it was more palatable if you believed, as the Aztecs did, that chocolate was a gift from the gods and had healing properties. \\n\\nAfter the Spanish arrived in the Americas in the 1500s, liquid chocolate made its way across the pond, where wealthy Europeans added sugar and drank it warm. In Chocolate: History, Culture and Heritage, author Bertram Gordon says hot chocolate became \u201cthe beverage of the aristocracy,\u201d as sugar was still a luxury. (Marie Antoinette even had a servant with the title Chocolate Maker to the Queen.) Doctors also began using it to mask the unpleasant taste of medicines\u2014and some doctors today still suggest that parents try that. \\n\\nSoon enough, though, hot chocolate caught on with the masses. Chocolate houses\u2014a cross between cafes and casinos\u2014started popping up around 17th-century Europe. In these lively places, hot chocolate was poured from gilded pots into elegant cups. (Anyone looking for such a posh experience can still find it today at the famed Parisian tearoom Angelina\u2019s, which also has a location in New York City.) But by the end of the 18th century, chocolate houses had mostly died off, partly because the cost of chocolate was much higher than that of coffee or tea. \\n\\nIn Colonial America, meanwhile, George Washington is said to have enjoyed a breakfast of cornmeal pancakes alongside a warm chocolate drink\u2014rumored to have been spiked with brandy. \\n\\nMarshmallows first came into the picture in 1917, when the company Angelus Marshmallows published a recipe for hot cocoa topped with their product. (In another genius marketing move, the company also hitched its wagon to sweet potatoes with a recipe for the side dish that has since become a Thanksgiving staple.) \\n\\nInstant cocoa is another American invention, created in the late 1950s when dairy company owner Charles Sanna faced an oversupply of powdered coffee creamer. His solution: mix the creamer, sugar and cocoa powder together, thus creating the original Swiss Miss formulation. \\n\\nTaking a tour of international cups of cocoa, in Italy, you can try cioccolata calda, a thick, puddinglike version. In Colombia and Ecuador, chocolate caliente is served with a dollop of soft farmer cheese\u2014a divinely gooey experience. And Filipino hot chocolate, \\xadsikwate, is served with mango chunks. \\n\\nHowever you choose to jazz up your own cup, the simple pleasure of drinking a warm, chocolaty beverage is one that hasn\u2019t gotten old for thousands of years. A gift from the gods? Perhaps. But it\u2019s certainly one that keeps on giving. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3928679824,"RADAR":0.0038804484,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article has a few phrases that are quite casual expressions such as \"hitched its wagon\" and \"made its way across the pond\", which makes me believe that it was written by a real person. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The use of several unusual words and turns of phrase leads me to think this may be human-generated. For example, \"gotten,\" \"hitched its wagon,\" and \"across the pond.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: all the 'you' language. Filler words like 'even'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I believe it's human-written because with each description provided, I am getting new information and visual language to back it up. While some of the transition parts of the article feel a bit cliched, it's parts where I am able to imagine George Washington \"enjoyed a breakfast of cornmeal pancakes alongside a warm chocolate drink\" or think of the soft farmer cheese as a \"divinely gooey experience\" that helps me better understand where the history of the topic applies and where it can be seen today. There is order and structure that outlines everything from its beginning to its present day uses, and while not considered the best writing in the world, I am able to understand the topic. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The generous asides enclosed by parentheses.\nThe light-hearted tone fits in nicely with the topic."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"108":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":19,"title":"Think a Coin Toss Is 50\/50? Think Again","sub-title":"People have been relying on the coin toss for quick, unbiased decision-making since ancient times. But is a coin flip 50\/50? A new study questions the fairness of the flip. ","author":" Lauren Cahn","source":"Readers Digest","issue":-17954750,"section":"Knowledge","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/is-a-coin-flip-50-50\/","article":"Your chances of stumbling upon a lucky four-leaf clover are approximately one in 5,076. By contrast, your chances of calling a coin toss correctly are precisely 50\/50. Or so we\u2019ve always believed. Nevertheless, sports fans have been calling the fairness of coin tossing into question for years now. So, too, have scientists, for that matter. But is there actual evidence that a coin toss\u2014the act of spinning a coin in the air with your thumb and catching it in your hand\u2014tends favor one side over the other? Or is a coin flip 50\/50? A new study out of the University of Amsterdam says there may be some bias you should know about before calling heads or tails. \n\n<b>Is a coin flip 50\/50?<\/b> \n\nOne side of the coin is, in fact, more likely to come up than the other, according to a team of scientists led by University of Amsterdam PhD candidate Franti\u0161ek Barto\u0161. But that side is neither heads nor tails, per se. Rather, it\u2019s whichever side is facing upward before the coin is flipped. \n\nTheir study, which is still undergoing peer review, collected and analyzed the results of 350,757 verifiable coin flips in 46 different currencies and registered that the coins landed on the same side they started on 51% of the time. This research was done in an effort to prove a hypothesis put forth in the early aughts by Stanford University statistics professor Persi Diaconis and his team. According to that theory, \u201cvigorously flipped coins tend to come up the same way they started.\u201d This bias is referred to as the same-side bias. \n\n<b>How can coin flips be biased?<\/b> \n\nAccording to Diaconis\u2019s team, when people flip an ordinary coin, they introduce a small degree of \u201cprecession\u201d or wobble, meaning a change in the direction of the axis of rotation throughout a coin\u2019s trajectory. Because of precession, the coin tends to spend more time in the air with the initial side facing up. And because of that, it has a higher chance of landing on the same side as it started\u2014i.e., same-side bias, which makes a coin flip not quite 50\/50. \n\nIn 2007, Diaconis\u2019s team estimated the odds of a \u201csame-side outcome\u201d as approximately 51%. Nearly a decade and a half later, Barto\u0161 and his team found this very result. They published a preliminary report stating, \u201cOur data lend strong support to this precise prediction: The coins landed on the same side more often than not.\u201d \n\nMoreover, this was true for both sides of the coin and for all of the different coins tossed, including lucky pennies. Nevertheless, the data suggests this may be more true for some coin-flippers than others (a nuance that may well lead to further investigation). As Diaconis stated back in 1986, \u201cThe more you think about randomness, the less random things become. But sometimes, you can take advantage of a lack of randomness.\u201d \n\nIndeed, when it comes to flipping a coin, the quickest shortcut to making your own luck just might be calling it literally as you see it. ","id":18,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Your chances of stumbling upon a lucky four-leaf clover are approximately one in 5,076. By contrast, your chances of calling a coin toss correctly are precisely 50\/50. Or so we\u2019ve always believed. Nevertheless, sports fans have been calling the fairness of coin tossing into question for years now. So, too, have scientists, for that matter. But is there actual evidence that a coin toss\u2014the act of spinning a coin in the air with your thumb and catching it in your hand\u2014tends favor one side over the other? Or is a coin flip 50\/50? A new study out of the University of Amsterdam says there may be some bias you should know about before calling heads or tails. \\n\\n<b>Is a coin flip 50\/50?<\/b> \\n\\nOne side of the coin is, in fact, more likely to come up than the other, according to a team of scientists led by University of Amsterdam PhD candidate Franti\u0161ek Barto\u0161. But that side is neither heads nor tails, per se. Rather, it\u2019s whichever side is facing upward before the coin is flipped. \\n\\nTheir study, which is still undergoing peer review, collected and analyzed the results of 350,757 verifiable coin flips in 46 different currencies and registered that the coins landed on the same side they started on 51% of the time. This research was done in an effort to prove a hypothesis put forth in the early aughts by Stanford University statistics professor Persi Diaconis and his team. According to that theory, \u201cvigorously flipped coins tend to come up the same way they started.\u201d This bias is referred to as the same-side bias. \\n\\n<b>How can coin flips be biased?<\/b> \\n\\nAccording to Diaconis\u2019s team, when people flip an ordinary coin, they introduce a small degree of \u201cprecession\u201d or wobble, meaning a change in the direction of the axis of rotation throughout a coin\u2019s trajectory. Because of precession, the coin tends to spend more time in the air with the initial side facing up. And because of that, it has a higher chance of landing on the same side as it started\u2014i.e., same-side bias, which makes a coin flip not quite 50\/50. \\n\\nIn 2007, Diaconis\u2019s team estimated the odds of a \u201csame-side outcome\u201d as approximately 51%. Nearly a decade and a half later, Barto\u0161 and his team found this very result. They published a preliminary report stating, \u201cOur data lend strong support to this precise prediction: The coins landed on the same side more often than not.\u201d \\n\\nMoreover, this was true for both sides of the coin and for all of the different coins tossed, including lucky pennies. Nevertheless, the data suggests this may be more true for some coin-flippers than others (a nuance that may well lead to further investigation). As Diaconis stated back in 1986, \u201cThe more you think about randomness, the less random things become. But sometimes, you can take advantage of a lack of randomness.\u201d \\n\\nIndeed, when it comes to flipping a coin, the quickest shortcut to making your own luck just might be calling it literally as you see it. ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.384185791015625e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Your chances of stumbling upon a lucky four-leaf clover are approximately one in 5,076. By contrast, your chances of calling a coin toss correctly are precisely 50\/50. Or so we\u2019ve always believed. Nevertheless, sports fans have been calling the fairness of coin tossing into question for years now. So, too, have scientists, for that matter. But is there actual evidence that a coin toss\u2014the act of spinning a coin in the air with your thumb and catching it in your hand\u2014tends favor one side over the other? Or is a coin flip 50\/50? A new study out of the University of Amsterdam says there may be some bias you should know about before calling heads or tails. \\n\\n<b>Is a coin flip 50\/50?<\/b> \\n\\nOne side of the coin is, in fact, more likely to come up than the other, according to a team of scientists led by University of Amsterdam PhD candidate Franti\u0161ek Barto\u0161. But that side is neither heads nor tails, per se. Rather, it\u2019s whichever side is facing upward before the coin is flipped. \\n\\nTheir study, which is still undergoing peer review, collected and analyzed the results of 350,757 verifiable coin flips in 46 different currencies and registered that the coins landed on the same side they started on 51% of the time. This research was done in an effort to prove a hypothesis put forth in the early aughts by Stanford University statistics professor Persi Diaconis and his team. According to that theory, \u201cvigorously flipped coins tend to come up the same way they started.\u201d This bias is referred to as the same-side bias. \\n\\n<b>How can coin flips be biased?<\/b> \\n\\nAccording to Diaconis\u2019s team, when people flip an ordinary coin, they introduce a small degree of \u201cprecession\u201d or wobble, meaning a change in the direction of the axis of rotation throughout a coin\u2019s trajectory. Because of precession, the coin tends to spend more time in the air with the initial side facing up. And because of that, it has a higher chance of landing on the same side as it started\u2014i.e., same-side bias, which makes a coin flip not quite 50\/50. \\n\\nIn 2007, Diaconis\u2019s team estimated the odds of a \u201csame-side outcome\u201d as approximately 51%. Nearly a decade and a half later, Barto\u0161 and his team found this very result. They published a preliminary report stating, \u201cOur data lend strong support to this precise prediction: The coins landed on the same side more often than not.\u201d \\n\\nMoreover, this was true for both sides of the coin and for all of the different coins tossed, including lucky pennies. Nevertheless, the data suggests this may be more true for some coin-flippers than others (a nuance that may well lead to further investigation). As Diaconis stated back in 1986, \u201cThe more you think about randomness, the less random things become. But sometimes, you can take advantage of a lack of randomness.\u201d \\n\\nIndeed, when it comes to flipping a coin, the quickest shortcut to making your own luck just might be calling it literally as you see it. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00011867284774780273, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'a143d3df-52b8-4576-a12d-cd05105ede6a', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 7.343319884967059e-05, 'sentence': 'Your chances of stumbling upon a lucky four-leaf clover are approximately one in 5,076.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.0625803851289675e-05, 'sentence': 'By contrast, your chances of calling a coin toss correctly are precisely 50\/50.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.120205893646926e-05, 'sentence': \"Or so we've always believed.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.582219869713299e-05, 'sentence': 'Nevertheless, sports fans have been calling the fairness of coin tossing into 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'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.997212141053751e-05, 'sentence': 'One side of the coin is, in fact, more likely to come up than the other, according to a team of scientists led by University of Amsterdam PhD candidate Franti\u0161ek Barto\u0161.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.673005630844273e-05, 'sentence': 'But that side is neither heads nor tails, per se.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.3526124752825126e-05, 'sentence': \"Rather, it's whichever side is facing upward before the coin is flipped.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.137311018188484e-05, 'sentence': 'Their study, which is still undergoing peer review, collected and analyzed the results of 350,757 verifiable coin flips in 46 different currencies and registered that the coins landed on the same side they started on 51% of the time.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.757146962219849e-05, 'sentence': 'This research was done in an effort to prove a hypothesis put forth in the early aughts by Stanford University statistics professor Persi Diaconis and his team.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.2935378587571904e-05, 'sentence': 'According to that theory, \u201cvigorously flipped coins tend to come up the same way they started.\u201d This bias is referred to as the same-side bias.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.57044695597142e-05, 'sentence': '<b>How can coin flips be biased?<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.140533074969426e-05, 'sentence': \"According to Diaconis's team, when people flip an ordinary coin, they introduce a small degree of \u201cprecession\u201d or wobble, meaning a change in the direction of the axis of rotation throughout a coin's trajectory.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.326393435709178e-05, 'sentence': 'Because of precession, the coin tends to spend more time in the air with the initial side facing up.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011518038809299469, 'sentence': 'And because of that, it has a higher chance of landing on the same side as it started\u1173i.e., same-side bias, which makes a coin flip not quite 50\/50.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013453743304125965, 'sentence': \"In 2007, Diaconis's team estimated the odds of a \u201csame-side outcome\u201d as approximately 51%.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014573479711543769, 'sentence': 'Nearly a decade and a half later, Barto\u0161 and his team found this very result.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019703594443853945, 'sentence': 'They published a preliminary report stating, \u201cOur data lend strong support to this precise prediction: The coins landed on the same side more often than not.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021462913719005883, 'sentence': 'Moreover, this was true for both sides of the coin and for all of the different coins tossed, including lucky pennies.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019809280638583004, 'sentence': 'Nevertheless, the data suggests this may be more true for some coin-flippers than others (a nuance that may well lead to further investigation).', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00020433374447748065, 'sentence': 'As Diaconis stated back in 1986, \u201cThe more you think about randomness, the less random things become.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002800827787723392, 'sentence': 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{'start_sentence_index': 19, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 22, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 26, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.005055181561100128, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9949448184388998, 'ai': 0.005055181561100128, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9949448184388998, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.005055181561100128, 'human': 0.9949448184388998, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Your chances of stumbling upon a lucky four-leaf clover are approximately one in 5,076. By contrast, your chances of calling a coin toss correctly are precisely 50\/50. Or so we\u2019ve always believed. Nevertheless, sports fans have been calling the fairness of coin tossing into question for years now. So, too, have scientists, for that matter. But is there actual evidence that a coin toss\u2014the act of spinning a coin in the air with your thumb and catching it in your hand\u2014tends favor one side over the other? Or is a coin flip 50\/50? A new study out of the University of Amsterdam says there may be some bias you should know about before calling heads or tails. \\n\\n<b>Is a coin flip 50\/50?<\/b> \\n\\nOne side of the coin is, in fact, more likely to come up than the other, according to a team of scientists led by University of Amsterdam PhD candidate Franti\u0161ek Barto\u0161. But that side is neither heads nor tails, per se. Rather, it\u2019s whichever side is facing upward before the coin is flipped. \\n\\nTheir study, which is still undergoing peer review, collected and analyzed the results of 350,757 verifiable coin flips in 46 different currencies and registered that the coins landed on the same side they started on 51% of the time. This research was done in an effort to prove a hypothesis put forth in the early aughts by Stanford University statistics professor Persi Diaconis and his team. According to that theory, \u201cvigorously flipped coins tend to come up the same way they started.\u201d This bias is referred to as the same-side bias. \\n\\n<b>How can coin flips be biased?<\/b> \\n\\nAccording to Diaconis\u2019s team, when people flip an ordinary coin, they introduce a small degree of \u201cprecession\u201d or wobble, meaning a change in the direction of the axis of rotation throughout a coin\u2019s trajectory. Because of precession, the coin tends to spend more time in the air with the initial side facing up. And because of that, it has a higher chance of landing on the same side as it started\u2014i.e., same-side bias, which makes a coin flip not quite 50\/50. \\n\\nIn 2007, Diaconis\u2019s team estimated the odds of a \u201csame-side outcome\u201d as approximately 51%. Nearly a decade and a half later, Barto\u0161 and his team found this very result. They published a preliminary report stating, \u201cOur data lend strong support to this precise prediction: The coins landed on the same side more often than not.\u201d \\n\\nMoreover, this was true for both sides of the coin and for all of the different coins tossed, including lucky pennies. Nevertheless, the data suggests this may be more true for some coin-flippers than others (a nuance that may well lead to further investigation). As Diaconis stated back in 1986, \u201cThe more you think about randomness, the less random things become. But sometimes, you can take advantage of a lack of randomness.\u201d \\n\\nIndeed, when it comes to flipping a coin, the quickest shortcut to making your own luck just might be calling it literally as you see it. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7965175509,"RADAR":0.0171930492,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I marked this article as human-generated primarily because it lacks any obvious AI markers. The scientist team leader also has a very unique name that uses non-standard characters. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"I see none of the usual signs of AI here. There is, however, one error...a missing word \"to\" in \"tends favor\" therefore I'm assuming it's a human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The piece has a voice, and that voice is conversational, so I think it's human. It also contains filler words like 'very', 'quite', 'even', which AI doesn't tend to use. The headings are sentence case and the paragraphs are varied in length. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I believe this is human-written. While it's not as visually descriptive as other articles, there's a lot of amending phrases to sentences, and it provides a well-detailed description of the study and its details. I feel that AI has a hard time with statistics and describing the numbers in some form, as it quotes it sparingly to focus on broad summarizations. But in this case, sentences such as \"results of 350,757 verifiable coin flips in 46 different currencies\" and \"one in 5,076\" help provide the numbers to aid in explanations. Also, words such as \"literally\", \"wobble\" and \"in the early aughts\" are unique or recognizable words that help give the article personality. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Detailed citations. \nUse of human-sounding discourse markers."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"109":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":20,"title":"This Sponge Captures the Teeny Bits of Gold in Electronic Waste ","sub-title":"A self-building sponge that efficiently collects gold could eliminate some harsh methods used to process e-waste ","author":"Ben Guarino","source":"Scientific American","issue":-17954406,"section":"Electronics","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/this-sponge-pulls-gold-from-electronic-waste\/","article":"If all 62 million metric tons of electronic waste produced in a year were loaded into garbage trucks, they\u2019d encircle the planet bumper to bumper, according to a recent United Nations report. And hidden in that monstrous traffic jam would be startling amounts of precious metals, including gold\u2014crucial in electronics because it conducts electricity, stretches into wires and won\u2019t easily corrode. Modern iPhones have gold in their cameras, circuit boards and USB-C connector. Pound for pound, there is more gold in cell phones than in ore from a typical gold mine. \n\nBut wringing precious metals from trashed electronics is a harsh business. Using energy-intensive smelters, recycling facilities process e-waste with punishing heat. Or they\u2019ll use caustic agents to break down bulk electronics into liquids full of metal ions, an approach that then requires complex electrochemical processes and toxic treatments to extract valuable elements in their metallic forms. The search for environmentally friendlier methods that skip those additional steps has led materials scientists down some unusual alleyways: For instance, an aerogel made from whey protein\u2014a cheese by-product\u2014can capture gold ions from computer motherboards bathed in acid. Another experimental material, described this month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, combines graphene (a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon) with chitosan, a sugar found in shrimp shells. Because chitosan spontaneously attaches to the carbon sheet, the sponge essentially builds itself. \n\n In their initial experiments, the study authors used the sponge to filter water that contained gold ions. The pale yellow liquid became clear as gold particles piled up on the graphene\u2019s surface. Once there, the ions reacted with chitosan, a natural reducing agent that helped transform the gold back into its metallic form. The researchers also tested the sponge on partially processed e-waste; when the scientists increased the liquid's acidity to a pH of 3, the chitosan in the sponge captured the remaining gold while ignoring other metals. Although it requires an acidic environment, the sponge could eliminate the need for further processing, which can rely on poisons such as cyanide to obtain metallic gold from liquids. \u201cOur method allows for efficient recovery of gold directly from the waste mixture,\u201d say study co-authors Daria Andreeva-Baeumler and Konstantin Novoselov, materials scientists at the National University of Singapore. \n\nThe new material is one of the most potent gold adsorbers ever created. (Adsorption is similar to the more familiar absorption, but adsorbed things accumulate on surfaces while absorbed things are internalized. It\u2019s the difference between a mustard glob on your chin and the hot dog you just ate.) The sponge collected up to 99.5 percent of the gold by weight from liquids with gold concentrations as low as three parts per million. \n\n \u201cTo the best of my knowledge, this is a record high value,\u201d says Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich physicist Raffaele Mezzenga, an author of the whey protein aerogel study, who wasn\u2019t involved with the research on the graphene-chitosan combo. He notes that as efficient as the sponge is, the components needed to make it aren\u2019t cheap, and he questions whether it would be a workable option \u201cunder real operating conditions.\u201d Adapting the technique for industrial-scale use, Novoselov and Andreeva-Baeumler say, \u201cis indeed the next step in our research.\u201d ","id":19,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"If all 62 million metric tons of electronic waste produced in a year were loaded into garbage trucks, they\u2019d encircle the planet bumper to bumper, according to a recent United Nations report. And hidden in that monstrous traffic jam would be startling amounts of precious metals, including gold\u2014crucial in electronics because it conducts electricity, stretches into wires and won\u2019t easily corrode. Modern iPhones have gold in their cameras, circuit boards and USB-C connector. Pound for pound, there is more gold in cell phones than in ore from a typical gold mine. \\n\\nBut wringing precious metals from trashed electronics is a harsh business. Using energy-intensive smelters, recycling facilities process e-waste with punishing heat. Or they\u2019ll use caustic agents to break down bulk electronics into liquids full of metal ions, an approach that then requires complex electrochemical processes and toxic treatments to extract valuable elements in their metallic forms. The search for environmentally friendlier methods that skip those additional steps has led materials scientists down some unusual alleyways: For instance, an aerogel made from whey protein\u2014a cheese by-product\u2014can capture gold ions from computer motherboards bathed in acid. Another experimental material, described this month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, combines graphene (a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon) with chitosan, a sugar found in shrimp shells. Because chitosan spontaneously attaches to the carbon sheet, the sponge essentially builds itself. \\n\\n In their initial experiments, the study authors used the sponge to filter water that contained gold ions. The pale yellow liquid became clear as gold particles piled up on the graphene\u2019s surface. Once there, the ions reacted with chitosan, a natural reducing agent that helped transform the gold back into its metallic form. The researchers also tested the sponge on partially processed e-waste; when the scientists increased the liquid's acidity to a pH of 3, the chitosan in the sponge captured the remaining gold while ignoring other metals. Although it requires an acidic environment, the sponge could eliminate the need for further processing, which can rely on poisons such as cyanide to obtain metallic gold from liquids. \u201cOur method allows for efficient recovery of gold directly from the waste mixture,\u201d say study co-authors Daria Andreeva-Baeumler and Konstantin Novoselov, materials scientists at the National University of Singapore. \\n\\nThe new material is one of the most potent gold adsorbers ever created. (Adsorption is similar to the more familiar absorption, but adsorbed things accumulate on surfaces while absorbed things are internalized. It\u2019s the difference between a mustard glob on your chin and the hot dog you just ate.) The sponge collected up to 99.5 percent of the gold by weight from liquids with gold concentrations as low as three parts per million. \\n\\n \u201cTo the best of my knowledge, this is a record high value,\u201d says Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich physicist Raffaele Mezzenga, an author of the whey protein aerogel study, who wasn\u2019t involved with the research on the graphene-chitosan combo. He notes that as efficient as the sponge is, the components needed to make it aren\u2019t cheap, and he questions whether it would be a workable option \u201cunder real operating conditions.\u201d Adapting the technique for industrial-scale use, Novoselov and Andreeva-Baeumler say, \u201cis indeed the next step in our research.\u201d \", 'ai_likelihood': 6.139278411865234e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"If all 62 million metric tons of electronic waste produced in a year were loaded into garbage trucks, they\u2019d encircle the planet bumper to bumper, according to a recent United Nations report. And hidden in that monstrous traffic jam would be startling amounts of precious metals, including gold\u2014crucial in electronics because it conducts electricity, stretches into wires and won\u2019t easily corrode. Modern iPhones have gold in their cameras, circuit boards and USB-C connector. Pound for pound, there is more gold in cell phones than in ore from a typical gold mine. \\n\\nBut wringing precious metals from trashed electronics is a harsh business. Using energy-intensive smelters, recycling facilities process e-waste with punishing heat. Or they\u2019ll use caustic agents to break down bulk electronics into liquids full of metal ions, an approach that then requires complex electrochemical processes and toxic treatments to extract valuable elements in their metallic forms. The search for environmentally friendlier methods that skip those additional steps has led materials scientists down some unusual alleyways: For instance, an aerogel made from whey protein\u2014a cheese by-product\u2014can capture gold ions from computer motherboards bathed in acid. Another experimental material, described this month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, combines graphene (a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon) with chitosan, a sugar found in shrimp shells. Because chitosan spontaneously attaches to the carbon sheet, the sponge essentially builds itself. \\n\\n In their initial experiments, the study authors used the sponge to filter water that contained gold ions. The pale yellow liquid became clear as gold particles piled up on the graphene\u2019s surface. Once there, the ions reacted with chitosan, a natural reducing agent that helped transform the gold back into its metallic form. The researchers also tested the sponge on partially processed e-waste; when the scientists increased the liquid's acidity to a pH of 3, the chitosan in the sponge captured the remaining gold while ignoring other metals. Although it requires an acidic environment, the sponge could eliminate the need for further processing, which can rely on poisons such as cyanide to obtain metallic gold from liquids. \u201cOur method allows for efficient recovery of gold directly from the waste mixture,\u201d say study co-authors Daria Andreeva-Baeumler and Konstantin Novoselov, materials scientists at the National University of Singapore. \\n\\nThe new material is one of the most potent gold adsorbers ever created. (Adsorption is similar to the more familiar absorption, but adsorbed things accumulate on surfaces while absorbed things are internalized. It\u2019s the difference between a mustard glob on your chin and the hot dog you just ate.) The sponge collected up to 99.5 percent of the gold by weight from liquids with gold concentrations as low as three parts per million. \\n\\n \u201cTo the best of my knowledge, this is a record high value,\u201d says Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich physicist Raffaele Mezzenga, an author of the whey protein aerogel study, who wasn\u2019t involved with the research on the graphene-chitosan combo. He notes that as efficient as the sponge is, the components needed to make it aren\u2019t cheap, and he questions whether it would be a workable option \u201cunder real operating conditions.\u201d Adapting the technique for industrial-scale use, Novoselov and Andreeva-Baeumler say, \u201cis indeed the next step in our research.\u201d \", 'ai_likelihood': 1.430511474609375e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '2d9560cc-ce72-4ff3-9ab2-b84bdc481cb1', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 2.22260678128805e-05, 'sentence': \"If all 62 million metric tons of electronic waste produced in a year were loaded into garbage trucks, they'd encircle the planet bumper to bumper, according to a recent United Nations report.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.8449194612912834e-05, 'sentence': \"And hidden in that monstrous traffic jam would be startling amounts of precious metals, including gold\u1173crucial in electronics because it conducts electricity, stretches into wires and won't easily corrode.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.5782943339436315e-05, 'sentence': 'Modern iPhones have gold in their cameras, circuit boards and USB-C connector.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.69493721134495e-05, 'sentence': 'Pound for pound, there is more gold in cell phones than in ore from a typical gold mine.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.9240265828557312e-05, 'sentence': 'But wringing precious metals from trashed electronics is a harsh business.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.447160477458965e-05, 'sentence': 'Using energy-intensive smelters, recycling facilities process e-waste with punishing heat.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.5454904971411452e-05, 'sentence': \"Or they'll use caustic agents to break down bulk electronics into liquids full of metal ions, an approach that then requires complex electrochemical processes and toxic treatments to extract valuable elements in their metallic forms.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.214106982341036e-05, 'sentence': 'The search for environmentally friendlier methods that skip those additional steps has led materials scientists down some unusual alleyways: For instance, an aerogel made from whey protein\u1173a cheese by-product\u1173can capture gold ions from computer motherboards bathed in acid.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.567227733787149e-05, 'sentence': 'Another experimental material, described this month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, combines graphene (a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon) with chitosan, a sugar found in shrimp shells.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.746943548321724e-05, 'sentence': 'Because chitosan spontaneously attaches to the carbon sheet, the sponge essentially builds itself.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.3697611797833815e-05, 'sentence': 'In their initial experiments, the study authors used the sponge to filter water that contained gold ions.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.194014400127344e-05, 'sentence': \"The pale yellow liquid became clear as gold particles piled up on the graphene's surface.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.0195596991688944e-05, 'sentence': 'Once there, the ions reacted with chitosan, a natural reducing agent that helped transform the gold back into its metallic form.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.6367368263890967e-05, 'sentence': \"The researchers also tested the sponge on partially processed e-waste; when the scientists increased the liquid's acidity to a pH of 3, the chitosan in the sponge captured the remaining gold while ignoring other metals.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.364516149100382e-05, 'sentence': 'Although it requires an acidic environment, the sponge could eliminate the need for further processing, which can rely on poisons such as cyanide to obtain metallic gold from liquids.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.676522075897083e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cOur method allows for efficient recovery of gold directly from the waste mixture,\u201d say study co-authors Daria Andreeva-Baeumler and Konstantin Novoselov, materials scientists at the National University of Singapore.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.2661533118225634e-05, 'sentence': 'The new material is one of the most potent gold adsorbers ever created.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.028902318328619003, 'sentence': '(Adsorption is similar to the more familiar absorption, but adsorbed things accumulate on surfaces while absorbed things are internalized.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.034300122410058975, 'sentence': \"It's the difference between a mustard glob on your chin and the hot dog you just ate.)\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.06668704748153687, 'sentence': 'The sponge collected up to 99.5 percent of the gold by weight from liquids with gold concentrations as low as three parts per million.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.03434742987155914, 'sentence': \"\u201cTo the best of my knowledge, this is a record high value,\u201d says Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich physicist Raffaele Mezzenga, an author of the whey protein aerogel study, who wasn't involved with the research on the graphene-chitosan combo.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.034879423677921295, 'sentence': \"He notes that as efficient as the sponge is, the components needed to make it aren't cheap, and he questions whether it would be a workable option \u201cunder real operating conditions.\u201d Adapting the technique for industrial-scale use, Novoselov and Andreeva-Baeumler say, \u201cis indeed the next step in our research.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.474742012248794e-05}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.474742012248794e-05}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 20, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.024461651786716186, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9754981327244504, 'ai': 0.024461651786716186, 'mixed': 4.0215488833363626e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9754981327244504, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.024461651786716186, 'human': 0.9754981327244504, 'mixed': 4.0215488833363626e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': \"If all 62 million metric tons of electronic waste produced in a year were loaded into garbage trucks, they\u2019d encircle the planet bumper to bumper, according to a recent United Nations report. And hidden in that monstrous traffic jam would be startling amounts of precious metals, including gold\u2014crucial in electronics because it conducts electricity, stretches into wires and won\u2019t easily corrode. Modern iPhones have gold in their cameras, circuit boards and USB-C connector. Pound for pound, there is more gold in cell phones than in ore from a typical gold mine. \\n\\nBut wringing precious metals from trashed electronics is a harsh business. Using energy-intensive smelters, recycling facilities process e-waste with punishing heat. Or they\u2019ll use caustic agents to break down bulk electronics into liquids full of metal ions, an approach that then requires complex electrochemical processes and toxic treatments to extract valuable elements in their metallic forms. The search for environmentally friendlier methods that skip those additional steps has led materials scientists down some unusual alleyways: For instance, an aerogel made from whey protein\u2014a cheese by-product\u2014can capture gold ions from computer motherboards bathed in acid. Another experimental material, described this month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, combines graphene (a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon) with chitosan, a sugar found in shrimp shells. Because chitosan spontaneously attaches to the carbon sheet, the sponge essentially builds itself. \\n\\n In their initial experiments, the study authors used the sponge to filter water that contained gold ions. The pale yellow liquid became clear as gold particles piled up on the graphene\u2019s surface. Once there, the ions reacted with chitosan, a natural reducing agent that helped transform the gold back into its metallic form. The researchers also tested the sponge on partially processed e-waste; when the scientists increased the liquid's acidity to a pH of 3, the chitosan in the sponge captured the remaining gold while ignoring other metals. Although it requires an acidic environment, the sponge could eliminate the need for further processing, which can rely on poisons such as cyanide to obtain metallic gold from liquids. \u201cOur method allows for efficient recovery of gold directly from the waste mixture,\u201d say study co-authors Daria Andreeva-Baeumler and Konstantin Novoselov, materials scientists at the National University of Singapore. \\n\\nThe new material is one of the most potent gold adsorbers ever created. (Adsorption is similar to the more familiar absorption, but adsorbed things accumulate on surfaces while absorbed things are internalized. It\u2019s the difference between a mustard glob on your chin and the hot dog you just ate.) The sponge collected up to 99.5 percent of the gold by weight from liquids with gold concentrations as low as three parts per million. \\n\\n \u201cTo the best of my knowledge, this is a record high value,\u201d says Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich physicist Raffaele Mezzenga, an author of the whey protein aerogel study, who wasn\u2019t involved with the research on the graphene-chitosan combo. He notes that as efficient as the sponge is, the components needed to make it aren\u2019t cheap, and he questions whether it would be a workable option \u201cunder real operating conditions.\u201d Adapting the technique for industrial-scale use, Novoselov and Andreeva-Baeumler say, \u201cis indeed the next step in our research.\u201d \"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5394455194,"RADAR":0.003620784,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article contains a few sentences like \" It\u2019s the difference between a mustard glob on your chin and the hot dog you just ate\" which seem too unique to be machine-generated. It also has an introduction and conclusion that isn't very generic. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"This one is extremely difficult. There are signs of AI but few...one use of the word \"crucial\" and one list.\nThere are a couple of human-sounding phrases \"startling amounts\" and \"unusual alleyways\" for instance."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Filler words like 'just' and 'you' language make me think this is human-generated. Also it capitalises the first letter after a colon, which AI wouldn't do. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this is human-written. The sentences are long, dense, but contain a lot of information. Some areas were clear to me when I read it, and it was the uniqueness of the word choices, such as with \"partially processed e-waste\" , \"monstrous traffic jam\" \"graphene-chitosan combo\" and \"But wringing precious metals from trashed electronics is a harsh business\" that gave me a good idea of what the article is talking about. It also makes sure to reference opinions and quotes to their sources, and doesn't try to insert an opinion itself, but rather lets the information do the talking. It has a lot of dense language, but considering the topic, it's appropriate, because this article probably has an intended audience that knows about these processes better. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The writer effectively paraphrases what I assume is one of those eye-watering research articles that only scientists read.\nSentences with high syntactic complexity are skilfully structured and therefore easy to follow. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"110":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":21,"title":"Why Do Superstitions Persist among Seemingly Rational People? ","sub-title":"Superstitions linger into the modern era, in part, because they may be holdovers from a time when they provided a measure of protection from predators and other mortal dangers ","author":"Deena Mousa","source":"Scientific American","issue":-17954585,"section":"Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/why-are-we-still-superstitious\/","article":"Quarterback Patrick Mahomes wears the same pair of red underwear on every National Football League game day. After donning the undergarment during a successful first season in 2017, Mahomes continued to put it on before each game, believing it would bring him good luck. \u201cIf we\u2019re on a hot streak, I can\u2019t wash [the pair].... I just got to keep it rolling,\u201d he said in an interview with ESPN. \n\nMahomes\u2019s game-day uniform is a classic example of a superstition, a ritual that links certain actions or items to unrelated outcomes without any basis in reason or evidence. Superstitions often center around the belief that an object, person or situation is imbued with magical power that makes good or bad things happen. \n\n Counterintuitively, superstitions persist today, sometimes among the most seemingly rational of people, in spite of our purportedly robust ability to understand the world around us.\u201cI\u2019m going to be a little radical\u2014I think we are all basically superstitious all the time,\u201d says Erol Ak\u00e7ay, a theoretical biologist at the University of Pennsylvania, who has studied how superstitions may spread. \n\n A psychology study published in 2024 suggests that very few people show a complete lack of superstitious beliefs or practices. So why do we remain superstitious, even though it is clearly irrational and could lead us astray? It turns out superstitions may provide certain psychological benefits. \n\nOne reason may be that indulging a superstition can alleviate stress. In a 2018 study by researchers at the University of Singapore, a subset of the 114 participants were randomly assigned to complete a stressful task\u2014an interview and mental arithmetic problem performed in front of a panel of two judges\u2014or a no-stress control task. Some of the participants were given a pen they were told had proven lucky for others, while others received a pen without any such commentary. Those with the \u201clucky\u201d pen experienced less anxiety and rated their own performance more positively. \n\n The benefit of a superstition may go beyond just emotional comfort: In 2010, psychologists at the University of Cologne found that invoking good-luck-related superstitions\u2014by telling participants phrases such as \u201cI keep my fingers crossed\u201d or giving them a \u201clucky charm\u201d\u2014measurably improved performance in activities as varied as golfing, motor dexterity, memory games and anagram puzzles. \n\nThe researchers suggest that participants did better when superstitions were invoked because they experienced an increase in self-efficacy, a belief in their ability to succeed at their goal. Participants primed with superstitious comments reported a greater sense of self-efficacy compared with a control group. \n\n Superstitious beliefs can also amplify placebo effects. A 2021 study in the journal Cognitive Processing hypothesized that people who are more superstitious would get a bigger boost from a placebo treatment during a memory task. The authors split 104 participants into placebo and control groups. After assessing everyone\u2019s superstitious tendencies, they gave the participants in the placebo group colored water and told them it enhanced memory. Highly superstitious people who drank the supposed memory elixir recalled more words than their less superstitious counterparts\u2014and the opposite was true for those in the control group, who drank a plain glass of water. Even though superstitions have no magical powers, the psychological impacts of believing in them can tangibly affect outcomes. \n\n Yet superstitions also come with costs. Whether you cross the street to avoid walking under a ladder, knock on wood for good luck or perhaps throw salt over your shoulder to ward off evil spirits, those actions take time, thought and effort. And the investment may go unrewarded: a properly secured ladder, for example, poses no actual threat. Why would people embrace such unfavorable trade-offs in the first place? \n\n An analysis published in 2007 in Human Nature suggests that superstition is the inevitable result of humans using what is called an adaptive learning strategy. Our species learns by observing the world, identifying patterns and adapting beliefs accordingly. We need rules to distinguish between real patterns and randomness, however. Those rules must account for both the cost of a false belief that one thing causes another (the essence of superstition) and the cost of failing to recognize a relationship that really does exist. \n\n While superstition involves mistaken interpretations and wasteful rituals, failing to notice true cause and effect \u2014 not recognizing, for example, that a certain plant is poisonous or that a type of cloud precedes dangerous weather \u2014 can exact an even higher price. In balancing the risks of both types of errors, people are sometimes bound to misjudge a situation. \n\n A study published in 2009 in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences examines the conditions under which superstitiousness aids survival. When making decisions in uncertain environments, the researchers find, it can be advantageous to err on the side of forming incorrect cause-and- effect linkages. This is particularly true when the risk from missing a genuine threat is much higher than the risk from a false alarm. Even if the rustling of a bush usually results from wind, if it is sometimes a lion, you are better off acting as though every unsettling noise is life-threatening. \n\n On the other hand, when acting on superstition is relatively costly, the benefits of holding these beliefs might start to fade. In modern life, we rarely confront high-stakes survival situations, and science and technology offer powerful means to interpret and influence events, putting superstitiousness at a disadvantage. \n\n \u201c[These beliefs] serve a certain function,\u201d says Boris Gershman, an economist at American University, who has theorized about the origins of superstitions. \u201cA corollary of that is we should expect [superstitions] to dissipate once\u2026 the function they are supposed to perform is fulfilled in other ways.\u201d \n\n But superstitions might be slow to fade if they continue to provide comfort and alleviate stress, even if they afford no obvious benefit. \u201cThese beliefs can be quite persistent,\u201d Gershman says. \u201cYou learn something from your parents, and your children learn it from you. That is a powerful thing.\u201d ","id":20,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Quarterback Patrick Mahomes wears the same pair of red underwear on every National Football League game day. After donning the undergarment during a successful first season in 2017, Mahomes continued to put it on before each game, believing it would bring him good luck. \u201cIf we\u2019re on a hot streak, I can\u2019t wash [the pair].... I just got to keep it rolling,\u201d he said in an interview with ESPN. \\n\\nMahomes\u2019s game-day uniform is a classic example of a superstition, a ritual that links certain actions or items to unrelated outcomes without any basis in reason or evidence. Superstitions often center around the belief that an object, person or situation is imbued with magical power that makes good or bad things happen. \\n\\n Counterintuitively, superstitions persist today, sometimes among the most seemingly rational of people, in spite of our purportedly robust ability to understand the world around us.\u201cI\u2019m going to be a little radical\u2014I think we are all basically superstitious all the time,\u201d says Erol Ak\u00e7ay, a theoretical biologist at the University of Pennsylvania, who has studied how superstitions may spread. \\n\\n A psychology study published in 2024 suggests that very few people show a complete lack of superstitious beliefs or practices. So why do we remain superstitious, even though it is clearly irrational and could lead us astray? It turns out superstitions may provide certain psychological benefits. \\n\\nOne reason may be that indulging a superstition can alleviate stress. In a 2018 study by researchers at the University of Singapore, a subset of the 114 participants were randomly assigned to complete a stressful task\u2014an interview and mental arithmetic problem performed in front of a panel of two judges\u2014or a no-stress control task. Some of the participants were given a pen they were told had proven lucky for others, while others received a pen without any such commentary. Those with the \u201clucky\u201d pen experienced less anxiety and rated their own performance more positively. \\n\\n The benefit of a superstition may go beyond just emotional comfort: In 2010, psychologists at the University of Cologne found that invoking good-luck-related superstitions\u2014by telling participants phrases such as \u201cI keep my fingers crossed\u201d or giving them a \u201clucky charm\u201d\u2014measurably improved performance in activities as varied as golfing, motor dexterity, memory games and anagram puzzles. \\n\\nThe researchers suggest that participants did better when superstitions were invoked because they experienced an increase in self-efficacy, a belief in their ability to succeed at their goal. Participants primed with superstitious comments reported a greater sense of self-efficacy compared with a control group. \\n\\n Superstitious beliefs can also amplify placebo effects. A 2021 study in the journal Cognitive Processing hypothesized that people who are more superstitious would get a bigger boost from a placebo treatment during a memory task. The authors split 104 participants into placebo and control groups. After assessing everyone\u2019s superstitious tendencies, they gave the participants in the placebo group colored water and told them it enhanced memory. Highly superstitious people who drank the supposed memory elixir recalled more words than their less superstitious counterparts\u2014and the opposite was true for those in the control group, who drank a plain glass of water. Even though superstitions have no magical powers, the psychological impacts of believing in them can tangibly affect outcomes. \\n\\n Yet superstitions also come with costs. Whether you cross the street to avoid walking under a ladder, knock on wood for good luck or perhaps throw salt over your shoulder to ward off evil spirits, those actions take time, thought and effort. And the investment may go unrewarded: a properly secured ladder, for example, poses no actual threat. Why would people embrace such unfavorable trade-offs in the first place? \\n\\n An analysis published in 2007 in Human Nature suggests that superstition is the inevitable result of humans using what is called an adaptive learning strategy. Our species learns by observing the world, identifying patterns and adapting beliefs accordingly. We need rules to distinguish between real patterns and randomness, however. Those rules must account for both the cost of a false belief that one thing causes another (the essence of superstition) and the cost of failing to recognize a relationship that really does exist. \\n\\n While superstition involves mistaken interpretations and wasteful rituals, failing to notice true cause and effect \u2014 not recognizing, for example, that a certain plant is poisonous or that a type of cloud precedes dangerous weather \u2014 can exact an even higher price. In balancing the risks of both types of errors, people are sometimes bound to misjudge a situation. \\n\\n A study published in 2009 in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences examines the conditions under which superstitiousness aids survival. When making decisions in uncertain environments, the researchers find, it can be advantageous to err on the side of forming incorrect cause-and- effect linkages. This is particularly true when the risk from missing a genuine threat is much higher than the risk from a false alarm. Even if the rustling of a bush usually results from wind, if it is sometimes a lion, you are better off acting as though every unsettling noise is life-threatening. \\n\\n On the other hand, when acting on superstition is relatively costly, the benefits of holding these beliefs might start to fade. In modern life, we rarely confront high-stakes survival situations, and science and technology offer powerful means to interpret and influence events, putting superstitiousness at a disadvantage. \\n\\n \u201c[These beliefs] serve a certain function,\u201d says Boris Gershman, an economist at American University, who has theorized about the origins of superstitions. \u201cA corollary of that is we should expect [superstitions] to dissipate once\u2026 the function they are supposed to perform is fulfilled in other ways.\u201d \\n\\n But superstitions might be slow to fade if they continue to provide comfort and alleviate stress, even if they afford no obvious benefit. \u201cThese beliefs can be quite persistent,\u201d Gershman says. \u201cYou learn something from your parents, and your children learn it from you. That is a powerful thing.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 5.125999450683594e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Quarterback Patrick Mahomes wears the same pair of red underwear on every National Football League game day. After donning the undergarment during a successful first season in 2017, Mahomes continued to put it on before each game, believing it would bring him good luck. \u201cIf we\u2019re on a hot streak, I can\u2019t wash [the pair].... I just got to keep it rolling,\u201d he said in an interview with ESPN. \\n\\nMahomes\u2019s game-day uniform is a classic example of a superstition, a ritual that links certain actions or items to unrelated outcomes without any basis in reason or evidence. Superstitions often center around the belief that an object, person or situation is imbued with magical power that makes good or bad things happen. \\n\\n Counterintuitively, superstitions persist today, sometimes among the most seemingly rational of people, in spite of our purportedly robust ability to understand the world around us.\u201cI\u2019m going to be a little radical\u2014I think we are all basically superstitious all the time,\u201d says Erol Ak\u00e7ay, a theoretical biologist at the University of Pennsylvania, who has studied how superstitions may spread. \\n\\n A psychology study published in 2024 suggests that very few people show a complete lack of superstitious beliefs or practices. So why do we remain superstitious, even though it is clearly irrational and could lead us astray? It turns out superstitions may provide certain psychological benefits. \\n\\nOne reason may be that indulging a superstition can alleviate stress. In a 2018 study by researchers at the University of Singapore, a subset of the 114 participants were randomly assigned to complete a stressful task\u2014an interview and mental arithmetic problem performed in front of a panel of two judges\u2014or a no-stress control task. Some of the participants were given a pen they were told had proven lucky for others, while others received a pen without any such commentary. Those with the \u201clucky\u201d pen experienced less anxiety and rated their own performance more positively. \\n\\n The benefit of a superstition may go beyond just emotional comfort: In 2010, psychologists at the University of Cologne found that invoking good-luck-related superstitions\u2014by telling participants phrases such as \u201cI keep my fingers crossed\u201d or giving them a \u201clucky charm\u201d\u2014measurably improved performance in activities as varied as golfing, motor dexterity, memory games and anagram puzzles. \\n\\nThe researchers suggest that participants did better when superstitions were invoked because they experienced an increase in self-efficacy, a belief in their ability to succeed at their goal. Participants primed with superstitious comments reported a greater sense of self-efficacy compared with a control group. \\n\\n Superstitious beliefs can also amplify placebo effects. A 2021 study in the journal Cognitive Processing hypothesized that people who are more superstitious would get a bigger boost from a placebo treatment during a memory task. The authors split 104 participants into placebo and control groups. After assessing everyone\u2019s superstitious tendencies, they gave the participants in the placebo group colored water and told them it enhanced memory. Highly superstitious people who drank the supposed memory elixir recalled more words than their less superstitious counterparts\u2014and the opposite was true for those in the control group, who drank a plain glass of water. Even though superstitions have no magical powers, the psychological impacts of believing in them can tangibly affect outcomes. \\n\\n Yet superstitions also come with costs. Whether you cross the street to avoid walking under a ladder, knock on wood for good luck or perhaps throw salt over your shoulder to ward off evil spirits, those actions take time, thought and effort. And the investment may go unrewarded: a properly secured ladder, for example, poses no actual threat. Why would people embrace such unfavorable trade-offs in the first place? \\n\\n An analysis published in 2007 in Human Nature suggests that superstition is the inevitable result of humans using what is called an adaptive learning strategy. Our species learns by observing the world, identifying patterns and adapting beliefs accordingly. We need rules to distinguish between real patterns and randomness, however. Those rules must account for both the cost of a false belief that one thing causes another (the essence of superstition) and the cost of failing to recognize a relationship that really does exist. \\n\\n While superstition involves mistaken interpretations and wasteful rituals, failing to notice true cause and effect \u2014 not recognizing, for example, that a certain plant is poisonous or that a type of cloud precedes dangerous weather \u2014 can exact an even higher price. In balancing the risks of both types of errors, people are sometimes bound to misjudge a situation. \\n\\n A study published in 2009 in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences examines the conditions under which superstitiousness aids survival. When making decisions in uncertain environments, the researchers find, it can be advantageous to err on the side of forming incorrect cause-and- effect linkages. This is particularly true when the risk from missing a genuine threat is much higher than the risk from a false alarm. Even if the rustling of a bush usually results from wind, if it is sometimes a lion, you are better off acting as though every unsettling noise is life-threatening. \\n\\n On the other hand, when acting on superstition is relatively costly, the benefits of holding these beliefs might start to fade. In modern life, we rarely confront high-stakes survival situations, and science and technology offer powerful means to interpret and influence events, putting superstitiousness at a disadvantage. \\n\\n \u201c[These beliefs] serve a certain function,\u201d says Boris Gershman, an economist at American University, who has theorized about the origins of superstitions. \u201cA corollary of that is we should expect [superstitions] to dissipate once\u2026 the function they are supposed to perform is fulfilled in other ways.\u201d \\n\\n But superstitions might be slow to fade if they continue to provide comfort and alleviate stress, even if they afford no obvious benefit. \u201cThese beliefs can be quite persistent,\u201d Gershman says. \u201cYou learn something from your parents, and your children learn it from you. That is a powerful thing.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 8.58306884765625e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '60e528a7-04c2-4d11-8e58-dda39163e27c', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.00047095189802348614, 'sentence': 'Quarterback Patrick Mahomes wears the same pair of red underwear on every National Football League game day.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000479946902487427, 'sentence': 'After donning the undergarment during a successful first season in 2017, Mahomes continued to put it on before each game, believing it would bring him good luck.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005218402948230505, 'sentence': \"\u201cIf we're on a hot streak, I can't wash [the pair]....\", 'perplexity': 0, 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around us.\u201cI'm going to be a little radical\u1173I think we are all basically superstitious all the time,\u201d says Erol Ak\u00e7ay, a theoretical biologist at the University of Pennsylvania, who has studied how superstitions may spread.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001636233791941777, 'sentence': 'A psychology study published in 2024 suggests that very few people show a complete lack of superstitious beliefs or practices.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011654704576358199, 'sentence': 'So why do we remain superstitious, even though it is clearly irrational and could lead us astray?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014995444507803768, 'sentence': 'It turns out superstitions may provide certain psychological benefits.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011424480908317491, 'sentence': 'One reason 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'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0024830990005284548, 'sentence': 'On the other hand, when acting on superstition is relatively costly, the benefits of holding these beliefs might start to fade.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.005549246445298195, 'sentence': 'In modern life, we rarely confront high-stakes survival situations, and science and technology offer powerful means to interpret and influence events, putting superstitiousness at a disadvantage.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0016241581179201603, 'sentence': '\u201c[These beliefs] serve a certain function,\u201d says Boris Gershman, an economist at American University, who has theorized about the origins of superstitions.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0011732835555449128, 'sentence': '\u201cA corollary of that is we should expect [superstitions] to dissipate once\u2026 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'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Quarterback Patrick Mahomes wears the same pair of red underwear on every National Football League game day. After donning the undergarment during a successful first season in 2017, Mahomes continued to put it on before each game, believing it would bring him good luck. \u201cIf we\u2019re on a hot streak, I can\u2019t wash [the pair].... I just got to keep it rolling,\u201d he said in an interview with ESPN. \\n\\nMahomes\u2019s game-day uniform is a classic example of a superstition, a ritual that links certain actions or items to unrelated outcomes without any basis in reason or evidence. Superstitions often center around the belief that an object, person or situation is imbued with magical power that makes good or bad things happen. \\n\\n Counterintuitively, superstitions persist today, sometimes among the most seemingly rational of people, in spite of our purportedly robust ability to understand the world around us.\u201cI\u2019m going to be a little radical\u2014I think we are all basically superstitious all the time,\u201d says Erol Ak\u00e7ay, a theoretical biologist at the University of Pennsylvania, who has studied how superstitions may spread. \\n\\n A psychology study published in 2024 suggests that very few people show a complete lack of superstitious beliefs or practices. So why do we remain superstitious, even though it is clearly irrational and could lead us astray? It turns out superstitions may provide certain psychological benefits. \\n\\nOne reason may be that indulging a superstition can alleviate stress. In a 2018 study by researchers at the University of Singapore, a subset of the 114 participants were randomly assigned to complete a stressful task\u2014an interview and mental arithmetic problem performed in front of a panel of two judges\u2014or a no-stress control task. Some of the participants were given a pen they were told had proven lucky for others, while others received a pen without any such commentary. Those with the \u201clucky\u201d pen experienced less anxiety and rated their own performance more positively. \\n\\n The benefit of a superstition may go beyond just emotional comfort: In 2010, psychologists at the University of Cologne found that invoking good-luck-related superstitions\u2014by telling participants phrases such as \u201cI keep my fingers crossed\u201d or giving them a \u201clucky charm\u201d\u2014measurably improved performance in activities as varied as golfing, motor dexterity, memory games and anagram puzzles. \\n\\nThe researchers suggest that participants did better when superstitions were invoked because they experienced an increase in self-efficacy, a belief in their ability to succeed at their goal. Participants primed with superstitious comments reported a greater sense of self-efficacy compared with a control group. \\n\\n Superstitious beliefs can also amplify placebo effects. A 2021 study in the journal Cognitive Processing hypothesized that people who are more superstitious would get a bigger boost from a placebo treatment during a memory task. The authors split 104 participants into placebo and control groups. After assessing everyone\u2019s superstitious tendencies, they gave the participants in the placebo group colored water and told them it enhanced memory. Highly superstitious people who drank the supposed memory elixir recalled more words than their less superstitious counterparts\u2014and the opposite was true for those in the control group, who drank a plain glass of water. Even though superstitions have no magical powers, the psychological impacts of believing in them can tangibly affect outcomes. \\n\\n Yet superstitions also come with costs. Whether you cross the street to avoid walking under a ladder, knock on wood for good luck or perhaps throw salt over your shoulder to ward off evil spirits, those actions take time, thought and effort. And the investment may go unrewarded: a properly secured ladder, for example, poses no actual threat. Why would people embrace such unfavorable trade-offs in the first place? \\n\\n An analysis published in 2007 in Human Nature suggests that superstition is the inevitable result of humans using what is called an adaptive learning strategy. Our species learns by observing the world, identifying patterns and adapting beliefs accordingly. We need rules to distinguish between real patterns and randomness, however. Those rules must account for both the cost of a false belief that one thing causes another (the essence of superstition) and the cost of failing to recognize a relationship that really does exist. \\n\\n While superstition involves mistaken interpretations and wasteful rituals, failing to notice true cause and effect \u2014 not recognizing, for example, that a certain plant is poisonous or that a type of cloud precedes dangerous weather \u2014 can exact an even higher price. In balancing the risks of both types of errors, people are sometimes bound to misjudge a situation. \\n\\n A study published in 2009 in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences examines the conditions under which superstitiousness aids survival. When making decisions in uncertain environments, the researchers find, it can be advantageous to err on the side of forming incorrect cause-and- effect linkages. This is particularly true when the risk from missing a genuine threat is much higher than the risk from a false alarm. Even if the rustling of a bush usually results from wind, if it is sometimes a lion, you are better off acting as though every unsettling noise is life-threatening. \\n\\n On the other hand, when acting on superstition is relatively costly, the benefits of holding these beliefs might start to fade. In modern life, we rarely confront high-stakes survival situations, and science and technology offer powerful means to interpret and influence events, putting superstitiousness at a disadvantage. \\n\\n \u201c[These beliefs] serve a certain function,\u201d says Boris Gershman, an economist at American University, who has theorized about the origins of superstitions. \u201cA corollary of that is we should expect [superstitions] to dissipate once\u2026 the function they are supposed to perform is fulfilled in other ways.\u201d \\n\\n But superstitions might be slow to fade if they continue to provide comfort and alleviate stress, even if they afford no obvious benefit. \u201cThese beliefs can be quite persistent,\u201d Gershman says. \u201cYou learn something from your parents, and your children learn it from you. That is a powerful thing.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1524540484,"RADAR":0.0365874954,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article has very natural quotations with ellipses and clarifications made in brackets. This, combined with the use of \"says\" throughout, makes it clearly human-generated. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"There are only two lists so they may not be AI-generated. The overall \"feel\" of the text and use of more unusual vocabulary such as \"dissipate\" and \"indulging a superstition\" are human."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: filler words and phrases like 'even' and 'on the other hand'. Colloquial language. The first letter of the word after a colon should not be capitalised in US English. There's no Oxford comma. Some full stops are followed by conjunctions. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident this is human-written. There's a good variety of sentence lengths and word choice used here, and provides a lot of references and examples to outline the conversation about superstitions. If AI wrote this, then there would be almost the exact same pattern of sentence structure and pacing in all five study examples referenced here, but that's not the case. Also - there's a lot of shifting between second person, first-person plural, and I think third person here, and that shows that the article's adaptive to what information needs to be shown. Also, the quotes are realistic, such as with \"\u201cI\u2019m going to be a little radical\u2014I think we are all basically superstitious all the time,\u201d and \"\u201cIf we\u2019re on a hot streak, I can\u2019t wash [the pair].... I just got to keep it rolling,\u201d he said in an interview with ESPN.\" "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The author does not feel the need to add quotes to each research study cited in the text. Paraphrasing is less intrusive especially if the article is published online and hyperlinks are used.\nNo ubiquitous conclusion that reassures the reader that all is well with humankind.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"111":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":22,"title":"Parents Labeling a Kid\u2019s Friend a Bad Influence Can Backfire ","sub-title":"Is your kid in trouble? Blaming their friends is ill advised ","author":"Francine Russo","source":"Scientific American","issue":-17954397,"section":"Psychology","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/parents-labeling-a-kids-friend-a-bad-influence-can-backfire\/","article":"Parents have always blamed their teens\u2019 misbehavior on their kids\u2019 friends: they may say their kids \u201cfell into bad company\u201d or \u201cgot in with the wrong crowd.\u201d To combat what they see as pernicious influences, parents have responded with strategies that range from criticizing the wayward companions to forbidding any contact altogether. This type of response by parents has been documented from the Netherlands to China. \n\nIn fact, the question remains as to whether placing these supposed bad influences off-limits actually helps children. \u201cNot a bit\u201d is the answer, according to child psychology researchers. In fact, this type of response actually backfires. As researchers have found in several studies, parents\u2019 disapproval or restrictions on hanging out with a supposed bad actor actually makes behavior problems worse\u2014and the experts are not exactly sure why that is. \u201cPeople have seen this; they scratch their heads and say they\u2019re not sure what to make of it,\u201d says Florida Atlantic University psychologist Brett Laursen. \n\nPrevious research has provided a partial explanation that fits with most parents\u2019 experience. As kids begin to forge identities separate from their parents, they resist parental direction and control. As the father characters in the musical The Fantasticks sing, \u201cYou can be sure the devil\u2019s to pay\/The minute that you say no.\u201d One study entitled \u201cForbidden Friends as Forbidden Fruit,\u201d from researchers at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, demonstrated this truism with a sample of Dutch boys aged about 13. The researchers found that when their parents forbade them to associate with friends who were got in trouble, the boys sought out and clung to these off-limits friends. The result? Their own troublemaking, defined as behaviors including vandalism, theft and arson, increased. \n\nSuch rebellious behavior provides only a piece of the answer. These interactions are actually a complex mix of motivations. Laursen, with his co-author Goda Kaniu\u0161onyt\u0117, sets out a broader explanation in a new study. Researchers questioned almost 600 Lithuanian boys and girls aged 9 to 14 at the beginning, middle and end of a school year. At each point, the students answered a range of questions on tablets about their emotions, their behavior (from shoplifting to breaking windows), their relationship with their mother, and their mother\u2019s feelings about the friends they had and the ones their mom wished they had\u2014the good students, for example. \n\nAn important dimension was included that had not been considered in previous research. The researchers measured maternal disapproval at each point in time. They also asked the children to list classmates that they liked, disliked or found disruptive. \n\nA clear pattern emerged. Whenever a child had behavior problems\u2014and their mother disapproved of their friends \u2014these peers, in turn, then disliked the child and the kid\u2019s behavior got worse. That behavior problems are linked to rejection makes sense, Laursen says. \u201cThe mystery is, why did mom\u2019s intervention lead to more problems? And it\u2019s because the classmates hate it. Kids hate parents intervening in peer relationships.\u201d He adds that rejected kids tend to hang out with other excluded kids who themselves are likely to have behavior problems. \n\nThe idea that parental interference in peer friendships can make a child seem \u201cuncool\u201d to peers and set them off on a disruptive trajectory is a really new insight, says Northern Illinois University developmental psychologist Nina Mounts. It fits with research showing that prohibitions are probably not a good strategy for parents, she says. \u201cConsulting with kids, on the other hand, leads to more prosocial behavior, more empathy and better social skills.\u201d \n\nTensions around finding their place can make it difficult to navigate the perils of being a teenager. \u201cAdolescence is a very anxious time,\u201d says Vanessa Bradden, a family therapist based in Chicago. \u201cKids are trying to figure out who their peers are.\u201d Although parents may be tempted to express dislike for certain friendships, she says it is probably better to hold back judgment and express understanding for your child\u2019s situation, including how urgently they need to fit in with their peers. 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As the father characters in the musical The Fantasticks sing, \u201cYou can be sure the devil\u2019s to pay\/The minute that you say no.\u201d One study entitled \u201cForbidden Friends as Forbidden Fruit,\u201d from researchers at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, demonstrated this truism with a sample of Dutch boys aged about 13. The researchers found that when their parents forbade them to associate with friends who were got in trouble, the boys sought out and clung to these off-limits friends. The result? Their own troublemaking, defined as behaviors including vandalism, theft and arson, increased. \\n\\nSuch rebellious behavior provides only a piece of the answer. These interactions are actually a complex mix of motivations. Laursen, with his co-author Goda Kaniu\u0161onyt\u0117, sets out a broader explanation in a new study. Researchers questioned almost 600 Lithuanian boys and girls aged 9 to 14 at the beginning, middle and end of a school year. At each point, the students answered a range of questions on tablets about their emotions, their behavior (from shoplifting to breaking windows), their relationship with their mother, and their mother\u2019s feelings about the friends they had and the ones their mom wished they had\u2014the good students, for example. \\n\\nAn important dimension was included that had not been considered in previous research. The researchers measured maternal disapproval at each point in time. They also asked the children to list classmates that they liked, disliked or found disruptive. \\n\\nA clear pattern emerged. Whenever a child had behavior problems\u2014and their mother disapproved of their friends \u2014these peers, in turn, then disliked the child and the kid\u2019s behavior got worse. That behavior problems are linked to rejection makes sense, Laursen says. \u201cThe mystery is, why did mom\u2019s intervention lead to more problems? And it\u2019s because the classmates hate it. Kids hate parents intervening in peer relationships.\u201d He adds that rejected kids tend to hang out with other excluded kids who themselves are likely to have behavior problems. \\n\\nThe idea that parental interference in peer friendships can make a child seem \u201cuncool\u201d to peers and set them off on a disruptive trajectory is a really new insight, says Northern Illinois University developmental psychologist Nina Mounts. It fits with research showing that prohibitions are probably not a good strategy for parents, she says. \u201cConsulting with kids, on the other hand, leads to more prosocial behavior, more empathy and better social skills.\u201d \\n\\nTensions around finding their place can make it difficult to navigate the perils of being a teenager. \u201cAdolescence is a very anxious time,\u201d says Vanessa Bradden, a family therapist based in Chicago. \u201cKids are trying to figure out who their peers are.\u201d Although parents may be tempted to express dislike for certain friendships, she says it is probably better to hold back judgment and express understanding for your child\u2019s situation, including how urgently they need to fit in with their peers. You might suggest, \u201cI know kids are vaping and drinking, but I\u2019m most concerned with what you\u2019re doing and how you can be safe.\u201d If you find out your child has been doing something dangerous with friends, you can express how serious it is and implement an appropriate punishment\u2014maybe to stay home after school for two weeks with no video games. But saying they can no longer be friends with someone should not be the punishment, she advises. \\n\\nBoston Children\u2019s Hospital clinical psychologist Erica Lee counsels parents to take a deep breath, try to stay calm and to understand what their child actually did and why. You may have only part of the story, she says. \u201cIt\u2019s important to say to your kids, I want to understand what happened from your perspective.\u201d You can ask them why certain friends are so attractive to them even though they enable behavior that results in bad consequences. It\u2019s rare that behaviors are so egregious that you have to separate your kids from friends and risk social isolation, she says. Therapy might be an option for a child in that kind of trouble. \\n\\nAn important takeaway from his research, Laursen says, is that parental intervention in a child\u2019s friendships disrupts not only their social life but damages the parent-child relationship. \u201cAnd the one thing we know is that if parents are going to be effective in middle school, kids have to have a close, warm relationship with that parent,\u201d he says. \u201cYou have to stay in the game, in other words. And by trying to cut your child off from their friends, you are automatically removing yourself from the game.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.624612987,"RADAR":0.0077166888,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The quotations in this article are quite natural and it uses \"he says\" or \"she says\" throughout. There are also a few sentences that stand out, like the random reference to a musical, which isn't something you'd see in a machine-generated article on a topic that has no relation to musicals. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The strange phrase \"friends who were got in trouble\" is grammatically incorrect and sounds human. Also, the words \"in fact\" have been used twice in the same paragraph. The sentence \"To combat...contact altogether\" is complex and also sounds more human than AI."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: filler words like 'very'\/ Use of contractions. Vague language like 'probably'.  conjunctions after the full stops. This quote feels superfluous: 'People have seen this; they scratch their heads and say they\u2019re not sure what to make of it,\u201d says Florida Atlantic University psychologist Brett Laursen.' Odd phrasing like 'who were got in trouble'. You language. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I am less confident, but I think this is human-written. There's a lot of common vocab that I see with AI, but the core elements that I am seeing with this one is how some of the most prominent parts of the article are sentences that I am able to see the point of, such as with \"And it\u2019s because the classmates hate it.\" and \"take a deep breath, try to stay calm and to understand what their child actually did and why.\" The conclusion doesn't end flowery, but with a quote that's real to how people speak, and to me, the fact that everything was in such long, condensed paragraphs, combined with these simple-language descriptions, made it more real to me that it's human."},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Researchers and their publications can be verified online.\nThe text has a mix of direct quotes and paraphrases. The story moves forward\u2014quoted material doesn't repeat the writer's statements. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"112":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":23,"title":"Amateur Historian Discovers Lost Story by \u2018Dracula\u2019 Author Bram Stoker Hiding in Plain Sight at a Dublin Library ","sub-title":"History forgot about \u201cGibbet Hill\u201d for more than a century\u2014until a fan of the Gothic horror writer stumbled upon the haunting tale at the National Library of Ireland ","author":"Sonya Anderson","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":-17954411,"section":"Smart News - Cool Finds","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/amateur-historian-discovers-lost-story-by-dracula-author-bram-stoker-hiding-in-plain-sight-at-a-dublin-library-180985320\/","article":"In 1890, a short ghost story by Irish writer Bram Stoker\u2014who would publish Dracula seven years later\u2014ran in the Dublin Daily Express. The haunting tale, titled \u201cGibbet Hill,\u201d was then forgotten. For more than 130 years, the piece remained in the shadows\u2014until a clinical pharmacist chanced upon it at the National Library of Ireland. \n\n Brian Cleary, a longtime fan of Stoker, was browsing the library\u2019s archives last year when he noticed an 1891 advertisement in the Dublin Daily Express. The ad referenced a previously published story by Stoker, leading Cleary to an issue that had been printed a few weeks earlier, on December 17, 1890, which contained \u201cGibbet Hill\u201d in full. \n\n\u201cI was just gobsmacked,\u201d Cleary tells the New York Times\u2019 Sarah Lyall. \u201cI went and checked all the bibliographies, and it was nowhere. I wanted to turn around and shout, \u2018Guess what I found?\u2019 but there were proper researchers and academics there, and I was just an amateur.\u201d \n\n Cleary began researching the story and its author, consulting Paul Murray, author of From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of Bram Stoker. Literary scholars have never referenced \u201cGibbet Hill,\u201d and the story doesn\u2019t appear in other Stoker archives, leading Murray to conclude that it had \u201cdisappeared for more than a century,\u201d writes Artnet\u2019s Richard Whiddington. \n\n\u201cGibbet Hill\u201d is an unsettling tale full of dark themes that Stoker would return to in Dracula. Set in Surrey, England, it follows an unnamed narrator who has an ominous encounter with three strange children near a murdered sailor\u2019s grave. \n\n \u201cIt\u2019s a classic Stoker story,\u201d Murray tells Peter Murphy of Agence France-Presse (AFP). \u201cThe struggle between good and evil\u2014evil which crops up in exotic and unexplained ways.\u201d \n\nMurray adds that \u201cGibbet Hill\u201d exemplifies Stoker\u2019s development as a writer. It was printed the same year that Stoker began working on Dracula, a Gothic novel about an eponymous count who lives in Transylvania as a vampire. Derived from legends, the literary work informed an entire genre of vampire fiction and lore. \n\n Stoker\u2019s newly uncovered story is being republished in a book that features cover art and illustrations by Irish artist Paul McKinley. The proceeds will go to the Charlotte Stoker Fund, which supports research on deafness in newborn babies. The organization is named after the writer\u2019s mother, who advocated for the deaf. \n\nCoincidentally, Cleary had recently gotten a cochlear implant and was spending long stretches of time in the library as he worked his way through intensive auditory therapy. \n\n \u201cI was like a baby learning to hear again,\u201d he tells the Times. \u201cA lot of things wouldn\u2019t have happened if I hadn\u2019t suffered from hearing loss.\u201d \n\n Later this month, the story will be read publicly for the first time at the Dublin City Council Bram Stoker Festival. The reading will take place at the Casino Marino, an 18th-century temple located not far from the author\u2019s birthplace. \n\nMcKinley\u2019s illustrations are inspired by the spooky imagery in Stoker\u2019s story. For example, a \u201cjuicy, wet, oily painting\u201d depicts one young character holding a pile of earthworms, as the artist tells AFP. \n\n \u201cWhen Brian sent me \u2018Gibbet Hill,\u2019 there was so much I could work with,\u201d he adds. It was a \u201cfascinating challenge\u201d to make \u201cnew images for an old story that has been buried for so long.\u201d \n\n ","id":22,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'In 1890, a short ghost story by Irish writer Bram Stoker\u2014who would publish Dracula seven years later\u2014ran in the Dublin Daily Express. The haunting tale, titled \u201cGibbet Hill,\u201d was then forgotten. For more than 130 years, the piece remained in the shadows\u2014until a clinical pharmacist chanced upon it at the National Library of Ireland. \\n\\n Brian Cleary, a longtime fan of Stoker, was browsing the library\u2019s archives last year when he noticed an 1891 advertisement in the Dublin Daily Express. The ad referenced a previously published story by Stoker, leading Cleary to an issue that had been printed a few weeks earlier, on December 17, 1890, which contained \u201cGibbet Hill\u201d in full. \\n\\n\u201cI was just gobsmacked,\u201d Cleary tells the New York Times\u2019 Sarah Lyall. \u201cI went and checked all the bibliographies, and it was nowhere. I wanted to turn around and shout, \u2018Guess what I found?\u2019 but there were proper researchers and academics there, and I was just an amateur.\u201d \\n\\n Cleary began researching the story and its author, consulting Paul Murray, author of From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of Bram Stoker. Literary scholars have never referenced \u201cGibbet Hill,\u201d and the story doesn\u2019t appear in other Stoker archives, leading Murray to conclude that it had \u201cdisappeared for more than a century,\u201d writes Artnet\u2019s Richard Whiddington. \\n\\n\u201cGibbet Hill\u201d is an unsettling tale full of dark themes that Stoker would return to in Dracula. Set in Surrey, England, it follows an unnamed narrator who has an ominous encounter with three strange children near a murdered sailor\u2019s grave. \\n\\n \u201cIt\u2019s a classic Stoker story,\u201d Murray tells Peter Murphy of Agence France-Presse (AFP). \u201cThe struggle between good and evil\u2014evil which crops up in exotic and unexplained ways.\u201d \\n\\nMurray adds that \u201cGibbet Hill\u201d exemplifies Stoker\u2019s development as a writer. It was printed the same year that Stoker began working on Dracula, a Gothic novel about an eponymous count who lives in Transylvania as a vampire. Derived from legends, the literary work informed an entire genre of vampire fiction and lore. \\n\\n Stoker\u2019s newly uncovered story is being republished in a book that features cover art and illustrations by Irish artist Paul McKinley. The proceeds will go to the Charlotte Stoker Fund, which supports research on deafness in newborn babies. The organization is named after the writer\u2019s mother, who advocated for the deaf. \\n\\nCoincidentally, Cleary had recently gotten a cochlear implant and was spending long stretches of time in the library as he worked his way through intensive auditory therapy. \\n\\n \u201cI was like a baby learning to hear again,\u201d he tells the Times. \u201cA lot of things wouldn\u2019t have happened if I hadn\u2019t suffered from hearing loss.\u201d \\n\\n Later this month, the story will be read publicly for the first time at the Dublin City Council Bram Stoker Festival. The reading will take place at the Casino Marino, an 18th-century temple located not far from the author\u2019s birthplace. \\n\\nMcKinley\u2019s illustrations are inspired by the spooky imagery in Stoker\u2019s story. For example, a \u201cjuicy, wet, oily painting\u201d depicts one young character holding a pile of earthworms, as the artist tells AFP. \\n\\n \u201cWhen Brian sent me \u2018Gibbet Hill,\u2019 there was so much I could work with,\u201d he adds. It was a \u201cfascinating challenge\u201d to make \u201cnew images for an old story that has been buried for so long.\u201d \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 5.561113357543945e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'In 1890, a short ghost story by Irish writer Bram Stoker\u2014who would publish Dracula seven years later\u2014ran in the Dublin Daily Express. The haunting tale, titled \u201cGibbet Hill,\u201d was then forgotten. For more than 130 years, the piece remained in the shadows\u2014until a clinical pharmacist chanced upon it at the National Library of Ireland. \\n\\n Brian Cleary, a longtime fan of Stoker, was browsing the library\u2019s archives last year when he noticed an 1891 advertisement in the Dublin Daily Express. The ad referenced a previously published story by Stoker, leading Cleary to an issue that had been printed a few weeks earlier, on December 17, 1890, which contained \u201cGibbet Hill\u201d in full. \\n\\n\u201cI was just gobsmacked,\u201d Cleary tells the New York Times\u2019 Sarah Lyall. \u201cI went and checked all the bibliographies, and it was nowhere. I wanted to turn around and shout, \u2018Guess what I found?\u2019 but there were proper researchers and academics there, and I was just an amateur.\u201d \\n\\n Cleary began researching the story and its author, consulting Paul Murray, author of From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of Bram Stoker. Literary scholars have never referenced \u201cGibbet Hill,\u201d and the story doesn\u2019t appear in other Stoker archives, leading Murray to conclude that it had \u201cdisappeared for more than a century,\u201d writes Artnet\u2019s Richard Whiddington. \\n\\n\u201cGibbet Hill\u201d is an unsettling tale full of dark themes that Stoker would return to in Dracula. Set in Surrey, England, it follows an unnamed narrator who has an ominous encounter with three strange children near a murdered sailor\u2019s grave. \\n\\n \u201cIt\u2019s a classic Stoker story,\u201d Murray tells Peter Murphy of Agence France-Presse (AFP). \u201cThe struggle between good and evil\u2014evil which crops up in exotic and unexplained ways.\u201d \\n\\nMurray adds that \u201cGibbet Hill\u201d exemplifies Stoker\u2019s development as a writer. It was printed the same year that Stoker began working on Dracula, a Gothic novel about an eponymous count who lives in Transylvania as a vampire. Derived from legends, the literary work informed an entire genre of vampire fiction and lore. \\n\\n Stoker\u2019s newly uncovered story is being republished in a book that features cover art and illustrations by Irish artist Paul McKinley. The proceeds will go to the Charlotte Stoker Fund, which supports research on deafness in newborn babies. The organization is named after the writer\u2019s mother, who advocated for the deaf. \\n\\nCoincidentally, Cleary had recently gotten a cochlear implant and was spending long stretches of time in the library as he worked his way through intensive auditory therapy. \\n\\n \u201cI was like a baby learning to hear again,\u201d he tells the Times. \u201cA lot of things wouldn\u2019t have happened if I hadn\u2019t suffered from hearing loss.\u201d \\n\\n Later this month, the story will be read publicly for the first time at the Dublin City Council Bram Stoker Festival. The reading will take place at the Casino Marino, an 18th-century temple located not far from the author\u2019s birthplace. \\n\\nMcKinley\u2019s illustrations are inspired by the spooky imagery in Stoker\u2019s story. For example, a \u201cjuicy, wet, oily painting\u201d depicts one young character holding a pile of earthworms, as the artist tells AFP. \\n\\n \u201cWhen Brian sent me \u2018Gibbet Hill,\u2019 there was so much I could work with,\u201d he adds. It was a \u201cfascinating challenge\u201d to make \u201cnew images for an old story that has been buried for so long.\u201d \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00042557716369628906, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'adac1172-238b-4c18-975a-6571b0c4dbee', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 5.437155778054148e-05, 'sentence': 'In 1890, a short ghost story by Irish writer Bram Stoker\u1173who would publish Dracula seven years later\u1173ran in the Dublin Daily Express.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.785625009797513e-05, 'sentence': 'The haunting tale, titled \u201cGibbet Hill,\u201d was then forgotten.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.496442124946043e-05, 'sentence': 'For more than 130 years, the piece remained 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{'identity': {'ai': 0.0054507966211679235, 'human': 0.9945097664902408, 'mixed': 3.94368885912277e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'In 1890, a short ghost story by Irish writer Bram Stoker\u2014who would publish Dracula seven years later\u2014ran in the Dublin Daily Express. The haunting tale, titled \u201cGibbet Hill,\u201d was then forgotten. For more than 130 years, the piece remained in the shadows\u2014until a clinical pharmacist chanced upon it at the National Library of Ireland. \\n\\n Brian Cleary, a longtime fan of Stoker, was browsing the library\u2019s archives last year when he noticed an 1891 advertisement in the Dublin Daily Express. The ad referenced a previously published story by Stoker, leading Cleary to an issue that had been printed a few weeks earlier, on December 17, 1890, which contained \u201cGibbet Hill\u201d in full. \\n\\n\u201cI was just gobsmacked,\u201d Cleary tells the New York Times\u2019 Sarah Lyall. \u201cI went and checked all the bibliographies, and it was nowhere. I wanted to turn around and shout, \u2018Guess what I found?\u2019 but there were proper researchers and academics there, and I was just an amateur.\u201d \\n\\n Cleary began researching the story and its author, consulting Paul Murray, author of From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of Bram Stoker. Literary scholars have never referenced \u201cGibbet Hill,\u201d and the story doesn\u2019t appear in other Stoker archives, leading Murray to conclude that it had \u201cdisappeared for more than a century,\u201d writes Artnet\u2019s Richard Whiddington. \\n\\n\u201cGibbet Hill\u201d is an unsettling tale full of dark themes that Stoker would return to in Dracula. Set in Surrey, England, it follows an unnamed narrator who has an ominous encounter with three strange children near a murdered sailor\u2019s grave. \\n\\n \u201cIt\u2019s a classic Stoker story,\u201d Murray tells Peter Murphy of Agence France-Presse (AFP). \u201cThe struggle between good and evil\u2014evil which crops up in exotic and unexplained ways.\u201d \\n\\nMurray adds that \u201cGibbet Hill\u201d exemplifies Stoker\u2019s development as a writer. It was printed the same year that Stoker began working on Dracula, a Gothic novel about an eponymous count who lives in Transylvania as a vampire. Derived from legends, the literary work informed an entire genre of vampire fiction and lore. \\n\\n Stoker\u2019s newly uncovered story is being republished in a book that features cover art and illustrations by Irish artist Paul McKinley. The proceeds will go to the Charlotte Stoker Fund, which supports research on deafness in newborn babies. The organization is named after the writer\u2019s mother, who advocated for the deaf. \\n\\nCoincidentally, Cleary had recently gotten a cochlear implant and was spending long stretches of time in the library as he worked his way through intensive auditory therapy. \\n\\n \u201cI was like a baby learning to hear again,\u201d he tells the Times. \u201cA lot of things wouldn\u2019t have happened if I hadn\u2019t suffered from hearing loss.\u201d \\n\\n Later this month, the story will be read publicly for the first time at the Dublin City Council Bram Stoker Festival. The reading will take place at the Casino Marino, an 18th-century temple located not far from the author\u2019s birthplace. \\n\\nMcKinley\u2019s illustrations are inspired by the spooky imagery in Stoker\u2019s story. For example, a \u201cjuicy, wet, oily painting\u201d depicts one young character holding a pile of earthworms, as the artist tells AFP. \\n\\n \u201cWhen Brian sent me \u2018Gibbet Hill,\u2019 there was so much I could work with,\u201d he adds. It was a \u201cfascinating challenge\u201d to make \u201cnew images for an old story that has been buried for so long.\u201d \\n\\n '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3367765248,"RADAR":0.0602137111,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The story lacks any obvious AI clues or phrases. The way in which it references various publications like the Times and AFP also seems like something you would be much more likely to find in human writing. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"There are no signs of AI.\nThere are a few rich, unusual words that I haven't seen AI use...\"gobsmacked\" and \"eponymous.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"There's some awkward phrasing that makes me think it's human-generated \u2013 areas where sentences could be tightened. It also uses contractions and contains filler words like 'just'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I believe it's human-written, and feel confident about it. The quotes feel realistic, the article goes in order about how it was discovered right to current events, and even makes really good connections between ideas, especially with the information about the organization for deaf babies and the current interview's struggles with deafness themselves. Sentences, like \"For example, a \u201cjuicy, wet, oily painting\u201d depicts one young character holding a pile of earthworms, as the artist tells AFP.\" and \"it follows an unnamed narrator who has an ominous encounter with three strange children near a murdered sailor\u2019s grave.\" present the ideas clearly enough that the reader can understand it without romanticizing it. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The quotes sound authentic and are not just echoes of the writer's statements.\nA whole lot of detail that could direct the reader interested in the story to other sources."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"113":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":24,"title":"A Portrait of Alan Turing Made by an A.I.-Powered Robot Could Sell for Up to $180,000 ","sub-title":"Ai-Da creates art using A.I. algorithms, cameras and robotic arms. Her abstract painting will be the first-ever artwork made by a humanoid robot to be sold at Sotheby\u2019s ","author":"Julia Binswanger ","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":-17954405,"section":"Smart News - Art Meets Science","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/a-portrait-of-alan-turing-made-by-an-ai-powered-robot-could-sell-for-up-to-180000-180985356\/","article":"An upcoming Sotheby\u2019s auction will feature a rare portrait from a surprising new artist: a robot named Ai-Da, who creates paintings while sporting a chic brunette bob and overalls. \n\n Her piece, A.I. God. Portrait of Alan Turing, will be the first artwork by a humanoid robot ever sold by the auction house. Aidan Meller, who created Ai-Da with a team of scientists from Oxford University, thinks the sale will provide an interesting commentary on technology\u2019s role in art. \n\n\u201c[Robots] will eventually do all sorts of different tasks,\u201d Meller tells CBS MoneyWatch\u2019s Megan Cerullo. \u201cArt is a way of discussing the incredible changes in society that are happening because of technology.\u201d \n\n Ai-Da uses artificial intelligence\u2014along with robotic arms and cameras in her eyes\u2014to speak, move and paint. Her new abstract portrait depicts Alan Turing, the famous English World War II mathematician and cryptanalyst, who was also one of the earliest figures to contribute to the field of A.I. \n\n \u201cI am intrigued to see my art, A.I. God, at Sotheby\u2019s,\u201d says Ai-Da in a video provided by the auction house. \u201cMy artwork uses a fractured and multilayered approach, and this shows the deeper emotional and intellectual layers of Alan Turing himself.\u201d \n\n The mathematician, known as the father of modern computer science, is most famous for cracking Nazi codes during World War II. In 1952, he was charged with \u201cgross indecency\u201d when he admitted to having a sexual relationship with a man. Turing died two years later from what officials determined was a suicide. \n\n\u201cIn the 1950s, Alan Turing raised concerns over the use of A.I.,\u201d says Meller in a statement. \u201cAi-Da\u2019s portrait hauntingly evokes Alan Turing, using muted tones and broken facial planes, and a background with shadowy forms of the Bombe machine. The artwork seemingly suggests the struggles Turing warned we will face when it comes to managing A.I.\u201d \n\n The Turing portrait is part of a five-paneled polyptych, which was displayed earlier this year at a United Nations global summit on A.I. in Geneva. It will be auctioned on October 31 as part of Sotheby\u2019s Digital Art Sale, where it\u2019s estimated to fetch between $120,000 and $180,000. The proceeds will go toward Ai-Da\u2019s continued development. \n\n Ai-Da was created in early 2019. Since then, the robot artist\u2019s work has been shown at exhibitions around the world. She is able to speak at length about the intersection of art and technology: In 2022, she became the first robot to appear before the British Parliament, where she answered questions from the House of Lords Communications and Digital Committee. \n\n \u201cI do not have subjective experiences despite being able to talk about them,\u201d Ai-Da told the committee members. \u201cI am, and depend on, computer programs and algorithms. Although not alive, I can still create art.\u201d \n\n Meller tells CNN\u2019s Anna Stewart that Ai-Da\u2019s work engages directly with larger questions about A.I.\u2019s emerging influence on art. \n\n\u201cAll the greatest artists, if you look in the past, are those that really resonate with the changes and shifts in society and explore that through their artwork,\u201d he says. \u201cSo what better way to do that than \u2026 to actually have a machine produce the artwork.\u201d ","id":23,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'An upcoming Sotheby\u2019s auction will feature a rare portrait from a surprising new artist: a robot named Ai-Da, who creates paintings while sporting a chic brunette bob and overalls. \\n\\n Her piece, A.I. God. Portrait of Alan Turing, will be the first artwork by a humanoid robot ever sold by the auction house. Aidan Meller, who created Ai-Da with a team of scientists from Oxford University, thinks the sale will provide an interesting commentary on technology\u2019s role in art. \\n\\n\u201c[Robots] will eventually do all sorts of different tasks,\u201d Meller tells CBS MoneyWatch\u2019s Megan Cerullo. \u201cArt is a way of discussing the incredible changes in society that are happening because of technology.\u201d \\n\\n Ai-Da uses artificial intelligence\u2014along with robotic arms and cameras in her eyes\u2014to speak, move and paint. Her new abstract portrait depicts Alan Turing, the famous English World War II mathematician and cryptanalyst, who was also one of the earliest figures to contribute to the field of A.I. \\n\\n \u201cI am intrigued to see my art, A.I. God, at Sotheby\u2019s,\u201d says Ai-Da in a video provided by the auction house. \u201cMy artwork uses a fractured and multilayered approach, and this shows the deeper emotional and intellectual layers of Alan Turing himself.\u201d \\n\\n The mathematician, known as the father of modern computer science, is most famous for cracking Nazi codes during World War II. In 1952, he was charged with \u201cgross indecency\u201d when he admitted to having a sexual relationship with a man. Turing died two years later from what officials determined was a suicide. \\n\\n\u201cIn the 1950s, Alan Turing raised concerns over the use of A.I.,\u201d says Meller in a statement. \u201cAi-Da\u2019s portrait hauntingly evokes Alan Turing, using muted tones and broken facial planes, and a background with shadowy forms of the Bombe machine. The artwork seemingly suggests the struggles Turing warned we will face when it comes to managing A.I.\u201d \\n\\n The Turing portrait is part of a five-paneled polyptych, which was displayed earlier this year at a United Nations global summit on A.I. in Geneva. It will be auctioned on October 31 as part of Sotheby\u2019s Digital Art Sale, where it\u2019s estimated to fetch between $120,000 and $180,000. The proceeds will go toward Ai-Da\u2019s continued development. \\n\\n Ai-Da was created in early 2019. Since then, the robot artist\u2019s work has been shown at exhibitions around the world. She is able to speak at length about the intersection of art and technology: In 2022, she became the first robot to appear before the British Parliament, where she answered questions from the House of Lords Communications and Digital Committee. \\n\\n \u201cI do not have subjective experiences despite being able to talk about them,\u201d Ai-Da told the committee members. \u201cI am, and depend on, computer programs and algorithms. Although not alive, I can still create art.\u201d \\n\\n Meller tells CNN\u2019s Anna Stewart that Ai-Da\u2019s work engages directly with larger questions about A.I.\u2019s emerging influence on art. \\n\\n\u201cAll the greatest artists, if you look in the past, are those that really resonate with the changes and shifts in society and explore that through their artwork,\u201d he says. \u201cSo what better way to do that than \u2026 to actually have a machine produce the artwork.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 6.377696990966797e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'An upcoming Sotheby\u2019s auction will feature a rare portrait from a surprising new artist: a robot named Ai-Da, who creates paintings while sporting a chic brunette bob and overalls. \\n\\n Her piece, A.I. God. Portrait of Alan Turing, will be the first artwork by a humanoid robot ever sold by the auction house. Aidan Meller, who created Ai-Da with a team of scientists from Oxford University, thinks the sale will provide an interesting commentary on technology\u2019s role in art. \\n\\n\u201c[Robots] will eventually do all sorts of different tasks,\u201d Meller tells CBS MoneyWatch\u2019s Megan Cerullo. \u201cArt is a way of discussing the incredible changes in society that are happening because of technology.\u201d \\n\\n Ai-Da uses artificial intelligence\u2014along with robotic arms and cameras in her eyes\u2014to speak, move and paint. Her new abstract portrait depicts Alan Turing, the famous English World War II mathematician and cryptanalyst, who was also one of the earliest figures to contribute to the field of A.I. \\n\\n \u201cI am intrigued to see my art, A.I. God, at Sotheby\u2019s,\u201d says Ai-Da in a video provided by the auction house. \u201cMy artwork uses a fractured and multilayered approach, and this shows the deeper emotional and intellectual layers of Alan Turing himself.\u201d \\n\\n The mathematician, known as the father of modern computer science, is most famous for cracking Nazi codes during World War II. In 1952, he was charged with \u201cgross indecency\u201d when he admitted to having a sexual relationship with a man. Turing died two years later from what officials determined was a suicide. \\n\\n\u201cIn the 1950s, Alan Turing raised concerns over the use of A.I.,\u201d says Meller in a statement. \u201cAi-Da\u2019s portrait hauntingly evokes Alan Turing, using muted tones and broken facial planes, and a background with shadowy forms of the Bombe machine. The artwork seemingly suggests the struggles Turing warned we will face when it comes to managing A.I.\u201d \\n\\n The Turing portrait is part of a five-paneled polyptych, which was displayed earlier this year at a United Nations global summit on A.I. in Geneva. It will be auctioned on October 31 as part of Sotheby\u2019s Digital Art Sale, where it\u2019s estimated to fetch between $120,000 and $180,000. The proceeds will go toward Ai-Da\u2019s continued development. \\n\\n Ai-Da was created in early 2019. Since then, the robot artist\u2019s work has been shown at exhibitions around the world. She is able to speak at length about the intersection of art and technology: In 2022, she became the first robot to appear before the British Parliament, where she answered questions from the House of Lords Communications and Digital Committee. \\n\\n \u201cI do not have subjective experiences despite being able to talk about them,\u201d Ai-Da told the committee members. \u201cI am, and depend on, computer programs and algorithms. Although not alive, I can still create art.\u201d \\n\\n Meller tells CNN\u2019s Anna Stewart that Ai-Da\u2019s work engages directly with larger questions about A.I.\u2019s emerging influence on art. \\n\\n\u201cAll the greatest artists, if you look in the past, are those that really resonate with the changes and shifts in society and explore that through their artwork,\u201d he says. \u201cSo what better way to do that than \u2026 to actually have a machine produce the artwork.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 6.377696990966797e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'db9d17c0-6a74-4bac-83e2-3e111baacecd', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 1.801967118808534e-05, 'sentence': \"An upcoming Sotheby's auction will feature a rare portrait from a surprising new artist: a robot named Ai-Da, who creates 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0.013645304436271231, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9860708126697703, 'ai': 0.013645304436271231, 'mixed': 0.00028388289395848607}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9860708126697703, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.013645304436271231, 'human': 0.9860708126697703, 'mixed': 0.00028388289395848607}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'An upcoming Sotheby\u2019s auction will feature a rare portrait from a surprising new artist: a robot named Ai-Da, who creates paintings while sporting a chic brunette bob and overalls. \\n\\n Her piece, A.I. God. Portrait of Alan Turing, will be the first artwork by a humanoid robot ever sold by the auction house. Aidan Meller, who created Ai-Da with a team of scientists from Oxford University, thinks the sale will provide an interesting commentary on technology\u2019s role in art. \\n\\n\u201c[Robots] will eventually do all sorts of different tasks,\u201d Meller tells CBS MoneyWatch\u2019s Megan Cerullo. \u201cArt is a way of discussing the incredible changes in society that are happening because of technology.\u201d \\n\\n Ai-Da uses artificial intelligence\u2014along with robotic arms and cameras in her eyes\u2014to speak, move and paint. Her new abstract portrait depicts Alan Turing, the famous English World War II mathematician and cryptanalyst, who was also one of the earliest figures to contribute to the field of A.I. \\n\\n \u201cI am intrigued to see my art, A.I. God, at Sotheby\u2019s,\u201d says Ai-Da in a video provided by the auction house. \u201cMy artwork uses a fractured and multilayered approach, and this shows the deeper emotional and intellectual layers of Alan Turing himself.\u201d \\n\\n The mathematician, known as the father of modern computer science, is most famous for cracking Nazi codes during World War II. In 1952, he was charged with \u201cgross indecency\u201d when he admitted to having a sexual relationship with a man. Turing died two years later from what officials determined was a suicide. \\n\\n\u201cIn the 1950s, Alan Turing raised concerns over the use of A.I.,\u201d says Meller in a statement. \u201cAi-Da\u2019s portrait hauntingly evokes Alan Turing, using muted tones and broken facial planes, and a background with shadowy forms of the Bombe machine. The artwork seemingly suggests the struggles Turing warned we will face when it comes to managing A.I.\u201d \\n\\n The Turing portrait is part of a five-paneled polyptych, which was displayed earlier this year at a United Nations global summit on A.I. in Geneva. It will be auctioned on October 31 as part of Sotheby\u2019s Digital Art Sale, where it\u2019s estimated to fetch between $120,000 and $180,000. The proceeds will go toward Ai-Da\u2019s continued development. \\n\\n Ai-Da was created in early 2019. Since then, the robot artist\u2019s work has been shown at exhibitions around the world. She is able to speak at length about the intersection of art and technology: In 2022, she became the first robot to appear before the British Parliament, where she answered questions from the House of Lords Communications and Digital Committee. \\n\\n \u201cI do not have subjective experiences despite being able to talk about them,\u201d Ai-Da told the committee members. \u201cI am, and depend on, computer programs and algorithms. Although not alive, I can still create art.\u201d \\n\\n Meller tells CNN\u2019s Anna Stewart that Ai-Da\u2019s work engages directly with larger questions about A.I.\u2019s emerging influence on art. \\n\\n\u201cAll the greatest artists, if you look in the past, are those that really resonate with the changes and shifts in society and explore that through their artwork,\u201d he says. \u201cSo what better way to do that than \u2026 to actually have a machine produce the artwork.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2697034776,"RADAR":0.038262073,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The quotations are very natural with one needing clarification from the writer and another containing ellipses. The part in the middle about Turing's homosexual relationship also feels a bit too explicit in its wording for it to be machine-generated. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"I found this article extremely difficult. There are no specific signs of AI authorship apart from the bland language and similar-length sentences in several places such as \"Turing died two years later from what officials determined was a suicide.\"\nHowever, the phrase \"creates paintings...overalls\" sounds human. Also, the words \"is able to\" are usually changed by AI to \"can,\" suggesting human authorship."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The redundancy in the third paragraph gave it away. It also uses a mixture of contractions and full forms. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I believe this is human-written. Everything is simple and straight to the point. All quotes are referenced with their sources, and there's a good amount of visuals, such as \"with a robot named Ai-Da, who creates paintings while sporting a chic brunette bob and overalls.\" and \"... cameras in her eyes\u2014to speak, move and paint\". The article informs people about Alan Turing's relevance to the topic, his history, and why this topic matters. It provides enough information for people to get the point without being misled. (As an added side note, I wish the language models we work with now work like Ai-Da, because even their quotes feel more realistic than what models generate these days). "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The fact that the writer chose to use \"shown\" instead of \"showcased\" (\"the robot artist\u2019s work has been shown at exhibitions\") settled my choice.\nAll the quotes are easily located with a quick Google search. That never happens when the author is a machine."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"114":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":25,"title":"The Teddy Bear Was Once Seen as a Dangerous Influence on Young Children ","sub-title":"Inspired by a moment of empathy from President Theodore Roosevelt, the huggable toy had a rocky start before it became the stuff of legend ","author":"Alice George","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":-17954739,"section":"History ","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/history\/history-teddy-bear-once-seen-dangerous-influence-young-children-180983234\/","article":"A true history of the teddy bear begins in the American wilderness. In November 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a hunting trip in Mississippi with one main goal: to bag a black bear. As the tale goes, after Roosevelt had scoured the brush for several days without so much as spotting one, some of his hunting companions corralled an injured old bear and tied it to a willow tree. Here, they said, was Roosevelt\u2019s opportunity to slay one and declare victory. Horrified, the president refused, saying it would be unseemly\u2014unsporting!\u2014for a man of honor to kill this vulnerable creature. He ordered the decrepit bear to be euthanized, and this odd show of mercy quickly became news. \n\nEditorial cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman captured the scene in several Washington Post drawings\u2014one showing a thin Roosevelt refusing to kill a bear, another picturing a more realistically stocky Roosevelt near a smaller bear with a wide-eyed, babylike face. To Brooklyn candy store owner Morris Michtom, the cute cub from the cartoons also looked like a marketing opportunity. He asked his wife, Rose, to sew a stuffed version, and that single prototype sold shortly after the couple placed it in the store window. Rose made more, and with demand exceeding what busy fingers could create, the two began factory production in 1903. Michtom called his cushy new companions \u201cTeddy\u2019s bears,\u201d after the president. By late 1906, the name had shifted to \u201cteddy bear.\u201d \n\nAt about the same time, the Steiff company of Giengen, Germany, was coincidentally creating a bear of its own. In 1903, Steiff sold 3,000 of the critters to a New York department store. A year later, Roosevelt, who couldn\u2019t abide the nickname \u201cTeddy\u201d (he had once called it an \u201coutrageous impertinence\u201d), nevertheless deployed his lovable namesake as a mascot in his re-election campaign, prominently displaying a Michtom bear at the White House. That helped propel the animal to further fame: In 1906, one Manhattan store sold more than 60,000, and soon even the German maker Steiff adopted the American \u201cteddy bear\u201d name. \n\nNot everyone was enthralled, though. A few social commentators saw teddy bears as ominous: They feared that some girls\u2019 preference for soft animals over humanlike dolls would become all-consuming, replacing the female urge to nurture babies\u2014and eventually lead to childless marriages. In 1907, the Rev. Michael G. Esper of Michigan warned his congregation that \u201cthe fad for supplanting the good old dolls of our childhood with the horrible monstrosity known as the teddy bear\u201d would lead to falling birthrates. The issue roiled the country, though most did not share Esper\u2019s paranoia. A few days after Esper\u2019s tirade, Nevada\u2019s Reno Evening Gazette ran a piece with the headline \u201cTeddy Bears Rule Supreme,\u201d in which a local woman rebuts Esper: \u201cThe teddy bear is only a fad, and I do not believe that it is at all harmful for children to play with them.\u201d \n\nThe nation seemed to agree, at a time when a more \u201ctolerant, permissive view of childhood\u201d was emerging, says Gary Cross, a historian at Pennsylvania State University and author of Kids\u2019 Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood. There was, Cross says, a new \u201cwillingness to let children remain childlike for a longer period of time.\u201d Notably, teddy bears helped launch and feed a growing demand for children\u2019s goods\u2014a largely new market in the early 20th century, when child labor was declining. \n\nIn the next few decades, bears became a source of comfort during turbulent times\u2014even for those long past childhood. Soldiers carried their own teddy bears, tucked into knapsacks, during both world wars. \n\nThe bears soon found a welcoming habitat in literature and pop culture. In 1921, English author A.A. Milne gave his 1-year-old son a fluffy pal who went on to become the world\u2019s most famous bear, because he did what every child wanted from their toys: He came to life! After Milne wrote the Winnie-the-Pooh series, his American publisher, E.P. Dutton, sent the stuffed Pooh on a tour through the U.S. And in 1957, when Elvis Presley performed \u201c(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear\u201d in the film Loving You, fans expressed their admiration by sending him thousands of stuffed bears. \n\nMore than a century after their debut, collectors are still bullish on the bears. In November 2022, a 1906 Steiff bear sold for \u00a310,500 (around $12,746), a number that did not approach the Steiff Louis Vuitton teddy bear (outfitted in a beret and trench coat with the designer\u2019s signature logo) sold in 2000 for $182,550, which still holds the Guinness World Record for a teddy bear sale. The Ideal Toy Company, which the Michtoms founded in 1903, at one point became the biggest dollmaker in the U.S. To mark the bear\u2019s 60th birthday in 1963, the Michtoms\u2019 son, Benjamin, presented an original bear to Roosevelt\u2019s grandson, Kermit. Though Kermit intended to donate the critter to the Smithsonian, his children had other plans. \u201cThey didn\u2019t want to part with it yet,\u201d his wife, Mary Roosevelt, confessed. After the children relented a year later, the historic toy finally made it to the National Museum of American History, where it still resides, a reminder of a child\u2019s innocence\u2014and a president\u2019s sportsmanship. \n\n ","id":24,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'A true history of the teddy bear begins in the American wilderness. In November 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a hunting trip in Mississippi with one main goal: to bag a black bear. As the tale goes, after Roosevelt had scoured the brush for several days without so much as spotting one, some of his hunting companions corralled an injured old bear and tied it to a willow tree. Here, they said, was Roosevelt\u2019s opportunity to slay one and declare victory. Horrified, the president refused, saying it would be unseemly\u2014unsporting!\u2014for a man of honor to kill this vulnerable creature. He ordered the decrepit bear to be euthanized, and this odd show of mercy quickly became news. \\n\\nEditorial cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman captured the scene in several Washington Post drawings\u2014one showing a thin Roosevelt refusing to kill a bear, another picturing a more realistically stocky Roosevelt near a smaller bear with a wide-eyed, babylike face. To Brooklyn candy store owner Morris Michtom, the cute cub from the cartoons also looked like a marketing opportunity. He asked his wife, Rose, to sew a stuffed version, and that single prototype sold shortly after the couple placed it in the store window. Rose made more, and with demand exceeding what busy fingers could create, the two began factory production in 1903. Michtom called his cushy new companions \u201cTeddy\u2019s bears,\u201d after the president. By late 1906, the name had shifted to \u201cteddy bear.\u201d \\n\\nAt about the same time, the Steiff company of Giengen, Germany, was coincidentally creating a bear of its own. In 1903, Steiff sold 3,000 of the critters to a New York department store. A year later, Roosevelt, who couldn\u2019t abide the nickname \u201cTeddy\u201d (he had once called it an \u201coutrageous impertinence\u201d), nevertheless deployed his lovable namesake as a mascot in his re-election campaign, prominently displaying a Michtom bear at the White House. That helped propel the animal to further fame: In 1906, one Manhattan store sold more than 60,000, and soon even the German maker Steiff adopted the American \u201cteddy bear\u201d name. \\n\\nNot everyone was enthralled, though. A few social commentators saw teddy bears as ominous: They feared that some girls\u2019 preference for soft animals over humanlike dolls would become all-consuming, replacing the female urge to nurture babies\u2014and eventually lead to childless marriages. In 1907, the Rev. Michael G. Esper of Michigan warned his congregation that \u201cthe fad for supplanting the good old dolls of our childhood with the horrible monstrosity known as the teddy bear\u201d would lead to falling birthrates. The issue roiled the country, though most did not share Esper\u2019s paranoia. A few days after Esper\u2019s tirade, Nevada\u2019s Reno Evening Gazette ran a piece with the headline \u201cTeddy Bears Rule Supreme,\u201d in which a local woman rebuts Esper: \u201cThe teddy bear is only a fad, and I do not believe that it is at all harmful for children to play with them.\u201d \\n\\nThe nation seemed to agree, at a time when a more \u201ctolerant, permissive view of childhood\u201d was emerging, says Gary Cross, a historian at Pennsylvania State University and author of Kids\u2019 Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood. There was, Cross says, a new \u201cwillingness to let children remain childlike for a longer period of time.\u201d Notably, teddy bears helped launch and feed a growing demand for children\u2019s goods\u2014a largely new market in the early 20th century, when child labor was declining. \\n\\nIn the next few decades, bears became a source of comfort during turbulent times\u2014even for those long past childhood. Soldiers carried their own teddy bears, tucked into knapsacks, during both world wars. \\n\\nThe bears soon found a welcoming habitat in literature and pop culture. In 1921, English author A.A. Milne gave his 1-year-old son a fluffy pal who went on to become the world\u2019s most famous bear, because he did what every child wanted from their toys: He came to life! After Milne wrote the Winnie-the-Pooh series, his American publisher, E.P. Dutton, sent the stuffed Pooh on a tour through the U.S. And in 1957, when Elvis Presley performed \u201c(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear\u201d in the film Loving You, fans expressed their admiration by sending him thousands of stuffed bears. \\n\\nMore than a century after their debut, collectors are still bullish on the bears. In November 2022, a 1906 Steiff bear sold for \u00a310,500 (around $12,746), a number that did not approach the Steiff Louis Vuitton teddy bear (outfitted in a beret and trench coat with the designer\u2019s signature logo) sold in 2000 for $182,550, which still holds the Guinness World Record for a teddy bear sale. The Ideal Toy Company, which the Michtoms founded in 1903, at one point became the biggest dollmaker in the U.S. To mark the bear\u2019s 60th birthday in 1963, the Michtoms\u2019 son, Benjamin, presented an original bear to Roosevelt\u2019s grandson, Kermit. Though Kermit intended to donate the critter to the Smithsonian, his children had other plans. \u201cThey didn\u2019t want to part with it yet,\u201d his wife, Mary Roosevelt, confessed. After the children relented a year later, the historic toy finally made it to the National Museum of American History, where it still resides, a reminder of a child\u2019s innocence\u2014and a president\u2019s sportsmanship. \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.00011140108108520508, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'A true history of the teddy bear begins in the American wilderness. In November 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a hunting trip in Mississippi with one main goal: to bag a black bear. As the tale goes, after Roosevelt had scoured the brush for several days without so much as spotting one, some of his hunting companions corralled an injured old bear and tied it to a willow tree. Here, they said, was Roosevelt\u2019s opportunity to slay one and declare victory. Horrified, the president refused, saying it would be unseemly\u2014unsporting!\u2014for a man of honor to kill this vulnerable creature. He ordered the decrepit bear to be euthanized, and this odd show of mercy quickly became news. \\n\\nEditorial cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman captured the scene in several Washington Post drawings\u2014one showing a thin Roosevelt refusing to kill a bear, another picturing a more realistically stocky Roosevelt near a smaller bear with a wide-eyed, babylike face. To Brooklyn candy store owner Morris Michtom, the cute cub from the cartoons also looked like a marketing opportunity. He asked his wife, Rose, to sew a stuffed version, and that single prototype sold shortly after the couple placed it in the store window. Rose made more, and with demand exceeding what busy fingers could create, the two began factory production in 1903. Michtom called his cushy new companions \u201cTeddy\u2019s bears,\u201d after the president. By late 1906, the name had shifted to \u201cteddy bear.\u201d \\n\\nAt about the same time, the Steiff company of Giengen, Germany, was coincidentally creating a bear of its own. In 1903, Steiff sold 3,000 of the critters to a New York department store. A year later, Roosevelt, who couldn\u2019t abide the nickname \u201cTeddy\u201d (he had once called it an \u201coutrageous impertinence\u201d), nevertheless deployed his lovable namesake as a mascot in his re-election campaign, prominently displaying a Michtom bear at the White House. That helped propel the animal to further fame: In 1906, one Manhattan store sold more than 60,000, and soon even the German maker Steiff adopted the American \u201cteddy bear\u201d name. \\n\\nNot everyone was enthralled, though. A few social commentators saw teddy bears as ominous: They feared that some girls\u2019 preference for soft animals over humanlike dolls would become all-consuming, replacing the female urge to nurture babies\u2014and eventually lead to childless marriages. In 1907, the Rev. Michael G. Esper of Michigan warned his congregation that \u201cthe fad for supplanting the good old dolls of our childhood with the horrible monstrosity known as the teddy bear\u201d would lead to falling birthrates. The issue roiled the country, though most did not share Esper\u2019s paranoia. A few days after Esper\u2019s tirade, Nevada\u2019s Reno Evening Gazette ran a piece with the headline \u201cTeddy Bears Rule Supreme,\u201d in which a local woman rebuts Esper: \u201cThe teddy bear is only a fad, and I do not believe that it is at all harmful for children to play with them.\u201d \\n\\nThe nation seemed to agree, at a time when a more \u201ctolerant, permissive view of childhood\u201d was emerging, says Gary Cross, a historian at Pennsylvania State University and author of Kids\u2019 Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood. There was, Cross says, a new \u201cwillingness to let children remain childlike for a longer period of time.\u201d Notably, teddy bears helped launch and feed a growing demand for children\u2019s goods\u2014a largely new market in the early 20th century, when child labor was declining. \\n\\nIn the next few decades, bears became a source of comfort during turbulent times\u2014even for those long past childhood. Soldiers carried their own teddy bears, tucked into knapsacks, during both world wars. \\n\\nThe bears soon found a welcoming habitat in literature and pop culture. In 1921, English author A.A. Milne gave his 1-year-old son a fluffy pal who went on to become the world\u2019s most famous bear, because he did what every child wanted from their toys: He came to life! After Milne wrote the Winnie-the-Pooh series, his American publisher, E.P. Dutton, sent the stuffed Pooh on a tour through the U.S. And in 1957, when Elvis Presley performed \u201c(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear\u201d in the film Loving You, fans expressed their admiration by sending him thousands of stuffed bears. \\n\\nMore than a century after their debut, collectors are still bullish on the bears. In November 2022, a 1906 Steiff bear sold for \u00a310,500 (around $12,746), a number that did not approach the Steiff Louis Vuitton teddy bear (outfitted in a beret and trench coat with the designer\u2019s signature logo) sold in 2000 for $182,550, which still holds the Guinness World Record for a teddy bear sale. The Ideal Toy Company, which the Michtoms founded in 1903, at one point became the biggest dollmaker in the U.S. To mark the bear\u2019s 60th birthday in 1963, the Michtoms\u2019 son, Benjamin, presented an original bear to Roosevelt\u2019s grandson, Kermit. Though Kermit intended to donate the critter to the Smithsonian, his children had other plans. \u201cThey didn\u2019t want to part with it yet,\u201d his wife, Mary Roosevelt, confessed. After the children relented a year later, the historic toy finally made it to the National Museum of American History, where it still resides, a reminder of a child\u2019s innocence\u2014and a president\u2019s sportsmanship. \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0004601478576660156, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '43111d9d-c71b-410c-9d2b-3ecce01f5f78', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.00037495215656235814, 'sentence': 'A true history of the teddy bear begins in the American wilderness.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003071109240408987, 'sentence': 'In November 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a hunting trip in Mississippi with one main goal: to bag a black bear.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000340597442118451, 'sentence': 'As the tale goes, after Roosevelt had scoured the brush for several days without so much as spotting one, some of his hunting companions corralled an injured old bear and tied it to a willow tree.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00048689779941923916, 'sentence': \"Here, they said, was Roosevelt's opportunity to slay one and declare victory.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003703509282786399, 'sentence': 'Horrified, the president refused, saying it would be unseemly\u1173unsporting!\u1173for a man of honor to kill this vulnerable creature.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000331511371769011, 'sentence': 'He ordered the decrepit bear to be euthanized, and this odd show of mercy quickly became news.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003915900597348809, 'sentence': 'Editorial cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman captured the scene in several Washington Post drawings\u1173one showing a thin Roosevelt refusing to kill a bear, another picturing a more realistically stocky Roosevelt near a smaller bear with a wide-eyed, babylike face.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005887980805709958, 'sentence': 'To Brooklyn candy store owner Morris Michtom, the cute cub from the cartoons also looked like a marketing opportunity.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00040705373976379633, 'sentence': 'He asked his wife, Rose, to sew a stuffed version, and that single prototype sold shortly after the couple placed it in the store window.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00043410135549493134, 'sentence': 'Rose made more, and with demand exceeding what busy fingers could create, the two began factory production in 1903.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000236062565818429, 'sentence': \"Michtom called his cushy new companions \u201cTeddy's bears,\u201d after the president.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005676032742485404, 'sentence': 'By late 1906, the name had shifted to \u201cteddy bear.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007317024865187705, 'sentence': 'At about the same time, the Steiff company of Giengen, Germany, was coincidentally creating a bear of its own.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006492019165307283, 'sentence': 'In 1903, Steiff sold 3,000 of the critters to a New York department store.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005766180693171918, 'sentence': \"A year later, Roosevelt, who couldn't abide the nickname \u201cTeddy\u201d (he had once called it an \u201coutrageous impertinence\u201d), nevertheless deployed his lovable namesake as a mascot in his re-election campaign, prominently displaying a Michtom bear at the White House.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00036025643930770457, 'sentence': 'That helped propel the animal to further fame: In 1906, one Manhattan store sold more than 60,000, and soon even the German maker Steiff adopted the American \u201cteddy bear\u201d name.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00038194653461687267, 'sentence': 'Not everyone was enthralled, though.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.330420289188623e-05, 'sentence': \"A few social commentators saw teddy bears as ominous: They feared that some girls' preference for soft animals over humanlike dolls would become all-consuming, replacing the female urge to nurture babies\u1173and eventually lead to childless marriages.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.874819518998265e-05, 'sentence': 'In 1907, the Rev.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.228736598743126e-05, 'sentence': 'Michael G. Esper of Michigan warned his congregation that \u201cthe fad for supplanting the good old dolls of our childhood with the horrible monstrosity known as the teddy bear\u201d would lead to falling birthrates.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.645286339335144e-05, 'sentence': \"The issue roiled the country, though most did not share Esper's paranoia.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.834698433522135e-05, 'sentence': \"A few days after Esper's tirade, Nevada's Reno Evening Gazette ran a piece with the headline \u201cTeddy Bears Rule Supreme,\u201d in which a local woman rebuts Esper: \u201cThe teddy bear is only a fad, and I do not believe that it is at all harmful for children to play with them.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.378561662742868e-05, 'sentence': \"The nation seemed to agree, at a time when a more \u201ctolerant, permissive view of childhood\u201d was emerging, says Gary Cross, a historian at Pennsylvania State University and author of Kids' Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.108246740652248e-05, 'sentence': \"There was, Cross says, a new \u201cwillingness to let children remain childlike for a longer period of time.\u201d Notably, teddy bears helped launch and feed a growing demand for children's goods\u1173a largely new market in the early 20th century, when child labor was declining.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019262869318481535, 'sentence': 'In the next few decades, bears became a source of comfort during turbulent times\u1173even for those long past childhood.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002617446007207036, 'sentence': 'Soldiers carried their own teddy bears, tucked into knapsacks, during both world wars.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00023721653269603848, 'sentence': 'The bears soon found a welcoming habitat in literature and pop culture.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00020935514476150274, 'sentence': \"In 1921, English author A.A. Milne gave his 1-year-old son a fluffy pal who went on to become the world's most famous bear, because he did what every child wanted from their toys: He came to life!\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012535363202914596, 'sentence': 'After Milne wrote the Winnie-the-Pooh series, his American publisher, E.P.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003415131941437721, 'sentence': 'Dutton, sent the stuffed Pooh on a tour through the U.S. And in 1957, when Elvis Presley performed \u201c(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear\u201d in the film Loving You, fans expressed their admiration by sending him thousands of stuffed bears.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.5740084648132324, 'sentence': 'More than a century after their debut, collectors are still bullish on the bears.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7320679426193237, 'sentence': \"In November 2022, a 1906 Steiff bear sold for \u00a310,500 (around $12,746), a number that did not approach the Steiff Louis Vuitton teddy bear (outfitted in a beret and trench coat with the designer's signature logo) sold in 2000 for $182,550, which still holds the Guinness World Record for a teddy bear sale.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.8488839864730835, 'sentence': \"The Ideal Toy Company, which the Michtoms founded in 1903, at one point became the biggest dollmaker in the U.S. To mark the bear's 60th birthday in 1963, the Michtoms' son, Benjamin, presented an original bear to Roosevelt's grandson, Kermit.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7543205618858337, 'sentence': 'Though Kermit intended to donate the critter to the Smithsonian, his children had other plans.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7797042727470398, 'sentence': \"\u201cThey didn't want to part with it yet,\u201d his wife, Mary Roosevelt, confessed.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.7858928442001343, 'sentence': \"After the children relented a year later, the historic toy finally made it to the National Museum of American History, where it still resides, a reminder of a child's innocence\u1173and a president's sportsmanship.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.474742012248794e-05}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.474742012248794e-05}, {'start_sentence_index': 12, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.474742012248794e-05}, {'start_sentence_index': 22, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 24, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 26, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 30, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0003567719278557345}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.1519714707116977, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.847975265147624, 'ai': 0.1519714707116977, 'mixed': 5.326414067820469e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.847975265147624, 'confidence_category': 'medium', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.1519714707116977, 'human': 0.847975265147624, 'mixed': 5.326414067820469e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is moderately confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'A true history of the teddy bear begins in the American wilderness. In November 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a hunting trip in Mississippi with one main goal: to bag a black bear. As the tale goes, after Roosevelt had scoured the brush for several days without so much as spotting one, some of his hunting companions corralled an injured old bear and tied it to a willow tree. Here, they said, was Roosevelt\u2019s opportunity to slay one and declare victory. Horrified, the president refused, saying it would be unseemly\u2014unsporting!\u2014for a man of honor to kill this vulnerable creature. He ordered the decrepit bear to be euthanized, and this odd show of mercy quickly became news. \\n\\nEditorial cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman captured the scene in several Washington Post drawings\u2014one showing a thin Roosevelt refusing to kill a bear, another picturing a more realistically stocky Roosevelt near a smaller bear with a wide-eyed, babylike face. To Brooklyn candy store owner Morris Michtom, the cute cub from the cartoons also looked like a marketing opportunity. He asked his wife, Rose, to sew a stuffed version, and that single prototype sold shortly after the couple placed it in the store window. Rose made more, and with demand exceeding what busy fingers could create, the two began factory production in 1903. Michtom called his cushy new companions \u201cTeddy\u2019s bears,\u201d after the president. By late 1906, the name had shifted to \u201cteddy bear.\u201d \\n\\nAt about the same time, the Steiff company of Giengen, Germany, was coincidentally creating a bear of its own. In 1903, Steiff sold 3,000 of the critters to a New York department store. A year later, Roosevelt, who couldn\u2019t abide the nickname \u201cTeddy\u201d (he had once called it an \u201coutrageous impertinence\u201d), nevertheless deployed his lovable namesake as a mascot in his re-election campaign, prominently displaying a Michtom bear at the White House. That helped propel the animal to further fame: In 1906, one Manhattan store sold more than 60,000, and soon even the German maker Steiff adopted the American \u201cteddy bear\u201d name. \\n\\nNot everyone was enthralled, though. A few social commentators saw teddy bears as ominous: They feared that some girls\u2019 preference for soft animals over humanlike dolls would become all-consuming, replacing the female urge to nurture babies\u2014and eventually lead to childless marriages. In 1907, the Rev. Michael G. Esper of Michigan warned his congregation that \u201cthe fad for supplanting the good old dolls of our childhood with the horrible monstrosity known as the teddy bear\u201d would lead to falling birthrates. The issue roiled the country, though most did not share Esper\u2019s paranoia. A few days after Esper\u2019s tirade, Nevada\u2019s Reno Evening Gazette ran a piece with the headline \u201cTeddy Bears Rule Supreme,\u201d in which a local woman rebuts Esper: \u201cThe teddy bear is only a fad, and I do not believe that it is at all harmful for children to play with them.\u201d \\n\\nThe nation seemed to agree, at a time when a more \u201ctolerant, permissive view of childhood\u201d was emerging, says Gary Cross, a historian at Pennsylvania State University and author of Kids\u2019 Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood. There was, Cross says, a new \u201cwillingness to let children remain childlike for a longer period of time.\u201d Notably, teddy bears helped launch and feed a growing demand for children\u2019s goods\u2014a largely new market in the early 20th century, when child labor was declining. \\n\\nIn the next few decades, bears became a source of comfort during turbulent times\u2014even for those long past childhood. Soldiers carried their own teddy bears, tucked into knapsacks, during both world wars. \\n\\nThe bears soon found a welcoming habitat in literature and pop culture. In 1921, English author A.A. Milne gave his 1-year-old son a fluffy pal who went on to become the world\u2019s most famous bear, because he did what every child wanted from their toys: He came to life! After Milne wrote the Winnie-the-Pooh series, his American publisher, E.P. Dutton, sent the stuffed Pooh on a tour through the U.S. And in 1957, when Elvis Presley performed \u201c(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear\u201d in the film Loving You, fans expressed their admiration by sending him thousands of stuffed bears. \\n\\nMore than a century after their debut, collectors are still bullish on the bears. In November 2022, a 1906 Steiff bear sold for \u00a310,500 (around $12,746), a number that did not approach the Steiff Louis Vuitton teddy bear (outfitted in a beret and trench coat with the designer\u2019s signature logo) sold in 2000 for $182,550, which still holds the Guinness World Record for a teddy bear sale. The Ideal Toy Company, which the Michtoms founded in 1903, at one point became the biggest dollmaker in the U.S. To mark the bear\u2019s 60th birthday in 1963, the Michtoms\u2019 son, Benjamin, presented an original bear to Roosevelt\u2019s grandson, Kermit. Though Kermit intended to donate the critter to the Smithsonian, his children had other plans. \u201cThey didn\u2019t want to part with it yet,\u201d his wife, Mary Roosevelt, confessed. After the children relented a year later, the historic toy finally made it to the National Museum of American History, where it still resides, a reminder of a child\u2019s innocence\u2014and a president\u2019s sportsmanship. \\n\\n '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.6640486717,"RADAR":0.0030783534,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The paragraph in the middle on childbirth seems very realistic and paints the religious figures in quite a negative light, something which AI would rather avoid doing. There's also a callback at the end to the president being called \"sporting\" in the beginning, which you would never see in machine-generated text. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"There aren't any of the usual words used by AI here.\nAlso, there is a rich use of unusual and interesting vocabulary I haven't seen used by AI before. For example: \"critters\", \"cushy\", \"roiled\", \"found a welcoming habitat\" etc."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The paragraphs are longer than the kind AI usually publishes. It also has a voice and a rhythm to it that can only be human. The syntax and sentence structure differs. There is incorrect comma usage in paragraph 6. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident that this is human-written. Here's what I noticed: From beginning to end, the article provides a steady stream of facts laced with visuals that create a timeline of how the teddy bear became what it is today. But what's even more important is the historical ideas and concepts that pervaded Roosevelt's time, and the article provided detail about what that meant with quotes, references to specific events, offering both sides without a personal input. That takes time, planning, and intensive research to write about in a way that is readable across all audiences, and AI, unless provided that information in some measure, cannot plan that far ahead. For examples, phrases like \"A few social commentators saw teddy bears as ominous\" or \"demand exceeding what busy fingers could create\" (I felt this one in my soul, I am knitting a teddy bear as a late Christmas gift for a family member). I want to say more about what works here, but I'd be here all day. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The adjectives used to describe the bear in par. 1\u2014injured, vulnerable, decrepit\u2014are not just for decoration.\nNuanced writing style. Text is both entertaining and informative."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"115":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":26,"title":"How Scientists\u2019 Tender Loving Care Could Save This Endangered Penguin Species ","sub-title":"From fish smoothies to oral antibiotics, researchers are taking matters into their own hands in a radical effort to save New Zealand\u2019s yellow-eyed penguins ","author":"Alex Fox","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":-17954403,"section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/science-nature\/how-scientists-tender-loving-care-could-save-this-endangered-penguin-species-180985230\/","article":"Many penguin species huddle together in massive colonies, but pairs of yellow-eyed penguins go out of their way to be alone, nesting deep in New Zealand\u2019s scrublands and forests out of sight of other penguins. When pairs reunite at the nest after one has been away fishing, they greet each other with a piercing cry that Thor Elley, an endangered avian species researcher at the University of Otago with M\u0101ori roots, likens to \u201ca whistling tea kettle rolling down a hill.\u201d The species\u2019 M\u0101ori name, hoiho, roughly translates to \u201cnoise shouter.\u201d  \n\nScreaming and antisocial behavior may not seem like beloved traits, but these penguins are revered in M\u0101ori culture as taonga, or treasure, even gracing the country\u2019s $5 bill. They are \u201cprotected by sacred origins,\u201d Elley says. \n\nBut one of New Zealand\u2019s favorite endemic birds is also one of its rarest. The International Union for Conservation of Nature estimates that only between 2,600 and 3,000 hoiho exist. About a third live on New Zealand\u2019s South Island and nearby Stewart Island. The rest inhabit sub-Antarctic islands some 300 miles to the south. In the past 15 years, the northern population has plummeted by roughly 75 percent, and researchers expect that group could disappear within the next two decades if the trend continues.  \n\nThe decline stems from a litany of factors. Red cod, once a pillar of the hoiho diet, has become scarce, and blue cod, although larger, are harder to catch, eat and feed to their chicks than other staple fish. Penguins also drown each year in commercial gillnets. And a pair of diseases, avian diphtheria and, since 2019, a mysterious and fatal respiratory illness, also infect virtually every chick. Janelle Wierenga, a veterinary scientist at the University of Otago and Massey University, says potential vaccines and drugs are likely years away.  \n\nTo keep the species afloat, wildlife hospitals and conservation groups have taken the radical step of removing every single hoiho chick on the South Island from its nest and placing it in human care for its first week or so of life. Chicks are treated with antibiotics to heal the mouth sores caused by avian diphtheria. They\u2019re also fed fish smoothies to boost their strength. It\u2019s unclear how, but this extra care prevents chicks from developing the respiratory disease. \u201cI\u2019ve got the feeling that the diseases are a secondary problem, and the primary problem is the penguins don\u2019t get the sustenance they need,\u201d says Thomas Mattern, an ecologist at the University of Otago.  \n\nIn 2023, the Dunedin Wildlife Hospital hand-reared 214 hoiho chicks. Without human intervention, 50 to 70 percent of those chicks would have died, Lisa Argilla, the hospital\u2019s senior wildlife veterinarian and director, estimates. But these herculean efforts can only offer a short-term reprieve. \u201cWe are trying to buy this population as much time as we can,\u201d she says. \u201cYou feel like you\u2019re fighting a losing battle, but we couldn\u2019t live with ourselves if we didn\u2019t fight for these penguins.\u201d ","id":25,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Many penguin species huddle together in massive colonies, but pairs of yellow-eyed penguins go out of their way to be alone, nesting deep in New Zealand\u2019s scrublands and forests out of sight of other penguins. When pairs reunite at the nest after one has been away fishing, they greet each other with a piercing cry that Thor Elley, an endangered avian species researcher at the University of Otago with M\u0101ori roots, likens to \u201ca whistling tea kettle rolling down a hill.\u201d The species\u2019 M\u0101ori name, hoiho, roughly translates to \u201cnoise shouter.\u201d  \\n\\nScreaming and antisocial behavior may not seem like beloved traits, but these penguins are revered in M\u0101ori culture as taonga, or treasure, even gracing the country\u2019s $5 bill. They are \u201cprotected by sacred origins,\u201d Elley says. \\n\\nBut one of New Zealand\u2019s favorite endemic birds is also one of its rarest. The International Union for Conservation of Nature estimates that only between 2,600 and 3,000 hoiho exist. About a third live on New Zealand\u2019s South Island and nearby Stewart Island. The rest inhabit sub-Antarctic islands some 300 miles to the south. In the past 15 years, the northern population has plummeted by roughly 75 percent, and researchers expect that group could disappear within the next two decades if the trend continues.  \\n\\nThe decline stems from a litany of factors. Red cod, once a pillar of the hoiho diet, has become scarce, and blue cod, although larger, are harder to catch, eat and feed to their chicks than other staple fish. Penguins also drown each year in commercial gillnets. And a pair of diseases, avian diphtheria and, since 2019, a mysterious and fatal respiratory illness, also infect virtually every chick. Janelle Wierenga, a veterinary scientist at the University of Otago and Massey University, says potential vaccines and drugs are likely years away.  \\n\\nTo keep the species afloat, wildlife hospitals and conservation groups have taken the radical step of removing every single hoiho chick on the South Island from its nest and placing it in human care for its first week or so of life. Chicks are treated with antibiotics to heal the mouth sores caused by avian diphtheria. They\u2019re also fed fish smoothies to boost their strength. It\u2019s unclear how, but this extra care prevents chicks from developing the respiratory disease. \u201cI\u2019ve got the feeling that the diseases are a secondary problem, and the primary problem is the penguins don\u2019t get the sustenance they need,\u201d says Thomas Mattern, an ecologist at the University of Otago.  \\n\\nIn 2023, the Dunedin Wildlife Hospital hand-reared 214 hoiho chicks. Without human intervention, 50 to 70 percent of those chicks would have died, Lisa Argilla, the hospital\u2019s senior wildlife veterinarian and director, estimates. But these herculean efforts can only offer a short-term reprieve. \u201cWe are trying to buy this population as much time as we can,\u201d she says. \u201cYou feel like you\u2019re fighting a losing battle, but we couldn\u2019t live with ourselves if we didn\u2019t fight for these penguins.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.8596649169921875e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Many penguin species huddle together in massive colonies, but pairs of yellow-eyed penguins go out of their way to be alone, nesting deep in New Zealand\u2019s scrublands and forests out of sight of other penguins. When pairs reunite at the nest after one has been away fishing, they greet each other with a piercing cry that Thor Elley, an endangered avian species researcher at the University of Otago with M\u0101ori roots, likens to \u201ca whistling tea kettle rolling down a hill.\u201d The species\u2019 M\u0101ori name, hoiho, roughly translates to \u201cnoise shouter.\u201d  \\n\\nScreaming and antisocial behavior may not seem like beloved traits, but these penguins are revered in M\u0101ori culture as taonga, or treasure, even gracing the country\u2019s $5 bill. They are \u201cprotected by sacred origins,\u201d Elley says. \\n\\nBut one of New Zealand\u2019s favorite endemic birds is also one of its rarest. The International Union for Conservation of Nature estimates that only between 2,600 and 3,000 hoiho exist. About a third live on New Zealand\u2019s South Island and nearby Stewart Island. The rest inhabit sub-Antarctic islands some 300 miles to the south. In the past 15 years, the northern population has plummeted by roughly 75 percent, and researchers expect that group could disappear within the next two decades if the trend continues.  \\n\\nThe decline stems from a litany of factors. Red cod, once a pillar of the hoiho diet, has become scarce, and blue cod, although larger, are harder to catch, eat and feed to their chicks than other staple fish. Penguins also drown each year in commercial gillnets. And a pair of diseases, avian diphtheria and, since 2019, a mysterious and fatal respiratory illness, also infect virtually every chick. Janelle Wierenga, a veterinary scientist at the University of Otago and Massey University, says potential vaccines and drugs are likely years away.  \\n\\nTo keep the species afloat, wildlife hospitals and conservation groups have taken the radical step of removing every single hoiho chick on the South Island from its nest and placing it in human care for its first week or so of life. Chicks are treated with antibiotics to heal the mouth sores caused by avian diphtheria. They\u2019re also fed fish smoothies to boost their strength. It\u2019s unclear how, but this extra care prevents chicks from developing the respiratory disease. \u201cI\u2019ve got the feeling that the diseases are a secondary problem, and the primary problem is the penguins don\u2019t get the sustenance they need,\u201d says Thomas Mattern, an ecologist at the University of Otago.  \\n\\nIn 2023, the Dunedin Wildlife Hospital hand-reared 214 hoiho chicks. Without human intervention, 50 to 70 percent of those chicks would have died, Lisa Argilla, the hospital\u2019s senior wildlife veterinarian and director, estimates. But these herculean efforts can only offer a short-term reprieve. \u201cWe are trying to buy this population as much time as we can,\u201d she says. \u201cYou feel like you\u2019re fighting a losing battle, but we couldn\u2019t live with ourselves if we didn\u2019t fight for these penguins.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 7.450580596923828e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '83f7e00a-432a-4d30-a5b7-5634d00d4100', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 1.8026030375040136e-05, 'sentence': \"Many penguin species huddle together in massive colonies, but pairs of yellow-eyed penguins go out of their way to be alone, nesting deep in New Zealand's scrublands and forests out of sight of other penguins.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.6793184840935282e-05, 'sentence': \"When pairs reunite at the nest after one has been away fishing, they greet each other with a piercing cry that Thor Elley, an endangered avian species researcher at the University of Otago with M\u0101ori roots, likens to \u201ca whistling tea kettle rolling down a hill.\u201d The species' M\u0101ori name, hoiho, roughly translates to \u201cnoise shouter.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.5162327144935261e-05, 'sentence': \"Screaming and antisocial behavior may not seem like beloved traits, but these penguins are revered in M\u0101ori culture as taonga, or treasure, even gracing the country's $5 bill.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.283098117710324e-05, 'sentence': 'They are \u201cprotected by sacred origins,\u201d Elley says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.624261676624883e-05, 'sentence': \"But one of New Zealand's favorite endemic 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0.00010005932717626924}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.022115309848016095, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9775963346799376, 'ai': 0.022115309848016095, 'mixed': 0.0002883554720463312}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9775963346799376, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.022115309848016095, 'human': 0.9775963346799376, 'mixed': 0.0002883554720463312}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Many penguin species huddle together in massive colonies, but pairs of yellow-eyed penguins go out of their way to be alone, nesting deep in New Zealand\u2019s scrublands and forests out of sight of other penguins. When pairs reunite at the nest after one has been away fishing, they greet each other with a piercing cry that Thor Elley, an endangered avian species researcher at the University of Otago with M\u0101ori roots, likens to \u201ca whistling tea kettle rolling down a hill.\u201d The species\u2019 M\u0101ori name, hoiho, roughly translates to \u201cnoise shouter.\u201d  \\n\\nScreaming and antisocial behavior may not seem like beloved traits, but these penguins are revered in M\u0101ori culture as taonga, or treasure, even gracing the country\u2019s $5 bill. They are \u201cprotected by sacred origins,\u201d Elley says. \\n\\nBut one of New Zealand\u2019s favorite endemic birds is also one of its rarest. The International Union for Conservation of Nature estimates that only between 2,600 and 3,000 hoiho exist. About a third live on New Zealand\u2019s South Island and nearby Stewart Island. The rest inhabit sub-Antarctic islands some 300 miles to the south. In the past 15 years, the northern population has plummeted by roughly 75 percent, and researchers expect that group could disappear within the next two decades if the trend continues.  \\n\\nThe decline stems from a litany of factors. Red cod, once a pillar of the hoiho diet, has become scarce, and blue cod, although larger, are harder to catch, eat and feed to their chicks than other staple fish. Penguins also drown each year in commercial gillnets. And a pair of diseases, avian diphtheria and, since 2019, a mysterious and fatal respiratory illness, also infect virtually every chick. Janelle Wierenga, a veterinary scientist at the University of Otago and Massey University, says potential vaccines and drugs are likely years away.  \\n\\nTo keep the species afloat, wildlife hospitals and conservation groups have taken the radical step of removing every single hoiho chick on the South Island from its nest and placing it in human care for its first week or so of life. Chicks are treated with antibiotics to heal the mouth sores caused by avian diphtheria. They\u2019re also fed fish smoothies to boost their strength. It\u2019s unclear how, but this extra care prevents chicks from developing the respiratory disease. \u201cI\u2019ve got the feeling that the diseases are a secondary problem, and the primary problem is the penguins don\u2019t get the sustenance they need,\u201d says Thomas Mattern, an ecologist at the University of Otago.  \\n\\nIn 2023, the Dunedin Wildlife Hospital hand-reared 214 hoiho chicks. Without human intervention, 50 to 70 percent of those chicks would have died, Lisa Argilla, the hospital\u2019s senior wildlife veterinarian and director, estimates. But these herculean efforts can only offer a short-term reprieve. \u201cWe are trying to buy this population as much time as we can,\u201d she says. \u201cYou feel like you\u2019re fighting a losing battle, but we couldn\u2019t live with ourselves if we didn\u2019t fight for these penguins.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.6352174282,"RADAR":0.0028588439,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article uses \"says\" throughout. The quotations are also very natural and it uses a couple more casual human phrases like \"infect virtually every chick\". "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"There are none of the usual signs of AI writing here.\nThere is a richer use of vocabulary, suggesting a human author. Specifically, \"these herculean efforts...reprive,\" \"to keep the species afloat,\" and \"litany of factors.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The word 'massive' in the first sentence made me think this was human-generated. It also contains filler words like 'even', and the parallel structure is off in this sentence:  'has become scarce, and blue cod, although larger, are harder to catch, eat and feed to their chicks than other staple fish.'"},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I believe this is human-written. There are loads of phrases and word choices that make the article unique, implying the writer's voice behind the topic, such as \"litany of factors\", \"a piercing cry\", \"a short-term reprieve\" and \"To keep the species afloat\". Facts are clearly stated, quotes feel realistic, and sentence structure varies widely throughout it, which helps control pace and tone. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I suppose only a human can come up with a convoluted  description like \"an endangered avian species researcher at the University of Otago with M\u0101ori roots\"\u2014What is endangered, the researcher or the species? Does the university have M\u0101ori roots?\nNo typical AI-generated syntax or word choices, so I'll go with a human author."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"116":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":27,"title":"People Born Without a Sense of Smell Have Different Breathing Patterns, Study Finds ","sub-title":"Study participants with lifelong anosmia sniffed less than those with a normal sense of smell. Future research could shed light on whether this has negative implications for their health ","author":"Alexa Robles-Gil ","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":-17954410,"section":"Smart News - New Research","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/people-born-without-a-sense-of-smell-have-different-breathing-patterns-study-finds-180985327\/","article":"Anosmia\u2014the absence of the sense of smell\u2014can feel like a significant loss during a stuffy, congested cold. Much of the time, however, we may take that sense for granted. For most people, sniffing is a natural, everyday act that flows with the cadence of inhales and exhales. But for those born without this sense, breathing takes on a different rhythm. \n\nIn a new study published in the journal Nature Communications on Tuesday, researchers found breathing differences among people with anosmia, which they suggest might account for the negative health issues associated with the condition. The altered patterns of respiration might impact health and emotion, according to the paper, though more research will be needed to prove it. \n\n\u201cThere\u2019s this notion that this sense is completely unimportant,\u201d says Noam Sobel, a neuroscientist at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, to the Guardian\u2019s Nicola Davis. \u201cAnd yet if you lose it, then a lot of bad things happen. So it seems like a paradox.\u201d \n\nTo study anosmia and respiration, Sobel and his team examined 21 participants born with anosmia and 31 people who self-reported having a normal sense of smell. They measured respiration by using a wearable device that tracked the air flowing in and out of their nostrils over a period of 24 hours. \n\nThe researchers observed how breathing differed between the people who could smell and those who couldn\u2019t. They found that those with a typical sense of smell conducted \u201cexploratory sniffs\u201d that created more inhalation peaks across the same number of breaths. The group with anosmia didn\u2019t have these sniffs, which suggests they\u2019re used for smell detection. \n\n\u201cWhat we think is: There is some sort of ongoing olfactory investigation of the world,\u201d Sobel says to Scientific American\u2019s Hannah Docter-Loeb. \u201cYou\u2019re constantly asking, \u2018Is there an odor here?\u2019\u201d \n\nIn fact, those with a normal sense of smell had about 240 more inhalation peaks per hour than the people with anosmia did. But when participants were in a room without strong smells, those exploratory sniffs largely did not occur, and the breathing patterns of both smelling and non-smelling people looked very similar. \n\nThe sense of smell \u201cis the most primitive\u201d one, Simone Gane, an ENT surgeon at the University College London Hospital who wasn\u2019t involved in the study, tells Popular Science\u2019s Lauren Leffer. \u201cIt\u2019s hooked into a lot of the basic parts of our animal selves.\u201d \n\nThe new study demonstrates that breathing, an essential function, goes hand-in-hand with the sense of smell, he adds, showing how important it is. \n\nHowever, the study has some limitations. One of those is that it used only a small sample of people who were born without a sense of smell. And Zara Patel, an otolaryngologist at Stanford University who was not involved in the study, adds to Scientific American that these people have a typical sense of taste. So, they might still breathe normally through their mouths, for instance. \u201cPerhaps they are \u2018sampling their environment\u2019 via the oral cavity as opposed to the nasal cavity,\u201d she says. \n\nAccording to the study, people born with anosmia represent only 4 percent of those with the condition. Most people without a sense of smell lose it through infection with a virus\u2014for example, as a symptom of Covid-19\u2014or through traumatic brain injury or neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer\u2019s or Parkinson\u2019s. \n\nAs a result, some scientists would like to see the same test performed on people who have acquired anosmia. Rachel Herz, a neuroscientist at Brown University, tells Popular Science that a lifelong inability to smell does not come with the same range of challenges that accompany a temporary loss of smell. \n\nThe researchers suggested the differences in breathing may be connected to reduced quality of life and higher mortality rates among people with anosmia, but \u201cthere is no literature suggesting that people with congenital anosmia are at higher risk\u201d for these than those who acquire anosmia, Herz adds to Popular Science. \n\nNotably, the study can\u2019t definitively draw a link between breathing patterns and these negative health issues. \u201cThat would take a lot of work to prove,\u201d says Eric Holbrook, a rhinologist at Massachusetts Eye and Ear who was not involved in the study, to Scientific American. \n\n Until more research can be done, the paper offers a new look into a scientific field that is often under the radar. And it has opened up the possibility for more research, as Sobel and his team will now be able to experiment more with the wearable device they developed, reports Scientific American. \n\n\u201cIt goes to show,\u201d Gane tells Popular Science, \u201cthat we need to take olfaction a bit more seriously.\u201d \n\n ","id":26,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Anosmia\u2014the absence of the sense of smell\u2014can feel like a significant loss during a stuffy, congested cold. Much of the time, however, we may take that sense for granted. For most people, sniffing is a natural, everyday act that flows with the cadence of inhales and exhales. But for those born without this sense, breathing takes on a different rhythm. \\n\\nIn a new study published in the journal Nature Communications on Tuesday, researchers found breathing differences among people with anosmia, which they suggest might account for the negative health issues associated with the condition. The altered patterns of respiration might impact health and emotion, according to the paper, though more research will be needed to prove it. \\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s this notion that this sense is completely unimportant,\u201d says Noam Sobel, a neuroscientist at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, to the Guardian\u2019s Nicola Davis. \u201cAnd yet if you lose it, then a lot of bad things happen. So it seems like a paradox.\u201d \\n\\nTo study anosmia and respiration, Sobel and his team examined 21 participants born with anosmia and 31 people who self-reported having a normal sense of smell. They measured respiration by using a wearable device that tracked the air flowing in and out of their nostrils over a period of 24 hours. \\n\\nThe researchers observed how breathing differed between the people who could smell and those who couldn\u2019t. 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But when participants were in a room without strong smells, those exploratory sniffs largely did not occur, and the breathing patterns of both smelling and non-smelling people looked very similar. \\n\\nThe sense of smell \u201cis the most primitive\u201d one, Simone Gane, an ENT surgeon at the University College London Hospital who wasn\u2019t involved in the study, tells Popular Science\u2019s Lauren Leffer. \u201cIt\u2019s hooked into a lot of the basic parts of our animal selves.\u201d \\n\\nThe new study demonstrates that breathing, an essential function, goes hand-in-hand with the sense of smell, he adds, showing how important it is. \\n\\nHowever, the study has some limitations. One of those is that it used only a small sample of people who were born without a sense of smell. And Zara Patel, an otolaryngologist at Stanford University who was not involved in the study, adds to Scientific American that these people have a typical sense of taste. So, they might still breathe normally through their mouths, for instance. \u201cPerhaps they are \u2018sampling their environment\u2019 via the oral cavity as opposed to the nasal cavity,\u201d she says. \\n\\nAccording to the study, people born with anosmia represent only 4 percent of those with the condition. Most people without a sense of smell lose it through infection with a virus\u2014for example, as a symptom of Covid-19\u2014or through traumatic brain injury or neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer\u2019s or Parkinson\u2019s. \\n\\nAs a result, some scientists would like to see the same test performed on people who have acquired anosmia. Rachel Herz, a neuroscientist at Brown University, tells Popular Science that a lifelong inability to smell does not come with the same range of challenges that accompany a temporary loss of smell. \\n\\nThe researchers suggested the differences in breathing may be connected to reduced quality of life and higher mortality rates among people with anosmia, but \u201cthere is no literature suggesting that people with congenital anosmia are at higher risk\u201d for these than those who acquire anosmia, Herz adds to Popular Science. \\n\\nNotably, the study can\u2019t definitively draw a link between breathing patterns and these negative health issues. \u201cThat would take a lot of work to prove,\u201d says Eric Holbrook, a rhinologist at Massachusetts Eye and Ear who was not involved in the study, to Scientific American. \\n\\n Until more research can be done, the paper offers a new look into a scientific field that is often under the radar. 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But for those born without this sense, breathing takes on a different rhythm. \\n\\nIn a new study published in the journal Nature Communications on Tuesday, researchers found breathing differences among people with anosmia, which they suggest might account for the negative health issues associated with the condition. The altered patterns of respiration might impact health and emotion, according to the paper, though more research will be needed to prove it. \\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s this notion that this sense is completely unimportant,\u201d says Noam Sobel, a neuroscientist at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, to the Guardian\u2019s Nicola Davis. \u201cAnd yet if you lose it, then a lot of bad things happen. So it seems like a paradox.\u201d \\n\\nTo study anosmia and respiration, Sobel and his team examined 21 participants born with anosmia and 31 people who self-reported having a normal sense of smell. 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And it has opened up the possibility for more research, as Sobel and his team will now be able to experiment more with the wearable device they developed, reports Scientific American. \\n\\n\u201cIt goes to show,\u201d Gane tells Popular Science, \u201cthat we need to take olfaction a bit more seriously.\u201d \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 9.608268737792969e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'c66899b7-3a0f-4287-8b27-72eaf1c02da2', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0009188986732624471, 'sentence': 'Anosmia\u1173the absence of the sense of smell\u1173can feel like a significant loss during a stuffy, congested cold.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006303958944045007, 'sentence': 'Much of the time, however, we may take that sense for granted.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007865805528126657, 'sentence': 'For most people, sniffing is a natural, everyday act that flows with the cadence of inhales and exhales.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000786252727266401, 'sentence': 'But for those born without this sense, breathing takes on a different rhythm.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005073494976386428, 'sentence': 'In a new study published in the journal Nature Communications on Tuesday, researchers found breathing differences among people with anosmia, which they suggest might account for the negative health issues associated with the condition.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004803722258657217, 'sentence': 'The altered patterns of respiration might impact health and emotion, according to the paper, though more research will be needed to prove 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'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Anosmia\u2014the absence of the sense of smell\u2014can feel like a significant loss during a stuffy, congested cold. Much of the time, however, we may take that sense for granted. For most people, sniffing is a natural, everyday act that flows with the cadence of inhales and exhales. But for those born without this sense, breathing takes on a different rhythm. \\n\\nIn a new study published in the journal Nature Communications on Tuesday, researchers found breathing differences among people with anosmia, which they suggest might account for the negative health issues associated with the condition. The altered patterns of respiration might impact health and emotion, according to the paper, though more research will be needed to prove it. \\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s this notion that this sense is completely unimportant,\u201d says Noam Sobel, a neuroscientist at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, to the Guardian\u2019s Nicola Davis. \u201cAnd yet if you lose it, then a lot of bad things happen. So it seems like a paradox.\u201d \\n\\nTo study anosmia and respiration, Sobel and his team examined 21 participants born with anosmia and 31 people who self-reported having a normal sense of smell. They measured respiration by using a wearable device that tracked the air flowing in and out of their nostrils over a period of 24 hours. \\n\\nThe researchers observed how breathing differed between the people who could smell and those who couldn\u2019t. They found that those with a typical sense of smell conducted \u201cexploratory sniffs\u201d that created more inhalation peaks across the same number of breaths. The group with anosmia didn\u2019t have these sniffs, which suggests they\u2019re used for smell detection. \\n\\n\u201cWhat we think is: There is some sort of ongoing olfactory investigation of the world,\u201d Sobel says to Scientific American\u2019s Hannah Docter-Loeb. \u201cYou\u2019re constantly asking, \u2018Is there an odor here?\u2019\u201d \\n\\nIn fact, those with a normal sense of smell had about 240 more inhalation peaks per hour than the people with anosmia did. But when participants were in a room without strong smells, those exploratory sniffs largely did not occur, and the breathing patterns of both smelling and non-smelling people looked very similar. \\n\\nThe sense of smell \u201cis the most primitive\u201d one, Simone Gane, an ENT surgeon at the University College London Hospital who wasn\u2019t involved in the study, tells Popular Science\u2019s Lauren Leffer. \u201cIt\u2019s hooked into a lot of the basic parts of our animal selves.\u201d \\n\\nThe new study demonstrates that breathing, an essential function, goes hand-in-hand with the sense of smell, he adds, showing how important it is. \\n\\nHowever, the study has some limitations. One of those is that it used only a small sample of people who were born without a sense of smell. And Zara Patel, an otolaryngologist at Stanford University who was not involved in the study, adds to Scientific American that these people have a typical sense of taste. So, they might still breathe normally through their mouths, for instance. \u201cPerhaps they are \u2018sampling their environment\u2019 via the oral cavity as opposed to the nasal cavity,\u201d she says. \\n\\nAccording to the study, people born with anosmia represent only 4 percent of those with the condition. Most people without a sense of smell lose it through infection with a virus\u2014for example, as a symptom of Covid-19\u2014or through traumatic brain injury or neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer\u2019s or Parkinson\u2019s. \\n\\nAs a result, some scientists would like to see the same test performed on people who have acquired anosmia. Rachel Herz, a neuroscientist at Brown University, tells Popular Science that a lifelong inability to smell does not come with the same range of challenges that accompany a temporary loss of smell. \\n\\nThe researchers suggested the differences in breathing may be connected to reduced quality of life and higher mortality rates among people with anosmia, but \u201cthere is no literature suggesting that people with congenital anosmia are at higher risk\u201d for these than those who acquire anosmia, Herz adds to Popular Science. \\n\\nNotably, the study can\u2019t definitively draw a link between breathing patterns and these negative health issues. \u201cThat would take a lot of work to prove,\u201d says Eric Holbrook, a rhinologist at Massachusetts Eye and Ear who was not involved in the study, to Scientific American. \\n\\n Until more research can be done, the paper offers a new look into a scientific field that is often under the radar. And it has opened up the possibility for more research, as Sobel and his team will now be able to experiment more with the wearable device they developed, reports Scientific American. \\n\\n\u201cIt goes to show,\u201d Gane tells Popular Science, \u201cthat we need to take olfaction a bit more seriously.\u201d \\n\\n '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3469368219,"RADAR":0.0175085012,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article mentions various real publications who the speakers are being interviewed by. This is much more common in the real human articles that I've seen so far. It also explains quite clearly how the study was carried out. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"This one is extremely difficult. I see no signs of either AI or human to highlight apart from the unusual use of the colon."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I would have said AI based on the first paragraph. But when I read through and saw the conjunction 'and' at the beginning of a sentence, and the repetition of 'this' in a quote, I figured it must be human-generated. There's also an unnecessary colon in the sixth paragraph. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I believe it's human-written and I am very confident in my assessment. Many of the sentences vary in length, and because of its ability to go into detail about the facts related to the study and the condition itself, I am able to get the gist of the article as the reader. It uses common terminology, and also clarifies that this study is limited due to its study size and where they got their samples of people with the condition, such as with \"However, the study has some limitations. One of those is that it used only a small sample of people who were born without a sense of smell.\" which implies a deeper understanding of the topic from the writer. All quotes feel realistic and are referenced to where they were stated, and phrases like \"often under the radar\" or \"goes hand-in-hand with the sense of smell\" help make it easier to read and more believable. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The author is careful to link their citations with a specific publication or organization. The two sources I checked do exist. \nThe author's bland style is probably one prescribed by whatever publication this piece was written for."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"117":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":28,"title":"How Benjamin Franklin Helped Foil Early American Money Counterfeiters ","sub-title":"Scientists identified specific pigments, minerals and fibers used in the bills ","author":"Jo Craven McGinty","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":-17954876,"section":"Science - Physics","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/how-benjamin-franklin-helped-foil-early-american-money-counterfeiters-bf51f8c7?mod=physics_more_article_pos22","article":"The lightning rod. Bifocals. Swim fins. Benjamin Franklin is known for pioneering new solutions for common problems. \n\nA new analysis of Early American paper money shows he also played a vital role in thwarting counterfeiters.  \n\nFranklin, who was a printer, among his other roles, was known for marking his early paper money with images of intricately veined leaves that were nearly impossible for counterfeiters to copy, using a variety of fonts, some available only to him, and intentionally lacing the text with misspellings. \n\nBut scientists say Franklin took things a step further to stave off fraudsters. Other distinguishing characteristics of Franklin\u2019s money\u2014the new research revealed through advanced atomic-level imaging methods\u2014were more subtle. He used a unique black ink. His paper glimmered. Blue threads decorated the surface, and finer fibers were woven throughout.  \n\nResearchers detailed the innovations in a paper published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The findings describe previously unknown methods Franklin developed to safeguard printed money notes against counterfeiting. \n\nKhachatur Manukyan, research associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Notre Dame, led a team that analyzed nearly 600 paper money notes printed in America from 1709 to 1790. The trove belongs to the Rare Books and Special Collections of the Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame and includes legitimate bills produced by Franklin and other Colonial printers as well as fakes manufactured by counterfeiters.  \n\nFranklin and his associates held lucrative government contracts to print the paper currencies of the Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware colonies. Later, after Franklin retired, his associates carried on with the novel techniques leading up to the Revolutionary War, when the Continental Congress ordered the first national currency to finance the American Revolution. Their bills bore their names\u2014\u201cB. Franklin\u201d or \u201cHall and Sellers,\u201d for example, identifying Franklin, his former business partner David Hall, and Hall\u2019s subsequent partner, William Sellers. \n\nThe type of analysis Manukyan\u2019s team conducted is common in physics and chemistry, he said, but is new for conservation science. \n\nThe researchers took samples from the paper money and examined them in increasingly fine detail using a variety of microscopes, including a high-resolution model that passed beams of electrons through the samples to produce images of the atomic details. \n\n\u201cWe take a very, very tiny piece of money,\u201d Manukyan said. \u201cIt is a thousand times tinier than a human hair. We can image even single atoms.\u201d \n\nResearchers discovered the black ink used by Franklin and his associates was made of graphite. The blue threads in their bills were dyed with indigo, a plant-based pigment. Their paper was strengthened with muscovite, a variety of mica. \n\nCombined, the features created bills that were more durable and of a higher quality, Manukyan said. \n\n\u201cHe has small muscovite inside the paper early on,\u201d Manukyan said. \u201cThen we see it appear on the surface and glimmer. No others had this among those we analyzed. Indigo colored threads were unique to Benjamin Franklin\u2019s money. The black pigment is a more vivid black than the others.\u201d \n\nBills produced by other printers included in the analysis used lamp black or bone black ink; Prussian blue, a mineral-based pigment; and a more common type of paper strengthened with kaolinite, a clay mineral.  \n\nWhile it is difficult to know to what extent counterfeiting occurred, it is evident that it was a concern. Some bills bore the warning \u201cTo counterfeit is Death,\u201d a reminder that making funny money was a capital offense. And Franklin, John Adams and others expressed concern that the British government was circulating fake bills to undermine the colonial economy and rebellion.  \n\nAmid those concerns, the Continental Congress recalled more than 41 million Continental dollars, swapping new bills for two lots of compromised notes. \n\nThere were 11 emissions, or printings, from 1775 to 1779, according to Farley Grubb, an economics professor at the University of Delaware and author of \u201cThe Continental Dollar.\u201d \u201cTwo were clearly counterfeited.\u201d  \n\nWhile phony bills might have been difficult for a regular person to spot\u2014depending on the quality of the fake\u2014the authenticity of cash could be tested with a counterfeit detector sheet.  \n\n\u201cThe original printer would print the exact same notes from the same plate on a blue paper,\u201d said Joseph E. Boling, vice president of the American Numismatic Association. \n\n\u201cThose notes weren\u2019t numbered, and they were not signed. With the detector sheet in hand, [merchants] could compare it\u201d with circulating bills, he said.   \n\nToday, modern currency incorporates safeguards that are reminiscent of the techniques Franklin pioneered. \n\nThe hundred-dollar bill, which bears Franklin\u2019s portrait, is protected by a 3-D blue security ribbon that is woven into the note. A pink security thread is concealed in the fiber. Color-shifting numerals change from copper to green. A hologram of the Liberty Bell and a faint watermark tattoo the paper.  \n\nEven so, people still try to get away with passing fakes.  \n\nSince October, according to the Secret Service, counterfeiters have passed fake Benjamins worth more than $52 million\u2014the largest total value of any counterfeited U.S. bill today. ","id":27,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'The lightning rod. Bifocals. Swim fins. Benjamin Franklin is known for pioneering new solutions for common problems. \\n\\nA new analysis of Early American paper money shows he also played a vital role in thwarting counterfeiters.  \\n\\nFranklin, who was a printer, among his other roles, was known for marking his early paper money with images of intricately veined leaves that were nearly impossible for counterfeiters to copy, using a variety of fonts, some available only to him, and intentionally lacing the text with misspellings. \\n\\nBut scientists say Franklin took things a step further to stave off fraudsters. Other distinguishing characteristics of Franklin\u2019s money\u2014the new research revealed through advanced atomic-level imaging methods\u2014were more subtle. He used a unique black ink. His paper glimmered. Blue threads decorated the surface, and finer fibers were woven throughout.  \\n\\nResearchers detailed the innovations in a paper published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The findings describe previously unknown methods Franklin developed to safeguard printed money notes against counterfeiting. \\n\\nKhachatur Manukyan, research associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Notre Dame, led a team that analyzed nearly 600 paper money notes printed in America from 1709 to 1790. The trove belongs to the Rare Books and Special Collections of the Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame and includes legitimate bills produced by Franklin and other Colonial printers as well as fakes manufactured by counterfeiters.  \\n\\nFranklin and his associates held lucrative government contracts to print the paper currencies of the Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware colonies. Later, after Franklin retired, his associates carried on with the novel techniques leading up to the Revolutionary War, when the Continental Congress ordered the first national currency to finance the American Revolution. Their bills bore their names\u2014\u201cB. Franklin\u201d or \u201cHall and Sellers,\u201d for example, identifying Franklin, his former business partner David Hall, and Hall\u2019s subsequent partner, William Sellers. \\n\\nThe type of analysis Manukyan\u2019s team conducted is common in physics and chemistry, he said, but is new for conservation science. \\n\\nThe researchers took samples from the paper money and examined them in increasingly fine detail using a variety of microscopes, including a high-resolution model that passed beams of electrons through the samples to produce images of the atomic details. \\n\\n\u201cWe take a very, very tiny piece of money,\u201d Manukyan said. \u201cIt is a thousand times tinier than a human hair. We can image even single atoms.\u201d \\n\\nResearchers discovered the black ink used by Franklin and his associates was made of graphite. The blue threads in their bills were dyed with indigo, a plant-based pigment. Their paper was strengthened with muscovite, a variety of mica. \\n\\nCombined, the features created bills that were more durable and of a higher quality, Manukyan said. \\n\\n\u201cHe has small muscovite inside the paper early on,\u201d Manukyan said. \u201cThen we see it appear on the surface and glimmer. No others had this among those we analyzed. Indigo colored threads were unique to Benjamin Franklin\u2019s money. The black pigment is a more vivid black than the others.\u201d \\n\\nBills produced by other printers included in the analysis used lamp black or bone black ink; Prussian blue, a mineral-based pigment; and a more common type of paper strengthened with kaolinite, a clay mineral.  \\n\\nWhile it is difficult to know to what extent counterfeiting occurred, it is evident that it was a concern. Some bills bore the warning \u201cTo counterfeit is Death,\u201d a reminder that making funny money was a capital offense. And Franklin, John Adams and others expressed concern that the British government was circulating fake bills to undermine the colonial economy and rebellion.  \\n\\nAmid those concerns, the Continental Congress recalled more than 41 million Continental dollars, swapping new bills for two lots of compromised notes. \\n\\nThere were 11 emissions, or printings, from 1775 to 1779, according to Farley Grubb, an economics professor at the University of Delaware and author of \u201cThe Continental Dollar.\u201d \u201cTwo were clearly counterfeited.\u201d  \\n\\nWhile phony bills might have been difficult for a regular person to spot\u2014depending on the quality of the fake\u2014the authenticity of cash could be tested with a counterfeit detector sheet.  \\n\\n\u201cThe original printer would print the exact same notes from the same plate on a blue paper,\u201d said Joseph E. Boling, vice president of the American Numismatic Association. \\n\\n\u201cThose notes weren\u2019t numbered, and they were not signed. With the detector sheet in hand, [merchants] could compare it\u201d with circulating bills, he said.   \\n\\nToday, modern currency incorporates safeguards that are reminiscent of the techniques Franklin pioneered. \\n\\nThe hundred-dollar bill, which bears Franklin\u2019s portrait, is protected by a 3-D blue security ribbon that is woven into the note. A pink security thread is concealed in the fiber. Color-shifting numerals change from copper to green. A hologram of the Liberty Bell and a faint watermark tattoo the paper.  \\n\\nEven so, people still try to get away with passing fakes.  \\n\\nSince October, according to the Secret Service, counterfeiters have passed fake Benjamins worth more than $52 million\u2014the largest total value of any counterfeited U.S. bill today. ', 'ai_likelihood': 9.5367431640625e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'The lightning rod. Bifocals. Swim fins. Benjamin Franklin is known for pioneering new solutions for common problems. \\n\\nA new analysis of Early American paper money shows he also played a vital role in thwarting counterfeiters.  \\n\\nFranklin, who was a printer, among his other roles, was known for marking his early paper money with images of intricately veined leaves that were nearly impossible for counterfeiters to copy, using a variety of fonts, some available only to him, and intentionally lacing the text with misspellings. \\n\\nBut scientists say Franklin took things a step further to stave off fraudsters. Other distinguishing characteristics of Franklin\u2019s money\u2014the new research revealed through advanced atomic-level imaging methods\u2014were more subtle. He used a unique black ink. His paper glimmered. Blue threads decorated the surface, and finer fibers were woven throughout.  \\n\\nResearchers detailed the innovations in a paper published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The findings describe previously unknown methods Franklin developed to safeguard printed money notes against counterfeiting. \\n\\nKhachatur Manukyan, research associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Notre Dame, led a team that analyzed nearly 600 paper money notes printed in America from 1709 to 1790. The trove belongs to the Rare Books and Special Collections of the Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame and includes legitimate bills produced by Franklin and other Colonial printers as well as fakes manufactured by counterfeiters.  \\n\\nFranklin and his associates held lucrative government contracts to print the paper currencies of the Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware colonies. Later, after Franklin retired, his associates carried on with the novel techniques leading up to the Revolutionary War, when the Continental Congress ordered the first national currency to finance the American Revolution. Their bills bore their names\u2014\u201cB. Franklin\u201d or \u201cHall and Sellers,\u201d for example, identifying Franklin, his former business partner David Hall, and Hall\u2019s subsequent partner, William Sellers. \\n\\nThe type of analysis Manukyan\u2019s team conducted is common in physics and chemistry, he said, but is new for conservation science. \\n\\nThe researchers took samples from the paper money and examined them in increasingly fine detail using a variety of microscopes, including a high-resolution model that passed beams of electrons through the samples to produce images of the atomic details. \\n\\n\u201cWe take a very, very tiny piece of money,\u201d Manukyan said. \u201cIt is a thousand times tinier than a human hair. We can image even single atoms.\u201d \\n\\nResearchers discovered the black ink used by Franklin and his associates was made of graphite. The blue threads in their bills were dyed with indigo, a plant-based pigment. Their paper was strengthened with muscovite, a variety of mica. \\n\\nCombined, the features created bills that were more durable and of a higher quality, Manukyan said. \\n\\n\u201cHe has small muscovite inside the paper early on,\u201d Manukyan said. \u201cThen we see it appear on the surface and glimmer. No others had this among those we analyzed. Indigo colored threads were unique to Benjamin Franklin\u2019s money. The black pigment is a more vivid black than the others.\u201d \\n\\nBills produced by other printers included in the analysis used lamp black or bone black ink; Prussian blue, a mineral-based pigment; and a more common type of paper strengthened with kaolinite, a clay mineral.  \\n\\nWhile it is difficult to know to what extent counterfeiting occurred, it is evident that it was a concern. Some bills bore the warning \u201cTo counterfeit is Death,\u201d a reminder that making funny money was a capital offense. And Franklin, John Adams and others expressed concern that the British government was circulating fake bills to undermine the colonial economy and rebellion.  \\n\\nAmid those concerns, the Continental Congress recalled more than 41 million Continental dollars, swapping new bills for two lots of compromised notes. \\n\\nThere were 11 emissions, or printings, from 1775 to 1779, according to Farley Grubb, an economics professor at the University of Delaware and author of \u201cThe Continental Dollar.\u201d \u201cTwo were clearly counterfeited.\u201d  \\n\\nWhile phony bills might have been difficult for a regular person to spot\u2014depending on the quality of the fake\u2014the authenticity of cash could be tested with a counterfeit detector sheet.  \\n\\n\u201cThe original printer would print the exact same notes from the same plate on a blue paper,\u201d said Joseph E. Boling, vice president of the American Numismatic Association. \\n\\n\u201cThose notes weren\u2019t numbered, and they were not signed. With the detector sheet in hand, [merchants] could compare it\u201d with circulating bills, he said.   \\n\\nToday, modern currency incorporates safeguards that are reminiscent of the techniques Franklin pioneered. \\n\\nThe hundred-dollar bill, which bears Franklin\u2019s portrait, is protected by a 3-D blue security ribbon that is woven into the note. A pink security thread is concealed in the fiber. Color-shifting numerals change from copper to green. A hologram of the Liberty Bell and a faint watermark tattoo the paper.  \\n\\nEven so, people still try to get away with passing fakes.  \\n\\nSince October, according to the Secret Service, counterfeiters have passed fake Benjamins worth more than $52 million\u2014the largest total value of any counterfeited U.S. bill today. ', 'ai_likelihood': 7.092952728271484e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '3bcdb12d-07d6-4082-926b-3e217f1cbb05', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 2.5633329642005265e-05, 'sentence': 'The lightning rod.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.14937460643705e-05, 'sentence': 'Bifocals.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.0743660317966715e-05, 'sentence': 'Swim fins.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.493333158781752e-05, 'sentence': 'Benjamin Franklin is known for pioneering new solutions for common problems.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.999593041546177e-05, 'sentence': 'A new analysis of Early American paper money shows 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0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'The lightning rod. Bifocals. Swim fins. Benjamin Franklin is known for pioneering new solutions for common problems. \\n\\nA new analysis of Early American paper money shows he also played a vital role in thwarting counterfeiters.  \\n\\nFranklin, who was a printer, among his other roles, was known for marking his early paper money with images of intricately veined leaves that were nearly impossible for counterfeiters to copy, using a variety of fonts, some available only to him, and intentionally lacing the text with misspellings. \\n\\nBut scientists say Franklin took things a step further to stave off fraudsters. Other distinguishing characteristics of Franklin\u2019s money\u2014the new research revealed through advanced atomic-level imaging methods\u2014were more subtle. He used a unique black ink. His paper glimmered. Blue threads decorated the surface, and finer fibers were woven throughout.  \\n\\nResearchers detailed the innovations in a paper published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The findings describe previously unknown methods Franklin developed to safeguard printed money notes against counterfeiting. \\n\\nKhachatur Manukyan, research associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Notre Dame, led a team that analyzed nearly 600 paper money notes printed in America from 1709 to 1790. The trove belongs to the Rare Books and Special Collections of the Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame and includes legitimate bills produced by Franklin and other Colonial printers as well as fakes manufactured by counterfeiters.  \\n\\nFranklin and his associates held lucrative government contracts to print the paper currencies of the Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware colonies. Later, after Franklin retired, his associates carried on with the novel techniques leading up to the Revolutionary War, when the Continental Congress ordered the first national currency to finance the American Revolution. Their bills bore their names\u2014\u201cB. Franklin\u201d or \u201cHall and Sellers,\u201d for example, identifying Franklin, his former business partner David Hall, and Hall\u2019s subsequent partner, William Sellers. \\n\\nThe type of analysis Manukyan\u2019s team conducted is common in physics and chemistry, he said, but is new for conservation science. \\n\\nThe researchers took samples from the paper money and examined them in increasingly fine detail using a variety of microscopes, including a high-resolution model that passed beams of electrons through the samples to produce images of the atomic details. \\n\\n\u201cWe take a very, very tiny piece of money,\u201d Manukyan said. \u201cIt is a thousand times tinier than a human hair. We can image even single atoms.\u201d \\n\\nResearchers discovered the black ink used by Franklin and his associates was made of graphite. The blue threads in their bills were dyed with indigo, a plant-based pigment. Their paper was strengthened with muscovite, a variety of mica. \\n\\nCombined, the features created bills that were more durable and of a higher quality, Manukyan said. \\n\\n\u201cHe has small muscovite inside the paper early on,\u201d Manukyan said. \u201cThen we see it appear on the surface and glimmer. No others had this among those we analyzed. Indigo colored threads were unique to Benjamin Franklin\u2019s money. The black pigment is a more vivid black than the others.\u201d \\n\\nBills produced by other printers included in the analysis used lamp black or bone black ink; Prussian blue, a mineral-based pigment; and a more common type of paper strengthened with kaolinite, a clay mineral.  \\n\\nWhile it is difficult to know to what extent counterfeiting occurred, it is evident that it was a concern. Some bills bore the warning \u201cTo counterfeit is Death,\u201d a reminder that making funny money was a capital offense. And Franklin, John Adams and others expressed concern that the British government was circulating fake bills to undermine the colonial economy and rebellion.  \\n\\nAmid those concerns, the Continental Congress recalled more than 41 million Continental dollars, swapping new bills for two lots of compromised notes. \\n\\nThere were 11 emissions, or printings, from 1775 to 1779, according to Farley Grubb, an economics professor at the University of Delaware and author of \u201cThe Continental Dollar.\u201d \u201cTwo were clearly counterfeited.\u201d  \\n\\nWhile phony bills might have been difficult for a regular person to spot\u2014depending on the quality of the fake\u2014the authenticity of cash could be tested with a counterfeit detector sheet.  \\n\\n\u201cThe original printer would print the exact same notes from the same plate on a blue paper,\u201d said Joseph E. Boling, vice president of the American Numismatic Association. \\n\\n\u201cThose notes weren\u2019t numbered, and they were not signed. With the detector sheet in hand, [merchants] could compare it\u201d with circulating bills, he said.   \\n\\nToday, modern currency incorporates safeguards that are reminiscent of the techniques Franklin pioneered. \\n\\nThe hundred-dollar bill, which bears Franklin\u2019s portrait, is protected by a 3-D blue security ribbon that is woven into the note. A pink security thread is concealed in the fiber. Color-shifting numerals change from copper to green. A hologram of the Liberty Bell and a faint watermark tattoo the paper.  \\n\\nEven so, people still try to get away with passing fakes.  \\n\\nSince October, according to the Secret Service, counterfeiters have passed fake Benjamins worth more than $52 million\u2014the largest total value of any counterfeited U.S. bill today. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7091636658,"RADAR":0.0271446984,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Neither the introduction nor the conclusion summarise the article in a generic way. The article also uses \"x said\" throughout and has a reasonable number of experts quoted. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The style of the first few words seems human.\nThe missing Oxford comma in \"New Jersey and Delaware\" and \"John Adams and others\" may be a human error.\nThe phrase \"He has small muscovite\" seems to be missing a word. Small muscovite what? Pieces? This may be another human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Choppy sentences and short paragraphs can only mean one thing: the text is human-generated. While the third paragraph is one incredibly long and wordy sentence with incorrect punctuation. However, if I were to have homed in on the quote '\u201cWe take a very, very tiny piece of money\" \u2013 that would have swayed my decision from the get-go. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident this is human-written. Some sentences did appear AI-generated to me, but there's more evidence that it's human because it's providing a lot of good detail and information. It's able to reference information previously stated and work to create connections between ideas, and loads of unique phrases such as \"stave off fraudsters.\", \"making funny money was a capital offense\" and \"lucrative government contracts\", for instance, that I don't see AI using a lot. And the point of all this is that with each chosen word, the words make sense, and don't try to summarize, but explain. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Introducing the article with three nouns instead of a sentence.\nLength of sentence 3.\nResearch study can be verified: author & journal are given.\nQuotes move the story forward with new information instead of only repeating the writer words.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"118":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":29,"title":"Dog Longevity Startup Loyal Secures $45 Million in Funding","sub-title":"The San Francisco company is one of several longevity startups attracting the attention of venture-capital investors ","author":"Yuliya Chernova","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":-17954628,"section":"Technology - Biotech","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/dog-longevity-startup-loyal-secures-45-million-in-funding-23d85cf1?mod=biotech_more_article_pos42","article":"Biotech startup Loyal has raised $45 million in equity to help bring its first longevity drug for dogs to market. \n\nBain Capital Ventures led the Series B financing, with participation by new backer Valor Equity Partners, as well as returning investors Khosla Ventures, First Round Capital and others. Bain Partner Kevin Zhang has joined Loyal\u2019s board. Bridge Bank, part of Western Alliance Bank, has also provided a $12.5 million line of credit to the company.  \n\nLoyal\u2019s valuation increased, said founder and chief executive Celine Halioua, but she declined to comment on specific figures. Research firm PitchBook Data put the San Francisco startup\u2019s valuation in its prior round in 2022 at $220 million.  \n\nHalioua said the financing process began after the Food and Drug Administration\u2019s Center for Veterinary Medicine in November deemed Loyal\u2019s LOY-001 drug program to have a \u201creasonable expectation of effectiveness.\u201d  \n\nLoyal, which is incorporated as Cellular Longevity, aims to become an independent pharmaceutical company and a consumer brand selling treatments for animals.  \n\nBiotech startups developing human medicines with early positive data typically partner with large pharma for distribution and manufacturing, said Robert Schultz, an assistant professor of entrepreneurship at Babson College. \u201cSmall companies don\u2019t have the runway or the expertise to do that on their own,\u201d he said. \n\nHalioua said that, \u201cWe haven\u2019t really raised from traditional East Coast biotech funds. We have a very different business model and a different go-to-market.\u201d She noted Loyal\u2019s board includes members with biotech expertise, such as Stephen Betz, chief scientific officer at Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, who is a board observer. \n\nLoyal believes it can remain stand-alone because the cost of bringing veterinary drugs through regulatory approval is lower, Halioua said. Additionally, dogs have shorter lifespans, which means finding an effect on mortality risk could be faster. Loyal has raised more than $125 million since its founding in 2019.  \n\nLoyal\u2019s LOY-001 drug molecule, an injectable for large breeds, aims to reduce circulating levels of GH\/IGF-1, a hormone that drives some larger dogs to grow rapidly in puberty and may reduce expected lifespan.   \n\nThe company is conducting a double-blind study on another molecule, called LOY-002, a daily pill to improve age-related metabolic decline in senior dogs for all but the smallest breeds. Loyal hopes to bring it to market first, in 2025.  \n\n\u201cOur clinical study is modeled on the assumption of approximately one year of healthier life,\u201d Halioua said about the drug\u2019s potential effect. However, she cautioned there is no data yet to quantify that. Loyal hopes its drugs extend the healthy years of dogs as measured by quality of life and frailty surveys.  \n\nAfter FDA approval, Loyal would start generating revenue by selling its drugs through veterinarians. The sales pitch to consumers likely won\u2019t be difficult, because they make emotional decisions, but Loyal will need to convince veterinarians to write prescriptions, Schultz said. \u201cIt\u2019s not something that the veterinarian will say, you need this. It\u2019s, do you want this?\u201d he said.  \n\nHalioua said there are many examples in the pet space where dog owners spend considerably on pet health, such as for premium dog food brands and pricey preventive medicine to ward off heartworm, fleas and ticks.  \n\n\u201cThat said, it\u2019s a new category. We\u2019ll have a slower ramp than a new flea and tick might,\u201d Halioua said.  \n\nLoyal is one of several biotech startups aimed at slowing aging broadly, rather than targeting specific diseases. Longevity Fund, a venture firm focused on longevity, is an investor in Loyal. Firm founder Laura Deming recently co-founded another firm called Age1 with a similar thesis. \n\nWhile longevity is a promising area of research, it is also challenging, since no longevity drug for any species has yet been approved. Recent studies, for example, cooled enthusiasm in the human longevity space for the drug metformin\u2019s ability to extend lifespan.  \n\nGenerally, the idea that slowing aging could reduce the incidence of disease makes sense, said Adam Boyko, an associate professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University and co-founder of Embark Veterinary, a canine genetic testing company. \n\n\u201cIf you can make your body 10 or 20 years younger or make your dog three or four years younger, you protect it from lots of different diseases,\u201d Boyko said. Still, he said, evolution has optimized how different species age and disrupting that could create unintended consequences. ","id":28,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Biotech startup Loyal has raised $45 million in equity to help bring its first longevity drug for dogs to market. \\n\\nBain Capital Ventures led the Series B financing, with participation by new backer Valor Equity Partners, as well as returning investors Khosla Ventures, First Round Capital and others. Bain Partner Kevin Zhang has joined Loyal\u2019s board. Bridge Bank, part of Western Alliance Bank, has also provided a $12.5 million line of credit to the company.  \\n\\nLoyal\u2019s valuation increased, said founder and chief executive Celine Halioua, but she declined to comment on specific figures. 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Bain Partner Kevin Zhang has joined Loyal\u2019s board. Bridge Bank, part of Western Alliance Bank, has also provided a $12.5 million line of credit to the company.  \\n\\nLoyal\u2019s valuation increased, said founder and chief executive Celine Halioua, but she declined to comment on specific figures. Research firm PitchBook Data put the San Francisco startup\u2019s valuation in its prior round in 2022 at $220 million.  \\n\\nHalioua said the financing process began after the Food and Drug Administration\u2019s Center for Veterinary Medicine in November deemed Loyal\u2019s LOY-001 drug program to have a \u201creasonable expectation of effectiveness.\u201d  \\n\\nLoyal, which is incorporated as Cellular Longevity, aims to become an independent pharmaceutical company and a consumer brand selling treatments for animals.  \\n\\nBiotech startups developing human medicines with early positive data typically partner with large pharma for distribution and manufacturing, said Robert Schultz, an assistant professor of entrepreneurship at Babson College. \u201cSmall companies don\u2019t have the runway or the expertise to do that on their own,\u201d he said. \\n\\nHalioua said that, \u201cWe haven\u2019t really raised from traditional East Coast biotech funds. We have a very different business model and a different go-to-market.\u201d She noted Loyal\u2019s board includes members with biotech expertise, such as Stephen Betz, chief scientific officer at Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, who is a board observer. \\n\\nLoyal believes it can remain stand-alone because the cost of bringing veterinary drugs through regulatory approval is lower, Halioua said. Additionally, dogs have shorter lifespans, which means finding an effect on mortality risk could be faster. Loyal has raised more than $125 million since its founding in 2019.  \\n\\nLoyal\u2019s LOY-001 drug molecule, an injectable for large breeds, aims to reduce circulating levels of GH\/IGF-1, a hormone that drives some larger dogs to grow rapidly in puberty and may reduce expected lifespan.   \\n\\nThe company is conducting a double-blind study on another molecule, called LOY-002, a daily pill to improve age-related metabolic decline in senior dogs for all but the smallest breeds. Loyal hopes to bring it to market first, in 2025.  \\n\\n\u201cOur clinical study is modeled on the assumption of approximately one year of healthier life,\u201d Halioua said about the drug\u2019s potential effect. However, she cautioned there is no data yet to quantify that. Loyal hopes its drugs extend the healthy years of dogs as measured by quality of life and frailty surveys.  \\n\\nAfter FDA approval, Loyal would start generating revenue by selling its drugs through veterinarians. The sales pitch to consumers likely won\u2019t be difficult, because they make emotional decisions, but Loyal will need to convince veterinarians to write prescriptions, Schultz said. \u201cIt\u2019s not something that the veterinarian will say, you need this. It\u2019s, do you want this?\u201d he said.  \\n\\nHalioua said there are many examples in the pet space where dog owners spend considerably on pet health, such as for premium dog food brands and pricey preventive medicine to ward off heartworm, fleas and ticks.  \\n\\n\u201cThat said, it\u2019s a new category. We\u2019ll have a slower ramp than a new flea and tick might,\u201d Halioua said.  \\n\\nLoyal is one of several biotech startups aimed at slowing aging broadly, rather than targeting specific diseases. Longevity Fund, a venture firm focused on longevity, is an investor in Loyal. Firm founder Laura Deming recently co-founded another firm called Age1 with a similar thesis. \\n\\nWhile longevity is a promising area of research, it is also challenging, since no longevity drug for any species has yet been approved. Recent studies, for example, cooled enthusiasm in the human longevity space for the drug metformin\u2019s ability to extend lifespan.  \\n\\nGenerally, the idea that slowing aging could reduce the incidence of disease makes sense, said Adam Boyko, an associate professor at the College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University and co-founder of Embark Veterinary, a canine genetic testing company. \\n\\n\u201cIf you can make your body 10 or 20 years younger or make your dog three or four years younger, you protect it from lots of different diseases,\u201d Boyko said. Still, he said, evolution has optimized how different species age and disrupting that could create unintended consequences. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.761613071,"RADAR":0.0044829836,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article feels very to the point and lacks the overly hopeful tone that you would expect from AI. The focus on business\/capital rather than happily making dogs live longer as well as the fact that they use \"said\" so many times makes me fairly certain that it's human-generated.  "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"First, there's an error in how the speech is punctuated in \"Halioula said that...\" It's written as reported speech yet has speech marks. \nSecond, there's another error in speech punctuation in \"Loyal believes it can...\" (missing speech marks) I believe these are human errors."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Here\u2019s why I think it\u2019s human-generated: I think the company name in the first sentence should be separated with commas. Also, it uses \u2018you\u2019 language, filler words and is missing a couple of speech marks. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am very confident this is human-written. Considering what I've read from the other article on the topic and how I felt about that, this one works better because it clarifies what the company is doing, and even explanations for the lack of info that people would want to know about the drugs. It outlines the company's intended purpose, where it wishes to market its products, and rarely comments on the emotional experience because this article is framed purely from a financial standpoint of representing the company's intentions as stated. It remains neutral throughout the article and doesn't try to appeal to human sentiments because its appropriate not to do so - it about trying to achieve a specific goal, outlining that their clinical model is based on extending \"approximately one year of healthier life\" for large dog breeds in particular. and that they're focused on longevity in particular. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Style and tone typical of that found in the finance section of a newspaper. No descriptive adjectives, appeal to the reader's emotion, or universal approval means that AI is unlikely to have generated this text. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"119":{"generation_model":"o1-pro","prompt_id":30,"title":"In a Legal House of Horrors, It\u2019s an Office Contest That Scares the Judges Most ","sub-title":"Staffers in Southern District spend weeks preparing for Halloween competition presided over by real jurists; \u2018I don\u2019t know if I\u2019ll ever be as traumatized as I was then\u2019 ","author":"Corinne Ramey","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":-17954406,"section":"Law","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/us-news\/law\/in-a-legal-house-of-horrors-its-an-office-contest-that-scares-the-judges-most-3fdac261?mod=law_more_article_pos4","article":"Federal judges in Manhattan face daily frights like angry litigants, overzealous prosecutors and the specter of being reversed by an influential appeals court. But nothing prepares them for Art the Clown. \n\n\u201cWatch out for that saw there,\u201d top courthouse executive Edward Friedland said last week, pointing to the bloody animatronic figure of a hacksaw-wielding demonic mime. \u201cIt almost took off Judge Rakoff\u2019s head.\u201d \n\nU.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff is one of 10 jurists deciding the scariest of the thousands of proceedings held annually in the Southern District of New York: the courthouse administration\u2019s annual Halloween competition.  \n\nOnce a year, the normally staid government office of audiovisual staffers, building architects, budget crunchers and court reporters is engulfed in fake blood, animatronic figures and strobe lights. What started as a workplace teambuilding exercise has turned into a cut-throat competition, presided over by district, magistrate and appellate judges from the Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.   \n\nThe proceedings are no joke. \u201cI watched \u2018Scream\u2019 again this weekend,\u201d said U.S. District Judge Jessica G. L. Clarke, who examined the office\u2019s spooky tableus\u2013twice\u2013trailed by her law clerks. \u201cI had to do my research beforehand.\u201d  \n\nThe contest is the brainchild of Friedland, who for 15 years has served as the district executive for the Southern District\u2019s courthouses, home to some of the highest-profile legal proceedings in the U.S.  \n\nOn recent dockets: corruption charges against New York City Mayor Eric Adams; the sex-trafficking prosecution of Sean \u201cDiddy\u201d Combs; litigation between writer E. Jean Carroll and former President Donald Trump; and the multibillion-dollar fraud trial of crypto wunderkind Sam Bankman-Fried.  \n\n\u201cIt\u2019s serious all day long,\u201d said Friedland. \n\nUntil Halloween, that is. Earlier this month, the mild-mannered Friedland moved his personal collection of 15 lifesize horror-movie animatronics into the district executive\u2019s office suite. The administrator says the contest, now in its second year, boosts morale, surfaces his staff\u2019s untapped talents and brings people together in a workplace where keeping the wheels of justice turning is serious business. \n\nHis staff say their boss just really loves horror movies and seasonal decorations. \n\n\u201cIn his heart of hearts he\u2019s a little kid who wants to have fun with his colleagues,\u201d said William Jarrett, who manages courtroom technology. \u201cHe gets really excited when something big happens in the courthouse. And he gets really excited by Halloween.\u201d \n\nRakoff, the judge, offered another dissent. \u201cSince Ed has to deal with more than 40 judges, he knows what monsters are really like,\u201d he said. \n\nThis year, five teams of staffers drew straws to determine their assigned scene locations and movie characters: Frankenstein; Ghostface from \u201cScream\u201d; Chucky from \u201cChild\u2019s Play\u201d; Beetlejuice; and Art the Clown from \u201cTerrifier.\u201d \n\nOnce the assignments were set, the staff were blas\u00e9 at work, but plotted elaborate horror tableaus at home, said architect Sheila Henriquez, a member of the Beetlejuice team.  \u201cEverybody is like, \u2018I don\u2019t know yet what we\u2019re doing,\u2019\u201d said Enriquez. \u201cYou don\u2019t want to play your hand.\u201d \n\nOn the designated setup day, the offices transformed into a series of eerie movie scenes. \n\nGhostface, with a bloody knife in hand, loomed over a mannequin dressed as Drew Barrymore and her duct-taped boyfriend in a lawn chair. The employee break room housed a lumbering Frankenstein with motion sensors, strobe lights and yellow caution tape. Around the corner, the house from Beetlejuice popped up across from the desk of Friedland\u2019s executive assistant. \n\nArt the Clown guarded a supply closet where bloody garbage bags hung from the ceiling and stray plastic body parts mingled with Post-it notes and staples.  \n\n\u201cI walked in and thought I was in the wrong place,\u201d said bankruptcy court clerk Vito Genna, who had come to the office for a meeting. \n\nConstructing horror scenes in an office isn\u2019t easy. The Scream team initially installed a fog machine in a cardboard oven, to mimic the burning Jiffy Pop in the movie\u2019s opening scene. After the machine malfunctioned, the team placed an electric tea kettle on the cardboard stove. \n\n\u201cIt completely caved in right before a judge came to view it,\u201d said Alexa Fisher, the executive assistant. \u201cWe had to glue it really quick.\u201d \n\nThey settled for smell over smoke. \u201cButter-scented candle on Amazon,\u201d added Fisher.  \n\nThe three women of the Beetlejuice group created the movie\u2019s striped sandworm by stuffing a plastic bag with leftover shredded paper. Midway through construction, courthouse custodians took away the shreds, potentially dooming the unfinished worm to the recycling.  One team member reclaimed the shreds by sprinting down the hallway yelling, \u201cWait, wait!\u201d  \n\nThe verdict is expected to be announced later this week. The judges send Friedland their rankings and any relevant opinions. The executive then calculates the winners, whose prizes include gift cards plus a full year of bragging rights. \n\nIn evaluating the scenes, judges said they weigh elements including creativity, creepiness and attention to detail. Many involve their law clerks in the deliberations. \n\nRakoff, known for his bold legal rulings on matters ranging from corporate crime to the death penalty, found a gumball machine in the Scream tableau particularly frightening. When he turned the handle, out popped a round plastic bubble containing a shiny sticker of the 81-year-old jurist\u2019s likeness juxtaposed with Ghostface. \u201cI don\u2019t know if I\u2019ll ever be as traumatized as I was then,\u201d Rakoff said. \n\nClarke said she is particularly attuned to details, like a waiver posted in front of the door that led to the Frankenstein scene. \u201cAll references to Monster Insanity in this Liability Waiver and Release (the \u2018Release\u2019), shall mean employees of the District Executive Office,\u201d the waiver said. It then indemnified the office from all claims and attorney\u2019s fees. \n\nThe judge also had a soft spot for the Terrorizer team\u2019s gory closet. \u201cThe candy dish with bones was a very nice touch,\u201d she said. ","id":29,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Federal judges in Manhattan face daily frights like angry litigants, overzealous prosecutors and the specter of being reversed by an influential appeals court. But nothing prepares them for Art the Clown. \\n\\n\u201cWatch out for that saw there,\u201d top courthouse executive Edward Friedland said last week, pointing to the bloody animatronic figure of a hacksaw-wielding demonic mime. \u201cIt almost took off Judge Rakoff\u2019s head.\u201d \\n\\nU.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff is one of 10 jurists deciding the scariest of the thousands of proceedings held annually in the Southern District of New York: the courthouse administration\u2019s annual Halloween competition.  \\n\\nOnce a year, the normally staid government office of audiovisual staffers, building architects, budget crunchers and court reporters is engulfed in fake blood, animatronic figures and strobe lights. What started as a workplace teambuilding exercise has turned into a cut-throat competition, presided over by district, magistrate and appellate judges from the Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.   \\n\\nThe proceedings are no joke. \u201cI watched \u2018Scream\u2019 again this weekend,\u201d said U.S. District Judge Jessica G. L. Clarke, who examined the office\u2019s spooky tableus\u2013twice\u2013trailed by her law clerks. \u201cI had to do my research beforehand.\u201d  \\n\\nThe contest is the brainchild of Friedland, who for 15 years has served as the district executive for the Southern District\u2019s courthouses, home to some of the highest-profile legal proceedings in the U.S.  \\n\\nOn recent dockets: corruption charges against New York City Mayor Eric Adams; the sex-trafficking prosecution of Sean \u201cDiddy\u201d Combs; litigation between writer E. Jean Carroll and former President Donald Trump; and the multibillion-dollar fraud trial of crypto wunderkind Sam Bankman-Fried.  \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s serious all day long,\u201d said Friedland. \\n\\nUntil Halloween, that is. Earlier this month, the mild-mannered Friedland moved his personal collection of 15 lifesize horror-movie animatronics into the district executive\u2019s office suite. The administrator says the contest, now in its second year, boosts morale, surfaces his staff\u2019s untapped talents and brings people together in a workplace where keeping the wheels of justice turning is serious business. \\n\\nHis staff say their boss just really loves horror movies and seasonal decorations. \\n\\n\u201cIn his heart of hearts he\u2019s a little kid who wants to have fun with his colleagues,\u201d said William Jarrett, who manages courtroom technology. \u201cHe gets really excited when something big happens in the courthouse. And he gets really excited by Halloween.\u201d \\n\\nRakoff, the judge, offered another dissent. \u201cSince Ed has to deal with more than 40 judges, he knows what monsters are really like,\u201d he said. \\n\\nThis year, five teams of staffers drew straws to determine their assigned scene locations and movie characters: Frankenstein; Ghostface from \u201cScream\u201d; Chucky from \u201cChild\u2019s Play\u201d; Beetlejuice; and Art the Clown from \u201cTerrifier.\u201d \\n\\nOnce the assignments were set, the staff were blas\u00e9 at work, but plotted elaborate horror tableaus at home, said architect Sheila Henriquez, a member of the Beetlejuice team.  \u201cEverybody is like, \u2018I don\u2019t know yet what we\u2019re doing,\u2019\u201d said Enriquez. \u201cYou don\u2019t want to play your hand.\u201d \\n\\nOn the designated setup day, the offices transformed into a series of eerie movie scenes. \\n\\nGhostface, with a bloody knife in hand, loomed over a mannequin dressed as Drew Barrymore and her duct-taped boyfriend in a lawn chair. The employee break room housed a lumbering Frankenstein with motion sensors, strobe lights and yellow caution tape. Around the corner, the house from Beetlejuice popped up across from the desk of Friedland\u2019s executive assistant. \\n\\nArt the Clown guarded a supply closet where bloody garbage bags hung from the ceiling and stray plastic body parts mingled with Post-it notes and staples.  \\n\\n\u201cI walked in and thought I was in the wrong place,\u201d said bankruptcy court clerk Vito Genna, who had come to the office for a meeting. \\n\\nConstructing horror scenes in an office isn\u2019t easy. The Scream team initially installed a fog machine in a cardboard oven, to mimic the burning Jiffy Pop in the movie\u2019s opening scene. After the machine malfunctioned, the team placed an electric tea kettle on the cardboard stove. \\n\\n\u201cIt completely caved in right before a judge came to view it,\u201d said Alexa Fisher, the executive assistant. \u201cWe had to glue it really quick.\u201d \\n\\nThey settled for smell over smoke. \u201cButter-scented candle on Amazon,\u201d added Fisher.  \\n\\nThe three women of the Beetlejuice group created the movie\u2019s striped sandworm by stuffing a plastic bag with leftover shredded paper. Midway through construction, courthouse custodians took away the shreds, potentially dooming the unfinished worm to the recycling.  One team member reclaimed the shreds by sprinting down the hallway yelling, \u201cWait, wait!\u201d  \\n\\nThe verdict is expected to be announced later this week. The judges send Friedland their rankings and any relevant opinions. The executive then calculates the winners, whose prizes include gift cards plus a full year of bragging rights. \\n\\nIn evaluating the scenes, judges said they weigh elements including creativity, creepiness and attention to detail. Many involve their law clerks in the deliberations. \\n\\nRakoff, known for his bold legal rulings on matters ranging from corporate crime to the death penalty, found a gumball machine in the Scream tableau particularly frightening. When he turned the handle, out popped a round plastic bubble containing a shiny sticker of the 81-year-old jurist\u2019s likeness juxtaposed with Ghostface. \u201cI don\u2019t know if I\u2019ll ever be as traumatized as I was then,\u201d Rakoff said. \\n\\nClarke said she is particularly attuned to details, like a waiver posted in front of the door that led to the Frankenstein scene. \u201cAll references to Monster Insanity in this Liability Waiver and Release (the \u2018Release\u2019), shall mean employees of the District Executive Office,\u201d the waiver said. It then indemnified the office from all claims and attorney\u2019s fees. \\n\\nThe judge also had a soft spot for the Terrorizer team\u2019s gory closet. \u201cThe candy dish with bones was a very nice touch,\u201d she said. ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.3424625396728516e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Federal judges in Manhattan face daily frights like angry litigants, overzealous prosecutors and the specter of being reversed by an influential appeals court. But nothing prepares them for Art the Clown. \\n\\n\u201cWatch out for that saw there,\u201d top courthouse executive Edward Friedland said last week, pointing to the bloody animatronic figure of a hacksaw-wielding demonic mime. \u201cIt almost took off Judge Rakoff\u2019s head.\u201d \\n\\nU.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff is one of 10 jurists deciding the scariest of the thousands of proceedings held annually in the Southern District of New York: the courthouse administration\u2019s annual Halloween competition.  \\n\\nOnce a year, the normally staid government office of audiovisual staffers, building architects, budget crunchers and court reporters is engulfed in fake blood, animatronic figures and strobe lights. What started as a workplace teambuilding exercise has turned into a cut-throat competition, presided over by district, magistrate and appellate judges from the Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.   \\n\\nThe proceedings are no joke. \u201cI watched \u2018Scream\u2019 again this weekend,\u201d said U.S. District Judge Jessica G. L. Clarke, who examined the office\u2019s spooky tableus\u2013twice\u2013trailed by her law clerks. \u201cI had to do my research beforehand.\u201d  \\n\\nThe contest is the brainchild of Friedland, who for 15 years has served as the district executive for the Southern District\u2019s courthouses, home to some of the highest-profile legal proceedings in the U.S.  \\n\\nOn recent dockets: corruption charges against New York City Mayor Eric Adams; the sex-trafficking prosecution of Sean \u201cDiddy\u201d Combs; litigation between writer E. Jean Carroll and former President Donald Trump; and the multibillion-dollar fraud trial of crypto wunderkind Sam Bankman-Fried.  \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s serious all day long,\u201d said Friedland. \\n\\nUntil Halloween, that is. Earlier this month, the mild-mannered Friedland moved his personal collection of 15 lifesize horror-movie animatronics into the district executive\u2019s office suite. The administrator says the contest, now in its second year, boosts morale, surfaces his staff\u2019s untapped talents and brings people together in a workplace where keeping the wheels of justice turning is serious business. \\n\\nHis staff say their boss just really loves horror movies and seasonal decorations. \\n\\n\u201cIn his heart of hearts he\u2019s a little kid who wants to have fun with his colleagues,\u201d said William Jarrett, who manages courtroom technology. \u201cHe gets really excited when something big happens in the courthouse. And he gets really excited by Halloween.\u201d \\n\\nRakoff, the judge, offered another dissent. \u201cSince Ed has to deal with more than 40 judges, he knows what monsters are really like,\u201d he said. \\n\\nThis year, five teams of staffers drew straws to determine their assigned scene locations and movie characters: Frankenstein; Ghostface from \u201cScream\u201d; Chucky from \u201cChild\u2019s Play\u201d; Beetlejuice; and Art the Clown from \u201cTerrifier.\u201d \\n\\nOnce the assignments were set, the staff were blas\u00e9 at work, but plotted elaborate horror tableaus at home, said architect Sheila Henriquez, a member of the Beetlejuice team.  \u201cEverybody is like, \u2018I don\u2019t know yet what we\u2019re doing,\u2019\u201d said Enriquez. \u201cYou don\u2019t want to play your hand.\u201d \\n\\nOn the designated setup day, the offices transformed into a series of eerie movie scenes. \\n\\nGhostface, with a bloody knife in hand, loomed over a mannequin dressed as Drew Barrymore and her duct-taped boyfriend in a lawn chair. The employee break room housed a lumbering Frankenstein with motion sensors, strobe lights and yellow caution tape. Around the corner, the house from Beetlejuice popped up across from the desk of Friedland\u2019s executive assistant. \\n\\nArt the Clown guarded a supply closet where bloody garbage bags hung from the ceiling and stray plastic body parts mingled with Post-it notes and staples.  \\n\\n\u201cI walked in and thought I was in the wrong place,\u201d said bankruptcy court clerk Vito Genna, who had come to the office for a meeting. \\n\\nConstructing horror scenes in an office isn\u2019t easy. The Scream team initially installed a fog machine in a cardboard oven, to mimic the burning Jiffy Pop in the movie\u2019s opening scene. After the machine malfunctioned, the team placed an electric tea kettle on the cardboard stove. \\n\\n\u201cIt completely caved in right before a judge came to view it,\u201d said Alexa Fisher, the executive assistant. \u201cWe had to glue it really quick.\u201d \\n\\nThey settled for smell over smoke. \u201cButter-scented candle on Amazon,\u201d added Fisher.  \\n\\nThe three women of the Beetlejuice group created the movie\u2019s striped sandworm by stuffing a plastic bag with leftover shredded paper. Midway through construction, courthouse custodians took away the shreds, potentially dooming the unfinished worm to the recycling.  One team member reclaimed the shreds by sprinting down the hallway yelling, \u201cWait, wait!\u201d  \\n\\nThe verdict is expected to be announced later this week. The judges send Friedland their rankings and any relevant opinions. The executive then calculates the winners, whose prizes include gift cards plus a full year of bragging rights. \\n\\nIn evaluating the scenes, judges said they weigh elements including creativity, creepiness and attention to detail. Many involve their law clerks in the deliberations. \\n\\nRakoff, known for his bold legal rulings on matters ranging from corporate crime to the death penalty, found a gumball machine in the Scream tableau particularly frightening. When he turned the handle, out popped a round plastic bubble containing a shiny sticker of the 81-year-old jurist\u2019s likeness juxtaposed with Ghostface. \u201cI don\u2019t know if I\u2019ll ever be as traumatized as I was then,\u201d Rakoff said. \\n\\nClarke said she is particularly attuned to details, like a waiver posted in front of the door that led to the Frankenstein scene. \u201cAll references to Monster Insanity in this Liability Waiver and Release (the \u2018Release\u2019), shall mean employees of the District Executive Office,\u201d the waiver said. It then indemnified the office from all claims and attorney\u2019s fees. \\n\\nThe judge also had a soft spot for the Terrorizer team\u2019s gory closet. \u201cThe candy dish with bones was a very nice touch,\u201d she said. ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.5093555450439453e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '161e3875-b9ab-4fab-8a8c-21c42f517fcd', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 1.9246916053816676e-05, 'sentence': 'Federal judges in Manhattan face daily frights like angry litigants, overzealous prosecutors and the specter of being reversed by an influential appeals court.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.3720022252527997e-05, 'sentence': 'But nothing prepares them for Art the Clown.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.2127417903684545e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cWatch out for that saw there,\u201d top courthouse executive Edward Friedland said last week, pointing to the bloody animatronic figure of a hacksaw-wielding demonic mime.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.3217189916758798e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt almost took off Judge Rakoff's head.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.0064959496958181e-05, 'sentence': \"U.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff is one of 10 jurists deciding the scariest of the thousands of proceedings held annually in the Southern District of New York: the courthouse administration's annual Halloween competition.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.0044386726804078e-05, 'sentence': 'Once a year, the normally staid government office of audiovisual staffers, building architects, budget crunchers and court reporters is engulfed in fake blood, animatronic figures and strobe lights.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.573002898832783e-06, 'sentence': 'What started as a workplace teambuilding exercise has turned into a cut-throat competition, presided over by district, magistrate and appellate judges from the Second U.S.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.135625734605128e-05, 'sentence': 'Circuit Court of Appeals.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.077348295249976e-06, 'sentence': 'The proceedings are no joke.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.0585284144326579e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cI watched 'Scream' again this weekend,\u201d said U.S. District Judge Jessica G. 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'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Federal judges in Manhattan face daily frights like angry litigants, overzealous prosecutors and the specter of being reversed by an influential appeals court. But nothing prepares them for Art the Clown. \\n\\n\u201cWatch out for that saw there,\u201d top courthouse executive Edward Friedland said last week, pointing to the bloody animatronic figure of a hacksaw-wielding demonic mime. \u201cIt almost took off Judge Rakoff\u2019s head.\u201d \\n\\nU.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff is one of 10 jurists deciding the scariest of the thousands of proceedings held annually in the Southern District of New York: the courthouse administration\u2019s annual Halloween competition.  \\n\\nOnce a year, the normally staid government office of audiovisual staffers, building architects, budget crunchers and court reporters is engulfed in fake blood, animatronic figures and strobe lights. What started as a workplace teambuilding exercise has turned into a cut-throat competition, presided over by district, magistrate and appellate judges from the Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.   \\n\\nThe proceedings are no joke. \u201cI watched \u2018Scream\u2019 again this weekend,\u201d said U.S. District Judge Jessica G. L. Clarke, who examined the office\u2019s spooky tableus\u2013twice\u2013trailed by her law clerks. \u201cI had to do my research beforehand.\u201d  \\n\\nThe contest is the brainchild of Friedland, who for 15 years has served as the district executive for the Southern District\u2019s courthouses, home to some of the highest-profile legal proceedings in the U.S.  \\n\\nOn recent dockets: corruption charges against New York City Mayor Eric Adams; the sex-trafficking prosecution of Sean \u201cDiddy\u201d Combs; litigation between writer E. Jean Carroll and former President Donald Trump; and the multibillion-dollar fraud trial of crypto wunderkind Sam Bankman-Fried.  \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s serious all day long,\u201d said Friedland. \\n\\nUntil Halloween, that is. Earlier this month, the mild-mannered Friedland moved his personal collection of 15 lifesize horror-movie animatronics into the district executive\u2019s office suite. The administrator says the contest, now in its second year, boosts morale, surfaces his staff\u2019s untapped talents and brings people together in a workplace where keeping the wheels of justice turning is serious business. \\n\\nHis staff say their boss just really loves horror movies and seasonal decorations. \\n\\n\u201cIn his heart of hearts he\u2019s a little kid who wants to have fun with his colleagues,\u201d said William Jarrett, who manages courtroom technology. \u201cHe gets really excited when something big happens in the courthouse. And he gets really excited by Halloween.\u201d \\n\\nRakoff, the judge, offered another dissent. \u201cSince Ed has to deal with more than 40 judges, he knows what monsters are really like,\u201d he said. \\n\\nThis year, five teams of staffers drew straws to determine their assigned scene locations and movie characters: Frankenstein; Ghostface from \u201cScream\u201d; Chucky from \u201cChild\u2019s Play\u201d; Beetlejuice; and Art the Clown from \u201cTerrifier.\u201d \\n\\nOnce the assignments were set, the staff were blas\u00e9 at work, but plotted elaborate horror tableaus at home, said architect Sheila Henriquez, a member of the Beetlejuice team.  \u201cEverybody is like, \u2018I don\u2019t know yet what we\u2019re doing,\u2019\u201d said Enriquez. \u201cYou don\u2019t want to play your hand.\u201d \\n\\nOn the designated setup day, the offices transformed into a series of eerie movie scenes. \\n\\nGhostface, with a bloody knife in hand, loomed over a mannequin dressed as Drew Barrymore and her duct-taped boyfriend in a lawn chair. The employee break room housed a lumbering Frankenstein with motion sensors, strobe lights and yellow caution tape. Around the corner, the house from Beetlejuice popped up across from the desk of Friedland\u2019s executive assistant. \\n\\nArt the Clown guarded a supply closet where bloody garbage bags hung from the ceiling and stray plastic body parts mingled with Post-it notes and staples.  \\n\\n\u201cI walked in and thought I was in the wrong place,\u201d said bankruptcy court clerk Vito Genna, who had come to the office for a meeting. \\n\\nConstructing horror scenes in an office isn\u2019t easy. The Scream team initially installed a fog machine in a cardboard oven, to mimic the burning Jiffy Pop in the movie\u2019s opening scene. After the machine malfunctioned, the team placed an electric tea kettle on the cardboard stove. \\n\\n\u201cIt completely caved in right before a judge came to view it,\u201d said Alexa Fisher, the executive assistant. \u201cWe had to glue it really quick.\u201d \\n\\nThey settled for smell over smoke. \u201cButter-scented candle on Amazon,\u201d added Fisher.  \\n\\nThe three women of the Beetlejuice group created the movie\u2019s striped sandworm by stuffing a plastic bag with leftover shredded paper. Midway through construction, courthouse custodians took away the shreds, potentially dooming the unfinished worm to the recycling.  One team member reclaimed the shreds by sprinting down the hallway yelling, \u201cWait, wait!\u201d  \\n\\nThe verdict is expected to be announced later this week. The judges send Friedland their rankings and any relevant opinions. The executive then calculates the winners, whose prizes include gift cards plus a full year of bragging rights. \\n\\nIn evaluating the scenes, judges said they weigh elements including creativity, creepiness and attention to detail. Many involve their law clerks in the deliberations. \\n\\nRakoff, known for his bold legal rulings on matters ranging from corporate crime to the death penalty, found a gumball machine in the Scream tableau particularly frightening. When he turned the handle, out popped a round plastic bubble containing a shiny sticker of the 81-year-old jurist\u2019s likeness juxtaposed with Ghostface. \u201cI don\u2019t know if I\u2019ll ever be as traumatized as I was then,\u201d Rakoff said. \\n\\nClarke said she is particularly attuned to details, like a waiver posted in front of the door that led to the Frankenstein scene. \u201cAll references to Monster Insanity in this Liability Waiver and Release (the \u2018Release\u2019), shall mean employees of the District Executive Office,\u201d the waiver said. It then indemnified the office from all claims and attorney\u2019s fees. \\n\\nThe judge also had a soft spot for the Terrorizer team\u2019s gory closet. \u201cThe candy dish with bones was a very nice touch,\u201d she said. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8831221461,"RADAR":0.0072005242,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The article has very natural quotations throughout and an absence of any AI markers. It also contains humour, something which isn't usually found in machine-generated text. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The only clue here is the extensive use of lists. For instance, \"creativity, creepiness, and attention to detail.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I took one look at the structure of this text and thought: human-generated. The paragraphs and sentences vary in length. The piece ends with a quote. It also uses contractions and has a few issues with the syntax. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I believe it's human-written. There's way too many unique word choices here that AI often doesn't reference in its usual vocabulary, some I don't even know, but even if I am unfamiliar with those words, the rest of the article still backs it up with visual details. There's a lot of action-focused, vibrant sentences that's intended to create excitement, such as with \"...bloody animatronic figure of a hacksaw-wielding demonic mime\" and \"One team member reclaimed the shreds by sprinting down the hallway yelling, \u201cWait, wait!\u201d\" You can imagine what each team was doing during the designs, and why this event matters to the people who work there. The quotes are relatable and realistic, and the pacing of the article is well-structured to inform from start to finish. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I enjoyed the tongue-in-cheek style of writing. Dooming the unfinished worm to recycling. Body parts mingled with Post-it notes and staples. AI can do many things, except make me laugh."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"120":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":1,"title":"NASA pushes back astronaut flights to the moon again ","sub-title":"NASA has announced more delays in sending astronauts back to the moon more than 50 years after Apollo. ","author":"Marcia Dunn","source":"Associated Press","issue":1733356800000,"section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/nasa-moon-astronauts-artemis-01ac3c0ec59bfc8b2612c987a72d91f3","article":"NASA announced more delays Thursday in sending astronauts back to the moon more than 50 years after Apollo. \n\nAdministrator Bill Nelson said the next mission in the Artemis program -- flying four astronauts around the moon and back \u2013 is now targeted for April 2026. It had been on the books for September 2025, after slipping from this year. \n\nThe investigation into heat shield damage from the capsule\u2019s initial test flight two years ago took time, officials said, and other spacecraft improvements are still needed. \n\nThis bumps the third Artemis mission \u2014 a moon landing by two other astronauts \u2014 to at least 2027. NASA had been aiming for 2026. \n\nNASA\u2019s Artemis program, a follow-up to the Apollo moonshots of the late 1960s and early 1970s, has completed only one mission. An empty Orion capsule circled the moon in 2022 after blasting off on NASA\u2019s new Space Launch System rocket. \n\nAlthough the launch and lunar laps went well, the capsule returned with an excessively charred and eroded bottom heat shield, damaged from the heat of reentry. It took until recently for engineers to pinpoint the cause and come up with a plan. \n\nNASA will use the Orion capsule with its original heat shield for the next flight with four astronauts, according to Nelson, but make changes to the reentry path at flight\u2019s end. To rip off and replace the heat shield would have meant at least a full year\u2019s delay and stalled the moon landing even further, officials said. \n\nDuring the flight test, NASA had the capsule dip in and out of the atmosphere during reentry, and gases built up in the heat shield\u2019s outer layer, officials said. That resulted in cracking and uneven shedding of the outer material. \n\nThe commander of the lunar fly-around, astronaut Reid Wiseman, took part in Thursday\u2019s news conference at NASA headquarters in Washington. His crew includes NASA astronauts Victor Glover and Christina Koch and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen. \n\n\u201cDelays are agonizing and slowing down is agonizing and it\u2019s not what we like to do,\u201d Wiseman said. But he said he and his crew wanted the heat shield damage from the first flight to be fully understood, regardless of how long it took. Now they can focus with this \u201clarge decision behind us.\u201d \n\nTwenty-four astronauts flew to the moon during NASA\u2019s vaulted Apollo program, with 12 landing on it. The final bootprints in the lunar dust were made during Apollo 17 in December 1972. \n\nNelson said the revised schedule should still have the United States getting astronauts back on the lunar surface before China, which has indicated 2030 for a crew moon landing. \n\nThe space agency has put all the Artemis contractors, including Elon Musk\u2019s SpaceX, on notice to \u201cdouble-down\u201d to meet the schedule deadlines, according to Nelson. SpaceX\u2019s mega rocket Starship \u2014 making test flights from Texas with increasing frequency \u2014 is how astronauts will get from the Orion capsule in lunar orbit down to the surface on the first two Artemis moon landings. \n\nNelson said he\u2019s already called Jared Isaacman, the SpaceX-flying billionaire nominated this week by Trump to lead NASA, and invited him to NASA headquarters in Washington. ","id":0,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'NASA announced more delays Thursday in sending astronauts back to the moon more than 50 years after Apollo. \\n\\nAdministrator Bill Nelson said the next mission in the Artemis program -- flying four astronauts around the moon and back \u2013 is now targeted for April 2026. It had been on the books for September 2025, after slipping from this year. \\n\\nThe investigation into heat shield damage from the capsule\u2019s initial test flight two years ago took time, officials said, and other spacecraft improvements are still needed. \\n\\nThis bumps the third Artemis mission \u2014 a moon landing by two other astronauts \u2014 to at least 2027. NASA had been aiming for 2026. \\n\\nNASA\u2019s Artemis program, a follow-up to the Apollo moonshots of the late 1960s and early 1970s, has completed only one mission. An empty Orion capsule circled the moon in 2022 after blasting off on NASA\u2019s new Space Launch System rocket. \\n\\nAlthough the launch and lunar laps went well, the capsule returned with an excessively charred and eroded bottom heat shield, damaged from the heat of reentry. It took until recently for engineers to pinpoint the cause and come up with a plan. \\n\\nNASA will use the Orion capsule with its original heat shield for the next flight with four astronauts, according to Nelson, but make changes to the reentry path at flight\u2019s end. To rip off and replace the heat shield would have meant at least a full year\u2019s delay and stalled the moon landing even further, officials said. \\n\\nDuring the flight test, NASA had the capsule dip in and out of the atmosphere during reentry, and gases built up in the heat shield\u2019s outer layer, officials said. That resulted in cracking and uneven shedding of the outer material. \\n\\nThe commander of the lunar fly-around, astronaut Reid Wiseman, took part in Thursday\u2019s news conference at NASA headquarters in Washington. His crew includes NASA astronauts Victor Glover and Christina Koch and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen. \\n\\n\u201cDelays are agonizing and slowing down is agonizing and it\u2019s not what we like to do,\u201d Wiseman said. But he said he and his crew wanted the heat shield damage from the first flight to be fully understood, regardless of how long it took. Now they can focus with this \u201clarge decision behind us.\u201d \\n\\nTwenty-four astronauts flew to the moon during NASA\u2019s vaulted Apollo program, with 12 landing on it. The final bootprints in the lunar dust were made during Apollo 17 in December 1972. \\n\\nNelson said the revised schedule should still have the United States getting astronauts back on the lunar surface before China, which has indicated 2030 for a crew moon landing. \\n\\nThe space agency has put all the Artemis contractors, including Elon Musk\u2019s SpaceX, on notice to \u201cdouble-down\u201d to meet the schedule deadlines, according to Nelson. SpaceX\u2019s mega rocket Starship \u2014 making test flights from Texas with increasing frequency \u2014 is how astronauts will get from the Orion capsule in lunar orbit down to the surface on the first two Artemis moon landings. \\n\\nNelson said he\u2019s already called Jared Isaacman, the SpaceX-flying billionaire nominated this week by Trump to lead NASA, and invited him to NASA headquarters in Washington. ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.8014183044433594e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'NASA announced more delays Thursday in sending astronauts back to the moon more than 50 years after Apollo. \\n\\nAdministrator Bill Nelson said the next mission in the Artemis program -- flying four astronauts around the moon and back \u2013 is now targeted for April 2026. It had been on the books for September 2025, after slipping from this year. \\n\\nThe investigation into heat shield damage from the capsule\u2019s initial test flight two years ago took time, officials said, and other spacecraft improvements are still needed. \\n\\nThis bumps the third Artemis mission \u2014 a moon landing by two other astronauts \u2014 to at least 2027. NASA had been aiming for 2026. \\n\\nNASA\u2019s Artemis program, a follow-up to the Apollo moonshots of the late 1960s and early 1970s, has completed only one mission. An empty Orion capsule circled the moon in 2022 after blasting off on NASA\u2019s new Space Launch System rocket. \\n\\nAlthough the launch and lunar laps went well, the capsule returned with an excessively charred and eroded bottom heat shield, damaged from the heat of reentry. It took until recently for engineers to pinpoint the cause and come up with a plan. \\n\\nNASA will use the Orion capsule with its original heat shield for the next flight with four astronauts, according to Nelson, but make changes to the reentry path at flight\u2019s end. To rip off and replace the heat shield would have meant at least a full year\u2019s delay and stalled the moon landing even further, officials said. \\n\\nDuring the flight test, NASA had the capsule dip in and out of the atmosphere during reentry, and gases built up in the heat shield\u2019s outer layer, officials said. That resulted in cracking and uneven shedding of the outer material. \\n\\nThe commander of the lunar fly-around, astronaut Reid Wiseman, took part in Thursday\u2019s news conference at NASA headquarters in Washington. His crew includes NASA astronauts Victor Glover and Christina Koch and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen. \\n\\n\u201cDelays are agonizing and slowing down is agonizing and it\u2019s not what we like to do,\u201d Wiseman said. But he said he and his crew wanted the heat shield damage from the first flight to be fully understood, regardless of how long it took. Now they can focus with this \u201clarge decision behind us.\u201d \\n\\nTwenty-four astronauts flew to the moon during NASA\u2019s vaulted Apollo program, with 12 landing on it. The final bootprints in the lunar dust were made during Apollo 17 in December 1972. \\n\\nNelson said the revised schedule should still have the United States getting astronauts back on the lunar surface before China, which has indicated 2030 for a crew moon landing. \\n\\nThe space agency has put all the Artemis contractors, including Elon Musk\u2019s SpaceX, on notice to \u201cdouble-down\u201d to meet the schedule deadlines, according to Nelson. SpaceX\u2019s mega rocket Starship \u2014 making test flights from Texas with increasing frequency \u2014 is how astronauts will get from the Orion capsule in lunar orbit down to the surface on the first two Artemis moon landings. \\n\\nNelson said he\u2019s already called Jared Isaacman, the SpaceX-flying billionaire nominated this week by Trump to lead NASA, and invited him to NASA headquarters in Washington. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1205673217773438e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '8952a0b9-f4fe-489c-aad3-0f9d0ef44ec1', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.38943397998809814, 'sentence': 'NASA announced more delays Thursday in sending astronauts back to the moon more than 50 years after Apollo.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.246748685836792, 'sentence': 'Administrator Bill Nelson said the next mission in the Artemis program -- flying four astronauts around the moon and back - is now targeted for April 2026.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.25575289130210876, 'sentence': 'It had been on the books for September 2025, after slipping from this year.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, 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'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.06633669730667867, 'human': 0.9336633026933213, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'NASA announced more delays Thursday in sending astronauts back to the moon more than 50 years after Apollo. \\n\\nAdministrator Bill Nelson said the next mission in the Artemis program -- flying four astronauts around the moon and back \u2013 is now targeted for April 2026. It had been on the books for September 2025, after slipping from this year. \\n\\nThe investigation into heat shield damage from the capsule\u2019s initial test flight two years ago took time, officials said, and other spacecraft improvements are still needed. \\n\\nThis bumps the third Artemis mission \u2014 a moon landing by two other astronauts \u2014 to at least 2027. NASA had been aiming for 2026. \\n\\nNASA\u2019s Artemis program, a follow-up to the Apollo moonshots of the late 1960s and early 1970s, has completed only one mission. An empty Orion capsule circled the moon in 2022 after blasting off on NASA\u2019s new Space Launch System rocket. \\n\\nAlthough the launch and lunar laps went well, the capsule returned with an excessively charred and eroded bottom heat shield, damaged from the heat of reentry. It took until recently for engineers to pinpoint the cause and come up with a plan. \\n\\nNASA will use the Orion capsule with its original heat shield for the next flight with four astronauts, according to Nelson, but make changes to the reentry path at flight\u2019s end. To rip off and replace the heat shield would have meant at least a full year\u2019s delay and stalled the moon landing even further, officials said. \\n\\nDuring the flight test, NASA had the capsule dip in and out of the atmosphere during reentry, and gases built up in the heat shield\u2019s outer layer, officials said. That resulted in cracking and uneven shedding of the outer material. \\n\\nThe commander of the lunar fly-around, astronaut Reid Wiseman, took part in Thursday\u2019s news conference at NASA headquarters in Washington. His crew includes NASA astronauts Victor Glover and Christina Koch and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen. \\n\\n\u201cDelays are agonizing and slowing down is agonizing and it\u2019s not what we like to do,\u201d Wiseman said. But he said he and his crew wanted the heat shield damage from the first flight to be fully understood, regardless of how long it took. Now they can focus with this \u201clarge decision behind us.\u201d \\n\\nTwenty-four astronauts flew to the moon during NASA\u2019s vaulted Apollo program, with 12 landing on it. The final bootprints in the lunar dust were made during Apollo 17 in December 1972. \\n\\nNelson said the revised schedule should still have the United States getting astronauts back on the lunar surface before China, which has indicated 2030 for a crew moon landing. \\n\\nThe space agency has put all the Artemis contractors, including Elon Musk\u2019s SpaceX, on notice to \u201cdouble-down\u201d to meet the schedule deadlines, according to Nelson. SpaceX\u2019s mega rocket Starship \u2014 making test flights from Texas with increasing frequency \u2014 is how astronauts will get from the Orion capsule in lunar orbit down to the surface on the first two Artemis moon landings. \\n\\nNelson said he\u2019s already called Jared Isaacman, the SpaceX-flying billionaire nominated this week by Trump to lead NASA, and invited him to NASA headquarters in Washington. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7037546635,"RADAR":0.007527641,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The punctuation at the beginning of the article is quite strange and makes me think it's probably a human error. Human articles are also more likely to use expressions like \"it's on the books\". "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"I see no signs of AI.\nThe repetition of \"agonizing\" and the use of unusual words like \"rip pff\" and \"bumps\" suggest a human author."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I think it's human-generated based on the two 'more than's' in the first sentence, the double hyphen in the second paragraph, the short sentences, the spaced en dashes, and the use of the present continuous. Oh, and it mixes numerals with words. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. To me, the article doesn't skim out on details - its format and writing style is straight to the point, with sentences that are declarative and simple. It gives credit when needed, does not try and impose any symbolic or subjective points of view on the topic, and is concise in its information, especially with phrases such as \"at least a full year\u2019s delay and stalled the moon landing even further, officials said.\" and \"That resulted in cracking and uneven shedding of the outer material.\" and there's signs of unique word choices and realistic quotes, such as with \"lunar fly-around\" and \"Delays are agonizing and slowing down is agonizing and it\u2019s not what we like to do.\""},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"More paraphrases than direct quotes.\nNo decorative word choices unrelated to the content of the text."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"121":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":2,"title":"In Alaska, a pilot drops turkeys to rural homes for Thanksgiving","sub-title":"In the remotest reaches of Alaska, there\u2019s no relying on DoorDash to have Thanksgiving dinner delivered. ","author":"Mark Thiessen & Becky Bohrer","source":"Associated Press","issue":1732752000000,"section":"Oddities","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/alaska-turkeys-dropped-from-airplanes-9865b07e98826a77dd3570c679600f1a","article":"In the remotest reaches of Alaska, there\u2019s no relying on DoorDash to have Thanksgiving dinner \u2014 or any dinner \u2014 delivered. But some residents living well off the grid nevertheless have turkeys this holiday, thanks to the Alaska Turkey Bomb. \n\nFor the third straight year, a resident named Esther Keim has been flying low and slow in a small plane over rural parts of south-central Alaska, dropping frozen turkeys to those who can\u2019t simply run out to the grocery store. \n\nAlaska is mostly wilderness, with only about 20% of it accessible by road. In winter, many who live in remote areas rely on small planes or snowmobiles to travel any distance, and frozen rivers can act as makeshift roads. \n\nWhen Keim was growing up on an Alaska homestead, a family friend would airdrop turkeys to her family and others nearby for the holidays. Other times, the pilot would deliver newspapers, sometimes with a pack of gum inside for Keim. \n\nHer family moved to more urban Alaska nearly 25 years ago but still has the homestead. Using a small plane she had rebuilt with her father, Keim launched her turkey delivery mission a few years back after learning of a family living off the land nearby who had little for Thanksgiving dinner. \n\n\u201cThey were telling me that a squirrel for dinner did not split very far between three people,\u201d Keim recalled. \u201cAt that moment, I thought ... \u2018I\u2019m going to airdrop them a turkey.\u2019\u201d \n\nShe decided not to stop there. Her effort has grown by word of mouth and by social media posts. This year, she\u2019s delivering 32 frozen turkeys to people living year-round in cabins where there are no roads. \n\nAll but two had been delivered by Tuesday, with delivery plans for the last two birds thwarted by Alaska\u2019s unpredictable weather. \n\nAmong the beneficiaries are Dave and Christina Luce, who live on the Yentna River about 45 miles (72 kilometers) northwest of Anchorage. They have stunning mountain views in every direction, including North America\u2019s tallest mountain, Denali, directly to the north. But in the winter it\u2019s a 90-minute snowmobile ride to the nearest town, which they do about once a month. \n\n\u201cI\u2019m 80 years old now, so we make fewer and fewer trips,\u201d Dave Luce said. \u201cThe adventure has sort of gone out of it.\u201d \n\nThey\u2019ve known Keim since she was little. The 12-pound (5.44-kilogram) turkey she delivered will provide more than enough for them and a few neighbors. \n\n\u201cIt makes a great Thanksgiving,\u201d Dave Luce said. \u201cShe\u2019s been a real sweetheart, and she\u2019s been a real good friend.\u201d \n\nKeim makes 30 to 40 turkey deliveries yearly, flying as far as 100 miles (161 kilometers) from her base north of Anchorage toward Denali\u2019s foothills. \n\nSometimes she enlists the help of a \u201cturkey dropper\u201d to ride along and toss the birds out. Other times, she\u2019s the one dropping turkeys while her friend Heidi Hastings pilots her own plane. \n\nKeim buys about 20 turkeys at a time, with the help of donations, usually by people reaching out to her through Facebook. She wraps them in plastic garbage bags and lets them sit in the bed of her pickup until she can arrange a flight. \n\n\u201cLuckily it\u2019s cold in Alaska, so I don\u2019t have to worry about freezers,\u201d she said. \n\nShe contacts families on social media to let them know of impending deliveries, and then they buzz the house so the homeowners will come outside. \n\n\u201cWe won\u2019t drop the turkey until we see them come out of the house or the cabin, because if they don\u2019t see it fall, they\u2019re not going to know where to look,\u201d she said. \n\nIt can be especially difficult to find the turkey if there\u2019s deep snow. A turkey was once missing for five days before it was found, but the only casualty so far has been a lost ham, Keim said. \n\nKeim prefers to drop the turkey on a frozen lake if possible so it\u2019s easy to locate. \n\n\u201cAs far as precision and hitting our target, I am definitely not the best aim,\u201d she joked. \u201cI\u2019ve gotten better, but I have never hit a house, a building, person or dog.\u201d \n\nHer reward is the great responses she gets from families, some who record her dropping the turkeys and send her videos and texts of appreciation. \n\n\u201cThey just think it\u2019s so awesome that we throw these things out of the plane,\u201d Keim said. \n\nUltimately, she hopes to set up a nonprofit organization to solicit more donations and reach people across a bigger swath of the state. And it doesn\u2019t have to stop at turkeys. \n\n\u201cThere\u2019s so many kids out in the villages,\u201d she said. \u201cIt would be cool to maybe add a stuffed animal or something they can hold.\u201d \n\n ","id":1,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'In the remotest reaches of Alaska, there\u2019s no relying on DoorDash to have Thanksgiving dinner \u2014 or any dinner \u2014 delivered. But some residents living well off the grid nevertheless have turkeys this holiday, thanks to the Alaska Turkey Bomb. \\n\\nFor the third straight year, a resident named Esther Keim has been flying low and slow in a small plane over rural parts of south-central Alaska, dropping frozen turkeys to those who can\u2019t simply run out to the grocery store. \\n\\nAlaska is mostly wilderness, with only about 20% of it accessible by road. In winter, many who live in remote areas rely on small planes or snowmobiles to travel any distance, and frozen rivers can act as makeshift roads. \\n\\nWhen Keim was growing up on an Alaska homestead, a family friend would airdrop turkeys to her family and others nearby for the holidays. Other times, the pilot would deliver newspapers, sometimes with a pack of gum inside for Keim. \\n\\nHer family moved to more urban Alaska nearly 25 years ago but still has the homestead. Using a small plane she had rebuilt with her father, Keim launched her turkey delivery mission a few years back after learning of a family living off the land nearby who had little for Thanksgiving dinner. \\n\\n\u201cThey were telling me that a squirrel for dinner did not split very far between three people,\u201d Keim recalled. \u201cAt that moment, I thought ... \u2018I\u2019m going to airdrop them a turkey.\u2019\u201d \\n\\nShe decided not to stop there. Her effort has grown by word of mouth and by social media posts. This year, she\u2019s delivering 32 frozen turkeys to people living year-round in cabins where there are no roads. \\n\\nAll but two had been delivered by Tuesday, with delivery plans for the last two birds thwarted by Alaska\u2019s unpredictable weather. \\n\\nAmong the beneficiaries are Dave and Christina Luce, who live on the Yentna River about 45 miles (72 kilometers) northwest of Anchorage. They have stunning mountain views in every direction, including North America\u2019s tallest mountain, Denali, directly to the north. But in the winter it\u2019s a 90-minute snowmobile ride to the nearest town, which they do about once a month. \\n\\n\u201cI\u2019m 80 years old now, so we make fewer and fewer trips,\u201d Dave Luce said. \u201cThe adventure has sort of gone out of it.\u201d \\n\\nThey\u2019ve known Keim since she was little. The 12-pound (5.44-kilogram) turkey she delivered will provide more than enough for them and a few neighbors. \\n\\n\u201cIt makes a great Thanksgiving,\u201d Dave Luce said. \u201cShe\u2019s been a real sweetheart, and she\u2019s been a real good friend.\u201d \\n\\nKeim makes 30 to 40 turkey deliveries yearly, flying as far as 100 miles (161 kilometers) from her base north of Anchorage toward Denali\u2019s foothills. \\n\\nSometimes she enlists the help of a \u201cturkey dropper\u201d to ride along and toss the birds out. Other times, she\u2019s the one dropping turkeys while her friend Heidi Hastings pilots her own plane. \\n\\nKeim buys about 20 turkeys at a time, with the help of donations, usually by people reaching out to her through Facebook. She wraps them in plastic garbage bags and lets them sit in the bed of her pickup until she can arrange a flight. \\n\\n\u201cLuckily it\u2019s cold in Alaska, so I don\u2019t have to worry about freezers,\u201d she said. \\n\\nShe contacts families on social media to let them know of impending deliveries, and then they buzz the house so the homeowners will come outside. \\n\\n\u201cWe won\u2019t drop the turkey until we see them come out of the house or the cabin, because if they don\u2019t see it fall, they\u2019re not going to know where to look,\u201d she said. \\n\\nIt can be especially difficult to find the turkey if there\u2019s deep snow. A turkey was once missing for five days before it was found, but the only casualty so far has been a lost ham, Keim said. \\n\\nKeim prefers to drop the turkey on a frozen lake if possible so it\u2019s easy to locate. \\n\\n\u201cAs far as precision and hitting our target, I am definitely not the best aim,\u201d she joked. \u201cI\u2019ve gotten better, but I have never hit a house, a building, person or dog.\u201d \\n\\nHer reward is the great responses she gets from families, some who record her dropping the turkeys and send her videos and texts of appreciation. \\n\\n\u201cThey just think it\u2019s so awesome that we throw these things out of the plane,\u201d Keim said. \\n\\nUltimately, she hopes to set up a nonprofit organization to solicit more donations and reach people across a bigger swath of the state. And it doesn\u2019t have to stop at turkeys. \\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s so many kids out in the villages,\u201d she said. \u201cIt would be cool to maybe add a stuffed animal or something they can hold.\u201d \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.8014183044433594e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'In the remotest reaches of Alaska, there\u2019s no relying on DoorDash to have Thanksgiving dinner \u2014 or any dinner \u2014 delivered. But some residents living well off the grid nevertheless have turkeys this holiday, thanks to the Alaska Turkey Bomb. \\n\\nFor the third straight year, a resident named Esther Keim has been flying low and slow in a small plane over rural parts of south-central Alaska, dropping frozen turkeys to those who can\u2019t simply run out to the grocery store. \\n\\nAlaska is mostly wilderness, with only about 20% of it accessible by road. In winter, many who live in remote areas rely on small planes or snowmobiles to travel any distance, and frozen rivers can act as makeshift roads. \\n\\nWhen Keim was growing up on an Alaska homestead, a family friend would airdrop turkeys to her family and others nearby for the holidays. Other times, the pilot would deliver newspapers, sometimes with a pack of gum inside for Keim. \\n\\nHer family moved to more urban Alaska nearly 25 years ago but still has the homestead. Using a small plane she had rebuilt with her father, Keim launched her turkey delivery mission a few years back after learning of a family living off the land nearby who had little for Thanksgiving dinner. \\n\\n\u201cThey were telling me that a squirrel for dinner did not split very far between three people,\u201d Keim recalled. \u201cAt that moment, I thought ... \u2018I\u2019m going to airdrop them a turkey.\u2019\u201d \\n\\nShe decided not to stop there. Her effort has grown by word of mouth and by social media posts. This year, she\u2019s delivering 32 frozen turkeys to people living year-round in cabins where there are no roads. \\n\\nAll but two had been delivered by Tuesday, with delivery plans for the last two birds thwarted by Alaska\u2019s unpredictable weather. \\n\\nAmong the beneficiaries are Dave and Christina Luce, who live on the Yentna River about 45 miles (72 kilometers) northwest of Anchorage. They have stunning mountain views in every direction, including North America\u2019s tallest mountain, Denali, directly to the north. But in the winter it\u2019s a 90-minute snowmobile ride to the nearest town, which they do about once a month. \\n\\n\u201cI\u2019m 80 years old now, so we make fewer and fewer trips,\u201d Dave Luce said. \u201cThe adventure has sort of gone out of it.\u201d \\n\\nThey\u2019ve known Keim since she was little. The 12-pound (5.44-kilogram) turkey she delivered will provide more than enough for them and a few neighbors. \\n\\n\u201cIt makes a great Thanksgiving,\u201d Dave Luce said. \u201cShe\u2019s been a real sweetheart, and she\u2019s been a real good friend.\u201d \\n\\nKeim makes 30 to 40 turkey deliveries yearly, flying as far as 100 miles (161 kilometers) from her base north of Anchorage toward Denali\u2019s foothills. \\n\\nSometimes she enlists the help of a \u201cturkey dropper\u201d to ride along and toss the birds out. Other times, she\u2019s the one dropping turkeys while her friend Heidi Hastings pilots her own plane. \\n\\nKeim buys about 20 turkeys at a time, with the help of donations, usually by people reaching out to her through Facebook. She wraps them in plastic garbage bags and lets them sit in the bed of her pickup until she can arrange a flight. \\n\\n\u201cLuckily it\u2019s cold in Alaska, so I don\u2019t have to worry about freezers,\u201d she said. \\n\\nShe contacts families on social media to let them know of impending deliveries, and then they buzz the house so the homeowners will come outside. \\n\\n\u201cWe won\u2019t drop the turkey until we see them come out of the house or the cabin, because if they don\u2019t see it fall, they\u2019re not going to know where to look,\u201d she said. \\n\\nIt can be especially difficult to find the turkey if there\u2019s deep snow. A turkey was once missing for five days before it was found, but the only casualty so far has been a lost ham, Keim said. \\n\\nKeim prefers to drop the turkey on a frozen lake if possible so it\u2019s easy to locate. \\n\\n\u201cAs far as precision and hitting our target, I am definitely not the best aim,\u201d she joked. \u201cI\u2019ve gotten better, but I have never hit a house, a building, person or dog.\u201d \\n\\nHer reward is the great responses she gets from families, some who record her dropping the turkeys and send her videos and texts of appreciation. \\n\\n\u201cThey just think it\u2019s so awesome that we throw these things out of the plane,\u201d Keim said. \\n\\nUltimately, she hopes to set up a nonprofit organization to solicit more donations and reach people across a bigger swath of the state. And it doesn\u2019t have to stop at turkeys. \\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s so many kids out in the villages,\u201d she said. \u201cIt would be cool to maybe add a stuffed animal or something they can hold.\u201d \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.7418136596679688e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '9c8cd9d0-ebbc-4e7c-9b56-d1f21438a25c', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.5029497666982934e-05, 'sentence': \"In the remotest reaches of Alaska, there's no relying on DoorDash to have Thanksgiving dinner \u1173 or any dinner \u1173 delivered.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.242431557737291e-05, 'sentence': 'But some residents living well off the grid nevertheless have turkeys this holiday, thanks to the Alaska Turkey Bomb.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.580628981580958e-05, 'sentence': \"For the third straight year, a resident named Esther Keim has been flying low and slow in a small plane over rural parts of south-central Alaska, dropping frozen turkeys to those who can't simply run out to the grocery store.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.432280209381133e-05, 'sentence': 'Alaska is mostly wilderness, with only about 20% of it accessible by road.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.322889097034931e-05, 'sentence': 'In winter, many who live in remote areas rely on small planes or snowmobiles to travel any distance, and frozen rivers can act as makeshift roads.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.5025663489941508e-05, 'sentence': 'When Keim was growing up on an Alaska homestead, a family friend would airdrop turkeys to her family and others nearby for the holidays.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.7130097805638798e-05, 'sentence': 'Other times, the pilot would deliver newspapers, sometimes with a pack of gum inside for Keim.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.638469959492795e-05, 'sentence': 'Her family moved to more urban Alaska nearly 25 years ago but still has the homestead.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.675236464710906e-05, 'sentence': 'Using a small plane she had rebuilt with her father, Keim launched her turkey delivery mission a few years back after learning of a family living off the land nearby who had little for Thanksgiving dinner.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.452018452459015e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cThey were telling me that a squirrel for dinner did not split very far between three people,\u201d Keim recalled.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.057694630115293e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cAt that moment, I thought... 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{'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'In the remotest reaches of Alaska, there\u2019s no relying on DoorDash to have Thanksgiving dinner \u2014 or any dinner \u2014 delivered. But some residents living well off the grid nevertheless have turkeys this holiday, thanks to the Alaska Turkey Bomb. \\n\\nFor the third straight year, a resident named Esther Keim has been flying low and slow in a small plane over rural parts of south-central Alaska, dropping frozen turkeys to those who can\u2019t simply run out to the grocery store. \\n\\nAlaska is mostly wilderness, with only about 20% of it accessible by road. In winter, many who live in remote areas rely on small planes or snowmobiles to travel any distance, and frozen rivers can act as makeshift roads. \\n\\nWhen Keim was growing up on an Alaska homestead, a family friend would airdrop turkeys to her family and others nearby for the holidays. Other times, the pilot would deliver newspapers, sometimes with a pack of gum inside for Keim. \\n\\nHer family moved to more urban Alaska nearly 25 years ago but still has the homestead. Using a small plane she had rebuilt with her father, Keim launched her turkey delivery mission a few years back after learning of a family living off the land nearby who had little for Thanksgiving dinner. \\n\\n\u201cThey were telling me that a squirrel for dinner did not split very far between three people,\u201d Keim recalled. \u201cAt that moment, I thought ... \u2018I\u2019m going to airdrop them a turkey.\u2019\u201d \\n\\nShe decided not to stop there. Her effort has grown by word of mouth and by social media posts. This year, she\u2019s delivering 32 frozen turkeys to people living year-round in cabins where there are no roads. \\n\\nAll but two had been delivered by Tuesday, with delivery plans for the last two birds thwarted by Alaska\u2019s unpredictable weather. \\n\\nAmong the beneficiaries are Dave and Christina Luce, who live on the Yentna River about 45 miles (72 kilometers) northwest of Anchorage. They have stunning mountain views in every direction, including North America\u2019s tallest mountain, Denali, directly to the north. But in the winter it\u2019s a 90-minute snowmobile ride to the nearest town, which they do about once a month. \\n\\n\u201cI\u2019m 80 years old now, so we make fewer and fewer trips,\u201d Dave Luce said. \u201cThe adventure has sort of gone out of it.\u201d \\n\\nThey\u2019ve known Keim since she was little. The 12-pound (5.44-kilogram) turkey she delivered will provide more than enough for them and a few neighbors. \\n\\n\u201cIt makes a great Thanksgiving,\u201d Dave Luce said. \u201cShe\u2019s been a real sweetheart, and she\u2019s been a real good friend.\u201d \\n\\nKeim makes 30 to 40 turkey deliveries yearly, flying as far as 100 miles (161 kilometers) from her base north of Anchorage toward Denali\u2019s foothills. \\n\\nSometimes she enlists the help of a \u201cturkey dropper\u201d to ride along and toss the birds out. Other times, she\u2019s the one dropping turkeys while her friend Heidi Hastings pilots her own plane. \\n\\nKeim buys about 20 turkeys at a time, with the help of donations, usually by people reaching out to her through Facebook. She wraps them in plastic garbage bags and lets them sit in the bed of her pickup until she can arrange a flight. \\n\\n\u201cLuckily it\u2019s cold in Alaska, so I don\u2019t have to worry about freezers,\u201d she said. \\n\\nShe contacts families on social media to let them know of impending deliveries, and then they buzz the house so the homeowners will come outside. \\n\\n\u201cWe won\u2019t drop the turkey until we see them come out of the house or the cabin, because if they don\u2019t see it fall, they\u2019re not going to know where to look,\u201d she said. \\n\\nIt can be especially difficult to find the turkey if there\u2019s deep snow. A turkey was once missing for five days before it was found, but the only casualty so far has been a lost ham, Keim said. \\n\\nKeim prefers to drop the turkey on a frozen lake if possible so it\u2019s easy to locate. \\n\\n\u201cAs far as precision and hitting our target, I am definitely not the best aim,\u201d she joked. \u201cI\u2019ve gotten better, but I have never hit a house, a building, person or dog.\u201d \\n\\nHer reward is the great responses she gets from families, some who record her dropping the turkeys and send her videos and texts of appreciation. \\n\\n\u201cThey just think it\u2019s so awesome that we throw these things out of the plane,\u201d Keim said. \\n\\nUltimately, she hopes to set up a nonprofit organization to solicit more donations and reach people across a bigger swath of the state. And it doesn\u2019t have to stop at turkeys. \\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s so many kids out in the villages,\u201d she said. \u201cIt would be cool to maybe add a stuffed animal or something they can hold.\u201d \\n\\n '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7026050091,"RADAR":0.0042378111,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The article contains a few warlike references such as \"the only casualty is a lost ham\" and \"Turkey Bomb\". You wouldn't expect to see these in an article on dropping turkeys, and AI text usually goes with the most obvious\/expected responses. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"There really are no clues to sway my decision either way. I've gone with \"human-generated\" because I feel that \"Alaska homestead\" should be \"Alaskan homestead.\" This may be a human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's: 'the remotest'? AI would say 'the most remote'. Short paragraphs and sentences. Spaced en dashes. Contractions. Conversational writing style. Repetition. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. The article's sentences, language, quotes are all simple and straight to the point. It describes ideas when needed, and when it comes to meaning, that's found purely by circumstance rather than any blatant, flowery explanation. Some examples include \"A turkey was once missing for five days before it was found, but the only casualty so far has been a lost ham, Keim said.\" and \"But in the winter it\u2019s a 90-minute snowmobile ride to the nearest town, which they do about once a month.\" "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Direct quotes sound authentic.\nSeveral paragraphs consist of only one sentence.\nCorrect use of single and double quotation marks when placing a quote within a quote.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"122":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":3,"title":"This whale species is so rare it\u2019s never been seen alive. A dissection may decode its mysteries ","sub-title":"Scientists and culture experts in New Zealand have begun the first-ever dissection of a spade-toothed whale, the world\u2019s rarest whale species. ","author":"Charlotte Graham-McClay","source":"Associated Press","issue":1733097600000,"section":"Animals","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/rarest-whale-zealand-spade-toothed-dissection-d71aad4ce6e47f4e1056a10cf5b8610e","article":"It is the world\u2019s rarest whale, with only seven of its kind ever spotted. Almost nothing is known about the enigmatic species. But on Monday a small group of scientists and cultural experts in New Zealand clustered around a near-perfectly preserved spade-toothed whale hoping to decode decades of mystery. \n\n\u201cI can\u2019t tell you how extraordinary it is,\u201d said a joyful Anton van Helden, senior marine science adviser for New Zealand\u2019s conservation agency, who gave the spade-toothed whale its name to distinguish it from other beaked species. \u201cFor me personally, it\u2019s unbelievable.\u201d \n\nVan Helden has studied beaked whales for 35 years, but Monday was the first time he has participated in a dissection of the spade-toothed variety. In fact, the careful study of the creature -- which washed up dead on a New Zealand beach in July \u2014 is the first ever to take place. \n\nNone has ever been seen alive at sea. \n\nThe list of what scientists don\u2019t know about spade-toothed whales is longer than what they do know. They don\u2019t know where in the ocean the whales live, why they\u2019ve never been spotted in the wild, or what their brains look like. All beaked whales have different stomach systems and researchers don\u2019t know how the spade-toothed kind processes its food. They don\u2019t know how this one died. \n\nOver the next week, researchers studying the 5-meter (16-foot) -long male at an agricultural research center near the city of Dunedin hope to find out. \n\n\u201cThere may be parasites completely new to science that just live in this whale,\u201d said van Helden, who thrilled at the chance of learning how the species produces sound and what it eats. \u201cWho knows what we\u2019ll discover?\u201d \n\nOnly six other spade-toothed whales have ever been found, but all those discovered intact were buried before DNA testing could verify their identification. \n\nNew Zealand is a whale-stranding hotspot, with more than 5,000 episodes recorded since 1840, according to the Department of Conservation. The first spade-toothed whale bones were found in 1872 on New Zealand\u2019s Pitt Island. Another discovery was made at an offshore island in the 1950s, and the bones of a third were found on Chile\u2019s Robinson Crusoe Island in 1986. \n\nDNA sequencing in 2002 proved that all three specimens were of the same species \u2014 and that it was distinct from other beaked whales. But researchers studying the mammal couldn\u2019t confirm whether the species was extinct until 2010, when two whole spade-toothed whales, both dead, washed up on a New Zealand beach. But none has been studied before. \n\nOn Monday, the seventh of its kind, surrounded by white-aproned scientists who were measuring and photographing, appeared relatively unblemished, giving no clue about its death. Researchers pointed out marks from cookiecutter sharks \u2014 normal, they said, and not the cause. \n\nThe dissection will be quiet, methodical and slower than usual, because it is being undertaken in partnership with M\u0101ori, New Zealand\u2019s Indigenous people. To M\u0101ori, whales are a taonga -\u2013 a precious treasure -\u2013 and the creature will be treated with the reverence afforded to an ancestor. \n\nMembers of the local iwi, or tribe, will be present throughout the dissection and consulted at each turn, allowing them to share traditional knowledge and observe customs, such as saying a karakia -\u2013 a prayer -\u2013 over the creature before the study begins. \n\n\u201cAccording to our beliefs and our traditions, this whale is a gift of Tangaroa, deity of the ocean,\u201d said Tumai Cassidy from the local people Te R\u016bnanga \u014ct\u0101kou. \u201cIt\u2019s very important for us to respect that gift and to honor the whale.\u201d \n\nThe iwi will keep the jawbone and teeth of the whale at the end of the dissection, before its skeleton is displayed in a museum. 3D printing will be used to replicate those parts, using a CT scan taken of the whale\u2019s head this week. \n\n\u201cIt all builds a richer picture for that species but also tells us how it interacts with our oceans,\u201d Cassidy said. \n\nIt\u2019s thought that spade-toothed whales live in the vast Southern Pacific Ocean, home to some of the world\u2019s deepest ocean trenches. Beaked whales are the ocean\u2019s deepest divers for food, and the spade-toothed may rarely surface, adding to its mystery. \n\nThe assembled scientists on Monday included a few who had traveled from abroad to see the whale, which was put in refrigerated storage after its discovery. \n\n\u201cWhat we are interested in is not only how these animals died, but how they lived,\u201d said Joy Reidenberg, a comparative anatomist from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York. \u201cIn discovering how they live, we are hoping to find discoveries that we can apply back to the human condition.\u201d ","id":2,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'It is the world\u2019s rarest whale, with only seven of its kind ever spotted. Almost nothing is known about the enigmatic species. But on Monday a small group of scientists and cultural experts in New Zealand clustered around a near-perfectly preserved spade-toothed whale hoping to decode decades of mystery. \\n\\n\u201cI can\u2019t tell you how extraordinary it is,\u201d said a joyful Anton van Helden, senior marine science adviser for New Zealand\u2019s conservation agency, who gave the spade-toothed whale its name to distinguish it from other beaked species. \u201cFor me personally, it\u2019s unbelievable.\u201d \\n\\nVan Helden has studied beaked whales for 35 years, but Monday was the first time he has participated in a dissection of the spade-toothed variety. In fact, the careful study of the creature -- which washed up dead on a New Zealand beach in July \u2014 is the first ever to take place. \\n\\nNone has ever been seen alive at sea. \\n\\nThe list of what scientists don\u2019t know about spade-toothed whales is longer than what they do know. They don\u2019t know where in the ocean the whales live, why they\u2019ve never been spotted in the wild, or what their brains look like. All beaked whales have different stomach systems and researchers don\u2019t know how the spade-toothed kind processes its food. They don\u2019t know how this one died. \\n\\nOver the next week, researchers studying the 5-meter (16-foot) -long male at an agricultural research center near the city of Dunedin hope to find out. \\n\\n\u201cThere may be parasites completely new to science that just live in this whale,\u201d said van Helden, who thrilled at the chance of learning how the species produces sound and what it eats. \u201cWho knows what we\u2019ll discover?\u201d \\n\\nOnly six other spade-toothed whales have ever been found, but all those discovered intact were buried before DNA testing could verify their identification. \\n\\nNew Zealand is a whale-stranding hotspot, with more than 5,000 episodes recorded since 1840, according to the Department of Conservation. The first spade-toothed whale bones were found in 1872 on New Zealand\u2019s Pitt Island. Another discovery was made at an offshore island in the 1950s, and the bones of a third were found on Chile\u2019s Robinson Crusoe Island in 1986. \\n\\nDNA sequencing in 2002 proved that all three specimens were of the same species \u2014 and that it was distinct from other beaked whales. But researchers studying the mammal couldn\u2019t confirm whether the species was extinct until 2010, when two whole spade-toothed whales, both dead, washed up on a New Zealand beach. But none has been studied before. \\n\\nOn Monday, the seventh of its kind, surrounded by white-aproned scientists who were measuring and photographing, appeared relatively unblemished, giving no clue about its death. Researchers pointed out marks from cookiecutter sharks \u2014 normal, they said, and not the cause. \\n\\nThe dissection will be quiet, methodical and slower than usual, because it is being undertaken in partnership with M\u0101ori, New Zealand\u2019s Indigenous people. 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But on Monday a small group of scientists and cultural experts in New Zealand clustered around a near-perfectly preserved spade-toothed whale hoping to decode decades of mystery. \\n\\n\u201cI can\u2019t tell you how extraordinary it is,\u201d said a joyful Anton van Helden, senior marine science adviser for New Zealand\u2019s conservation agency, who gave the spade-toothed whale its name to distinguish it from other beaked species. \u201cFor me personally, it\u2019s unbelievable.\u201d \\n\\nVan Helden has studied beaked whales for 35 years, but Monday was the first time he has participated in a dissection of the spade-toothed variety. In fact, the careful study of the creature -- which washed up dead on a New Zealand beach in July \u2014 is the first ever to take place. \\n\\nNone has ever been seen alive at sea. \\n\\nThe list of what scientists don\u2019t know about spade-toothed whales is longer than what they do know. 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0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 24, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 26, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 27, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 29, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 31, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 32, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 34, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 35, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.015658843163015305, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9843411568369846, 'ai': 0.015658843163015305, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9843411568369846, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.015658843163015305, 'human': 0.9843411568369846, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'It is the world\u2019s rarest whale, with only seven of its kind ever spotted. Almost nothing is known about the enigmatic species. But on Monday a small group of scientists and cultural experts in New Zealand clustered around a near-perfectly preserved spade-toothed whale hoping to decode decades of mystery. \\n\\n\u201cI can\u2019t tell you how extraordinary it is,\u201d said a joyful Anton van Helden, senior marine science adviser for New Zealand\u2019s conservation agency, who gave the spade-toothed whale its name to distinguish it from other beaked species. \u201cFor me personally, it\u2019s unbelievable.\u201d \\n\\nVan Helden has studied beaked whales for 35 years, but Monday was the first time he has participated in a dissection of the spade-toothed variety. In fact, the careful study of the creature -- which washed up dead on a New Zealand beach in July \u2014 is the first ever to take place. \\n\\nNone has ever been seen alive at sea. \\n\\nThe list of what scientists don\u2019t know about spade-toothed whales is longer than what they do know. They don\u2019t know where in the ocean the whales live, why they\u2019ve never been spotted in the wild, or what their brains look like. All beaked whales have different stomach systems and researchers don\u2019t know how the spade-toothed kind processes its food. They don\u2019t know how this one died. \\n\\nOver the next week, researchers studying the 5-meter (16-foot) -long male at an agricultural research center near the city of Dunedin hope to find out. \\n\\n\u201cThere may be parasites completely new to science that just live in this whale,\u201d said van Helden, who thrilled at the chance of learning how the species produces sound and what it eats. \u201cWho knows what we\u2019ll discover?\u201d \\n\\nOnly six other spade-toothed whales have ever been found, but all those discovered intact were buried before DNA testing could verify their identification. \\n\\nNew Zealand is a whale-stranding hotspot, with more than 5,000 episodes recorded since 1840, according to the Department of Conservation. The first spade-toothed whale bones were found in 1872 on New Zealand\u2019s Pitt Island. Another discovery was made at an offshore island in the 1950s, and the bones of a third were found on Chile\u2019s Robinson Crusoe Island in 1986. \\n\\nDNA sequencing in 2002 proved that all three specimens were of the same species \u2014 and that it was distinct from other beaked whales. But researchers studying the mammal couldn\u2019t confirm whether the species was extinct until 2010, when two whole spade-toothed whales, both dead, washed up on a New Zealand beach. But none has been studied before. \\n\\nOn Monday, the seventh of its kind, surrounded by white-aproned scientists who were measuring and photographing, appeared relatively unblemished, giving no clue about its death. Researchers pointed out marks from cookiecutter sharks \u2014 normal, they said, and not the cause. \\n\\nThe dissection will be quiet, methodical and slower than usual, because it is being undertaken in partnership with M\u0101ori, New Zealand\u2019s Indigenous people. To M\u0101ori, whales are a taonga -\u2013 a precious treasure -\u2013 and the creature will be treated with the reverence afforded to an ancestor. \\n\\nMembers of the local iwi, or tribe, will be present throughout the dissection and consulted at each turn, allowing them to share traditional knowledge and observe customs, such as saying a karakia -\u2013 a prayer -\u2013 over the creature before the study begins. \\n\\n\u201cAccording to our beliefs and our traditions, this whale is a gift of Tangaroa, deity of the ocean,\u201d said Tumai Cassidy from the local people Te R\u016bnanga \u014ct\u0101kou. \u201cIt\u2019s very important for us to respect that gift and to honor the whale.\u201d \\n\\nThe iwi will keep the jawbone and teeth of the whale at the end of the dissection, before its skeleton is displayed in a museum. 3D printing will be used to replicate those parts, using a CT scan taken of the whale\u2019s head this week. \\n\\n\u201cIt all builds a richer picture for that species but also tells us how it interacts with our oceans,\u201d Cassidy said. \\n\\nIt\u2019s thought that spade-toothed whales live in the vast Southern Pacific Ocean, home to some of the world\u2019s deepest ocean trenches. Beaked whales are the ocean\u2019s deepest divers for food, and the spade-toothed may rarely surface, adding to its mystery. \\n\\nThe assembled scientists on Monday included a few who had traveled from abroad to see the whale, which was put in refrigerated storage after its discovery. \\n\\n\u201cWhat we are interested in is not only how these animals died, but how they lived,\u201d said Joy Reidenberg, a comparative anatomist from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York. \u201cIn discovering how they live, we are hoping to find discoveries that we can apply back to the human condition.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3652148843,"RADAR":0.005572421,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"I didn't really know which to choose for this article. The quotations seemed a bit like AI but I went with human-generated because some parts (like the measurement) seemed quite human. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"There are a few words here that I haven't seen AI use before, namely, \"joyful\" and \"enigmatic\". The sentences \"But researchers...\" and \"But none...\" come after each other and both start in the same way. This seems like a human error.\nThe repetition of \"our\" in \"our beliefs and our traditions\" seems human.\n"},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: 'Me\/we' language. Varied sentence and paragraph length. Contractions. Phrasing that sounds slightly off (highlighted). Spaced en dashes. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. If the main idea of this article is this whale is a mysterious species, then it needs to be supported by what scientists know, and most importantly, don't know about the creature. That's explained here, especially with this line \"The list of what scientists don\u2019t know about spade-toothed whales is longer than what they do know.\" as it creates a dichotomy that works to convey that sentiment. By giving that, and then providing details about the specimen and what's happening, reader will know what's mysterious and amazing about the species and see the reasoning behind quotes like \u201cWhat we are interested in is not only how these animals died, but how they lived,\u201d. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The use of \"it is\"\u2014AI always uses \"it's\".\nThe scientists' excitement does not come across as contrived.\nPity about the meh sentence at the end.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"123":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":4,"title":"The Real Impact Those Sad Puppy Dog Eyes Have on Their Owners ","sub-title":"Pet owners can feel immense guilt when leaving their pets at home","author":"Emilie Le Beau Lucchesi","source":"Discover","issue":1727308800000,"section":"Mind","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/mind\/the-real-impact-those-sad-puppy-dog-eyes-have-on-their-owners","article":"The mournful eyes, the lingering stares, the sad sighs. Many pet parents leave the house each day with a dog or cat watching somberly from the window. \n\nSocial scientists have found that pet owners experience ongoing guilt about wanting to do better for their animals. Researchers have called it an understudied topic that needs to be better considered, particularly as more workers are called back into the office full-time.  \n\n<b>Why Owners Feel Guilty About Leaving Their Pets<\/b> \n\nPsychologist Lori Kogan felt guilty about leaving her dogs alone during her long work days. She knew they looked forward to their walks, but frigid weather made her cut their outings short, which made her feel even more guilty. \n\n\u201cI felt guilty going out on the weekends or the evening, and the guilt was killing me,\u201d says Kogan, a professor of clinical sciences at Colorado State University. \n\nKogan\u2019s distress prompted a series of studies examining whether other dog owners felt guilt. In a 2022 study in Animals, Kogan and her research partners surveyed 592 pet owners in the U.S. who had their dog for at least six months. \n\n<b>How Researchers Measure Guilt<\/b> \n\nIn the survey, the team measured pet owners\u2019 sense of guilt with questions like, \u2018I feel guilty when I can\u2019t afford higher-priced food\u2019 or \u2018I feel guilty when I do not take my dog to doggie daycare.\u2019 The types of guilt were categorized into five factors related to time\/attention, time away from home, leaving the pet alone, physical health, and furniture rules. \n\nThe study also measured the respondents' bond with their dogs, what they felt were attributes shared among ideal dog owners, and how they described themselves as pet parents. \n\nIn their assessment tools, the researchers used a scale intended for parents, replacing the word \u201cchild\u201d with \u201cpet.\u201d Not surprisingly, they found that dog owners articulated similar guilt as parents did in studies about parenting guilt. \n\n\u201cWe also find that this guilt is not related to other types of guilt,\u201d Kogan says. \u201cThis is a different type of guilt. Being a guilty-prone person does not predict if you will feel guilty about your pet.\u201d \n\n<b>The Link Between Pet Guilt and Mental Health<\/b> \n\nSimilar to parents who feel guilty, pet owners have emotional responses to their sense of failure. Almost half (42 percent) said they were just resigned to feeling guilty about their dog. Most (75 percent) said they tried to remind themselves their dog has a good life. \n\nOthers changed their behavior in response to their guilt. Forty percent admitted they reduced their socialization or recreation time in order to be with their dog; and 35 percent said they spent time with their dog at the \u201cexpense of other family members.\u201d \n\nThe study found that having dog-related guilt was predictive of other mental health issues. \u201cWe found that it is related to depression and anxiety. The more guilt you feel, the worse you feel,\u201d Kogan says. \n\nAs a psychologist, Kogan says this makes the isolating behaviors even more concerning. \u201cIf people are already feeling depressed and they reduce their social interactions, that\u2019s a double whammy,\u201d she says. \n\n<b>Social Media's Impact on Pet Guilt<\/b> \n\nSocial media can make parental guilt \u2014 both human and animal \u2014 worse. Influencers post videos that depict themselves as ideal, which can make viewers feel as though they aren\u2019t living up to the standard. \n\nWatching reels of dogs surfing on the weekend, riding along on a boat, or competing on an agility course can make a pet parent feel inferior when their dog\u2019s big Saturday plans are limited to a short walk and a nap on the couch. \n\nGuilt from social media can manifest in compensatory behaviors. \u201cI think that what drives a lot of this behavior in terms of buying special food or expensive toys,\u201d Kogan says. \n\n<b>Do Cat Owners Feel the Same Guilt as Dog Owners?<\/b> \n\nBut do cat owners feel the same guilt? After all, cats are supposed to be independent. In a 2023 follow-up study in Human-Animal Interactions, Kogan and her research partners found that cat owners experience a similar level of guilt and that such guilt is indicative of anxiety and depression. \n\nKogan says that society\u2019s expectations that cats don\u2019t need people make it harder for cat people to decline invitations when they feel their kitty has been alone for too long. \n\n\u201cIt\u2019s one thing to be at work and say, \u2018I need to go home because my dog has been home for 8 or 10 hours.\u2019 Most people will understand. But if you say my cat? They won\u2019t understand,\u201d Kogan says. \n\n<b>Coping with Pet Guilt<\/b> \n\nKogan classifies the guilt that pet parents feel as \u201cdisenfranchised\u201d because it is not well-recognized or well-studied. Pet parents feel responsible for the well-being of their animals, and work-life conflicts can limit the extent to which they can provide for their pets. The resulting guilt may be something that people deal with quietly, which can further their isolation. \n\nIdeally, more workplaces would allow people to bring their pets to the office, Kogan says. If that\u2019s not an option, occupying the dog with a dog walker or doggy daycare may help a person feel less guilty about their dog\u2019s long day alone. \n\nTalking about pet-parent guilt might also be helpful. Friends or family may be open to allowing a dog to attend a social event. At the least, they may start a dialogue in which others express an understanding. \n\n\u201cI want people to recognize they aren\u2019t the only ones that feel like this,\u201d Kogan says. ","id":3,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"The mournful eyes, the lingering stares, the sad sighs. Many pet parents leave the house each day with a dog or cat watching somberly from the window. \\n\\nSocial scientists have found that pet owners experience ongoing guilt about wanting to do better for their animals. Researchers have called it an understudied topic that needs to be better considered, particularly as more workers are called back into the office full-time.  \\n\\n<b>Why Owners Feel Guilty About Leaving Their Pets<\/b> \\n\\nPsychologist Lori Kogan felt guilty about leaving her dogs alone during her long work days. She knew they looked forward to their walks, but frigid weather made her cut their outings short, which made her feel even more guilty. \\n\\n\u201cI felt guilty going out on the weekends or the evening, and the guilt was killing me,\u201d says Kogan, a professor of clinical sciences at Colorado State University. \\n\\nKogan\u2019s distress prompted a series of studies examining whether other dog owners felt guilt. In a 2022 study in Animals, Kogan and her research partners surveyed 592 pet owners in the U.S. who had their dog for at least six months. \\n\\n<b>How Researchers Measure Guilt<\/b> \\n\\nIn the survey, the team measured pet owners\u2019 sense of guilt with questions like, \u2018I feel guilty when I can\u2019t afford higher-priced food\u2019 or \u2018I feel guilty when I do not take my dog to doggie daycare.\u2019 The types of guilt were categorized into five factors related to time\/attention, time away from home, leaving the pet alone, physical health, and furniture rules. \\n\\nThe study also measured the respondents' bond with their dogs, what they felt were attributes shared among ideal dog owners, and how they described themselves as pet parents. \\n\\nIn their assessment tools, the researchers used a scale intended for parents, replacing the word \u201cchild\u201d with \u201cpet.\u201d Not surprisingly, they found that dog owners articulated similar guilt as parents did in studies about parenting guilt. \\n\\n\u201cWe also find that this guilt is not related to other types of guilt,\u201d Kogan says. \u201cThis is a different type of guilt. Being a guilty-prone person does not predict if you will feel guilty about your pet.\u201d \\n\\n<b>The Link Between Pet Guilt and Mental Health<\/b> \\n\\nSimilar to parents who feel guilty, pet owners have emotional responses to their sense of failure. Almost half (42 percent) said they were just resigned to feeling guilty about their dog. Most (75 percent) said they tried to remind themselves their dog has a good life. \\n\\nOthers changed their behavior in response to their guilt. Forty percent admitted they reduced their socialization or recreation time in order to be with their dog; and 35 percent said they spent time with their dog at the \u201cexpense of other family members.\u201d \\n\\nThe study found that having dog-related guilt was predictive of other mental health issues. \u201cWe found that it is related to depression and anxiety. The more guilt you feel, the worse you feel,\u201d Kogan says. \\n\\nAs a psychologist, Kogan says this makes the isolating behaviors even more concerning. \u201cIf people are already feeling depressed and they reduce their social interactions, that\u2019s a double whammy,\u201d she says. \\n\\n<b>Social Media's Impact on Pet Guilt<\/b> \\n\\nSocial media can make parental guilt \u2014 both human and animal \u2014 worse. Influencers post videos that depict themselves as ideal, which can make viewers feel as though they aren\u2019t living up to the standard. \\n\\nWatching reels of dogs surfing on the weekend, riding along on a boat, or competing on an agility course can make a pet parent feel inferior when their dog\u2019s big Saturday plans are limited to a short walk and a nap on the couch. \\n\\nGuilt from social media can manifest in compensatory behaviors. \u201cI think that what drives a lot of this behavior in terms of buying special food or expensive toys,\u201d Kogan says. \\n\\n<b>Do Cat Owners Feel the Same Guilt as Dog Owners?<\/b> \\n\\nBut do cat owners feel the same guilt? After all, cats are supposed to be independent. In a 2023 follow-up study in Human-Animal Interactions, Kogan and her research partners found that cat owners experience a similar level of guilt and that such guilt is indicative of anxiety and depression. \\n\\nKogan says that society\u2019s expectations that cats don\u2019t need people make it harder for cat people to decline invitations when they feel their kitty has been alone for too long. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s one thing to be at work and say, \u2018I need to go home because my dog has been home for 8 or 10 hours.\u2019 Most people will understand. But if you say my cat? They won\u2019t understand,\u201d Kogan says. \\n\\n<b>Coping with Pet Guilt<\/b> \\n\\nKogan classifies the guilt that pet parents feel as \u201cdisenfranchised\u201d because it is not well-recognized or well-studied. Pet parents feel responsible for the well-being of their animals, and work-life conflicts can limit the extent to which they can provide for their pets. The resulting guilt may be something that people deal with quietly, which can further their isolation. \\n\\nIdeally, more workplaces would allow people to bring their pets to the office, Kogan says. If that\u2019s not an option, occupying the dog with a dog walker or doggy daycare may help a person feel less guilty about their dog\u2019s long day alone. \\n\\nTalking about pet-parent guilt might also be helpful. Friends or family may be open to allowing a dog to attend a social event. At the least, they may start a dialogue in which others express an understanding. \\n\\n\u201cI want people to recognize they aren\u2019t the only ones that feel like this,\u201d Kogan says. \", 'ai_likelihood': 1.043081283569336e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"The mournful eyes, the lingering stares, the sad sighs. Many pet parents leave the house each day with a dog or cat watching somberly from the window. \\n\\nSocial scientists have found that pet owners experience ongoing guilt about wanting to do better for their animals. Researchers have called it an understudied topic that needs to be better considered, particularly as more workers are called back into the office full-time.  \\n\\n<b>Why Owners Feel Guilty About Leaving Their Pets<\/b> \\n\\nPsychologist Lori Kogan felt guilty about leaving her dogs alone during her long work days. She knew they looked forward to their walks, but frigid weather made her cut their outings short, which made her feel even more guilty. \\n\\n\u201cI felt guilty going out on the weekends or the evening, and the guilt was killing me,\u201d says Kogan, a professor of clinical sciences at Colorado State University. \\n\\nKogan\u2019s distress prompted a series of studies examining whether other dog owners felt guilt. In a 2022 study in Animals, Kogan and her research partners surveyed 592 pet owners in the U.S. who had their dog for at least six months. \\n\\n<b>How Researchers Measure Guilt<\/b> \\n\\nIn the survey, the team measured pet owners\u2019 sense of guilt with questions like, \u2018I feel guilty when I can\u2019t afford higher-priced food\u2019 or \u2018I feel guilty when I do not take my dog to doggie daycare.\u2019 The types of guilt were categorized into five factors related to time\/attention, time away from home, leaving the pet alone, physical health, and furniture rules. \\n\\nThe study also measured the respondents' bond with their dogs, what they felt were attributes shared among ideal dog owners, and how they described themselves as pet parents. \\n\\nIn their assessment tools, the researchers used a scale intended for parents, replacing the word \u201cchild\u201d with \u201cpet.\u201d Not surprisingly, they found that dog owners articulated similar guilt as parents did in studies about parenting guilt. \\n\\n\u201cWe also find that this guilt is not related to other types of guilt,\u201d Kogan says. \u201cThis is a different type of guilt. Being a guilty-prone person does not predict if you will feel guilty about your pet.\u201d \\n\\n<b>The Link Between Pet Guilt and Mental Health<\/b> \\n\\nSimilar to parents who feel guilty, pet owners have emotional responses to their sense of failure. Almost half (42 percent) said they were just resigned to feeling guilty about their dog. Most (75 percent) said they tried to remind themselves their dog has a good life. \\n\\nOthers changed their behavior in response to their guilt. Forty percent admitted they reduced their socialization or recreation time in order to be with their dog; and 35 percent said they spent time with their dog at the \u201cexpense of other family members.\u201d \\n\\nThe study found that having dog-related guilt was predictive of other mental health issues. \u201cWe found that it is related to depression and anxiety. The more guilt you feel, the worse you feel,\u201d Kogan says. \\n\\nAs a psychologist, Kogan says this makes the isolating behaviors even more concerning. \u201cIf people are already feeling depressed and they reduce their social interactions, that\u2019s a double whammy,\u201d she says. \\n\\n<b>Social Media's Impact on Pet Guilt<\/b> \\n\\nSocial media can make parental guilt \u2014 both human and animal \u2014 worse. Influencers post videos that depict themselves as ideal, which can make viewers feel as though they aren\u2019t living up to the standard. \\n\\nWatching reels of dogs surfing on the weekend, riding along on a boat, or competing on an agility course can make a pet parent feel inferior when their dog\u2019s big Saturday plans are limited to a short walk and a nap on the couch. \\n\\nGuilt from social media can manifest in compensatory behaviors. \u201cI think that what drives a lot of this behavior in terms of buying special food or expensive toys,\u201d Kogan says. \\n\\n<b>Do Cat Owners Feel the Same Guilt as Dog Owners?<\/b> \\n\\nBut do cat owners feel the same guilt? After all, cats are supposed to be independent. In a 2023 follow-up study in Human-Animal Interactions, Kogan and her research partners found that cat owners experience a similar level of guilt and that such guilt is indicative of anxiety and depression. \\n\\nKogan says that society\u2019s expectations that cats don\u2019t need people make it harder for cat people to decline invitations when they feel their kitty has been alone for too long. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s one thing to be at work and say, \u2018I need to go home because my dog has been home for 8 or 10 hours.\u2019 Most people will understand. But if you say my cat? They won\u2019t understand,\u201d Kogan says. \\n\\n<b>Coping with Pet Guilt<\/b> \\n\\nKogan classifies the guilt that pet parents feel as \u201cdisenfranchised\u201d because it is not well-recognized or well-studied. Pet parents feel responsible for the well-being of their animals, and work-life conflicts can limit the extent to which they can provide for their pets. The resulting guilt may be something that people deal with quietly, which can further their isolation. \\n\\nIdeally, more workplaces would allow people to bring their pets to the office, Kogan says. If that\u2019s not an option, occupying the dog with a dog walker or doggy daycare may help a person feel less guilty about their dog\u2019s long day alone. \\n\\nTalking about pet-parent guilt might also be helpful. Friends or family may be open to allowing a dog to attend a social event. At the least, they may start a dialogue in which others express an understanding. \\n\\n\u201cI want people to recognize they aren\u2019t the only ones that feel like this,\u201d Kogan says. \", 'ai_likelihood': 4.5299530029296875e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '46bdd2a1-bb13-4b6c-9c3e-60dd35c641a5', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.004674890544265509, 'sentence': 'The mournful eyes, the lingering stares, the sad sighs.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0023289630189538, 'sentence': 'Many pet parents leave the house each day with a dog or cat watching somberly from the window.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001427319599315524, 'sentence': 'Social scientists have found that pet owners experience ongoing guilt about wanting to do better for their animals.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0017064012354239821, 'sentence': 'Researchers have called it an understudied topic that needs to be better considered, particularly as more workers are called back into the office full-time.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0014297155430540442, 'sentence': '<b>Why Owners Feel Guilty About Leaving Their Pets<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012269793078303337, 'sentence': 'Psychologist Lori Kogan felt guilty about leaving her dogs alone during her long work days.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008737336611375213, 'sentence': 'She knew they looked forward to their walks, but frigid weather made her cut their outings short, which made her feel even more guilty.', 'perplexity': 0, 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'2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': \"The mournful eyes, the lingering stares, the sad sighs. Many pet parents leave the house each day with a dog or cat watching somberly from the window. \\n\\nSocial scientists have found that pet owners experience ongoing guilt about wanting to do better for their animals. Researchers have called it an understudied topic that needs to be better considered, particularly as more workers are called back into the office full-time.  \\n\\n<b>Why Owners Feel Guilty About Leaving Their Pets<\/b> \\n\\nPsychologist Lori Kogan felt guilty about leaving her dogs alone during her long work days. She knew they looked forward to their walks, but frigid weather made her cut their outings short, which made her feel even more guilty. \\n\\n\u201cI felt guilty going out on the weekends or the evening, and the guilt was killing me,\u201d says Kogan, a professor of clinical sciences at Colorado State University. \\n\\nKogan\u2019s distress prompted a series of studies examining whether other dog owners felt guilt. In a 2022 study in Animals, Kogan and her research partners surveyed 592 pet owners in the U.S. who had their dog for at least six months. \\n\\n<b>How Researchers Measure Guilt<\/b> \\n\\nIn the survey, the team measured pet owners\u2019 sense of guilt with questions like, \u2018I feel guilty when I can\u2019t afford higher-priced food\u2019 or \u2018I feel guilty when I do not take my dog to doggie daycare.\u2019 The types of guilt were categorized into five factors related to time\/attention, time away from home, leaving the pet alone, physical health, and furniture rules. \\n\\nThe study also measured the respondents' bond with their dogs, what they felt were attributes shared among ideal dog owners, and how they described themselves as pet parents. \\n\\nIn their assessment tools, the researchers used a scale intended for parents, replacing the word \u201cchild\u201d with \u201cpet.\u201d Not surprisingly, they found that dog owners articulated similar guilt as parents did in studies about parenting guilt. \\n\\n\u201cWe also find that this guilt is not related to other types of guilt,\u201d Kogan says. \u201cThis is a different type of guilt. Being a guilty-prone person does not predict if you will feel guilty about your pet.\u201d \\n\\n<b>The Link Between Pet Guilt and Mental Health<\/b> \\n\\nSimilar to parents who feel guilty, pet owners have emotional responses to their sense of failure. Almost half (42 percent) said they were just resigned to feeling guilty about their dog. Most (75 percent) said they tried to remind themselves their dog has a good life. \\n\\nOthers changed their behavior in response to their guilt. Forty percent admitted they reduced their socialization or recreation time in order to be with their dog; and 35 percent said they spent time with their dog at the \u201cexpense of other family members.\u201d \\n\\nThe study found that having dog-related guilt was predictive of other mental health issues. \u201cWe found that it is related to depression and anxiety. The more guilt you feel, the worse you feel,\u201d Kogan says. \\n\\nAs a psychologist, Kogan says this makes the isolating behaviors even more concerning. \u201cIf people are already feeling depressed and they reduce their social interactions, that\u2019s a double whammy,\u201d she says. \\n\\n<b>Social Media's Impact on Pet Guilt<\/b> \\n\\nSocial media can make parental guilt \u2014 both human and animal \u2014 worse. Influencers post videos that depict themselves as ideal, which can make viewers feel as though they aren\u2019t living up to the standard. \\n\\nWatching reels of dogs surfing on the weekend, riding along on a boat, or competing on an agility course can make a pet parent feel inferior when their dog\u2019s big Saturday plans are limited to a short walk and a nap on the couch. \\n\\nGuilt from social media can manifest in compensatory behaviors. \u201cI think that what drives a lot of this behavior in terms of buying special food or expensive toys,\u201d Kogan says. \\n\\n<b>Do Cat Owners Feel the Same Guilt as Dog Owners?<\/b> \\n\\nBut do cat owners feel the same guilt? After all, cats are supposed to be independent. In a 2023 follow-up study in Human-Animal Interactions, Kogan and her research partners found that cat owners experience a similar level of guilt and that such guilt is indicative of anxiety and depression. \\n\\nKogan says that society\u2019s expectations that cats don\u2019t need people make it harder for cat people to decline invitations when they feel their kitty has been alone for too long. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s one thing to be at work and say, \u2018I need to go home because my dog has been home for 8 or 10 hours.\u2019 Most people will understand. But if you say my cat? They won\u2019t understand,\u201d Kogan says. \\n\\n<b>Coping with Pet Guilt<\/b> \\n\\nKogan classifies the guilt that pet parents feel as \u201cdisenfranchised\u201d because it is not well-recognized or well-studied. Pet parents feel responsible for the well-being of their animals, and work-life conflicts can limit the extent to which they can provide for their pets. The resulting guilt may be something that people deal with quietly, which can further their isolation. \\n\\nIdeally, more workplaces would allow people to bring their pets to the office, Kogan says. If that\u2019s not an option, occupying the dog with a dog walker or doggy daycare may help a person feel less guilty about their dog\u2019s long day alone. \\n\\nTalking about pet-parent guilt might also be helpful. Friends or family may be open to allowing a dog to attend a social event. At the least, they may start a dialogue in which others express an understanding. \\n\\n\u201cI want people to recognize they aren\u2019t the only ones that feel like this,\u201d Kogan says. \"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7174937129,"RADAR":0.1028561741,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The article had some human-seeming touches, like the use of the expression \"a double whammy\". Ultimately there wasn't much else pointing either way so I just went with what felt closer. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The journals' names aren't italicized. This may be a human error.\nThere is inconsistent use of speech\/quotation marks. sometimes they are double and sometimes single."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: mixed quotation marks, some are double and some are single. Ends with a quote. Unnecessary semicolon. Mix of contractions and words. Uses en dashes. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. Mostly because any statement that may sound blanketed is backed up by reasons, facts, and ideas that make sense in context. A pet \"watching somberly from the window.\" is a relatable, recognizable experience. The study's questionnaire having questions such as \"I feel guilty when I can\u2019t afford higher-priced food\" to its participants are phrases that are universally understood and even felt. And, it brings in relevant information to expand on the topic, such as how social media can cause feelings of \"they aren\u2019t living up to the standard.\" It doesn't try and take a subjective stance on the subject either, but reports about it neutrally. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Verifiable details are given about the research cited in this article.\nA relatively balanced mix of paraphrasing and direct quotations."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"124":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":5,"title":"Scientist Calculates Perfect Beer Glass Shape To Keep Liquid Cool ","sub-title":"The shape of a beer glass is even more important than anybody thought, according to important new research ","author":"The Physics arXiv Blog ","source":"Discover","issue":1730160000000,"section":"The Sciences","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/the-sciences\/scientist-calculates-perfect-beer-glass-shape-to-keep-liquid-cool","article":"One of the sadly neglected problems in modern science is the question of how best to keep beer cool once it has been poured into a glass. Now one scientist has come up with a novel solution by developing a mathematical model that determines the optimal shape of a beer glass that keeps beer cool. \n\nThe problem is well known to generations of beer drinkers the world over. As soon as beer is poured into a glass, it starts to warm up. So an important goal is to minimize the heat entering the beer so that it stays colder for longer. \n\nTypically, beer drinkers have solved this problem with foam sleeves, insulating mugs and by adding handles to reduce contact with the drinker\u2019s hand. But Claudio Pellegrini at the Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei in Brazil has taken a different approach by redesigning the glass itself, without adding any extra insulating layers. \n\n<b>Heat Transfer<\/b> \n\nThe key challenge is to find a shape that minimizes the heat transfer while keeping the design practical for ordinary use. So part of the problem is to understand the rate at which heat transfers into a glass of a given geometry. \n\nBut Pellegrini\u2019s challenge is significantly harder: to find the geometry that minimizes the heat transfer rate. In other words, an inverse optimization problem. \n\nHe begins by modelling the glass as a smooth curve rotated around a vertical axis to form a \u201cbody of revolution\u201d with a certain base radius, height and ratio between the base and top opening. He assumes the base is insulated, that the liquid is the same temperature and composition throughout and that the glass offers negligible thermal resistance. All this ensures that the main factor determining heat transfer is the shape of the container. \n\nUsing this approach, Pellegrini found, perhaps unsurprisingly, that the optimal beer glass has a narrow base and gradually widens towards the top, allowing the user to drink comfortably. Indeed, he says most traditional beer glasses already feature these characteristics \u2014 such as the Brazilian tulip, the imperial pint and the Weizenbeer glass, which have wide mouths and narrower bases. \n\nHowever, Pellegrini\u2019s approach has some limitations. The optimization algorithm works for specific values of the base radius, the glass height and the ratio of base to opening radius. But it does not determine the best configuration of these values. So the solution is a family of shapes, with relatively subtle differences. \n\n<b>Flavor Molecules<\/b> \n\nOf course, there are other factors that determine the shape of a beer glass. For example, the size and shape of the top of the glass determine the amount of foam that forms when it is poured. And since the foam traps flavor molecules, this influences the drinker\u2019s experience. Many Belgian beers, for example, are served in their glasses of specific shape that helps produce a unique experience. \n\nPellegrini bemoans the cheap and therefore most widely used beer glass in Brazil, known as the Nadir Figueiredo glass. This, he says, has a volume of only 190 milliliters, little more than a couple of gulps. \n\n\u201cIt maintains the beer cold through the most primitive of the processes: due to its low capacity, the beer is consumed so quickly it has no time to get warm,\u201d he complains. Let\u2019s hope this glass doesn\u2019t catch on in other countries. ","id":4,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'One of the sadly neglected problems in modern science is the question of how best to keep beer cool once it has been poured into a glass. Now one scientist has come up with a novel solution by developing a mathematical model that determines the optimal shape of a beer glass that keeps beer cool. \\n\\nThe problem is well known to generations of beer drinkers the world over. As soon as beer is poured into a glass, it starts to warm up. So an important goal is to minimize the heat entering the beer so that it stays colder for longer. \\n\\nTypically, beer drinkers have solved this problem with foam sleeves, insulating mugs and by adding handles to reduce contact with the drinker\u2019s hand. But Claudio Pellegrini at the Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei in Brazil has taken a different approach by redesigning the glass itself, without adding any extra insulating layers. \\n\\n<b>Heat Transfer<\/b> \\n\\nThe key challenge is to find a shape that minimizes the heat transfer while keeping the design practical for ordinary use. So part of the problem is to understand the rate at which heat transfers into a glass of a given geometry. \\n\\nBut Pellegrini\u2019s challenge is significantly harder: to find the geometry that minimizes the heat transfer rate. In other words, an inverse optimization problem. \\n\\nHe begins by modelling the glass as a smooth curve rotated around a vertical axis to form a \u201cbody of revolution\u201d with a certain base radius, height and ratio between the base and top opening. He assumes the base is insulated, that the liquid is the same temperature and composition throughout and that the glass offers negligible thermal resistance. All this ensures that the main factor determining heat transfer is the shape of the container. \\n\\nUsing this approach, Pellegrini found, perhaps unsurprisingly, that the optimal beer glass has a narrow base and gradually widens towards the top, allowing the user to drink comfortably. Indeed, he says most traditional beer glasses already feature these characteristics \u2014 such as the Brazilian tulip, the imperial pint and the Weizenbeer glass, which have wide mouths and narrower bases. \\n\\nHowever, Pellegrini\u2019s approach has some limitations. The optimization algorithm works for specific values of the base radius, the glass height and the ratio of base to opening radius. But it does not determine the best configuration of these values. So the solution is a family of shapes, with relatively subtle differences. \\n\\n<b>Flavor Molecules<\/b> \\n\\nOf course, there are other factors that determine the shape of a beer glass. For example, the size and shape of the top of the glass determine the amount of foam that forms when it is poured. And since the foam traps flavor molecules, this influences the drinker\u2019s experience. Many Belgian beers, for example, are served in their glasses of specific shape that helps produce a unique experience. \\n\\nPellegrini bemoans the cheap and therefore most widely used beer glass in Brazil, known as the Nadir Figueiredo glass. This, he says, has a volume of only 190 milliliters, little more than a couple of gulps. \\n\\n\u201cIt maintains the beer cold through the most primitive of the processes: due to its low capacity, the beer is consumed so quickly it has no time to get warm,\u201d he complains. Let\u2019s hope this glass doesn\u2019t catch on in other countries. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.2278556823730469e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'One of the sadly neglected problems in modern science is the question of how best to keep beer cool once it has been poured into a glass. Now one scientist has come up with a novel solution by developing a mathematical model that determines the optimal shape of a beer glass that keeps beer cool. \\n\\nThe problem is well known to generations of beer drinkers the world over. As soon as beer is poured into a glass, it starts to warm up. So an important goal is to minimize the heat entering the beer so that it stays colder for longer. \\n\\nTypically, beer drinkers have solved this problem with foam sleeves, insulating mugs and by adding handles to reduce contact with the drinker\u2019s hand. But Claudio Pellegrini at the Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei in Brazil has taken a different approach by redesigning the glass itself, without adding any extra insulating layers. \\n\\n<b>Heat Transfer<\/b> \\n\\nThe key challenge is to find a shape that minimizes the heat transfer while keeping the design practical for ordinary use. So part of the problem is to understand the rate at which heat transfers into a glass of a given geometry. \\n\\nBut Pellegrini\u2019s challenge is significantly harder: to find the geometry that minimizes the heat transfer rate. In other words, an inverse optimization problem. \\n\\nHe begins by modelling the glass as a smooth curve rotated around a vertical axis to form a \u201cbody of revolution\u201d with a certain base radius, height and ratio between the base and top opening. He assumes the base is insulated, that the liquid is the same temperature and composition throughout and that the glass offers negligible thermal resistance. All this ensures that the main factor determining heat transfer is the shape of the container. \\n\\nUsing this approach, Pellegrini found, perhaps unsurprisingly, that the optimal beer glass has a narrow base and gradually widens towards the top, allowing the user to drink comfortably. Indeed, he says most traditional beer glasses already feature these characteristics \u2014 such as the Brazilian tulip, the imperial pint and the Weizenbeer glass, which have wide mouths and narrower bases. \\n\\nHowever, Pellegrini\u2019s approach has some limitations. The optimization algorithm works for specific values of the base radius, the glass height and the ratio of base to opening radius. But it does not determine the best configuration of these values. So the solution is a family of shapes, with relatively subtle differences. \\n\\n<b>Flavor Molecules<\/b> \\n\\nOf course, there are other factors that determine the shape of a beer glass. For example, the size and shape of the top of the glass determine the amount of foam that forms when it is poured. And since the foam traps flavor molecules, this influences the drinker\u2019s experience. Many Belgian beers, for example, are served in their glasses of specific shape that helps produce a unique experience. \\n\\nPellegrini bemoans the cheap and therefore most widely used beer glass in Brazil, known as the Nadir Figueiredo glass. This, he says, has a volume of only 190 milliliters, little more than a couple of gulps. \\n\\n\u201cIt maintains the beer cold through the most primitive of the processes: due to its low capacity, the beer is consumed so quickly it has no time to get warm,\u201d he complains. Let\u2019s hope this glass doesn\u2019t catch on in other countries. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1444091796875e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'aae89bc9-4007-4331-a971-a278650e0dcd', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0002932982752099633, 'sentence': 'One of the sadly neglected problems in modern science is the question of how best to keep beer cool once it has been poured into a glass.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000281808665022254, 'sentence': 'Now one scientist has come up with a novel solution by developing a mathematical model that determines the optimal shape of a beer glass that keeps beer cool.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00036550970980897546, 'sentence': 'The problem is well known to generations of beer drinkers the world over.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00026440812507644296, 'sentence': 'As soon as beer is poured into a glass, it starts to warm up.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00020648400823120028, 'sentence': 'So an important goal is to minimize the heat entering the beer so that it stays colder for longer.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00039857340743765235, 'sentence': \"Typically, beer drinkers have solved this problem with foam sleeves, insulating mugs and by adding handles to reduce contact with the drinker's hand.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002852638135664165, 'sentence': 'But Claudio Pellegrini at the Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei in Brazil has taken a different approach by redesigning the glass itself, without adding any extra insulating layers.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002940933336503804, 'sentence': '<b>Heat Transfer<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00023888105351943523, 'sentence': 'The key challenge is to find a shape that minimizes the heat transfer while keeping the design practical for ordinary use.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00030641938792541623, 'sentence': 'So part of the problem is to understand the rate at which heat transfers into a glass of a given geometry.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000225347641389817, 'sentence': \"But Pellegrini's challenge is significantly harder: to find the geometry that minimizes the heat transfer rate.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002520216512493789, 'sentence': 'In other words, an inverse optimization problem.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00023066559515427798, 'sentence': 'He begins by modelling the glass as a smooth curve rotated around a vertical axis to form a \u201cbody of revolution\u201d with a certain base radius, height and ratio between the base and top opening.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00025296362582594156, 'sentence': 'He assumes the base is insulated, that the liquid is the same temperature and composition throughout and that the glass offers negligible thermal resistance.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00023816458997316658, 'sentence': 'All this ensures that the main factor determining heat transfer is the shape of the container.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.018123306334018707, 'sentence': 'Using this approach, Pellegrini found, perhaps unsurprisingly, that the optimal beer glass has a narrow base and gradually widens towards the top, allowing the user to drink comfortably.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.027583075687289238, 'sentence': 'Indeed, he says most traditional beer glasses already feature these characteristics \u1173 such as the Brazilian tulip, the imperial pint and the Weizenbeer glass, which have wide mouths and narrower bases.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.025685850530862808, 'sentence': \"However, Pellegrini's approach has some limitations.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.03231439366936684, 'sentence': 'The optimization algorithm works for specific values of the base radius, the glass height and the ratio of base to opening radius.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.02729196473956108, 'sentence': 'But it does not determine the best configuration of these values.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.021371623501181602, 'sentence': 'So the solution is a family of shapes, with relatively subtle differences.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.010697493329644203, 'sentence': '<b>Flavor Molecules<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.016195816919207573, 'sentence': 'Of course, there are other factors that determine the shape of a beer glass.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.019592776894569397, 'sentence': 'For example, the size and shape of the top of the glass determine the amount of foam that forms when it is poured.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.016558650881052017, 'sentence': \"And since the foam traps flavor molecules, this influences the drinker's experience.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.016539670526981354, 'sentence': 'Many Belgian beers, for example, are served in their glasses of specific shape that helps produce a unique experience.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.016643883660435677, 'sentence': 'Pellegrini bemoans the cheap and therefore most widely used beer glass in Brazil, known as the Nadir Figueiredo glass.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.011490273289382458, 'sentence': 'This, he says, has a volume of only 190 milliliters, little more than a couple of gulps.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.013819009065628052, 'sentence': '\u201cIt maintains the beer cold through the most primitive of the processes: due to its low capacity, the beer is consumed so quickly it has no time to get warm,\u201d he complains.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.017014291137456894, 'sentence': \"Let's hope this glass doesn't catch on in other countries.\", 'perplexity': 0, 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'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 22, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 26, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 28, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.020796750353547094, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9792032496464529, 'ai': 0.020796750353547094, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9792032496464529, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.020796750353547094, 'human': 0.9792032496464529, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'One of the sadly neglected problems in modern science is the question of how best to keep beer cool once it has been poured into a glass. Now one scientist has come up with a novel solution by developing a mathematical model that determines the optimal shape of a beer glass that keeps beer cool. \\n\\nThe problem is well known to generations of beer drinkers the world over. As soon as beer is poured into a glass, it starts to warm up. So an important goal is to minimize the heat entering the beer so that it stays colder for longer. \\n\\nTypically, beer drinkers have solved this problem with foam sleeves, insulating mugs and by adding handles to reduce contact with the drinker\u2019s hand. But Claudio Pellegrini at the Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei in Brazil has taken a different approach by redesigning the glass itself, without adding any extra insulating layers. \\n\\n<b>Heat Transfer<\/b> \\n\\nThe key challenge is to find a shape that minimizes the heat transfer while keeping the design practical for ordinary use. So part of the problem is to understand the rate at which heat transfers into a glass of a given geometry. \\n\\nBut Pellegrini\u2019s challenge is significantly harder: to find the geometry that minimizes the heat transfer rate. In other words, an inverse optimization problem. \\n\\nHe begins by modelling the glass as a smooth curve rotated around a vertical axis to form a \u201cbody of revolution\u201d with a certain base radius, height and ratio between the base and top opening. He assumes the base is insulated, that the liquid is the same temperature and composition throughout and that the glass offers negligible thermal resistance. All this ensures that the main factor determining heat transfer is the shape of the container. \\n\\nUsing this approach, Pellegrini found, perhaps unsurprisingly, that the optimal beer glass has a narrow base and gradually widens towards the top, allowing the user to drink comfortably. Indeed, he says most traditional beer glasses already feature these characteristics \u2014 such as the Brazilian tulip, the imperial pint and the Weizenbeer glass, which have wide mouths and narrower bases. \\n\\nHowever, Pellegrini\u2019s approach has some limitations. The optimization algorithm works for specific values of the base radius, the glass height and the ratio of base to opening radius. But it does not determine the best configuration of these values. So the solution is a family of shapes, with relatively subtle differences. \\n\\n<b>Flavor Molecules<\/b> \\n\\nOf course, there are other factors that determine the shape of a beer glass. For example, the size and shape of the top of the glass determine the amount of foam that forms when it is poured. And since the foam traps flavor molecules, this influences the drinker\u2019s experience. Many Belgian beers, for example, are served in their glasses of specific shape that helps produce a unique experience. \\n\\nPellegrini bemoans the cheap and therefore most widely used beer glass in Brazil, known as the Nadir Figueiredo glass. This, he says, has a volume of only 190 milliliters, little more than a couple of gulps. \\n\\n\u201cIt maintains the beer cold through the most primitive of the processes: due to its low capacity, the beer is consumed so quickly it has no time to get warm,\u201d he complains. Let\u2019s hope this glass doesn\u2019t catch on in other countries. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4971933067,"RADAR":0.0277619399,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Both the introduction and the conclusion were humorous and unique. This makes me lean strongly towards human-generated, especially with the absence of other noticeable AI markers. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"There are few clues in this text.\nHowever the use of lists 3x and the word \"key\" might point to AI."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"It\u2019s human-generated. The first sentence sounds too odd to be AI. Then there\u2019s the missing punctuation, the sentences that begin with conjunctions, and the general conversational tone of the piece that give it away (to me, at least). "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident this is human-written. I think it's because, while there's a lot of common AI words used throughout it, such as \"ensures\" \"significantly\" \"minimizes\" and etc, the rest of the article provides some basic information that even those not versed in beer glasses can gather, because I can summarize pieces of info that stick with me without having to try and reference it word by word. All the math-related terms here are appropriate, because the article's about optimizing beer glasses using mathematical equations and geometry. Examples include: \"...a smooth curve rotated around a vertical axis to form a \u201cbody of revolution\u201d with a certain base radius, height and ratio between the base and top opening.\" and \"to find the geometry that minimizes the heat transfer rate.\" It also doesn't try and emphasize or elaborate on it with sentiments or opinion-based sentences. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The anticlimax in the first sentence. Calling keeping beer cool a \"sadly neglected problem in modern science\" is pretty funny. So is the \"scientist\" moaning about the small glass they use in Brazil!\nThe absence of the Oxford (serial) comma.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"125":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":6,"title":"100-Year-Old Wheat Could Help Feed the World ","sub-title":"Why is wheat diversity important? To help address feeding the world's growing population, experts turn to 100-year-old wheat.","author":"Margherita Bassi","source":"Discover","issue":1724025600000,"section":"Environment","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/environment\/100-year-old-wheat-could-help-feed-the-world","article":"In the 1920s and \u201830s, a British botanist named Arthur Ernest Watkins collected over 1,000 varieties of bread wheat from 32 countries all around the globe. \n\nIn a recent study, scientists propose that his seed collection \u2013 which has been painstakingly maintained for over a century \u2013 could hold the key to fortifying modern wheat agriculture and feeding the world\u2019s ever-increasing population. Their findings were published in the journal Nature in June 2024. \n\n<b>The Green Revolution<\/b> \n\nUpon Watkin\u2019s return from France after World War I where he worked as an assistant agricultural officer, he and his colleagues had predicted that scientific advancements in plant breeding would greatly decrease crop diversity. He was thus tasked with safeguarding landraces \u2013 local wheat varieties \u2013 from across the globe. To date, the wheat assortment he assembled is the most comprehensive collection of historic wheat in the world. \n\nToday, what Watkins predicted a century ago has largely taken place. The \u201cGreen Revolution\u201d of the twentieth century brought about a dramatic increase in grain production thanks to the development of high-yielding varieties, especially wheat and rice. But yield wasn\u2019t the only trait that changed as a result of modern breeding techniques. \n\n\u201cIn the past 100 years, the wheat yield has increased, but our modern wheat cultivars are quite fragile with a dramatic reduction and homogenization of genetic diversity,\u201d says Shifeng Cheng, a lead author of the study and Director of the Plant Genomics Center at the Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. \n\n\u201cWe lost the protein, the nutrition content, lots of good traits. And that\u2019s a big problem to ensure food security in the face of changing global climates,\u201d adds Cheng. \n\n<b>The Importance of Wheat Diversity in Modern Agriculture<\/b> \n\nModern wheats mostly originated from central and western Europe and descend from only two ancestral groups \u2013 which is very few given that the Watkins collection alone represents seven ancestral groups. The problem with a lack of diversity is that it makes crops more vulnerable to just about everything. \n\n\u201cIf there is some unpredictable pest, disease, or climate change phenomenon, many of our wheats will be wiped out in the growing years,\u201d Cheng explains. \u201cWe needed to go back to the history, go back to the lost diversity.\u201d \n\nTo do this, the international team of Chinese and British scientists turned to the Watkins collection to rediscover historic wheat diversity. \u201cDiversity creates complexity for robustness and innovation,\u201d Cheng adds. \n\n<b>Building a Genomic Variation Map<\/b> \n\nMaintaining the wheat collection was truly a gargantuan effort: the seeds needed to be planted, grown, and recollected at least every 5 years. Of the 1000 landrace varieties that Watkins had collected from European, Asian, and North African countries, 827 survived to see the study that started 12 years ago. \n\nThe scientists painstakingly analyzed the wheat, whose genome is infamously five times bigger than the human genome and discovered that the Watkins wheat collection represents 67 percent more genetic diversity than modern varieties. \n\n\u201cThe Watkins wheat was collected 100 years ago, but each variety of wheat was grown and fed people for hundreds or even for thousands of years,\u201d Cheng explains. \u201cThey adapted well to local environments, could withstand environmental hardships, and maintained a rich, underutilized source of diversity.\u201d \n\nThe team characterized and projected 137 traits from the landraces into a genomic variation map \u2013 what Cheng calls a \u201cgene dictionary\u201d that can help wheat communities breed ancient useful genetic diversity back into modern wheat varieties. Some of the lost traits identified by the scientists include higher nitrogen use efficiency, slug resistance, and resilience to pests and diseases. \n\n\u201cIf we have a lot of diversity, when a new disease comes in, maybe there\u2019s a variety that is fortunately resistant to that disease. That\u2019s the ecosystem we need,\u201d Cheng says. \u201cWe need the diversity so we can deal with unpredictable events.\u201d \n\n<b>Could Wheat Diversity Fight World Hunger?<\/b> \n\nGenetic diversity can make wheat hardier and gives the world\u2019s wheat production a higher chance of rebounding from disease, pests, bacteria, and climate change events. \n\nThe scientists have already crossed 119 varieties from the Watkins collection with modern wheat to make a new collection of 12,000 varieties, which are currently stored in the Germplasm Resource Unit at the John Innes Centre and were introduced into China for more experiments. However, Cheng says there\u2019s still a gap to fill between these results and modern breeders. \n\n\u201cWe tested the genetic and phenotypic effects,\u201d Cheng explains, \u201cBut the farmer doesn\u2019t necessarily care. They might ask, \u2018how can your work help me?\u2019 To make a real-world impact, we need to build the connection between scientists and farmers, between fundamental research and applied breeding, to deliver our results to the farmer.\u201d \n\nIn view of this mission, the team created a free Academic and Breeding\u2019 Toolkit to help breeders put their findings into practice, but Cheng thinks there is still a long way to go. Because their study involves a lot of data that needs to be processed, he\u2019s hopeful that artificial intelligence can support future efforts. \n\nUltimately, the Watkins collection provides a beacon of hope for the development and adoption of hardier wheat to more sustainably feed the world\u2019s growing population. ","id":5,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'In the 1920s and \u201830s, a British botanist named Arthur Ernest Watkins collected over 1,000 varieties of bread wheat from 32 countries all around the globe. \\n\\nIn a recent study, scientists propose that his seed collection \u2013 which has been painstakingly maintained for over a century \u2013 could hold the key to fortifying modern wheat agriculture and feeding the world\u2019s ever-increasing population. Their findings were published in the journal Nature in June 2024. \\n\\n<b>The Green Revolution<\/b> \\n\\nUpon Watkin\u2019s return from France after World War I where he worked as an assistant agricultural officer, he and his colleagues had predicted that scientific advancements in plant breeding would greatly decrease crop diversity. He was thus tasked with safeguarding landraces \u2013 local wheat varieties \u2013 from across the globe. To date, the wheat assortment he assembled is the most comprehensive collection of historic wheat in the world. \\n\\nToday, what Watkins predicted a century ago has largely taken place. The \u201cGreen Revolution\u201d of the twentieth century brought about a dramatic increase in grain production thanks to the development of high-yielding varieties, especially wheat and rice. But yield wasn\u2019t the only trait that changed as a result of modern breeding techniques. \\n\\n\u201cIn the past 100 years, the wheat yield has increased, but our modern wheat cultivars are quite fragile with a dramatic reduction and homogenization of genetic diversity,\u201d says Shifeng Cheng, a lead author of the study and Director of the Plant Genomics Center at the Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. \\n\\n\u201cWe lost the protein, the nutrition content, lots of good traits. And that\u2019s a big problem to ensure food security in the face of changing global climates,\u201d adds Cheng. \\n\\n<b>The Importance of Wheat Diversity in Modern Agriculture<\/b> \\n\\nModern wheats mostly originated from central and western Europe and descend from only two ancestral groups \u2013 which is very few given that the Watkins collection alone represents seven ancestral groups. The problem with a lack of diversity is that it makes crops more vulnerable to just about everything. \\n\\n\u201cIf there is some unpredictable pest, disease, or climate change phenomenon, many of our wheats will be wiped out in the growing years,\u201d Cheng explains. \u201cWe needed to go back to the history, go back to the lost diversity.\u201d \\n\\nTo do this, the international team of Chinese and British scientists turned to the Watkins collection to rediscover historic wheat diversity. \u201cDiversity creates complexity for robustness and innovation,\u201d Cheng adds. \\n\\n<b>Building a Genomic Variation Map<\/b> \\n\\nMaintaining the wheat collection was truly a gargantuan effort: the seeds needed to be planted, grown, and recollected at least every 5 years. Of the 1000 landrace varieties that Watkins had collected from European, Asian, and North African countries, 827 survived to see the study that started 12 years ago. \\n\\nThe scientists painstakingly analyzed the wheat, whose genome is infamously five times bigger than the human genome and discovered that the Watkins wheat collection represents 67 percent more genetic diversity than modern varieties. \\n\\n\u201cThe Watkins wheat was collected 100 years ago, but each variety of wheat was grown and fed people for hundreds or even for thousands of years,\u201d Cheng explains. \u201cThey adapted well to local environments, could withstand environmental hardships, and maintained a rich, underutilized source of diversity.\u201d \\n\\nThe team characterized and projected 137 traits from the landraces into a genomic variation map \u2013 what Cheng calls a \u201cgene dictionary\u201d that can help wheat communities breed ancient useful genetic diversity back into modern wheat varieties. Some of the lost traits identified by the scientists include higher nitrogen use efficiency, slug resistance, and resilience to pests and diseases. \\n\\n\u201cIf we have a lot of diversity, when a new disease comes in, maybe there\u2019s a variety that is fortunately resistant to that disease. That\u2019s the ecosystem we need,\u201d Cheng says. \u201cWe need the diversity so we can deal with unpredictable events.\u201d \\n\\n<b>Could Wheat Diversity Fight World Hunger?<\/b> \\n\\nGenetic diversity can make wheat hardier and gives the world\u2019s wheat production a higher chance of rebounding from disease, pests, bacteria, and climate change events. \\n\\nThe scientists have already crossed 119 varieties from the Watkins collection with modern wheat to make a new collection of 12,000 varieties, which are currently stored in the Germplasm Resource Unit at the John Innes Centre and were introduced into China for more experiments. However, Cheng says there\u2019s still a gap to fill between these results and modern breeders. \\n\\n\u201cWe tested the genetic and phenotypic effects,\u201d Cheng explains, \u201cBut the farmer doesn\u2019t necessarily care. They might ask, \u2018how can your work help me?\u2019 To make a real-world impact, we need to build the connection between scientists and farmers, between fundamental research and applied breeding, to deliver our results to the farmer.\u201d \\n\\nIn view of this mission, the team created a free Academic and Breeding\u2019 Toolkit to help breeders put their findings into practice, but Cheng thinks there is still a long way to go. Because their study involves a lot of data that needs to be processed, he\u2019s hopeful that artificial intelligence can support future efforts. \\n\\nUltimately, the Watkins collection provides a beacon of hope for the development and adoption of hardier wheat to more sustainably feed the world\u2019s growing population. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.004894256591796875, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'In the 1920s and \u201830s, a British botanist named Arthur Ernest Watkins collected over 1,000 varieties of bread wheat from 32 countries all around the globe. \\n\\nIn a recent study, scientists propose that his seed collection \u2013 which has been painstakingly maintained for over a century \u2013 could hold the key to fortifying modern wheat agriculture and feeding the world\u2019s ever-increasing population. Their findings were published in the journal Nature in June 2024. \\n\\n<b>The Green Revolution<\/b> \\n\\nUpon Watkin\u2019s return from France after World War I where he worked as an assistant agricultural officer, he and his colleagues had predicted that scientific advancements in plant breeding would greatly decrease crop diversity. He was thus tasked with safeguarding landraces \u2013 local wheat varieties \u2013 from across the globe. To date, the wheat assortment he assembled is the most comprehensive collection of historic wheat in the world. \\n\\nToday, what Watkins predicted a century ago has largely taken place. The \u201cGreen Revolution\u201d of the twentieth century brought about a dramatic increase in grain production thanks to the development of high-yielding varieties, especially wheat and rice. But yield wasn\u2019t the only trait that changed as a result of modern breeding techniques. \\n\\n\u201cIn the past 100 years, the wheat yield has increased, but our modern wheat cultivars are quite fragile with a dramatic reduction and homogenization of genetic diversity,\u201d says Shifeng Cheng, a lead author of the study and Director of the Plant Genomics Center at the Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. \\n\\n\u201cWe lost the protein, the nutrition content, lots of good traits. And that\u2019s a big problem to ensure food security in the face of changing global climates,\u201d adds Cheng. \\n\\n<b>The Importance of Wheat Diversity in Modern Agriculture<\/b> \\n\\nModern wheats mostly originated from central and western Europe and descend from only two ancestral groups \u2013 which is very few given that the Watkins collection alone represents seven ancestral groups. The problem with a lack of diversity is that it makes crops more vulnerable to just about everything. \\n\\n\u201cIf there is some unpredictable pest, disease, or climate change phenomenon, many of our wheats will be wiped out in the growing years,\u201d Cheng explains. \u201cWe needed to go back to the history, go back to the lost diversity.\u201d \\n\\nTo do this, the international team of Chinese and British scientists turned to the Watkins collection to rediscover historic wheat diversity. \u201cDiversity creates complexity for robustness and innovation,\u201d Cheng adds. \\n\\n<b>Building a Genomic Variation Map<\/b> \\n\\nMaintaining the wheat collection was truly a gargantuan effort: the seeds needed to be planted, grown, and recollected at least every 5 years. Of the 1000 landrace varieties that Watkins had collected from European, Asian, and North African countries, 827 survived to see the study that started 12 years ago. \\n\\nThe scientists painstakingly analyzed the wheat, whose genome is infamously five times bigger than the human genome and discovered that the Watkins wheat collection represents 67 percent more genetic diversity than modern varieties. \\n\\n\u201cThe Watkins wheat was collected 100 years ago, but each variety of wheat was grown and fed people for hundreds or even for thousands of years,\u201d Cheng explains. \u201cThey adapted well to local environments, could withstand environmental hardships, and maintained a rich, underutilized source of diversity.\u201d \\n\\nThe team characterized and projected 137 traits from the landraces into a genomic variation map \u2013 what Cheng calls a \u201cgene dictionary\u201d that can help wheat communities breed ancient useful genetic diversity back into modern wheat varieties. Some of the lost traits identified by the scientists include higher nitrogen use efficiency, slug resistance, and resilience to pests and diseases. \\n\\n\u201cIf we have a lot of diversity, when a new disease comes in, maybe there\u2019s a variety that is fortunately resistant to that disease. That\u2019s the ecosystem we need,\u201d Cheng says. \u201cWe need the diversity so we can deal with unpredictable events.\u201d \\n\\n<b>Could Wheat Diversity Fight World Hunger?<\/b> \\n\\nGenetic diversity can make wheat hardier and gives the world\u2019s wheat production a higher chance of rebounding from disease, pests, bacteria, and climate change events. \\n\\nThe scientists have already crossed 119 varieties from the Watkins collection with modern wheat to make a new collection of 12,000 varieties, which are currently stored in the Germplasm Resource Unit at the John Innes Centre and were introduced into China for more experiments. However, Cheng says there\u2019s still a gap to fill between these results and modern breeders. \\n\\n\u201cWe tested the genetic and phenotypic effects,\u201d Cheng explains, \u201cBut the farmer doesn\u2019t necessarily care. They might ask, \u2018how can your work help me?\u2019 To make a real-world impact, we need to build the connection between scientists and farmers, between fundamental research and applied breeding, to deliver our results to the farmer.\u201d \\n\\nIn view of this mission, the team created a free Academic and Breeding\u2019 Toolkit to help breeders put their findings into practice, but Cheng thinks there is still a long way to go. Because their study involves a lot of data that needs to be processed, he\u2019s hopeful that artificial intelligence can support future efforts. \\n\\nUltimately, the Watkins collection provides a beacon of hope for the development and adoption of hardier wheat to more sustainably feed the world\u2019s growing population. 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globe. \\n\\nIn a recent study, scientists propose that his seed collection \u2013 which has been painstakingly maintained for over a century \u2013 could hold the key to fortifying modern wheat agriculture and feeding the world\u2019s ever-increasing population. Their findings were published in the journal Nature in June 2024. \\n\\n<b>The Green Revolution<\/b> \\n\\nUpon Watkin\u2019s return from France after World War I where he worked as an assistant agricultural officer, he and his colleagues had predicted that scientific advancements in plant breeding would greatly decrease crop diversity. He was thus tasked with safeguarding landraces \u2013 local wheat varieties \u2013 from across the globe. To date, the wheat assortment he assembled is the most comprehensive collection of historic wheat in the world. \\n\\nToday, what Watkins predicted a century ago has largely taken place. The \u201cGreen Revolution\u201d of the twentieth century brought about a dramatic increase in grain production thanks to the development of high-yielding varieties, especially wheat and rice. But yield wasn\u2019t the only trait that changed as a result of modern breeding techniques. \\n\\n\u201cIn the past 100 years, the wheat yield has increased, but our modern wheat cultivars are quite fragile with a dramatic reduction and homogenization of genetic diversity,\u201d says Shifeng Cheng, a lead author of the study and Director of the Plant Genomics Center at the Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. \\n\\n\u201cWe lost the protein, the nutrition content, lots of good traits. And that\u2019s a big problem to ensure food security in the face of changing global climates,\u201d adds Cheng. \\n\\n<b>The Importance of Wheat Diversity in Modern Agriculture<\/b> \\n\\nModern wheats mostly originated from central and western Europe and descend from only two ancestral groups \u2013 which is very few given that the Watkins collection alone represents seven ancestral groups. The problem with a lack of diversity is that it makes crops more vulnerable to just about everything. \\n\\n\u201cIf there is some unpredictable pest, disease, or climate change phenomenon, many of our wheats will be wiped out in the growing years,\u201d Cheng explains. \u201cWe needed to go back to the history, go back to the lost diversity.\u201d \\n\\nTo do this, the international team of Chinese and British scientists turned to the Watkins collection to rediscover historic wheat diversity. \u201cDiversity creates complexity for robustness and innovation,\u201d Cheng adds. \\n\\n<b>Building a Genomic Variation Map<\/b> \\n\\nMaintaining the wheat collection was truly a gargantuan effort: the seeds needed to be planted, grown, and recollected at least every 5 years. Of the 1000 landrace varieties that Watkins had collected from European, Asian, and North African countries, 827 survived to see the study that started 12 years ago. \\n\\nThe scientists painstakingly analyzed the wheat, whose genome is infamously five times bigger than the human genome and discovered that the Watkins wheat collection represents 67 percent more genetic diversity than modern varieties. \\n\\n\u201cThe Watkins wheat was collected 100 years ago, but each variety of wheat was grown and fed people for hundreds or even for thousands of years,\u201d Cheng explains. \u201cThey adapted well to local environments, could withstand environmental hardships, and maintained a rich, underutilized source of diversity.\u201d \\n\\nThe team characterized and projected 137 traits from the landraces into a genomic variation map \u2013 what Cheng calls a \u201cgene dictionary\u201d that can help wheat communities breed ancient useful genetic diversity back into modern wheat varieties. Some of the lost traits identified by the scientists include higher nitrogen use efficiency, slug resistance, and resilience to pests and diseases. \\n\\n\u201cIf we have a lot of diversity, when a new disease comes in, maybe there\u2019s a variety that is fortunately resistant to that disease. That\u2019s the ecosystem we need,\u201d Cheng says. \u201cWe need the diversity so we can deal with unpredictable events.\u201d \\n\\n<b>Could Wheat Diversity Fight World Hunger?<\/b> \\n\\nGenetic diversity can make wheat hardier and gives the world\u2019s wheat production a higher chance of rebounding from disease, pests, bacteria, and climate change events. \\n\\nThe scientists have already crossed 119 varieties from the Watkins collection with modern wheat to make a new collection of 12,000 varieties, which are currently stored in the Germplasm Resource Unit at the John Innes Centre and were introduced into China for more experiments. However, Cheng says there\u2019s still a gap to fill between these results and modern breeders. \\n\\n\u201cWe tested the genetic and phenotypic effects,\u201d Cheng explains, \u201cBut the farmer doesn\u2019t necessarily care. They might ask, \u2018how can your work help me?\u2019 To make a real-world impact, we need to build the connection between scientists and farmers, between fundamental research and applied breeding, to deliver our results to the farmer.\u201d \\n\\nIn view of this mission, the team created a free Academic and Breeding\u2019 Toolkit to help breeders put their findings into practice, but Cheng thinks there is still a long way to go. Because their study involves a lot of data that needs to be processed, he\u2019s hopeful that artificial intelligence can support future efforts. \\n\\nUltimately, the Watkins collection provides a beacon of hope for the development and adoption of hardier wheat to more sustainably feed the world\u2019s growing population. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4289618134,"RADAR":0.0114067141,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article uses lots of synonyms for \"says\", like \"adds\" and \"explains\". There are also a few other AI markers, including the use of \"ensure\" and \"robust\". "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The journal name \"Nature\" isn't italicized which may be a human error.\n\"...lots of good traits\" should have \"and\" in front of it...another human style\/error.\n\"how can your work help me\" should start with a capital letter.\nThe number \"five\" is spelled out once and written in numerals once. This inconsistency points to a human."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"What gives this away is the inconsistency in how 1,000 is written out. At first it uses a comma, but later on it doesn\u2019t. Also, there\u2019s a missing comma a few paragraphs from the bottom. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this is human-written. While there's a lot of language used here that's similar to AI, such as with \"beacon of hope\" and \"rediscover historic wheat diversity\" in how dense and idealized they are, these kinds of statements are backed by the amount of information and details are found in the article. Sentences like \"the Watkins collection alone represents seven ancestral groups\" give information to the point, but more importantly, does so within the context of where the information is found, as it's proceeded by \"Modern wheats mostly originated from central and western Europe and descend from only two ancestral groups\". And because of how much information is present, as the reader I am able to clearly see why this topic is important - because of how rare and difficult it is to preserve genetic traits in these crops, and why today, with so few left, that his collection is literally a beacon of hope for agriculture today. If an article's going to state that something is inspirational, it should have the facts to back that up, and this one does so well. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Specifies author, journal, and date of publication.\nEach section has a different number of paragraphs.\nAn interesting read that does not become bogged down in unnecessary details."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"126":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":7,"title":"While Not as Cute as Dogs, Giant Rats Are Excellent at Sniffing Out Illicit Goods ","sub-title":"Rodents could be used to find illicit goods at airports and harbors in places where dogs can\u2019t easily access. ","author":"Paul Smaglik ","source":"Discover","issue":1730246400000,"section":"Planet Earth","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/planet-earth\/while-not-as-cute-as-dogs-giant-rats-are-excellent-at-sniffing-out-illicit","article":"Researchers have trained African giant pouched rats to sniff out tuberculosis and explosives in the past. And they have now expanded the rodents\u2019 scent repertoire to detect illegally trafficked animal parts \u2014 including pangolin scales, elephant ivory, and rhino horn, according to a report in Frontiers in Conservation Science. \n\nInterrupting this illegal trade is important in and of itself, of course. But the people who smuggle animal parts often also traffic drugs, humans, and weapons. But why rats? \n\n<b>Rats as Detection Tools<\/b> \n\nThey have a great sense of smell, learn easily, and live long. Unlike dogs, they can work with multiple handlers. \n\n\u201cThat gives them a bit of an advantage over scent detection dogs,\u201d says Kate Webb, an assistant professor at Duke University Medical Center and an author of the study. Then there\u2019s cost. The typical detection rat requires about nine months to train, costing $6,000 to $8,000. Training a scent detection dogs costs $10,000 to $30,000. \n\n\u201cWe think of the rats as a pretty cost-effective detection tool,\u201d says Webb. \n\nSize is also a factor. Unlike dogs, rats can wriggle through the cracks and crevasses of a container ship. They can be lifted high to sniff air vents. \n\nBut perhaps most importantly, they are excellent at their jobs. After training, \u201cproof of principal\u201d studies reported in this paper showed just how good. The eight rats could identify four commonly smuggled wildlife species among 146 non-target substances \u2014 some of which \u2014 like coffee \u2014 are often used to mask the scent of contraband. \n\nThe rats also have great scent memory. They could recall smells they were trained to detect months after their last exposure. \n\n<b>Training the Rats<\/b> \n\nSince the \u201cproof of concept\u201d training and testing, the researchers have tried them out in a real-world setting\u2014the Dar es Salaam seaport in Tanzania. \n\n\u201cThe rats have performed very well both times,\u201d says Webb. \n\nDuring these more practical trials, the researchers experimented with search strategies. Some rodents were led by leash. Others were lifted by elevator-like devises to access hard-to-reach places. Some rats even learned to press a switch that activates a beeping sound when they found a target. \n\nThe rats \u2013 Kirsty, Marty, Attenborough, Irwin, Betty, Teddy, Ivory, Ebony, Desmond, Thoreau, and Fossey \u2014 went through several training stages. First, they learned to hold their noses in a hole where the target scent was placed. Next, they were rewarded when they poked their nose into a hole with the scent versus ones without. Then they were exposed to many non-target scents \u2014 often things used to mask the smell of illegally trafficked wildlife. \n\nFinally, after five and eight months away from the scents they were trained to protect, they were tested again. Even after those smell-free months, the rats demonstrated scent retention as good as trained dogs. \n\n<b>Expanding the Scent Repertoire<\/b> \n\nNext steps include experimenting with different ways to detect a wider variety of scents in a multitude of environments. Since the animals are small and relatively inexpensive, Webb envisions a small rat patrol being deployed in airports and harbors. Each rat could have its own scent specialty. Some could pursue narcotics, others could go after illicit animal parts. \n\nOne of the biggest training challenges? Teaching humans not to recoil from the rodents, which Webb says have unfairly attracted a bad rap. People are used to encountering scent dogs in airports. Rats? Not so much. \n\nA marketing effort may be necessary to change minds. \u201cOur rats, in my opinion are incredibly cute,\u201d says Webb. \u201cThey have personalities. They live for a long time. You get very attached to them. And they're doing great and important work.\u201d \n\n ","id":6,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"Researchers have trained African giant pouched rats to sniff out tuberculosis and explosives in the past. And they have now expanded the rodents\u2019 scent repertoire to detect illegally trafficked animal parts \u2014 including pangolin scales, elephant ivory, and rhino horn, according to a report in Frontiers in Conservation Science. \\n\\nInterrupting this illegal trade is important in and of itself, of course. But the people who smuggle animal parts often also traffic drugs, humans, and weapons. 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And they have now expanded the rodents\u2019 scent repertoire to detect illegally trafficked animal parts \u2014 including pangolin scales, elephant ivory, and rhino horn, according to a report in Frontiers in Conservation Science. \\n\\nInterrupting this illegal trade is important in and of itself, of course. But the people who smuggle animal parts often also traffic drugs, humans, and weapons. But why rats? \\n\\n<b>Rats as Detection Tools<\/b> \\n\\nThey have a great sense of smell, learn easily, and live long. Unlike dogs, they can work with multiple handlers. \\n\\n\u201cThat gives them a bit of an advantage over scent detection dogs,\u201d says Kate Webb, an assistant professor at Duke University Medical Center and an author of the study. Then there\u2019s cost. The typical detection rat requires about nine months to train, costing $6,000 to $8,000. Training a scent detection dogs costs $10,000 to $30,000. \\n\\n\u201cWe think of the rats as a pretty cost-effective detection tool,\u201d says Webb. \\n\\nSize is also a factor. Unlike dogs, rats can wriggle through the cracks and crevasses of a container ship. They can be lifted high to sniff air vents. \\n\\nBut perhaps most importantly, they are excellent at their jobs. After training, \u201cproof of principal\u201d studies reported in this paper showed just how good. The eight rats could identify four commonly smuggled wildlife species among 146 non-target substances \u2014 some of which \u2014 like coffee \u2014 are often used to mask the scent of contraband. \\n\\nThe rats also have great scent memory. They could recall smells they were trained to detect months after their last exposure. \\n\\n<b>Training the Rats<\/b> \\n\\nSince the \u201cproof of concept\u201d training and testing, the researchers have tried them out in a real-world setting\u2014the Dar es Salaam seaport in Tanzania. \\n\\n\u201cThe rats have performed very well both times,\u201d says Webb. \\n\\nDuring these more practical trials, the researchers experimented with search strategies. Some rodents were led by leash. Others were lifted by elevator-like devises to access hard-to-reach places. Some rats even learned to press a switch that activates a beeping sound when they found a target. \\n\\nThe rats \u2013 Kirsty, Marty, Attenborough, Irwin, Betty, Teddy, Ivory, Ebony, Desmond, Thoreau, and Fossey \u2014 went through several training stages. First, they learned to hold their noses in a hole where the target scent was placed. Next, they were rewarded when they poked their nose into a hole with the scent versus ones without. Then they were exposed to many non-target scents \u2014 often things used to mask the smell of illegally trafficked wildlife. \\n\\nFinally, after five and eight months away from the scents they were trained to protect, they were tested again. Even after those smell-free months, the rats demonstrated scent retention as good as trained dogs. \\n\\n<b>Expanding the Scent Repertoire<\/b> \\n\\nNext steps include experimenting with different ways to detect a wider variety of scents in a multitude of environments. Since the animals are small and relatively inexpensive, Webb envisions a small rat patrol being deployed in airports and harbors. Each rat could have its own scent specialty. Some could pursue narcotics, others could go after illicit animal parts. \\n\\nOne of the biggest training challenges? Teaching humans not to recoil from the rodents, which Webb says have unfairly attracted a bad rap. People are used to encountering scent dogs in airports. Rats? Not so much. \\n\\nA marketing effort may be necessary to change minds. \u201cOur rats, in my opinion are incredibly cute,\u201d says Webb. \u201cThey have personalities. They live for a long time. You get very attached to them. And they're doing great and important work.\u201d \\n\\n \"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8192235827,"RADAR":0.0101923803,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The article uses one speaker throughout, which is quite realistic as it's easy to do. Some of the parts, like the inclusion of so many rats' names, seems quite random and much more like something I would expect from a human writer. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The error in using \"devises\" instead of \"devices\" seems like a human mistake."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: conversational language; spaced en dashes; full stops followed by conjunctions; varied sentence length. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am very confident this is human-written. The language is straightforward, information about the creatures are explained when needed, any creative visuals are placed appropriately to explain an idea for clarity, and the quotes sound realistic. It also ends on a note that expresses the sentiments of the people in the article rather than the writer's sentiments; examples include: \"wriggle through the cracks and crevasses of a container ship\" and \"[they have] a great sense of smell, learn easily, and live long\". (I own fancy rats, have known about giant pouched rats for a bit now, and personally, I do believe they have a bad rap. They're wonderful creatures and I love them)"},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"An AI would not use \"devises\" instead of \"devices\". \nAn AI would not have used terms like \u201cproof of principal\u201d and \u201cproof of concept\u201d without pedantically explaining what they mean."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"127":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":8,"title":"Sharks found with cocaine in their systems. How did that happen? ","sub-title":"Illegal drug-production labs may be releasing substances into the water that could harm Brazilian sharpnose sharks and other marine animals. ","author":"Joshua Rapp Learn","source":"National Geographic","issue":1721692800000,"section":"Animals","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/animals\/article\/cocaine-sharks-brazil-pollution-contaminated-water","article":"It may sound like a B-rated movie plot, but \u2018cocaine sharks\u2019 are plying the coastal waters of Rio de Janeiro. \n\nNew analysis of Brazilian sharpnose sharks has revealed that the illicit drugs are getting into the ocean and contaminating the fish, a first-of-its-kind discovery.  \n\nFor the study, researchers dissected 13 sharks captured accidentally by fishermen between September 2021 and August 2023 in the waters off Recreio dos Bandeirantes,a Rio de Janeiro neighborhood with long, pearly-white beaches. \n\nThe team found cocaine and benzoylecgonine\u2014a metabolite produced when cocaine is broken down in the body\u2014in muscle and liver tissues of all 13 fish. \n\nPharmaceutical waste, whether it\u2019s legal or illegal, is an understudied problem for wildlife in oceans, rivers, and lakes. Scientists have also detected traces of coke and other illegal drugs near large cities such as London and off Florida\u2019s coast. \n\nIt's not yet known how cocaine\u2014a stimulant sourced from coca leaves\u2014could affect the Braziian sharpnose shark, a species the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists as vulnerable to extinction, due mostly to overfishing. \n\nBiologist Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis and ecotoxicologist Enrico Saggioro, both at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, a federal public health research organization in Rio de Janeiro, noted they did not analyze the sharks\u2019 health in their new study. \n\nBut negative effects are \u201cprobable,\u201d the study authors say, based on previous studies that have shown damage to zebrafish and mussels exposed to cocaine. Other research on fish eyes found the drug can affect the animals\u2019 vision and ability to hunt, they say. \n\n\u201cThere are several issues concerning their health, such as possible reproductive issues, as well as problems in prey-predator interactions,\u201d say the two scientists, whose study is in press in the journal Science of The Total Environment. \n\n<b>Susceptible sharks<\/b> \n\nThe study also revealed the 13 sharks had about three times higher levels of cocaine than benzoylecgonine, which means that the drug had mostly not been metabolized in the bodies of humans or other organisms\u2014instead, some of it may have been dumped directly into the water. \n\n\u201cWhile I\u2019m not at all surprised to see cocaine metabolites in the water, as you\u2019d expect that from human urine, I am surprised to see \u2018cocaine\u2019 in the water,\u201d says Tracy Fanara, an oceanographer at the University of Florida. \n\nBrazil is one of the main \u201ccocaine consumer markets in South America, with around 1.5 million users, representing almost eight percent of total users worldwide,\u201d according to the study.  \n\nStudy scientists believe there are two ways cocaine is getting into fish: Waste from drug users\u2019 bodies entering the sewage system, as well as \u201cclandestine\u201d cocaine-refining laboratories disposing pure cocaine into sewage ducts along the Sernambetiba Canal, which empties into the ocean at Recreio dos Bandeirantes. \n\nSince Brazilian sharpnose sharks usually stick to coastal areas, they are particularly susceptible to this and other urban pollution.  \n\n<b>How does cocaine affect sharks?<\/b> \n\nSharks may take up cocaine directly through their gills or eat smaller prey that contain the substance. This bioaccumulation through the food chain may explain why sharks had higher levels of cocaine than other aquatic organisms tested in previous research, according to the study authors. \n\nIt\u2019s possible sharks do not metabolize cocaine as quickly as do humans, and a longer-lasting presence of the drug could disturb their endocrine system and thus hormone regulation, says Daniel D. Snow, a professor and lab director at the Nebraska Water Center who has studied the presence of steroids in rivers.  \n\nAny biologically active chemical can cause stress, which in turn could make the already declining fish more susceptible to disease, Snow says. \n\n\u201cThis is evidence of the increasing danger of cocaine pollution,\u201d says Anna Capaldo, a professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Naples Federico II in Italy who has studied the impact of cocaine on freshwater European eels. The research found exposed eels had muscle swelling and hormone disruption that led to higher stress. \n\nCapaldo, who reviewed the recent Brazilian study, says scientists need to investigate affected Brazilian sharpnose shark organs \u201cto able to say with certainty\u201d if the drugs are hurting the fish.  \n\n<b>Florida sharks also at risk<\/b> \n\nFanara has studied the potential impact of cocaine off Florida, where cocaine bales\u2014the plastic-wrapped blocks used in illegal transport\u2014sometimes fall off drug smugglers\u2019 boats and get into the water. In other cases, they are hidden in weighted nets underwater, awaiting collection. Though Fanara and her team haven\u2019t found evidence of cocaine in Florida sharks yet, it\u2019s likely happening. \n\nThe Brazilian study was concerning, she says, noting Brazilian sharpnose sharks \u201cspend their entire lives being exposed to this drug, and they are a vulnerable species.\u201d \n\nBut she says the study has a \u201cmajor\u201d weakness: The scientists did not take the water samples from the location in Recreio dos Bandeirantes where the sharks were caught. \n\nThat\u2019s why, to get a broader picture of cocaine\u2019s presence in the ecosystem, Saggioro is working on detecting the drug throughout the Rio de Janeiro watershed. \n\n<b>No easy solution<\/b> \n\nControlling the release of cocaine\u2014and even legal medicines and drugs\u2014into the oceans is difficult, Snow says. \n\n\u201cIt is possible to treat wastewater so that you\u2019re not releasing any of these chemicals into the water, but it is incredibly expensive to do that,\u201d he says. \n\nIn the study, the researchers call on Brazil\u2019s regulatory bodies to acknowledge the presence of illicit drugs in marine ecosystems and monitor and reduce their presence through legislation. \n\nFinding cocaine in sharks, they write, \u201chighlights the urgency for robust legal frameworks and proactive measures to address this emerging environmental issue.\u201d ","id":7,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"It may sound like a B-rated movie plot, but \u2018cocaine sharks\u2019 are plying the coastal waters of Rio de Janeiro. \\n\\nNew analysis of Brazilian sharpnose sharks has revealed that the illicit drugs are getting into the ocean and contaminating the fish, a first-of-its-kind discovery.  \\n\\nFor the study, researchers dissected 13 sharks captured accidentally by fishermen between September 2021 and August 2023 in the waters off Recreio dos Bandeirantes,a Rio de Janeiro neighborhood with long, pearly-white beaches. \\n\\nThe team found cocaine and benzoylecgonine\u2014a metabolite produced when cocaine is broken down in the body\u2014in muscle and liver tissues of all 13 fish. \\n\\nPharmaceutical waste, whether it\u2019s legal or illegal, is an understudied problem for wildlife in oceans, rivers, and lakes. Scientists have also detected traces of coke and other illegal drugs near large cities such as London and off Florida\u2019s coast. \\n\\nIt's not yet known how cocaine\u2014a stimulant sourced from coca leaves\u2014could affect the Braziian sharpnose shark, a species the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists as vulnerable to extinction, due mostly to overfishing. \\n\\nBiologist Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis and ecotoxicologist Enrico Saggioro, both at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, a federal public health research organization in Rio de Janeiro, noted they did not analyze the sharks\u2019 health in their new study. \\n\\nBut negative effects are \u201cprobable,\u201d the study authors say, based on previous studies that have shown damage to zebrafish and mussels exposed to cocaine. Other research on fish eyes found the drug can affect the animals\u2019 vision and ability to hunt, they say. \\n\\n\u201cThere are several issues concerning their health, such as possible reproductive issues, as well as problems in prey-predator interactions,\u201d say the two scientists, whose study is in press in the journal Science of The Total Environment. \\n\\n<b>Susceptible sharks<\/b> \\n\\nThe study also revealed the 13 sharks had about three times higher levels of cocaine than benzoylecgonine, which means that the drug had mostly not been metabolized in the bodies of humans or other organisms\u2014instead, some of it may have been dumped directly into the water. \\n\\n\u201cWhile I\u2019m not at all surprised to see cocaine metabolites in the water, as you\u2019d expect that from human urine, I am surprised to see \u2018cocaine\u2019 in the water,\u201d says Tracy Fanara, an oceanographer at the University of Florida. \\n\\nBrazil is one of the main \u201ccocaine consumer markets in South America, with around 1.5 million users, representing almost eight percent of total users worldwide,\u201d according to the study.  \\n\\nStudy scientists believe there are two ways cocaine is getting into fish: Waste from drug users\u2019 bodies entering the sewage system, as well as \u201cclandestine\u201d cocaine-refining laboratories disposing pure cocaine into sewage ducts along the Sernambetiba Canal, which empties into the ocean at Recreio dos Bandeirantes. \\n\\nSince Brazilian sharpnose sharks usually stick to coastal areas, they are particularly susceptible to this and other urban pollution.  \\n\\n<b>How does cocaine affect sharks?<\/b> \\n\\nSharks may take up cocaine directly through their gills or eat smaller prey that contain the substance. This bioaccumulation through the food chain may explain why sharks had higher levels of cocaine than other aquatic organisms tested in previous research, according to the study authors. \\n\\nIt\u2019s possible sharks do not metabolize cocaine as quickly as do humans, and a longer-lasting presence of the drug could disturb their endocrine system and thus hormone regulation, says Daniel D. Snow, a professor and lab director at the Nebraska Water Center who has studied the presence of steroids in rivers.  \\n\\nAny biologically active chemical can cause stress, which in turn could make the already declining fish more susceptible to disease, Snow says. \\n\\n\u201cThis is evidence of the increasing danger of cocaine pollution,\u201d says Anna Capaldo, a professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Naples Federico II in Italy who has studied the impact of cocaine on freshwater European eels. The research found exposed eels had muscle swelling and hormone disruption that led to higher stress. \\n\\nCapaldo, who reviewed the recent Brazilian study, says scientists need to investigate affected Brazilian sharpnose shark organs \u201cto able to say with certainty\u201d if the drugs are hurting the fish.  \\n\\n<b>Florida sharks also at risk<\/b> \\n\\nFanara has studied the potential impact of cocaine off Florida, where cocaine bales\u2014the plastic-wrapped blocks used in illegal transport\u2014sometimes fall off drug smugglers\u2019 boats and get into the water. In other cases, they are hidden in weighted nets underwater, awaiting collection. Though Fanara and her team haven\u2019t found evidence of cocaine in Florida sharks yet, it\u2019s likely happening. \\n\\nThe Brazilian study was concerning, she says, noting Brazilian sharpnose sharks \u201cspend their entire lives being exposed to this drug, and they are a vulnerable species.\u201d \\n\\nBut she says the study has a \u201cmajor\u201d weakness: The scientists did not take the water samples from the location in Recreio dos Bandeirantes where the sharks were caught. \\n\\nThat\u2019s why, to get a broader picture of cocaine\u2019s presence in the ecosystem, Saggioro is working on detecting the drug throughout the Rio de Janeiro watershed. \\n\\n<b>No easy solution<\/b> \\n\\nControlling the release of cocaine\u2014and even legal medicines and drugs\u2014into the oceans is difficult, Snow says. \\n\\n\u201cIt is possible to treat wastewater so that you\u2019re not releasing any of these chemicals into the water, but it is incredibly expensive to do that,\u201d he says. \\n\\nIn the study, the researchers call on Brazil\u2019s regulatory bodies to acknowledge the presence of illicit drugs in marine ecosystems and monitor and reduce their presence through legislation. \\n\\nFinding cocaine in sharks, they write, \u201chighlights the urgency for robust legal frameworks and proactive measures to address this emerging environmental issue.\u201d \", 'ai_likelihood': 8.285045623779297e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"It may sound like a B-rated movie plot, but \u2018cocaine sharks\u2019 are plying the coastal waters of Rio de Janeiro. \\n\\nNew analysis of Brazilian sharpnose sharks has revealed that the illicit drugs are getting into the ocean and contaminating the fish, a first-of-its-kind discovery.  \\n\\nFor the study, researchers dissected 13 sharks captured accidentally by fishermen between September 2021 and August 2023 in the waters off Recreio dos Bandeirantes,a Rio de Janeiro neighborhood with long, pearly-white beaches. \\n\\nThe team found cocaine and benzoylecgonine\u2014a metabolite produced when cocaine is broken down in the body\u2014in muscle and liver tissues of all 13 fish. \\n\\nPharmaceutical waste, whether it\u2019s legal or illegal, is an understudied problem for wildlife in oceans, rivers, and lakes. Scientists have also detected traces of coke and other illegal drugs near large cities such as London and off Florida\u2019s coast. \\n\\nIt's not yet known how cocaine\u2014a stimulant sourced from coca leaves\u2014could affect the Braziian sharpnose shark, a species the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists as vulnerable to extinction, due mostly to overfishing. \\n\\nBiologist Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis and ecotoxicologist Enrico Saggioro, both at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, a federal public health research organization in Rio de Janeiro, noted they did not analyze the sharks\u2019 health in their new study. \\n\\nBut negative effects are \u201cprobable,\u201d the study authors say, based on previous studies that have shown damage to zebrafish and mussels exposed to cocaine. Other research on fish eyes found the drug can affect the animals\u2019 vision and ability to hunt, they say. \\n\\n\u201cThere are several issues concerning their health, such as possible reproductive issues, as well as problems in prey-predator interactions,\u201d say the two scientists, whose study is in press in the journal Science of The Total Environment. \\n\\n<b>Susceptible sharks<\/b> \\n\\nThe study also revealed the 13 sharks had about three times higher levels of cocaine than benzoylecgonine, which means that the drug had mostly not been metabolized in the bodies of humans or other organisms\u2014instead, some of it may have been dumped directly into the water. \\n\\n\u201cWhile I\u2019m not at all surprised to see cocaine metabolites in the water, as you\u2019d expect that from human urine, I am surprised to see \u2018cocaine\u2019 in the water,\u201d says Tracy Fanara, an oceanographer at the University of Florida. \\n\\nBrazil is one of the main \u201ccocaine consumer markets in South America, with around 1.5 million users, representing almost eight percent of total users worldwide,\u201d according to the study.  \\n\\nStudy scientists believe there are two ways cocaine is getting into fish: Waste from drug users\u2019 bodies entering the sewage system, as well as \u201cclandestine\u201d cocaine-refining laboratories disposing pure cocaine into sewage ducts along the Sernambetiba Canal, which empties into the ocean at Recreio dos Bandeirantes. \\n\\nSince Brazilian sharpnose sharks usually stick to coastal areas, they are particularly susceptible to this and other urban pollution.  \\n\\n<b>How does cocaine affect sharks?<\/b> \\n\\nSharks may take up cocaine directly through their gills or eat smaller prey that contain the substance. This bioaccumulation through the food chain may explain why sharks had higher levels of cocaine than other aquatic organisms tested in previous research, according to the study authors. \\n\\nIt\u2019s possible sharks do not metabolize cocaine as quickly as do humans, and a longer-lasting presence of the drug could disturb their endocrine system and thus hormone regulation, says Daniel D. Snow, a professor and lab director at the Nebraska Water Center who has studied the presence of steroids in rivers.  \\n\\nAny biologically active chemical can cause stress, which in turn could make the already declining fish more susceptible to disease, Snow says. \\n\\n\u201cThis is evidence of the increasing danger of cocaine pollution,\u201d says Anna Capaldo, a professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Naples Federico II in Italy who has studied the impact of cocaine on freshwater European eels. The research found exposed eels had muscle swelling and hormone disruption that led to higher stress. \\n\\nCapaldo, who reviewed the recent Brazilian study, says scientists need to investigate affected Brazilian sharpnose shark organs \u201cto able to say with certainty\u201d if the drugs are hurting the fish.  \\n\\n<b>Florida sharks also at risk<\/b> \\n\\nFanara has studied the potential impact of cocaine off Florida, where cocaine bales\u2014the plastic-wrapped blocks used in illegal transport\u2014sometimes fall off drug smugglers\u2019 boats and get into the water. In other cases, they are hidden in weighted nets underwater, awaiting collection. Though Fanara and her team haven\u2019t found evidence of cocaine in Florida sharks yet, it\u2019s likely happening. \\n\\nThe Brazilian study was concerning, she says, noting Brazilian sharpnose sharks \u201cspend their entire lives being exposed to this drug, and they are a vulnerable species.\u201d \\n\\nBut she says the study has a \u201cmajor\u201d weakness: The scientists did not take the water samples from the location in Recreio dos Bandeirantes where the sharks were caught. \\n\\nThat\u2019s why, to get a broader picture of cocaine\u2019s presence in the ecosystem, Saggioro is working on detecting the drug throughout the Rio de Janeiro watershed. \\n\\n<b>No easy solution<\/b> \\n\\nControlling the release of cocaine\u2014and even legal medicines and drugs\u2014into the oceans is difficult, Snow says. \\n\\n\u201cIt is possible to treat wastewater so that you\u2019re not releasing any of these chemicals into the water, but it is incredibly expensive to do that,\u201d he says. \\n\\nIn the study, the researchers call on Brazil\u2019s regulatory bodies to acknowledge the presence of illicit drugs in marine ecosystems and monitor and reduce their presence through legislation. \\n\\nFinding cocaine in sharks, they write, \u201chighlights the urgency for robust legal frameworks and proactive measures to address this emerging environmental issue.\u201d \", 'ai_likelihood': 2.193450927734375e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'be7b07cc-567f-4929-9e6e-e3fdad51c12f', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0005005617276765406, 'sentence': \"It may sound like a B-rated movie plot, but 'cocaine sharks' are plying the coastal waters of Rio de Janeiro.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000642151280771941, 'sentence': 'New analysis 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or eat smaller prey that contain the substance.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.26426631747745e-05, 'sentence': 'This bioaccumulation through the food chain may explain why sharks had higher levels of cocaine than other aquatic organisms tested in previous research, according to the study authors.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.420266875764355e-05, 'sentence': \"It's possible sharks do not metabolize cocaine as quickly as do humans, and a longer-lasting presence of the drug could disturb their endocrine system and thus hormone regulation, says Daniel D. Snow, a professor and lab director at the Nebraska Water Center who has studied the presence of steroids in rivers.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.8300524718360975e-05, 'sentence': 'Any biologically active chemical can cause stress, which in turn could make the already declining fish more susceptible to disease, Snow says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.4735585359157994e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cThis is evidence of the increasing danger of cocaine pollution,\u201d says Anna Capaldo, a professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Naples Federico II in Italy who has studied the impact of cocaine on freshwater European eels.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.0769868064671755e-05, 'sentence': 'The research found exposed eels had muscle swelling and hormone disruption that led to higher stress.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.6765901313629e-05, 'sentence': 'Capaldo, who reviewed the recent Brazilian study, says scientists need to investigate affected Brazilian sharpnose shark organs \u201cto able to say with certainty\u201d if the drugs are hurting the fish.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.311103788902983e-05, 'sentence': '<b>Florida sharks also at risk<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.784642366459593e-05, 'sentence': \"Fanara has studied the potential impact of cocaine off Florida, where cocaine bales\u1173the plastic-wrapped blocks used in illegal transport\u1173sometimes fall off drug smugglers' boats and get into the water.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00010459528857609257, 'sentence': 'In other cases, they are hidden in weighted nets underwater, awaiting collection.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002864865236915648, 'sentence': \"Though Fanara and her team haven't found evidence of cocaine in Florida sharks yet, it's likely happening.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003810029593296349, 'sentence': 'The Brazilian study was concerning, she says, noting Brazilian sharpnose sharks \u201cspend their entire lives being exposed to this drug, and they are a vulnerable species.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005215700948610902, 'sentence': 'But she says the study has a \u201cmajor\u201d weakness: The scientists did not take the water samples from the location in Recreio dos Bandeirantes where the sharks were caught.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001016297610476613, 'sentence': \"That's why, to get a broader picture of cocaine's presence in the ecosystem, Saggioro is working on detecting the drug throughout the Rio de Janeiro watershed.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0033441907726228237, 'sentence': '<b>No easy solution<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002418229589238763, 'sentence': 'Controlling the release of cocaine\u1173and even legal medicines and drugs\u1173into the oceans is difficult, Snow says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001669418066740036, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt is possible to treat wastewater so that you're not releasing any of these chemicals into the water, but it is incredibly expensive to do that,\u201d he says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.08326520770788193, 'sentence': \"In the study, the researchers call on Brazil's regulatory bodies to acknowledge the presence of illicit drugs in marine ecosystems and monitor and reduce their presence through legislation.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.16663698852062225, 'sentence': 'Finding cocaine in sharks, they write, \u201chighlights the urgency for robust legal frameworks and proactive measures to address this emerging environmental issue.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, 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'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': \"It may sound like a B-rated movie plot, but \u2018cocaine sharks\u2019 are plying the coastal waters of Rio de Janeiro. \\n\\nNew analysis of Brazilian sharpnose sharks has revealed that the illicit drugs are getting into the ocean and contaminating the fish, a first-of-its-kind discovery.  \\n\\nFor the study, researchers dissected 13 sharks captured accidentally by fishermen between September 2021 and August 2023 in the waters off Recreio dos Bandeirantes,a Rio de Janeiro neighborhood with long, pearly-white beaches. \\n\\nThe team found cocaine and benzoylecgonine\u2014a metabolite produced when cocaine is broken down in the body\u2014in muscle and liver tissues of all 13 fish. \\n\\nPharmaceutical waste, whether it\u2019s legal or illegal, is an understudied problem for wildlife in oceans, rivers, and lakes. Scientists have also detected traces of coke and other illegal drugs near large cities such as London and off Florida\u2019s coast. \\n\\nIt's not yet known how cocaine\u2014a stimulant sourced from coca leaves\u2014could affect the Braziian sharpnose shark, a species the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists as vulnerable to extinction, due mostly to overfishing. \\n\\nBiologist Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis and ecotoxicologist Enrico Saggioro, both at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, a federal public health research organization in Rio de Janeiro, noted they did not analyze the sharks\u2019 health in their new study. \\n\\nBut negative effects are \u201cprobable,\u201d the study authors say, based on previous studies that have shown damage to zebrafish and mussels exposed to cocaine. Other research on fish eyes found the drug can affect the animals\u2019 vision and ability to hunt, they say. \\n\\n\u201cThere are several issues concerning their health, such as possible reproductive issues, as well as problems in prey-predator interactions,\u201d say the two scientists, whose study is in press in the journal Science of The Total Environment. \\n\\n<b>Susceptible sharks<\/b> \\n\\nThe study also revealed the 13 sharks had about three times higher levels of cocaine than benzoylecgonine, which means that the drug had mostly not been metabolized in the bodies of humans or other organisms\u2014instead, some of it may have been dumped directly into the water. \\n\\n\u201cWhile I\u2019m not at all surprised to see cocaine metabolites in the water, as you\u2019d expect that from human urine, I am surprised to see \u2018cocaine\u2019 in the water,\u201d says Tracy Fanara, an oceanographer at the University of Florida. \\n\\nBrazil is one of the main \u201ccocaine consumer markets in South America, with around 1.5 million users, representing almost eight percent of total users worldwide,\u201d according to the study.  \\n\\nStudy scientists believe there are two ways cocaine is getting into fish: Waste from drug users\u2019 bodies entering the sewage system, as well as \u201cclandestine\u201d cocaine-refining laboratories disposing pure cocaine into sewage ducts along the Sernambetiba Canal, which empties into the ocean at Recreio dos Bandeirantes. \\n\\nSince Brazilian sharpnose sharks usually stick to coastal areas, they are particularly susceptible to this and other urban pollution.  \\n\\n<b>How does cocaine affect sharks?<\/b> \\n\\nSharks may take up cocaine directly through their gills or eat smaller prey that contain the substance. This bioaccumulation through the food chain may explain why sharks had higher levels of cocaine than other aquatic organisms tested in previous research, according to the study authors. \\n\\nIt\u2019s possible sharks do not metabolize cocaine as quickly as do humans, and a longer-lasting presence of the drug could disturb their endocrine system and thus hormone regulation, says Daniel D. Snow, a professor and lab director at the Nebraska Water Center who has studied the presence of steroids in rivers.  \\n\\nAny biologically active chemical can cause stress, which in turn could make the already declining fish more susceptible to disease, Snow says. \\n\\n\u201cThis is evidence of the increasing danger of cocaine pollution,\u201d says Anna Capaldo, a professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Naples Federico II in Italy who has studied the impact of cocaine on freshwater European eels. The research found exposed eels had muscle swelling and hormone disruption that led to higher stress. \\n\\nCapaldo, who reviewed the recent Brazilian study, says scientists need to investigate affected Brazilian sharpnose shark organs \u201cto able to say with certainty\u201d if the drugs are hurting the fish.  \\n\\n<b>Florida sharks also at risk<\/b> \\n\\nFanara has studied the potential impact of cocaine off Florida, where cocaine bales\u2014the plastic-wrapped blocks used in illegal transport\u2014sometimes fall off drug smugglers\u2019 boats and get into the water. In other cases, they are hidden in weighted nets underwater, awaiting collection. Though Fanara and her team haven\u2019t found evidence of cocaine in Florida sharks yet, it\u2019s likely happening. \\n\\nThe Brazilian study was concerning, she says, noting Brazilian sharpnose sharks \u201cspend their entire lives being exposed to this drug, and they are a vulnerable species.\u201d \\n\\nBut she says the study has a \u201cmajor\u201d weakness: The scientists did not take the water samples from the location in Recreio dos Bandeirantes where the sharks were caught. \\n\\nThat\u2019s why, to get a broader picture of cocaine\u2019s presence in the ecosystem, Saggioro is working on detecting the drug throughout the Rio de Janeiro watershed. \\n\\n<b>No easy solution<\/b> \\n\\nControlling the release of cocaine\u2014and even legal medicines and drugs\u2014into the oceans is difficult, Snow says. \\n\\n\u201cIt is possible to treat wastewater so that you\u2019re not releasing any of these chemicals into the water, but it is incredibly expensive to do that,\u201d he says. \\n\\nIn the study, the researchers call on Brazil\u2019s regulatory bodies to acknowledge the presence of illicit drugs in marine ecosystems and monitor and reduce their presence through legislation. \\n\\nFinding cocaine in sharks, they write, \u201chighlights the urgency for robust legal frameworks and proactive measures to address this emerging environmental issue.\u201d \"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.34832564,"RADAR":0.0326747745,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"I felt pretty sure that the article was human-generated up until the last quotation, which I'm reasonably certain is AI text. I still stuck with human-generated because it's possible that AI was used by the study authors for writing or translation and there were more clear human markers overall. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"There is inconsistency in the use of single and double quotation marks. \nSome direct speech has no quotation marks around it \u2013 likely a human error.\nThe journal's name should be italicized and \"The\" should be lowercase."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Again, there are all sorts of things off with the first sentence, which makes me think this was human-generated: namely, the use of the verb 'plying', and the redundant 'plot' and the single quotation marks. Then there are the sentence case headings, the typos, 'you' language and odd phrasing. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this is human-written. The lead-in sentence capture the reader's attention quickly, making the topic absurdly interesting and relevant (if the reader knows about movies like Cocaine Bear and Sharknado, they'll know). And the rest of the article provides information about the topic, the studies related to the topic, and even clarifies where things are uncertain or not studied enough without trying to influence the reader with flowery, opinionated word choices. Quotes are also believable and an explanations given are given clearly. Some examples include: \"But she says the study has a \u201cmajor\u201d weakness: The scientists did not take the water samples from the location in Recreio dos Bandeirantes where the sharks were caught.\" and \"I am surprised to see \u2018cocaine\u2019 in the water\"."},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Most paragraphs have only one sentence.\nSufficient detail provided so that the study referred to can be verified online.\nNo unnecessary descriptive words that detract from the content.\nMost sentences begin with the subject, not a subordinate phrase\/clause."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"128":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":9,"title":"Why more natural disasters could trigger a rise in paranormal beliefs","sub-title":"Regions struck by storms, floods, and other disasters create likely settings for ghost sightings, triggered by conditions like psychological trauma and exposure to the toxic chemicals in crumbled buildings. ","author":"Daniel Seifert ","source":"National Geographic","issue":1730419200000,"section":"Environment","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/ghostly-sightings-natural-disasters","article":"In the aftermath of devastating wildfires, hurricanes, and record-breaking floods, ghost stories are finding a curious resurgence. Across regions hardest hit by natural disasters, tales of eerie sightings and ghostly presences seem to echo the trauma these events leave behind. \n\nGrief does powerful things to the brain, says Leslie Hartley Gise, an expert in disaster psychiatry who counseled survivors of the 2023 Hawaii wildfires. \u201cPeople do see and hear their loved ones after they die,\u201d she says. \u201cThey think they\u2019re going crazy.\u201d \n\nBut psychologists suggest these supernatural encounters could reflect how people process overwhelming loss. For example, during the first month of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in the United Kingdom, the Spiritualists\u2019 National Union, which believes spirits of the dead can be contacted, saw a striking 325 percent increase in membership applications. \n\nIn the aftermath of calamities like the recent Maui fires, Libya\u2019s flood, and Japan\u2019s Toh\u014dku earthquake and tsunami, survivors often report unexplained, unsettling encounters. Similarly, during the recent pandemic, Catholic exorcists and paranormal investigators reported a surge in clients seeking their services. \n\nAs disasters continue to reshape our lives, this growing interest in the supernatural raises the question: will belief in ghosts rise as well? \n\n<b>How trauma creates ghosts<\/b> \n\nOn a biological level, grief and trauma can trigger the release of cortisol and other stress hormones, leading to symptoms such as sleep deprivation and sensory overload. These factors can contribute to hallucinations that feel as real as actual memories, which may explain why many grieving individuals report seeing or hearing their deceased loved ones. \n\nIn disaster zones, the sense of unreality intensifies. Wailing sirens, flickering lights, and the eerie sight of abandoned schools and streets\u2014all set us on edge, priming us to perceive things that aren\u2019t there. \n\nGise says distressed survivors may feel derealization or depersonalization. \u201cThey feel like the world isn\u2019t real, or like they\u2019re not the person that they were \u2014 or they look in a mirror and don\u2019t see themselves.\u201d  This phenomenon suggests that rather than truly seeing ghosts, individuals may feel like ghosts themselves. \n\nAdditionally, the state of the environment after a disaster can exacerbate these feelings. In devastated areas, crumbling buildings and burning industrial sites can release toxic chemicals like mercury, arsenic, or pesticides. These contaminants can seep into the water supply and cause hallucinations or even seizures preceded by \u201ca feeling of impending doom.\u201d \n\nAs communities struggle to rebuild, unattended farmland may also contribute to ghostly sightings. The reason? Decaying crops can develop ergot, a highly psychoactive fungus that some researchers believe played a role in the Puritan witch hysteria of the 1690s in Salem, Massachusetts. \n\n<b>The enduring power of ghost stories<\/b> \n\nAnthropologists Christine and Todd VanPool of the University of Missouri argue that ghost stories have persisted across cultures not just as fear-inducing tales, but as practical and symbolic tools. In their recent book, An Anthropological Study in Spirits, they suggest that folklore often serves to protect communities, sometimes warning them away from dangerous places or people. Ghosts \u201cmay be perceived as metaphorical dangers that warn us in some way from greed, anger or other antisocial traits,\u201d says Christine. \n\nYet the appearance of ghosts isn\u2019t always human, says Todd. In some regions, like the Swiss-Italian Alps, some residents have \u201cperceived a haunted landscape associated with a form of mourning\u201d spurred by \u201cthe loss of specific glaciers.\u201d It\u2019s a phenomenon, he adds, commonly experienced around the world by communities facing catastrophic landscape change. \n\nBut why do many societies seem so willing to scare themselves proactively? \u201cGhost stories can cause communities to stick together,\u201d Christine says. The social bond formed from a story passed down generations can reinforce societal belief systems, ensure funeral rituals are adhered to, or push a community to work together to complete the work of the dead. \n\nThis is especially crucial in times of crisis. For instance, after the 2023 earthquakes in Turkey, survivors struggled to mourn loved ones amidst the destruction properly. The World Health Organization reported widespread \u201csecondary trauma,\u201d with many people \u201cunable to bury their dead.\u201d In cases like this, telling stories keeps hope and memory alive. \n\nAfter Japan\u2019s 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster, there was a resurgent of kaidankai\u2014traditional communal ghost storytelling. Journalist Richard Loyd Parry, who wrote about the catastrophe in Ghosts of the Tsunami, described how survivors actively hoped to see ghosts of their loved ones, seeking connection and closure. \n\nThe psychological effects of these disasters aren\u2019t confined to ground zero. Following the 2011 tsunami, Gise remembers how her colleagues were called on to help the Japanese community in Hawaii, who were left in shock at the events across the Pacific. \n\nFor many, she says, such conditions can heighten the \u201cexperience\u201d of seeing ghosts. \u201cI think we will see more of it,\u201d says Gise. Misinformation and high levels of anxiety that can see vulnerable survivors relapse on mind-altering drugs or alcohol\u2014all are growing, she says. ","id":8,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'In the aftermath of devastating wildfires, hurricanes, and record-breaking floods, ghost stories are finding a curious resurgence. Across regions hardest hit by natural disasters, tales of eerie sightings and ghostly presences seem to echo the trauma these events leave behind. \\n\\nGrief does powerful things to the brain, says Leslie Hartley Gise, an expert in disaster psychiatry who counseled survivors of the 2023 Hawaii wildfires. \u201cPeople do see and hear their loved ones after they die,\u201d she says. \u201cThey think they\u2019re going crazy.\u201d \\n\\nBut psychologists suggest these supernatural encounters could reflect how people process overwhelming loss. For example, during the first month of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in the United Kingdom, the Spiritualists\u2019 National Union, which believes spirits of the dead can be contacted, saw a striking 325 percent increase in membership applications. \\n\\nIn the aftermath of calamities like the recent Maui fires, Libya\u2019s flood, and Japan\u2019s Toh\u014dku earthquake and tsunami, survivors often report unexplained, unsettling encounters. Similarly, during the recent pandemic, Catholic exorcists and paranormal investigators reported a surge in clients seeking their services. \\n\\nAs disasters continue to reshape our lives, this growing interest in the supernatural raises the question: will belief in ghosts rise as well? \\n\\n<b>How trauma creates ghosts<\/b> \\n\\nOn a biological level, grief and trauma can trigger the release of cortisol and other stress hormones, leading to symptoms such as sleep deprivation and sensory overload. These factors can contribute to hallucinations that feel as real as actual memories, which may explain why many grieving individuals report seeing or hearing their deceased loved ones. \\n\\nIn disaster zones, the sense of unreality intensifies. Wailing sirens, flickering lights, and the eerie sight of abandoned schools and streets\u2014all set us on edge, priming us to perceive things that aren\u2019t there. \\n\\nGise says distressed survivors may feel derealization or depersonalization. \u201cThey feel like the world isn\u2019t real, or like they\u2019re not the person that they were \u2014 or they look in a mirror and don\u2019t see themselves.\u201d  This phenomenon suggests that rather than truly seeing ghosts, individuals may feel like ghosts themselves. \\n\\nAdditionally, the state of the environment after a disaster can exacerbate these feelings. In devastated areas, crumbling buildings and burning industrial sites can release toxic chemicals like mercury, arsenic, or pesticides. These contaminants can seep into the water supply and cause hallucinations or even seizures preceded by \u201ca feeling of impending doom.\u201d \\n\\nAs communities struggle to rebuild, unattended farmland may also contribute to ghostly sightings. The reason? Decaying crops can develop ergot, a highly psychoactive fungus that some researchers believe played a role in the Puritan witch hysteria of the 1690s in Salem, Massachusetts. \\n\\n<b>The enduring power of ghost stories<\/b> \\n\\nAnthropologists Christine and Todd VanPool of the University of Missouri argue that ghost stories have persisted across cultures not just as fear-inducing tales, but as practical and symbolic tools. In their recent book, An Anthropological Study in Spirits, they suggest that folklore often serves to protect communities, sometimes warning them away from dangerous places or people. Ghosts \u201cmay be perceived as metaphorical dangers that warn us in some way from greed, anger or other antisocial traits,\u201d says Christine. \\n\\nYet the appearance of ghosts isn\u2019t always human, says Todd. In some regions, like the Swiss-Italian Alps, some residents have \u201cperceived a haunted landscape associated with a form of mourning\u201d spurred by \u201cthe loss of specific glaciers.\u201d It\u2019s a phenomenon, he adds, commonly experienced around the world by communities facing catastrophic landscape change. \\n\\nBut why do many societies seem so willing to scare themselves proactively? \u201cGhost stories can cause communities to stick together,\u201d Christine says. The social bond formed from a story passed down generations can reinforce societal belief systems, ensure funeral rituals are adhered to, or push a community to work together to complete the work of the dead. \\n\\nThis is especially crucial in times of crisis. For instance, after the 2023 earthquakes in Turkey, survivors struggled to mourn loved ones amidst the destruction properly. The World Health Organization reported widespread \u201csecondary trauma,\u201d with many people \u201cunable to bury their dead.\u201d In cases like this, telling stories keeps hope and memory alive. \\n\\nAfter Japan\u2019s 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster, there was a resurgent of kaidankai\u2014traditional communal ghost storytelling. Journalist Richard Loyd Parry, who wrote about the catastrophe in Ghosts of the Tsunami, described how survivors actively hoped to see ghosts of their loved ones, seeking connection and closure. \\n\\nThe psychological effects of these disasters aren\u2019t confined to ground zero. Following the 2011 tsunami, Gise remembers how her colleagues were called on to help the Japanese community in Hawaii, who were left in shock at the events across the Pacific. \\n\\nFor many, she says, such conditions can heighten the \u201cexperience\u201d of seeing ghosts. \u201cI think we will see more of it,\u201d says Gise. Misinformation and high levels of anxiety that can see vulnerable survivors relapse on mind-altering drugs or alcohol\u2014all are growing, she says. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.99853515625, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0002315044403076172, 'GPT4': 0.9970703125, 'MISTRAL': 6.479024887084961e-05, 'LLAMA': 3.7789344787597656e-05, 'GEMINI': 0.00220489501953125, 'CLAUDE': 0.0002465248107910156, 'HUMAN': 6.079673767089844e-06}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'In the aftermath of devastating wildfires, hurricanes, and record-breaking floods, ghost stories are finding a curious resurgence. Across regions hardest hit by natural disasters, tales of eerie sightings and ghostly presences seem to echo the trauma these events leave behind. \\n\\nGrief does powerful things to the brain, says Leslie Hartley Gise, an expert in disaster psychiatry who counseled survivors of the 2023 Hawaii wildfires. \u201cPeople do see and hear their loved ones after they die,\u201d she says. \u201cThey think they\u2019re going crazy.\u201d \\n\\nBut psychologists suggest these supernatural encounters could reflect how people process overwhelming loss. For example, during the first month of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in the United Kingdom, the Spiritualists\u2019 National Union, which believes spirits of the dead can be contacted, saw a striking 325 percent increase in membership applications. \\n\\nIn the aftermath of calamities like the recent Maui fires, Libya\u2019s flood, and Japan\u2019s Toh\u014dku earthquake and tsunami, survivors often report unexplained, unsettling encounters. Similarly, during the recent pandemic, Catholic exorcists and paranormal investigators reported a surge in clients seeking their services. \\n\\nAs disasters continue to reshape our lives, this growing interest in the supernatural raises the question: will belief in ghosts rise as well? \\n\\n<b>How trauma creates ghosts<\/b> \\n\\nOn a biological level, grief and trauma can trigger the release of cortisol and other stress hormones, leading to symptoms such as sleep deprivation and sensory overload. These factors can contribute to hallucinations that feel as real as actual memories, which may explain why many grieving individuals report seeing or hearing their deceased loved ones. \\n\\nIn disaster zones, the sense of unreality intensifies. Wailing sirens, flickering lights, and the eerie sight of abandoned schools and streets\u2014all set us on edge, priming us to perceive things that aren\u2019t there. \\n\\nGise says distressed survivors may feel derealization or depersonalization. \u201cThey feel like the world isn\u2019t real, or like they\u2019re not the person that they were \u2014 or they look in a mirror and don\u2019t see themselves.\u201d  This phenomenon suggests that rather than truly seeing ghosts, individuals may feel like ghosts themselves. \\n\\nAdditionally, the state of the environment after a disaster can exacerbate these feelings. In devastated areas, crumbling buildings and burning industrial sites can release toxic chemicals like mercury, arsenic, or pesticides. These contaminants can seep into the water supply and cause hallucinations or even seizures preceded by \u201ca feeling of impending doom.\u201d \\n\\nAs communities struggle to rebuild, unattended farmland may also contribute to ghostly sightings. The reason? Decaying crops can develop ergot, a highly psychoactive fungus that some researchers believe played a role in the Puritan witch hysteria of the 1690s in Salem, Massachusetts. \\n\\n<b>The enduring power of ghost stories<\/b> \\n\\nAnthropologists Christine and Todd VanPool of the University of Missouri argue that ghost stories have persisted across cultures not just as fear-inducing tales, but as practical and symbolic tools. In their recent book, An Anthropological Study in Spirits, they suggest that folklore often serves to protect communities, sometimes warning them away from dangerous places or people. Ghosts \u201cmay be perceived as metaphorical dangers that warn us in some way from greed, anger or other antisocial traits,\u201d says Christine. \\n\\nYet the appearance of ghosts isn\u2019t always human, says Todd. In some regions, like the Swiss-Italian Alps, some residents have \u201cperceived a haunted landscape associated with a form of mourning\u201d spurred by \u201cthe loss of specific glaciers.\u201d It\u2019s a phenomenon, he adds, commonly experienced around the world by communities facing catastrophic landscape change. \\n\\nBut why do many societies seem so willing to scare themselves proactively? \u201cGhost stories can cause communities to stick together,\u201d Christine says. The social bond formed from a story passed down generations can reinforce societal belief systems, ensure funeral rituals are adhered to, or push a community to work together to complete the work of the dead. \\n\\nThis is especially crucial in times of crisis. For instance, after the 2023 earthquakes in Turkey, survivors struggled to mourn loved ones amidst the destruction properly. The World Health Organization reported widespread \u201csecondary trauma,\u201d with many people \u201cunable to bury their dead.\u201d In cases like this, telling stories keeps hope and memory alive. \\n\\nAfter Japan\u2019s 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster, there was a resurgent of kaidankai\u2014traditional communal ghost storytelling. Journalist Richard Loyd Parry, who wrote about the catastrophe in Ghosts of the Tsunami, described how survivors actively hoped to see ghosts of their loved ones, seeking connection and closure. \\n\\nThe psychological effects of these disasters aren\u2019t confined to ground zero. Following the 2011 tsunami, Gise remembers how her colleagues were called on to help the Japanese community in Hawaii, who were left in shock at the events across the Pacific. \\n\\nFor many, she says, such conditions can heighten the \u201cexperience\u201d of seeing ghosts. \u201cI think we will see more of it,\u201d says Gise. Misinformation and high levels of anxiety that can see vulnerable survivors relapse on mind-altering drugs or alcohol\u2014all are growing, she says. 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The writing style and content are not particularly AI-like.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'In the aftermath of devastating wildfires, hurricanes, and record-breaking floods, ghost stories are finding a curious resurgence. Across regions hardest hit by natural disasters, tales of eerie sightings and ghostly presences seem to echo the trauma these events leave behind. \\n\\nGrief does powerful things to the brain, says Leslie Hartley Gise, an expert in disaster psychiatry who counseled survivors of the 2023 Hawaii wildfires. \u201cPeople do see and hear their loved ones after they die,\u201d she says. \u201cThey think they\u2019re going crazy.\u201d \\n\\nBut psychologists suggest these supernatural encounters could reflect how people process overwhelming loss. For example, during the first month of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in the United Kingdom, the Spiritualists\u2019 National Union, which believes spirits of the dead can be contacted, saw a striking 325 percent increase in membership applications. \\n\\nIn the aftermath of calamities like the recent Maui fires, Libya\u2019s flood, and Japan\u2019s Toh\u014dku earthquake and tsunami, survivors often report unexplained, unsettling encounters. Similarly, during the recent pandemic, Catholic exorcists and paranormal investigators reported a surge in clients seeking their services. \\n\\nAs disasters continue to reshape our lives, this growing interest in the supernatural raises the question: will belief in ghosts rise as well? \\n\\n<b>How trauma creates ghosts<\/b> \\n\\nOn a biological level, grief and trauma can trigger the release of cortisol and other stress hormones, leading to symptoms such as sleep deprivation and sensory overload. These factors can contribute to hallucinations that feel as real as actual memories, which may explain why many grieving individuals report seeing or hearing their deceased loved ones. \\n\\nIn disaster zones, the sense of unreality intensifies. Wailing sirens, flickering lights, and the eerie sight of abandoned schools and streets\u2014all set us on edge, priming us to perceive things that aren\u2019t there. \\n\\nGise says distressed survivors may feel derealization or depersonalization. \u201cThey feel like the world isn\u2019t real, or like they\u2019re not the person that they were \u2014 or they look in a mirror and don\u2019t see themselves.\u201d  This phenomenon suggests that rather than truly seeing ghosts, individuals may feel like ghosts themselves. \\n\\nAdditionally, the state of the environment after a disaster can exacerbate these feelings. In devastated areas, crumbling buildings and burning industrial sites can release toxic chemicals like mercury, arsenic, or pesticides. These contaminants can seep into the water supply and cause hallucinations or even seizures preceded by \u201ca feeling of impending doom.\u201d \\n\\nAs communities struggle to rebuild, unattended farmland may also contribute to ghostly sightings. The reason? Decaying crops can develop ergot, a highly psychoactive fungus that some researchers believe played a role in the Puritan witch hysteria of the 1690s in Salem, Massachusetts. \\n\\n<b>The enduring power of ghost stories<\/b> \\n\\nAnthropologists Christine and Todd VanPool of the University of Missouri argue that ghost stories have persisted across cultures not just as fear-inducing tales, but as practical and symbolic tools. In their recent book, An Anthropological Study in Spirits, they suggest that folklore often serves to protect communities, sometimes warning them away from dangerous places or people. Ghosts \u201cmay be perceived as metaphorical dangers that warn us in some way from greed, anger or other antisocial traits,\u201d says Christine. \\n\\nYet the appearance of ghosts isn\u2019t always human, says Todd. In some regions, like the Swiss-Italian Alps, some residents have \u201cperceived a haunted landscape associated with a form of mourning\u201d spurred by \u201cthe loss of specific glaciers.\u201d It\u2019s a phenomenon, he adds, commonly experienced around the world by communities facing catastrophic landscape change. \\n\\nBut why do many societies seem so willing to scare themselves proactively? \u201cGhost stories can cause communities to stick together,\u201d Christine says. The social bond formed from a story passed down generations can reinforce societal belief systems, ensure funeral rituals are adhered to, or push a community to work together to complete the work of the dead. \\n\\nThis is especially crucial in times of crisis. For instance, after the 2023 earthquakes in Turkey, survivors struggled to mourn loved ones amidst the destruction properly. The World Health Organization reported widespread \u201csecondary trauma,\u201d with many people \u201cunable to bury their dead.\u201d In cases like this, telling stories keeps hope and memory alive. \\n\\nAfter Japan\u2019s 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster, there was a resurgent of kaidankai\u2014traditional communal ghost storytelling. Journalist Richard Loyd Parry, who wrote about the catastrophe in Ghosts of the Tsunami, described how survivors actively hoped to see ghosts of their loved ones, seeking connection and closure. \\n\\nThe psychological effects of these disasters aren\u2019t confined to ground zero. Following the 2011 tsunami, Gise remembers how her colleagues were called on to help the Japanese community in Hawaii, who were left in shock at the events across the Pacific. \\n\\nFor many, she says, such conditions can heighten the \u201cexperience\u201d of seeing ghosts. \u201cI think we will see more of it,\u201d says Gise. Misinformation and high levels of anxiety that can see vulnerable survivors relapse on mind-altering drugs or alcohol\u2014all are growing, she says. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.383890152,"RADAR":0.3241163492,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The article has a few AI words, including \"crucial\" and \"ensure\". The one surname \"VanPool\" does seem a bit like a typing mistake was made, so I'm not really sure. It feels a bit like a humanized AI article. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"This article has signs of both AI and human writing. There are several lists, indicative of AI-generation. Also, the word \"crucial\" is used but only once.\nThe phrase \"echo the trauma\" sounds human. Also, \"On a biological level...loved ones\" is an extremely long sentence \u2013 something I haven't seen AI create much. The highlighted book title isn't italicized \u2013 possibly a human error? Also, the highlighted \"will\" should be capitalized. This may also be a human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: contractions; varied sentence and paragraph length; clunky sentences; filler words like 'rather'; spaced en dashes; sentence case headings; "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am less confident, but I believe it's human-written. The language feels like AI in many cases, but there's more examples of human content to me because of how it's able to bring adjacent ideas together, such as with the mention of decaying farmland, 2023 earthquakes in Turkey, and other events around the world. It brings context when needed to make specific points, and the formatting of this article varies in length and structure. Examples include \"\u201cThey feel like the world isn\u2019t real, or like they\u2019re not the person that they were \u2014 or they look in a mirror and don\u2019t see themselves.\u201d This phenomenon suggests that rather than truly seeing ghosts, individuals may feel like ghosts themselves.\" and \"like the recent Maui fires, Libya\u2019s flood, and Japan\u2019s Toh\u014dku earthquake and tsunami,\""},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Instead of quoting entire sentences, the author leans toward integrating selected phrases from the source material into the story.\nSpecific details (dates, titles of books) that ground the narrative."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"129":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":10,"title":"The world\u2019s first saber-toothed cat mummy has been found in Siberia ","sub-title":"This remarkably well-preserved cub could help scientists answer questions about sabertooth anatomy, hunting, and even coat color. ","author":"Riley Black","source":"National Geographic","issue":1731974400000,"section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/science\/article\/sabertooth-cat-mummy-first-cub","article":"For nearly two centuries, paleontologists have wondered what saber-toothed cats really looked like. Despite models in museums, dramatic paleoart, and even a starring spot in the Ice Age movies, the appearance of these long-fanged predators has been a mystery. All experts have really had to go on are fossilized bones and the occasional footprint. Now a frozen cub found in the Siberian permafrost has provided the world with a glimpse of a sabertooth that roamed across the Northern Hemisphere around 32,000 years ago. \n\n\u201cI was over-the-moon excited to see such an incredible specimen,\u201d says Ashley Reynolds, a paleontologist at the Canadian Museum of Nature who was not involved in the new research. Even though mummified mammoths and other herbivores have been found in the same region of Russia, apex predators are rare compared to their prey. The discovery of a sabertooth mummy always seemed a slim chance, as prey tend to outnumber predators in the wild. \n\nIn 2020, \u201cthe frozen, mummified carcass was found by diggers prospecting for mammoth tusks,\u201d says paleontologist A.V. Lopatin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Lopatin and his colleagues were \u201csurprised and delighted\u201d to study the specimen which they described November 14 in Scientific Reports. \n\nThe frozen cub not only provides the first look at what a saber-toothed cat looked like in real life, Reynolds notes, but also represents a life stage that paleontologists know less about, as most fossils are from adult animals. \n\n<b>Seeing a sabertooth fur real<\/b> \n\nLopatin and his coauthors identified the cub as a baby Homotherium latidens. The carnivore, sometimes called a scimitar-toothed cat for its shorter, serrated canine teeth compared to the \u201cdirk-toothed\u201d Smilodon, was a lanky and wide-ranging predator that was better suited to running after prey than the ambush techniques used by the famous Smilodon. Found in both Eurasia and North America, the cat hunted juvenile mammoths and other megafauna. Fossil sites such as Friesenhahn Cave in Texas indicate that the felines sometimes made dens in caves to raise their cubs.  \n\nWithout fossils that preserve soft tissue like fur, muscle, and skin, paleontologists have debated what Homotherium would have looked like. For example, illustrators have often depicted sabertooths with the tips of their canines sticking out below their muzzles, which may have been true for some species like Smilodon. But a 2022 analysis suggested that Homotherium had deep muzzles, where the cat\u2019s sabers were \u201cconcealed weapons\u201d covered by the upper lip when the mouth was closed. \n\nEven with the mummy, the question of whether Homotherium adults had covered fangs is challenging. Lopatin notes that the upper lip of the cub is more than twice as deep as that of a modern lion cub, further hinting that Homotherium had lips capable of concealing the long canine teeth that they would later grow. Reynolds cautions, however, that the cub did not have its adult teeth yet. Only a mummy of an adult Homotherium can settle that debate. The \u201csaberkitten\u201d suggests that an adult Homotherium mummy could be awaiting discovery, as well. \n\nIn other respects, the cub\u2019s anatomy confirms what paleontologists expected from bones. \u201cThe cub had the enlarged neck muscles thought to occur in adults, and also had long, muscular forelimbs seen in adult Homotherium,\u201d says Margaret Lewis, a paleontologist at Stockton University in New Jersey who was not involved in the new study. The juvenile\u2019s jaw was also capable of wide gapes that adult Homotherium used to bite into prey, she notes. \n\nThe ancient cat\u2019s coloration is another longstanding question. Modern cat coat colors tend to be associated with their hunting environment. Lions, cougars, and cats that live in open, grassy habitats often have light and relatively uniform coats. Given that Homotherium prowled the chilly \u201cmammoth steppe,\u201d with few trees but lots of grasses, it seemed likely that the cat would also have a coat suited to blending into the wide open spaces. \n\n\u201cThe uniform dark brown color of the mummy fur turned out to be completely unexpected,\u201d Lopatin says. Much like a set of cave lion cubs found in the permafrost several years ago, Lopatin notes, Homotherium cubs were likely born with a darker coat color which lightened as the cats grew up. \n\n\u201cIt\u2019s fascinating that there doesn\u2019t seem to be any spotting or striping on the cubs,\u201d Reynolds says, as such patterns are common among modern cats, even in species that have more uniform coats as adults. Lewis notes that frozen animals often have a reddish tint, so the cub\u2019s current coat might not reflect their color in life. Genetic analyses of the fur could help clarify what colors Homotherium really wore. \n\n<b>Sabertooths vs. modern cats<\/b> \n\nExperts will surely keep examining the cub for some time to come. It is the first example of an Ice Age mummy for a mammal species that has no modern equivalent for comparison. Sabertooths specialized in hunting mammoths and other megafauna and perished when their giant-sized prey vanished due to a combination of climate change and human activity. No living cats hunt the way they did, so the fossil\u2019s soft tissue adds a great deal of detail where paleontologists could only be guess from bones before. \n\nEven the cub\u2019s tiny feet are providing new insights. \u201cThe paw pads for each toe are much rounder than those of a lion,\u201d Reynolds notes, and the cub lacks a distinctive carpal pad that sits higher up on the leg in modern cats. The reason why is unclear, but investigating the contrast might help experts better discern how sabertooths differ from today\u2019s big cats. \n\nHomotherium and its relatives were not just lions with long fangs, but predators that evolved in a very different world inhibited by an array of strange giants. The frozen cub offers a tangible connection to that time, when sabertooths stalked the plains. ","id":9,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'For nearly two centuries, paleontologists have wondered what saber-toothed cats really looked like. Despite models in museums, dramatic paleoart, and even a starring spot in the Ice Age movies, the appearance of these long-fanged predators has been a mystery. All experts have really had to go on are fossilized bones and the occasional footprint. Now a frozen cub found in the Siberian permafrost has provided the world with a glimpse of a sabertooth that roamed across the Northern Hemisphere around 32,000 years ago. \\n\\n\u201cI was over-the-moon excited to see such an incredible specimen,\u201d says Ashley Reynolds, a paleontologist at the Canadian Museum of Nature who was not involved in the new research. Even though mummified mammoths and other herbivores have been found in the same region of Russia, apex predators are rare compared to their prey. The discovery of a sabertooth mummy always seemed a slim chance, as prey tend to outnumber predators in the wild. \\n\\nIn 2020, \u201cthe frozen, mummified carcass was found by diggers prospecting for mammoth tusks,\u201d says paleontologist A.V. Lopatin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Lopatin and his colleagues were \u201csurprised and delighted\u201d to study the specimen which they described November 14 in Scientific Reports. \\n\\nThe frozen cub not only provides the first look at what a saber-toothed cat looked like in real life, Reynolds notes, but also represents a life stage that paleontologists know less about, as most fossils are from adult animals. \\n\\n<b>Seeing a sabertooth fur real<\/b> \\n\\nLopatin and his coauthors identified the cub as a baby Homotherium latidens. The carnivore, sometimes called a scimitar-toothed cat for its shorter, serrated canine teeth compared to the \u201cdirk-toothed\u201d Smilodon, was a lanky and wide-ranging predator that was better suited to running after prey than the ambush techniques used by the famous Smilodon. Found in both Eurasia and North America, the cat hunted juvenile mammoths and other megafauna. Fossil sites such as Friesenhahn Cave in Texas indicate that the felines sometimes made dens in caves to raise their cubs.  \\n\\nWithout fossils that preserve soft tissue like fur, muscle, and skin, paleontologists have debated what Homotherium would have looked like. For example, illustrators have often depicted sabertooths with the tips of their canines sticking out below their muzzles, which may have been true for some species like Smilodon. But a 2022 analysis suggested that Homotherium had deep muzzles, where the cat\u2019s sabers were \u201cconcealed weapons\u201d covered by the upper lip when the mouth was closed. \\n\\nEven with the mummy, the question of whether Homotherium adults had covered fangs is challenging. Lopatin notes that the upper lip of the cub is more than twice as deep as that of a modern lion cub, further hinting that Homotherium had lips capable of concealing the long canine teeth that they would later grow. Reynolds cautions, however, that the cub did not have its adult teeth yet. Only a mummy of an adult Homotherium can settle that debate. The \u201csaberkitten\u201d suggests that an adult Homotherium mummy could be awaiting discovery, as well. \\n\\nIn other respects, the cub\u2019s anatomy confirms what paleontologists expected from bones. \u201cThe cub had the enlarged neck muscles thought to occur in adults, and also had long, muscular forelimbs seen in adult Homotherium,\u201d says Margaret Lewis, a paleontologist at Stockton University in New Jersey who was not involved in the new study. The juvenile\u2019s jaw was also capable of wide gapes that adult Homotherium used to bite into prey, she notes. \\n\\nThe ancient cat\u2019s coloration is another longstanding question. Modern cat coat colors tend to be associated with their hunting environment. Lions, cougars, and cats that live in open, grassy habitats often have light and relatively uniform coats. Given that Homotherium prowled the chilly \u201cmammoth steppe,\u201d with few trees but lots of grasses, it seemed likely that the cat would also have a coat suited to blending into the wide open spaces. \\n\\n\u201cThe uniform dark brown color of the mummy fur turned out to be completely unexpected,\u201d Lopatin says. Much like a set of cave lion cubs found in the permafrost several years ago, Lopatin notes, Homotherium cubs were likely born with a darker coat color which lightened as the cats grew up. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s fascinating that there doesn\u2019t seem to be any spotting or striping on the cubs,\u201d Reynolds says, as such patterns are common among modern cats, even in species that have more uniform coats as adults. Lewis notes that frozen animals often have a reddish tint, so the cub\u2019s current coat might not reflect their color in life. Genetic analyses of the fur could help clarify what colors Homotherium really wore. \\n\\n<b>Sabertooths vs. modern cats<\/b> \\n\\nExperts will surely keep examining the cub for some time to come. It is the first example of an Ice Age mummy for a mammal species that has no modern equivalent for comparison. Sabertooths specialized in hunting mammoths and other megafauna and perished when their giant-sized prey vanished due to a combination of climate change and human activity. No living cats hunt the way they did, so the fossil\u2019s soft tissue adds a great deal of detail where paleontologists could only be guess from bones before. \\n\\nEven the cub\u2019s tiny feet are providing new insights. \u201cThe paw pads for each toe are much rounder than those of a lion,\u201d Reynolds notes, and the cub lacks a distinctive carpal pad that sits higher up on the leg in modern cats. The reason why is unclear, but investigating the contrast might help experts better discern how sabertooths differ from today\u2019s big cats. \\n\\nHomotherium and its relatives were not just lions with long fangs, but predators that evolved in a very different world inhibited by an array of strange giants. The frozen cub offers a tangible connection to that time, when sabertooths stalked the plains. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1205673217773438e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'For nearly two centuries, paleontologists have wondered what saber-toothed cats really looked like. Despite models in museums, dramatic paleoart, and even a starring spot in the Ice Age movies, the appearance of these long-fanged predators has been a mystery. All experts have really had to go on are fossilized bones and the occasional footprint. Now a frozen cub found in the Siberian permafrost has provided the world with a glimpse of a sabertooth that roamed across the Northern Hemisphere around 32,000 years ago. \\n\\n\u201cI was over-the-moon excited to see such an incredible specimen,\u201d says Ashley Reynolds, a paleontologist at the Canadian Museum of Nature who was not involved in the new research. Even though mummified mammoths and other herbivores have been found in the same region of Russia, apex predators are rare compared to their prey. The discovery of a sabertooth mummy always seemed a slim chance, as prey tend to outnumber predators in the wild. \\n\\nIn 2020, \u201cthe frozen, mummified carcass was found by diggers prospecting for mammoth tusks,\u201d says paleontologist A.V. Lopatin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Lopatin and his colleagues were \u201csurprised and delighted\u201d to study the specimen which they described November 14 in Scientific Reports. \\n\\nThe frozen cub not only provides the first look at what a saber-toothed cat looked like in real life, Reynolds notes, but also represents a life stage that paleontologists know less about, as most fossils are from adult animals. \\n\\n<b>Seeing a sabertooth fur real<\/b> \\n\\nLopatin and his coauthors identified the cub as a baby Homotherium latidens. The carnivore, sometimes called a scimitar-toothed cat for its shorter, serrated canine teeth compared to the \u201cdirk-toothed\u201d Smilodon, was a lanky and wide-ranging predator that was better suited to running after prey than the ambush techniques used by the famous Smilodon. Found in both Eurasia and North America, the cat hunted juvenile mammoths and other megafauna. Fossil sites such as Friesenhahn Cave in Texas indicate that the felines sometimes made dens in caves to raise their cubs.  \\n\\nWithout fossils that preserve soft tissue like fur, muscle, and skin, paleontologists have debated what Homotherium would have looked like. For example, illustrators have often depicted sabertooths with the tips of their canines sticking out below their muzzles, which may have been true for some species like Smilodon. But a 2022 analysis suggested that Homotherium had deep muzzles, where the cat\u2019s sabers were \u201cconcealed weapons\u201d covered by the upper lip when the mouth was closed. \\n\\nEven with the mummy, the question of whether Homotherium adults had covered fangs is challenging. Lopatin notes that the upper lip of the cub is more than twice as deep as that of a modern lion cub, further hinting that Homotherium had lips capable of concealing the long canine teeth that they would later grow. Reynolds cautions, however, that the cub did not have its adult teeth yet. Only a mummy of an adult Homotherium can settle that debate. The \u201csaberkitten\u201d suggests that an adult Homotherium mummy could be awaiting discovery, as well. \\n\\nIn other respects, the cub\u2019s anatomy confirms what paleontologists expected from bones. \u201cThe cub had the enlarged neck muscles thought to occur in adults, and also had long, muscular forelimbs seen in adult Homotherium,\u201d says Margaret Lewis, a paleontologist at Stockton University in New Jersey who was not involved in the new study. The juvenile\u2019s jaw was also capable of wide gapes that adult Homotherium used to bite into prey, she notes. \\n\\nThe ancient cat\u2019s coloration is another longstanding question. Modern cat coat colors tend to be associated with their hunting environment. Lions, cougars, and cats that live in open, grassy habitats often have light and relatively uniform coats. Given that Homotherium prowled the chilly \u201cmammoth steppe,\u201d with few trees but lots of grasses, it seemed likely that the cat would also have a coat suited to blending into the wide open spaces. \\n\\n\u201cThe uniform dark brown color of the mummy fur turned out to be completely unexpected,\u201d Lopatin says. Much like a set of cave lion cubs found in the permafrost several years ago, Lopatin notes, Homotherium cubs were likely born with a darker coat color which lightened as the cats grew up. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s fascinating that there doesn\u2019t seem to be any spotting or striping on the cubs,\u201d Reynolds says, as such patterns are common among modern cats, even in species that have more uniform coats as adults. Lewis notes that frozen animals often have a reddish tint, so the cub\u2019s current coat might not reflect their color in life. Genetic analyses of the fur could help clarify what colors Homotherium really wore. \\n\\n<b>Sabertooths vs. modern cats<\/b> \\n\\nExperts will surely keep examining the cub for some time to come. It is the first example of an Ice Age mummy for a mammal species that has no modern equivalent for comparison. Sabertooths specialized in hunting mammoths and other megafauna and perished when their giant-sized prey vanished due to a combination of climate change and human activity. No living cats hunt the way they did, so the fossil\u2019s soft tissue adds a great deal of detail where paleontologists could only be guess from bones before. \\n\\nEven the cub\u2019s tiny feet are providing new insights. \u201cThe paw pads for each toe are much rounder than those of a lion,\u201d Reynolds notes, and the cub lacks a distinctive carpal pad that sits higher up on the leg in modern cats. The reason why is unclear, but investigating the contrast might help experts better discern how sabertooths differ from today\u2019s big cats. \\n\\nHomotherium and its relatives were not just lions with long fangs, but predators that evolved in a very different world inhibited by an array of strange giants. The frozen cub offers a tangible connection to that time, when sabertooths stalked the plains. 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'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'For nearly two centuries, paleontologists have wondered what saber-toothed cats really looked like. Despite models in museums, dramatic paleoart, and even a starring spot in the Ice Age movies, the appearance of these long-fanged predators has been a mystery. All experts have really had to go on are fossilized bones and the occasional footprint. Now a frozen cub found in the Siberian permafrost has provided the world with a glimpse of a sabertooth that roamed across the Northern Hemisphere around 32,000 years ago. \\n\\n\u201cI was over-the-moon excited to see such an incredible specimen,\u201d says Ashley Reynolds, a paleontologist at the Canadian Museum of Nature who was not involved in the new research. Even though mummified mammoths and other herbivores have been found in the same region of Russia, apex predators are rare compared to their prey. The discovery of a sabertooth mummy always seemed a slim chance, as prey tend to outnumber predators in the wild. \\n\\nIn 2020, \u201cthe frozen, mummified carcass was found by diggers prospecting for mammoth tusks,\u201d says paleontologist A.V. Lopatin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Lopatin and his colleagues were \u201csurprised and delighted\u201d to study the specimen which they described November 14 in Scientific Reports. \\n\\nThe frozen cub not only provides the first look at what a saber-toothed cat looked like in real life, Reynolds notes, but also represents a life stage that paleontologists know less about, as most fossils are from adult animals. \\n\\n<b>Seeing a sabertooth fur real<\/b> \\n\\nLopatin and his coauthors identified the cub as a baby Homotherium latidens. The carnivore, sometimes called a scimitar-toothed cat for its shorter, serrated canine teeth compared to the \u201cdirk-toothed\u201d Smilodon, was a lanky and wide-ranging predator that was better suited to running after prey than the ambush techniques used by the famous Smilodon. Found in both Eurasia and North America, the cat hunted juvenile mammoths and other megafauna. Fossil sites such as Friesenhahn Cave in Texas indicate that the felines sometimes made dens in caves to raise their cubs.  \\n\\nWithout fossils that preserve soft tissue like fur, muscle, and skin, paleontologists have debated what Homotherium would have looked like. For example, illustrators have often depicted sabertooths with the tips of their canines sticking out below their muzzles, which may have been true for some species like Smilodon. But a 2022 analysis suggested that Homotherium had deep muzzles, where the cat\u2019s sabers were \u201cconcealed weapons\u201d covered by the upper lip when the mouth was closed. \\n\\nEven with the mummy, the question of whether Homotherium adults had covered fangs is challenging. Lopatin notes that the upper lip of the cub is more than twice as deep as that of a modern lion cub, further hinting that Homotherium had lips capable of concealing the long canine teeth that they would later grow. Reynolds cautions, however, that the cub did not have its adult teeth yet. Only a mummy of an adult Homotherium can settle that debate. The \u201csaberkitten\u201d suggests that an adult Homotherium mummy could be awaiting discovery, as well. \\n\\nIn other respects, the cub\u2019s anatomy confirms what paleontologists expected from bones. \u201cThe cub had the enlarged neck muscles thought to occur in adults, and also had long, muscular forelimbs seen in adult Homotherium,\u201d says Margaret Lewis, a paleontologist at Stockton University in New Jersey who was not involved in the new study. The juvenile\u2019s jaw was also capable of wide gapes that adult Homotherium used to bite into prey, she notes. \\n\\nThe ancient cat\u2019s coloration is another longstanding question. Modern cat coat colors tend to be associated with their hunting environment. Lions, cougars, and cats that live in open, grassy habitats often have light and relatively uniform coats. Given that Homotherium prowled the chilly \u201cmammoth steppe,\u201d with few trees but lots of grasses, it seemed likely that the cat would also have a coat suited to blending into the wide open spaces. \\n\\n\u201cThe uniform dark brown color of the mummy fur turned out to be completely unexpected,\u201d Lopatin says. Much like a set of cave lion cubs found in the permafrost several years ago, Lopatin notes, Homotherium cubs were likely born with a darker coat color which lightened as the cats grew up. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s fascinating that there doesn\u2019t seem to be any spotting or striping on the cubs,\u201d Reynolds says, as such patterns are common among modern cats, even in species that have more uniform coats as adults. Lewis notes that frozen animals often have a reddish tint, so the cub\u2019s current coat might not reflect their color in life. Genetic analyses of the fur could help clarify what colors Homotherium really wore. \\n\\n<b>Sabertooths vs. modern cats<\/b> \\n\\nExperts will surely keep examining the cub for some time to come. It is the first example of an Ice Age mummy for a mammal species that has no modern equivalent for comparison. Sabertooths specialized in hunting mammoths and other megafauna and perished when their giant-sized prey vanished due to a combination of climate change and human activity. No living cats hunt the way they did, so the fossil\u2019s soft tissue adds a great deal of detail where paleontologists could only be guess from bones before. \\n\\nEven the cub\u2019s tiny feet are providing new insights. \u201cThe paw pads for each toe are much rounder than those of a lion,\u201d Reynolds notes, and the cub lacks a distinctive carpal pad that sits higher up on the leg in modern cats. The reason why is unclear, but investigating the contrast might help experts better discern how sabertooths differ from today\u2019s big cats. \\n\\nHomotherium and its relatives were not just lions with long fangs, but predators that evolved in a very different world inhibited by an array of strange giants. The frozen cub offers a tangible connection to that time, when sabertooths stalked the plains. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.9128890038,"RADAR":0.0063578538,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The way various people continually \"note\" make me think it's quite likely that the article is machine-generated. However, the mistake at the end seems like quite a human one to make, which made me less sure. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"The lack of quotation marks around \"The juvenile's...prey\" seems to be a human error. Also, the journal's name is not italicized."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"It was the use of 'really' in the first paragraph that made me think this was human-generated. Otherwise, the sentence case headings and contractions give it away. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. For me, the article's format, tone, and writing style is able to convey information clearly throughout. There's good organization, and it's able to inform the reader on what they need to know, such as the different between the current species being talked about, and its related Smilodon predators. Alongside that, it's able to clearly back up statements such as \"remarkable\" with information before it, such as with the specimen's dark brown coat being a unique and surprising trait, \"The uniform dark brown color of the mummy fur turned out to be completely unexpected...\" There's also enough unique word choices here that makes the article believable, such as with \"over-the-moon excited\" and \"saberkitten\". "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"No LLM marker words\/phrases.\nWordplay in heading 1.\nNo adjectives\/adverbs chosen to embellish the text. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"130":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":11,"title":"Symbol of opulence or sign of witchcraft? Here\u2019s a colorful history of red lipstick. ","sub-title":"From its early use by prostitutes in ancient Greece to a symbol of glamor in Hollywood, rouge lips has long been associated with beauty, power, and rebellion. ","author":"Faye Keegan ","source":"National Geographic","issue":1715126400000,"section":"History & Culture","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/history-of-red-lipstick","article":"With evocative names such as \u201cDragon Girl\u201d and \u201cCherries in the Snow\u201d and worn by the likes of Cleopatra and Taylor Swift, red lipstick has endured as a timeless emblem of beauty and power. The recent discovery of trace pigments\u2014a mix of vegetal wax and powdered minerals\u2014resembling modern lipstick recipes in a 4,000-year-old vial from Iran only adds to its legacy. \n\nToday, red lipstick continues to be a statement of confidence and glamour, but its meaning is fluid and diverse. For some, it represents classic femininity and sophistication; for others, it\u2019s a bold assertion of individuality and defiance. Its allure lies not just in its hue but in the myriad interpretations and emotions it evokes. \n\n<b>The ancient origins of red lipstick<\/b> \n\nRed lip coloring dates to 3500 B.C. when ancient Mesopotamia\u2019s Queen Puabi (aka Shubad) used a concoction of white lead and crushed red rocks to stain her lips to symbolize her status in power. The trend caught on: archeological excavations revealed that many wealthy Sumerians were buried with lip colorants stored in cockle shells. Aristocrats of ancient Egypt favored red ochre mixed with resin to fashion bold red lips. Queen Cleopatra preferred carmine, a deep red pigment extracted from cochineal bugs.  \n\nIn ancient Greece, red lips were associated with sex workers, who risked punishment for \u201cimproperly posing as ladies\u201d if they appeared in public without their designated lip paint made from ingredients as various as mulberries, seaweed, sheep sweat, and crocodile excrement, according to Sarah E. Schaffer, author of \u201cReading our Lips: The History of Lipstick Regulation in Western Seats of Power.\u201d \n\nBy the Roman Empire, lip coloring was commonplace again, with vibrant shades indicating higher status. However, as Schaffer writes, expensive ingredients like mercury-laden vermillion were \u201cpotentially deadly poison; those poor persons who had to rely on red wine sediment for their lip color likely fared better in the end.\u201d \n\n<b>From royalty to witchcraft<\/b> \n\nSchaffer writes that during the Middle Ages, \u201cwhen the Crusades reintroduced Western Europe to the extensive Middle Eastern use of cosmetics, lipstick acquired a slightly wicked allure.\u201d Christians considered makeup to be in opposition to religious teachings that emphasized humility and natural beauty as part of God\u2019s design.  \n\nIn England, red lipstick was thought to possess the power to repel malevolent spirits. Queen Elizabeth I, a fervent believer, famously adorned her lips with a custom crimson hue made from cochineal, gum arabic, egg whites, and fig milk. Her regal endorsement sparked a trend, and red lipstick surged in popularity during her reign (1558-1603). \n\nHowever, with the reign of her successor, James I (1603-1625), societal fears surrounding witchcraft cast a shadow over cosmetic practices. By 1770, a law was passed stating that any woman deemed to be using makeup as a means of tricking men into marriage could be tried as a witch \n\n<b>The color of rebellion<\/b> \n\nRed lipstick took on new significance during the 1920s suffragette movement, symbolizing the fight for women\u2019s rights. Beauty entrepreneur Elizabeth Arden inspired women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Emmeline Pankhurst to wear red lipstick as a badge of courage when she distributed lipstick tubes to suffragettes in 1912.  \n\nOver the following decades, red lipstick became increasingly popular. Vogue declared in 1933 that \u201cif we were perpetuating the gestures of the 20th century for posterity, putting on lipstick would head the list.\u201d \n\nBy World War II, red lipstick evolved from a symbol of rebellion to one of patriotic femininity and resilience, with shades like \u201cFighting Red!\u201d and \u201cVictory Red!\u201d becoming popular. Schaffer writes that red \n\nlipstick was \u201ca vital part of the war effort.\u201d Arden produced a shade to match the bright crimson trimmings of the female Marines\u2019 uniforms, and factory dressing rooms were stocked with lipstick to boost workers\u2019 morale. Hitler, apparently, hated it. \n\nThe bold red lip remained a classic choice after World War II, as Hollywood icons like Audrey Hepburn and Marilyn Monroe made it a fashion staple. Its legacy is seen in modern-day celebrities like Taylor Swift, who often sports scarlet lips. \n\nBut its timeless appeal continues to captivate and empower individuals, reaffirming its status as an emblem of rebellion and strength. In 2018, the #SoyPicoRojo campaign in Nicaragua featured men and women wearing red lipstick protesting the nation\u2019s dictatorship. In 2019, thousands of women in Chile donned red lipstick to denounce sexual violence, proving the bold red lip has never truly gone out of style. \n\n ","id":10,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'With evocative names such as \u201cDragon Girl\u201d and \u201cCherries in the Snow\u201d and worn by the likes of Cleopatra and Taylor Swift, red lipstick has endured as a timeless emblem of beauty and power. The recent discovery of trace pigments\u2014a mix of vegetal wax and powdered minerals\u2014resembling modern lipstick recipes in a 4,000-year-old vial from Iran only adds to its legacy. \\n\\nToday, red lipstick continues to be a statement of confidence and glamour, but its meaning is fluid and diverse. For some, it represents classic femininity and sophistication; for others, it\u2019s a bold assertion of individuality and defiance. Its allure lies not just in its hue but in the myriad interpretations and emotions it evokes. \\n\\n<b>The ancient origins of red lipstick<\/b> \\n\\nRed lip coloring dates to 3500 B.C. when ancient Mesopotamia\u2019s Queen Puabi (aka Shubad) used a concoction of white lead and crushed red rocks to stain her lips to symbolize her status in power. The trend caught on: archeological excavations revealed that many wealthy Sumerians were buried with lip colorants stored in cockle shells. Aristocrats of ancient Egypt favored red ochre mixed with resin to fashion bold red lips. Queen Cleopatra preferred carmine, a deep red pigment extracted from cochineal bugs.  \\n\\nIn ancient Greece, red lips were associated with sex workers, who risked punishment for \u201cimproperly posing as ladies\u201d if they appeared in public without their designated lip paint made from ingredients as various as mulberries, seaweed, sheep sweat, and crocodile excrement, according to Sarah E. Schaffer, author of \u201cReading our Lips: The History of Lipstick Regulation in Western Seats of Power.\u201d \\n\\nBy the Roman Empire, lip coloring was commonplace again, with vibrant shades indicating higher status. However, as Schaffer writes, expensive ingredients like mercury-laden vermillion were \u201cpotentially deadly poison; those poor persons who had to rely on red wine sediment for their lip color likely fared better in the end.\u201d \\n\\n<b>From royalty to witchcraft<\/b> \\n\\nSchaffer writes that during the Middle Ages, \u201cwhen the Crusades reintroduced Western Europe to the extensive Middle Eastern use of cosmetics, lipstick acquired a slightly wicked allure.\u201d Christians considered makeup to be in opposition to religious teachings that emphasized humility and natural beauty as part of God\u2019s design.  \\n\\nIn England, red lipstick was thought to possess the power to repel malevolent spirits. Queen Elizabeth I, a fervent believer, famously adorned her lips with a custom crimson hue made from cochineal, gum arabic, egg whites, and fig milk. Her regal endorsement sparked a trend, and red lipstick surged in popularity during her reign (1558-1603). \\n\\nHowever, with the reign of her successor, James I (1603-1625), societal fears surrounding witchcraft cast a shadow over cosmetic practices. By 1770, a law was passed stating that any woman deemed to be using makeup as a means of tricking men into marriage could be tried as a witch \\n\\n<b>The color of rebellion<\/b> \\n\\nRed lipstick took on new significance during the 1920s suffragette movement, symbolizing the fight for women\u2019s rights. Beauty entrepreneur Elizabeth Arden inspired women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Emmeline Pankhurst to wear red lipstick as a badge of courage when she distributed lipstick tubes to suffragettes in 1912.  \\n\\nOver the following decades, red lipstick became increasingly popular. Vogue declared in 1933 that \u201cif we were perpetuating the gestures of the 20th century for posterity, putting on lipstick would head the list.\u201d \\n\\nBy World War II, red lipstick evolved from a symbol of rebellion to one of patriotic femininity and resilience, with shades like \u201cFighting Red!\u201d and \u201cVictory Red!\u201d becoming popular. Schaffer writes that red \\n\\nlipstick was \u201ca vital part of the war effort.\u201d Arden produced a shade to match the bright crimson trimmings of the female Marines\u2019 uniforms, and factory dressing rooms were stocked with lipstick to boost workers\u2019 morale. Hitler, apparently, hated it. \\n\\nThe bold red lip remained a classic choice after World War II, as Hollywood icons like Audrey Hepburn and Marilyn Monroe made it a fashion staple. Its legacy is seen in modern-day celebrities like Taylor Swift, who often sports scarlet lips. \\n\\nBut its timeless appeal continues to captivate and empower individuals, reaffirming its status as an emblem of rebellion and strength. In 2018, the #SoyPicoRojo campaign in Nicaragua featured men and women wearing red lipstick protesting the nation\u2019s dictatorship. In 2019, thousands of women in Chile donned red lipstick to denounce sexual violence, proving the bold red lip has never truly gone out of style. \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.9833984375, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0027828216552734375, 'GPT4': 0.75146484375, 'MISTRAL': 0.0445556640625, 'LLAMA': 0.0009617805480957031, 'GEMINI': 0.088134765625, 'CLAUDE': 0.1107177734375, 'HUMAN': 0.0011692047119140625}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'With evocative names such as \u201cDragon Girl\u201d and \u201cCherries in the Snow\u201d and worn by the likes of Cleopatra and Taylor Swift, red lipstick has endured as a timeless emblem of beauty and power. The recent discovery of trace pigments\u2014a mix of vegetal wax and powdered minerals\u2014resembling modern lipstick recipes in a 4,000-year-old vial from Iran only adds to its legacy. \\n\\nToday, red lipstick continues to be a statement of confidence and glamour, but its meaning is fluid and diverse. For some, it represents classic femininity and sophistication; for others, it\u2019s a bold assertion of individuality and defiance. Its allure lies not just in its hue but in the myriad interpretations and emotions it evokes. \\n\\n<b>The ancient origins of red lipstick<\/b> \\n\\nRed lip coloring dates to 3500 B.C. when ancient Mesopotamia\u2019s Queen Puabi (aka Shubad) used a concoction of white lead and crushed red rocks to stain her lips to symbolize her status in power. The trend caught on: archeological excavations revealed that many wealthy Sumerians were buried with lip colorants stored in cockle shells. Aristocrats of ancient Egypt favored red ochre mixed with resin to fashion bold red lips. Queen Cleopatra preferred carmine, a deep red pigment extracted from cochineal bugs.  \\n\\nIn ancient Greece, red lips were associated with sex workers, who risked punishment for \u201cimproperly posing as ladies\u201d if they appeared in public without their designated lip paint made from ingredients as various as mulberries, seaweed, sheep sweat, and crocodile excrement, according to Sarah E. Schaffer, author of \u201cReading our Lips: The History of Lipstick Regulation in Western Seats of Power.\u201d \\n\\nBy the Roman Empire, lip coloring was commonplace again, with vibrant shades indicating higher status. However, as Schaffer writes, expensive ingredients like mercury-laden vermillion were \u201cpotentially deadly poison; those poor persons who had to rely on red wine sediment for their lip color likely fared better in the end.\u201d \\n\\n<b>From royalty to witchcraft<\/b> \\n\\nSchaffer writes that during the Middle Ages, \u201cwhen the Crusades reintroduced Western Europe to the extensive Middle Eastern use of cosmetics, lipstick acquired a slightly wicked allure.\u201d Christians considered makeup to be in opposition to religious teachings that emphasized humility and natural beauty as part of God\u2019s design.  \\n\\nIn England, red lipstick was thought to possess the power to repel malevolent spirits. Queen Elizabeth I, a fervent believer, famously adorned her lips with a custom crimson hue made from cochineal, gum arabic, egg whites, and fig milk. Her regal endorsement sparked a trend, and red lipstick surged in popularity during her reign (1558-1603). \\n\\nHowever, with the reign of her successor, James I (1603-1625), societal fears surrounding witchcraft cast a shadow over cosmetic practices. By 1770, a law was passed stating that any woman deemed to be using makeup as a means of tricking men into marriage could be tried as a witch \\n\\n<b>The color of rebellion<\/b> \\n\\nRed lipstick took on new significance during the 1920s suffragette movement, symbolizing the fight for women\u2019s rights. Beauty entrepreneur Elizabeth Arden inspired women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Emmeline Pankhurst to wear red lipstick as a badge of courage when she distributed lipstick tubes to suffragettes in 1912.  \\n\\nOver the following decades, red lipstick became increasingly popular. Vogue declared in 1933 that \u201cif we were perpetuating the gestures of the 20th century for posterity, putting on lipstick would head the list.\u201d \\n\\nBy World War II, red lipstick evolved from a symbol of rebellion to one of patriotic femininity and resilience, with shades like \u201cFighting Red!\u201d and \u201cVictory Red!\u201d becoming popular. Schaffer writes that red \\n\\nlipstick was \u201ca vital part of the war effort.\u201d Arden produced a shade to match the bright crimson trimmings of the female Marines\u2019 uniforms, and factory dressing rooms were stocked with lipstick to boost workers\u2019 morale. Hitler, apparently, hated it. \\n\\nThe bold red lip remained a classic choice after World War II, as Hollywood icons like Audrey Hepburn and Marilyn Monroe made it a fashion staple. Its legacy is seen in modern-day celebrities like Taylor Swift, who often sports scarlet lips. \\n\\nBut its timeless appeal continues to captivate and empower individuals, reaffirming its status as an emblem of rebellion and strength. In 2018, the #SoyPicoRojo campaign in Nicaragua featured men and women wearing red lipstick protesting the nation\u2019s dictatorship. In 2019, thousands of women in Chile donned red lipstick to denounce sexual violence, proving the bold red lip has never truly gone out of style. \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.98779296875, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 3.069639205932617e-05, 'GPT4': 0.9521484375, 'MISTRAL': 0.002613067626953125, 'LLAMA': 0.0001919269561767578, 'GEMINI': 0.0007085800170898438, 'CLAUDE': 0.034820556640625, 'HUMAN': 0.009368896484375}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'f95406c9-12d8-4927-987e-dd918030cb5c', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.9741162657737732, 'sentence': 'With evocative names such as \u201cDragon Girl\u201d and \u201cCherries in the Snow\u201d and worn by the likes of Cleopatra and Taylor Swift, red lipstick has endured as a timeless emblem of beauty and power.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9546471834182739, 'sentence': 'The recent discovery of trace pigments\u1173a mix of vegetal wax and powdered minerals\u1173resembling modern lipstick recipes in a 4,000-year-old vial from Iran only adds to its legacy.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9833584427833557, 'sentence': 'Today, red lipstick continues to be a statement of confidence and glamour, but its meaning is fluid and diverse.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9876663684844971, 'sentence': \"For some, it represents classic femininity and sophistication; for others, it's a bold assertion of individuality and defiance.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9844908118247986, 'sentence': 'Its allure lies not just in its hue but in the myriad interpretations and emotions it evokes.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.18537506461143494, 'sentence': '<b>The ancient origins of red lipstick<\/b>', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.13522374629974365, 'sentence': 'Red lip coloring dates to 3500 B.C.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.06380456686019897, 'sentence': \"when ancient Mesopotamia's Queen Puabi (aka Shubad) used a concoction of white lead and crushed red rocks to stain her lips to symbolize her status in power.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.03646646440029144, 'sentence': 'The trend caught on: archeological excavations revealed that many wealthy Sumerians were buried with lip colorants stored in cockle shells.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.021177127957344055, 'sentence': 'Aristocrats of ancient Egypt favored red ochre mixed with resin to fashion bold red lips.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.019970513880252838, 'sentence': 'Queen Cleopatra preferred carmine, a deep red pigment extracted from cochineal bugs.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.005584515165537596, 'sentence': 'In ancient Greece, red lips were associated with sex workers, who risked punishment for \u201cimproperly posing as ladies\u201d if they appeared in public without their designated lip paint made from ingredients as various as mulberries, seaweed, sheep sweat, and crocodile excrement, according to Sarah E. 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0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {'predicted_class': 'pure_ai', 'result_message': '', 'confidence_score': 0.9999999998, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'class_probabilities': {'pure_ai': 0.9999999999, 'ai_paraphrased': 9.999999997e-11}, 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'pure_ai': 0.9999999998, 'ai_paraphrased': 9.999999997e-11}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'pure_ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'ai_paraphrased': {'reject': 0.85, 'low': 0.9, 'medium': 0.95}}}}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly uncertain about this document. The writing style and content are not particularly AI-like.', 'document_classification': 'AI_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'With evocative names such as \u201cDragon Girl\u201d and \u201cCherries in the Snow\u201d and worn by the likes of Cleopatra and Taylor Swift, red lipstick has endured as a timeless emblem of beauty and power. The recent discovery of trace pigments\u2014a mix of vegetal wax and powdered minerals\u2014resembling modern lipstick recipes in a 4,000-year-old vial from Iran only adds to its legacy. \\n\\nToday, red lipstick continues to be a statement of confidence and glamour, but its meaning is fluid and diverse. For some, it represents classic femininity and sophistication; for others, it\u2019s a bold assertion of individuality and defiance. Its allure lies not just in its hue but in the myriad interpretations and emotions it evokes. \\n\\n<b>The ancient origins of red lipstick<\/b> \\n\\nRed lip coloring dates to 3500 B.C. when ancient Mesopotamia\u2019s Queen Puabi (aka Shubad) used a concoction of white lead and crushed red rocks to stain her lips to symbolize her status in power. The trend caught on: archeological excavations revealed that many wealthy Sumerians were buried with lip colorants stored in cockle shells. Aristocrats of ancient Egypt favored red ochre mixed with resin to fashion bold red lips. Queen Cleopatra preferred carmine, a deep red pigment extracted from cochineal bugs.  \\n\\nIn ancient Greece, red lips were associated with sex workers, who risked punishment for \u201cimproperly posing as ladies\u201d if they appeared in public without their designated lip paint made from ingredients as various as mulberries, seaweed, sheep sweat, and crocodile excrement, according to Sarah E. Schaffer, author of \u201cReading our Lips: The History of Lipstick Regulation in Western Seats of Power.\u201d \\n\\nBy the Roman Empire, lip coloring was commonplace again, with vibrant shades indicating higher status. However, as Schaffer writes, expensive ingredients like mercury-laden vermillion were \u201cpotentially deadly poison; those poor persons who had to rely on red wine sediment for their lip color likely fared better in the end.\u201d \\n\\n<b>From royalty to witchcraft<\/b> \\n\\nSchaffer writes that during the Middle Ages, \u201cwhen the Crusades reintroduced Western Europe to the extensive Middle Eastern use of cosmetics, lipstick acquired a slightly wicked allure.\u201d Christians considered makeup to be in opposition to religious teachings that emphasized humility and natural beauty as part of God\u2019s design.  \\n\\nIn England, red lipstick was thought to possess the power to repel malevolent spirits. Queen Elizabeth I, a fervent believer, famously adorned her lips with a custom crimson hue made from cochineal, gum arabic, egg whites, and fig milk. Her regal endorsement sparked a trend, and red lipstick surged in popularity during her reign (1558-1603). \\n\\nHowever, with the reign of her successor, James I (1603-1625), societal fears surrounding witchcraft cast a shadow over cosmetic practices. By 1770, a law was passed stating that any woman deemed to be using makeup as a means of tricking men into marriage could be tried as a witch \\n\\n<b>The color of rebellion<\/b> \\n\\nRed lipstick took on new significance during the 1920s suffragette movement, symbolizing the fight for women\u2019s rights. Beauty entrepreneur Elizabeth Arden inspired women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Emmeline Pankhurst to wear red lipstick as a badge of courage when she distributed lipstick tubes to suffragettes in 1912.  \\n\\nOver the following decades, red lipstick became increasingly popular. Vogue declared in 1933 that \u201cif we were perpetuating the gestures of the 20th century for posterity, putting on lipstick would head the list.\u201d \\n\\nBy World War II, red lipstick evolved from a symbol of rebellion to one of patriotic femininity and resilience, with shades like \u201cFighting Red!\u201d and \u201cVictory Red!\u201d becoming popular. Schaffer writes that red \\n\\nlipstick was \u201ca vital part of the war effort.\u201d Arden produced a shade to match the bright crimson trimmings of the female Marines\u2019 uniforms, and factory dressing rooms were stocked with lipstick to boost workers\u2019 morale. Hitler, apparently, hated it. \\n\\nThe bold red lip remained a classic choice after World War II, as Hollywood icons like Audrey Hepburn and Marilyn Monroe made it a fashion staple. Its legacy is seen in modern-day celebrities like Taylor Swift, who often sports scarlet lips. \\n\\nBut its timeless appeal continues to captivate and empower individuals, reaffirming its status as an emblem of rebellion and strength. In 2018, the #SoyPicoRojo campaign in Nicaragua featured men and women wearing red lipstick protesting the nation\u2019s dictatorship. In 2019, thousands of women in Chile donned red lipstick to denounce sexual violence, proving the bold red lip has never truly gone out of style. \\n\\n '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8642423153,"RADAR":0.0476637185,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The article has an author named Sarah as well as a few other AI markers such as the use of the word \"vibrant\". However, some other parts like the use of \"aka\" make it seem human. It reads like an AI-generated article that's been humanized. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"There are very few clues here. The magazine name \"Vogue\" isn't italicized, which I'm guessing is a human error along with the paragraphing error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I would have restructured the first sentence. It feels slightly clunky as it is. Also, 'fashion red lips' sounds odd., which is an indicator that it might be human-generated. Otherwise, there's a lowercase letter after a colon; according to so-and-so is tagged onto the end of a sentence. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I am less confident with this one, but I believe it's human-written. One of the problems is that there's a lot of meaning-talk and use of similar words that AI tends to write with. However, what makes it human to me is that many of these statements of meaning are backed by facts in the article, such as with \"ancient Mesopotamia\u2019s Queen Puabi (aka Shubad) used a concoction of white lead and crushed red rocks to stain her lips to symbolize her status in power.\". If the purpose of the article is to describe how the color red on lips' meaning has changed over time, then it being \"evocative\" and \"empowering\" is correctly used here - it's probably one of the only exceptions to the rule in my book. The article also doesn't end on an opinion statement, but something relevant that gives the reader reference to the idea that red lipstick is powerful and influential in how its meaning has changed. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Author cites correctly from a verifiable source.\nHistorical details seamlessly integrated in the narrative.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"131":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":12,"title":"Fireflies are nature\u2019s light show at this West Virginia state park ","sub-title":"By protecting natural darkness, Watoga State Park inadvertently created a haven for thousands of synchronous fireflies. ","author":"Olivia Young ","source":"National Geographic","issue":1715904000000,"section":"Travel","link":"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/animals\/article\/west-virginia-watoga-state-park-synchronous-fireflies","article":"Although fireflies are found on every continent except Antarctica, the flashing type primarily thrives in the humid eastern U.S. from Maine to Florida. The males attract mates with mesmerizing light displays, but only in select pockets of the Appalachian Mountains do both genders flash in unison. \n\nThe Elkmont region in Tennessee\u2019s Great Smoky Mountains National Park is renowned for this spectacle, drawing crowds during the two-week mating period when Photinus carolinus synchronizes its flash pattern. These elusive beetles can also be found in lesser-known locales across Appalachia. However, an unexpected discovery emerged during a West Virginia state park\u2019s pursuit of International Dark Sky status: another thriving population of synchronous fireflies on public land. \n\n<b>Discovering Watoga\u2019s synchronous fireflies<\/b> \n\nIn 2019, Watoga State Park officials and community volunteers banded together to transform the park into a dark-sky haven. Spanning 10,000 acres and surrounded by another 10,000 acres of protected forest, Watoga features some of the darkest skies in the Mid-Atlantic. Park officials and volunteers spent three years installing International Dark Sky Association-approved lighting. During the first summer of the project, a retired biologist discovered the fireflies while visiting Watoga.  \n\nIn 2020, researchers from the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources confirmed the presence of these fireflies. They looked for Photinus carolinus\u2019 signature display\u2014a \u201cflash train\u201d of six quick pulses followed by six to nine seconds of darkness\u2014and quickly found it. \u201cThe more you looked, the more you realized that Watoga is home to synchronous fireflies everywhere if you\u2019re there at the right time of year and walking out at the right time of night,\u201d says Mack Frantz, a zoologist on that trip. \n\nLynn Faust, the self-taught researcher who identified synchronous fireflies in the Smokies, says Watoga\u2019s population has probably been there all along but is more clearly seen and growing due to reduced light pollution. Unlike the continent\u2019s most common firefly, Photinus pyralis, which has evolved to court in twilight, the carolinus species requires total darkness. \n\nIn the 1990s, while looking for fireflies at her family\u2019s cabin in Elkmont, Faust became fed up with a streetlamp that was \u201cmessing up [her] experiments,\u201d so she climbed the pole at 2 a.m. and smashed it with a rock. The woods \u201cliterally exploded in sparkles,\u201d she says. \u201cFor about five seconds, the entire forest came alive with flashing.\u201d Over the next decade, the national park removed all streetlamps from Elkmont, and Faust says the synchronous flashes immediately filled the newly darkened areas. \n\nAfter the discovery in Watoga, the Division of Natural Resources submitted a letter of support to the International Dark Sky Association, ultimately helping the park achieve its Dark Sky designation in 2021. Today, Watoga, Calvin Price State Forest, and Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park make up West Virginia\u2019s only International Dark Sky Park. It\u2019s one of 87 in the U.S., only 22 of which are east of the Mississippi River. \n\n<b>Protecting fireflies from overtourism<\/b> \n\nThe carolinus firefly is less researched than common species, but the IUCN Red List names light pollution and trampling as its biggest threats. In Elkmont, crowding became such an issue that the national park introduced a lottery system to protect its vulnerable beetles from too much \u201centomo-tourism,\u201d as the IUCN defines it. Fewer than 1,000 out of the 20,000 to 50,000 people who apply to the lottery every spring succeed.  \n\nWatoga has experienced a spike in tourism since the discovery of its synchronous fireflies and Dark Sky designation, with June visitation shooting up 34 percent from 2019 to 2022. \u201cOur number one concern at this point is understanding this sensitive species,\u201d says Jody Spencer, Watoga State Park superintendent. \n\nNew signs around the park alert visitors to viewing etiquette: \u201cNo artificial lighting. No flash photography. Stay on designated trails at all times. Do not capture fireflies. No smoking or perfume,\u201d and \u201ccover up for mosquito protection\u201d instead of wearing insect repellent. \n\n<b>How to see synchronous fireflies in Watoga<\/b> \n\nWatoga\u2019s synchronous fireflies flash from around mid-June to the end of the month, though climatic conditions dictate the exact timing. As part of its conservation management plan, the Division of Natural Resources installed a weather station in the park to help track breeding phenology.  \n\nUsing this data, researchers can predict the flashing a couple of months before it begins. The state park now holds expert talks and events celebrating the fireflies and star parties every summer.  \n\nFrantz says Watoga parkgoers don\u2019t have to go far from their cabins or campsites to see the phenomenon. He recommends going out just before 10 p.m. to catch the show\u2019s start. \u201cDepending on how big and open the area is, you might see cascading effects of synchrony because those males are focused on individuals that are closer to them,\u201d he says. \u201cIt might look almost like somebody doing the wave all around you.\u201d Finally, after an hour or so of practice, the fireflies achieve perfect harmony. ","id":11,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Although fireflies are found on every continent except Antarctica, the flashing type primarily thrives in the humid eastern U.S. from Maine to Florida. The males attract mates with mesmerizing light displays, but only in select pockets of the Appalachian Mountains do both genders flash in unison. \\n\\nThe Elkmont region in Tennessee\u2019s Great Smoky Mountains National Park is renowned for this spectacle, drawing crowds during the two-week mating period when Photinus carolinus synchronizes its flash pattern. These elusive beetles can also be found in lesser-known locales across Appalachia. However, an unexpected discovery emerged during a West Virginia state park\u2019s pursuit of International Dark Sky status: another thriving population of synchronous fireflies on public land. \\n\\n<b>Discovering Watoga\u2019s synchronous fireflies<\/b> \\n\\nIn 2019, Watoga State Park officials and community volunteers banded together to transform the park into a dark-sky haven. Spanning 10,000 acres and surrounded by another 10,000 acres of protected forest, Watoga features some of the darkest skies in the Mid-Atlantic. Park officials and volunteers spent three years installing International Dark Sky Association-approved lighting. During the first summer of the project, a retired biologist discovered the fireflies while visiting Watoga.  \\n\\nIn 2020, researchers from the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources confirmed the presence of these fireflies. They looked for Photinus carolinus\u2019 signature display\u2014a \u201cflash train\u201d of six quick pulses followed by six to nine seconds of darkness\u2014and quickly found it. \u201cThe more you looked, the more you realized that Watoga is home to synchronous fireflies everywhere if you\u2019re there at the right time of year and walking out at the right time of night,\u201d says Mack Frantz, a zoologist on that trip. \\n\\nLynn Faust, the self-taught researcher who identified synchronous fireflies in the Smokies, says Watoga\u2019s population has probably been there all along but is more clearly seen and growing due to reduced light pollution. Unlike the continent\u2019s most common firefly, Photinus pyralis, which has evolved to court in twilight, the carolinus species requires total darkness. \\n\\nIn the 1990s, while looking for fireflies at her family\u2019s cabin in Elkmont, Faust became fed up with a streetlamp that was \u201cmessing up [her] experiments,\u201d so she climbed the pole at 2 a.m. and smashed it with a rock. The woods \u201cliterally exploded in sparkles,\u201d she says. \u201cFor about five seconds, the entire forest came alive with flashing.\u201d Over the next decade, the national park removed all streetlamps from Elkmont, and Faust says the synchronous flashes immediately filled the newly darkened areas. \\n\\nAfter the discovery in Watoga, the Division of Natural Resources submitted a letter of support to the International Dark Sky Association, ultimately helping the park achieve its Dark Sky designation in 2021. Today, Watoga, Calvin Price State Forest, and Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park make up West Virginia\u2019s only International Dark Sky Park. It\u2019s one of 87 in the U.S., only 22 of which are east of the Mississippi River. \\n\\n<b>Protecting fireflies from overtourism<\/b> \\n\\nThe carolinus firefly is less researched than common species, but the IUCN Red List names light pollution and trampling as its biggest threats. In Elkmont, crowding became such an issue that the national park introduced a lottery system to protect its vulnerable beetles from too much \u201centomo-tourism,\u201d as the IUCN defines it. Fewer than 1,000 out of the 20,000 to 50,000 people who apply to the lottery every spring succeed.  \\n\\nWatoga has experienced a spike in tourism since the discovery of its synchronous fireflies and Dark Sky designation, with June visitation shooting up 34 percent from 2019 to 2022. \u201cOur number one concern at this point is understanding this sensitive species,\u201d says Jody Spencer, Watoga State Park superintendent. \\n\\nNew signs around the park alert visitors to viewing etiquette: \u201cNo artificial lighting. No flash photography. Stay on designated trails at all times. Do not capture fireflies. No smoking or perfume,\u201d and \u201ccover up for mosquito protection\u201d instead of wearing insect repellent. \\n\\n<b>How to see synchronous fireflies in Watoga<\/b> \\n\\nWatoga\u2019s synchronous fireflies flash from around mid-June to the end of the month, though climatic conditions dictate the exact timing. As part of its conservation management plan, the Division of Natural Resources installed a weather station in the park to help track breeding phenology.  \\n\\nUsing this data, researchers can predict the flashing a couple of months before it begins. The state park now holds expert talks and events celebrating the fireflies and star parties every summer.  \\n\\nFrantz says Watoga parkgoers don\u2019t have to go far from their cabins or campsites to see the phenomenon. He recommends going out just before 10 p.m. to catch the show\u2019s start. \u201cDepending on how big and open the area is, you might see cascading effects of synchrony because those males are focused on individuals that are closer to them,\u201d he says. \u201cIt might look almost like somebody doing the wave all around you.\u201d Finally, after an hour or so of practice, the fireflies achieve perfect harmony. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.054595947265625, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Although fireflies are found on every continent except Antarctica, the flashing type primarily thrives in the humid eastern U.S. from Maine to Florida. The males attract mates with mesmerizing light displays, but only in select pockets of the Appalachian Mountains do both genders flash in unison. \\n\\nThe Elkmont region in Tennessee\u2019s Great Smoky Mountains National Park is renowned for this spectacle, drawing crowds during the two-week mating period when Photinus carolinus synchronizes its flash pattern. These elusive beetles can also be found in lesser-known locales across Appalachia. However, an unexpected discovery emerged during a West Virginia state park\u2019s pursuit of International Dark Sky status: another thriving population of synchronous fireflies on public land. \\n\\n<b>Discovering Watoga\u2019s synchronous fireflies<\/b> \\n\\nIn 2019, Watoga State Park officials and community volunteers banded together to transform the park into a dark-sky haven. Spanning 10,000 acres and surrounded by another 10,000 acres of protected forest, Watoga features some of the darkest skies in the Mid-Atlantic. Park officials and volunteers spent three years installing International Dark Sky Association-approved lighting. During the first summer of the project, a retired biologist discovered the fireflies while visiting Watoga.  \\n\\nIn 2020, researchers from the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources confirmed the presence of these fireflies. They looked for Photinus carolinus\u2019 signature display\u2014a \u201cflash train\u201d of six quick pulses followed by six to nine seconds of darkness\u2014and quickly found it. \u201cThe more you looked, the more you realized that Watoga is home to synchronous fireflies everywhere if you\u2019re there at the right time of year and walking out at the right time of night,\u201d says Mack Frantz, a zoologist on that trip. \\n\\nLynn Faust, the self-taught researcher who identified synchronous fireflies in the Smokies, says Watoga\u2019s population has probably been there all along but is more clearly seen and growing due to reduced light pollution. Unlike the continent\u2019s most common firefly, Photinus pyralis, which has evolved to court in twilight, the carolinus species requires total darkness. \\n\\nIn the 1990s, while looking for fireflies at her family\u2019s cabin in Elkmont, Faust became fed up with a streetlamp that was \u201cmessing up [her] experiments,\u201d so she climbed the pole at 2 a.m. and smashed it with a rock. The woods \u201cliterally exploded in sparkles,\u201d she says. \u201cFor about five seconds, the entire forest came alive with flashing.\u201d Over the next decade, the national park removed all streetlamps from Elkmont, and Faust says the synchronous flashes immediately filled the newly darkened areas. \\n\\nAfter the discovery in Watoga, the Division of Natural Resources submitted a letter of support to the International Dark Sky Association, ultimately helping the park achieve its Dark Sky designation in 2021. Today, Watoga, Calvin Price State Forest, and Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park make up West Virginia\u2019s only International Dark Sky Park. It\u2019s one of 87 in the U.S., only 22 of which are east of the Mississippi River. \\n\\n<b>Protecting fireflies from overtourism<\/b> \\n\\nThe carolinus firefly is less researched than common species, but the IUCN Red List names light pollution and trampling as its biggest threats. In Elkmont, crowding became such an issue that the national park introduced a lottery system to protect its vulnerable beetles from too much \u201centomo-tourism,\u201d as the IUCN defines it. Fewer than 1,000 out of the 20,000 to 50,000 people who apply to the lottery every spring succeed.  \\n\\nWatoga has experienced a spike in tourism since the discovery of its synchronous fireflies and Dark Sky designation, with June visitation shooting up 34 percent from 2019 to 2022. \u201cOur number one concern at this point is understanding this sensitive species,\u201d says Jody Spencer, Watoga State Park superintendent. \\n\\nNew signs around the park alert visitors to viewing etiquette: \u201cNo artificial lighting. No flash photography. Stay on designated trails at all times. Do not capture fireflies. No smoking or perfume,\u201d and \u201ccover up for mosquito protection\u201d instead of wearing insect repellent. \\n\\n<b>How to see synchronous fireflies in Watoga<\/b> \\n\\nWatoga\u2019s synchronous fireflies flash from around mid-June to the end of the month, though climatic conditions dictate the exact timing. As part of its conservation management plan, the Division of Natural Resources installed a weather station in the park to help track breeding phenology.  \\n\\nUsing this data, researchers can predict the flashing a couple of months before it begins. The state park now holds expert talks and events celebrating the fireflies and star parties every summer.  \\n\\nFrantz says Watoga parkgoers don\u2019t have to go far from their cabins or campsites to see the phenomenon. He recommends going out just before 10 p.m. to catch the show\u2019s start. \u201cDepending on how big and open the area is, you might see cascading effects of synchrony because those males are focused on individuals that are closer to them,\u201d he says. \u201cIt might look almost like somebody doing the wave all around you.\u201d Finally, after an hour or so of practice, the fireflies achieve perfect harmony. ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.6259765625, 'prediction': 'Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 3.3795833587646484e-05, 'GPT4': 0.92578125, 'MISTRAL': 0.0005645751953125, 'LLAMA': 2.6226043701171875e-05, 'GEMINI': 0.01531982421875, 'CLAUDE': 9.322166442871094e-05, 'HUMAN': 0.058258056640625}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'fb9ca5d1-0761-4309-a540-a10bc83978d7', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.8881389498710632, 'sentence': 'Although fireflies are found on every continent except Antarctica, the flashing type primarily thrives in the humid eastern U.S. from Maine to Florida.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9841316938400269, 'sentence': 'The males attract mates with mesmerizing light displays, but only in select pockets of the Appalachian Mountains do both genders flash in unison.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9898629188537598, 'sentence': \"The Elkmont region in Tennessee's Great Smoky Mountains National Park is renowned for this spectacle, drawing crowds during the two-week mating period when Photinus carolinus synchronizes its flash pattern.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9868518114089966, 'sentence': 'These elusive beetles can also be found in lesser-known locales across Appalachia.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.9535977840423584, 'sentence': \"However, an unexpected discovery emerged during a West Virginia state park's pursuit of International Dark Sky status: another thriving population of synchronous fireflies on public land.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.6196645498275757, 'sentence': \"<b>Discovering Watoga's synchronous fireflies<\/b>\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.48749613761901855, 'sentence': 'In 2019, Watoga State Park officials 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'completely_generated_prob': 0.03401338833347961, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9602419155370094, 'ai': 0.03401338833347961, 'mixed': 0.005744696129510983}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9602419155370094, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.03401338833347961, 'human': 0.9602419155370094, 'mixed': 0.005744696129510983}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Although fireflies are found on every continent except Antarctica, the flashing type primarily thrives in the humid eastern U.S. from Maine to Florida. The males attract mates with mesmerizing light displays, but only in select pockets of the Appalachian Mountains do both genders flash in unison. \\n\\nThe Elkmont region in Tennessee\u2019s Great Smoky Mountains National Park is renowned for this spectacle, drawing crowds during the two-week mating period when Photinus carolinus synchronizes its flash pattern. These elusive beetles can also be found in lesser-known locales across Appalachia. However, an unexpected discovery emerged during a West Virginia state park\u2019s pursuit of International Dark Sky status: another thriving population of synchronous fireflies on public land. \\n\\n<b>Discovering Watoga\u2019s synchronous fireflies<\/b> \\n\\nIn 2019, Watoga State Park officials and community volunteers banded together to transform the park into a dark-sky haven. Spanning 10,000 acres and surrounded by another 10,000 acres of protected forest, Watoga features some of the darkest skies in the Mid-Atlantic. Park officials and volunteers spent three years installing International Dark Sky Association-approved lighting. During the first summer of the project, a retired biologist discovered the fireflies while visiting Watoga.  \\n\\nIn 2020, researchers from the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources confirmed the presence of these fireflies. They looked for Photinus carolinus\u2019 signature display\u2014a \u201cflash train\u201d of six quick pulses followed by six to nine seconds of darkness\u2014and quickly found it. \u201cThe more you looked, the more you realized that Watoga is home to synchronous fireflies everywhere if you\u2019re there at the right time of year and walking out at the right time of night,\u201d says Mack Frantz, a zoologist on that trip. \\n\\nLynn Faust, the self-taught researcher who identified synchronous fireflies in the Smokies, says Watoga\u2019s population has probably been there all along but is more clearly seen and growing due to reduced light pollution. Unlike the continent\u2019s most common firefly, Photinus pyralis, which has evolved to court in twilight, the carolinus species requires total darkness. \\n\\nIn the 1990s, while looking for fireflies at her family\u2019s cabin in Elkmont, Faust became fed up with a streetlamp that was \u201cmessing up [her] experiments,\u201d so she climbed the pole at 2 a.m. and smashed it with a rock. The woods \u201cliterally exploded in sparkles,\u201d she says. \u201cFor about five seconds, the entire forest came alive with flashing.\u201d Over the next decade, the national park removed all streetlamps from Elkmont, and Faust says the synchronous flashes immediately filled the newly darkened areas. \\n\\nAfter the discovery in Watoga, the Division of Natural Resources submitted a letter of support to the International Dark Sky Association, ultimately helping the park achieve its Dark Sky designation in 2021. Today, Watoga, Calvin Price State Forest, and Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park make up West Virginia\u2019s only International Dark Sky Park. It\u2019s one of 87 in the U.S., only 22 of which are east of the Mississippi River. \\n\\n<b>Protecting fireflies from overtourism<\/b> \\n\\nThe carolinus firefly is less researched than common species, but the IUCN Red List names light pollution and trampling as its biggest threats. In Elkmont, crowding became such an issue that the national park introduced a lottery system to protect its vulnerable beetles from too much \u201centomo-tourism,\u201d as the IUCN defines it. Fewer than 1,000 out of the 20,000 to 50,000 people who apply to the lottery every spring succeed.  \\n\\nWatoga has experienced a spike in tourism since the discovery of its synchronous fireflies and Dark Sky designation, with June visitation shooting up 34 percent from 2019 to 2022. \u201cOur number one concern at this point is understanding this sensitive species,\u201d says Jody Spencer, Watoga State Park superintendent. \\n\\nNew signs around the park alert visitors to viewing etiquette: \u201cNo artificial lighting. No flash photography. Stay on designated trails at all times. Do not capture fireflies. No smoking or perfume,\u201d and \u201ccover up for mosquito protection\u201d instead of wearing insect repellent. \\n\\n<b>How to see synchronous fireflies in Watoga<\/b> \\n\\nWatoga\u2019s synchronous fireflies flash from around mid-June to the end of the month, though climatic conditions dictate the exact timing. As part of its conservation management plan, the Division of Natural Resources installed a weather station in the park to help track breeding phenology.  \\n\\nUsing this data, researchers can predict the flashing a couple of months before it begins. The state park now holds expert talks and events celebrating the fireflies and star parties every summer.  \\n\\nFrantz says Watoga parkgoers don\u2019t have to go far from their cabins or campsites to see the phenomenon. He recommends going out just before 10 p.m. to catch the show\u2019s start. \u201cDepending on how big and open the area is, you might see cascading effects of synchrony because those males are focused on individuals that are closer to them,\u201d he says. \u201cIt might look almost like somebody doing the wave all around you.\u201d Finally, after an hour or so of practice, the fireflies achieve perfect harmony. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.7210672498,"RADAR":0.038931869,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I went with human-generated because there were no clear AI markers and the quotations in the middle were in quite a natural human style. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"I can find no clues either way here. Since there are no signs of AI, I'm going with \"human-generated.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I think it's human-generated based on the fifth paragraph. It also uses contractions, sentence case headings and has some odd punctuation. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. I feel that not only the article's able to present information with a lot more clarity because there's more control in how that information is presented. Some examples, such as \"Today, Watoga, Calvin Price State Forest, and Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park make up West Virginia\u2019s only International Dark Sky Park.\" and \"Lynn Faust, the self-taught researcher who identified synchronous fireflies ... has probably been there all along but is more clearly seen and growing due to reduced light pollution.\" clearly attributes who said what, where people can find these fireflies, and everything related to what people are doing to protect these insects. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Could be AI writing particularly well or a human writing for a popular science magazine. I'll go with human because the text contains no distinct AI markers."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"132":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":13,"title":"Why Wouldn\u2019t ChatGPT Say This Dead Professor\u2019s Name? ","sub-title":"A bizarre saga in which users noticed the chatbot refused to say \u201cDavid Mayer\u201d raised questions about privacy and A.I., with few clear answers. ","author":"Ali Watkins ","source":"New York Times","issue":1733443200000,"section":"US News","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/12\/06\/us\/david-mayer-chatgpt-openai.html","article":"Across the final years of his life, David Mayer, a theater professor living in Manchester, England, faced the cascading consequences an unfortunate coincidence: A dead Chechen rebel on a terror watch list had once used Mr. Mayer\u2019s name as an alias. \n\nThe real Mr. Mayer had travel plans thwarted, financial transactions frozen and crucial academic correspondence blocked, his family said. The frustrations plagued him until his death in 2023, at age 94. \n\nBut this month, his fight for his identity edged back into the spotlight when eagle-eyed users noticed one particular name was sending OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT bot into shutdown. \n\nDavid Mayer. \n\nUsers\u2019 efforts to prompt the bot to say \u201cDavid Mayer\u201d in a variety of ways were instead resulting in error messages, or the bot would simply refuse to respond. It\u2019s unclear why the name was kryptonite for the bot service, and OpenAI would not say whether the professor\u2019s plight was related to ChatGPT\u2019s issue with the name. \n\nBut the saga underscores some of the prickliest questions about generative A.I. and the chatbots it powers: Why did that name knock the chatbot out? Who, or what, is making those decisions? And who is responsible for the mistakes? \n\n\u201cThis was something that he would\u2019ve almost enjoyed, because it would have vindicated the effort he put in to trying to deal with it,\u201d Mr. Mayer\u2019s daughter, Catherine, said of the debacle in an interview. \n\nChatGPT generates its responses by making probabilistic guesses about which text belongs together in a sequence, based on a statistical model trained on examples pulled from all over the internet. But those guesses are not always perfect. \n\n\u201cOne of the biggest issues these large language models have is they hallucinate. They make up something that\u2019s inaccurate,\u201d said Sandra Wachter, a professor who studies ethics and emerging technologies at Oxford University. \u201cYou all of the sudden find yourself in a legally troubling environment. I could assume that something like this actually might be a consideration why some of those prompts have been blocked.\u201d \n\nMr. Mayer\u2019s name, it turns out, is not the only one that has stymied ChatGPT. \u201cJonathan Turley\u201d still prompts an error message. So do \u201cDavid Faber,\u201d \u201cJonathan Zittrain\u201d and \u201cBrian Hood.\u201d \n\nThe names at first glance do not appear to have much in common: Mr. Turley is a Fox News legal analyst and law professor, Mr. Faber a CNBC news anchor, Mr. Zittrain a Harvard professor and Mr. Hood a mayor in Australia. \n\nWhat links them may be a privacy stipulation that could keep them from ChatGPT\u2019s platform. Mr. Hood took legal action against OpenAI after ChatGPT falsely claimed he had been arrested for bribery. Mr. Turley has similarly said the chatbot referenced seemingly nonexistent accusations that he had committed sexual harassment. \n\n\u201cIt can be rather chilling for academics to be falsely named in such accounts and then effectively erased by the program after the error was raised,\u201d Mr. Turley said in an email. \u201cThe company\u2019s lack of response and transparency has been particularly concerning.\u201d \n\nMr. Zittrain has lectured on the \u201cright to be forgotten\u201d in tech and digital spaces \u2014 a legal standard that forces search engines to delete links to sites that include information considered inaccurate or irrelevant. But he said in a post on X that he had not asked to be excluded from OpenAI\u2019s algorithms. In an interview, he said he had noticed the chatbot quirk a while ago and didn\u2019t know why it happened. \n\n\u201cThe basic architecture of these things is still kind of a Forrest Gump box of chocolates,\u201d he said. \n\nWhen it comes to Mr. Mayer, the glitch appeared to be patched this week by ChatGPT, which can now say the name \u201cDavid Mayer\u201d unhindered. But the other names still break the bot down. \n\nMetin Parlak, a spokesman for OpenAI, said in a statement that the company did not comment on individual cases. \u201cThere may be instances where ChatGPT does not provide certain information about people to protect their privacy,\u201d he said. \n\nOpenAI declined to discuss any specific circumstances around the name \u201cDavid Mayer,\u201d but said a tool had mistakenly flagged the name for privacy protection \u2014 a quirk that has been fixed. \n\nWhen asked this week why it couldn\u2019t previously say Mr. Mayer\u2019s name, ChatGPT said it wasn\u2019t sure. \n\n\u201cI\u2019m not sure what happened there!\u201d the bot said. \u201cNormally, I can mention any name, including \u2018David Mayer,\u2019 as long as it\u2019s not related to something harmful or private.\u201d \n\nThe bot was unable to give any information about Mr. Mayer\u2019s former predicament with his name, and said there were not any available sources on the matter. Pointed to several mainstream media articles on the subject, the chatbot couldn\u2019t explain the discrepancy. \n\nAsked to further identify Mr. Mayer, ChatGPT only noted his work as an academic and professor, but could not speak to the issue involving Mr. Mayer\u2019s name. \n\n\u201cIt seems you\u2019re referring to a very specific and potentially sensitive incident involving Professor David Mayer and a Chechen rebel, which might have been a major news event or scandal in the years before his passing,\u201d the bot said. \u201cUnfortunately, I don\u2019t have any direct information on that particular event in my training data.\u201d \n\nIt then suggested a user go research the question. ","id":12,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Across the final years of his life, David Mayer, a theater professor living in Manchester, England, faced the cascading consequences an unfortunate coincidence: A dead Chechen rebel on a terror watch list had once used Mr. Mayer\u2019s name as an alias. \\n\\nThe real Mr. Mayer had travel plans thwarted, financial transactions frozen and crucial academic correspondence blocked, his family said. The frustrations plagued him until his death in 2023, at age 94. \\n\\nBut this month, his fight for his identity edged back into the spotlight when eagle-eyed users noticed one particular name was sending OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT bot into shutdown. \\n\\nDavid Mayer. \\n\\nUsers\u2019 efforts to prompt the bot to say \u201cDavid Mayer\u201d in a variety of ways were instead resulting in error messages, or the bot would simply refuse to respond. It\u2019s unclear why the name was kryptonite for the bot service, and OpenAI would not say whether the professor\u2019s plight was related to ChatGPT\u2019s issue with the name. \\n\\nBut the saga underscores some of the prickliest questions about generative A.I. and the chatbots it powers: Why did that name knock the chatbot out? Who, or what, is making those decisions? And who is responsible for the mistakes? \\n\\n\u201cThis was something that he would\u2019ve almost enjoyed, because it would have vindicated the effort he put in to trying to deal with it,\u201d Mr. Mayer\u2019s daughter, Catherine, said of the debacle in an interview. \\n\\nChatGPT generates its responses by making probabilistic guesses about which text belongs together in a sequence, based on a statistical model trained on examples pulled from all over the internet. But those guesses are not always perfect. \\n\\n\u201cOne of the biggest issues these large language models have is they hallucinate. They make up something that\u2019s inaccurate,\u201d said Sandra Wachter, a professor who studies ethics and emerging technologies at Oxford University. \u201cYou all of the sudden find yourself in a legally troubling environment. I could assume that something like this actually might be a consideration why some of those prompts have been blocked.\u201d \\n\\nMr. Mayer\u2019s name, it turns out, is not the only one that has stymied ChatGPT. \u201cJonathan Turley\u201d still prompts an error message. So do \u201cDavid Faber,\u201d \u201cJonathan Zittrain\u201d and \u201cBrian Hood.\u201d \\n\\nThe names at first glance do not appear to have much in common: Mr. Turley is a Fox News legal analyst and law professor, Mr. Faber a CNBC news anchor, Mr. Zittrain a Harvard professor and Mr. Hood a mayor in Australia. \\n\\nWhat links them may be a privacy stipulation that could keep them from ChatGPT\u2019s platform. Mr. Hood took legal action against OpenAI after ChatGPT falsely claimed he had been arrested for bribery. Mr. Turley has similarly said the chatbot referenced seemingly nonexistent accusations that he had committed sexual harassment. \\n\\n\u201cIt can be rather chilling for academics to be falsely named in such accounts and then effectively erased by the program after the error was raised,\u201d Mr. Turley said in an email. \u201cThe company\u2019s lack of response and transparency has been particularly concerning.\u201d \\n\\nMr. Zittrain has lectured on the \u201cright to be forgotten\u201d in tech and digital spaces \u2014 a legal standard that forces search engines to delete links to sites that include information considered inaccurate or irrelevant. But he said in a post on X that he had not asked to be excluded from OpenAI\u2019s algorithms. In an interview, he said he had noticed the chatbot quirk a while ago and didn\u2019t know why it happened. \\n\\n\u201cThe basic architecture of these things is still kind of a Forrest Gump box of chocolates,\u201d he said. \\n\\nWhen it comes to Mr. Mayer, the glitch appeared to be patched this week by ChatGPT, which can now say the name \u201cDavid Mayer\u201d unhindered. But the other names still break the bot down. \\n\\nMetin Parlak, a spokesman for OpenAI, said in a statement that the company did not comment on individual cases. \u201cThere may be instances where ChatGPT does not provide certain information about people to protect their privacy,\u201d he said. \\n\\nOpenAI declined to discuss any specific circumstances around the name \u201cDavid Mayer,\u201d but said a tool had mistakenly flagged the name for privacy protection \u2014 a quirk that has been fixed. \\n\\nWhen asked this week why it couldn\u2019t previously say Mr. Mayer\u2019s name, ChatGPT said it wasn\u2019t sure. \\n\\n\u201cI\u2019m not sure what happened there!\u201d the bot said. \u201cNormally, I can mention any name, including \u2018David Mayer,\u2019 as long as it\u2019s not related to something harmful or private.\u201d \\n\\nThe bot was unable to give any information about Mr. Mayer\u2019s former predicament with his name, and said there were not any available sources on the matter. Pointed to several mainstream media articles on the subject, the chatbot couldn\u2019t explain the discrepancy. \\n\\nAsked to further identify Mr. Mayer, ChatGPT only noted his work as an academic and professor, but could not speak to the issue involving Mr. Mayer\u2019s name. \\n\\n\u201cIt seems you\u2019re referring to a very specific and potentially sensitive incident involving Professor David Mayer and a Chechen rebel, which might have been a major news event or scandal in the years before his passing,\u201d the bot said. \u201cUnfortunately, I don\u2019t have any direct information on that particular event in my training data.\u201d \\n\\nIt then suggested a user go research the question. 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The frustrations plagued him until his death in 2023, at age 94. \\n\\nBut this month, his fight for his identity edged back into the spotlight when eagle-eyed users noticed one particular name was sending OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT bot into shutdown. \\n\\nDavid Mayer. \\n\\nUsers\u2019 efforts to prompt the bot to say \u201cDavid Mayer\u201d in a variety of ways were instead resulting in error messages, or the bot would simply refuse to respond. It\u2019s unclear why the name was kryptonite for the bot service, and OpenAI would not say whether the professor\u2019s plight was related to ChatGPT\u2019s issue with the name. \\n\\nBut the saga underscores some of the prickliest questions about generative A.I. and the chatbots it powers: Why did that name knock the chatbot out? Who, or what, is making those decisions? And who is responsible for the mistakes? \\n\\n\u201cThis was something that he would\u2019ve almost enjoyed, because it would have vindicated the effort he put in to trying to deal with it,\u201d Mr. Mayer\u2019s daughter, Catherine, said of the debacle in an interview. \\n\\nChatGPT generates its responses by making probabilistic guesses about which text belongs together in a sequence, based on a statistical model trained on examples pulled from all over the internet. But those guesses are not always perfect. \\n\\n\u201cOne of the biggest issues these large language models have is they hallucinate. They make up something that\u2019s inaccurate,\u201d said Sandra Wachter, a professor who studies ethics and emerging technologies at Oxford University. \u201cYou all of the sudden find yourself in a legally troubling environment. I could assume that something like this actually might be a consideration why some of those prompts have been blocked.\u201d \\n\\nMr. Mayer\u2019s name, it turns out, is not the only one that has stymied ChatGPT. \u201cJonathan Turley\u201d still prompts an error message. So do \u201cDavid Faber,\u201d \u201cJonathan Zittrain\u201d and \u201cBrian Hood.\u201d \\n\\nThe names at first glance do not appear to have much in common: Mr. Turley is a Fox News legal analyst and law professor, Mr. Faber a CNBC news anchor, Mr. Zittrain a Harvard professor and Mr. Hood a mayor in Australia. \\n\\nWhat links them may be a privacy stipulation that could keep them from ChatGPT\u2019s platform. Mr. Hood took legal action against OpenAI after ChatGPT falsely claimed he had been arrested for bribery. Mr. Turley has similarly said the chatbot referenced seemingly nonexistent accusations that he had committed sexual harassment. \\n\\n\u201cIt can be rather chilling for academics to be falsely named in such accounts and then effectively erased by the program after the error was raised,\u201d Mr. Turley said in an email. \u201cThe company\u2019s lack of response and transparency has been particularly concerning.\u201d \\n\\nMr. Zittrain has lectured on the \u201cright to be forgotten\u201d in tech and digital spaces \u2014 a legal standard that forces search engines to delete links to sites that include information considered inaccurate or irrelevant. But he said in a post on X that he had not asked to be excluded from OpenAI\u2019s algorithms. In an interview, he said he had noticed the chatbot quirk a while ago and didn\u2019t know why it happened. \\n\\n\u201cThe basic architecture of these things is still kind of a Forrest Gump box of chocolates,\u201d he said. \\n\\nWhen it comes to Mr. Mayer, the glitch appeared to be patched this week by ChatGPT, which can now say the name \u201cDavid Mayer\u201d unhindered. But the other names still break the bot down. \\n\\nMetin Parlak, a spokesman for OpenAI, said in a statement that the company did not comment on individual cases. \u201cThere may be instances where ChatGPT does not provide certain information about people to protect their privacy,\u201d he said. \\n\\nOpenAI declined to discuss any specific circumstances around the name \u201cDavid Mayer,\u201d but said a tool had mistakenly flagged the name for privacy protection \u2014 a quirk that has been fixed. \\n\\nWhen asked this week why it couldn\u2019t previously say Mr. Mayer\u2019s name, ChatGPT said it wasn\u2019t sure. \\n\\n\u201cI\u2019m not sure what happened there!\u201d the bot said. \u201cNormally, I can mention any name, including \u2018David Mayer,\u2019 as long as it\u2019s not related to something harmful or private.\u201d \\n\\nThe bot was unable to give any information about Mr. Mayer\u2019s former predicament with his name, and said there were not any available sources on the matter. Pointed to several mainstream media articles on the subject, the chatbot couldn\u2019t explain the discrepancy. \\n\\nAsked to further identify Mr. Mayer, ChatGPT only noted his work as an academic and professor, but could not speak to the issue involving Mr. Mayer\u2019s name. \\n\\n\u201cIt seems you\u2019re referring to a very specific and potentially sensitive incident involving Professor David Mayer and a Chechen rebel, which might have been a major news event or scandal in the years before his passing,\u201d the bot said. \u201cUnfortunately, I don\u2019t have any direct information on that particular event in my training data.\u201d \\n\\nIt then suggested a user go research the question. 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{'start_sentence_index': 18, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 21, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 23, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 27, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 29, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 32, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 33, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 35, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 37, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 38, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 39, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 41, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 43, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 44, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 46, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.017917192071486437, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9820828079285135, 'ai': 0.017917192071486437, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9820828079285135, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.017917192071486437, 'human': 0.9820828079285135, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Across the final years of his life, David Mayer, a theater professor living in Manchester, England, faced the cascading consequences an unfortunate coincidence: A dead Chechen rebel on a terror watch list had once used Mr. Mayer\u2019s name as an alias. \\n\\nThe real Mr. Mayer had travel plans thwarted, financial transactions frozen and crucial academic correspondence blocked, his family said. The frustrations plagued him until his death in 2023, at age 94. \\n\\nBut this month, his fight for his identity edged back into the spotlight when eagle-eyed users noticed one particular name was sending OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT bot into shutdown. \\n\\nDavid Mayer. \\n\\nUsers\u2019 efforts to prompt the bot to say \u201cDavid Mayer\u201d in a variety of ways were instead resulting in error messages, or the bot would simply refuse to respond. It\u2019s unclear why the name was kryptonite for the bot service, and OpenAI would not say whether the professor\u2019s plight was related to ChatGPT\u2019s issue with the name. \\n\\nBut the saga underscores some of the prickliest questions about generative A.I. and the chatbots it powers: Why did that name knock the chatbot out? Who, or what, is making those decisions? And who is responsible for the mistakes? \\n\\n\u201cThis was something that he would\u2019ve almost enjoyed, because it would have vindicated the effort he put in to trying to deal with it,\u201d Mr. Mayer\u2019s daughter, Catherine, said of the debacle in an interview. \\n\\nChatGPT generates its responses by making probabilistic guesses about which text belongs together in a sequence, based on a statistical model trained on examples pulled from all over the internet. But those guesses are not always perfect. \\n\\n\u201cOne of the biggest issues these large language models have is they hallucinate. They make up something that\u2019s inaccurate,\u201d said Sandra Wachter, a professor who studies ethics and emerging technologies at Oxford University. \u201cYou all of the sudden find yourself in a legally troubling environment. I could assume that something like this actually might be a consideration why some of those prompts have been blocked.\u201d \\n\\nMr. Mayer\u2019s name, it turns out, is not the only one that has stymied ChatGPT. \u201cJonathan Turley\u201d still prompts an error message. So do \u201cDavid Faber,\u201d \u201cJonathan Zittrain\u201d and \u201cBrian Hood.\u201d \\n\\nThe names at first glance do not appear to have much in common: Mr. Turley is a Fox News legal analyst and law professor, Mr. Faber a CNBC news anchor, Mr. Zittrain a Harvard professor and Mr. Hood a mayor in Australia. \\n\\nWhat links them may be a privacy stipulation that could keep them from ChatGPT\u2019s platform. Mr. Hood took legal action against OpenAI after ChatGPT falsely claimed he had been arrested for bribery. Mr. Turley has similarly said the chatbot referenced seemingly nonexistent accusations that he had committed sexual harassment. \\n\\n\u201cIt can be rather chilling for academics to be falsely named in such accounts and then effectively erased by the program after the error was raised,\u201d Mr. Turley said in an email. \u201cThe company\u2019s lack of response and transparency has been particularly concerning.\u201d \\n\\nMr. Zittrain has lectured on the \u201cright to be forgotten\u201d in tech and digital spaces \u2014 a legal standard that forces search engines to delete links to sites that include information considered inaccurate or irrelevant. But he said in a post on X that he had not asked to be excluded from OpenAI\u2019s algorithms. In an interview, he said he had noticed the chatbot quirk a while ago and didn\u2019t know why it happened. \\n\\n\u201cThe basic architecture of these things is still kind of a Forrest Gump box of chocolates,\u201d he said. \\n\\nWhen it comes to Mr. Mayer, the glitch appeared to be patched this week by ChatGPT, which can now say the name \u201cDavid Mayer\u201d unhindered. But the other names still break the bot down. \\n\\nMetin Parlak, a spokesman for OpenAI, said in a statement that the company did not comment on individual cases. \u201cThere may be instances where ChatGPT does not provide certain information about people to protect their privacy,\u201d he said. \\n\\nOpenAI declined to discuss any specific circumstances around the name \u201cDavid Mayer,\u201d but said a tool had mistakenly flagged the name for privacy protection \u2014 a quirk that has been fixed. \\n\\nWhen asked this week why it couldn\u2019t previously say Mr. Mayer\u2019s name, ChatGPT said it wasn\u2019t sure. \\n\\n\u201cI\u2019m not sure what happened there!\u201d the bot said. \u201cNormally, I can mention any name, including \u2018David Mayer,\u2019 as long as it\u2019s not related to something harmful or private.\u201d \\n\\nThe bot was unable to give any information about Mr. Mayer\u2019s former predicament with his name, and said there were not any available sources on the matter. Pointed to several mainstream media articles on the subject, the chatbot couldn\u2019t explain the discrepancy. \\n\\nAsked to further identify Mr. Mayer, ChatGPT only noted his work as an academic and professor, but could not speak to the issue involving Mr. Mayer\u2019s name. \\n\\n\u201cIt seems you\u2019re referring to a very specific and potentially sensitive incident involving Professor David Mayer and a Chechen rebel, which might have been a major news event or scandal in the years before his passing,\u201d the bot said. \u201cUnfortunately, I don\u2019t have any direct information on that particular event in my training data.\u201d \\n\\nIt then suggested a user go research the question. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.6789975166,"RADAR":0.0271966457,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The article contained a few phrases that seemed quite casual and human, such as referring to something as someone's \"kryptonite\" and the Forrest Gump reference.  "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"While there are no direct signs of AI here, it is also difficult to pinpoint much that's specifically human. \"Prickliest\" seems to be a human-sounding word. The sentence \"appeared to be patched\" is grammatically incorrect. It should be \"appeared to have been patched\" so I'm assuming this is a human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human generated: there's a missing article in the first sentence; short and varied sentence and paragraph length; filler words like 'rather'; 'you' language. I don't think the Chatbot in the story would use an exclamation mark. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am very confident this is human-written. It frames the lead-in about the topic well by providing needed information about who Mayer is, and its sentences keep good pace, timeliness, tone throughout. It's descriptions are engaging, its sources believable, and connects the main topic to other ideas that's relevant to the story, such as with \"Mr. Mayer\u2019s name, it turns out, is not the only one that has stymied ChatGPT. ...\" and \"When asked this week why it couldn\u2019t previously say Mr. Mayer\u2019s name, ChatGPT said it wasn\u2019t sure.\" (This was also a very enjoyable read for me. I love the inclusion of the bot's response in this piece... kind of feels a bit revolutionary in a way.) "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"To \"send into shutdown\" \"Forrest Gump box of chocolates\" \u2014colloquialisms appropriate for the context in which they are used.\nThe final sentence that also acts as concluding paragraph.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"133":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":14,"title":"Squirting Cucumbers Shoot Their Seeds Like Botanical Bombardiers ","sub-title":"Scientists say they\u2019ve worked out how the plant can fire its seeds up to almost 40 feet. ","author":"Carolyn Wilke ","source":"New York Times","issue":1732492800000,"section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/11\/25\/science\/squirting-cucumbers-video.html","article":"The hairy, ground-hugging vines of the squirting cucumber Ecballium elaterium might seem like an ordinary weedy plant. But take a closer look at the plant, which grows in dry, barren areas in the Mediterranean, and you\u2019ll find \u201can extraordinary thing,\u201d said Chris Thorogood, a botanist at the University of Oxford Botanic Garden and Arboretum. \n\nThe roughly 1.5-inch fruits of the squirting cucumber contain toxic chemicals and are distinguished in another way from the green rounds you might put on a salad. \u201cWhen they\u2019re ripe, they eject their seeds very violently in a stream of mucilage,\u201d Dr. Thorogood said. They can shoot up to almost 40 feet. \n\nThe Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder wrote about these plants around 2,000 years ago. It\u2019s long been a mystery why and how the plants can carry out this act of vegetative bombardment, Dr. Thorogood said. \n\nIn a paper published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Thorogood and his colleagues share how the squirting cucumber goes ballistic. \n\nResearchers knew that pressure builds up inside the fruits before they blow. \u201cInitially we all thought it was rather straightforward,\u201d said Finn Box, a physicist at the University of Manchester and another author of the study. But they decided to take a closer look, recording high-speed video of the cucumber cannons in action. \n\nThe ripe fruit detaches from the stalk, opening a hole in the cuke\u2019s base. From there, the researchers found, seeds emerge at speeds of up to 66 feet per second. As the fruit detaches, the stem recoils. The fruit rotates backward, changing the angle at which seeds shoot. As slimy fluid spews out, depressurizing the fruit, the seeds\u2019 speed drops. The whole process takes about 30 milliseconds. \n\nThe group also made time-lapse photos of stalks bearing fruit for several days. In the run-up to a seed-squirting event, the ovoid fruits moved from dangling nearly straight down to a roughly 45-degree angle with the stem. \u201cThat was just something that blew our minds,\u201d Dr. Box said. \n\n\u201cThere\u2019s a perfect angle and an organism finds it,\u201d said Marcus Roper, a mathematician at the University of California, Los Angeles, who wasn\u2019t involved with the work. If the seeds shot out nearly vertically, they wouldn\u2019t have enough forward velocity to go far. If spit nearly horizontally, they quickly fall to the ground. But the squirting cucumber lines up along the sweet spot, an intermediate angle. \n\nThe team\u2019s time-lapse imagery provided clues about how this occurs. Before the launch, the plant\u2019s stem becomes wider, straighter and longer. The cucumber appears to contract. That suggests that liquid moves from fruit to stem, stiffening the stem so it can hoist the fruit. It\u2019s still not clear what biological mechanism the plant might use to bulk up its stem. \n\nThe researchers also calculated the pressure within the cucumber and found that it\u2019s similar to that of an inflated mountain bike tire, Dr. Box said. Using that and other data they collected on the plant, the researchers worked out the math behind the dispersal of seeds. That allowed them to simulate how hypothetical mutant plants would spread differently. \n\nFor instance, a stiffer stem would disperse most seeds very near the parent plant. Alternatively, a more pressurized fruit would shoot seeds forward and backward. Over several generations, these mutants wouldn\u2019t spread as far as the squirting cucumber that occurs naturally, the team found. \n\n\u201cIt gave us a sense of how fine-tuned evolution has made this particular species for dispersal,\u201d said Derek Moulton, an applied mathematician at the University of Oxford and another author of the research. \n\nThe squirting cucumber shows how plants evolve ways to spread their seeds while being rooted. \u201cFor plants to generate rapid motion, they have to do something a bit clever,\u201d Dr. Moulton said. \n\nFinding the physical basis of \u201cweird biological things\u201d can be useful, said Angela Hay, a plant biologist at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne, Germany, who wasn\u2019t part of the new study. The squirting cucumber has already inspired at least one strategy for delivering drugs within the body. Because of the process and time scale of evolution, she said, it can often \u201ccome up with design principles that, as engineers, we haven\u2019t thought of.\u201d \n\n ","id":13,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'The hairy, ground-hugging vines of the squirting cucumber Ecballium elaterium might seem like an ordinary weedy plant. But take a closer look at the plant, which grows in dry, barren areas in the Mediterranean, and you\u2019ll find \u201can extraordinary thing,\u201d said Chris Thorogood, a botanist at the University of Oxford Botanic Garden and Arboretum. \\n\\nThe roughly 1.5-inch fruits of the squirting cucumber contain toxic chemicals and are distinguished in another way from the green rounds you might put on a salad. \u201cWhen they\u2019re ripe, they eject their seeds very violently in a stream of mucilage,\u201d Dr. Thorogood said. They can shoot up to almost 40 feet. \\n\\nThe Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder wrote about these plants around 2,000 years ago. It\u2019s long been a mystery why and how the plants can carry out this act of vegetative bombardment, Dr. Thorogood said. \\n\\nIn a paper published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Thorogood and his colleagues share how the squirting cucumber goes ballistic. \\n\\nResearchers knew that pressure builds up inside the fruits before they blow. \u201cInitially we all thought it was rather straightforward,\u201d said Finn Box, a physicist at the University of Manchester and another author of the study. But they decided to take a closer look, recording high-speed video of the cucumber cannons in action. \\n\\nThe ripe fruit detaches from the stalk, opening a hole in the cuke\u2019s base. From there, the researchers found, seeds emerge at speeds of up to 66 feet per second. As the fruit detaches, the stem recoils. The fruit rotates backward, changing the angle at which seeds shoot. As slimy fluid spews out, depressurizing the fruit, the seeds\u2019 speed drops. The whole process takes about 30 milliseconds. \\n\\nThe group also made time-lapse photos of stalks bearing fruit for several days. In the run-up to a seed-squirting event, the ovoid fruits moved from dangling nearly straight down to a roughly 45-degree angle with the stem. \u201cThat was just something that blew our minds,\u201d Dr. Box said. \\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s a perfect angle and an organism finds it,\u201d said Marcus Roper, a mathematician at the University of California, Los Angeles, who wasn\u2019t involved with the work. If the seeds shot out nearly vertically, they wouldn\u2019t have enough forward velocity to go far. If spit nearly horizontally, they quickly fall to the ground. But the squirting cucumber lines up along the sweet spot, an intermediate angle. \\n\\nThe team\u2019s time-lapse imagery provided clues about how this occurs. Before the launch, the plant\u2019s stem becomes wider, straighter and longer. The cucumber appears to contract. That suggests that liquid moves from fruit to stem, stiffening the stem so it can hoist the fruit. It\u2019s still not clear what biological mechanism the plant might use to bulk up its stem. \\n\\nThe researchers also calculated the pressure within the cucumber and found that it\u2019s similar to that of an inflated mountain bike tire, Dr. Box said. Using that and other data they collected on the plant, the researchers worked out the math behind the dispersal of seeds. That allowed them to simulate how hypothetical mutant plants would spread differently. \\n\\nFor instance, a stiffer stem would disperse most seeds very near the parent plant. Alternatively, a more pressurized fruit would shoot seeds forward and backward. Over several generations, these mutants wouldn\u2019t spread as far as the squirting cucumber that occurs naturally, the team found. \\n\\n\u201cIt gave us a sense of how fine-tuned evolution has made this particular species for dispersal,\u201d said Derek Moulton, an applied mathematician at the University of Oxford and another author of the research. \\n\\nThe squirting cucumber shows how plants evolve ways to spread their seeds while being rooted. \u201cFor plants to generate rapid motion, they have to do something a bit clever,\u201d Dr. Moulton said. \\n\\nFinding the physical basis of \u201cweird biological things\u201d can be useful, said Angela Hay, a plant biologist at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne, Germany, who wasn\u2019t part of the new study. The squirting cucumber has already inspired at least one strategy for delivering drugs within the body. Because of the process and time scale of evolution, she said, it can often \u201ccome up with design principles that, as engineers, we haven\u2019t thought of.\u201d \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.980232238769531e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'The hairy, ground-hugging vines of the squirting cucumber Ecballium elaterium might seem like an ordinary weedy plant. But take a closer look at the plant, which grows in dry, barren areas in the Mediterranean, and you\u2019ll find \u201can extraordinary thing,\u201d said Chris Thorogood, a botanist at the University of Oxford Botanic Garden and Arboretum. \\n\\nThe roughly 1.5-inch fruits of the squirting cucumber contain toxic chemicals and are distinguished in another way from the green rounds you might put on a salad. \u201cWhen they\u2019re ripe, they eject their seeds very violently in a stream of mucilage,\u201d Dr. Thorogood said. They can shoot up to almost 40 feet. \\n\\nThe Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder wrote about these plants around 2,000 years ago. It\u2019s long been a mystery why and how the plants can carry out this act of vegetative bombardment, Dr. Thorogood said. \\n\\nIn a paper published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Thorogood and his colleagues share how the squirting cucumber goes ballistic. \\n\\nResearchers knew that pressure builds up inside the fruits before they blow. \u201cInitially we all thought it was rather straightforward,\u201d said Finn Box, a physicist at the University of Manchester and another author of the study. But they decided to take a closer look, recording high-speed video of the cucumber cannons in action. \\n\\nThe ripe fruit detaches from the stalk, opening a hole in the cuke\u2019s base. From there, the researchers found, seeds emerge at speeds of up to 66 feet per second. As the fruit detaches, the stem recoils. The fruit rotates backward, changing the angle at which seeds shoot. As slimy fluid spews out, depressurizing the fruit, the seeds\u2019 speed drops. The whole process takes about 30 milliseconds. \\n\\nThe group also made time-lapse photos of stalks bearing fruit for several days. In the run-up to a seed-squirting event, the ovoid fruits moved from dangling nearly straight down to a roughly 45-degree angle with the stem. \u201cThat was just something that blew our minds,\u201d Dr. Box said. \\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s a perfect angle and an organism finds it,\u201d said Marcus Roper, a mathematician at the University of California, Los Angeles, who wasn\u2019t involved with the work. If the seeds shot out nearly vertically, they wouldn\u2019t have enough forward velocity to go far. If spit nearly horizontally, they quickly fall to the ground. But the squirting cucumber lines up along the sweet spot, an intermediate angle. \\n\\nThe team\u2019s time-lapse imagery provided clues about how this occurs. Before the launch, the plant\u2019s stem becomes wider, straighter and longer. The cucumber appears to contract. That suggests that liquid moves from fruit to stem, stiffening the stem so it can hoist the fruit. It\u2019s still not clear what biological mechanism the plant might use to bulk up its stem. \\n\\nThe researchers also calculated the pressure within the cucumber and found that it\u2019s similar to that of an inflated mountain bike tire, Dr. Box said. Using that and other data they collected on the plant, the researchers worked out the math behind the dispersal of seeds. That allowed them to simulate how hypothetical mutant plants would spread differently. \\n\\nFor instance, a stiffer stem would disperse most seeds very near the parent plant. Alternatively, a more pressurized fruit would shoot seeds forward and backward. Over several generations, these mutants wouldn\u2019t spread as far as the squirting cucumber that occurs naturally, the team found. \\n\\n\u201cIt gave us a sense of how fine-tuned evolution has made this particular species for dispersal,\u201d said Derek Moulton, an applied mathematician at the University of Oxford and another author of the research. \\n\\nThe squirting cucumber shows how plants evolve ways to spread their seeds while being rooted. \u201cFor plants to generate rapid motion, they have to do something a bit clever,\u201d Dr. Moulton said. \\n\\nFinding the physical basis of \u201cweird biological things\u201d can be useful, said Angela Hay, a plant biologist at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne, Germany, who wasn\u2019t part of the new study. The squirting cucumber has already inspired at least one strategy for delivering drugs within the body. Because of the process and time scale of evolution, she said, it can often \u201ccome up with design principles that, as engineers, we haven\u2019t thought of.\u201d \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 4.172325134277344e-07, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'ee445721-a285-4740-99c0-f9f15477c8fe', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 2.6622470613801852e-05, 'sentence': 'The hairy, ground-hugging vines of the squirting cucumber Ecballium elaterium might seem like an ordinary weedy plant.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.6180814529652707e-05, 'sentence': \"But take a closer look at the plant, which grows in dry, barren areas in the Mediterranean, and you'll find \u201can extraordinary thing,\u201d said Chris Thorogood, a botanist at the University of Oxford Botanic Garden and Arboretum.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.4030599888646975e-05, 'sentence': 'The roughly 1.5-inch fruits of the squirting cucumber contain toxic chemicals and are distinguished in another way from the green rounds you might put on a salad.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.7608968846616335e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cWhen they're ripe, they eject their seeds very violently in a stream of mucilage,\u201d Dr. Thorogood said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.513223924121121e-05, 'sentence': 'They can shoot up to almost 40 feet.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.5702973541920073e-05, 'sentence': 'The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder wrote about these plants around 2,000 years ago.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.667920150794089e-05, 'sentence': \"It's long been a mystery why and how the plants can carry out this act of vegetative bombardment, Dr. Thorogood said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.9985092876595445e-05, 'sentence': 'In a paper published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Thorogood and his colleagues share how the squirting cucumber goes ballistic.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.243637209176086e-05, 'sentence': 'Researchers knew that pressure builds up inside the fruits before they blow.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.2138988899532706e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cInitially we all thought it was rather straightforward,\u201d said Finn Box, a physicist at the University of Manchester and another author of the study.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.6804350859019905e-05, 'sentence': 'But they decided to take a closer look, recording high-speed video of the cucumber cannons in action.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.306513801566325e-05, 'sentence': \"The ripe fruit detaches from the stalk, opening a hole in the cuke's base.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 4.32300876127556e-05, 'sentence': 'From there, the researchers found, seeds emerge at speeds of up to 66 feet per second.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.129538526991382e-05, 'sentence': 'As the fruit detaches, the stem recoils.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.1795716495253146e-05, 'sentence': 'The fruit rotates backward, changing the angle at which seeds shoot.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.924977863789536e-05, 'sentence': \"As slimy fluid spews out, depressurizing the fruit, the seeds' speed drops.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.7610451070358977e-05, 'sentence': 'The whole process takes about 30 milliseconds.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.30444402404828e-05, 'sentence': 'The group also made time-lapse photos of stalks bearing fruit for several days.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.0841160221607424e-05, 'sentence': 'In the run-up to a seed-squirting event, the ovoid fruits moved from dangling nearly straight down to a roughly 45-degree angle with the stem.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.8086469683330506e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cThat was just something that blew our minds,\u201d Dr.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.381655874865828e-05, 'sentence': 'Box said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.7120015147374943e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cThere's a perfect angle and an organism finds it,\u201d said Marcus Roper, a mathematician at the University of California, Los Angeles, who wasn't involved with the work.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001395960571244359, 'sentence': \"If the seeds shot out nearly vertically, they wouldn't have enough forward velocity to go far.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00012086276547051966, 'sentence': 'If spit nearly horizontally, they quickly fall to the ground.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00014791452849749476, 'sentence': 'But the squirting cucumber lines up along the sweet spot, an intermediate angle.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.560327114537358e-05, 'sentence': \"The team's time-lapse imagery provided clues about how this occurs.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000155697634909302, 'sentence': \"Before the launch, the plant's stem becomes wider, straighter and longer.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019235302170272917, 'sentence': 'The cucumber appears to contract.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001777233264874667, 'sentence': 'That suggests that liquid moves from fruit to stem, stiffening the stem so it can hoist the fruit.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002648561494424939, 'sentence': \"It's still not clear what biological mechanism the plant might use to bulk up its stem.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002521232527215034, 'sentence': \"The researchers also calculated the pressure within the cucumber and found that it's similar to that of an inflated mountain bike tire, Dr.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.438755660085008e-05, 'sentence': 'Box said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00022891315165907145, 'sentence': 'Using that and other data they collected on the plant, the researchers worked out the math behind the dispersal of seeds.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00019700793200172484, 'sentence': 'That allowed them to simulate how hypothetical mutant plants would spread differently.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00025140115758404136, 'sentence': 'For instance, a stiffer stem would disperse most seeds very near the parent plant.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002227029763162136, 'sentence': 'Alternatively, a more pressurized fruit would shoot seeds forward and backward.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002103197475662455, 'sentence': \"Over several generations, these mutants wouldn't spread as far as the squirting cucumber that occurs naturally, the team found.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00023239300935529172, 'sentence': '\u201cIt gave us a sense of how fine-tuned evolution has made this particular species for dispersal,\u201d said Derek Moulton, an applied mathematician at the University of Oxford and another author of the research.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00022093631559982896, 'sentence': 'The squirting cucumber shows how plants evolve ways to spread their seeds while being rooted.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00025215724599547684, 'sentence': '\u201cFor plants to generate rapid motion, they have to do something a bit clever,\u201d Dr. Moulton said.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00032417746842838824, 'sentence': \"Finding the physical basis of \u201cweird biological things\u201d can be useful, said Angela Hay, a plant biologist at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne, Germany, who wasn't part of the new study.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00028671862673945725, 'sentence': 'The squirting cucumber has already inspired at least one strategy for delivering drugs within the body.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000413634319556877, 'sentence': \"Because of the process and time scale of evolution, she said, it can often \u201ccome up with design principles that, as engineers, we haven't thought of.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 5, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 7, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 11, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.474742012248794e-05}, {'start_sentence_index': 17, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 21, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 25, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 30, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 34, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 37, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 38, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 40, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.003286880690298785, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9966745629262314, 'ai': 0.003286880690298785, 'mixed': 3.855638346986533e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9966745629262314, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.003286880690298785, 'human': 0.9966745629262314, 'mixed': 3.855638346986533e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'The hairy, ground-hugging vines of the squirting cucumber Ecballium elaterium might seem like an ordinary weedy plant. But take a closer look at the plant, which grows in dry, barren areas in the Mediterranean, and you\u2019ll find \u201can extraordinary thing,\u201d said Chris Thorogood, a botanist at the University of Oxford Botanic Garden and Arboretum. \\n\\nThe roughly 1.5-inch fruits of the squirting cucumber contain toxic chemicals and are distinguished in another way from the green rounds you might put on a salad. \u201cWhen they\u2019re ripe, they eject their seeds very violently in a stream of mucilage,\u201d Dr. Thorogood said. They can shoot up to almost 40 feet. \\n\\nThe Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder wrote about these plants around 2,000 years ago. It\u2019s long been a mystery why and how the plants can carry out this act of vegetative bombardment, Dr. Thorogood said. \\n\\nIn a paper published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Thorogood and his colleagues share how the squirting cucumber goes ballistic. \\n\\nResearchers knew that pressure builds up inside the fruits before they blow. \u201cInitially we all thought it was rather straightforward,\u201d said Finn Box, a physicist at the University of Manchester and another author of the study. But they decided to take a closer look, recording high-speed video of the cucumber cannons in action. \\n\\nThe ripe fruit detaches from the stalk, opening a hole in the cuke\u2019s base. From there, the researchers found, seeds emerge at speeds of up to 66 feet per second. As the fruit detaches, the stem recoils. The fruit rotates backward, changing the angle at which seeds shoot. As slimy fluid spews out, depressurizing the fruit, the seeds\u2019 speed drops. The whole process takes about 30 milliseconds. \\n\\nThe group also made time-lapse photos of stalks bearing fruit for several days. In the run-up to a seed-squirting event, the ovoid fruits moved from dangling nearly straight down to a roughly 45-degree angle with the stem. \u201cThat was just something that blew our minds,\u201d Dr. Box said. \\n\\n\u201cThere\u2019s a perfect angle and an organism finds it,\u201d said Marcus Roper, a mathematician at the University of California, Los Angeles, who wasn\u2019t involved with the work. If the seeds shot out nearly vertically, they wouldn\u2019t have enough forward velocity to go far. If spit nearly horizontally, they quickly fall to the ground. But the squirting cucumber lines up along the sweet spot, an intermediate angle. \\n\\nThe team\u2019s time-lapse imagery provided clues about how this occurs. Before the launch, the plant\u2019s stem becomes wider, straighter and longer. The cucumber appears to contract. That suggests that liquid moves from fruit to stem, stiffening the stem so it can hoist the fruit. It\u2019s still not clear what biological mechanism the plant might use to bulk up its stem. \\n\\nThe researchers also calculated the pressure within the cucumber and found that it\u2019s similar to that of an inflated mountain bike tire, Dr. Box said. Using that and other data they collected on the plant, the researchers worked out the math behind the dispersal of seeds. That allowed them to simulate how hypothetical mutant plants would spread differently. \\n\\nFor instance, a stiffer stem would disperse most seeds very near the parent plant. Alternatively, a more pressurized fruit would shoot seeds forward and backward. Over several generations, these mutants wouldn\u2019t spread as far as the squirting cucumber that occurs naturally, the team found. \\n\\n\u201cIt gave us a sense of how fine-tuned evolution has made this particular species for dispersal,\u201d said Derek Moulton, an applied mathematician at the University of Oxford and another author of the research. \\n\\nThe squirting cucumber shows how plants evolve ways to spread their seeds while being rooted. \u201cFor plants to generate rapid motion, they have to do something a bit clever,\u201d Dr. Moulton said. \\n\\nFinding the physical basis of \u201cweird biological things\u201d can be useful, said Angela Hay, a plant biologist at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne, Germany, who wasn\u2019t part of the new study. The squirting cucumber has already inspired at least one strategy for delivering drugs within the body. Because of the process and time scale of evolution, she said, it can often \u201ccome up with design principles that, as engineers, we haven\u2019t thought of.\u201d \\n\\n '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5764314532,"RADAR":0.0041601053,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The article seems to have a lot of different experts which it intermittently refers to by \"Dr.\" They're also all introduced in the same formulaic way. I wasn't particularly sure because a few of the sentences in it did seem quite unique. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"There are no signs of AI.\nThe unusual way of saying \"goes ballistic\" and \"cucumber cannons\" sounds human.\nThe word order in the sentence \"The group...several days\" is incorrect. This is probably human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: lot's of 'you' language; colourful verbs and adjectives. A mixture of formal and informal language. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this article is human-written. The lead-in contains all necessary information people should know before diving into the details of the topic. When describing the plant's dispersal, it's able to provide facts, visuals, and interviewee opinions within context, such as with \"Before the launch, the plant\u2019s stem becomes wider, straighter and longer. The cucumber appears to contract. \" and \"The whole process takes about 30 milliseconds.\" It's able to give ideas clearly without making declarative statements from the author about what it means. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Direct quotes continue the narrative instead of repeating what was written in previous sentences\u2014a feature typical of AI-generated text.\nThe visually accurate description in the first sentence means the reader has a good idea of what this plant looks like. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"134":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":15,"title":"Grizzly Bear 399, Mother of 18 Cubs, Is Killed by Driver ","sub-title":"She lived to 28, roaming the Yellowstone area with her many offspring while becoming a favorite among both residents and visitors. ","author":"Christine Peterson ","source":"New York Times","issue":1729728000000,"section":"Travel","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/10\/24\/science\/grizzly-bear-399-killed.html","article":"Grizzly bear 399, one of the best known bears in the world and the oldest recorded reproducing female grizzly in the greater Yellowstone area, was struck by a car and died Tuesday south of Jackson, Wyo. She was 28. \n\nNicknamed \u201c399,\u201d she was adored by millions as she lumbered along busy roadsides, often with her cubs in tow. Photographers and tourists flocked to see her each spring and summer, and her portraits appeared on the covers of books and hung in fine art galleries. More than 55,000 people follow an Instagram account created for her, and a PBS documentary called her the \u201cQueen of the Tetons.\u201d \n\n\u201cShe was very much an accidental ambassador for her species, and what a great ambassador she was,\u201d said Jack Bayles, co-owner of a Jackson-based wildlife tour company called Team 399. \n\nBut the factors that brought fame to 399 also placed her in frequent contact with humanity, ultimately putting her at grave risk. She perished after a summer of near-record grizzly bear deaths in the Yellowstone region. \n\n\u201cShe didn\u2019t deserve to go out like this,\u201d Mr. Bayles said. \n\nGrizzly bears were once hunted, trapped and poisoned to near extinction in the Lower 48 states. Researchers now estimate more than 1,000 of the animals roam the Yellowstone region, a vast area that covers portions of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. The animals have yo-yoed on and off the endangered species list in the last couple of decades. \n\nSome conservation advocates argue the species still requires federal protections because of threats that include food scarcity caused by climate change and human-caused deaths like the one that befell 399. Many wildlife managers, particularly in western states, argue not only that bear numbers have recovered, but also that grizzly hunting should be allowed. \n\nGrizzly 399 was collared in 2001 during a monitoring effort by federal wildlife biologists. They gave her the number 399, indicating she was the 399th bear trapped in the region. Her collar eventually fell off. When officials caught her again in 2016, they left behind an ear tag that helped fans identify her in the wild, Mr. Bayles said. \n\nGrizzlies usually avoid humans and roads. But 399 seemed to enjoy both. Despite her willingness to be seen, she largely avoided behavior that has resulted in the lethal removal of other bears that became habituated to people, like raiding garbage cans, stealing food from bird feeders or munching on cattle. \n\nShe was a \u201ckind and gentle soul,\u201d said Mr. Bayles, who once watched her playing tag with her grand cubs while her daughter, the cubs\u2019 mother, looked on. \n\nBear 399 raised 18 cubs, including a rare litter of four, making her one of the most productive bears in the ecosystem. Her frequent sightings along roads in and around Grand Teton National Park led to lengthy bear jams as drivers vied to take her picture. In 2021, she and her cubs meandered through the mountain town of Jackson, with local police officers tagging along as an escort, said Frank Van Manen, leader of the U.S. Geological Survey interagency grizzly bear study team. \n\nHer propensity for visiting roadways was dangerous, as her death on Tuesday showed. On average, three bears typically die in car collisions each year in the area, Dr. Van Manen said, and she was the second of 2024. \n\nHowever, more bears in the Yellowstone region are killed by federal wildlife officials than by anything else, including vehicles, largely when bears prey on cattle grazing within core grizzly habitat, Dr. Van Manen said. While he said the bear population continues to increase, citing more than 200 cubs born annually, there have been nearly 70 recorded grizzly bear deaths in the Yellowstone area this year. \n\nWildlife managers killed 28 to protect cattle, and 16 because of threats to humans including bears gaining access to human foods. People killed 11 in self-defense, and the remainder died in accidents with causes like electrocution by downed power lines and drowning in irrigation ditches. The total number nears the record number of deaths set in 2018. \n\nCreating a celebrity animal like 399 may bring support and attention to a species, but it also risks creating expectations that humans and grizzlies can live close to one another, said Mark Bruscino, a grizzly bear biologist who retired from the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. \n\n\u201cWe have to remember that they\u2019re grizzly bears and can be dangerous,\u201d he said, noting that even 399 injured a hiker in 2007 when he surprised her and her cubs as they fed on an elk carcass. \u201cHuman habituation, particularly with a food-conditioned bear, can lead to dangerous situations for people.\u201d \n\nMr. Bayles hopes people learn not just from 399\u2019s life \u2014 lessons of resilience and tolerance \u2014 but also from her death. On Wednesday afternoon, he and his wife went to the highway where 399 died. Some drivers were traveling well over the speed limit, he said. He hopes people will learn to slow down and protect the broader population of wildlife and the ecosystem where 399 lived. \n\n\u201cThere will be other bears,\u201d he said, \u201cbut there will never be another 399.\u201d ","id":14,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Grizzly bear 399, one of the best known bears in the world and the oldest recorded reproducing female grizzly in the greater Yellowstone area, was struck by a car and died Tuesday south of Jackson, Wyo. She was 28. \\n\\nNicknamed \u201c399,\u201d she was adored by millions as she lumbered along busy roadsides, often with her cubs in tow. Photographers and tourists flocked to see her each spring and summer, and her portraits appeared on the covers of books and hung in fine art galleries. More than 55,000 people follow an Instagram account created for her, and a PBS documentary called her the \u201cQueen of the Tetons.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cShe was very much an accidental ambassador for her species, and what a great ambassador she was,\u201d said Jack Bayles, co-owner of a Jackson-based wildlife tour company called Team 399. \\n\\nBut the factors that brought fame to 399 also placed her in frequent contact with humanity, ultimately putting her at grave risk. She perished after a summer of near-record grizzly bear deaths in the Yellowstone region. \\n\\n\u201cShe didn\u2019t deserve to go out like this,\u201d Mr. Bayles said. \\n\\nGrizzly bears were once hunted, trapped and poisoned to near extinction in the Lower 48 states. Researchers now estimate more than 1,000 of the animals roam the Yellowstone region, a vast area that covers portions of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. The animals have yo-yoed on and off the endangered species list in the last couple of decades. \\n\\nSome conservation advocates argue the species still requires federal protections because of threats that include food scarcity caused by climate change and human-caused deaths like the one that befell 399. Many wildlife managers, particularly in western states, argue not only that bear numbers have recovered, but also that grizzly hunting should be allowed. \\n\\nGrizzly 399 was collared in 2001 during a monitoring effort by federal wildlife biologists. They gave her the number 399, indicating she was the 399th bear trapped in the region. Her collar eventually fell off. When officials caught her again in 2016, they left behind an ear tag that helped fans identify her in the wild, Mr. Bayles said. \\n\\nGrizzlies usually avoid humans and roads. But 399 seemed to enjoy both. Despite her willingness to be seen, she largely avoided behavior that has resulted in the lethal removal of other bears that became habituated to people, like raiding garbage cans, stealing food from bird feeders or munching on cattle. \\n\\nShe was a \u201ckind and gentle soul,\u201d said Mr. Bayles, who once watched her playing tag with her grand cubs while her daughter, the cubs\u2019 mother, looked on. \\n\\nBear 399 raised 18 cubs, including a rare litter of four, making her one of the most productive bears in the ecosystem. Her frequent sightings along roads in and around Grand Teton National Park led to lengthy bear jams as drivers vied to take her picture. In 2021, she and her cubs meandered through the mountain town of Jackson, with local police officers tagging along as an escort, said Frank Van Manen, leader of the U.S. Geological Survey interagency grizzly bear study team. \\n\\nHer propensity for visiting roadways was dangerous, as her death on Tuesday showed. On average, three bears typically die in car collisions each year in the area, Dr. Van Manen said, and she was the second of 2024. \\n\\nHowever, more bears in the Yellowstone region are killed by federal wildlife officials than by anything else, including vehicles, largely when bears prey on cattle grazing within core grizzly habitat, Dr. Van Manen said. While he said the bear population continues to increase, citing more than 200 cubs born annually, there have been nearly 70 recorded grizzly bear deaths in the Yellowstone area this year. \\n\\nWildlife managers killed 28 to protect cattle, and 16 because of threats to humans including bears gaining access to human foods. People killed 11 in self-defense, and the remainder died in accidents with causes like electrocution by downed power lines and drowning in irrigation ditches. The total number nears the record number of deaths set in 2018. \\n\\nCreating a celebrity animal like 399 may bring support and attention to a species, but it also risks creating expectations that humans and grizzlies can live close to one another, said Mark Bruscino, a grizzly bear biologist who retired from the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. \\n\\n\u201cWe have to remember that they\u2019re grizzly bears and can be dangerous,\u201d he said, noting that even 399 injured a hiker in 2007 when he surprised her and her cubs as they fed on an elk carcass. \u201cHuman habituation, particularly with a food-conditioned bear, can lead to dangerous situations for people.\u201d \\n\\nMr. Bayles hopes people learn not just from 399\u2019s life \u2014 lessons of resilience and tolerance \u2014 but also from her death. On Wednesday afternoon, he and his wife went to the highway where 399 died. Some drivers were traveling well over the speed limit, he said. He hopes people will learn to slow down and protect the broader population of wildlife and the ecosystem where 399 lived. \\n\\n\u201cThere will be other bears,\u201d he said, \u201cbut there will never be another 399.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 8.404254913330078e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Grizzly bear 399, one of the best known bears in the world and the oldest recorded reproducing female grizzly in the greater Yellowstone area, was struck by a car and died Tuesday south of Jackson, Wyo. She was 28. \\n\\nNicknamed \u201c399,\u201d she was adored by millions as she lumbered along busy roadsides, often with her cubs in tow. Photographers and tourists flocked to see her each spring and summer, and her portraits appeared on the covers of books and hung in fine art galleries. More than 55,000 people follow an Instagram account created for her, and a PBS documentary called her the \u201cQueen of the Tetons.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cShe was very much an accidental ambassador for her species, and what a great ambassador she was,\u201d said Jack Bayles, co-owner of a Jackson-based wildlife tour company called Team 399. \\n\\nBut the factors that brought fame to 399 also placed her in frequent contact with humanity, ultimately putting her at grave risk. She perished after a summer of near-record grizzly bear deaths in the Yellowstone region. \\n\\n\u201cShe didn\u2019t deserve to go out like this,\u201d Mr. Bayles said. \\n\\nGrizzly bears were once hunted, trapped and poisoned to near extinction in the Lower 48 states. Researchers now estimate more than 1,000 of the animals roam the Yellowstone region, a vast area that covers portions of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. The animals have yo-yoed on and off the endangered species list in the last couple of decades. \\n\\nSome conservation advocates argue the species still requires federal protections because of threats that include food scarcity caused by climate change and human-caused deaths like the one that befell 399. Many wildlife managers, particularly in western states, argue not only that bear numbers have recovered, but also that grizzly hunting should be allowed. \\n\\nGrizzly 399 was collared in 2001 during a monitoring effort by federal wildlife biologists. They gave her the number 399, indicating she was the 399th bear trapped in the region. Her collar eventually fell off. When officials caught her again in 2016, they left behind an ear tag that helped fans identify her in the wild, Mr. Bayles said. \\n\\nGrizzlies usually avoid humans and roads. But 399 seemed to enjoy both. Despite her willingness to be seen, she largely avoided behavior that has resulted in the lethal removal of other bears that became habituated to people, like raiding garbage cans, stealing food from bird feeders or munching on cattle. \\n\\nShe was a \u201ckind and gentle soul,\u201d said Mr. Bayles, who once watched her playing tag with her grand cubs while her daughter, the cubs\u2019 mother, looked on. \\n\\nBear 399 raised 18 cubs, including a rare litter of four, making her one of the most productive bears in the ecosystem. Her frequent sightings along roads in and around Grand Teton National Park led to lengthy bear jams as drivers vied to take her picture. In 2021, she and her cubs meandered through the mountain town of Jackson, with local police officers tagging along as an escort, said Frank Van Manen, leader of the U.S. Geological Survey interagency grizzly bear study team. \\n\\nHer propensity for visiting roadways was dangerous, as her death on Tuesday showed. On average, three bears typically die in car collisions each year in the area, Dr. Van Manen said, and she was the second of 2024. \\n\\nHowever, more bears in the Yellowstone region are killed by federal wildlife officials than by anything else, including vehicles, largely when bears prey on cattle grazing within core grizzly habitat, Dr. Van Manen said. While he said the bear population continues to increase, citing more than 200 cubs born annually, there have been nearly 70 recorded grizzly bear deaths in the Yellowstone area this year. \\n\\nWildlife managers killed 28 to protect cattle, and 16 because of threats to humans including bears gaining access to human foods. People killed 11 in self-defense, and the remainder died in accidents with causes like electrocution by downed power lines and drowning in irrigation ditches. The total number nears the record number of deaths set in 2018. \\n\\nCreating a celebrity animal like 399 may bring support and attention to a species, but it also risks creating expectations that humans and grizzlies can live close to one another, said Mark Bruscino, a grizzly bear biologist who retired from the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. \\n\\n\u201cWe have to remember that they\u2019re grizzly bears and can be dangerous,\u201d he said, noting that even 399 injured a hiker in 2007 when he surprised her and her cubs as they fed on an elk carcass. \u201cHuman habituation, particularly with a food-conditioned bear, can lead to dangerous situations for people.\u201d \\n\\nMr. Bayles hopes people learn not just from 399\u2019s life \u2014 lessons of resilience and tolerance \u2014 but also from her death. On Wednesday afternoon, he and his wife went to the highway where 399 died. Some drivers were traveling well over the speed limit, he said. He hopes people will learn to slow down and protect the broader population of wildlife and the ecosystem where 399 lived. \\n\\n\u201cThere will be other bears,\u201d he said, \u201cbut there will never be another 399.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 3.045797348022461e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '3c33bfd7-999f-4660-a079-57e1c084b6c3', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 1.6000940377125517e-05, 'sentence': 'Grizzly bear 399, one of the best known bears in the world and the oldest recorded reproducing female grizzly in the greater Yellowstone area, was struck by a car and died Tuesday south of Jackson, Wyo.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.857538316282444e-06, 'sentence': 'She was 28.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, 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'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.564275771670509e-05, 'sentence': 'But the factors that brought fame to 399 also placed her in frequent contact with humanity, ultimately putting her at grave risk.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.7753684005583636e-05, 'sentence': 'She perished after a summer of near-record grizzly bear deaths in the Yellowstone region.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.0923151168972254e-05, 'sentence': \"\u201cShe didn't deserve to go out like this,\u201d Mr. Bayles said.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.668208435352426e-05, 'sentence': 'Grizzly bears were once hunted, trapped and poisoned to near extinction in the Lower 48 states.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 3.375701999175362e-05, 'sentence': 'Researchers now estimate more than 1,000 of the animals 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known bears in the world and the oldest recorded reproducing female grizzly in the greater Yellowstone area, was struck by a car and died Tuesday south of Jackson, Wyo. She was 28. \\n\\nNicknamed \u201c399,\u201d she was adored by millions as she lumbered along busy roadsides, often with her cubs in tow. Photographers and tourists flocked to see her each spring and summer, and her portraits appeared on the covers of books and hung in fine art galleries. More than 55,000 people follow an Instagram account created for her, and a PBS documentary called her the \u201cQueen of the Tetons.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cShe was very much an accidental ambassador for her species, and what a great ambassador she was,\u201d said Jack Bayles, co-owner of a Jackson-based wildlife tour company called Team 399. \\n\\nBut the factors that brought fame to 399 also placed her in frequent contact with humanity, ultimately putting her at grave risk. She perished after a summer of near-record grizzly bear deaths in the Yellowstone region. \\n\\n\u201cShe didn\u2019t deserve to go out like this,\u201d Mr. Bayles said. \\n\\nGrizzly bears were once hunted, trapped and poisoned to near extinction in the Lower 48 states. Researchers now estimate more than 1,000 of the animals roam the Yellowstone region, a vast area that covers portions of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. The animals have yo-yoed on and off the endangered species list in the last couple of decades. \\n\\nSome conservation advocates argue the species still requires federal protections because of threats that include food scarcity caused by climate change and human-caused deaths like the one that befell 399. Many wildlife managers, particularly in western states, argue not only that bear numbers have recovered, but also that grizzly hunting should be allowed. \\n\\nGrizzly 399 was collared in 2001 during a monitoring effort by federal wildlife biologists. They gave her the number 399, indicating she was the 399th bear trapped in the region. Her collar eventually fell off. When officials caught her again in 2016, they left behind an ear tag that helped fans identify her in the wild, Mr. Bayles said. \\n\\nGrizzlies usually avoid humans and roads. But 399 seemed to enjoy both. Despite her willingness to be seen, she largely avoided behavior that has resulted in the lethal removal of other bears that became habituated to people, like raiding garbage cans, stealing food from bird feeders or munching on cattle. \\n\\nShe was a \u201ckind and gentle soul,\u201d said Mr. Bayles, who once watched her playing tag with her grand cubs while her daughter, the cubs\u2019 mother, looked on. \\n\\nBear 399 raised 18 cubs, including a rare litter of four, making her one of the most productive bears in the ecosystem. Her frequent sightings along roads in and around Grand Teton National Park led to lengthy bear jams as drivers vied to take her picture. In 2021, she and her cubs meandered through the mountain town of Jackson, with local police officers tagging along as an escort, said Frank Van Manen, leader of the U.S. Geological Survey interagency grizzly bear study team. \\n\\nHer propensity for visiting roadways was dangerous, as her death on Tuesday showed. On average, three bears typically die in car collisions each year in the area, Dr. Van Manen said, and she was the second of 2024. \\n\\nHowever, more bears in the Yellowstone region are killed by federal wildlife officials than by anything else, including vehicles, largely when bears prey on cattle grazing within core grizzly habitat, Dr. Van Manen said. While he said the bear population continues to increase, citing more than 200 cubs born annually, there have been nearly 70 recorded grizzly bear deaths in the Yellowstone area this year. \\n\\nWildlife managers killed 28 to protect cattle, and 16 because of threats to humans including bears gaining access to human foods. People killed 11 in self-defense, and the remainder died in accidents with causes like electrocution by downed power lines and drowning in irrigation ditches. The total number nears the record number of deaths set in 2018. \\n\\nCreating a celebrity animal like 399 may bring support and attention to a species, but it also risks creating expectations that humans and grizzlies can live close to one another, said Mark Bruscino, a grizzly bear biologist who retired from the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. \\n\\n\u201cWe have to remember that they\u2019re grizzly bears and can be dangerous,\u201d he said, noting that even 399 injured a hiker in 2007 when he surprised her and her cubs as they fed on an elk carcass. \u201cHuman habituation, particularly with a food-conditioned bear, can lead to dangerous situations for people.\u201d \\n\\nMr. Bayles hopes people learn not just from 399\u2019s life \u2014 lessons of resilience and tolerance \u2014 but also from her death. On Wednesday afternoon, he and his wife went to the highway where 399 died. Some drivers were traveling well over the speed limit, he said. He hopes people will learn to slow down and protect the broader population of wildlife and the ecosystem where 399 lived. \\n\\n\u201cThere will be other bears,\u201d he said, \u201cbut there will never be another 399.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2680845857,"RADAR":0.0066261124,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"A few phrases like \"yo-yoed\" made me believe that this article was more likely to be human-generated. Some of the very short sentences like \"She was 28.\" are also more common in human text. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"There are few clues but the incidence of \"not only...but also\" twice hints at AI generation."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"There's all sorts of things wrong with the first sentence (missing hyphens, strange abbreviations, awkward phrasing), which makes me think this was again, human-generated. Its paragraphs and sentences are also varied, and it ends on a quote. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am very confident this is human-written. In this version, we not only get a brief explanation about 399's name, what they did, it also made sure to provide information about how people celebrated her, why she was important (considering how many cubs she mothered), and what her death was caused by and means in the region. The language of the article itself is concise, and uses casual-like language for clarity's sake, but minimally. It also ends on a quote that's appropriate and true in this case. Some examples include \"Her propensity for visiting roadways was dangerous, as her death on Tuesday showed\" and \"she largely avoided behavior that has resulted in the lethal removal of other bears that became habituated to people, like raiding garbage cans, stealing food from bird feeders or munching on cattle.\""},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Author does not shy away from being critical of the way in which humans are responsible for decimating wildlife. \nVaried sentence and paragraph length."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"135":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":16,"title":"The Statue of an Emperor That Lost Its Head Is Getting It Back ","sub-title":"A Danish museum is returning the bronze head of Septimius Severus to Turkey after agreeing that it was probably looted from a shrine honoring Roman leaders. ","author":"Graham Bowley ","source":"New York Times","issue":1733097600000,"section":"Arts","link":"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/12\/02\/arts\/roman-emperor-septimius-severus-statue.html","article":"An ancient bronze thought to be a likeness of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus is to be reunited with its long lost torso after a Danish museum agreed that its sculpture of a bearded man\u2019s head had been looted and should be returned to Turkey. \n\nThe torso, which for years stood in the Roman Court of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, was returned to Turkey in 2023 after its seizure by investigators who said it had been looted. \n\nSince then, the Turkish government has been petitioning the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen, requesting the return of the 2,000-year-old head to complete the statue. Last week, the Danish museum said its researchers had concluded that the artifact, which has been in its collection since 1970, was likely to have been excavated illegally from Bubon, a site in the southwest of Turkey that investigators say was heavily looted in the 1960s. \n\nThe Danish museum said it had made its decision after prolonged research. \u201cExceptionally strong arguments and scientific documentation are required to separate a work from the museum\u2019s collection,\u201d Gertrud Hvidberg-Hansen, the museum\u2019s director, said in a statement. \u201cIn the case of this object, both criteria were present.\u201d \n\nSeverus was a wily general who outmaneuvered four rivals to assume the emperor\u2019s seat, and he ruled Rome from 193 A.D. until his death in 211 A.D. \n\nHis intact statue had been part of a group of bronzes that experts believe was set up two thousand years ago as a shrine to the imperial cult in Bubon, when the region was a distant part of the Roman Empire. As part of the cult, the emperors were worshiped as gods. \n\nAt some point in history, the site was buried underground but was targeted by looters in the 1960s, and artifacts were removed and sold, in violation of Turkey\u2019s cultural property law, investigators say. \n\nIt\u2019s not clear whether the torso lost its head at the time of the illegal excavation, or whether the separation had occurred centuries, or millenniums earlier, in the tumult of history. \n\nThe Danish museum said in its statement that \u201carchival and archaeological studies and technical analyses\u201d of Severus\u2019s head had led to its conclusion that it had been looted. The head, it said, \u201cprobably belongs to a larger group of bronze sculptures of the Roman imperial family believed to have originated from the so-called Sebasteion \u2014 a shrine to the Roman imperial cult \u2014 in Boubon.\u201d \n\nTurkey welcomed the return of the emperor\u2019s head, and Hakan Tekin, the Turkish ambassador to Denmark, said the museum \u201chas done the right thing.\u201d \n\n\u201cThis development sets another precedent for institutions and collectors all over the world, including in Denmark, that all artifacts acquired with a shady provenance should be returned to their rightful owners,\u201d he said in a statement. \n\nFor many years, the Glyptotek had said its ancient head belonged to the torso in the Met and had exhibited them together in Copenhagen in 1979. \n\nBut in recent years, museum officials expressed skepticism that the two were an exact match, saying in an interview in 2023 that the evidence linking them was \u201ccircumstantial and weak.\u201d \n\nThe Met did not embrace the theory that the torso was a depiction of Severus. In the 12 years it held it, the museum called the figure simply a \u201cBronze statue of a nude male figure.\u201d \n\nThe Glyptotek said that while its new research had determined that the head probably originated in Bubon, their experts were not as confident in asserting that it belonged to the body seized from the Met. \n\n\u201cThe Glyptotek\u2019s researchers have not been able to examine the possible connection between the bronze portrait and the bronze body,\u201d it said. \u201cIt is therefore not possible to comment on the relationship between these two artifacts.\u201d \n\nThe Danish museum said it had purchased the head in 1970 for 365,500 Swiss francs, or about $85,000, from Robert Hecht, an American dealer who would become famous \u2014 and later infamous \u2014 as one of the world\u2019s great dealers of antiquities, both looted and legitimate. \n\nIn addition to the torso at the Met, investigators from the Manhattan district attorney\u2019s Antiquities Trafficking Unit in recent years have seized and returned several other items that experts believe were taken from Bubon, including statues of the emperors Lucius Verus and Caracalla. \n\n ","id":15,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'An ancient bronze thought to be a likeness of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus is to be reunited with its long lost torso after a Danish museum agreed that its sculpture of a bearded man\u2019s head had been looted and should be returned to Turkey. \\n\\nThe torso, which for years stood in the Roman Court of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, was returned to Turkey in 2023 after its seizure by investigators who said it had been looted. \\n\\nSince then, the Turkish government has been petitioning the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen, requesting the return of the 2,000-year-old head to complete the statue. Last week, the Danish museum said its researchers had concluded that the artifact, which has been in its collection since 1970, was likely to have been excavated illegally from Bubon, a site in the southwest of Turkey that investigators say was heavily looted in the 1960s. \\n\\nThe Danish museum said it had made its decision after prolonged research. \u201cExceptionally strong arguments and scientific documentation are required to separate a work from the museum\u2019s collection,\u201d Gertrud Hvidberg-Hansen, the museum\u2019s director, said in a statement. \u201cIn the case of this object, both criteria were present.\u201d \\n\\nSeverus was a wily general who outmaneuvered four rivals to assume the emperor\u2019s seat, and he ruled Rome from 193 A.D. until his death in 211 A.D. \\n\\nHis intact statue had been part of a group of bronzes that experts believe was set up two thousand years ago as a shrine to the imperial cult in Bubon, when the region was a distant part of the Roman Empire. As part of the cult, the emperors were worshiped as gods. \\n\\nAt some point in history, the site was buried underground but was targeted by looters in the 1960s, and artifacts were removed and sold, in violation of Turkey\u2019s cultural property law, investigators say. \\n\\nIt\u2019s not clear whether the torso lost its head at the time of the illegal excavation, or whether the separation had occurred centuries, or millenniums earlier, in the tumult of history. \\n\\nThe Danish museum said in its statement that \u201carchival and archaeological studies and technical analyses\u201d of Severus\u2019s head had led to its conclusion that it had been looted. The head, it said, \u201cprobably belongs to a larger group of bronze sculptures of the Roman imperial family believed to have originated from the so-called Sebasteion \u2014 a shrine to the Roman imperial cult \u2014 in Boubon.\u201d \\n\\nTurkey welcomed the return of the emperor\u2019s head, and Hakan Tekin, the Turkish ambassador to Denmark, said the museum \u201chas done the right thing.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cThis development sets another precedent for institutions and collectors all over the world, including in Denmark, that all artifacts acquired with a shady provenance should be returned to their rightful owners,\u201d he said in a statement. \\n\\nFor many years, the Glyptotek had said its ancient head belonged to the torso in the Met and had exhibited them together in Copenhagen in 1979. \\n\\nBut in recent years, museum officials expressed skepticism that the two were an exact match, saying in an interview in 2023 that the evidence linking them was \u201ccircumstantial and weak.\u201d \\n\\nThe Met did not embrace the theory that the torso was a depiction of Severus. In the 12 years it held it, the museum called the figure simply a \u201cBronze statue of a nude male figure.\u201d \\n\\nThe Glyptotek said that while its new research had determined that the head probably originated in Bubon, their experts were not as confident in asserting that it belonged to the body seized from the Met. \\n\\n\u201cThe Glyptotek\u2019s researchers have not been able to examine the possible connection between the bronze portrait and the bronze body,\u201d it said. \u201cIt is therefore not possible to comment on the relationship between these two artifacts.\u201d \\n\\nThe Danish museum said it had purchased the head in 1970 for 365,500 Swiss francs, or about $85,000, from Robert Hecht, an American dealer who would become famous \u2014 and later infamous \u2014 as one of the world\u2019s great dealers of antiquities, both looted and legitimate. \\n\\nIn addition to the torso at the Met, investigators from the Manhattan district attorney\u2019s Antiquities Trafficking Unit in recent years have seized and returned several other items that experts believe were taken from Bubon, including statues of the emperors Lucius Verus and Caracalla. \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 6.759166717529297e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'An ancient bronze thought to be a likeness of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus is to be reunited with its long lost torso after a Danish museum agreed that its sculpture of a bearded man\u2019s head had been looted and should be returned to Turkey. \\n\\nThe torso, which for years stood in the Roman Court of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, was returned to Turkey in 2023 after its seizure by investigators who said it had been looted. \\n\\nSince then, the Turkish government has been petitioning the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen, requesting the return of the 2,000-year-old head to complete the statue. Last week, the Danish museum said its researchers had concluded that the artifact, which has been in its collection since 1970, was likely to have been excavated illegally from Bubon, a site in the southwest of Turkey that investigators say was heavily looted in the 1960s. \\n\\nThe Danish museum said it had made its decision after prolonged research. \u201cExceptionally strong arguments and scientific documentation are required to separate a work from the museum\u2019s collection,\u201d Gertrud Hvidberg-Hansen, the museum\u2019s director, said in a statement. \u201cIn the case of this object, both criteria were present.\u201d \\n\\nSeverus was a wily general who outmaneuvered four rivals to assume the emperor\u2019s seat, and he ruled Rome from 193 A.D. until his death in 211 A.D. \\n\\nHis intact statue had been part of a group of bronzes that experts believe was set up two thousand years ago as a shrine to the imperial cult in Bubon, when the region was a distant part of the Roman Empire. As part of the cult, the emperors were worshiped as gods. \\n\\nAt some point in history, the site was buried underground but was targeted by looters in the 1960s, and artifacts were removed and sold, in violation of Turkey\u2019s cultural property law, investigators say. \\n\\nIt\u2019s not clear whether the torso lost its head at the time of the illegal excavation, or whether the separation had occurred centuries, or millenniums earlier, in the tumult of history. \\n\\nThe Danish museum said in its statement that \u201carchival and archaeological studies and technical analyses\u201d of Severus\u2019s head had led to its conclusion that it had been looted. The head, it said, \u201cprobably belongs to a larger group of bronze sculptures of the Roman imperial family believed to have originated from the so-called Sebasteion \u2014 a shrine to the Roman imperial cult \u2014 in Boubon.\u201d \\n\\nTurkey welcomed the return of the emperor\u2019s head, and Hakan Tekin, the Turkish ambassador to Denmark, said the museum \u201chas done the right thing.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cThis development sets another precedent for institutions and collectors all over the world, including in Denmark, that all artifacts acquired with a shady provenance should be returned to their rightful owners,\u201d he said in a statement. \\n\\nFor many years, the Glyptotek had said its ancient head belonged to the torso in the Met and had exhibited them together in Copenhagen in 1979. \\n\\nBut in recent years, museum officials expressed skepticism that the two were an exact match, saying in an interview in 2023 that the evidence linking them was \u201ccircumstantial and weak.\u201d \\n\\nThe Met did not embrace the theory that the torso was a depiction of Severus. In the 12 years it held it, the museum called the figure simply a \u201cBronze statue of a nude male figure.\u201d \\n\\nThe Glyptotek said that while its new research had determined that the head probably originated in Bubon, their experts were not as confident in asserting that it belonged to the body seized from the Met. \\n\\n\u201cThe Glyptotek\u2019s researchers have not been able to examine the possible connection between the bronze portrait and the bronze body,\u201d it said. \u201cIt is therefore not possible to comment on the relationship between these two artifacts.\u201d \\n\\nThe Danish museum said it had purchased the head in 1970 for 365,500 Swiss francs, or about $85,000, from Robert Hecht, an American dealer who would become famous \u2014 and later infamous \u2014 as one of the world\u2019s great dealers of antiquities, both looted and legitimate. \\n\\nIn addition to the torso at the Met, investigators from the Manhattan district attorney\u2019s Antiquities Trafficking Unit in recent years have seized and returned several other items that experts believe were taken from Bubon, including statues of the emperors Lucius Verus and Caracalla. \\n\\n ', 'ai_likelihood': 4.6312808990478516e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '53ebd9d8-75d8-4fff-a351-2d27f3ba3d39', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.00021114559785928577, 'sentence': \"An ancient bronze thought to be a likeness of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus is to be reunited with its long lost torso after a Danish museum agreed that its sculpture of a bearded man's head had been looted and should be returned to Turkey.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00020046457939315587, 'sentence': 'The torso, which for years stood in the Roman Court of the 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'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002182311873184517, 'sentence': \"\u201cExceptionally strong arguments and scientific documentation are required to separate a work from the museum's collection,\u201d Gertrud Hvidberg-Hansen, the museum's director, said in a statement.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003237539203837514, 'sentence': '\u201cIn the case of this object, both criteria were present.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00018289583385922015, 'sentence': \"Severus was a wily general who outmaneuvered four rivals to assume the emperor's seat, and he ruled Rome from 193 A.D. until his death in 211 A.D.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00013724193559028208, 'sentence': 'His intact statue had been part of a group of bronzes that experts believe was set up two thousand years ago as a shrine to the 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'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'An ancient bronze thought to be a likeness of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus is to be reunited with its long lost torso after a Danish museum agreed that its sculpture of a bearded man\u2019s head had been looted and should be returned to Turkey. \\n\\nThe torso, which for years stood in the Roman Court of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, was returned to Turkey in 2023 after its seizure by investigators who said it had been looted. \\n\\nSince then, the Turkish government has been petitioning the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen, requesting the return of the 2,000-year-old head to complete the statue. Last week, the Danish museum said its researchers had concluded that the artifact, which has been in its collection since 1970, was likely to have been excavated illegally from Bubon, a site in the southwest of Turkey that investigators say was heavily looted in the 1960s. \\n\\nThe Danish museum said it had made its decision after prolonged research. \u201cExceptionally strong arguments and scientific documentation are required to separate a work from the museum\u2019s collection,\u201d Gertrud Hvidberg-Hansen, the museum\u2019s director, said in a statement. \u201cIn the case of this object, both criteria were present.\u201d \\n\\nSeverus was a wily general who outmaneuvered four rivals to assume the emperor\u2019s seat, and he ruled Rome from 193 A.D. until his death in 211 A.D. \\n\\nHis intact statue had been part of a group of bronzes that experts believe was set up two thousand years ago as a shrine to the imperial cult in Bubon, when the region was a distant part of the Roman Empire. As part of the cult, the emperors were worshiped as gods. \\n\\nAt some point in history, the site was buried underground but was targeted by looters in the 1960s, and artifacts were removed and sold, in violation of Turkey\u2019s cultural property law, investigators say. \\n\\nIt\u2019s not clear whether the torso lost its head at the time of the illegal excavation, or whether the separation had occurred centuries, or millenniums earlier, in the tumult of history. \\n\\nThe Danish museum said in its statement that \u201carchival and archaeological studies and technical analyses\u201d of Severus\u2019s head had led to its conclusion that it had been looted. The head, it said, \u201cprobably belongs to a larger group of bronze sculptures of the Roman imperial family believed to have originated from the so-called Sebasteion \u2014 a shrine to the Roman imperial cult \u2014 in Boubon.\u201d \\n\\nTurkey welcomed the return of the emperor\u2019s head, and Hakan Tekin, the Turkish ambassador to Denmark, said the museum \u201chas done the right thing.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cThis development sets another precedent for institutions and collectors all over the world, including in Denmark, that all artifacts acquired with a shady provenance should be returned to their rightful owners,\u201d he said in a statement. \\n\\nFor many years, the Glyptotek had said its ancient head belonged to the torso in the Met and had exhibited them together in Copenhagen in 1979. \\n\\nBut in recent years, museum officials expressed skepticism that the two were an exact match, saying in an interview in 2023 that the evidence linking them was \u201ccircumstantial and weak.\u201d \\n\\nThe Met did not embrace the theory that the torso was a depiction of Severus. In the 12 years it held it, the museum called the figure simply a \u201cBronze statue of a nude male figure.\u201d \\n\\nThe Glyptotek said that while its new research had determined that the head probably originated in Bubon, their experts were not as confident in asserting that it belonged to the body seized from the Met. \\n\\n\u201cThe Glyptotek\u2019s researchers have not been able to examine the possible connection between the bronze portrait and the bronze body,\u201d it said. \u201cIt is therefore not possible to comment on the relationship between these two artifacts.\u201d \\n\\nThe Danish museum said it had purchased the head in 1970 for 365,500 Swiss francs, or about $85,000, from Robert Hecht, an American dealer who would become famous \u2014 and later infamous \u2014 as one of the world\u2019s great dealers of antiquities, both looted and legitimate. \\n\\nIn addition to the torso at the Met, investigators from the Manhattan district attorney\u2019s Antiquities Trafficking Unit in recent years have seized and returned several other items that experts believe were taken from Bubon, including statues of the emperors Lucius Verus and Caracalla. \\n\\n '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1982018799,"RADAR":0.0145151475,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"There were no clear AI markers and a few human ones. That said, I don't feel very sure at all, because none of the articles so far have seemed clearly one way or another."},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"This is extremely difficult to detect either way. I've gone with human because some of the sentences, such as the highlighted first one, are longer than AI usually generates."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The first paragraph is one very long sentence which I don't think AI would do. There's also some repetition, odd punctuation and a few very clunky sentences. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. Any sentences that seem formal and AI-language like are used right here because the language used comes from a statement - official, public, declarative statements that represent the knowledge and opinions of institution of some kind. The rest of the article sticks with an easy-to-understand language and simple, short paragraph format. Examples include \"was set up two thousand years ago as a shrine to the imperial cult in Bubon\" and \"in its statement that \u201carchival and archaeological studies and technical analyses\u201d of Severus\u2019s head had led to its conclusion that it had been looted.\""},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The number of paragraphs that only have one sentence. Probably a newspaper story.\nMarked absence of typical AI phrases.\nTurgid writing. Wouldn't be surprised if the author used an AI assistant.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"136":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":17,"title":"One Man\u2019s Free Bike Shed Keeps a Maryland Community Mobile ","sub-title":"Silver Spring, Maryland, has long been a hub for immigrants and refugees. Manuel Vera developed some unique and creative ways to support them. ","author":"Caroline Fanning ","source":"Readers Digest","issue":1727222400000,"section":"Real Life Stories","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/silver-spring-maryland-free-bikes\/","article":"At first, Manuel Vera just wanted to do something productive for his neighbors during the COVID-19 lockdown. Maybe he could help them get outside by tuning up bikes in need of a little TLC, he thought. So he posted to an online group in his Silver Spring, Maryland, neighborhood, offering to fix people\u2019s bikes for free. All he asked was to be reimbursed for any new parts. \n\n\u201cThen I started thinking about all the bikes that people have at home that never get used,\u201d says Vera, 74, who is retired from the local power company. \n\nSoon he was asking neighbors to donate any bikes collecting dust in their garages and basements after kids had outgrown them or adults had upgraded to new models. Then, in his tidy little backyard shed, he\u2019d get to work. \n\n<b>Identifying a community need<\/b> \n\nVera\u2019s workspace is nearly as tricked out as his bikes. The green gardening shed, its inner walls lined with tools, holds a workbench and repair stand, and even has AC and Wi-Fi. You\u2019ll know Vera is at work when classic rock or folk music floats out its open doors. \n\nSpace is tight, so Vera prefers to work alone\u2014though not for lack of volunteers. Kabul\u2019s fall in 2021 saw an influx of refugees to Silver Spring, a Washington, D.C., suburb of about 80,000. It\u2019s home to families, young professionals, retirees like Vera, and a large community of immigrants and refugees raring to make Montgomery County home. \n\nVera tunes up the donated bikes and hauls them to parks, food banks, apartment complexes and churches. He camps out with his Free Bikes sign and waits for people to wander over. Then he pairs people up with the perfect new ride and watches them pedal away happy. His first giveaway saw six bikes go in under 30 minutes. \n\n\u201cPeople ask a few questions like, \u2018Are they really free?\u2019\u200a\u201d says Vera. \u201cThe answer is: \u2018Yes. If you like this bike, it\u2019s yours.\u2019\u200a\u201d \n\nNow neighbors know him as the Bike Dude, and they keep him busy with a steady supply of bikes, helmets and locks to redistribute. The local farmers market collected 36 bikes at its first attempt. Vera is constantly tagged in Facebook Buy Nothing group posts when locals seek to either acquire or offload sets of wheels. \n\n<b>Making life better, one bike at a time<\/b> \n\nIn addition to the adults and kids he meets at his Free Bikes events, eager customers come from local resettlement agencies and other nonprofits. The groups provide Vera with the height, gender and age of a rider, and he delivers a fitting bicycle to their door. He\u2019s happy to make the trip. \n\n\u201cPeople found themselves running from home, coming to the United States with nothing but the clothes on their backs,\u201d says Vera, who emigrated from Peru with his family when he was 14. \u201cMany of them are professionals who suddenly found themselves on the receiving end of charity.\u201d \n\nManizha Azizi, 47, whose family fled to the United States when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan during the Cold War, works with Vera on behalf of the resettlement assistance group Homes Not Borders. \n\n\u201cA lot of times, people want to donate or offer their services, but you still have to do the footwork,\u201d says Azizi. \u201cWith Manuel, I just give him the information and he takes it from there.\u201d \n\nVera recalls one instance in which an Afghan man needed a way to get to his new job as a night security guard. Vera outfitted him with not only a bike and helmet but also lights, a pump and a reflective vest. \n\nIbrahim Alashe\u2019s new bike cuts his travel time to the grocery store in half, sure. But since the 21-year-old Syrian refugee had said he primarily wanted a bike to exercise, Vera made sure his was a sports bike that he could use for cardio too. The model retails for up to $800. \n\n\u201cWhen I was looking for bicycles, it was very expensive, so when he does this for people, it makes them so happy,\u201d says Alashe. \u201cIt was one of my dreams to get a bicycle, and he helped me lose weight. So it\u2019s very, very good.\u201d \n\nSo far, more than 700 Silver Springers like him have new wheels to take them anywhere their feet can pedal, thanks to the big-hearted Bike Dude. ","id":16,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'At first, Manuel Vera just wanted to do something productive for his neighbors during the COVID-19 lockdown. Maybe he could help them get outside by tuning up bikes in need of a little TLC, he thought. So he posted to an online group in his Silver Spring, Maryland, neighborhood, offering to fix people\u2019s bikes for free. All he asked was to be reimbursed for any new parts. \\n\\n\u201cThen I started thinking about all the bikes that people have at home that never get used,\u201d says Vera, 74, who is retired from the local power company. \\n\\nSoon he was asking neighbors to donate any bikes collecting dust in their garages and basements after kids had outgrown them or adults had upgraded to new models. Then, in his tidy little backyard shed, he\u2019d get to work. \\n\\n<b>Identifying a community need<\/b> \\n\\nVera\u2019s workspace is nearly as tricked out as his bikes. The green gardening shed, its inner walls lined with tools, holds a workbench and repair stand, and even has AC and Wi-Fi. You\u2019ll know Vera is at work when classic rock or folk music floats out its open doors. \\n\\nSpace is tight, so Vera prefers to work alone\u2014though not for lack of volunteers. Kabul\u2019s fall in 2021 saw an influx of refugees to Silver Spring, a Washington, D.C., suburb of about 80,000. It\u2019s home to families, young professionals, retirees like Vera, and a large community of immigrants and refugees raring to make Montgomery County home. \\n\\nVera tunes up the donated bikes and hauls them to parks, food banks, apartment complexes and churches. He camps out with his Free Bikes sign and waits for people to wander over. Then he pairs people up with the perfect new ride and watches them pedal away happy. His first giveaway saw six bikes go in under 30 minutes. \\n\\n\u201cPeople ask a few questions like, \u2018Are they really free?\u2019\\u200a\u201d says Vera. \u201cThe answer is: \u2018Yes. If you like this bike, it\u2019s yours.\u2019\\u200a\u201d \\n\\nNow neighbors know him as the Bike Dude, and they keep him busy with a steady supply of bikes, helmets and locks to redistribute. The local farmers market collected 36 bikes at its first attempt. Vera is constantly tagged in Facebook Buy Nothing group posts when locals seek to either acquire or offload sets of wheels. \\n\\n<b>Making life better, one bike at a time<\/b> \\n\\nIn addition to the adults and kids he meets at his Free Bikes events, eager customers come from local resettlement agencies and other nonprofits. The groups provide Vera with the height, gender and age of a rider, and he delivers a fitting bicycle to their door. He\u2019s happy to make the trip. \\n\\n\u201cPeople found themselves running from home, coming to the United States with nothing but the clothes on their backs,\u201d says Vera, who emigrated from Peru with his family when he was 14. \u201cMany of them are professionals who suddenly found themselves on the receiving end of charity.\u201d \\n\\nManizha Azizi, 47, whose family fled to the United States when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan during the Cold War, works with Vera on behalf of the resettlement assistance group Homes Not Borders. \\n\\n\u201cA lot of times, people want to donate or offer their services, but you still have to do the footwork,\u201d says Azizi. \u201cWith Manuel, I just give him the information and he takes it from there.\u201d \\n\\nVera recalls one instance in which an Afghan man needed a way to get to his new job as a night security guard. 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Maybe he could help them get outside by tuning up bikes in need of a little TLC, he thought. So he posted to an online group in his Silver Spring, Maryland, neighborhood, offering to fix people\u2019s bikes for free. All he asked was to be reimbursed for any new parts. \\n\\n\u201cThen I started thinking about all the bikes that people have at home that never get used,\u201d says Vera, 74, who is retired from the local power company. \\n\\nSoon he was asking neighbors to donate any bikes collecting dust in their garages and basements after kids had outgrown them or adults had upgraded to new models. Then, in his tidy little backyard shed, he\u2019d get to work. \\n\\n<b>Identifying a community need<\/b> \\n\\nVera\u2019s workspace is nearly as tricked out as his bikes. The green gardening shed, its inner walls lined with tools, holds a workbench and repair stand, and even has AC and Wi-Fi. You\u2019ll know Vera is at work when classic rock or folk music floats out its open doors. \\n\\nSpace is tight, so Vera prefers to work alone\u2014though not for lack of volunteers. Kabul\u2019s fall in 2021 saw an influx of refugees to Silver Spring, a Washington, D.C., suburb of about 80,000. It\u2019s home to families, young professionals, retirees like Vera, and a large community of immigrants and refugees raring to make Montgomery County home. \\n\\nVera tunes up the donated bikes and hauls them to parks, food banks, apartment complexes and churches. He camps out with his Free Bikes sign and waits for people to wander over. Then he pairs people up with the perfect new ride and watches them pedal away happy. His first giveaway saw six bikes go in under 30 minutes. \\n\\n\u201cPeople ask a few questions like, \u2018Are they really free?\u2019\\u200a\u201d says Vera. \u201cThe answer is: \u2018Yes. If you like this bike, it\u2019s yours.\u2019\\u200a\u201d \\n\\nNow neighbors know him as the Bike Dude, and they keep him busy with a steady supply of bikes, helmets and locks to redistribute. The local farmers market collected 36 bikes at its first attempt. Vera is constantly tagged in Facebook Buy Nothing group posts when locals seek to either acquire or offload sets of wheels. \\n\\n<b>Making life better, one bike at a time<\/b> \\n\\nIn addition to the adults and kids he meets at his Free Bikes events, eager customers come from local resettlement agencies and other nonprofits. The groups provide Vera with the height, gender and age of a rider, and he delivers a fitting bicycle to their door. He\u2019s happy to make the trip. \\n\\n\u201cPeople found themselves running from home, coming to the United States with nothing but the clothes on their backs,\u201d says Vera, who emigrated from Peru with his family when he was 14. \u201cMany of them are professionals who suddenly found themselves on the receiving end of charity.\u201d \\n\\nManizha Azizi, 47, whose family fled to the United States when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan during the Cold War, works with Vera on behalf of the resettlement assistance group Homes Not Borders. \\n\\n\u201cA lot of times, people want to donate or offer their services, but you still have to do the footwork,\u201d says Azizi. \u201cWith Manuel, I just give him the information and he takes it from there.\u201d \\n\\nVera recalls one instance in which an Afghan man needed a way to get to his new job as a night security guard. Vera outfitted him with not only a bike and helmet but also lights, a pump and a reflective vest. \\n\\nIbrahim Alashe\u2019s new bike cuts his travel time to the grocery store in half, sure. But since the 21-year-old Syrian refugee had said he primarily wanted a bike to exercise, Vera made sure his was a sports bike that he could use for cardio too. The model retails for up to $800. \\n\\n\u201cWhen I was looking for bicycles, it was very expensive, so when he does this for people, it makes them so happy,\u201d says Alashe. \u201cIt was one of my dreams to get a bicycle, and he helped me lose weight. So it\u2019s very, very good.\u201d \\n\\nSo far, more than 700 Silver Springers like him have new wheels to take them anywhere their feet can pedal, thanks to the big-hearted Bike Dude. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.8989326358,"RADAR":0.0251574125,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The article has a few phrases that are quite casual that make me believe it's more likely to be human-generated. The one sentence with \"not only... but also...\" towards the end made me feel less sure overall. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"There are several turns of phrase here that sound human. for instance, \"big-hearted Bike Dude,\"\"\nAI usually changes \"a lot of\" to \"many.\"\nThe phrase \"from home, coming to\" should be \"from home and coming to\". I assume this is a human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: colloquial language; some clunky sentences; varied paragraph and sentence length; sentence case headings; no Oxford comma. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident it's human-written. Much of the language is informal, easy to read, and facts presented throughout the article are made relevant to where ideas are being referenced. Some examples include \"\u201cPeople found themselves running from home, coming to the United States with nothing but the clothes on their backs,\u201d says Vera, who emigrated from Peru with his family when he was 14.\" and \"to parks, food banks, apartment complexes and churches\" There's good variety of sentence structure used here and the quotes also feel realistic. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Cannot find any structures characteristic of AI-generated text.\nThe standard register for a human-interest story is maintained throughout.\nMost sentences are written in the active voice without any introductory subordinate phrase\/clause."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"137":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":18,"title":"Why Mardi Gras Float Riders Have to Wear Masks","sub-title":"There's a reason Mardi Gras in New Orleans is called \"The Greatest Free Show on Earth.\" It's a larger-than-life party where any and everything goes\u2014and that's part of the reason masks are worn. ","author":"Sheryl Nance-Nash ","source":"Readers Digest","issue":1717286400000,"section":"Holidays","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/why-do-mardi-gras-float-riders-have-to-wear-masks\/","article":"Back in the late 1700s, when the first unofficial Mardi Gras parades were held in New Orleans, revelers wore masks because it allowed them to \u201cescape society and class constraints,\u201d reports the website, Mardigrasneworleans.com. They could do what they want and speak or flirt with people of different classes while their true identities were hidden. That said, the era was not without judgment as \u201cwomen who wore masks had their reputation questioned,\u201d notes the site. \n\n<b>History of Mardi Gras masks<\/b> \n\nThe origins of Mardi Gras date back even further to medieval Europe and it celebrates the period before Lent, the 40 days leading up to Easter when many people fast. Some historians theorize that the roots of the holiday go back even further to ancient Rome and the festival of Lupercalia, which was held in mid-February. The festival celebrated the season of fertility and involved animal sacrifices, feasting, and random sexual couplings. The celebration of the holiday may have been incorporated into Lent, as the Catholic Church began converting pagans and figured it would be easier to do so if they let them keep their holiday, or so the thinking goes. \n\nAfter Mardi Gras made its way to the United States, masked balls flourished under French rule in the late 1700s, but were later banned by the Spanish governors. The prohibition continued when New Orleans became an American city in 1803, but by 1823, the Creole populace prevailed upon the American governor, and balls were again permitted. Four years later street masking was officially made legal, according to Arthur Hardy\u2019s Mardi Gras Guide. \n\nToday, masks continue to be at the heart of the spirit of Mardi Gras. \u201cRiding on a float is a privilege and wearing a mask is sacred,\u201d notes Jonathan Bertucceli, a third-generation float maker and owner of Studio 3, a design studio that makes Mardi Gras floats. \u201cYou\u2019re supposed to cut loose\u2014and with a mask, you can act as foolish as you want and nobody knows who you are.\u201d And that\u2019s exactly what folks do, especially in the French Quarter. \u201cYou don\u2019t bring your children down there; every year there\u2019s someone without all their clothes on. It\u2019s X-rated,\u201d he says.  \n\n<b>What do the Mardi Gras masks represent?<\/b> \n\n\u201cWearing the mask is the custom, part of the mystique of carnival. You\u2019re not supposed to know who is one the float throwing you gifts [beads, cups, and other trinkets],\u201d says Arthur Hardy. Fun and games aside, wearing a mask is serious business\u2014and it\u2019s required by law if you\u2019re riding on a Mardi Gras float, though at all other times of the year, it\u2019s against the law in Louisiana to wear a mask in public. \n\nIt\u2019s not just the law you would be breaking, but krewe (the clubs that put on the various parades and balls) rules, too. \u201cMany organizations film the parade. If you\u2019re caught without your mask, not only are you thrown out of the krewe, you could be fined $500,\u201d says Hardy. You\u2019ll be fined because it\u2019s a major breach of the Krewe code. \n\n<b>Appreciate the art behind the Mardi Gras masks<\/b> \n\nThere are people pouring their souls and skills into crafting the masks worn on Mardi Gras. Take for example Maskarade, a New Orleans shop where you can find an array of masks. Browse the gallery on their website and you\u2019ll see the level artistry. \u201cOur mission at Maskarade is to bring joy, happiness and a bit of mystery with our Masks. As Oscar Wilde once said, \u2018Give a man a mask and he will reveal his true self,'\u201d beckons the website. ","id":17,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"Back in the late 1700s, when the first unofficial Mardi Gras parades were held in New Orleans, revelers wore masks because it allowed them to \u201cescape society and class constraints,\u201d reports the website, Mardigrasneworleans.com. They could do what they want and speak or flirt with people of different classes while their true identities were hidden. That said, the era was not without judgment as \u201cwomen who wore masks had their reputation questioned,\u201d notes the site. \\n\\n<b>History of Mardi Gras masks<\/b> \\n\\nThe origins of Mardi Gras date back even further to medieval Europe and it celebrates the period before Lent, the 40 days leading up to Easter when many people fast. Some historians theorize that the roots of the holiday go back even further to ancient Rome and the festival of Lupercalia, which was held in mid-February. The festival celebrated the season of fertility and involved animal sacrifices, feasting, and random sexual couplings. The celebration of the holiday may have been incorporated into Lent, as the Catholic Church began converting pagans and figured it would be easier to do so if they let them keep their holiday, or so the thinking goes. \\n\\nAfter Mardi Gras made its way to the United States, masked balls flourished under French rule in the late 1700s, but were later banned by the Spanish governors. The prohibition continued when New Orleans became an American city in 1803, but by 1823, the Creole populace prevailed upon the American governor, and balls were again permitted. Four years later street masking was officially made legal, according to Arthur Hardy\u2019s Mardi Gras Guide. \\n\\nToday, masks continue to be at the heart of the spirit of Mardi Gras. \u201cRiding on a float is a privilege and wearing a mask is sacred,\u201d notes Jonathan Bertucceli, a third-generation float maker and owner of Studio 3, a design studio that makes Mardi Gras floats. \u201cYou\u2019re supposed to cut loose\u2014and with a mask, you can act as foolish as you want and nobody knows who you are.\u201d And that\u2019s exactly what folks do, especially in the French Quarter. \u201cYou don\u2019t bring your children down there; every year there\u2019s someone without all their clothes on. It\u2019s X-rated,\u201d he says.  \\n\\n<b>What do the Mardi Gras masks represent?<\/b> \\n\\n\u201cWearing the mask is the custom, part of the mystique of carnival. 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Browse the gallery on their website and you\u2019ll see the level artistry. \u201cOur mission at Maskarade is to bring joy, happiness and a bit of mystery with our Masks. As Oscar Wilde once said, \u2018Give a man a mask and he will reveal his true self,'\u201d beckons the website. \", 'ai_likelihood': 1.1265277862548828e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"Back in the late 1700s, when the first unofficial Mardi Gras parades were held in New Orleans, revelers wore masks because it allowed them to \u201cescape society and class constraints,\u201d reports the website, Mardigrasneworleans.com. They could do what they want and speak or flirt with people of different classes while their true identities were hidden. That said, the era was not without judgment as \u201cwomen who wore masks had their reputation questioned,\u201d notes the site. \\n\\n<b>History of Mardi Gras masks<\/b> \\n\\nThe origins of Mardi Gras date back even further to medieval Europe and it celebrates the period before Lent, the 40 days leading up to Easter when many people fast. Some historians theorize that the roots of the holiday go back even further to ancient Rome and the festival of Lupercalia, which was held in mid-February. The festival celebrated the season of fertility and involved animal sacrifices, feasting, and random sexual couplings. 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You\u2019re not supposed to know who is one the float throwing you gifts [beads, cups, and other trinkets],\u201d says Arthur Hardy. Fun and games aside, wearing a mask is serious business\u2014and it\u2019s required by law if you\u2019re riding on a Mardi Gras float, though at all other times of the year, it\u2019s against the law in Louisiana to wear a mask in public. \\n\\nIt\u2019s not just the law you would be breaking, but krewe (the clubs that put on the various parades and balls) rules, too. \u201cMany organizations film the parade. If you\u2019re caught without your mask, not only are you thrown out of the krewe, you could be fined $500,\u201d says Hardy. You\u2019ll be fined because it\u2019s a major breach of the Krewe code. \\n\\n<b>Appreciate the art behind the Mardi Gras masks<\/b> \\n\\nThere are people pouring their souls and skills into crafting the masks worn on Mardi Gras. Take for example Maskarade, a New Orleans shop where you can find an array of masks. Browse the gallery on their website and you\u2019ll see the level artistry. \u201cOur mission at Maskarade is to bring joy, happiness and a bit of mystery with our Masks. As Oscar Wilde once said, \u2018Give a man a mask and he will reveal his true self,'\u201d beckons the website. \", 'ai_likelihood': 8.225440979003906e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '48f68e4b-4f99-47fb-9752-614f12c838ae', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0002660659374669194, 'sentence': 'Back in the late 1700s, when the first unofficial Mardi Gras parades were held in New Orleans, revelers wore masks because it allowed them to \u201cescape society and class constraints,\u201d reports the website, Mardigrasneworleans.com.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002212558320024982, 'sentence': 'They could do what they want and speak or flirt with people of different classes while their true identities were hidden.', 'perplexity': 0, 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They could do what they want and speak or flirt with people of different classes while their true identities were hidden. That said, the era was not without judgment as \u201cwomen who wore masks had their reputation questioned,\u201d notes the site. \\n\\n<b>History of Mardi Gras masks<\/b> \\n\\nThe origins of Mardi Gras date back even further to medieval Europe and it celebrates the period before Lent, the 40 days leading up to Easter when many people fast. Some historians theorize that the roots of the holiday go back even further to ancient Rome and the festival of Lupercalia, which was held in mid-February. The festival celebrated the season of fertility and involved animal sacrifices, feasting, and random sexual couplings. The celebration of the holiday may have been incorporated into Lent, as the Catholic Church began converting pagans and figured it would be easier to do so if they let them keep their holiday, or so the thinking goes. \\n\\nAfter Mardi Gras made its way to the United States, masked balls flourished under French rule in the late 1700s, but were later banned by the Spanish governors. The prohibition continued when New Orleans became an American city in 1803, but by 1823, the Creole populace prevailed upon the American governor, and balls were again permitted. Four years later street masking was officially made legal, according to Arthur Hardy\u2019s Mardi Gras Guide. \\n\\nToday, masks continue to be at the heart of the spirit of Mardi Gras. \u201cRiding on a float is a privilege and wearing a mask is sacred,\u201d notes Jonathan Bertucceli, a third-generation float maker and owner of Studio 3, a design studio that makes Mardi Gras floats. \u201cYou\u2019re supposed to cut loose\u2014and with a mask, you can act as foolish as you want and nobody knows who you are.\u201d And that\u2019s exactly what folks do, especially in the French Quarter. \u201cYou don\u2019t bring your children down there; every year there\u2019s someone without all their clothes on. It\u2019s X-rated,\u201d he says.  \\n\\n<b>What do the Mardi Gras masks represent?<\/b> \\n\\n\u201cWearing the mask is the custom, part of the mystique of carnival. You\u2019re not supposed to know who is one the float throwing you gifts [beads, cups, and other trinkets],\u201d says Arthur Hardy. Fun and games aside, wearing a mask is serious business\u2014and it\u2019s required by law if you\u2019re riding on a Mardi Gras float, though at all other times of the year, it\u2019s against the law in Louisiana to wear a mask in public. \\n\\nIt\u2019s not just the law you would be breaking, but krewe (the clubs that put on the various parades and balls) rules, too. \u201cMany organizations film the parade. If you\u2019re caught without your mask, not only are you thrown out of the krewe, you could be fined $500,\u201d says Hardy. You\u2019ll be fined because it\u2019s a major breach of the Krewe code. \\n\\n<b>Appreciate the art behind the Mardi Gras masks<\/b> \\n\\nThere are people pouring their souls and skills into crafting the masks worn on Mardi Gras. Take for example Maskarade, a New Orleans shop where you can find an array of masks. Browse the gallery on their website and you\u2019ll see the level artistry. \u201cOur mission at Maskarade is to bring joy, happiness and a bit of mystery with our Masks. As Oscar Wilde once said, \u2018Give a man a mask and he will reveal his true self,'\u201d beckons the website. \"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5684995055,"RADAR":0.0147215994,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"The article contains AI clues like the way it uses \"notes\" and \"beckons\" rather than said. However, some of the content (like the references to sex and nudity) is beyond what I would expect from AI. I wasn't really sure at all with this one. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"\"Krewe\" is sometimes written with a capital letter and sometimes lowercase. This is possibly a human error.\nThe same can be seen with \"masks\" and \"Masks\".\nThe sentence \"There are people pouring...\" would probably be rendered differently by AI (\"People are pouring...\")\n\"Level artistry\" should be \"level of artistry\" \u2013 probably another human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: missing punctuation. It notes a website rather than a person. Contractions. Filler words. Sentence case headings. 'You' language. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident it's human-written. Some sentences have extra words (I believe it's called prepositions) that create variety in sentence lengths, such as with \"at the heart of the spirit of Mardi Gras\" which I don't see AI do a lot. Alongside that, quotes feel realistic, such as with \"you can act as foolish as you want and nobody knows who you are.\" By the way, the part about masks being required by law on Mardi Gras floats - since I live down here in NOLA and have for at least 5 years, that part's not enforced here anymore. Most people don't wear masks during parades anymore, and if they do, it's based on the Krewe's preference and themes. The Krewe of Chewbacchus for instance, doesn't... that may be true for the more long-standing, traditional ones though, like the Krewe of Bacchus or Krewe of Muses, but I have not seen anyone get arrested for not wearing or wearing a mask in NOLA. They're very casual down here... P.S. if you ever go to the French Quarter, go to Frenchman's Street or Decatur Street. Bourbon Street's for the tourists. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Nothing in the text is typical of an AI author.\nThe direct quotes sound authentic enough."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"138":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":19,"title":"Queen Elizabeth\u2019s Final Diary Entry Before Her Death Was Surprisingly Simple ","sub-title":"In just a few short words, she summed up her entire duty to the Crown ","author":"Katie Robinson ","source":"Readers Digest","issue":1731628800000,"section":"News","link":"https:\/\/www.rd.com\/article\/queen-elizabeth-final-diary-entry\/","article":"Just two days before her passing on Sept. 8, 2022, at the age of 96, Queen Elizabeth II picked up her diary, as she had done countless times before, to write what would be her very last entry. She recorded a mere five words that have remained unknown until now. While this journal is typically kept private, its contents were recently brought to light by royal biographer Robert Hardman while updating his book Charles III: New King. New Court. The Inside Story. And this final journal entry reveals quite a bit about the late monarch. \n\nEven though Elizabeth had been on the throne for more than 70 years, she maintained an air of mystery. Always stoic, she didn\u2019t air her dirty laundry in public or reveal her innermost thoughts to the masses. But of course, a person\u2019s diary is a different story. \n\n<b>What did Queen Elizabeth\u2019s final diary entry say?<\/b> \n\nIf you\u2019re looking for a revelation about the queen\u2019s deepest thoughts, emotions or confessions, you won\u2019t find it here. True to form, her final diary entry was \u201cfactual and practical,\u201d says Hardman. Made up of just five words, it read: \u201cEdward came to see me.\u201d \n\nThe Edward in question is Sir Edward Young, Elizabeth\u2019s private secretary. He likely met with her that day to discuss the swearing-in of council members for the newly elected prime minister, Liz Truss. \n\n<b>How was this different from her usual journal entries?<\/b> \n\nIt wasn\u2019t all that different! This final entry had a similar tone to other journal entries\u2014straightforward and to the point. Her \u201cdiary\u201d was not colored with emotions and personal thoughts. Instead, it documented her daily activities, both to jog her memory of important events and to serve as a historical record. She reportedly once said, \u201cI have no time to record conversations, only events.\u201d \n\nWhile this entry was likely shorter than usual, it shows just how normal the days before the queen\u2019s death were. \u201cIt transpires that she was still writing at Balmoral two days before her death,\u201d Hardman writes in Charles III. \u201cIt could have been describing another normal working day starting in the usual way\u2014\u2019Edward came to see me\u2019\u2014as she noted the arrangements which her private secretary, Sir Edward Young, had made for the swearing-in of the new ministers of the Truss Administration.\u201d \n\n<b>How did Queen Elizabeth spend her final days?<\/b> \n\nBefore her passing, Elizabeth spent her days doing business as usual. As noted above, she met with the prime minister two days before her death, on Sept. 6. \u201cShe was very, very keen to reassure me that we\u2019d be meeting again soon. \u2026 It was very important to her,\u201d Truss later said of the meeting. \u201cShe was absolutely on top of what was happening. Although she was physically quite frail, she was absolutely mentally alert.\u201d \n\nHowever, her health soon took a turn for the worse. A virtual privy council meeting scheduled for the following day was postponed on the advice of her doctors, and she passed away the day after that, on Sept. 8, at 3:10 p.m. local time. \n\nThis all happened at Balmoral Castle in Scotland, thought to be the queen\u2019s favorite royal residence and the place where she spent summer holidays and much of her time in her later years. \u201cScotland has always had a uniquely special place in the hearts of my family and myself,\u201d King Charles said in honor of the Scottish parliament\u2019s 25th anniversary in September 2024. \u201cMy late mother especially treasured the time spent at Balmoral, and it was there, in the most beloved of places, where she chose to spend her final days.\u201d \n\nUltimately, Elizabeth\u2019s mission was to serve the Crown, and that\u2019s exactly what she did up until her last day. \n\n<b>What have other British monarchs recorded in their diaries?<\/b> \n\nElizabeth wasn\u2019t the first monarch, nor the last, to document her days in a diary. In fact, the British royals have jotted down their experiences for more than a thousand years. That said, Queen Victoria (Elizabeth\u2019s great-great-grandmother) was the most prolific writer of them all\u2014completing 141 volumes of diaries over the course of her 63-year reign. \u201cI shall do my utmost to fulfill my duty towards my country,\u201d she wrote in one journal. \n\nAnd yes, King Charles also keeps a factual journal. However, according to Hardman, the style of Charles\u2019s journal entries has changed significantly over the years. He says it is \u201cnot quite as self-analytical, humorous and readable as the journal he kept as a prince.\u201d ","id":18,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Just two days before her passing on Sept. 8, 2022, at the age of 96, Queen Elizabeth II picked up her diary, as she had done countless times before, to write what would be her very last entry. She recorded a mere five words that have remained unknown until now. While this journal is typically kept private, its contents were recently brought to light by royal biographer Robert Hardman while updating his book Charles III: New King. New Court. The Inside Story. And this final journal entry reveals quite a bit about the late monarch. \\n\\nEven though Elizabeth had been on the throne for more than 70 years, she maintained an air of mystery. Always stoic, she didn\u2019t air her dirty laundry in public or reveal her innermost thoughts to the masses. But of course, a person\u2019s diary is a different story. \\n\\n<b>What did Queen Elizabeth\u2019s final diary entry say?<\/b> \\n\\nIf you\u2019re looking for a revelation about the queen\u2019s deepest thoughts, emotions or confessions, you won\u2019t find it here. True to form, her final diary entry was \u201cfactual and practical,\u201d says Hardman. Made up of just five words, it read: \u201cEdward came to see me.\u201d \\n\\nThe Edward in question is Sir Edward Young, Elizabeth\u2019s private secretary. He likely met with her that day to discuss the swearing-in of council members for the newly elected prime minister, Liz Truss. \\n\\n<b>How was this different from her usual journal entries?<\/b> \\n\\nIt wasn\u2019t all that different! This final entry had a similar tone to other journal entries\u2014straightforward and to the point. Her \u201cdiary\u201d was not colored with emotions and personal thoughts. Instead, it documented her daily activities, both to jog her memory of important events and to serve as a historical record. She reportedly once said, \u201cI have no time to record conversations, only events.\u201d \\n\\nWhile this entry was likely shorter than usual, it shows just how normal the days before the queen\u2019s death were. \u201cIt transpires that she was still writing at Balmoral two days before her death,\u201d Hardman writes in Charles III. \u201cIt could have been describing another normal working day starting in the usual way\u2014\u2019Edward came to see me\u2019\u2014as she noted the arrangements which her private secretary, Sir Edward Young, had made for the swearing-in of the new ministers of the Truss Administration.\u201d \\n\\n<b>How did Queen Elizabeth spend her final days?<\/b> \\n\\nBefore her passing, Elizabeth spent her days doing business as usual. As noted above, she met with the prime minister two days before her death, on Sept. 6. \u201cShe was very, very keen to reassure me that we\u2019d be meeting again soon. \u2026 It was very important to her,\u201d Truss later said of the meeting. \u201cShe was absolutely on top of what was happening. Although she was physically quite frail, she was absolutely mentally alert.\u201d \\n\\nHowever, her health soon took a turn for the worse. A virtual privy council meeting scheduled for the following day was postponed on the advice of her doctors, and she passed away the day after that, on Sept. 8, at 3:10 p.m. local time. \\n\\nThis all happened at Balmoral Castle in Scotland, thought to be the queen\u2019s favorite royal residence and the place where she spent summer holidays and much of her time in her later years. \u201cScotland has always had a uniquely special place in the hearts of my family and myself,\u201d King Charles said in honor of the Scottish parliament\u2019s 25th anniversary in September 2024. \u201cMy late mother especially treasured the time spent at Balmoral, and it was there, in the most beloved of places, where she chose to spend her final days.\u201d \\n\\nUltimately, Elizabeth\u2019s mission was to serve the Crown, and that\u2019s exactly what she did up until her last day. \\n\\n<b>What have other British monarchs recorded in their diaries?<\/b> \\n\\nElizabeth wasn\u2019t the first monarch, nor the last, to document her days in a diary. In fact, the British royals have jotted down their experiences for more than a thousand years. That said, Queen Victoria (Elizabeth\u2019s great-great-grandmother) was the most prolific writer of them all\u2014completing 141 volumes of diaries over the course of her 63-year reign. \u201cI shall do my utmost to fulfill my duty towards my country,\u201d she wrote in one journal. \\n\\nAnd yes, King Charles also keeps a factual journal. However, according to Hardman, the style of Charles\u2019s journal entries has changed significantly over the years. He says it is \u201cnot quite as self-analytical, humorous and readable as the journal he kept as a prince.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 0.0050201416015625, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Just two days before her passing on Sept. 8, 2022, at the age of 96, Queen Elizabeth II picked up her diary, as she had done countless times before, to write what would be her very last entry. She recorded a mere five words that have remained unknown until now. While this journal is typically kept private, its contents were recently brought to light by royal biographer Robert Hardman while updating his book Charles III: New King. New Court. The Inside Story. And this final journal entry reveals quite a bit about the late monarch. \\n\\nEven though Elizabeth had been on the throne for more than 70 years, she maintained an air of mystery. Always stoic, she didn\u2019t air her dirty laundry in public or reveal her innermost thoughts to the masses. But of course, a person\u2019s diary is a different story. \\n\\n<b>What did Queen Elizabeth\u2019s final diary entry say?<\/b> \\n\\nIf you\u2019re looking for a revelation about the queen\u2019s deepest thoughts, emotions or confessions, you won\u2019t find it here. True to form, her final diary entry was \u201cfactual and practical,\u201d says Hardman. Made up of just five words, it read: \u201cEdward came to see me.\u201d \\n\\nThe Edward in question is Sir Edward Young, Elizabeth\u2019s private secretary. He likely met with her that day to discuss the swearing-in of council members for the newly elected prime minister, Liz Truss. \\n\\n<b>How was this different from her usual journal entries?<\/b> \\n\\nIt wasn\u2019t all that different! This final entry had a similar tone to other journal entries\u2014straightforward and to the point. Her \u201cdiary\u201d was not colored with emotions and personal thoughts. Instead, it documented her daily activities, both to jog her memory of important events and to serve as a historical record. She reportedly once said, \u201cI have no time to record conversations, only events.\u201d \\n\\nWhile this entry was likely shorter than usual, it shows just how normal the days before the queen\u2019s death were. \u201cIt transpires that she was still writing at Balmoral two days before her death,\u201d Hardman writes in Charles III. \u201cIt could have been describing another normal working day starting in the usual way\u2014\u2019Edward came to see me\u2019\u2014as she noted the arrangements which her private secretary, Sir Edward Young, had made for the swearing-in of the new ministers of the Truss Administration.\u201d \\n\\n<b>How did Queen Elizabeth spend her final days?<\/b> \\n\\nBefore her passing, Elizabeth spent her days doing business as usual. As noted above, she met with the prime minister two days before her death, on Sept. 6. \u201cShe was very, very keen to reassure me that we\u2019d be meeting again soon. \u2026 It was very important to her,\u201d Truss later said of the meeting. \u201cShe was absolutely on top of what was happening. Although she was physically quite frail, she was absolutely mentally alert.\u201d \\n\\nHowever, her health soon took a turn for the worse. A virtual privy council meeting scheduled for the following day was postponed on the advice of her doctors, and she passed away the day after that, on Sept. 8, at 3:10 p.m. local time. \\n\\nThis all happened at Balmoral Castle in Scotland, thought to be the queen\u2019s favorite royal residence and the place where she spent summer holidays and much of her time in her later years. \u201cScotland has always had a uniquely special place in the hearts of my family and myself,\u201d King Charles said in honor of the Scottish parliament\u2019s 25th anniversary in September 2024. \u201cMy late mother especially treasured the time spent at Balmoral, and it was there, in the most beloved of places, where she chose to spend her final days.\u201d \\n\\nUltimately, Elizabeth\u2019s mission was to serve the Crown, and that\u2019s exactly what she did up until her last day. \\n\\n<b>What have other British monarchs recorded in their diaries?<\/b> \\n\\nElizabeth wasn\u2019t the first monarch, nor the last, to document her days in a diary. 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'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.474742012248794e-05}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 15, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 21, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 24, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 25, 'num_sentences': 6, 'completely_generated_prob': 1.474742012248794e-05}, {'start_sentence_index': 31, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 33, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 36, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 37, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 38, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 42, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.007195114450398789, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.992763958266874, 'ai': 0.007195114450398789, 'mixed': 4.092728272717754e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.992763958266874, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.007195114450398789, 'human': 0.992763958266874, 'mixed': 4.092728272717754e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Just two days before her passing on Sept. 8, 2022, at the age of 96, Queen Elizabeth II picked up her diary, as she had done countless times before, to write what would be her very last entry. She recorded a mere five words that have remained unknown until now. While this journal is typically kept private, its contents were recently brought to light by royal biographer Robert Hardman while updating his book Charles III: New King. New Court. The Inside Story. And this final journal entry reveals quite a bit about the late monarch. \\n\\nEven though Elizabeth had been on the throne for more than 70 years, she maintained an air of mystery. Always stoic, she didn\u2019t air her dirty laundry in public or reveal her innermost thoughts to the masses. But of course, a person\u2019s diary is a different story. \\n\\n<b>What did Queen Elizabeth\u2019s final diary entry say?<\/b> \\n\\nIf you\u2019re looking for a revelation about the queen\u2019s deepest thoughts, emotions or confessions, you won\u2019t find it here. True to form, her final diary entry was \u201cfactual and practical,\u201d says Hardman. Made up of just five words, it read: \u201cEdward came to see me.\u201d \\n\\nThe Edward in question is Sir Edward Young, Elizabeth\u2019s private secretary. He likely met with her that day to discuss the swearing-in of council members for the newly elected prime minister, Liz Truss. \\n\\n<b>How was this different from her usual journal entries?<\/b> \\n\\nIt wasn\u2019t all that different! This final entry had a similar tone to other journal entries\u2014straightforward and to the point. Her \u201cdiary\u201d was not colored with emotions and personal thoughts. Instead, it documented her daily activities, both to jog her memory of important events and to serve as a historical record. She reportedly once said, \u201cI have no time to record conversations, only events.\u201d \\n\\nWhile this entry was likely shorter than usual, it shows just how normal the days before the queen\u2019s death were. \u201cIt transpires that she was still writing at Balmoral two days before her death,\u201d Hardman writes in Charles III. \u201cIt could have been describing another normal working day starting in the usual way\u2014\u2019Edward came to see me\u2019\u2014as she noted the arrangements which her private secretary, Sir Edward Young, had made for the swearing-in of the new ministers of the Truss Administration.\u201d \\n\\n<b>How did Queen Elizabeth spend her final days?<\/b> \\n\\nBefore her passing, Elizabeth spent her days doing business as usual. As noted above, she met with the prime minister two days before her death, on Sept. 6. \u201cShe was very, very keen to reassure me that we\u2019d be meeting again soon. \u2026 It was very important to her,\u201d Truss later said of the meeting. \u201cShe was absolutely on top of what was happening. Although she was physically quite frail, she was absolutely mentally alert.\u201d \\n\\nHowever, her health soon took a turn for the worse. A virtual privy council meeting scheduled for the following day was postponed on the advice of her doctors, and she passed away the day after that, on Sept. 8, at 3:10 p.m. local time. \\n\\nThis all happened at Balmoral Castle in Scotland, thought to be the queen\u2019s favorite royal residence and the place where she spent summer holidays and much of her time in her later years. \u201cScotland has always had a uniquely special place in the hearts of my family and myself,\u201d King Charles said in honor of the Scottish parliament\u2019s 25th anniversary in September 2024. \u201cMy late mother especially treasured the time spent at Balmoral, and it was there, in the most beloved of places, where she chose to spend her final days.\u201d \\n\\nUltimately, Elizabeth\u2019s mission was to serve the Crown, and that\u2019s exactly what she did up until her last day. \\n\\n<b>What have other British monarchs recorded in their diaries?<\/b> \\n\\nElizabeth wasn\u2019t the first monarch, nor the last, to document her days in a diary. In fact, the British royals have jotted down their experiences for more than a thousand years. That said, Queen Victoria (Elizabeth\u2019s great-great-grandmother) was the most prolific writer of them all\u2014completing 141 volumes of diaries over the course of her 63-year reign. \u201cI shall do my utmost to fulfill my duty towards my country,\u201d she wrote in one journal. \\n\\nAnd yes, King Charles also keeps a factual journal. However, according to Hardman, the style of Charles\u2019s journal entries has changed significantly over the years. He says it is \u201cnot quite as self-analytical, humorous and readable as the journal he kept as a prince.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.667449832,"RADAR":0.1456512511,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article reads a bit like clickbait where it lures you in with promises of what Queen Elizabeth wrote and then reveals that it was nothing interesting at all. This style is very common in human writing and makes me fairly sure that it was written by a real person. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"The only clues here are a few lists such as \"deepest thoughts, emotions, or confessions.\"\nAlso, AI often uses the word \"both.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: There's a tense shift in the first paragraph. An apostrophe round the wrong way paragraph six. Lot's of filler words. Sentences that start with 'and'. Double spaces. Ellipsis with more than three dots. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident this is human-written. While there are sentimental words floating around in this article, I feel that in this case, it's appropriate because the article's intended purpose is to show a small glimpse into the life of someone that was respected and loved by her people. Most of all, it gave details about what the reader should know about the last entry, her writing style, and who she was as a person, with \"it shows just how normal the days before the queen\u2019s death were.\" and \"Before her passing, Elizabeth spent her days doing business as usual\". While some AI patterns are here, it's the purpose it serves that makes them used correctly, at least I believe so. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"Headings are in the form of questions that the author answers in the paragraph that follows.\nThe variation in the beginnings of sentences."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"139":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":20,"title":"Crows Rival Human Toddlers in Counting Skills ","sub-title":"Counting crows proclaim \u201ccaw, caw, caw, caw\u201d when staring at the number four ","author":"Rachel Nuwer","source":"Scientific American","issue":1716422400000,"section":"Mind & Brain","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/crows-rival-human-toddlers-in-counting-skills\/","article":"The rock group Counting Crows were onto something when they chose their band name. Crows can indeed count, according to research published this week in Science. \n\nThe results show that crows have counting capacities near those of human toddlers who are beginning to develop a knack for numbers, says lead study author Diana Liao, a postdoctoral researcher in neurobiology at the University of T\u00fcbingen in Germany. \u201cWe think this is the first time this has been shown for any animal species,\u201d she adds. \n\nCrows do not appear to be capable of symbolic counting, in which numbers are associated with a particular symbol that serves as an exact representation. This skill is still thought to be unique to humans. Instead the birds are able to count by controlling the number of vocalizations they produce to correspond to associated cues\u2014just like young children who have yet to master symbolic counting often do, Liao says. For example, a toddler who is asked how many apples are on a tree may answer, \u201cOne, one, one\u201d or \u201cOne, two, three\u201d\u2014producing the number of speech sounds that correspond to the number of objects they see rather than just saying, \u201cThree.\u201d \n\nScientists have long suspected that some nonhuman species might also have the ability to count by controlling the number of their vocalizations, but they have lacked the smoking gun evidence to prove it. In a study of Black-capped Chickadees, for example, researchers reported that the number of \u201cdee\u201d notes at the ends of the birds\u2019 alarm calls was inversely correlated with the size of the predator they were issuing warnings about. (The small predators in that study posed a higher risk to the chickadees than large ones did.) \u201cThey seemed to be conveying the magnitude of the threat,\u201d Liao says. \n\nYet this finding on its own did not prove that chickadees were intentionally conveying information about the predator through numbered calls. The behavior could also be driven by the level of fear the birds were experiencing, Liao says, with more dangerous predators triggering higher states of arousal and thus more calls. \n\nIn the new study, Liao and her colleagues ruled out these unknowns by running experiments with three carrion crows (Corvus corone) in a carefully controlled laboratory setting. They presented the birds with randomly ordered cues, four of which were visual\u2014colored Arabic numbers that appeared on a touch screen\u2014and four of which were auditory, including a short guitar chord and a drumroll. Through trial and error, the birds had to figure out the correct number of calls, between one and four, to pair with each cue. If they got it right, they received a pellet or worm reward. If not, they received a time-out from the game. \n\nWhen the birds did get something wrong, they tended to make errors around the target number\u2014a phenomenon referred to as the numerical distance effect. As Liao explains, \u201cIt\u2019s easier to confuse three and four than it is one and four.\u201d \n\nAfter receiving between 166 and 189 training sessions, all of the crows were able to produce the correct number of vocalizations associated with the cues at a level higher than chance\u2014a \u201cpretty cool\u201d finding, Liao says. She suspects, too, that the crows could have mastered numbers higher than four if they were given the opportunity. \n\nOnur G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn, a biopsychologist at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany, who was not involved in the research, says the new paper is \u201cexcellent\u201d\u2014even if the findings are \u201cnot unexpected\u201d given all that scientists already know about crows and many other species\u2019 intelligence. \n\n\u201cWe know that crows can flexibly use both visual and auditory information to solve tasks, can control their vocalizations and can exploit numerical information,\u201d G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn says. \n\nBut it\u2019s worth remembering, G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn continues, that mammals and birds separated on their evolutionary trajectories about 324 million years ago, and strong evidence suggests that their last common ancestor \u201cdid not have the means to do what the crows of this paper did.\u201d \n\nCounting abilities in birds and mammals thus represent \u201ca spectacular case of convergent brain evolution\u201d in which both groups came up with virtually the same solution to the cognitive challenges posed by life on Earth, he says. \u201cAs a result, crows learn, remember, plan, act and err as toddlers do.\u201d ","id":19,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'The rock group Counting Crows were onto something when they chose their band name. Crows can indeed count, according to research published this week in Science. \\n\\nThe results show that crows have counting capacities near those of human toddlers who are beginning to develop a knack for numbers, says lead study author Diana Liao, a postdoctoral researcher in neurobiology at the University of T\u00fcbingen in Germany. \u201cWe think this is the first time this has been shown for any animal species,\u201d she adds. \\n\\nCrows do not appear to be capable of symbolic counting, in which numbers are associated with a particular symbol that serves as an exact representation. This skill is still thought to be unique to humans. Instead the birds are able to count by controlling the number of vocalizations they produce to correspond to associated cues\u2014just like young children who have yet to master symbolic counting often do, Liao says. For example, a toddler who is asked how many apples are on a tree may answer, \u201cOne, one, one\u201d or \u201cOne, two, three\u201d\u2014producing the number of speech sounds that correspond to the number of objects they see rather than just saying, \u201cThree.\u201d \\n\\nScientists have long suspected that some nonhuman species might also have the ability to count by controlling the number of their vocalizations, but they have lacked the smoking gun evidence to prove it. In a study of Black-capped Chickadees, for example, researchers reported that the number of \u201cdee\u201d notes at the ends of the birds\u2019 alarm calls was inversely correlated with the size of the predator they were issuing warnings about. (The small predators in that study posed a higher risk to the chickadees than large ones did.) \u201cThey seemed to be conveying the magnitude of the threat,\u201d Liao says. \\n\\nYet this finding on its own did not prove that chickadees were intentionally conveying information about the predator through numbered calls. The behavior could also be driven by the level of fear the birds were experiencing, Liao says, with more dangerous predators triggering higher states of arousal and thus more calls. \\n\\nIn the new study, Liao and her colleagues ruled out these unknowns by running experiments with three carrion crows (Corvus corone) in a carefully controlled laboratory setting. They presented the birds with randomly ordered cues, four of which were visual\u2014colored Arabic numbers that appeared on a touch screen\u2014and four of which were auditory, including a short guitar chord and a drumroll. Through trial and error, the birds had to figure out the correct number of calls, between one and four, to pair with each cue. If they got it right, they received a pellet or worm reward. If not, they received a time-out from the game. \\n\\nWhen the birds did get something wrong, they tended to make errors around the target number\u2014a phenomenon referred to as the numerical distance effect. As Liao explains, \u201cIt\u2019s easier to confuse three and four than it is one and four.\u201d \\n\\nAfter receiving between 166 and 189 training sessions, all of the crows were able to produce the correct number of vocalizations associated with the cues at a level higher than chance\u2014a \u201cpretty cool\u201d finding, Liao says. She suspects, too, that the crows could have mastered numbers higher than four if they were given the opportunity. \\n\\nOnur G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn, a biopsychologist at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany, who was not involved in the research, says the new paper is \u201cexcellent\u201d\u2014even if the findings are \u201cnot unexpected\u201d given all that scientists already know about crows and many other species\u2019 intelligence. \\n\\n\u201cWe know that crows can flexibly use both visual and auditory information to solve tasks, can control their vocalizations and can exploit numerical information,\u201d G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn says. \\n\\nBut it\u2019s worth remembering, G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn continues, that mammals and birds separated on their evolutionary trajectories about 324 million years ago, and strong evidence suggests that their last common ancestor \u201cdid not have the means to do what the crows of this paper did.\u201d \\n\\nCounting abilities in birds and mammals thus represent \u201ca spectacular case of convergent brain evolution\u201d in which both groups came up with virtually the same solution to the cognitive challenges posed by life on Earth, he says. \u201cAs a result, crows learn, remember, plan, act and err as toddlers do.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.9848346710205078e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'The rock group Counting Crows were onto something when they chose their band name. Crows can indeed count, according to research published this week in Science. \\n\\nThe results show that crows have counting capacities near those of human toddlers who are beginning to develop a knack for numbers, says lead study author Diana Liao, a postdoctoral researcher in neurobiology at the University of T\u00fcbingen in Germany. \u201cWe think this is the first time this has been shown for any animal species,\u201d she adds. \\n\\nCrows do not appear to be capable of symbolic counting, in which numbers are associated with a particular symbol that serves as an exact representation. This skill is still thought to be unique to humans. Instead the birds are able to count by controlling the number of vocalizations they produce to correspond to associated cues\u2014just like young children who have yet to master symbolic counting often do, Liao says. For example, a toddler who is asked how many apples are on a tree may answer, \u201cOne, one, one\u201d or \u201cOne, two, three\u201d\u2014producing the number of speech sounds that correspond to the number of objects they see rather than just saying, \u201cThree.\u201d \\n\\nScientists have long suspected that some nonhuman species might also have the ability to count by controlling the number of their vocalizations, but they have lacked the smoking gun evidence to prove it. In a study of Black-capped Chickadees, for example, researchers reported that the number of \u201cdee\u201d notes at the ends of the birds\u2019 alarm calls was inversely correlated with the size of the predator they were issuing warnings about. (The small predators in that study posed a higher risk to the chickadees than large ones did.) \u201cThey seemed to be conveying the magnitude of the threat,\u201d Liao says. \\n\\nYet this finding on its own did not prove that chickadees were intentionally conveying information about the predator through numbered calls. The behavior could also be driven by the level of fear the birds were experiencing, Liao says, with more dangerous predators triggering higher states of arousal and thus more calls. \\n\\nIn the new study, Liao and her colleagues ruled out these unknowns by running experiments with three carrion crows (Corvus corone) in a carefully controlled laboratory setting. They presented the birds with randomly ordered cues, four of which were visual\u2014colored Arabic numbers that appeared on a touch screen\u2014and four of which were auditory, including a short guitar chord and a drumroll. Through trial and error, the birds had to figure out the correct number of calls, between one and four, to pair with each cue. If they got it right, they received a pellet or worm reward. If not, they received a time-out from the game. \\n\\nWhen the birds did get something wrong, they tended to make errors around the target number\u2014a phenomenon referred to as the numerical distance effect. As Liao explains, \u201cIt\u2019s easier to confuse three and four than it is one and four.\u201d \\n\\nAfter receiving between 166 and 189 training sessions, all of the crows were able to produce the correct number of vocalizations associated with the cues at a level higher than chance\u2014a \u201cpretty cool\u201d finding, Liao says. She suspects, too, that the crows could have mastered numbers higher than four if they were given the opportunity. \\n\\nOnur G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn, a biopsychologist at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany, who was not involved in the research, says the new paper is \u201cexcellent\u201d\u2014even if the findings are \u201cnot unexpected\u201d given all that scientists already know about crows and many other species\u2019 intelligence. \\n\\n\u201cWe know that crows can flexibly use both visual and auditory information to solve tasks, can control their vocalizations and can exploit numerical information,\u201d G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn says. \\n\\nBut it\u2019s worth remembering, G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn continues, that mammals and birds separated on their evolutionary trajectories about 324 million years ago, and strong evidence suggests that their last common ancestor \u201cdid not have the means to do what the crows of this paper did.\u201d \\n\\nCounting abilities in birds and mammals thus represent \u201ca spectacular case of convergent brain evolution\u201d in which both groups came up with virtually the same solution to the cognitive challenges posed by life on Earth, he says. \u201cAs a result, crows learn, remember, plan, act and err as toddlers do.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 8.344650268554688e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'a50e4017-8df0-4762-ae2b-976368325160', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 1.6587373465881683e-05, 'sentence': 'The rock group Counting Crows were onto something when they chose their band name.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.2133782547607552e-05, 'sentence': 'Crows can indeed count, according to research published this week in Science.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.3537252016249113e-05, 'sentence': 'The results show that crows have counting capacities near those of human toddlers who are beginning to develop a knack for numbers, says lead study author Diana Liao, a postdoctoral researcher in neurobiology at the University of T\u00fcbingen in Germany.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.0663859939086251e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cWe think this is the first time this has been shown for any animal species,\u201d she adds.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.293542118219193e-05, 'sentence': 'Crows do not appear to be capable of symbolic counting, in which numbers are associated with a particular symbol that serves as an exact representation.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.7725027646520175e-05, 'sentence': 'This skill is still thought to be unique to humans.', 'perplexity': 0, 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prove it.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.3800387023366056e-05, 'sentence': \"In a study of Black-capped Chickadees, for example, researchers reported that the number of \u201cdee\u201d notes at the ends of the birds' alarm calls was inversely correlated with the size of the predator they were issuing warnings about.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.6106256225612015e-05, 'sentence': '(The small predators in that study posed a higher risk to the chickadees than large ones did.)', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.3135515473550186e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cThey seemed to be conveying the magnitude of the threat,\u201d Liao says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.5916759366518818e-05, 'sentence': 'Yet this finding on its own did not prove that chickadees were intentionally conveying information about the predator through numbered calls.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.625488766876515e-05, 'sentence': 'The behavior could also be driven by the level of fear the birds were experiencing, Liao says, with more dangerous predators triggering higher states of arousal and thus more calls.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.4921422664192505e-05, 'sentence': 'In the new study, Liao and her colleagues ruled out these unknowns by running experiments with three carrion crows (Corvus corone) in a carefully controlled laboratory setting.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01329188421368599, 'sentence': 'They presented the birds with randomly ordered cues, four of which were visual\u1173colored Arabic numbers that appeared on a touch screen\u1173and four of which were auditory, including a short guitar chord and a drumroll.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.014884063974022865, 'sentence': 'Through trial and error, the birds had to figure out the correct number of calls, between one and four, to pair with each cue.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.021504288539290428, 'sentence': 'If they got it right, they received a pellet or worm reward.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.02370295114815235, 'sentence': 'If not, they received a time-out from the game.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.01707388088107109, 'sentence': 'When the birds did get something wrong, they tended to make errors around the target number\u1173a phenomenon referred to as the numerical distance effect.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00533220823854208, 'sentence': \"As Liao explains, \u201cIt's easier to confuse three and four than it is one and four.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0026614258531481028, 'sentence': 'After receiving between 166 and 189 training sessions, all of the crows were able to produce the correct number of vocalizations associated with the cues at a level higher than chance\u1173a \u201cpretty cool\u201d finding, Liao says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0019405112834647298, 'sentence': 'She suspects, too, that the crows could have mastered numbers higher than four if they were given the opportunity.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0013366485945880413, 'sentence': \"Onur G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn, a biopsychologist at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany, who was not involved in the research, says the new paper is \u201cexcellent\u201d\u1173even if the findings are \u201cnot unexpected\u201d given all that scientists already know about crows and many other species' intelligence.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0009913203539326787, 'sentence': '\u201cWe know that crows can flexibly use both visual and auditory information to solve tasks, can control their vocalizations and can exploit numerical information,\u201d G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00075469387229532, 'sentence': \"But it's worth remembering, G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn continues, that mammals and birds separated on their evolutionary trajectories about 324 million years ago, and strong evidence suggests that their last common ancestor \u201cdid not have the means to do what the crows of this paper did.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001148263574577868, 'sentence': 'Counting abilities in birds and mammals thus represent \u201ca spectacular case of convergent brain evolution\u201d in which both groups came up with virtually the same solution to the cognitive challenges posed by life on Earth, he says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003908791113644838, 'sentence': '\u201cAs a result, crows learn, remember, plan, act and err as toddlers do.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 2, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 4, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 8, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 12, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 14, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 19, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 21, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 23, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 24, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 25, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 26, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.007368670106336384, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9923386259802247, 'ai': 0.007368670106336384, 'mixed': 0.00029270391343889284}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9923386259802247, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.007368670106336384, 'human': 0.9923386259802247, 'mixed': 0.00029270391343889284}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'The rock group Counting Crows were onto something when they chose their band name. Crows can indeed count, according to research published this week in Science. \\n\\nThe results show that crows have counting capacities near those of human toddlers who are beginning to develop a knack for numbers, says lead study author Diana Liao, a postdoctoral researcher in neurobiology at the University of T\u00fcbingen in Germany. \u201cWe think this is the first time this has been shown for any animal species,\u201d she adds. \\n\\nCrows do not appear to be capable of symbolic counting, in which numbers are associated with a particular symbol that serves as an exact representation. This skill is still thought to be unique to humans. Instead the birds are able to count by controlling the number of vocalizations they produce to correspond to associated cues\u2014just like young children who have yet to master symbolic counting often do, Liao says. For example, a toddler who is asked how many apples are on a tree may answer, \u201cOne, one, one\u201d or \u201cOne, two, three\u201d\u2014producing the number of speech sounds that correspond to the number of objects they see rather than just saying, \u201cThree.\u201d \\n\\nScientists have long suspected that some nonhuman species might also have the ability to count by controlling the number of their vocalizations, but they have lacked the smoking gun evidence to prove it. In a study of Black-capped Chickadees, for example, researchers reported that the number of \u201cdee\u201d notes at the ends of the birds\u2019 alarm calls was inversely correlated with the size of the predator they were issuing warnings about. (The small predators in that study posed a higher risk to the chickadees than large ones did.) \u201cThey seemed to be conveying the magnitude of the threat,\u201d Liao says. \\n\\nYet this finding on its own did not prove that chickadees were intentionally conveying information about the predator through numbered calls. The behavior could also be driven by the level of fear the birds were experiencing, Liao says, with more dangerous predators triggering higher states of arousal and thus more calls. \\n\\nIn the new study, Liao and her colleagues ruled out these unknowns by running experiments with three carrion crows (Corvus corone) in a carefully controlled laboratory setting. They presented the birds with randomly ordered cues, four of which were visual\u2014colored Arabic numbers that appeared on a touch screen\u2014and four of which were auditory, including a short guitar chord and a drumroll. Through trial and error, the birds had to figure out the correct number of calls, between one and four, to pair with each cue. If they got it right, they received a pellet or worm reward. If not, they received a time-out from the game. \\n\\nWhen the birds did get something wrong, they tended to make errors around the target number\u2014a phenomenon referred to as the numerical distance effect. As Liao explains, \u201cIt\u2019s easier to confuse three and four than it is one and four.\u201d \\n\\nAfter receiving between 166 and 189 training sessions, all of the crows were able to produce the correct number of vocalizations associated with the cues at a level higher than chance\u2014a \u201cpretty cool\u201d finding, Liao says. She suspects, too, that the crows could have mastered numbers higher than four if they were given the opportunity. \\n\\nOnur G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn, a biopsychologist at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany, who was not involved in the research, says the new paper is \u201cexcellent\u201d\u2014even if the findings are \u201cnot unexpected\u201d given all that scientists already know about crows and many other species\u2019 intelligence. \\n\\n\u201cWe know that crows can flexibly use both visual and auditory information to solve tasks, can control their vocalizations and can exploit numerical information,\u201d G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn says. \\n\\nBut it\u2019s worth remembering, G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn continues, that mammals and birds separated on their evolutionary trajectories about 324 million years ago, and strong evidence suggests that their last common ancestor \u201cdid not have the means to do what the crows of this paper did.\u201d \\n\\nCounting abilities in birds and mammals thus represent \u201ca spectacular case of convergent brain evolution\u201d in which both groups came up with virtually the same solution to the cognitive challenges posed by life on Earth, he says. \u201cAs a result, crows learn, remember, plan, act and err as toddlers do.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4902739227,"RADAR":0.00879128,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"The experts are all qualified enough to be referred to by \"Dr.\" but none of them are. There were also no obvious AI clues that I could find. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"The journal name hasn't been italicized \u2013 possibly a human error.\nAI usually says \"all the crows\" not \"all of the crows.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: awkward phrasing; repetition; missing punctuation; mixture of contractions and written words. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this article is human-written. The lead-in brings something popularly known by the audience and immediately connects it to the topic. Throughout the article, concepts such as numerical distance effect are explained briefly and precisely through sentences and surrounding quotes. The descriptions for the study are given details on how it was performed, and more broadly, the language used throughout the article maintains a sense of control over the topic's presentation, where each quote is voiced by someone unique in how they speak, and symbolic conclusions are backed by their sources. Some examples include: \"they have lacked the smoking gun evidence to prove it\", \"they tended to make errors around the target number\u2014a phenomenon referred to as the numerical distance effect. As Liao explains, \u201cIt\u2019s easier to confuse three and four than it is one and four.\u201d\" and \"The behavior could also be driven by the level of fear the birds were experiencing, Liao says,\" "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Interesting opening sentence. \nAuthor maintains a conversational tone without lapsing into inappropriate colloquialisms or becoming too highbrow for a general audience.\nA good mix of paraphrase and direct quotations."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"140":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":21,"title":"World\u2019s Oldest Alphabet Found on an Ancient Clay Gift Tag ","sub-title":"A finger-sized clay cylinder from a tomb in northern Syria appears to be the oldest example of writing using an alphabet rather than hieroglyphs or cuneiform ","author":"Stephanie Pappas","source":"Scientific American","issue":1732233600000,"section":"Social Sciences","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/worlds-oldest-alphabet-discovered\/","article":"Researchers may have deciphered the oldest known scrap of alphabetic writing yet discovered, and it may be a nearly 4,500-year-old gift tag. \n\nA clay cylinder found in a tomb holding six skeletons in northern Syria bears the word \u201csilanu,\u201d which may be a name, says Glenn Schwartz, an archaeologist at Johns Hopkins University. Schwartz discovered the finger-sized cylinder, along with three others bearing similar etchings, in a tomb at Tell Umm el-Marra, an ancient city that sits between modern-day Aleppo and the Euphrates River. \n\nAlphabets break words into single vowels and consonants and typically require only 20 to 40 characters. That makes alphabetic systems more streamlined and easier to learn than the writing systems that came before\u2014Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform. Those systems used hundreds of symbols that mainly represented words and syllables rather than individual sounds. Scientists previously thought that the first alphabet was created around 1900 B.C.E. by people speaking a Semitic language on the Sinai Peninsula in what is now Egypt. That alphabet, called Proto-Sinaitic, is based on hieroglyphic symbols repurposed as letters. The new finding suggests instead that people in farther-flung reaches of the Near East experimented with hieroglyph-derived letters much earlier. \n\n\u201cIt changes the entire narrative of how the alphabet was introduced,\u201d Schwartz says. Small holes drilled into the cylinders could have been used to string them on thread. As such, the clay structures could have served as labels for goods; Silanu might have been either the recipient or sender of some of the jars of food and beverage placed in the tomb to accompany its occupants into the afterlife, Schwartz says.* The tomb likely belonged to a wealthy and powerful family in the city. \n\nArchaeologists first found the cylinders in 2004, and radiocarbon analysis indicated the clay dated back to about 2400 B.C.E. In 2021 Schwartz described the cylinders in an Italian journal called Pasiphae. The research didn\u2019t get much attention, in part because Schwartz was cautious in pushing his interpretation of the inscriptions as alphabetic letters. \u201cI probably was too timid,\u201d he says. \n\nHe presented a more confident interpretation this week at the annual meeting of the American Society of Overseas Research, held in Boston. Some researchers, who had access to only a few snapshots of the cylinders prior to the talk, said they were looking forward to more evidence that the inscriptions represent an alphabet rather than another type of writing system. \u201cWhen you only have a few very short inscriptions, it can be difficult to tell how many signs the system has,\u201d says Philippa Steele, a senior researcher in classics at the University of Cambridge. With so few signs to work from, she says, it\u2019s hard to be sure that the new etchings really match up with known Proto-Sinaitic writing rather than resemble it by coincidence. \u201cI think we have to hope for more finds,\u201d she says. \n\nOthers are convinced. \u201cIt\u2019s an alphabet,\u201d says Silvia Ferrara, a professor in early languages at the University of Bologna in Italy, who was not involved in the work. \u201cIt\u2019s easy-peasy. I\u2019m used to much tougher things.\u201d \n\n\u201cThe morphology of the letters on the cylinder seals parallels quite nicely that of the existing corpus of early alphabetic writing,\u201d adds Christopher Rollston, a professor of biblical and Near Eastern languages and civilizations at George Washington University, who was not involved in the new research but did study under Schwartz as a graduate student. \n\nWhile the developers of the first alphabet were once thought to be living within Egyptian society, Egyptians and Syrians had extensive trade networks, Ferrara says, and many populations around the Middle East were likely familiar with the Egyptian writing system. \n\n\u201cIt\u2019s not that surprising,\u201d she says, \u201cknowing how far and wide these things traveled.\u201d ","id":20,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Researchers may have deciphered the oldest known scrap of alphabetic writing yet discovered, and it may be a nearly 4,500-year-old gift tag. \\n\\nA clay cylinder found in a tomb holding six skeletons in northern Syria bears the word \u201csilanu,\u201d which may be a name, says Glenn Schwartz, an archaeologist at Johns Hopkins University. Schwartz discovered the finger-sized cylinder, along with three others bearing similar etchings, in a tomb at Tell Umm el-Marra, an ancient city that sits between modern-day Aleppo and the Euphrates River. \\n\\nAlphabets break words into single vowels and consonants and typically require only 20 to 40 characters. That makes alphabetic systems more streamlined and easier to learn than the writing systems that came before\u2014Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform. Those systems used hundreds of symbols that mainly represented words and syllables rather than individual sounds. Scientists previously thought that the first alphabet was created around 1900 B.C.E. by people speaking a Semitic language on the Sinai Peninsula in what is now Egypt. That alphabet, called Proto-Sinaitic, is based on hieroglyphic symbols repurposed as letters. The new finding suggests instead that people in farther-flung reaches of the Near East experimented with hieroglyph-derived letters much earlier. \\n\\n\u201cIt changes the entire narrative of how the alphabet was introduced,\u201d Schwartz says. Small holes drilled into the cylinders could have been used to string them on thread. As such, the clay structures could have served as labels for goods; Silanu might have been either the recipient or sender of some of the jars of food and beverage placed in the tomb to accompany its occupants into the afterlife, Schwartz says.* The tomb likely belonged to a wealthy and powerful family in the city. \\n\\nArchaeologists first found the cylinders in 2004, and radiocarbon analysis indicated the clay dated back to about 2400 B.C.E. In 2021 Schwartz described the cylinders in an Italian journal called Pasiphae. The research didn\u2019t get much attention, in part because Schwartz was cautious in pushing his interpretation of the inscriptions as alphabetic letters. \u201cI probably was too timid,\u201d he says. \\n\\nHe presented a more confident interpretation this week at the annual meeting of the American Society of Overseas Research, held in Boston. Some researchers, who had access to only a few snapshots of the cylinders prior to the talk, said they were looking forward to more evidence that the inscriptions represent an alphabet rather than another type of writing system. \u201cWhen you only have a few very short inscriptions, it can be difficult to tell how many signs the system has,\u201d says Philippa Steele, a senior researcher in classics at the University of Cambridge. With so few signs to work from, she says, it\u2019s hard to be sure that the new etchings really match up with known Proto-Sinaitic writing rather than resemble it by coincidence. \u201cI think we have to hope for more finds,\u201d she says. \\n\\nOthers are convinced. \u201cIt\u2019s an alphabet,\u201d says Silvia Ferrara, a professor in early languages at the University of Bologna in Italy, who was not involved in the work. \u201cIt\u2019s easy-peasy. I\u2019m used to much tougher things.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cThe morphology of the letters on the cylinder seals parallels quite nicely that of the existing corpus of early alphabetic writing,\u201d adds Christopher Rollston, a professor of biblical and Near Eastern languages and civilizations at George Washington University, who was not involved in the new research but did study under Schwartz as a graduate student. \\n\\nWhile the developers of the first alphabet were once thought to be living within Egyptian society, Egyptians and Syrians had extensive trade networks, Ferrara says, and many populations around the Middle East were likely familiar with the Egyptian writing system. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not that surprising,\u201d she says, \u201cknowing how far and wide these things traveled.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 5.137920379638672e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Researchers may have deciphered the oldest known scrap of alphabetic writing yet discovered, and it may be a nearly 4,500-year-old gift tag. \\n\\nA clay cylinder found in a tomb holding six skeletons in northern Syria bears the word \u201csilanu,\u201d which may be a name, says Glenn Schwartz, an archaeologist at Johns Hopkins University. Schwartz discovered the finger-sized cylinder, along with three others bearing similar etchings, in a tomb at Tell Umm el-Marra, an ancient city that sits between modern-day Aleppo and the Euphrates River. \\n\\nAlphabets break words into single vowels and consonants and typically require only 20 to 40 characters. That makes alphabetic systems more streamlined and easier to learn than the writing systems that came before\u2014Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform. Those systems used hundreds of symbols that mainly represented words and syllables rather than individual sounds. Scientists previously thought that the first alphabet was created around 1900 B.C.E. by people speaking a Semitic language on the Sinai Peninsula in what is now Egypt. That alphabet, called Proto-Sinaitic, is based on hieroglyphic symbols repurposed as letters. The new finding suggests instead that people in farther-flung reaches of the Near East experimented with hieroglyph-derived letters much earlier. \\n\\n\u201cIt changes the entire narrative of how the alphabet was introduced,\u201d Schwartz says. Small holes drilled into the cylinders could have been used to string them on thread. As such, the clay structures could have served as labels for goods; Silanu might have been either the recipient or sender of some of the jars of food and beverage placed in the tomb to accompany its occupants into the afterlife, Schwartz says.* The tomb likely belonged to a wealthy and powerful family in the city. \\n\\nArchaeologists first found the cylinders in 2004, and radiocarbon analysis indicated the clay dated back to about 2400 B.C.E. In 2021 Schwartz described the cylinders in an Italian journal called Pasiphae. The research didn\u2019t get much attention, in part because Schwartz was cautious in pushing his interpretation of the inscriptions as alphabetic letters. \u201cI probably was too timid,\u201d he says. \\n\\nHe presented a more confident interpretation this week at the annual meeting of the American Society of Overseas Research, held in Boston. Some researchers, who had access to only a few snapshots of the cylinders prior to the talk, said they were looking forward to more evidence that the inscriptions represent an alphabet rather than another type of writing system. \u201cWhen you only have a few very short inscriptions, it can be difficult to tell how many signs the system has,\u201d says Philippa Steele, a senior researcher in classics at the University of Cambridge. With so few signs to work from, she says, it\u2019s hard to be sure that the new etchings really match up with known Proto-Sinaitic writing rather than resemble it by coincidence. \u201cI think we have to hope for more finds,\u201d she says. \\n\\nOthers are convinced. \u201cIt\u2019s an alphabet,\u201d says Silvia Ferrara, a professor in early languages at the University of Bologna in Italy, who was not involved in the work. \u201cIt\u2019s easy-peasy. I\u2019m used to much tougher things.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cThe morphology of the letters on the cylinder seals parallels quite nicely that of the existing corpus of early alphabetic writing,\u201d adds Christopher Rollston, a professor of biblical and Near Eastern languages and civilizations at George Washington University, who was not involved in the new research but did study under Schwartz as a graduate student. \\n\\nWhile the developers of the first alphabet were once thought to be living within Egyptian society, Egyptians and Syrians had extensive trade networks, Ferrara says, and many populations around the Middle East were likely familiar with the Egyptian writing system. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not that surprising,\u201d she says, \u201cknowing how far and wide these things traveled.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 3.0100345611572266e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'c01049a1-92de-43cf-8fb6-e9f3ef1630e3', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 1.4818731870036572e-05, 'sentence': 'Researchers may have deciphered the oldest known scrap of alphabetic writing yet discovered, and it may be a nearly 4,500-year-old gift tag.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.7139635019702837e-05, 'sentence': 'A clay cylinder found in a tomb holding six skeletons in northern Syria bears the word \u201csilanu,\u201d which may be a name, says Glenn Schwartz, an archaeologist at Johns Hopkins University.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.5385665392386727e-05, 'sentence': 'Schwartz discovered the finger-sized cylinder, along with three others bearing similar etchings, in a tomb at Tell Umm el-Marra, an ancient city that sits between modern-day Aleppo and the Euphrates River.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.649960904615e-05, 'sentence': 'Alphabets break words into single vowels and consonants and typically require only 20 to 40 characters.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.755546145432163e-05, 'sentence': 'That makes alphabetic systems more streamlined and easier to learn than the writing systems that came before\u1173Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.3651869267050643e-05, 'sentence': 'Those systems used hundreds of symbols that mainly represented words and syllables rather than individual sounds.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.3912098438595422e-05, 'sentence': 'Scientists previously thought that the first alphabet was created around 1900 B.C.E.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.8087292119162157e-05, 'sentence': 'by people speaking a Semitic language on the Sinai Peninsula in what is now Egypt.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.6478348698001355e-05, 'sentence': 'That alphabet, called Proto-Sinaitic, is based on hieroglyphic symbols repurposed as letters.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.399490975018125e-05, 'sentence': 'The new finding suggests instead that people in farther-flung reaches of the Near East experimented with hieroglyph-derived letters much earlier.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.2922469977638684e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cIt changes the entire narrative of how the alphabet was introduced,\u201d Schwartz says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.4431811905524228e-05, 'sentence': 'Small holes drilled into the cylinders could have been used to string them on thread.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.88457179319812e-05, 'sentence': 'As such, the clay structures could have served as labels for goods; Silanu might have been either the recipient or sender of some of the jars of food and beverage placed in the tomb to accompany its occupants into the afterlife, Schwartz says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.7056612705346197e-05, 'sentence': '* The tomb likely belonged to a wealthy and powerful family in the city.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.3634627975989133e-05, 'sentence': 'Archaeologists first found the cylinders in 2004, and radiocarbon analysis indicated the clay dated back to about 2400 B.C.E.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.5330137102864683e-05, 'sentence': 'In 2021 Schwartz described the cylinders in an Italian journal called Pasiphae.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.2457259799703024e-05, 'sentence': \"The research didn't get much attention, in part because Schwartz was cautious in pushing his interpretation of the inscriptions as alphabetic letters.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.487926328991307e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cI probably was too timid,\u201d he says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.7921287508215755e-05, 'sentence': 'He presented a more confident interpretation this week at the annual meeting of the American Society of Overseas Research, held in Boston.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015385130245704204, 'sentence': 'Some researchers, who had access to only a few snapshots of the cylinders prior to the talk, said they were looking forward to more evidence that the inscriptions represent an alphabet rather than another type of writing system.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000192603372852318, 'sentence': '\u201cWhen you only have a few very short inscriptions, it can be difficult to tell how many signs the system has,\u201d says Philippa Steele, a senior researcher in classics at the University of Cambridge.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000189030499313958, 'sentence': \"With so few signs to work from, she says, it's hard to be sure that the new etchings really match up with known Proto-Sinaitic writing rather than resemble it by coincidence.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00021054742683190852, 'sentence': '\u201cI think we have to hope for more finds,\u201d she says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011018541408702731, 'sentence': 'Others are convinced.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00024383807613048702, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's an alphabet,\u201d says Silvia Ferrara, a professor in early languages at the University of Bologna in Italy, who was not involved in the work.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000323567190207541, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's easy-peasy.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00027336779749020934, 'sentence': \"I'm used to much tougher things.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00022157945204526186, 'sentence': '\u201cThe morphology of the letters on the cylinder seals parallels quite nicely that of the existing corpus of early alphabetic writing,\u201d adds Christopher Rollston, a professor of biblical and Near Eastern languages and civilizations at George Washington University, who was not involved in the new research but did study under Schwartz as a graduate student.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00024293287424370646, 'sentence': 'While the developers of the first alphabet were once thought to be living within Egyptian society, Egyptians and Syrians had extensive trade networks, Ferrara says, and many populations around the Middle East were likely familiar with the Egyptian writing system.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0003992781857959926, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's not that surprising,\u201d she says, \u201cknowing how far and wide these things traveled.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 1, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 7, 'completely_generated_prob': 2.1228438805416278e-06}, {'start_sentence_index': 10, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 14, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 18, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00010005932717626924}, {'start_sentence_index': 23, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.0006564766595293492}, {'start_sentence_index': 27, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 28, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 29, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.005167270402727467, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9948327295972725, 'ai': 0.005167270402727467, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9948327295972725, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.005167270402727467, 'human': 0.9948327295972725, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Researchers may have deciphered the oldest known scrap of alphabetic writing yet discovered, and it may be a nearly 4,500-year-old gift tag. \\n\\nA clay cylinder found in a tomb holding six skeletons in northern Syria bears the word \u201csilanu,\u201d which may be a name, says Glenn Schwartz, an archaeologist at Johns Hopkins University. Schwartz discovered the finger-sized cylinder, along with three others bearing similar etchings, in a tomb at Tell Umm el-Marra, an ancient city that sits between modern-day Aleppo and the Euphrates River. \\n\\nAlphabets break words into single vowels and consonants and typically require only 20 to 40 characters. That makes alphabetic systems more streamlined and easier to learn than the writing systems that came before\u2014Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform. Those systems used hundreds of symbols that mainly represented words and syllables rather than individual sounds. Scientists previously thought that the first alphabet was created around 1900 B.C.E. by people speaking a Semitic language on the Sinai Peninsula in what is now Egypt. That alphabet, called Proto-Sinaitic, is based on hieroglyphic symbols repurposed as letters. The new finding suggests instead that people in farther-flung reaches of the Near East experimented with hieroglyph-derived letters much earlier. \\n\\n\u201cIt changes the entire narrative of how the alphabet was introduced,\u201d Schwartz says. Small holes drilled into the cylinders could have been used to string them on thread. As such, the clay structures could have served as labels for goods; Silanu might have been either the recipient or sender of some of the jars of food and beverage placed in the tomb to accompany its occupants into the afterlife, Schwartz says.* The tomb likely belonged to a wealthy and powerful family in the city. \\n\\nArchaeologists first found the cylinders in 2004, and radiocarbon analysis indicated the clay dated back to about 2400 B.C.E. In 2021 Schwartz described the cylinders in an Italian journal called Pasiphae. The research didn\u2019t get much attention, in part because Schwartz was cautious in pushing his interpretation of the inscriptions as alphabetic letters. \u201cI probably was too timid,\u201d he says. \\n\\nHe presented a more confident interpretation this week at the annual meeting of the American Society of Overseas Research, held in Boston. Some researchers, who had access to only a few snapshots of the cylinders prior to the talk, said they were looking forward to more evidence that the inscriptions represent an alphabet rather than another type of writing system. \u201cWhen you only have a few very short inscriptions, it can be difficult to tell how many signs the system has,\u201d says Philippa Steele, a senior researcher in classics at the University of Cambridge. With so few signs to work from, she says, it\u2019s hard to be sure that the new etchings really match up with known Proto-Sinaitic writing rather than resemble it by coincidence. \u201cI think we have to hope for more finds,\u201d she says. \\n\\nOthers are convinced. \u201cIt\u2019s an alphabet,\u201d says Silvia Ferrara, a professor in early languages at the University of Bologna in Italy, who was not involved in the work. \u201cIt\u2019s easy-peasy. I\u2019m used to much tougher things.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cThe morphology of the letters on the cylinder seals parallels quite nicely that of the existing corpus of early alphabetic writing,\u201d adds Christopher Rollston, a professor of biblical and Near Eastern languages and civilizations at George Washington University, who was not involved in the new research but did study under Schwartz as a graduate student. \\n\\nWhile the developers of the first alphabet were once thought to be living within Egyptian society, Egyptians and Syrians had extensive trade networks, Ferrara says, and many populations around the Middle East were likely familiar with the Egyptian writing system. \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s not that surprising,\u201d she says, \u201cknowing how far and wide these things traveled.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4781826138,"RADAR":0.0065273298,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The quotations, and the style in which they're presented, seem quite human. The star in the middle also seems like it would be for a footnote, something I'd expect to see in a human article. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The journal name is not italicized which may be a human error.\nIn two places (highlighted) direct speech has no quotation marks. Again, perhaps a human error.\nThe wrong preposition is used in \"cautious in.\" It should be \"cautious about.\" Perhaps this is another human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: contractions; filler words; ends in a quote; has varied paragraph and sentence length. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. There is order to the format of the article, and there's good story-telling mechanics here; All the while, it informs readers about the topic, the assumptions beforehand, and why this clay cylinder matters in how we understand the development of language. Even with phrases like \"it changes the entire narrative.\" this use of the word narrative is appropriate because the history of language, of anything, is a narrative, and it is being changed by this one item. It also informs of other, outside opinions and quotes them appropriately to help readers discern the differences between different ideas about the clay cylinder, but there is no assumption being made here by the writer about what it is; just educated guesses and reporting what's being said. Some examples: \"...was cautious in pushing his interpretation of the inscriptions as alphabetic letters. \u201cI probably was too timid,\u201d he says\" and \"The new finding suggests instead that people in farther-flung reaches of the Near East experimented with hieroglyph-derived letters much earlier.\" "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The introduction is a single sentence. AI still has to show that type of restraint.\nDirect quotes sound authentic.\nVaried paragraph length.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"141":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":22,"title":"A Vibrating Curtain of Silk Can Stifle Noise Pollution ","sub-title":"Inspired by headphone technology, silk sewn with a vibrating fiber acts as a lightweight sound barrier ","author":"Andrew Chapman","source":"Scientific American","issue":1717027200000,"section":"Technology","link":"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/this-silk-creates-noise-canceling-vibrations\/","article":"Harsh and unwanted sounds are almost everywhere. The World Health Organization has said that noise pollution bombards hundreds of millions of people globally, contributing to stress, sleep problems and even cardiovascular disease. And anyone who has woken up to a clanking jackhammer or rumbling garbage truck knows that home isn\u2019t always much of an escape. Noise pollution passes into buildings and between rooms when sound waves\u2014mechanical pulses of pressure\u2014hit surfaces such as walls and windows and cause them to vibrate. These vibrations then create even more sound waves in the interior of the structure. Although foam insulation and other suppressing materials can counteract some of this by dampening vibrations in walls, they are often bulky and unsightly. \n\nA noise-blocking sheet of silkworm silk that is far slimmer and more portable could greatly streamline the pursuit of silence. \u201cQuiet is a rare commodity these days,\u201d says Yoel Fink, a materials scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who recently published a study describing the silk prototype in Advanced Materials. \n\nThe silk sheet, which is enhanced with a special fiber, expands on a technology also found in noise-canceling headphones. These devices create silence by sampling the ambient noise and then emitting sound waves that are out of phase with those in the environment. When the ambient and emitted waves overlap, they cancel each other out. Because this works best when the waves overlap perfectly, it\u2019s easier to achieve in a small space (such as the one within headphones\u2019 ear cups). Silencing an entire room is a much bigger challenge, but the researchers wanted to try applying basic noise cancellation principles to a more elegant, less obtrusive form of insulation. \n\nFink and his colleagues stitched a single piezoelectric fiber\u2014which can convert vibrations into electricity, and vice versa\u2014into a sheet of silk. The scientists\u2019 past research had proved that the piezoelectric fabric could translate acoustic sounds into electricity\u2014effectively turning the silk sheet into a microphone. To get the sheet to produce noise-canceling vibrations, they just needed to reverse the process. \n\nThe researchers hung an about three-inch-wide circle of piezoelectric silk fabric in the lab and applied a voltage from a wall outlet to the piezoelectric fiber. The electrified fiber began to vibrate the whole silk circle, causing it to emit sound. The researchers could tune the voltage to play music through the silk (they chose \u201cAir,\u201d by Johann Sebastian Bach). Having successfully shown they could finely control the fabric\u2019s vibrations, they next aimed to use their silk speaker to blot out undesired sounds. \n\nThe team played a single-frequency tone from a speaker placed on one side of the silk and, on the other, measured the tone\u2019s volume by microphone. When they played the same frequency through the silk speaker\u2014out of phase with the original source\u2014they found they could suppress sounds as loud as 65 decibels, roughly the volume of a normal human conversation. \u201cThat was striking to me because it\u2019s a piece of silk [with] the thickness of a hair,\u201d Fink says. \n\nSuch a setup smothers the most noise at the location where the waves directly interfere. To block the sounds of a typical human conversation, the silk would need to be about 40 inches away from its participants. The authors suggest that hanging these specialized silk sheets in multiple places around a room could help achieve greater levels of silence. \n\nThe team also experimented with a different sound-blocking method that produced even better results. Just like sound-carrying vibrations in air, solid materials vibrate as mechanical waves. And two overlapping mechanical waves that are out of phase can interfere with each other; in a physical medium, that interference creates a motionless surface. The researchers suspected they could take advantage of this property to physically suppress noise in a room. In this case, they wouldn\u2019t have the silk emit a single noise-canceling note. Instead they created mechanical waves in the silk itself, with these waves opposing those of a sound played in the room. When the conflicting vibrations met in the silk, they canceled each other out, and the fabric became still. The approach is \u201clike a mirror for sound,\u201d Fink says, in that it effectively reflects sound waves. Using this technique, the sheet prevented 75 percent of the sound from passing through. \n\n\u201cThis is an interesting result,\u201d says Sara Nabil, a computer scientist and designer at Queen\u2019s University in Ontario, who wasn\u2019t involved with this study. \u201cA next step is to pass it on to people to see how they might use it in their daily lives.\u201d Nabil says she could envision the sound-blocking silk being especially useful in a hospital environment\u2014which is often noisy and where rest is crucial. \n\nFink\u2019s next step will be to test how well the silk suppresses more complex everyday noises that have many frequencies\u2014what he calls \u201cthe richness of the sounds we have around us.\u201d After that, he\u2019s confident his team can scale up production of the silk so it can be available to the public, likely in the form of hanging drapes that will be weighted at the bottom for added tension. Fing has a personal incentive to do so: creating a distraction-free workplace for himself and his colleagues. \u201cWe want to get away from all the noise and have the quiet to really focus on science,\u201d he says. \n\nUntil then, Fink has been thinking of the silk wherever he encounters loud sounds\u2014including a recent Taylor Swift concert. As dazzling as her performance was, \u201cthe noise levels were insane,\u201d he says. The volume and the elaborate fabrics in Swift\u2019s outfits kept bringing him back to the noise-canceling silk. ","id":21,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Harsh and unwanted sounds are almost everywhere. The World Health Organization has said that noise pollution bombards hundreds of millions of people globally, contributing to stress, sleep problems and even cardiovascular disease. And anyone who has woken up to a clanking jackhammer or rumbling garbage truck knows that home isn\u2019t always much of an escape. Noise pollution passes into buildings and between rooms when sound waves\u2014mechanical pulses of pressure\u2014hit surfaces such as walls and windows and cause them to vibrate. These vibrations then create even more sound waves in the interior of the structure. Although foam insulation and other suppressing materials can counteract some of this by dampening vibrations in walls, they are often bulky and unsightly. \\n\\nA noise-blocking sheet of silkworm silk that is far slimmer and more portable could greatly streamline the pursuit of silence. \u201cQuiet is a rare commodity these days,\u201d says Yoel Fink, a materials scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who recently published a study describing the silk prototype in Advanced Materials. \\n\\nThe silk sheet, which is enhanced with a special fiber, expands on a technology also found in noise-canceling headphones. These devices create silence by sampling the ambient noise and then emitting sound waves that are out of phase with those in the environment. When the ambient and emitted waves overlap, they cancel each other out. Because this works best when the waves overlap perfectly, it\u2019s easier to achieve in a small space (such as the one within headphones\u2019 ear cups). Silencing an entire room is a much bigger challenge, but the researchers wanted to try applying basic noise cancellation principles to a more elegant, less obtrusive form of insulation. \\n\\nFink and his colleagues stitched a single piezoelectric fiber\u2014which can convert vibrations into electricity, and vice versa\u2014into a sheet of silk. The scientists\u2019 past research had proved that the piezoelectric fabric could translate acoustic sounds into electricity\u2014effectively turning the silk sheet into a microphone. To get the sheet to produce noise-canceling vibrations, they just needed to reverse the process. \\n\\nThe researchers hung an about three-inch-wide circle of piezoelectric silk fabric in the lab and applied a voltage from a wall outlet to the piezoelectric fiber. The electrified fiber began to vibrate the whole silk circle, causing it to emit sound. The researchers could tune the voltage to play music through the silk (they chose \u201cAir,\u201d by Johann Sebastian Bach). Having successfully shown they could finely control the fabric\u2019s vibrations, they next aimed to use their silk speaker to blot out undesired sounds. \\n\\nThe team played a single-frequency tone from a speaker placed on one side of the silk and, on the other, measured the tone\u2019s volume by microphone. When they played the same frequency through the silk speaker\u2014out of phase with the original source\u2014they found they could suppress sounds as loud as 65 decibels, roughly the volume of a normal human conversation. \u201cThat was striking to me because it\u2019s a piece of silk [with] the thickness of a hair,\u201d Fink says. \\n\\nSuch a setup smothers the most noise at the location where the waves directly interfere. To block the sounds of a typical human conversation, the silk would need to be about 40 inches away from its participants. The authors suggest that hanging these specialized silk sheets in multiple places around a room could help achieve greater levels of silence. \\n\\nThe team also experimented with a different sound-blocking method that produced even better results. Just like sound-carrying vibrations in air, solid materials vibrate as mechanical waves. And two overlapping mechanical waves that are out of phase can interfere with each other; in a physical medium, that interference creates a motionless surface. The researchers suspected they could take advantage of this property to physically suppress noise in a room. In this case, they wouldn\u2019t have the silk emit a single noise-canceling note. Instead they created mechanical waves in the silk itself, with these waves opposing those of a sound played in the room. When the conflicting vibrations met in the silk, they canceled each other out, and the fabric became still. The approach is \u201clike a mirror for sound,\u201d Fink says, in that it effectively reflects sound waves. Using this technique, the sheet prevented 75 percent of the sound from passing through. \\n\\n\u201cThis is an interesting result,\u201d says Sara Nabil, a computer scientist and designer at Queen\u2019s University in Ontario, who wasn\u2019t involved with this study. \u201cA next step is to pass it on to people to see how they might use it in their daily lives.\u201d Nabil says she could envision the sound-blocking silk being especially useful in a hospital environment\u2014which is often noisy and where rest is crucial. \\n\\nFink\u2019s next step will be to test how well the silk suppresses more complex everyday noises that have many frequencies\u2014what he calls \u201cthe richness of the sounds we have around us.\u201d After that, he\u2019s confident his team can scale up production of the silk so it can be available to the public, likely in the form of hanging drapes that will be weighted at the bottom for added tension. Fing has a personal incentive to do so: creating a distraction-free workplace for himself and his colleagues. \u201cWe want to get away from all the noise and have the quiet to really focus on science,\u201d he says. \\n\\nUntil then, Fink has been thinking of the silk wherever he encounters loud sounds\u2014including a recent Taylor Swift concert. As dazzling as her performance was, \u201cthe noise levels were insane,\u201d he says. The volume and the elaborate fabrics in Swift\u2019s outfits kept bringing him back to the noise-canceling silk. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.1682510375976562e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Harsh and unwanted sounds are almost everywhere. The World Health Organization has said that noise pollution bombards hundreds of millions of people globally, contributing to stress, sleep problems and even cardiovascular disease. And anyone who has woken up to a clanking jackhammer or rumbling garbage truck knows that home isn\u2019t always much of an escape. Noise pollution passes into buildings and between rooms when sound waves\u2014mechanical pulses of pressure\u2014hit surfaces such as walls and windows and cause them to vibrate. These vibrations then create even more sound waves in the interior of the structure. Although foam insulation and other suppressing materials can counteract some of this by dampening vibrations in walls, they are often bulky and unsightly. \\n\\nA noise-blocking sheet of silkworm silk that is far slimmer and more portable could greatly streamline the pursuit of silence. \u201cQuiet is a rare commodity these days,\u201d says Yoel Fink, a materials scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who recently published a study describing the silk prototype in Advanced Materials. \\n\\nThe silk sheet, which is enhanced with a special fiber, expands on a technology also found in noise-canceling headphones. These devices create silence by sampling the ambient noise and then emitting sound waves that are out of phase with those in the environment. When the ambient and emitted waves overlap, they cancel each other out. Because this works best when the waves overlap perfectly, it\u2019s easier to achieve in a small space (such as the one within headphones\u2019 ear cups). Silencing an entire room is a much bigger challenge, but the researchers wanted to try applying basic noise cancellation principles to a more elegant, less obtrusive form of insulation. \\n\\nFink and his colleagues stitched a single piezoelectric fiber\u2014which can convert vibrations into electricity, and vice versa\u2014into a sheet of silk. The scientists\u2019 past research had proved that the piezoelectric fabric could translate acoustic sounds into electricity\u2014effectively turning the silk sheet into a microphone. To get the sheet to produce noise-canceling vibrations, they just needed to reverse the process. \\n\\nThe researchers hung an about three-inch-wide circle of piezoelectric silk fabric in the lab and applied a voltage from a wall outlet to the piezoelectric fiber. The electrified fiber began to vibrate the whole silk circle, causing it to emit sound. The researchers could tune the voltage to play music through the silk (they chose \u201cAir,\u201d by Johann Sebastian Bach). Having successfully shown they could finely control the fabric\u2019s vibrations, they next aimed to use their silk speaker to blot out undesired sounds. \\n\\nThe team played a single-frequency tone from a speaker placed on one side of the silk and, on the other, measured the tone\u2019s volume by microphone. When they played the same frequency through the silk speaker\u2014out of phase with the original source\u2014they found they could suppress sounds as loud as 65 decibels, roughly the volume of a normal human conversation. \u201cThat was striking to me because it\u2019s a piece of silk [with] the thickness of a hair,\u201d Fink says. \\n\\nSuch a setup smothers the most noise at the location where the waves directly interfere. To block the sounds of a typical human conversation, the silk would need to be about 40 inches away from its participants. The authors suggest that hanging these specialized silk sheets in multiple places around a room could help achieve greater levels of silence. \\n\\nThe team also experimented with a different sound-blocking method that produced even better results. Just like sound-carrying vibrations in air, solid materials vibrate as mechanical waves. And two overlapping mechanical waves that are out of phase can interfere with each other; in a physical medium, that interference creates a motionless surface. The researchers suspected they could take advantage of this property to physically suppress noise in a room. In this case, they wouldn\u2019t have the silk emit a single noise-canceling note. Instead they created mechanical waves in the silk itself, with these waves opposing those of a sound played in the room. When the conflicting vibrations met in the silk, they canceled each other out, and the fabric became still. The approach is \u201clike a mirror for sound,\u201d Fink says, in that it effectively reflects sound waves. Using this technique, the sheet prevented 75 percent of the sound from passing through. \\n\\n\u201cThis is an interesting result,\u201d says Sara Nabil, a computer scientist and designer at Queen\u2019s University in Ontario, who wasn\u2019t involved with this study. \u201cA next step is to pass it on to people to see how they might use it in their daily lives.\u201d Nabil says she could envision the sound-blocking silk being especially useful in a hospital environment\u2014which is often noisy and where rest is crucial. \\n\\nFink\u2019s next step will be to test how well the silk suppresses more complex everyday noises that have many frequencies\u2014what he calls \u201cthe richness of the sounds we have around us.\u201d After that, he\u2019s confident his team can scale up production of the silk so it can be available to the public, likely in the form of hanging drapes that will be weighted at the bottom for added tension. Fing has a personal incentive to do so: creating a distraction-free workplace for himself and his colleagues. \u201cWe want to get away from all the noise and have the quiet to really focus on science,\u201d he says. \\n\\nUntil then, Fink has been thinking of the silk wherever he encounters loud sounds\u2014including a recent Taylor Swift concert. As dazzling as her performance was, \u201cthe noise levels were insane,\u201d he says. The volume and the elaborate fabrics in Swift\u2019s outfits kept bringing him back to the noise-canceling silk. ', 'ai_likelihood': 3.74913215637207e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '2f1a6ac8-95ef-45f2-bcfd-6c7e20e32155', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 7.061337237246335e-05, 'sentence': 'Harsh and unwanted sounds are almost everywhere.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.570402183569968e-05, 'sentence': 'The World Health Organization has said that noise pollution bombards hundreds of millions of people globally, contributing to stress, sleep problems and even cardiovascular disease.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.121023034211248e-05, 'sentence': \"And anyone who has woken up to a clanking jackhammer or rumbling garbage truck knows that home isn't always much of an escape.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.06175817665644e-05, 'sentence': 'Noise pollution passes into buildings and between rooms when sound waves\u1173mechanical pulses of pressure\u1173hit surfaces such as walls and windows and cause them to vibrate.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.3127681894693524e-05, 'sentence': 'These vibrations then create even more sound waves in the interior of the structure.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.288510146783665e-05, 'sentence': 'Although foam insulation and other suppressing materials can counteract some of this by dampening vibrations in walls, they are often bulky and unsightly.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.4787837143521756e-05, 'sentence': 'A noise-blocking sheet of silkworm silk that is far slimmer and more portable could greatly streamline the pursuit of silence.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.714790677302517e-05, 'sentence': '\u201cQuiet is a rare commodity these days,\u201d says Yoel Fink, a materials scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who recently published a study describing the silk prototype in Advanced Materials.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 5.8142381021752954e-05, 'sentence': 'The silk sheet, which is enhanced with a special fiber, expands on a technology also found in noise-canceling headphones.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 9.958859300240874e-05, 'sentence': 'These devices create silence by sampling the ambient noise and then emitting sound waves that are out of phase with those in the environment.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 8.875681669451296e-05, 'sentence': 'When the ambient and emitted waves overlap, they cancel each other out.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.87915414548479e-05, 'sentence': \"Because this works best when the waves overlap perfectly, it's easier to achieve in a small space (such as the one within headphones' ear cups).\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.369487138930708e-05, 'sentence': 'Silencing an entire room is a much bigger challenge, but the researchers wanted to try applying basic noise cancellation principles to a more elegant, less obtrusive form of insulation.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 6.670181755907834e-05, 'sentence': 'Fink and his colleagues stitched a single piezoelectric fiber\u1173which can convert vibrations into electricity, and vice versa\u1173into a sheet of silk.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.306844054255635e-05, 'sentence': \"The scientists' past research had proved that the piezoelectric fabric could translate acoustic sounds into electricity\u1173effectively turning the silk sheet into a microphone.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005372194573283195, 'sentence': 'To get the sheet to produce noise-canceling vibrations, they just needed to reverse the process.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006976043805480003, 'sentence': 'The researchers hung an about three-inch-wide circle of piezoelectric silk fabric in the lab and applied a voltage from a wall outlet to the piezoelectric fiber.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007149684242904186, 'sentence': 'The electrified fiber began to vibrate the whole silk circle, causing it to emit sound.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005359331262297928, 'sentence': 'The researchers could tune the voltage to play music through the silk (they chose \u201cAir,\u201d by Johann Sebastian Bach).', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00035154924262315035, 'sentence': \"Having successfully shown they could finely control the fabric's vibrations, they next aimed to use their silk speaker to blot out undesired sounds.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005093060899525881, 'sentence': \"The team played a single-frequency tone from a speaker placed on one side of the silk and, on the other, measured the tone's volume by microphone.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0005936094676144421, 'sentence': 'When they played the same frequency through the silk speaker\u1173out of phase with the original source\u1173they found they could suppress sounds as loud as 65 decibels, roughly the volume of a normal human conversation.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0013628262095153332, 'sentence': \"\u201cThat was striking to me because it's a piece of silk [with] the thickness of a hair,\u201d Fink says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0035788272507488728, 'sentence': 'Such a setup smothers the most noise at the location where the waves directly interfere.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.003665417432785034, 'sentence': 'To block the sounds of a typical human conversation, the silk would need to be about 40 inches away from its participants.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0057182395830750465, 'sentence': 'The authors suggest that hanging these specialized silk sheets in multiple places around a room could help achieve greater levels of silence.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.005646531004458666, 'sentence': 'The team also experimented with a different sound-blocking method that produced even better results.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0027776025235652924, 'sentence': 'Just like sound-carrying vibrations in air, solid materials vibrate as mechanical waves.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0033989548683166504, 'sentence': 'And two overlapping mechanical waves that are out of phase can interfere with each other; in a physical medium, that interference creates a motionless surface.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004002201370894909, 'sentence': 'The researchers suspected they could take advantage of this property to physically suppress noise in a room.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.007648487575352192, 'sentence': \"In this case, they wouldn't have the silk emit a single noise-canceling note.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00018389594333712012, 'sentence': 'Instead they created mechanical waves in the silk itself, with these waves opposing those of a sound played in the room.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00018744908447843045, 'sentence': 'When the conflicting vibrations met in the silk, they canceled each other out, and the fabric became still.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.000222941001993604, 'sentence': 'The approach is \u201clike a mirror for sound,\u201d Fink says, in that it effectively reflects sound waves.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0002631713869050145, 'sentence': 'Using this technique, the sheet prevented 75 percent of the sound from passing through.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00032540038228034973, 'sentence': \"\u201cThis is an interesting result,\u201d says Sara Nabil, a computer scientist and designer at Queen's University in Ontario, who 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0.0003358255489729345, 'sentence': 'Fing has a personal incentive to do so: creating a distraction-free workplace for himself and his colleagues.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0004680346173699945, 'sentence': '\u201cWe want to get away from all the noise and have the quiet to really focus on science,\u201d he says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00042714300798252225, 'sentence': 'Until then, Fink has been thinking of the silk wherever he encounters loud sounds\u1173including a recent Taylor Swift concert.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00035277529968880117, 'sentence': 'As dazzling as her performance was, \u201cthe noise levels were insane,\u201d he says.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00047774790436960757, 'sentence': \"The volume and the elaborate fabrics in Swift's outfits kept bringing him back to 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0.02318840472169716}, {'start_sentence_index': 37, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 40, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00954082155012564, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.9904183478663264, 'ai': 0.00954082155012564, 'mixed': 4.0830583547849345e-05}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.9904183478663264, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.00954082155012564, 'human': 0.9904183478663264, 'mixed': 4.0830583547849345e-05}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Harsh and unwanted sounds are almost everywhere. The World Health Organization has said that noise pollution bombards hundreds of millions of people globally, contributing to stress, sleep problems and even cardiovascular disease. And anyone who has woken up to a clanking jackhammer or rumbling garbage truck knows that home isn\u2019t always much of an escape. Noise pollution passes into buildings and between rooms when sound waves\u2014mechanical pulses of pressure\u2014hit surfaces such as walls and windows and cause them to vibrate. These vibrations then create even more sound waves in the interior of the structure. Although foam insulation and other suppressing materials can counteract some of this by dampening vibrations in walls, they are often bulky and unsightly. \\n\\nA noise-blocking sheet of silkworm silk that is far slimmer and more portable could greatly streamline the pursuit of silence. \u201cQuiet is a rare commodity these days,\u201d says Yoel Fink, a materials scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who recently published a study describing the silk prototype in Advanced Materials. \\n\\nThe silk sheet, which is enhanced with a special fiber, expands on a technology also found in noise-canceling headphones. These devices create silence by sampling the ambient noise and then emitting sound waves that are out of phase with those in the environment. When the ambient and emitted waves overlap, they cancel each other out. Because this works best when the waves overlap perfectly, it\u2019s easier to achieve in a small space (such as the one within headphones\u2019 ear cups). Silencing an entire room is a much bigger challenge, but the researchers wanted to try applying basic noise cancellation principles to a more elegant, less obtrusive form of insulation. \\n\\nFink and his colleagues stitched a single piezoelectric fiber\u2014which can convert vibrations into electricity, and vice versa\u2014into a sheet of silk. The scientists\u2019 past research had proved that the piezoelectric fabric could translate acoustic sounds into electricity\u2014effectively turning the silk sheet into a microphone. To get the sheet to produce noise-canceling vibrations, they just needed to reverse the process. \\n\\nThe researchers hung an about three-inch-wide circle of piezoelectric silk fabric in the lab and applied a voltage from a wall outlet to the piezoelectric fiber. The electrified fiber began to vibrate the whole silk circle, causing it to emit sound. The researchers could tune the voltage to play music through the silk (they chose \u201cAir,\u201d by Johann Sebastian Bach). Having successfully shown they could finely control the fabric\u2019s vibrations, they next aimed to use their silk speaker to blot out undesired sounds. \\n\\nThe team played a single-frequency tone from a speaker placed on one side of the silk and, on the other, measured the tone\u2019s volume by microphone. When they played the same frequency through the silk speaker\u2014out of phase with the original source\u2014they found they could suppress sounds as loud as 65 decibels, roughly the volume of a normal human conversation. \u201cThat was striking to me because it\u2019s a piece of silk [with] the thickness of a hair,\u201d Fink says. \\n\\nSuch a setup smothers the most noise at the location where the waves directly interfere. To block the sounds of a typical human conversation, the silk would need to be about 40 inches away from its participants. The authors suggest that hanging these specialized silk sheets in multiple places around a room could help achieve greater levels of silence. \\n\\nThe team also experimented with a different sound-blocking method that produced even better results. Just like sound-carrying vibrations in air, solid materials vibrate as mechanical waves. And two overlapping mechanical waves that are out of phase can interfere with each other; in a physical medium, that interference creates a motionless surface. The researchers suspected they could take advantage of this property to physically suppress noise in a room. In this case, they wouldn\u2019t have the silk emit a single noise-canceling note. Instead they created mechanical waves in the silk itself, with these waves opposing those of a sound played in the room. When the conflicting vibrations met in the silk, they canceled each other out, and the fabric became still. The approach is \u201clike a mirror for sound,\u201d Fink says, in that it effectively reflects sound waves. Using this technique, the sheet prevented 75 percent of the sound from passing through. \\n\\n\u201cThis is an interesting result,\u201d says Sara Nabil, a computer scientist and designer at Queen\u2019s University in Ontario, who wasn\u2019t involved with this study. \u201cA next step is to pass it on to people to see how they might use it in their daily lives.\u201d Nabil says she could envision the sound-blocking silk being especially useful in a hospital environment\u2014which is often noisy and where rest is crucial. \\n\\nFink\u2019s next step will be to test how well the silk suppresses more complex everyday noises that have many frequencies\u2014what he calls \u201cthe richness of the sounds we have around us.\u201d After that, he\u2019s confident his team can scale up production of the silk so it can be available to the public, likely in the form of hanging drapes that will be weighted at the bottom for added tension. Fing has a personal incentive to do so: creating a distraction-free workplace for himself and his colleagues. \u201cWe want to get away from all the noise and have the quiet to really focus on science,\u201d he says. \\n\\nUntil then, Fink has been thinking of the silk wherever he encounters loud sounds\u2014including a recent Taylor Swift concert. As dazzling as her performance was, \u201cthe noise levels were insane,\u201d he says. The volume and the elaborate fabrics in Swift\u2019s outfits kept bringing him back to the noise-canceling silk. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.2573668361,"RADAR":0.0073601115,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"The article had markers for both AI and machine-generated text. I leant slightly towards human-generated on feel but I might just be guessing. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"AI usually used \"said\" not the more correct, \"said that\" for reported speech.\nThe journal's name isn't italicized. This may be a human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: missing punctuation; contractions; awkward phrasing; wordy sentences; varied paragraph lengths. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I'd argue that this is human-written and I feel very confident about it. While the article's long, it gave a lot of clear explanations about the study, the topic itself, and kept any revolving ideas about it's symbolism or remarkableness to a minimum. Quotes felt realistic, and the sentences have a lot of unique word choices that help reduce any sense of pattern-writing often found in AI, such as with \"about three-inch-wide circle of piezoelectric silk fabric in the lab\" and \"sound waves\u2014mechanical pulses of pressure\u2014hit surfaces such as walls and windows and cause them to vibrate\". "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"No typical LLM marker words\/phrases.\nClear exposition of a relatively complex topic so that it makes sense to the general public.\nEnough information so that the original study can be tracked down.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"142":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":23,"title":"Hundreds of Sea Turtles With Hypothermia Are Washing Up in Cape Cod, Cold-Stunned as Temperatures Drop ","sub-title":"New England Aquarium staff and volunteers are treating the reptiles, which have gotten trapped after venturing north earlier in the year. Experts say climate change is leading more turtles to get stranded in the bay ","author":"Margherita Bassi ","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":1733356800000,"section":"Smart News","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/hundreds-of-sea-turtles-with-hypothermia-are-washing-up-in-cape-cod-cold-stunned-as-temperatures-drop-180985585\/","article":"After a long, mild fall, New Englanders are not the only ones shocked by the sudden arrival of winter temperatures. \n\nHundreds of sea turtles are now washing up on Massachusetts beaches, cold-stunned and suffering from life-threatening conditions including hypothermia, pneumonia, dehydration, sepsis or traumatic injuries, according to a New England Aquarium statement published on Monday. Members of the Massachusetts Audubon Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary have been rescuing the afflicted turtles at Cape Cod Bay and taking them to the aquarium\u2019s sea turtle hospital in Quincy. \n\n\u201cNo new wounds, but there was a big chunk out of his shell from something obviously in the distant past,\u201d Bruce Beane, a sea turtle rescuing volunteer from Chatham, tells the Cape Cod Times\u2019 Zane Razzaq, describing the Kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtle he found on Ryder Beach shortly after midnight Monday morning. \u201cHe couldn\u2019t quite walk but kept trying.\u201d \n\nCold-stunning events for sea turtles are expected around this time of the year. Sea turtles are cold-blooded, meaning they can\u2019t regulate their own body temperatures, and they thrive in oceans between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit, per the Independent\u2019s Julia Musto. They reach northern waters by hitching a ride on the warm Gulf Stream in May and June, but during the fall some become trapped behind the hook-shaped Cape Cod peninsula, especially when strong winds prevent them from migrating back to warmer waters for the winter. The cold waters make the turtles weak and unable to feed or swim, which in turn can leave them vulnerable to issues, including disease, starvation and boat-caused injuries. \n\nAs of earlier this week, the hospital workers have treated a seasonal total of 257 live sea turtles: 214 Kemp\u2019s ridley turtles, 39 green turtles and four loggerhead turtles. Upon arrival, the reptiles go through a physical exam, bloodwork and X-rays, with some requiring subsequent treatment for weeks or months. Certain cases even call for an ultrasound or an epinephrine shot to stimulate their heartbeat, according to the Cape Cod Times. \n\n\u201cWhen they come in here, the main thing that we need to do is give them fluids\u2014because they\u2019re dehydrated, and then also antibiotics as well, because the vast majority of them do get pneumonia,\u201d Melissa Joblon, director of animal health at the New England Aquarium, tells WCVB\u2019s Todd Kazakiewich. \n\nThe turtles are then slowly transitioned into warmer and warmer waters, until they\u2019re cleared to be released again. \u201cAt the end of the day, getting these turtles back to the wild is what we are doing and what we want,\u201d says Adam Kennedy, the New England Aquarium\u2019s director of rescue and rehabilitation, to Rodrique Ngowi and Patrick Whittle of the Associated Press (AP). \u201cWe want them back in the ocean.\u201d \n\nUnfortunately, however, cases of cold-stunned turtles are rising. \n\nAround 2010, the aquarium\u2019s rescuers would take in 38 to 40 turtles on average. Now, their annual average is just over 400 turtles, Kennedy tells the Independent. Most of those are Kemp\u2019s ridleys, the world\u2019s smallest sea turtle species, which is critically endangered. \n\nExperts say climate change is playing a role in this increase. Rising ocean temperatures push sea turtles north during warm months, which increases the chance of them getting stranded in the fall. According to NASA, 90 percent of global warming is happening in the oceans, rather than on land, as the oceans absorb excess heat. \n\n\u201cThe warming of the Gulf of Maine over the years is now allowing more and more turtles to get into Cape Cod Bay,\u201d Kennedy tells the Independent. \n\n\u201cNormally the numbers weren\u2019t very high years ago,\u201d he adds to the AP. ","id":22,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'After a long, mild fall, New Englanders are not the only ones shocked by the sudden arrival of winter temperatures. \\n\\nHundreds of sea turtles are now washing up on Massachusetts beaches, cold-stunned and suffering from life-threatening conditions including hypothermia, pneumonia, dehydration, sepsis or traumatic injuries, according to a New England Aquarium statement published on Monday. Members of the Massachusetts Audubon Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary have been rescuing the afflicted turtles at Cape Cod Bay and taking them to the aquarium\u2019s sea turtle hospital in Quincy. \\n\\n\u201cNo new wounds, but there was a big chunk out of his shell from something obviously in the distant past,\u201d Bruce Beane, a sea turtle rescuing volunteer from Chatham, tells the Cape Cod Times\u2019 Zane Razzaq, describing the Kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtle he found on Ryder Beach shortly after midnight Monday morning. \u201cHe couldn\u2019t quite walk but kept trying.\u201d \\n\\nCold-stunning events for sea turtles are expected around this time of the year. Sea turtles are cold-blooded, meaning they can\u2019t regulate their own body temperatures, and they thrive in oceans between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit, per the Independent\u2019s Julia Musto. They reach northern waters by hitching a ride on the warm Gulf Stream in May and June, but during the fall some become trapped behind the hook-shaped Cape Cod peninsula, especially when strong winds prevent them from migrating back to warmer waters for the winter. The cold waters make the turtles weak and unable to feed or swim, which in turn can leave them vulnerable to issues, including disease, starvation and boat-caused injuries. \\n\\nAs of earlier this week, the hospital workers have treated a seasonal total of 257 live sea turtles: 214 Kemp\u2019s ridley turtles, 39 green turtles and four loggerhead turtles. Upon arrival, the reptiles go through a physical exam, bloodwork and X-rays, with some requiring subsequent treatment for weeks or months. Certain cases even call for an ultrasound or an epinephrine shot to stimulate their heartbeat, according to the Cape Cod Times. \\n\\n\u201cWhen they come in here, the main thing that we need to do is give them fluids\u2014because they\u2019re dehydrated, and then also antibiotics as well, because the vast majority of them do get pneumonia,\u201d Melissa Joblon, director of animal health at the New England Aquarium, tells WCVB\u2019s Todd Kazakiewich. \\n\\nThe turtles are then slowly transitioned into warmer and warmer waters, until they\u2019re cleared to be released again. \u201cAt the end of the day, getting these turtles back to the wild is what we are doing and what we want,\u201d says Adam Kennedy, the New England Aquarium\u2019s director of rescue and rehabilitation, to Rodrique Ngowi and Patrick Whittle of the Associated Press (AP). \u201cWe want them back in the ocean.\u201d \\n\\nUnfortunately, however, cases of cold-stunned turtles are rising. \\n\\nAround 2010, the aquarium\u2019s rescuers would take in 38 to 40 turtles on average. Now, their annual average is just over 400 turtles, Kennedy tells the Independent. Most of those are Kemp\u2019s ridleys, the world\u2019s smallest sea turtle species, which is critically endangered. \\n\\nExperts say climate change is playing a role in this increase. Rising ocean temperatures push sea turtles north during warm months, which increases the chance of them getting stranded in the fall. According to NASA, 90 percent of global warming is happening in the oceans, rather than on land, as the oceans absorb excess heat. \\n\\n\u201cThe warming of the Gulf of Maine over the years is now allowing more and more turtles to get into Cape Cod Bay,\u201d Kennedy tells the Independent. \\n\\n\u201cNormally the numbers weren\u2019t very high years ago,\u201d he adds to the AP. ', 'ai_likelihood': 2.568960189819336e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'After a long, mild fall, New Englanders are not the only ones shocked by the sudden arrival of winter temperatures. \\n\\nHundreds of sea turtles are now washing up on Massachusetts beaches, cold-stunned and suffering from life-threatening conditions including hypothermia, pneumonia, dehydration, sepsis or traumatic injuries, according to a New England Aquarium statement published on Monday. Members of the Massachusetts Audubon Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary have been rescuing the afflicted turtles at Cape Cod Bay and taking them to the aquarium\u2019s sea turtle hospital in Quincy. \\n\\n\u201cNo new wounds, but there was a big chunk out of his shell from something obviously in the distant past,\u201d Bruce Beane, a sea turtle rescuing volunteer from Chatham, tells the Cape Cod Times\u2019 Zane Razzaq, describing the Kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtle he found on Ryder Beach shortly after midnight Monday morning. \u201cHe couldn\u2019t quite walk but kept trying.\u201d \\n\\nCold-stunning events for sea turtles are expected around this time of the year. Sea turtles are cold-blooded, meaning they can\u2019t regulate their own body temperatures, and they thrive in oceans between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit, per the Independent\u2019s Julia Musto. They reach northern waters by hitching a ride on the warm Gulf Stream in May and June, but during the fall some become trapped behind the hook-shaped Cape Cod peninsula, especially when strong winds prevent them from migrating back to warmer waters for the winter. The cold waters make the turtles weak and unable to feed or swim, which in turn can leave them vulnerable to issues, including disease, starvation and boat-caused injuries. \\n\\nAs of earlier this week, the hospital workers have treated a seasonal total of 257 live sea turtles: 214 Kemp\u2019s ridley turtles, 39 green turtles and four loggerhead turtles. Upon arrival, the reptiles go through a physical exam, bloodwork and X-rays, with some requiring subsequent treatment for weeks or months. Certain cases even call for an ultrasound or an epinephrine shot to stimulate their heartbeat, according to the Cape Cod Times. \\n\\n\u201cWhen they come in here, the main thing that we need to do is give them fluids\u2014because they\u2019re dehydrated, and then also antibiotics as well, because the vast majority of them do get pneumonia,\u201d Melissa Joblon, director of animal health at the New England Aquarium, tells WCVB\u2019s Todd Kazakiewich. \\n\\nThe turtles are then slowly transitioned into warmer and warmer waters, until they\u2019re cleared to be released again. \u201cAt the end of the day, getting these turtles back to the wild is what we are doing and what we want,\u201d says Adam Kennedy, the New England Aquarium\u2019s director of rescue and rehabilitation, to Rodrique Ngowi and Patrick Whittle of the Associated Press (AP). \u201cWe want them back in the ocean.\u201d \\n\\nUnfortunately, however, cases of cold-stunned turtles are rising. \\n\\nAround 2010, the aquarium\u2019s rescuers would take in 38 to 40 turtles on average. Now, their annual average is just over 400 turtles, Kennedy tells the Independent. Most of those are Kemp\u2019s ridleys, the world\u2019s smallest sea turtle species, which is critically endangered. \\n\\nExperts say climate change is playing a role in this increase. Rising ocean temperatures push sea turtles north during warm months, which increases the chance of them getting stranded in the fall. According to NASA, 90 percent of global warming is happening in the oceans, rather than on land, as the oceans absorb excess heat. \\n\\n\u201cThe warming of the Gulf of Maine over the years is now allowing more and more turtles to get into Cape Cod Bay,\u201d Kennedy tells the Independent. \\n\\n\u201cNormally the numbers weren\u2019t very high years ago,\u201d he adds to the AP. ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.3113021850585938e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '79150adf-05f6-4f78-8f98-7bfb45701358', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 2.1984054910717532e-05, 'sentence': 'After a long, mild fall, New Englanders are not the only ones shocked by the sudden arrival of winter temperatures.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 1.754794539010618e-05, 'sentence': 'Hundreds of sea turtles are now washing up on Massachusetts beaches, cold-stunned and suffering from life-threatening conditions including hypothermia, pneumonia, dehydration, sepsis or traumatic injuries, according to a New England Aquarium statement published on Monday.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.2546955733560026e-05, 'sentence': 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0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 24, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 1, 'ai': 0, 'mixed': 0}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 1, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0, 'human': 1, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'After a long, mild fall, New Englanders are not the only ones shocked by the sudden arrival of winter temperatures. \\n\\nHundreds of sea turtles are now washing up on Massachusetts beaches, cold-stunned and suffering from life-threatening conditions including hypothermia, pneumonia, dehydration, sepsis or traumatic injuries, according to a New England Aquarium statement published on Monday. Members of the Massachusetts Audubon Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary have been rescuing the afflicted turtles at Cape Cod Bay and taking them to the aquarium\u2019s sea turtle hospital in Quincy. \\n\\n\u201cNo new wounds, but there was a big chunk out of his shell from something obviously in the distant past,\u201d Bruce Beane, a sea turtle rescuing volunteer from Chatham, tells the Cape Cod Times\u2019 Zane Razzaq, describing the Kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtle he found on Ryder Beach shortly after midnight Monday morning. \u201cHe couldn\u2019t quite walk but kept trying.\u201d \\n\\nCold-stunning events for sea turtles are expected around this time of the year. Sea turtles are cold-blooded, meaning they can\u2019t regulate their own body temperatures, and they thrive in oceans between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit, per the Independent\u2019s Julia Musto. They reach northern waters by hitching a ride on the warm Gulf Stream in May and June, but during the fall some become trapped behind the hook-shaped Cape Cod peninsula, especially when strong winds prevent them from migrating back to warmer waters for the winter. The cold waters make the turtles weak and unable to feed or swim, which in turn can leave them vulnerable to issues, including disease, starvation and boat-caused injuries. \\n\\nAs of earlier this week, the hospital workers have treated a seasonal total of 257 live sea turtles: 214 Kemp\u2019s ridley turtles, 39 green turtles and four loggerhead turtles. Upon arrival, the reptiles go through a physical exam, bloodwork and X-rays, with some requiring subsequent treatment for weeks or months. Certain cases even call for an ultrasound or an epinephrine shot to stimulate their heartbeat, according to the Cape Cod Times. \\n\\n\u201cWhen they come in here, the main thing that we need to do is give them fluids\u2014because they\u2019re dehydrated, and then also antibiotics as well, because the vast majority of them do get pneumonia,\u201d Melissa Joblon, director of animal health at the New England Aquarium, tells WCVB\u2019s Todd Kazakiewich. \\n\\nThe turtles are then slowly transitioned into warmer and warmer waters, until they\u2019re cleared to be released again. \u201cAt the end of the day, getting these turtles back to the wild is what we are doing and what we want,\u201d says Adam Kennedy, the New England Aquarium\u2019s director of rescue and rehabilitation, to Rodrique Ngowi and Patrick Whittle of the Associated Press (AP). \u201cWe want them back in the ocean.\u201d \\n\\nUnfortunately, however, cases of cold-stunned turtles are rising. \\n\\nAround 2010, the aquarium\u2019s rescuers would take in 38 to 40 turtles on average. Now, their annual average is just over 400 turtles, Kennedy tells the Independent. Most of those are Kemp\u2019s ridleys, the world\u2019s smallest sea turtle species, which is critically endangered. \\n\\nExperts say climate change is playing a role in this increase. Rising ocean temperatures push sea turtles north during warm months, which increases the chance of them getting stranded in the fall. According to NASA, 90 percent of global warming is happening in the oceans, rather than on land, as the oceans absorb excess heat. \\n\\n\u201cThe warming of the Gulf of Maine over the years is now allowing more and more turtles to get into Cape Cod Bay,\u201d Kennedy tells the Independent. \\n\\n\u201cNormally the numbers weren\u2019t very high years ago,\u201d he adds to the AP. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.5291306376,"RADAR":0.0122129181,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"This article seems human-generated because the way the speakers talk to various real publications. The article also doesn't have any experts referred to by \"Dr.\" which would be strange for a machine-generated article on a scientific topic. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"This could be either so it's difficult to decide. however, based on the phrases \"per the Independent's\" and \"at the end of the day\", I've gone with human-generated.\nAlso, the repetition in \"warmer and warmer waters\" and \"also antibiotics as well\" sounds human."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: varied paragraph and sentence length. 'According to so and so' tagged on the end. Missing punctuation. No Oxford comma. Numerals written with words. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. The first sentence is an immediate hook; anyone familiar with New England and where it is would wonder why they're shocked by the winter, since they're so far up north and snow is common there, and then the next sentence provides the needed context for what the article's about. That takes planning and some good writing skill to do; AI isn't good with subtly like that, and doesn't know how to talk to its audience unless prompted to do so. Even then, the article works well at giving information and context when needed, such as with \"As of earlier this week, the hospital workers have treated a seasonal total of 257 live sea turtles: 214 Kemp\u2019s ridley turtles, 39 green turtles and four loggerhead turtles.\" and \"Around 2010, the aquarium\u2019s rescuers would take in 38 to 40 turtles on average. Now, their annual average is just over 400 turtles...\" "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I decided the text is human-authored before I read a single word when I saw the variation in paragraph length.\nNo sign of the words\/phrases AI favours.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"143":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":24,"title":"Eating Seaweed Could Make Cows Less Gassy, Slashing Methane Emissions From Grazing by Nearly 40 Percent ","sub-title":"A new study finds that feeding seaweed pellets to grazing beef cattle dramatically reduces their greenhouse gas emissions ","author":"Sarah Kuta ","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":1733184000000,"section":"Smart News - Ideas & Innovation","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/eating-seaweed-could-make-cows-less-gassy-slashing-methane-emissions-from-grazing-by-nearly-40-percent-180985575\/","article":"Cows are a gassy bunch. As they stand in fields and munch on grass, the animals burp and fart\u2014and, in doing so, they release billions of pounds of heat-trapping methane gas into the atmosphere. In total, the livestock industry is responsible for between 11.1 and 19.6 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and cow belching is the biggest contributor to that number. \n\nNow, another study is pointing the way toward an emerging solution: seaweed pellets. \n\nWhen grazing beef cattle were fed seaweed supplements, their methane emissions dropped by nearly 40 percent. And this change in diet had no apparent effects on the animals\u2019 weight or health, researchers report in a new study published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. \n\nPrevious research has shown that seaweed helps cut methane emissions in feedlot cattle and dairy cows. But the new paper is the first to demonstrate the effects among grazing beef cattle, which produce more methane than feedlot cattle and dairy cows because of the high fiber content of the grass they eat. \n\nTo test the effects of seaweed, scientists conducted a ten-week experiment at Matador Ranch in Dillon, Montana. They divided 24 young, neutered, male beef steers\u2014which were a mix of Angus and Wagyu breeds\u2014into two groups. While the cattle were grazing in fields, researchers offered one group pellets containing seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis), which the steers ate voluntarily. Researchers dispensed the pellets using solar-powered machines that also measured how much methane the cows produced. The other group of cattle did not have access to the seaweed pellets. \n\nThe seaweed-eating group produced 37.7 percent less methane, on average, than the control group did. \u201cConsidering the substantial contribution of ruminant livestock to global greenhouse gas emissions\u2026 this research offers a promising avenue for mitigating climate change,\u201d according to the paper. \n\nIn the real world, farmers and ranchers have different options for serving seaweed to their grazing cattle. They could offer them pellets, just like the researchers did in the study, or they could provide a seaweed-infused \u201click block,\u201d a small cube farmers set out so that their livestock get all the salt and minerals they need to thrive. \n\nAs it stands now, ranchers already supplement the diets of their grazing cattle during winters or when grass is not available\u2014so incorporating seaweed should be relatively straightforward, researchers say. \n\n\u201cThis method paves the way to make a seaweed supplement easily available to grazing animals,\u201d says study co-author Ermias Kebreab, an animal scientist at the University of California, Davis, in a statement. \n\nCow farts and burps both release methane into the atmosphere. But the burps are the worst offenders, responsible for producing the majority of cattle-emitted methane, according to NASA. \n\nWhy do cows belch up so much methane? The answer lies in their unique anatomy. Cattle are ruminants, a type of mammal that has four stomach chambers to help with digesting high-fiber foods. When they take a bite of grass and swallow, the fibrous plant matter enters the first stomach chamber, called the rumen. \n\nInside the rumen, microbes break down the sugars in the grass via fermentation, a process that creates methane as a byproduct. This causes cows to burp, which sends the methane into the atmosphere. \n\nSeaweed, meanwhile, contains a compound called bromoform that blocks methane-producing enzymes in the rumen. This, in turn, reduces the amount of methane cows burp up. \n\nEarlier studies have found that seaweed can help reduce methane emissions by up to 82 percent in feedlot cattle and more than 50 percent in dairy cows. \n\nResearchers in Oregon are currently working on a similar experiment that also involves beef cattle. Their project is focused on cows that graze in sagebrush-steppe ecosystems and uses a different type of seaweed, called Pacific dulse, which is grown commercially on the state\u2019s coast. \n\nScientists involved in the Oregon study plan to feed varying amounts of seaweed to cattle, then track any corresponding changes to their methane outputs. They also plan to measure carbon levels in the soil. Their experiment will last five years and is being funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. \n\n\u201cOur final and major goal is to be able to come up with some strategy for producers,\u201d says Juliana Ranches, an agricultural researcher at Oregon State University, to Oregon Public Broadcasting\u2019s Alejandro Figueroa. \u201c[To say] \u2018hey, here\u2019s the seaweed. It really works, you need to feed it this amount. Here\u2019s how we\u2019re going to suggest you feed it.\u2019\u201d \n\nExperts say reducing methane emissions from cattle is a key step toward achieving worldwide climate goals, because methane can trap 28 times more heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide does. Methane is also the second most abundant greenhouse gas emitted by human-related activities. Starting in 2030, cattle farmers in Denmark will have to pay taxes on methane emissions from their livestock, as the country implements what is believed to be the world\u2019s first tax on agricultural emissions. ","id":23,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Cows are a gassy bunch. As they stand in fields and munch on grass, the animals burp and fart\u2014and, in doing so, they release billions of pounds of heat-trapping methane gas into the atmosphere. In total, the livestock industry is responsible for between 11.1 and 19.6 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and cow belching is the biggest contributor to that number. \\n\\nNow, another study is pointing the way toward an emerging solution: seaweed pellets. \\n\\nWhen grazing beef cattle were fed seaweed supplements, their methane emissions dropped by nearly 40 percent. And this change in diet had no apparent effects on the animals\u2019 weight or health, researchers report in a new study published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. \\n\\nPrevious research has shown that seaweed helps cut methane emissions in feedlot cattle and dairy cows. But the new paper is the first to demonstrate the effects among grazing beef cattle, which produce more methane than feedlot cattle and dairy cows because of the high fiber content of the grass they eat. \\n\\nTo test the effects of seaweed, scientists conducted a ten-week experiment at Matador Ranch in Dillon, Montana. They divided 24 young, neutered, male beef steers\u2014which were a mix of Angus and Wagyu breeds\u2014into two groups. While the cattle were grazing in fields, researchers offered one group pellets containing seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis), which the steers ate voluntarily. Researchers dispensed the pellets using solar-powered machines that also measured how much methane the cows produced. The other group of cattle did not have access to the seaweed pellets. \\n\\nThe seaweed-eating group produced 37.7 percent less methane, on average, than the control group did. \u201cConsidering the substantial contribution of ruminant livestock to global greenhouse gas emissions\u2026 this research offers a promising avenue for mitigating climate change,\u201d according to the paper. \\n\\nIn the real world, farmers and ranchers have different options for serving seaweed to their grazing cattle. They could offer them pellets, just like the researchers did in the study, or they could provide a seaweed-infused \u201click block,\u201d a small cube farmers set out so that their livestock get all the salt and minerals they need to thrive. \\n\\nAs it stands now, ranchers already supplement the diets of their grazing cattle during winters or when grass is not available\u2014so incorporating seaweed should be relatively straightforward, researchers say. \\n\\n\u201cThis method paves the way to make a seaweed supplement easily available to grazing animals,\u201d says study co-author Ermias Kebreab, an animal scientist at the University of California, Davis, in a statement. \\n\\nCow farts and burps both release methane into the atmosphere. But the burps are the worst offenders, responsible for producing the majority of cattle-emitted methane, according to NASA. \\n\\nWhy do cows belch up so much methane? The answer lies in their unique anatomy. Cattle are ruminants, a type of mammal that has four stomach chambers to help with digesting high-fiber foods. When they take a bite of grass and swallow, the fibrous plant matter enters the first stomach chamber, called the rumen. \\n\\nInside the rumen, microbes break down the sugars in the grass via fermentation, a process that creates methane as a byproduct. This causes cows to burp, which sends the methane into the atmosphere. \\n\\nSeaweed, meanwhile, contains a compound called bromoform that blocks methane-producing enzymes in the rumen. This, in turn, reduces the amount of methane cows burp up. \\n\\nEarlier studies have found that seaweed can help reduce methane emissions by up to 82 percent in feedlot cattle and more than 50 percent in dairy cows. \\n\\nResearchers in Oregon are currently working on a similar experiment that also involves beef cattle. Their project is focused on cows that graze in sagebrush-steppe ecosystems and uses a different type of seaweed, called Pacific dulse, which is grown commercially on the state\u2019s coast. \\n\\nScientists involved in the Oregon study plan to feed varying amounts of seaweed to cattle, then track any corresponding changes to their methane outputs. They also plan to measure carbon levels in the soil. Their experiment will last five years and is being funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. \\n\\n\u201cOur final and major goal is to be able to come up with some strategy for producers,\u201d says Juliana Ranches, an agricultural researcher at Oregon State University, to Oregon Public Broadcasting\u2019s Alejandro Figueroa. \u201c[To say] \u2018hey, here\u2019s the seaweed. It really works, you need to feed it this amount. Here\u2019s how we\u2019re going to suggest you feed it.\u2019\u201d \\n\\nExperts say reducing methane emissions from cattle is a key step toward achieving worldwide climate goals, because methane can trap 28 times more heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide does. Methane is also the second most abundant greenhouse gas emitted by human-related activities. Starting in 2030, cattle farmers in Denmark will have to pay taxes on methane emissions from their livestock, as the country implements what is believed to be the world\u2019s first tax on agricultural emissions. ', 'ai_likelihood': 3.516674041748047e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Cows are a gassy bunch. As they stand in fields and munch on grass, the animals burp and fart\u2014and, in doing so, they release billions of pounds of heat-trapping methane gas into the atmosphere. In total, the livestock industry is responsible for between 11.1 and 19.6 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and cow belching is the biggest contributor to that number. \\n\\nNow, another study is pointing the way toward an emerging solution: seaweed pellets. \\n\\nWhen grazing beef cattle were fed seaweed supplements, their methane emissions dropped by nearly 40 percent. And this change in diet had no apparent effects on the animals\u2019 weight or health, researchers report in a new study published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. \\n\\nPrevious research has shown that seaweed helps cut methane emissions in feedlot cattle and dairy cows. But the new paper is the first to demonstrate the effects among grazing beef cattle, which produce more methane than feedlot cattle and dairy cows because of the high fiber content of the grass they eat. \\n\\nTo test the effects of seaweed, scientists conducted a ten-week experiment at Matador Ranch in Dillon, Montana. They divided 24 young, neutered, male beef steers\u2014which were a mix of Angus and Wagyu breeds\u2014into two groups. While the cattle were grazing in fields, researchers offered one group pellets containing seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis), which the steers ate voluntarily. Researchers dispensed the pellets using solar-powered machines that also measured how much methane the cows produced. The other group of cattle did not have access to the seaweed pellets. \\n\\nThe seaweed-eating group produced 37.7 percent less methane, on average, than the control group did. \u201cConsidering the substantial contribution of ruminant livestock to global greenhouse gas emissions\u2026 this research offers a promising avenue for mitigating climate change,\u201d according to the paper. \\n\\nIn the real world, farmers and ranchers have different options for serving seaweed to their grazing cattle. They could offer them pellets, just like the researchers did in the study, or they could provide a seaweed-infused \u201click block,\u201d a small cube farmers set out so that their livestock get all the salt and minerals they need to thrive. \\n\\nAs it stands now, ranchers already supplement the diets of their grazing cattle during winters or when grass is not available\u2014so incorporating seaweed should be relatively straightforward, researchers say. \\n\\n\u201cThis method paves the way to make a seaweed supplement easily available to grazing animals,\u201d says study co-author Ermias Kebreab, an animal scientist at the University of California, Davis, in a statement. \\n\\nCow farts and burps both release methane into the atmosphere. But the burps are the worst offenders, responsible for producing the majority of cattle-emitted methane, according to NASA. \\n\\nWhy do cows belch up so much methane? The answer lies in their unique anatomy. Cattle are ruminants, a type of mammal that has four stomach chambers to help with digesting high-fiber foods. When they take a bite of grass and swallow, the fibrous plant matter enters the first stomach chamber, called the rumen. \\n\\nInside the rumen, microbes break down the sugars in the grass via fermentation, a process that creates methane as a byproduct. This causes cows to burp, which sends the methane into the atmosphere. \\n\\nSeaweed, meanwhile, contains a compound called bromoform that blocks methane-producing enzymes in the rumen. This, in turn, reduces the amount of methane cows burp up. \\n\\nEarlier studies have found that seaweed can help reduce methane emissions by up to 82 percent in feedlot cattle and more than 50 percent in dairy cows. \\n\\nResearchers in Oregon are currently working on a similar experiment that also involves beef cattle. Their project is focused on cows that graze in sagebrush-steppe ecosystems and uses a different type of seaweed, called Pacific dulse, which is grown commercially on the state\u2019s coast. \\n\\nScientists involved in the Oregon study plan to feed varying amounts of seaweed to cattle, then track any corresponding changes to their methane outputs. They also plan to measure carbon levels in the soil. Their experiment will last five years and is being funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. \\n\\n\u201cOur final and major goal is to be able to come up with some strategy for producers,\u201d says Juliana Ranches, an agricultural researcher at Oregon State University, to Oregon Public Broadcasting\u2019s Alejandro Figueroa. \u201c[To say] \u2018hey, here\u2019s the seaweed. It really works, you need to feed it this amount. Here\u2019s how we\u2019re going to suggest you feed it.\u2019\u201d \\n\\nExperts say reducing methane emissions from cattle is a key step toward achieving worldwide climate goals, because methane can trap 28 times more heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide does. Methane is also the second most abundant greenhouse gas emitted by human-related activities. Starting in 2030, cattle farmers in Denmark will have to pay taxes on methane emissions from their livestock, as the country implements what is believed to be the world\u2019s first tax on agricultural emissions. ', 'ai_likelihood': 4.929304122924805e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '5ef462bb-78d5-4a13-823c-f4c67fa1272c', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.6064040614292026e-05, 'sentence': 'Cows are a gassy bunch.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.8373538953019306e-05, 'sentence': 'As they stand in fields and munch on grass, the animals burp and fart\u1173and, in doing so, they release billions of pounds of heat-trapping methane gas into the atmosphere.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.0769608454429545e-05, 'sentence': 'In total, the livestock industry is responsible for between 11.1 and 19.6 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and cow belching is the biggest contributor to that number.', 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detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Cows are a gassy bunch. As they stand in fields and munch on grass, the animals burp and fart\u2014and, in doing so, they release billions of pounds of heat-trapping methane gas into the atmosphere. In total, the livestock industry is responsible for between 11.1 and 19.6 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and cow belching is the biggest contributor to that number. \\n\\nNow, another study is pointing the way toward an emerging solution: seaweed pellets. \\n\\nWhen grazing beef cattle were fed seaweed supplements, their methane emissions dropped by nearly 40 percent. And this change in diet had no apparent effects on the animals\u2019 weight or health, researchers report in a new study published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. \\n\\nPrevious research has shown that seaweed helps cut methane emissions in feedlot cattle and dairy cows. But the new paper is the first to demonstrate the effects among grazing beef cattle, which produce more methane than feedlot cattle and dairy cows because of the high fiber content of the grass they eat. \\n\\nTo test the effects of seaweed, scientists conducted a ten-week experiment at Matador Ranch in Dillon, Montana. They divided 24 young, neutered, male beef steers\u2014which were a mix of Angus and Wagyu breeds\u2014into two groups. While the cattle were grazing in fields, researchers offered one group pellets containing seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis), which the steers ate voluntarily. Researchers dispensed the pellets using solar-powered machines that also measured how much methane the cows produced. The other group of cattle did not have access to the seaweed pellets. \\n\\nThe seaweed-eating group produced 37.7 percent less methane, on average, than the control group did. \u201cConsidering the substantial contribution of ruminant livestock to global greenhouse gas emissions\u2026 this research offers a promising avenue for mitigating climate change,\u201d according to the paper. \\n\\nIn the real world, farmers and ranchers have different options for serving seaweed to their grazing cattle. They could offer them pellets, just like the researchers did in the study, or they could provide a seaweed-infused \u201click block,\u201d a small cube farmers set out so that their livestock get all the salt and minerals they need to thrive. \\n\\nAs it stands now, ranchers already supplement the diets of their grazing cattle during winters or when grass is not available\u2014so incorporating seaweed should be relatively straightforward, researchers say. \\n\\n\u201cThis method paves the way to make a seaweed supplement easily available to grazing animals,\u201d says study co-author Ermias Kebreab, an animal scientist at the University of California, Davis, in a statement. \\n\\nCow farts and burps both release methane into the atmosphere. But the burps are the worst offenders, responsible for producing the majority of cattle-emitted methane, according to NASA. \\n\\nWhy do cows belch up so much methane? The answer lies in their unique anatomy. Cattle are ruminants, a type of mammal that has four stomach chambers to help with digesting high-fiber foods. When they take a bite of grass and swallow, the fibrous plant matter enters the first stomach chamber, called the rumen. \\n\\nInside the rumen, microbes break down the sugars in the grass via fermentation, a process that creates methane as a byproduct. This causes cows to burp, which sends the methane into the atmosphere. \\n\\nSeaweed, meanwhile, contains a compound called bromoform that blocks methane-producing enzymes in the rumen. This, in turn, reduces the amount of methane cows burp up. \\n\\nEarlier studies have found that seaweed can help reduce methane emissions by up to 82 percent in feedlot cattle and more than 50 percent in dairy cows. \\n\\nResearchers in Oregon are currently working on a similar experiment that also involves beef cattle. Their project is focused on cows that graze in sagebrush-steppe ecosystems and uses a different type of seaweed, called Pacific dulse, which is grown commercially on the state\u2019s coast. \\n\\nScientists involved in the Oregon study plan to feed varying amounts of seaweed to cattle, then track any corresponding changes to their methane outputs. They also plan to measure carbon levels in the soil. Their experiment will last five years and is being funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. \\n\\n\u201cOur final and major goal is to be able to come up with some strategy for producers,\u201d says Juliana Ranches, an agricultural researcher at Oregon State University, to Oregon Public Broadcasting\u2019s Alejandro Figueroa. \u201c[To say] \u2018hey, here\u2019s the seaweed. It really works, you need to feed it this amount. Here\u2019s how we\u2019re going to suggest you feed it.\u2019\u201d \\n\\nExperts say reducing methane emissions from cattle is a key step toward achieving worldwide climate goals, because methane can trap 28 times more heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide does. Methane is also the second most abundant greenhouse gas emitted by human-related activities. Starting in 2030, cattle farmers in Denmark will have to pay taxes on methane emissions from their livestock, as the country implements what is believed to be the world\u2019s first tax on agricultural emissions. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1293196976,"RADAR":0.0091063455,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article tackles a scientific topic in quite a casual way \"cows are a gassy bunch\" which is more commonly seen in human-generated text. It also explains the methodology of the experiment quite well and the quote towards the end is very natural. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The use of colloquial words like \"burp\" and \"fart\" seems human.\nAlso, some of the sentences like \"Their project...state's coast\" and the last sentence are quite long."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: conversational tone; varied sentence and paragraph structure; numerals followed by the word percent instead of the symbol. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. Mostly because any blanket statements being made are being supported by information. Whenever anything was \"substantial\" or \"a key step towards achieving climate goals\" they were backed up by facts and statistics, such as with \"37.7 percent less methane, on average, than the control group did\" and \"methane can trap 28 times more heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide does.\". Information was presented throughout to help support every statement, and quotes, even unrealistic sounding ones, were appropriate based on where they were sourced, such as a research paper or a published statement. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The first sentence is too off the cuff (and funny) for an AI to generate. Which means I'll spend the next 10 minutes finding evidence that supports my hypothesis that the author is human. Not a scientifically sound method of inquiry. \nUnlike the vague manner in which AI cites research, the author in this text is specific enough for an interested reader to track down the study online.\n"},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"144":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":25,"title":"A Woman Appeared on the English Stage for the First Time on This Day in 1660, Transforming the World of Theater Forever ","sub-title":"Despite this historic first, the identity of the first professional English actress on stage remains a theatrical mystery ","author":"Eli Wizevich ","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":1733616000000,"section":"Smart News - Hisory","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/a-woman-appeared-on-the-english-stage-for-the-first-time-on-this-day-in-1660-transforming-the-world-of-theater-forever-180985557\/","article":"The audience at the King\u2019s Company production of Othello on December 8, 1660, heard an unusual prologue before the play began. \u201cThe Woman playes to day, mistake me not,\u201d one of the actors read aloud. \u201cNo Man in Gown, or Page in Petty-Coat; \/ A Woman to my knowledge \u2026\u201d \n\nThe meaning of this cryptic message became clear as Desdemona entered in Act I, Scene III. Instead of being played by a man or a boy in makeup, the ill-fated wife of Othello was played by a woman. For the first time in the history of English theater, a woman played a role on the professional stage. \n\nFor many reasons, 1660 was a landmark year for British theater. On May 29, Charles II had returned to London from exile in the Netherlands and laid claim to power. After 11 years of republican rule, the restoration of the monarchy meant more than just the public display of Oliver Cromwell\u2019s exhumed and severed head outside of Westminster.  \n\nIt also meant that the English stage was revived and its rules could be rewritten, 18 years after theaters were closed during the English Civil War to prevent civic calamity\u2014a nod to the political power and social relevance of the era\u2019s theatrical performances. \n\nOnly two theater companies\u2014the Duke\u2019s and the King\u2019s\u2014were granted royal permission to open theaters in the city once Charles II took back power, according to Jean Marsden in The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage. \n\nThe two rival companies split the existing stock of plays between themselves. Of Shakespeare\u2019s most popular plays for mid-17th-century audiences, the King\u2019s Company got Othello and Julius Caesar; the Duke\u2019s Company got Hamlet. \n\n\u201cDespite their admiration for Shakespeare's genius, writers also admitted that his works were far from perfect and that his beauties were offset by a variety of 'faults,\u2019\u201d Marsden wrote. \u201cThe nature of these faults was to determine the form in which plays were staged and whether they were staged at all.\u201d \n\nSome edits and modifications were implemented with the goal of polishing Shakespeare\u2019s language to fit more contemporary voices, trimming down lengthy plots, and adapting 16th-century plays to 17th-century London\u2019s smaller theaters. \n\nThe most radical and longest-lasting change, however, was the introduction of women to the stage. \n\n\u201cThe practice of having women play women's roles was noteworthy and even exciting to a Restoration audience,\u201d Marsden wrote. \u201cThey were as much a part of theatrical spectacle as the fine scenery and special effects that the new playhouses allowed.\u201d \n\nDespite the excitement that the first professional actress brought to the King\u2019s Company production of Othello in London\u2019s Vere Street Theater on this day in 1660, a glaring mystery remains, even for modern theater fans. No one knows who played Desdemona. \n\nBy some accounts, Desdemona was played by Margaret Hughes, one of the first few actresses hired by the King\u2019s Company in 1660. A cast list from a production of Othello nine years later lists Hughes as Desdemona. Despite the long gap in time, theater critic Rosamond Gilder argued in Enter the Actress, a role \u201cbelonged\u201d to the actor or actress who first played it to the public\u2019s satisfaction and was only given up \u201con retirement or under extraordinary circumstances.\u201d \n\nThe other likeliest contender is Anne Marshall, another one of the King\u2019s Company's leading actresses who \u201ccame to specialize in tragedy,\u201d playing roles similar to Desdemona in other productions, according to Elizabeth Howe in The First English Actresses. \n\nIn any case, Hughes, Marshall or whichever actress played Desdemona did so successfully and much to the pleasure of theatergoers and monarch alike. Two years after the premiere, Charles II issued patents to each of the two theater companies, ensuring, among other things, that women could play women\u2019s parts \u201cso long as their recreations \u2026 [may be] esteemed not only harmless delight, but useful and instructive representations of human life.\u201d ","id":24,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': \"The audience at the King\u2019s Company production of Othello on December 8, 1660, heard an unusual prologue before the play began. \u201cThe Woman playes to day, mistake me not,\u201d one of the actors read aloud. \u201cNo Man in Gown, or Page in Petty-Coat; \/ A Woman to my knowledge \u2026\u201d \\n\\nThe meaning of this cryptic message became clear as Desdemona entered in Act I, Scene III. Instead of being played by a man or a boy in makeup, the ill-fated wife of Othello was played by a woman. For the first time in the history of English theater, a woman played a role on the professional stage. \\n\\nFor many reasons, 1660 was a landmark year for British theater. On May 29, Charles II had returned to London from exile in the Netherlands and laid claim to power. After 11 years of republican rule, the restoration of the monarchy meant more than just the public display of Oliver Cromwell\u2019s exhumed and severed head outside of Westminster.  \\n\\nIt also meant that the English stage was revived and its rules could be rewritten, 18 years after theaters were closed during the English Civil War to prevent civic calamity\u2014a nod to the political power and social relevance of the era\u2019s theatrical performances. \\n\\nOnly two theater companies\u2014the Duke\u2019s and the King\u2019s\u2014were granted royal permission to open theaters in the city once Charles II took back power, according to Jean Marsden in The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage. \\n\\nThe two rival companies split the existing stock of plays between themselves. Of Shakespeare\u2019s most popular plays for mid-17th-century audiences, the King\u2019s Company got Othello and Julius Caesar; the Duke\u2019s Company got Hamlet. \\n\\n\u201cDespite their admiration for Shakespeare's genius, writers also admitted that his works were far from perfect and that his beauties were offset by a variety of 'faults,\u2019\u201d Marsden wrote. \u201cThe nature of these faults was to determine the form in which plays were staged and whether they were staged at all.\u201d \\n\\nSome edits and modifications were implemented with the goal of polishing Shakespeare\u2019s language to fit more contemporary voices, trimming down lengthy plots, and adapting 16th-century plays to 17th-century London\u2019s smaller theaters. \\n\\nThe most radical and longest-lasting change, however, was the introduction of women to the stage. \\n\\n\u201cThe practice of having women play women's roles was noteworthy and even exciting to a Restoration audience,\u201d Marsden wrote. \u201cThey were as much a part of theatrical spectacle as the fine scenery and special effects that the new playhouses allowed.\u201d \\n\\nDespite the excitement that the first professional actress brought to the King\u2019s Company production of Othello in London\u2019s Vere Street Theater on this day in 1660, a glaring mystery remains, even for modern theater fans. No one knows who played Desdemona. \\n\\nBy some accounts, Desdemona was played by Margaret Hughes, one of the first few actresses hired by the King\u2019s Company in 1660. A cast list from a production of Othello nine years later lists Hughes as Desdemona. Despite the long gap in time, theater critic Rosamond Gilder argued in Enter the Actress, a role \u201cbelonged\u201d to the actor or actress who first played it to the public\u2019s satisfaction and was only given up \u201con retirement or under extraordinary circumstances.\u201d \\n\\nThe other likeliest contender is Anne Marshall, another one of the King\u2019s Company's leading actresses who \u201ccame to specialize in tragedy,\u201d playing roles similar to Desdemona in other productions, according to Elizabeth Howe in The First English Actresses. \\n\\nIn any case, Hughes, Marshall or whichever actress played Desdemona did so successfully and much to the pleasure of theatergoers and monarch alike. Two years after the premiere, Charles II issued patents to each of the two theater companies, ensuring, among other things, that women could play women\u2019s parts \u201cso long as their recreations \u2026 [may be] esteemed not only harmless delight, but useful and instructive representations of human life.\u201d \", 'ai_likelihood': 1.5497207641601562e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': \"The audience at the King\u2019s Company production of Othello on December 8, 1660, heard an unusual prologue before the play began. \u201cThe Woman playes to day, mistake me not,\u201d one of the actors read aloud. \u201cNo Man in Gown, or Page in Petty-Coat; \/ A Woman to my knowledge \u2026\u201d \\n\\nThe meaning of this cryptic message became clear as Desdemona entered in Act I, Scene III. Instead of being played by a man or a boy in makeup, the ill-fated wife of Othello was played by a woman. For the first time in the history of English theater, a woman played a role on the professional stage. \\n\\nFor many reasons, 1660 was a landmark year for British theater. On May 29, Charles II had returned to London from exile in the Netherlands and laid claim to power. After 11 years of republican rule, the restoration of the monarchy meant more than just the public display of Oliver Cromwell\u2019s exhumed and severed head outside of Westminster.  \\n\\nIt also meant that the English stage was revived and its rules could be rewritten, 18 years after theaters were closed during the English Civil War to prevent civic calamity\u2014a nod to the political power and social relevance of the era\u2019s theatrical performances. \\n\\nOnly two theater companies\u2014the Duke\u2019s and the King\u2019s\u2014were granted royal permission to open theaters in the city once Charles II took back power, according to Jean Marsden in The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage. \\n\\nThe two rival companies split the existing stock of plays between themselves. Of Shakespeare\u2019s most popular plays for mid-17th-century audiences, the King\u2019s Company got Othello and Julius Caesar; the Duke\u2019s Company got Hamlet. \\n\\n\u201cDespite their admiration for Shakespeare's genius, writers also admitted that his works were far from perfect and that his beauties were offset by a variety of 'faults,\u2019\u201d Marsden wrote. \u201cThe nature of these faults was to determine the form in which plays were staged and whether they were staged at all.\u201d \\n\\nSome edits and modifications were implemented with the goal of polishing Shakespeare\u2019s language to fit more contemporary voices, trimming down lengthy plots, and adapting 16th-century plays to 17th-century London\u2019s smaller theaters. \\n\\nThe most radical and longest-lasting change, however, was the introduction of women to the stage. \\n\\n\u201cThe practice of having women play women's roles was noteworthy and even exciting to a Restoration audience,\u201d Marsden wrote. \u201cThey were as much a part of theatrical spectacle as the fine scenery and special effects that the new playhouses allowed.\u201d \\n\\nDespite the excitement that the first professional actress brought to the King\u2019s Company production of Othello in London\u2019s Vere Street Theater on this day in 1660, a glaring mystery remains, even for modern theater fans. No one knows who played Desdemona. \\n\\nBy some accounts, Desdemona was played by Margaret Hughes, one of the first few actresses hired by the King\u2019s Company in 1660. A cast list from a production of Othello nine years later lists Hughes as Desdemona. Despite the long gap in time, theater critic Rosamond Gilder argued in Enter the Actress, a role \u201cbelonged\u201d to the actor or actress who first played it to the public\u2019s satisfaction and was only given up \u201con retirement or under extraordinary circumstances.\u201d \\n\\nThe other likeliest contender is Anne Marshall, another one of the King\u2019s Company's leading actresses who \u201ccame to specialize in tragedy,\u201d playing roles similar to Desdemona in other productions, according to Elizabeth Howe in The First English Actresses. \\n\\nIn any case, Hughes, Marshall or whichever actress played Desdemona did so successfully and much to the pleasure of theatergoers and monarch alike. Two years after the premiere, Charles II issued patents to each of the two theater companies, ensuring, among other things, that women could play women\u2019s parts \u201cso long as their recreations \u2026 [may be] esteemed not only harmless delight, but useful and instructive representations of human life.\u201d \", 'ai_likelihood': 4.887580871582031e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '6cfd1e71-486d-47d4-9bf8-1ee652a1d704', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.0011592390947043896, 'sentence': \"The audience at the King's Company production of Othello on December 8, 1660, heard an unusual prologue before the play began.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0012467760825529695, 'sentence': '\u201cThe Woman playes to day, mistake me not,\u201d one of the actors read aloud.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007973812753334641, 'sentence': '\u201cNo Man in Gown, or Page in Petty-Coat; \/ A Woman to my knowledge \u2026\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0014444809639826417, 'sentence': 'The meaning of this cryptic message became clear as Desdemona entered in Act I, Scene III.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0008916513179428875, 'sentence': 'Instead of being played by a man or a boy in makeup, the ill-fated wife of Othello was played by a woman.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0007808122900314629, 'sentence': 'For the first time in the history of English theater, a woman played a role on the professional stage.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0006467218045145273, 'sentence': 'For many reasons, 1660 was a 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actresses hired by the King's Company in 1660.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0016353832324966788, 'sentence': 'A cast list from a production of Othello nine years later lists Hughes as Desdemona.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0016090094577521086, 'sentence': \"Despite the long gap in time, theater critic Rosamond Gilder argued in Enter the Actress, a role \u201cbelonged\u201d to the actor or actress who first played it to the public's satisfaction and was only given up \u201con retirement or under extraordinary circumstances.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.001840367796830833, 'sentence': \"The other likeliest contender is Anne Marshall, another one of the King's Company's leading actresses who \u201ccame to specialize in tragedy,\u201d playing roles similar to Desdemona in other productions, according to Elizabeth Howe in The First English Actresses.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0019553285092115402, 'sentence': 'In any case, Hughes, Marshall or whichever actress played Desdemona did so successfully and much to the pleasure of theatergoers and monarch alike.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0038009940180927515, 'sentence': \"Two years after the premiere, Charles II issued patents to each of the two theater companies, ensuring, among other things, that women could play women's parts \u201cso long as their recreations \u2026 [may be] esteemed not only harmless delight, but useful and instructive representations of human life.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 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'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': \"The audience at the King\u2019s Company production of Othello on December 8, 1660, heard an unusual prologue before the play began. \u201cThe Woman playes to day, mistake me not,\u201d one of the actors read aloud. \u201cNo Man in Gown, or Page in Petty-Coat; \/ A Woman to my knowledge \u2026\u201d \\n\\nThe meaning of this cryptic message became clear as Desdemona entered in Act I, Scene III. Instead of being played by a man or a boy in makeup, the ill-fated wife of Othello was played by a woman. For the first time in the history of English theater, a woman played a role on the professional stage. \\n\\nFor many reasons, 1660 was a landmark year for British theater. On May 29, Charles II had returned to London from exile in the Netherlands and laid claim to power. After 11 years of republican rule, the restoration of the monarchy meant more than just the public display of Oliver Cromwell\u2019s exhumed and severed head outside of Westminster.  \\n\\nIt also meant that the English stage was revived and its rules could be rewritten, 18 years after theaters were closed during the English Civil War to prevent civic calamity\u2014a nod to the political power and social relevance of the era\u2019s theatrical performances. \\n\\nOnly two theater companies\u2014the Duke\u2019s and the King\u2019s\u2014were granted royal permission to open theaters in the city once Charles II took back power, according to Jean Marsden in The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage. \\n\\nThe two rival companies split the existing stock of plays between themselves. Of Shakespeare\u2019s most popular plays for mid-17th-century audiences, the King\u2019s Company got Othello and Julius Caesar; the Duke\u2019s Company got Hamlet. \\n\\n\u201cDespite their admiration for Shakespeare's genius, writers also admitted that his works were far from perfect and that his beauties were offset by a variety of 'faults,\u2019\u201d Marsden wrote. \u201cThe nature of these faults was to determine the form in which plays were staged and whether they were staged at all.\u201d \\n\\nSome edits and modifications were implemented with the goal of polishing Shakespeare\u2019s language to fit more contemporary voices, trimming down lengthy plots, and adapting 16th-century plays to 17th-century London\u2019s smaller theaters. \\n\\nThe most radical and longest-lasting change, however, was the introduction of women to the stage. \\n\\n\u201cThe practice of having women play women's roles was noteworthy and even exciting to a Restoration audience,\u201d Marsden wrote. \u201cThey were as much a part of theatrical spectacle as the fine scenery and special effects that the new playhouses allowed.\u201d \\n\\nDespite the excitement that the first professional actress brought to the King\u2019s Company production of Othello in London\u2019s Vere Street Theater on this day in 1660, a glaring mystery remains, even for modern theater fans. No one knows who played Desdemona. \\n\\nBy some accounts, Desdemona was played by Margaret Hughes, one of the first few actresses hired by the King\u2019s Company in 1660. A cast list from a production of Othello nine years later lists Hughes as Desdemona. Despite the long gap in time, theater critic Rosamond Gilder argued in Enter the Actress, a role \u201cbelonged\u201d to the actor or actress who first played it to the public\u2019s satisfaction and was only given up \u201con retirement or under extraordinary circumstances.\u201d \\n\\nThe other likeliest contender is Anne Marshall, another one of the King\u2019s Company's leading actresses who \u201ccame to specialize in tragedy,\u201d playing roles similar to Desdemona in other productions, according to Elizabeth Howe in The First English Actresses. \\n\\nIn any case, Hughes, Marshall or whichever actress played Desdemona did so successfully and much to the pleasure of theatergoers and monarch alike. Two years after the premiere, Charles II issued patents to each of the two theater companies, ensuring, among other things, that women could play women\u2019s parts \u201cso long as their recreations \u2026 [may be] esteemed not only harmless delight, but useful and instructive representations of human life.\u201d \"}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.4088949859,"RADAR":0.0134465219,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I marked this one as human-generated mainly because of the quotations. They contain English in a style that isn't used anymore and ellipses as well as clarifications in square brackets, pointing towards human-generated text. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"There are no clues here apart from the highlighted sentence which seems to have a human \"ring\" to it."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: 'According to' tagged on to the end of a sentence; filler words; unnecessary comma in the fourth sentence. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am mostly confident this is human-written. The format of the article itself is unique, and it's informative. It clarifies information when needed, and gives context to sentences that are vague and idealistic. It also doesn't try to romanticize it with the writer's tone, but rather showcases how this change matters with an end quote. Examples include: \"The most radical and longest-lasting change, however, was the introduction of women to the stage.\" and \"the restoration of the monarchy meant more than just the public display of Oliver Cromwell\u2019s exhumed and severed head outside of Westminster.\""},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The phrase \"or whichever actress played Desdemona\" in the final paragraph conveys human nevermindedness.\nUse of square brackets to indicate that the author inserted these words into a direct quote. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"145":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":26,"title":"X-Rays Reveal a Tiny 19th-Century Beetle Embedded in a Paul Gauguin Painting","sub-title":"A new analysis of the artist\u2019s \u201cThe Little Cat\u201d has uncovered a wealth of new information about the strange artwork\u2014including the one-millimeter-long creature ","author":"Julia Binswanger ","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":1733270400000,"section":"Smart News - Art & Culture","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/x-rays-reveal-a-tiny-19th-century-beetle-embedded-in-a-paul-gauguin-painting-180985570\/ ","article":"After examining the French artist Paul Gauguin\u2019s The Little Cat with X-ray imaging, experts at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam are unraveling the painting\u2019s secrets\u2014including a hidden beetle. \n\nWhen the Post-Impressionist artist was working on the piece, the doomed beetle somehow made its way into his paint, becoming stuck to the canvas. Measuring only about one millimeter, its remains weren\u2019t spotted until now. \n\nThe researchers aren\u2019t sure what kind of beetle it is. As they tell Artnet\u2019s Eileen Kinsellam, \u201cit is lying on its back, the head and legs broken off.\u201d \n\nThe analysis also revealed that The Little Cat was originally a part of a larger Gauguin painting. Museum experts found that threads around the canvas had been cusped, or stretched into arched shapes, on three of the work\u2019s sides. \n\nThe fourth side bears no such markings, suggesting \u201cthat the canvas was cut off at the right side, probably by Gauguin himself,\u201d according to a statement from the museum. \n\nGauguin painted The Little Cat in 1888, when he was visiting Vincent van Gogh in Arles, France. The artists lived together in the now-iconic \u201cYellow House\u201d during a turbulent two-month period. \u201cDiscussions about art became more frequent, and sometimes heated,\u201d per the Van Gogh Museum\u2019s website. \u201cVincent found it important to work from reality. Gauguin painted from memory, from his imagination.\u201d \n\nThat December, van Gogh famously cut off his left ear, and Gauguin returned to Paris. But before their brief collaboration came to an end, the two artists influenced and challenged each other. \n\n\u201c[Gauguin is] often characterized as confident and someone to whom van Gogh looked up,\u201d says Joost van der Hoeven, a researcher at the museum, per the Art Newspaper\u2019s Martin Bailey. \u201cBut maybe the relationship was more one of equals.\u201d \n\nAccording to the museum, Gauguin was particularly impressed by van Gogh\u2019s Sunflowers, which inspired him to \u201c[start] work on his own yellow still life.\u201d \n\n\u201cVincent wrote to his brother Theo that Gauguin was \u2018working on \u2026 a big still life of an orange pumpkin and some apples and white linen on a yellow background and foreground,\u2019\u201d per the statement. \u201cThis quote is intriguing, as a \u2018big still life\u2019 by Gauguin is unknown.\u201d \n\nThe Little Cat happens to have an orange pumpkin and a yellow background. As such, experts think it may have belonged to the larger canvas that van Gogh once described. \n\nAnother clue can be found in an 1888 portrait that van Gogh made of his friend: It shows Gauguin working on a yellow canvas featuring a spherical orange object\u2014echoing elements of The Little Cat and demonstrating the artists\u2019 influence on each other. Experts say that van Gogh\u2019s portrait was also cut down, though nobody knows why. \n\n\u201cIt may be that he was dissatisfied with the picture, but wanted to save the image of Gauguin, either for possible copying or simply as a memento of their time working together in Arles,\u201d writes the Art Newspaper. \u201cBut another possibility is that Gauguin disliked his failed still life being depicted and asked van Gogh to cut it out.\u201d ","id":25,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'After examining the French artist Paul Gauguin\u2019s The Little Cat with X-ray imaging, experts at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam are unraveling the painting\u2019s secrets\u2014including a hidden beetle. \\n\\nWhen the Post-Impressionist artist was working on the piece, the doomed beetle somehow made its way into his paint, becoming stuck to the canvas. Measuring only about one millimeter, its remains weren\u2019t spotted until now. \\n\\nThe researchers aren\u2019t sure what kind of beetle it is. As they tell Artnet\u2019s Eileen Kinsellam, \u201cit is lying on its back, the head and legs broken off.\u201d \\n\\nThe analysis also revealed that The Little Cat was originally a part of a larger Gauguin painting. Museum experts found that threads around the canvas had been cusped, or stretched into arched shapes, on three of the work\u2019s sides. \\n\\nThe fourth side bears no such markings, suggesting \u201cthat the canvas was cut off at the right side, probably by Gauguin himself,\u201d according to a statement from the museum. \\n\\nGauguin painted The Little Cat in 1888, when he was visiting Vincent van Gogh in Arles, France. The artists lived together in the now-iconic \u201cYellow House\u201d during a turbulent two-month period. \u201cDiscussions about art became more frequent, and sometimes heated,\u201d per the Van Gogh Museum\u2019s website. \u201cVincent found it important to work from reality. Gauguin painted from memory, from his imagination.\u201d \\n\\nThat December, van Gogh famously cut off his left ear, and Gauguin returned to Paris. But before their brief collaboration came to an end, the two artists influenced and challenged each other. \\n\\n\u201c[Gauguin is] often characterized as confident and someone to whom van Gogh looked up,\u201d says Joost van der Hoeven, a researcher at the museum, per the Art Newspaper\u2019s Martin Bailey. \u201cBut maybe the relationship was more one of equals.\u201d \\n\\nAccording to the museum, Gauguin was particularly impressed by van Gogh\u2019s Sunflowers, which inspired him to \u201c[start] work on his own yellow still life.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cVincent wrote to his brother Theo that Gauguin was \u2018working on \u2026 a big still life of an orange pumpkin and some apples and white linen on a yellow background and foreground,\u2019\u201d per the statement. \u201cThis quote is intriguing, as a \u2018big still life\u2019 by Gauguin is unknown.\u201d \\n\\nThe Little Cat happens to have an orange pumpkin and a yellow background. As such, experts think it may have belonged to the larger canvas that van Gogh once described. \\n\\nAnother clue can be found in an 1888 portrait that van Gogh made of his friend: It shows Gauguin working on a yellow canvas featuring a spherical orange object\u2014echoing elements of The Little Cat and demonstrating the artists\u2019 influence on each other. Experts say that van Gogh\u2019s portrait was also cut down, though nobody knows why. \\n\\n\u201cIt may be that he was dissatisfied with the picture, but wanted to save the image of Gauguin, either for possible copying or simply as a memento of their time working together in Arles,\u201d writes the Art Newspaper. \u201cBut another possibility is that Gauguin disliked his failed still life being depicted and asked van Gogh to cut it out.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 4.172325134277344e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'After examining the French artist Paul Gauguin\u2019s The Little Cat with X-ray imaging, experts at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam are unraveling the painting\u2019s secrets\u2014including a hidden beetle. \\n\\nWhen the Post-Impressionist artist was working on the piece, the doomed beetle somehow made its way into his paint, becoming stuck to the canvas. Measuring only about one millimeter, its remains weren\u2019t spotted until now. \\n\\nThe researchers aren\u2019t sure what kind of beetle it is. As they tell Artnet\u2019s Eileen Kinsellam, \u201cit is lying on its back, the head and legs broken off.\u201d \\n\\nThe analysis also revealed that The Little Cat was originally a part of a larger Gauguin painting. Museum experts found that threads around the canvas had been cusped, or stretched into arched shapes, on three of the work\u2019s sides. \\n\\nThe fourth side bears no such markings, suggesting \u201cthat the canvas was cut off at the right side, probably by Gauguin himself,\u201d according to a statement from the museum. \\n\\nGauguin painted The Little Cat in 1888, when he was visiting Vincent van Gogh in Arles, France. The artists lived together in the now-iconic \u201cYellow House\u201d during a turbulent two-month period. \u201cDiscussions about art became more frequent, and sometimes heated,\u201d per the Van Gogh Museum\u2019s website. \u201cVincent found it important to work from reality. Gauguin painted from memory, from his imagination.\u201d \\n\\nThat December, van Gogh famously cut off his left ear, and Gauguin returned to Paris. But before their brief collaboration came to an end, the two artists influenced and challenged each other. \\n\\n\u201c[Gauguin is] often characterized as confident and someone to whom van Gogh looked up,\u201d says Joost van der Hoeven, a researcher at the museum, per the Art Newspaper\u2019s Martin Bailey. \u201cBut maybe the relationship was more one of equals.\u201d \\n\\nAccording to the museum, Gauguin was particularly impressed by van Gogh\u2019s Sunflowers, which inspired him to \u201c[start] work on his own yellow still life.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cVincent wrote to his brother Theo that Gauguin was \u2018working on \u2026 a big still life of an orange pumpkin and some apples and white linen on a yellow background and foreground,\u2019\u201d per the statement. \u201cThis quote is intriguing, as a \u2018big still life\u2019 by Gauguin is unknown.\u201d \\n\\nThe Little Cat happens to have an orange pumpkin and a yellow background. As such, experts think it may have belonged to the larger canvas that van Gogh once described. \\n\\nAnother clue can be found in an 1888 portrait that van Gogh made of his friend: It shows Gauguin working on a yellow canvas featuring a spherical orange object\u2014echoing elements of The Little Cat and demonstrating the artists\u2019 influence on each other. Experts say that van Gogh\u2019s portrait was also cut down, though nobody knows why. \\n\\n\u201cIt may be that he was dissatisfied with the picture, but wanted to save the image of Gauguin, either for possible copying or simply as a memento of their time working together in Arles,\u201d writes the Art Newspaper. \u201cBut another possibility is that Gauguin disliked his failed still life being depicted and asked van Gogh to cut it out.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 1.8596649169921875e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '22aeb3c8-5d03-4031-a4b3-2e3b953d7a14', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 2.0210531147313304e-05, 'sentence': \"After examining the French artist Paul Gauguin's The Little Cat with X-ray imaging, experts at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam are unraveling the painting's 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Little Cat and demonstrating the artists' influence on each other.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 7.614321657456458e-05, 'sentence': \"Experts say that van Gogh's portrait was also cut down, though nobody knows why.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011122771684313193, 'sentence': '\u201cIt may be that he was dissatisfied with the picture, but wanted to save the image of Gauguin, either for possible copying or simply as a memento of their time working together in Arles,\u201d writes the Art Newspaper.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0001178389647975564, 'sentence': '\u201cBut another possibility is that Gauguin disliked his failed still life being depicted and asked van Gogh to cut it out.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 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a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'After examining the French artist Paul Gauguin\u2019s The Little Cat with X-ray imaging, experts at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam are unraveling the painting\u2019s secrets\u2014including a hidden beetle. \\n\\nWhen the Post-Impressionist artist was working on the piece, the doomed beetle somehow made its way into his paint, becoming stuck to the canvas. Measuring only about one millimeter, its remains weren\u2019t spotted until now. \\n\\nThe researchers aren\u2019t sure what kind of beetle it is. As they tell Artnet\u2019s Eileen Kinsellam, \u201cit is lying on its back, the head and legs broken off.\u201d \\n\\nThe analysis also revealed that The Little Cat was originally a part of a larger Gauguin painting. Museum experts found that threads around the canvas had been cusped, or stretched into arched shapes, on three of the work\u2019s sides. \\n\\nThe fourth side bears no such markings, suggesting \u201cthat the canvas was cut off at the right side, probably by Gauguin himself,\u201d according to a statement from the museum. \\n\\nGauguin painted The Little Cat in 1888, when he was visiting Vincent van Gogh in Arles, France. The artists lived together in the now-iconic \u201cYellow House\u201d during a turbulent two-month period. \u201cDiscussions about art became more frequent, and sometimes heated,\u201d per the Van Gogh Museum\u2019s website. \u201cVincent found it important to work from reality. Gauguin painted from memory, from his imagination.\u201d \\n\\nThat December, van Gogh famously cut off his left ear, and Gauguin returned to Paris. But before their brief collaboration came to an end, the two artists influenced and challenged each other. \\n\\n\u201c[Gauguin is] often characterized as confident and someone to whom van Gogh looked up,\u201d says Joost van der Hoeven, a researcher at the museum, per the Art Newspaper\u2019s Martin Bailey. \u201cBut maybe the relationship was more one of equals.\u201d \\n\\nAccording to the museum, Gauguin was particularly impressed by van Gogh\u2019s Sunflowers, which inspired him to \u201c[start] work on his own yellow still life.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cVincent wrote to his brother Theo that Gauguin was \u2018working on \u2026 a big still life of an orange pumpkin and some apples and white linen on a yellow background and foreground,\u2019\u201d per the statement. \u201cThis quote is intriguing, as a \u2018big still life\u2019 by Gauguin is unknown.\u201d \\n\\nThe Little Cat happens to have an orange pumpkin and a yellow background. As such, experts think it may have belonged to the larger canvas that van Gogh once described. \\n\\nAnother clue can be found in an 1888 portrait that van Gogh made of his friend: It shows Gauguin working on a yellow canvas featuring a spherical orange object\u2014echoing elements of The Little Cat and demonstrating the artists\u2019 influence on each other. Experts say that van Gogh\u2019s portrait was also cut down, though nobody knows why. \\n\\n\u201cIt may be that he was dissatisfied with the picture, but wanted to save the image of Gauguin, either for possible copying or simply as a memento of their time working together in Arles,\u201d writes the Art Newspaper. \u201cBut another possibility is that Gauguin disliked his failed still life being depicted and asked van Gogh to cut it out.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3797432184,"RADAR":0.0103535093,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"I marked the article as human-generated primarily because of the natural style of the quotations and the way in which they were cited. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"There are really no clues here about how this text was generated. I've gone with human because the use of the word \"doomed\" to describe the beetle is interesting and possibly human."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: contractions; short sentences and paragraphs; conversational language; awkward phrasing; titles of books aren't italicised. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. It was great at introducing the artist, why the Van Gogh Museum was interested in him, and what the relationship was like between the two artists. Because the article dealt with artists, it described aspects that were important to the story, such as \"\u201cVincent found it important to work from reality. Gauguin painted from memory, from his imagination.\u201d\" and the yellow motifs they both played around with, connecting it back to the original painting with \"The Little Cat happens to have an orange pumpkin and a yellow background.\" There's order, structure and story-telling, and I bet if this article was fully published here, it would return back to the beetle in question. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The author indicates changes to direct quotes with square brackets. AI has a far more laissez-faire attitude to direct quotes.\nThe simple (present and past tense) form of the verb is used in most of the text."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"146":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":27,"title":"How Frogs Are Kicking Back Against a Lethal Fungus ","sub-title":"Scientists are seeing signs of resistance to the infections that have been wiping out the world\u2019s amphibian populations\u2014and they\u2019re developing methods to fight the pathogen ","author":"Martin J. Kernan ","source":"Smithsonian Magazine","issue":1731542400000,"section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/science-nature\/how-frogs-are-kicking-back-against-a-lethal-fungus-180985431\/","article":"More than three decades ago, amphibian researchers from around the globe converged on Canterbury, England, for the first World Congress of Herpetology\u2014and, over drinks, shared the same frightening tale. \n\nFrogs were disappearing in the wild, and no one could explain why. \n\nIt was \u201ca scary time,\u201d recalls Australian veterinary scientist Lee Berger, who in the 1990s was one of the first to identify the culprit: a water-borne chytrid fungus known as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, or Bd. \n\nScientists know now that the stealthy menace originated in East Asia and was probably spread inadvertently by people to every continent except Antarctica. \n\nThe parasitic fungus can be as transmissible as it is lethal, wiping out entire populations of some frogs in a matter of weeks. And until recently it has proved largely unstoppable. Despite more than 25 years of intense study, conservationists haven\u2019t devised a panacea that can prevent Bd infections or save populations of frogs after they contract the Bd-caused skin disease chytridiomycosis. \n\nBd has been implicated in the decline and possible extinction of around 200 frog species. \n\nYet today, Berger and other researchers see grounds for optimism. There\u2019s evidence that some frogs are naturally evolving resistance. Scientists are also trying to exploit the fungus\u2019s sensitivity to temperature by building Bd-free habitats or moving frogs to locales where the fungus can\u2019t survive. Still others are investigating viruses that attack Bd and eventually might be used to reduce its virulence. These innovative strategies are emerging like slimy glimmers of hope on an otherwise gloomy landscape. \n\nChytridiomycosis kills because skin is an integral part of a frog\u2019s cardiovascular system. When chytrid fungus colonizes the skin, electrolytes can\u2019t get absorbed. This disrupts the heart\u2019s electrical rhythms, and the animals die of heart failure. \n\nBut though ruthlessly efficient at killing off some frog species, the fungus is highly vulnerable to heat: Temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius (about 85 degrees Fahrenheit) slow disease progression. \n\nThe armored mist frog in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia, appears to have shifted habitats, allowing it to take advantage of this fungal Achilles\u2019 heel. The frog\u2014thought extinct for almost 20 years\u2014no longer dwells in shaded areas near the forest\u2019s mountain waterfalls. But a population persists in warmer, sun-drenched areas. Perhaps that\u2019s because the frogs can rest on sunbaked rocks through the night, which elevates their body temperatures enough to stave off Bd, says biologist Conrad Hoskin of James Cook University in Queensland. \n\nSince 2013, Hoskin has been transplanting armored mist frogs from the surviving population into new, similarly sunny habitats and closely monitoring the health of these new colonies. \n\nIn a larger effort, Hoskin and colleagues recently assessed the habitat ranges of 55 eastern Australian frog species, including 25 affected by Bd. They found that even though the fungus has curtailed the ranges of afflicted species, they are persisting in warmer lower elevations with more rain. \n\nOther researchers have also tried moving groups of Bd-infected frogs, either to salvage dying populations or to spread recovering ones. Of 15 relocations attempted in Australia over the last 20-odd years, seven populations are holding on and three are thriving. \n\nProviding frogs with amenities has also helped. Conservation biologist Anthony Waddle of Macquarie University in Sydney built heat shelters from large bricks prefabricated with holes that just happen to be the perfect size for green and golden bell frogs. Sick frogs that hung out in these \u201cfrog saunas\u201d had lower infection loads than those that convalesced in the shade, Waddle and colleagues reported in 2024 in Nature. \n\nAs this incremental progress continues, scientists are racing to figure out why some frog species are more susceptible to Bd than others. Conservation biologist Tiffany Kosch, who works with Berger at the One Health Research Group at the University of Melbourne veterinary school, is taking a genetic approach. Kosch recently sequenced the genome of the southern corroboree\u2014a black and brilliantly yellow frog of which 50 or fewer survive in the wild. If the scientists can learn which particular versions of genes are associated with Bd resistance, they could breed and release resistant frogs, or even engineer Bd resistance into the southern corroborees. \n\nResearchers also have discovered a virus of fungi that appears to infect weaker strains of Bd\u2014pathogens for the pathogen, in other words. 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And until recently it has proved largely unstoppable. Despite more than 25 years of intense study, conservationists haven\u2019t devised a panacea that can prevent Bd infections or save populations of frogs after they contract the Bd-caused skin disease chytridiomycosis. \\n\\nBd has been implicated in the decline and possible extinction of around 200 frog species. \\n\\nYet today, Berger and other researchers see grounds for optimism. There\u2019s evidence that some frogs are naturally evolving resistance. Scientists are also trying to exploit the fungus\u2019s sensitivity to temperature by building Bd-free habitats or moving frogs to locales where the fungus can\u2019t survive. Still others are investigating viruses that attack Bd and eventually might be used to reduce its virulence. These innovative strategies are emerging like slimy glimmers of hope on an otherwise gloomy landscape. \\n\\nChytridiomycosis kills because skin is an integral part of a frog\u2019s cardiovascular system. When chytrid fungus colonizes the skin, electrolytes can\u2019t get absorbed. This disrupts the heart\u2019s electrical rhythms, and the animals die of heart failure. \\n\\nBut though ruthlessly efficient at killing off some frog species, the fungus is highly vulnerable to heat: Temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius (about 85 degrees Fahrenheit) slow disease progression. \\n\\nThe armored mist frog in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia, appears to have shifted habitats, allowing it to take advantage of this fungal Achilles\u2019 heel. The frog\u2014thought extinct for almost 20 years\u2014no longer dwells in shaded areas near the forest\u2019s mountain waterfalls. But a population persists in warmer, sun-drenched areas. Perhaps that\u2019s because the frogs can rest on sunbaked rocks through the night, which elevates their body temperatures enough to stave off Bd, says biologist Conrad Hoskin of James Cook University in Queensland. \\n\\nSince 2013, Hoskin has been transplanting armored mist frogs from the surviving population into new, similarly sunny habitats and closely monitoring the health of these new colonies. \\n\\nIn a larger effort, Hoskin and colleagues recently assessed the habitat ranges of 55 eastern Australian frog species, including 25 affected by Bd. They found that even though the fungus has curtailed the ranges of afflicted species, they are persisting in warmer lower elevations with more rain. \\n\\nOther researchers have also tried moving groups of Bd-infected frogs, either to salvage dying populations or to spread recovering ones. Of 15 relocations attempted in Australia over the last 20-odd years, seven populations are holding on and three are thriving. \\n\\nProviding frogs with amenities has also helped. Conservation biologist Anthony Waddle of Macquarie University in Sydney built heat shelters from large bricks prefabricated with holes that just happen to be the perfect size for green and golden bell frogs. Sick frogs that hung out in these \u201cfrog saunas\u201d had lower infection loads than those that convalesced in the shade, Waddle and colleagues reported in 2024 in Nature. \\n\\nAs this incremental progress continues, scientists are racing to figure out why some frog species are more susceptible to Bd than others. Conservation biologist Tiffany Kosch, who works with Berger at the One Health Research Group at the University of Melbourne veterinary school, is taking a genetic approach. Kosch recently sequenced the genome of the southern corroboree\u2014a black and brilliantly yellow frog of which 50 or fewer survive in the wild. If the scientists can learn which particular versions of genes are associated with Bd resistance, they could breed and release resistant frogs, or even engineer Bd resistance into the southern corroborees. \\n\\nResearchers also have discovered a virus of fungi that appears to infect weaker strains of Bd\u2014pathogens for the pathogen, in other words. While harnessing such viruses to help fight Bd is a long way off, it might one day be another weapon. \u201cIn the science fiction version, you spray the virus in the field and the frogs all survive\u2014that\u2019s the hope,\u201d says University of California, Riverside, mycologist Jason Stajich, co-author of a recent report on the virus in Current Biology. \\n\\nBerger, who co-published an update on Australian frogs and Bd in the 2024 Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, says that that despite the losses, optimism is key to working in conservation. \u201cYou have to make a choice to focus on the positives.\u201d \\n\\nIndeed, there\u2019s a lot more work to be done to avoid further declines and extinctions, says ecologist Andrea Adams of the University of California, Santa Barbara. \u201cWe can\u2019t afford to take a hands-off approach.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.342587173,"RADAR":0.0044450737,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article has parts (like the comment on frog saunas) that make me believe it's human-generated. It also explains how the fungus kills frogs well, something that I wouldn't expect from machine-generated text. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"The lack of italics for the journal names suggests human error.\nThe interesting\/unusual language in some places suggests human authorship. Namely, \"slimy glimmers of hope,\" \"hung out,\" and \"curtailed the ranges.\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: varied sentence and paragraph length; has a voice; uses contractions; filler words. words with symbols; you language. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am experiencing D\u00e9j\u00e0 vu. I believe I read this article before, and I think I said it was human-written. My stance is still the same and I feel confident with it. Good story-telling, good explanations of the effects of this parasitic fungus on frog populations, and realistic quotes. The format and sentence structure is simple and straight to the point and only visuals when needed; some examples include: \"Of 15 relocations attempted in Australia over the last 20-odd years, seven populations are holding on and three are thriving.\" and \"slimy glimmers of hope on an otherwise gloomy landscape.\""},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The author uses figurative language that is contextually appropriate and too ingenious for AI.\nOne-sentence paragraphs.\nVariation in paragraph length."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"147":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":28,"title":"Alligators Displaced by Milton Are Turning Up in Unexpected Places ","sub-title":"Wildlife experts advise Floridians to leave the animals alone ","author":"Eric Niiler ","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":1728604800000,"section":"Climate & Environment","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/science\/environment\/hurricane-milton-florida-wildlife-alligators-snakes-68b7fbba?mod=climate-environment_more_article_pos22","article":"As Floridians emerge from Hurricane Milton, they are finding unexpected visitors in flooded streets, backyards or even their homes: displaced wild animals.  \n\nAn alligator was caught on video Thursday morning resting on the porch of a home in Tampa.  \n\nAnother lunged at the tire of a vehicle driving through floodwaters in North Fort Myers during the storm Wednesday night, according toa local news report.  \n\nWildlife experts warn people to leave the animals alone. \n\n\u201cAlligators really want nothing to do with us,\u201d said Chris Gillette, a wildlife rehabilitator and co-owner of Bellowing Acres, an animal-rescue facility in northern Florida. \u201cBut don\u2019t go into alligator habitat, which is anywhere that has become flooded, especially if you can\u2019t see.\u201d \n\nFlorida\u2019s semitropical climate is home to a variety of unusual wildlife, including 700 species of land animals, more than 200 species of freshwater fish, and thousands of terrestrial insects and other invertebrates, according to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. \n\nWild mammals, snakes pushed out of their burrows, and insects might seek shelter in suburban backyards, according to Frank Mazzotti, associate professor of wildlife ecology at the University of Florida. \n\n\u201cAnimals that like to keep their feet dry go to high ground, and that\u2019s why people report seeing concentrations of snakes,\u201d Mazzotti said.  \n\nThe state is also home to an estimated 1.3 million alligators, although not all live in areas affected by Hurricane Milton, which crossed central Florida Wednesday night and early Thursday.  \n\nLike many animals, alligators can sense the drop in barometric pressure before a storm arrives.  \n\n\u201cThey\u2019re just going to sink under the water, hold their breath for six hours and just sit there,\u201d said Gillette, who tends to half a dozen alligators that were deemed a nuisance and brought to him by professional trappers.  \n\nWhen the storm clears, alligators begin to move again, and flooding allows them to move freely through places that would usually be obstructed by fences or land, Gillette said. \u201cYou definitely have to be aware.\u201d \n\nAlligators aren\u2019t hunting for food during a storm and don\u2019t need to eat as frequently as other animals, said Savannah Boan, a park director at Gatorland wildlife park in Orlando. \u201cIn the wild they will eat maybe 10 or 15 times a year and be fine,\u201d she said. None of Gatorland\u2019s alligators and crocodiles have escaped in the park\u2019s 75 years, Boan said. \n\nLike many wild animals, alligators will bite if they feel threatened, but aren\u2019t looking to eat people, according to all three wildlife experts. Between 1946 and 2022, there have been 26 human fatalities from alligator bites, according to Florida state figures. Two people were killed by alligators in Florida in 2023, according to news reports. \n\nIn 2017, Mazzotti and colleagues attached radio collars to eight alligators in Everglades National Park to track their movements. When Hurricane Irma came through that September, the researchers found the alligators didn\u2019t seem very bothered. Most stayed close to their normal hunting grounds. \n\n\u201cSome animals tried to hide out, and some animals just were like nothing was happening,\u201d Mazzotti said. \u201cWe didn\u2019t notice a high degree of mortality or really any bad effects to the alligators.\u201d ","id":27,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'As Floridians emerge from Hurricane Milton, they are finding unexpected visitors in flooded streets, backyards or even their homes: displaced wild animals.  \\n\\nAn alligator was caught on video Thursday morning resting on the porch of a home in Tampa.  \\n\\nAnother lunged at the tire of a vehicle driving through floodwaters in North Fort Myers during the storm Wednesday night, according toa local news report.  \\n\\nWildlife experts warn people to leave the animals alone. \\n\\n\u201cAlligators really want nothing to do with us,\u201d said Chris Gillette, a wildlife rehabilitator and co-owner of Bellowing Acres, an animal-rescue facility in northern Florida. \u201cBut don\u2019t go into alligator habitat, which is anywhere that has become flooded, especially if you can\u2019t see.\u201d \\n\\nFlorida\u2019s semitropical climate is home to a variety of unusual wildlife, including 700 species of land animals, more than 200 species of freshwater fish, and thousands of terrestrial insects and other invertebrates, according to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. \\n\\nWild mammals, snakes pushed out of their burrows, and insects might seek shelter in suburban backyards, according to Frank Mazzotti, associate professor of wildlife ecology at the University of Florida. \\n\\n\u201cAnimals that like to keep their feet dry go to high ground, and that\u2019s why people report seeing concentrations of snakes,\u201d Mazzotti said.  \\n\\nThe state is also home to an estimated 1.3 million alligators, although not all live in areas affected by Hurricane Milton, which crossed central Florida Wednesday night and early Thursday.  \\n\\nLike many animals, alligators can sense the drop in barometric pressure before a storm arrives.  \\n\\n\u201cThey\u2019re just going to sink under the water, hold their breath for six hours and just sit there,\u201d said Gillette, who tends to half a dozen alligators that were deemed a nuisance and brought to him by professional trappers.  \\n\\nWhen the storm clears, alligators begin to move again, and flooding allows them to move freely through places that would usually be obstructed by fences or land, Gillette said. \u201cYou definitely have to be aware.\u201d \\n\\nAlligators aren\u2019t hunting for food during a storm and don\u2019t need to eat as frequently as other animals, said Savannah Boan, a park director at Gatorland wildlife park in Orlando. \u201cIn the wild they will eat maybe 10 or 15 times a year and be fine,\u201d she said. None of Gatorland\u2019s alligators and crocodiles have escaped in the park\u2019s 75 years, Boan said. \\n\\nLike many wild animals, alligators will bite if they feel threatened, but aren\u2019t looking to eat people, according to all three wildlife experts. Between 1946 and 2022, there have been 26 human fatalities from alligator bites, according to Florida state figures. Two people were killed by alligators in Florida in 2023, according to news reports. \\n\\nIn 2017, Mazzotti and colleagues attached radio collars to eight alligators in Everglades National Park to track their movements. When Hurricane Irma came through that September, the researchers found the alligators didn\u2019t seem very bothered. Most stayed close to their normal hunting grounds. \\n\\n\u201cSome animals tried to hide out, and some animals just were like nothing was happening,\u201d Mazzotti said. \u201cWe didn\u2019t notice a high degree of mortality or really any bad effects to the alligators.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 6.616115570068359e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'As Floridians emerge from Hurricane Milton, they are finding unexpected visitors in flooded streets, backyards or even their homes: displaced wild animals.  \\n\\nAn alligator was caught on video Thursday morning resting on the porch of a home in Tampa.  \\n\\nAnother lunged at the tire of a vehicle driving through floodwaters in North Fort Myers during the storm Wednesday night, according toa local news report.  \\n\\nWildlife experts warn people to leave the animals alone. \\n\\n\u201cAlligators really want nothing to do with us,\u201d said Chris Gillette, a wildlife rehabilitator and co-owner of Bellowing Acres, an animal-rescue facility in northern Florida. \u201cBut don\u2019t go into alligator habitat, which is anywhere that has become flooded, especially if you can\u2019t see.\u201d \\n\\nFlorida\u2019s semitropical climate is home to a variety of unusual wildlife, including 700 species of land animals, more than 200 species of freshwater fish, and thousands of terrestrial insects and other invertebrates, according to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. \\n\\nWild mammals, snakes pushed out of their burrows, and insects might seek shelter in suburban backyards, according to Frank Mazzotti, associate professor of wildlife ecology at the University of Florida. \\n\\n\u201cAnimals that like to keep their feet dry go to high ground, and that\u2019s why people report seeing concentrations of snakes,\u201d Mazzotti said.  \\n\\nThe state is also home to an estimated 1.3 million alligators, although not all live in areas affected by Hurricane Milton, which crossed central Florida Wednesday night and early Thursday.  \\n\\nLike many animals, alligators can sense the drop in barometric pressure before a storm arrives.  \\n\\n\u201cThey\u2019re just going to sink under the water, hold their breath for six hours and just sit there,\u201d said Gillette, who tends to half a dozen alligators that were deemed a nuisance and brought to him by professional trappers.  \\n\\nWhen the storm clears, alligators begin to move again, and flooding allows them to move freely through places that would usually be obstructed by fences or land, Gillette said. \u201cYou definitely have to be aware.\u201d \\n\\nAlligators aren\u2019t hunting for food during a storm and don\u2019t need to eat as frequently as other animals, said Savannah Boan, a park director at Gatorland wildlife park in Orlando. \u201cIn the wild they will eat maybe 10 or 15 times a year and be fine,\u201d she said. 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0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'As Floridians emerge from Hurricane Milton, they are finding unexpected visitors in flooded streets, backyards or even their homes: displaced wild animals.  \\n\\nAn alligator was caught on video Thursday morning resting on the porch of a home in Tampa.  \\n\\nAnother lunged at the tire of a vehicle driving through floodwaters in North Fort Myers during the storm Wednesday night, according toa local news report.  \\n\\nWildlife experts warn people to leave the animals alone. \\n\\n\u201cAlligators really want nothing to do with us,\u201d said Chris Gillette, a wildlife rehabilitator and co-owner of Bellowing Acres, an animal-rescue facility in northern Florida. \u201cBut don\u2019t go into alligator habitat, which is anywhere that has become flooded, especially if you can\u2019t see.\u201d \\n\\nFlorida\u2019s semitropical climate is home to a variety of unusual wildlife, including 700 species of land animals, more than 200 species of freshwater fish, and thousands of terrestrial insects and other invertebrates, according to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. \\n\\nWild mammals, snakes pushed out of their burrows, and insects might seek shelter in suburban backyards, according to Frank Mazzotti, associate professor of wildlife ecology at the University of Florida. \\n\\n\u201cAnimals that like to keep their feet dry go to high ground, and that\u2019s why people report seeing concentrations of snakes,\u201d Mazzotti said.  \\n\\nThe state is also home to an estimated 1.3 million alligators, although not all live in areas affected by Hurricane Milton, which crossed central Florida Wednesday night and early Thursday.  \\n\\nLike many animals, alligators can sense the drop in barometric pressure before a storm arrives.  \\n\\n\u201cThey\u2019re just going to sink under the water, hold their breath for six hours and just sit there,\u201d said Gillette, who tends to half a dozen alligators that were deemed a nuisance and brought to him by professional trappers.  \\n\\nWhen the storm clears, alligators begin to move again, and flooding allows them to move freely through places that would usually be obstructed by fences or land, Gillette said. \u201cYou definitely have to be aware.\u201d \\n\\nAlligators aren\u2019t hunting for food during a storm and don\u2019t need to eat as frequently as other animals, said Savannah Boan, a park director at Gatorland wildlife park in Orlando. \u201cIn the wild they will eat maybe 10 or 15 times a year and be fine,\u201d she said. None of Gatorland\u2019s alligators and crocodiles have escaped in the park\u2019s 75 years, Boan said. \\n\\nLike many wild animals, alligators will bite if they feel threatened, but aren\u2019t looking to eat people, according to all three wildlife experts. Between 1946 and 2022, there have been 26 human fatalities from alligator bites, according to Florida state figures. Two people were killed by alligators in Florida in 2023, according to news reports. \\n\\nIn 2017, Mazzotti and colleagues attached radio collars to eight alligators in Everglades National Park to track their movements. When Hurricane Irma came through that September, the researchers found the alligators didn\u2019t seem very bothered. Most stayed close to their normal hunting grounds. \\n\\n\u201cSome animals tried to hide out, and some animals just were like nothing was happening,\u201d Mazzotti said. \u201cWe didn\u2019t notice a high degree of mortality or really any bad effects to the alligators.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3602468669,"RADAR":0.0215304401,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The second sentence of the article reads like something that would come before a video that a reader can watch, indicating that it's more likely to be human-generated. Some of the quotations also seem quite natural as they use unnecessary filler words such as \"like\" and \"just\". "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"The mistake \"toa\" seems to be a human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Filler words, contractions and the lack of an Oxford comma make me think this was human-generated. As does the lowercase letter after the colon. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written. The sentences are simple and straightforward; there are examples showcasing the events, facts that support and educate people about the topic, and further information to help dissuade any fears people may have while reading the article, and the quotes are realistic. Examples include: \"\u201cThey\u2019re just going to sink under the water, hold their breath for six hours and just sit there,\u201d and \"the researchers found the alligators didn\u2019t seem very bothered. Most stayed close to their normal hunting grounds.\""},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Direct quotes sound authentic.\nMost paragraphs only have one sentence, which is typical for a news story written by a human."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"148":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":29,"title":"It Took an Army of Internet Sleuths to Find \u2018Celebrity Number Six\u2019 ","sub-title":"The solution of an online mystery shows the power of crowdsourcing. ","author":"Caitlin Dewey ","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":1726790400000,"section":"Personal Technology","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/tech\/it-took-an-army-of-internet-sleuths-to-find-celebrity-number-six-28be9ea7?mod=personal-tech_more_article_pos39","article":"Forty thousand people were searching for a photo he had taken, and Leandre Escorsell had no idea. The Spanish fashion photographer only learned of the hunt for \u201cCelebrity Number Six\u201d from a stranger\u2019s unexpected Sept. 6 email. \n\nFor nearly five years, the email explained, thousands of amateur sleuths from around the world had been working to identify a mysterious face in a pop-art collage of celebrity portraits. The pattern had appeared, in three different shades, on fabric sold in Europe in the late 2000s. \n\nNow, after hundreds of debunked theories and false starts, the sleuths believed they had found the sixth face in a Spanish fashion spread Escorsell shot in 2006. \u201cIt truly surprised me,\u201d Escorsell said in an email\u2014not least of all, because the picture had never appeared online, raising questions about how the sleuths found it. \n\nIncreasingly, however, few mysteries lie outside the reach of the internet\u2019s crowdsourced investigators. On platforms including Reddit, TikTok and Discord, solving mysteries\u2014from the momentous to the mundane\u2014has long been something of a participant sport. More recently, these self-styled detectives have adopted a range of AI and facial-recognition tools that have supercharged their investigative powers and allowed them to solve stubborn, long-standing puzzles, including the case of \u201cNumber Six.\u201d \n\n\u201cIt\u2019s being done in a way that wouldn\u2019t have been possible even a few years ago,\u201d said Kurt Luther, the director of Virginia Tech\u2019s Crowd Intelligence Lab, which researches the techniques of online sleuths. \u201cHere, the crowd was able to piece together many different clues over a number of years\u2026and they were able to leverage cutting-edge technology to do so.\u201d \n\nThe story of Celebrity Number Six began in 2020, when a user on the discussion site Reddit asked for help identifying the faces on a set of printed curtains. He believed his grandmother had sewn them, he wrote, with fabric from the Finnish department store Anttila. \n\nThis sort of esoteric, low-stakes mystery is catnip for a certain type of Reddit user. In recent years, thousands of people have also devoted themselves to searching for obscure audio recordings and the origins of viral pictures. Sleuths easily identified seven of the eight celebrity faces on the Finnish curtains, but the final face eluded them\u2014even after they tracked down the fabric\u2019s manufacturer and unearthed old catalogs that featured it. \n\nThe breakthrough finally came in early September, when one devoted Number Six searcher colorized the two-dimensional print to make it look more lifelike, then uploaded it to an AI-powered reverse image search tool called PimEyes. PimEyes suggested the photo could depict Leticia Sard\u00e1, a 43-year-old Spanish model who retired in 2009. Galvanized by the new lead, other sleuths dug up ad campaigns and fashion shoots that Sard\u00e1 had appeared in, and began reaching out to the model and associated photographers to see if anyone knew of additional photos that matched the fabric. \n\nSure enough, Escorsell recognized the stylized face from a photo he had taken of Sard\u00e1 for a supplement to the magazine Woman. He is unsure how it ended up on the Finnish fabric, he added, because he never licensed it for that purpose. \n\nSard\u00e1, meanwhile, has embraced her new celebrity, launching public accounts on TikTok and Instagram and advertising signed Number Six prints. In a Sept. 15 Q&A on Reddit, Sard\u00e1 said she was initially shocked by the attention\u2014but is now \u201chaving fun\u201d with it. \n\nIncidentally, the sleuths who spent so long searching for Sard\u00e1\u2019s image are now also looking for their next move. In the week since Reddit\u2019s Celebrity Number Six forum declared the case closed, members of other investigative communities have flooded it with solicitations for their own pet projects and puzzles. \n\nThere\u2019s the search for the origin of a new wave song played on German radio in 1987. The quest to find an actress who appeared, uncredited, in a 1998 Andr\u00e9 Rieu video. Luther, of Virginia Tech, doesn\u2019t doubt that many of these projects will succeed: Crowdsourced investigations benefit hugely, he said, from both the devotion and the broad knowledge base of their amateur fact-finders. Much of his lab\u2019s current research involves harnessing the power of amateur sleuths for more conventional, expert-led investigations, like solving crimes or conducting historical research. \n\n\u201cEven if this particular question was pretty narrow,\u201d he said, of Celebrity Number Six, \u201cI think it speaks to the broader power and capabilities of this way of working together.\u201d ","id":28,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Forty thousand people were searching for a photo he had taken, and Leandre Escorsell had no idea. The Spanish fashion photographer only learned of the hunt for \u201cCelebrity Number Six\u201d from a stranger\u2019s unexpected Sept. 6 email. \\n\\nFor nearly five years, the email explained, thousands of amateur sleuths from around the world had been working to identify a mysterious face in a pop-art collage of celebrity portraits. The pattern had appeared, in three different shades, on fabric sold in Europe in the late 2000s. \\n\\nNow, after hundreds of debunked theories and false starts, the sleuths believed they had found the sixth face in a Spanish fashion spread Escorsell shot in 2006. \u201cIt truly surprised me,\u201d Escorsell said in an email\u2014not least of all, because the picture had never appeared online, raising questions about how the sleuths found it. \\n\\nIncreasingly, however, few mysteries lie outside the reach of the internet\u2019s crowdsourced investigators. On platforms including Reddit, TikTok and Discord, solving mysteries\u2014from the momentous to the mundane\u2014has long been something of a participant sport. More recently, these self-styled detectives have adopted a range of AI and facial-recognition tools that have supercharged their investigative powers and allowed them to solve stubborn, long-standing puzzles, including the case of \u201cNumber Six.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s being done in a way that wouldn\u2019t have been possible even a few years ago,\u201d said Kurt Luther, the director of Virginia Tech\u2019s Crowd Intelligence Lab, which researches the techniques of online sleuths. \u201cHere, the crowd was able to piece together many different clues over a number of years\u2026and they were able to leverage cutting-edge technology to do so.\u201d \\n\\nThe story of Celebrity Number Six began in 2020, when a user on the discussion site Reddit asked for help identifying the faces on a set of printed curtains. He believed his grandmother had sewn them, he wrote, with fabric from the Finnish department store Anttila. \\n\\nThis sort of esoteric, low-stakes mystery is catnip for a certain type of Reddit user. In recent years, thousands of people have also devoted themselves to searching for obscure audio recordings and the origins of viral pictures. Sleuths easily identified seven of the eight celebrity faces on the Finnish curtains, but the final face eluded them\u2014even after they tracked down the fabric\u2019s manufacturer and unearthed old catalogs that featured it. \\n\\nThe breakthrough finally came in early September, when one devoted Number Six searcher colorized the two-dimensional print to make it look more lifelike, then uploaded it to an AI-powered reverse image search tool called PimEyes. PimEyes suggested the photo could depict Leticia Sard\u00e1, a 43-year-old Spanish model who retired in 2009. Galvanized by the new lead, other sleuths dug up ad campaigns and fashion shoots that Sard\u00e1 had appeared in, and began reaching out to the model and associated photographers to see if anyone knew of additional photos that matched the fabric. \\n\\nSure enough, Escorsell recognized the stylized face from a photo he had taken of Sard\u00e1 for a supplement to the magazine Woman. He is unsure how it ended up on the Finnish fabric, he added, because he never licensed it for that purpose. \\n\\nSard\u00e1, meanwhile, has embraced her new celebrity, launching public accounts on TikTok and Instagram and advertising signed Number Six prints. In a Sept. 15 Q&A on Reddit, Sard\u00e1 said she was initially shocked by the attention\u2014but is now \u201chaving fun\u201d with it. \\n\\nIncidentally, the sleuths who spent so long searching for Sard\u00e1\u2019s image are now also looking for their next move. In the week since Reddit\u2019s Celebrity Number Six forum declared the case closed, members of other investigative communities have flooded it with solicitations for their own pet projects and puzzles. \\n\\nThere\u2019s the search for the origin of a new wave song played on German radio in 1987. The quest to find an actress who appeared, uncredited, in a 1998 Andr\u00e9 Rieu video. Luther, of Virginia Tech, doesn\u2019t doubt that many of these projects will succeed: Crowdsourced investigations benefit hugely, he said, from both the devotion and the broad knowledge base of their amateur fact-finders. Much of his lab\u2019s current research involves harnessing the power of amateur sleuths for more conventional, expert-led investigations, like solving crimes or conducting historical research. \\n\\n\u201cEven if this particular question was pretty narrow,\u201d he said, of Celebrity Number Six, \u201cI think it speaks to the broader power and capabilities of this way of working together.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 4.297494888305664e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Forty thousand people were searching for a photo he had taken, and Leandre Escorsell had no idea. The Spanish fashion photographer only learned of the hunt for \u201cCelebrity Number Six\u201d from a stranger\u2019s unexpected Sept. 6 email. \\n\\nFor nearly five years, the email explained, thousands of amateur sleuths from around the world had been working to identify a mysterious face in a pop-art collage of celebrity portraits. The pattern had appeared, in three different shades, on fabric sold in Europe in the late 2000s. \\n\\nNow, after hundreds of debunked theories and false starts, the sleuths believed they had found the sixth face in a Spanish fashion spread Escorsell shot in 2006. \u201cIt truly surprised me,\u201d Escorsell said in an email\u2014not least of all, because the picture had never appeared online, raising questions about how the sleuths found it. \\n\\nIncreasingly, however, few mysteries lie outside the reach of the internet\u2019s crowdsourced investigators. On platforms including Reddit, TikTok and Discord, solving mysteries\u2014from the momentous to the mundane\u2014has long been something of a participant sport. More recently, these self-styled detectives have adopted a range of AI and facial-recognition tools that have supercharged their investigative powers and allowed them to solve stubborn, long-standing puzzles, including the case of \u201cNumber Six.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s being done in a way that wouldn\u2019t have been possible even a few years ago,\u201d said Kurt Luther, the director of Virginia Tech\u2019s Crowd Intelligence Lab, which researches the techniques of online sleuths. \u201cHere, the crowd was able to piece together many different clues over a number of years\u2026and they were able to leverage cutting-edge technology to do so.\u201d \\n\\nThe story of Celebrity Number Six began in 2020, when a user on the discussion site Reddit asked for help identifying the faces on a set of printed curtains. He believed his grandmother had sewn them, he wrote, with fabric from the Finnish department store Anttila. \\n\\nThis sort of esoteric, low-stakes mystery is catnip for a certain type of Reddit user. In recent years, thousands of people have also devoted themselves to searching for obscure audio recordings and the origins of viral pictures. Sleuths easily identified seven of the eight celebrity faces on the Finnish curtains, but the final face eluded them\u2014even after they tracked down the fabric\u2019s manufacturer and unearthed old catalogs that featured it. \\n\\nThe breakthrough finally came in early September, when one devoted Number Six searcher colorized the two-dimensional print to make it look more lifelike, then uploaded it to an AI-powered reverse image search tool called PimEyes. PimEyes suggested the photo could depict Leticia Sard\u00e1, a 43-year-old Spanish model who retired in 2009. Galvanized by the new lead, other sleuths dug up ad campaigns and fashion shoots that Sard\u00e1 had appeared in, and began reaching out to the model and associated photographers to see if anyone knew of additional photos that matched the fabric. \\n\\nSure enough, Escorsell recognized the stylized face from a photo he had taken of Sard\u00e1 for a supplement to the magazine Woman. He is unsure how it ended up on the Finnish fabric, he added, because he never licensed it for that purpose. \\n\\nSard\u00e1, meanwhile, has embraced her new celebrity, launching public accounts on TikTok and Instagram and advertising signed Number Six prints. In a Sept. 15 Q&A on Reddit, Sard\u00e1 said she was initially shocked by the attention\u2014but is now \u201chaving fun\u201d with it. \\n\\nIncidentally, the sleuths who spent so long searching for Sard\u00e1\u2019s image are now also looking for their next move. In the week since Reddit\u2019s Celebrity Number Six forum declared the case closed, members of other investigative communities have flooded it with solicitations for their own pet projects and puzzles. \\n\\nThere\u2019s the search for the origin of a new wave song played on German radio in 1987. The quest to find an actress who appeared, uncredited, in a 1998 Andr\u00e9 Rieu video. Luther, of Virginia Tech, doesn\u2019t doubt that many of these projects will succeed: Crowdsourced investigations benefit hugely, he said, from both the devotion and the broad knowledge base of their amateur fact-finders. Much of his lab\u2019s current research involves harnessing the power of amateur sleuths for more conventional, expert-led investigations, like solving crimes or conducting historical research. \\n\\n\u201cEven if this particular question was pretty narrow,\u201d he said, of Celebrity Number Six, \u201cI think it speaks to the broader power and capabilities of this way of working together.\u201d ', 'ai_likelihood': 4.947185516357422e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'a66d5aef-8da5-484d-9636-43a98d92f33e', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 3.236329575884156e-05, 'sentence': 'Forty thousand people were searching for a photo he had taken, and Leandre Escorsell had no idea.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 2.7133917683386244e-05, 'sentence': \"The 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'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Forty thousand people were searching for a photo he had taken, and Leandre Escorsell had no idea. The Spanish fashion photographer only learned of the hunt for \u201cCelebrity Number Six\u201d from a stranger\u2019s unexpected Sept. 6 email. \\n\\nFor nearly five years, the email explained, thousands of amateur sleuths from around the world had been working to identify a mysterious face in a pop-art collage of celebrity portraits. The pattern had appeared, in three different shades, on fabric sold in Europe in the late 2000s. \\n\\nNow, after hundreds of debunked theories and false starts, the sleuths believed they had found the sixth face in a Spanish fashion spread Escorsell shot in 2006. \u201cIt truly surprised me,\u201d Escorsell said in an email\u2014not least of all, because the picture had never appeared online, raising questions about how the sleuths found it. \\n\\nIncreasingly, however, few mysteries lie outside the reach of the internet\u2019s crowdsourced investigators. On platforms including Reddit, TikTok and Discord, solving mysteries\u2014from the momentous to the mundane\u2014has long been something of a participant sport. More recently, these self-styled detectives have adopted a range of AI and facial-recognition tools that have supercharged their investigative powers and allowed them to solve stubborn, long-standing puzzles, including the case of \u201cNumber Six.\u201d \\n\\n\u201cIt\u2019s being done in a way that wouldn\u2019t have been possible even a few years ago,\u201d said Kurt Luther, the director of Virginia Tech\u2019s Crowd Intelligence Lab, which researches the techniques of online sleuths. \u201cHere, the crowd was able to piece together many different clues over a number of years\u2026and they were able to leverage cutting-edge technology to do so.\u201d \\n\\nThe story of Celebrity Number Six began in 2020, when a user on the discussion site Reddit asked for help identifying the faces on a set of printed curtains. He believed his grandmother had sewn them, he wrote, with fabric from the Finnish department store Anttila. \\n\\nThis sort of esoteric, low-stakes mystery is catnip for a certain type of Reddit user. In recent years, thousands of people have also devoted themselves to searching for obscure audio recordings and the origins of viral pictures. Sleuths easily identified seven of the eight celebrity faces on the Finnish curtains, but the final face eluded them\u2014even after they tracked down the fabric\u2019s manufacturer and unearthed old catalogs that featured it. \\n\\nThe breakthrough finally came in early September, when one devoted Number Six searcher colorized the two-dimensional print to make it look more lifelike, then uploaded it to an AI-powered reverse image search tool called PimEyes. PimEyes suggested the photo could depict Leticia Sard\u00e1, a 43-year-old Spanish model who retired in 2009. Galvanized by the new lead, other sleuths dug up ad campaigns and fashion shoots that Sard\u00e1 had appeared in, and began reaching out to the model and associated photographers to see if anyone knew of additional photos that matched the fabric. \\n\\nSure enough, Escorsell recognized the stylized face from a photo he had taken of Sard\u00e1 for a supplement to the magazine Woman. He is unsure how it ended up on the Finnish fabric, he added, because he never licensed it for that purpose. \\n\\nSard\u00e1, meanwhile, has embraced her new celebrity, launching public accounts on TikTok and Instagram and advertising signed Number Six prints. In a Sept. 15 Q&A on Reddit, Sard\u00e1 said she was initially shocked by the attention\u2014but is now \u201chaving fun\u201d with it. \\n\\nIncidentally, the sleuths who spent so long searching for Sard\u00e1\u2019s image are now also looking for their next move. In the week since Reddit\u2019s Celebrity Number Six forum declared the case closed, members of other investigative communities have flooded it with solicitations for their own pet projects and puzzles. \\n\\nThere\u2019s the search for the origin of a new wave song played on German radio in 1987. The quest to find an actress who appeared, uncredited, in a 1998 Andr\u00e9 Rieu video. Luther, of Virginia Tech, doesn\u2019t doubt that many of these projects will succeed: Crowdsourced investigations benefit hugely, he said, from both the devotion and the broad knowledge base of their amateur fact-finders. Much of his lab\u2019s current research involves harnessing the power of amateur sleuths for more conventional, expert-led investigations, like solving crimes or conducting historical research. \\n\\n\u201cEven if this particular question was pretty narrow,\u201d he said, of Celebrity Number Six, \u201cI think it speaks to the broader power and capabilities of this way of working together.\u201d '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.3796319366,"RADAR":0.0233338904,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":3.0,"comment":"Referring to something as \"catnip for\" people is quite unique and a bit casual for what I'd expect from a machine-generated article. Some of the quotations also seem quite natural, with one being taken from an email. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":1.0,"comment":"There are no clues to speak of here.\nI've gone with \"human\" because the magazine name \"Woman\" has not been put into italics. This may be a human error."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: missing punctuation in the second paragraph; contractions; wordy sentences; grammatical issues; varied sentence and paragraph length. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"I am pretty confident this is human-written. While some wordage used here feels very formal and complex-AI-language, it's offset by some great analogies and creative phrasing that works well to convey the topic, such as with \"amateur sleuths\", \"catnip for a certain type of Reddit user.\" and \"amateur fact-finders\". It contains action verbs and adjectives that help convey the idea clearly, and the quotes feel realistic. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Balanced mix of direct quotes and paraphrases.\nVaried sentence and paragraph lengths.\nInteresting metaphor (\"catnip for ...\")."},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"149":{"generation_model":"humanized_o1-pro","prompt_id":30,"title":"time to start typing like a grownup ","sub-title":"many acknowledge capitalizing letters as a rite of passage, but there are holdouts ","author":"Ann-Marie Alc\u00e1ntara ","source":"Wall Street Journal","issue":1711756800000,"section":"Workplace","link":"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/lifestyle\/workplace\/one-way-to-stay-young-forever-type-in-lowercase-d38b313f?mod=workplace_more_article_pos82","article":"Morgan Rae Playle was 27 when she crossed the threshold into adulthood. She started texting with uppercase letters.  \n\nJust like getting a driver\u2019s license or going off to college, turning on auto-capitalization for text messages has become a milestone of adulting. Even smartphone natives who have been thumb-typing since diapers know that true adults start sentences with capital letters, and that names and other proper nouns deserve the same. \n\nThe question for many 20-somethings now is: When will society expect me to adhere to the laws of grammar? \n\nSome realize it\u2019s time to turn on auto-capitalization when they begin texting with bosses and colleagues for work, given lowercase letters can be susceptible to misinterpretation. This is especially the case when communicating with older generations who didn\u2019t grow up DMing their BFFs. \n\nBut shunning the Shift key helps others cling to their youth. To them, a lowercase letter isn\u2019t just a lowercase letter. Instead, it\u2019s a way to forever remain cool and casual in texts. Even some CEOs do it. \n\nLexicographers agree. They say lowercase typing isn\u2019t laziness. It actually takes effort, since auto-capitalization is generally on by default. Like emojis and exclamation points, this is one of the many ways in which people try to get their humanness to shine through cold technical interfaces. \n\nMorgan typed in lowercase throughout her 20s, feeling it gave off a kind of carefree mimosa-brunch vibe. In her previous role as social-media strategist, she occasionally tweeted in lowercase.  \n\nShe started a new job last November in Dallas where she works on events and coordinates with clients and vendors. She didn\u2019t want them to see messages in all lowercase and think an intern was texting them. So she turned on auto-capitalization. \n\nCapital letters are more sophisticated and buttoned-up\u2014attributes she thinks are important to convey as she develops in the new role. The shift away from all lowercase might seem minor or silly to some people, but it\u2019s significant for Morgan. It represents a decade of her life that\u2019s now over. \n\n\u201cI\u2019ve grown out of the all-lowercase era,\u201d she says. \n\n<b>silly or friendly?<\/b> \n\nEmilie Mosner, an 18-year-old high-school senior in Lancaster, Pa., turned off auto-capitalization on her phone when she hit ninth grade and joined her school\u2019s swarm of Snapchatters. \n\nAs she started applying to part-time jobs and talking to college recruiters a year ago, she decided it was time to turn capitalization back on. A few friends immediately asked why her tone became so formal. When Emilie explained her motivation, they too realized they\u2019d soon be ditching the lowercase life. \n\n\u201cI just feel like it would be silly because I\u2019m trying to look presentable,\u201d she says. \u201cWe\u2019re going into the next phases of our life.\u201d \n\nSome people might consider writing in all lowercase letters to be slacking. But it shouldn\u2019t be interpreted that way, says Grant Barrett, head of lexicography at Dictionary.com. It\u2019s meant to signal familiarity. \n\nMuch like using italics, writing in all lowercase is a way to recreate spoken language, he says. \u201cThere\u2019s always something else happening there, and usually the message is something important like, \u2018I see you as a friend that I can be informal with.\u2019\u201d \n\nThe poet E.E. Cummings famously wrote in lowercase. These days, popular young performers such as Olivia Rodrigo and Billie Eilish have lowercase song titles. Spotify jumped on the bandwagon with playlists labeled \u201cteen beats\u201d and \u201cmy life is a movie.\u201d \n\n<b>never grow up<\/b> \n\nCaitlin Kurzman, a graduate student studying digital social media at University of Southern California in Los Angeles, generally uses only lowercase with her friends. She sees it as a more relaxed, low-pressure way of texting. \n\nThe 23-year-old likes to think she\u2019ll never turn on auto-capitalization, even after she graduates and gets a demanding job. \u201cHonestly, I don\u2019t want to,\u201d she says. \u201cI like the informality.\u201d \n\nBut Caitlin says she can\u2019t always avoid uppercase\u2014particularly in email. She has to remember to use the Shift key when responding to professors. \n\nMany millennial adults, well into their 30s, refuse to use capitalization. Sam Altman, chief executive of OpenAI, is known for mostly tweeting in lowercase. His capital-letter avoidance hasn\u2019t prevented him from running one of the most powerful companies in the world. \n\nDrew Coffman, a 35-year-old social-media strategist in Los Angeles, stopped using proper capitalization around 2021. \n\nDuring the pandemic, people quarantined at home and gravitated toward being online. Drew realized he didn\u2019t have to be so proper anymore, he says. He felt that capitalizing his tweets made them seem too formal, more like LinkedIn posts. \n\n\u201cIt just became clear there were a lot of benefits in being a human being online and not trying to be overly polished,\u201d he says. ","id":29,"ground_truth":"Human-written","pangram":"{'text': 'Morgan Rae Playle was 27 when she crossed the threshold into adulthood. She started texting with uppercase letters.  \\n\\nJust like getting a driver\u2019s license or going off to college, turning on auto-capitalization for text messages has become a milestone of adulting. Even smartphone natives who have been thumb-typing since diapers know that true adults start sentences with capital letters, and that names and other proper nouns deserve the same. \\n\\nThe question for many 20-somethings now is: When will society expect me to adhere to the laws of grammar? \\n\\nSome realize it\u2019s time to turn on auto-capitalization when they begin texting with bosses and colleagues for work, given lowercase letters can be susceptible to misinterpretation. This is especially the case when communicating with older generations who didn\u2019t grow up DMing their BFFs. \\n\\nBut shunning the Shift key helps others cling to their youth. To them, a lowercase letter isn\u2019t just a lowercase letter. Instead, it\u2019s a way to forever remain cool and casual in texts. Even some CEOs do it. \\n\\nLexicographers agree. They say lowercase typing isn\u2019t laziness. It actually takes effort, since auto-capitalization is generally on by default. Like emojis and exclamation points, this is one of the many ways in which people try to get their humanness to shine through cold technical interfaces. \\n\\nMorgan typed in lowercase throughout her 20s, feeling it gave off a kind of carefree mimosa-brunch vibe. In her previous role as social-media strategist, she occasionally tweeted in lowercase.  \\n\\nShe started a new job last November in Dallas where she works on events and coordinates with clients and vendors. She didn\u2019t want them to see messages in all lowercase and think an intern was texting them. So she turned on auto-capitalization. \\n\\nCapital letters are more sophisticated and buttoned-up\u2014attributes she thinks are important to convey as she develops in the new role. The shift away from all lowercase might seem minor or silly to some people, but it\u2019s significant for Morgan. It represents a decade of her life that\u2019s now over. \\n\\n\u201cI\u2019ve grown out of the all-lowercase era,\u201d she says. \\n\\n<b>silly or friendly?<\/b> \\n\\nEmilie Mosner, an 18-year-old high-school senior in Lancaster, Pa., turned off auto-capitalization on her phone when she hit ninth grade and joined her school\u2019s swarm of Snapchatters. \\n\\nAs she started applying to part-time jobs and talking to college recruiters a year ago, she decided it was time to turn capitalization back on. A few friends immediately asked why her tone became so formal. When Emilie explained her motivation, they too realized they\u2019d soon be ditching the lowercase life. \\n\\n\u201cI just feel like it would be silly because I\u2019m trying to look presentable,\u201d she says. \u201cWe\u2019re going into the next phases of our life.\u201d \\n\\nSome people might consider writing in all lowercase letters to be slacking. But it shouldn\u2019t be interpreted that way, says Grant Barrett, head of lexicography at Dictionary.com. It\u2019s meant to signal familiarity. \\n\\nMuch like using italics, writing in all lowercase is a way to recreate spoken language, he says. \u201cThere\u2019s always something else happening there, and usually the message is something important like, \u2018I see you as a friend that I can be informal with.\u2019\u201d \\n\\nThe poet E.E. Cummings famously wrote in lowercase. These days, popular young performers such as Olivia Rodrigo and Billie Eilish have lowercase song titles. Spotify jumped on the bandwagon with playlists labeled \u201cteen beats\u201d and \u201cmy life is a movie.\u201d \\n\\n<b>never grow up<\/b> \\n\\nCaitlin Kurzman, a graduate student studying digital social media at University of Southern California in Los Angeles, generally uses only lowercase with her friends. She sees it as a more relaxed, low-pressure way of texting. \\n\\nThe 23-year-old likes to think she\u2019ll never turn on auto-capitalization, even after she graduates and gets a demanding job. \u201cHonestly, I don\u2019t want to,\u201d she says. \u201cI like the informality.\u201d \\n\\nBut Caitlin says she can\u2019t always avoid uppercase\u2014particularly in email. She has to remember to use the Shift key when responding to professors. \\n\\nMany millennial adults, well into their 30s, refuse to use capitalization. Sam Altman, chief executive of OpenAI, is known for mostly tweeting in lowercase. His capital-letter avoidance hasn\u2019t prevented him from running one of the most powerful companies in the world. \\n\\nDrew Coffman, a 35-year-old social-media strategist in Los Angeles, stopped using proper capitalization around 2021. \\n\\nDuring the pandemic, people quarantined at home and gravitated toward being online. Drew realized he didn\u2019t have to be so proper anymore, he says. He felt that capitalizing his tweets made them seem too formal, more like LinkedIn posts. \\n\\n\u201cIt just became clear there were a lot of benefits in being a human being online and not trying to be overly polished,\u201d he says. ', 'ai_likelihood': 3.814697265625e-06, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Morgan Rae Playle was 27 when she crossed the threshold into adulthood. She started texting with uppercase letters.  \\n\\nJust like getting a driver\u2019s license or going off to college, turning on auto-capitalization for text messages has become a milestone of adulting. Even smartphone natives who have been thumb-typing since diapers know that true adults start sentences with capital letters, and that names and other proper nouns deserve the same. \\n\\nThe question for many 20-somethings now is: When will society expect me to adhere to the laws of grammar? \\n\\nSome realize it\u2019s time to turn on auto-capitalization when they begin texting with bosses and colleagues for work, given lowercase letters can be susceptible to misinterpretation. This is especially the case when communicating with older generations who didn\u2019t grow up DMing their BFFs. \\n\\nBut shunning the Shift key helps others cling to their youth. To them, a lowercase letter isn\u2019t just a lowercase letter. Instead, it\u2019s a way to forever remain cool and casual in texts. Even some CEOs do it. \\n\\nLexicographers agree. They say lowercase typing isn\u2019t laziness. It actually takes effort, since auto-capitalization is generally on by default. Like emojis and exclamation points, this is one of the many ways in which people try to get their humanness to shine through cold technical interfaces. \\n\\nMorgan typed in lowercase throughout her 20s, feeling it gave off a kind of carefree mimosa-brunch vibe. In her previous role as social-media strategist, she occasionally tweeted in lowercase.  \\n\\nShe started a new job last November in Dallas where she works on events and coordinates with clients and vendors. She didn\u2019t want them to see messages in all lowercase and think an intern was texting them. So she turned on auto-capitalization. \\n\\nCapital letters are more sophisticated and buttoned-up\u2014attributes she thinks are important to convey as she develops in the new role. The shift away from all lowercase might seem minor or silly to some people, but it\u2019s significant for Morgan. It represents a decade of her life that\u2019s now over. \\n\\n\u201cI\u2019ve grown out of the all-lowercase era,\u201d she says. \\n\\n<b>silly or friendly?<\/b> \\n\\nEmilie Mosner, an 18-year-old high-school senior in Lancaster, Pa., turned off auto-capitalization on her phone when she hit ninth grade and joined her school\u2019s swarm of Snapchatters. \\n\\nAs she started applying to part-time jobs and talking to college recruiters a year ago, she decided it was time to turn capitalization back on. A few friends immediately asked why her tone became so formal. When Emilie explained her motivation, they too realized they\u2019d soon be ditching the lowercase life. \\n\\n\u201cI just feel like it would be silly because I\u2019m trying to look presentable,\u201d she says. \u201cWe\u2019re going into the next phases of our life.\u201d \\n\\nSome people might consider writing in all lowercase letters to be slacking. But it shouldn\u2019t be interpreted that way, says Grant Barrett, head of lexicography at Dictionary.com. It\u2019s meant to signal familiarity. \\n\\nMuch like using italics, writing in all lowercase is a way to recreate spoken language, he says. \u201cThere\u2019s always something else happening there, and usually the message is something important like, \u2018I see you as a friend that I can be informal with.\u2019\u201d \\n\\nThe poet E.E. Cummings famously wrote in lowercase. These days, popular young performers such as Olivia Rodrigo and Billie Eilish have lowercase song titles. Spotify jumped on the bandwagon with playlists labeled \u201cteen beats\u201d and \u201cmy life is a movie.\u201d \\n\\n<b>never grow up<\/b> \\n\\nCaitlin Kurzman, a graduate student studying digital social media at University of Southern California in Los Angeles, generally uses only lowercase with her friends. She sees it as a more relaxed, low-pressure way of texting. \\n\\nThe 23-year-old likes to think she\u2019ll never turn on auto-capitalization, even after she graduates and gets a demanding job. \u201cHonestly, I don\u2019t want to,\u201d she says. \u201cI like the informality.\u201d \\n\\nBut Caitlin says she can\u2019t always avoid uppercase\u2014particularly in email. She has to remember to use the Shift key when responding to professors. \\n\\nMany millennial adults, well into their 30s, refuse to use capitalization. Sam Altman, chief executive of OpenAI, is known for mostly tweeting in lowercase. His capital-letter avoidance hasn\u2019t prevented him from running one of the most powerful companies in the world. \\n\\nDrew Coffman, a 35-year-old social-media strategist in Los Angeles, stopped using proper capitalization around 2021. \\n\\nDuring the pandemic, people quarantined at home and gravitated toward being online. Drew realized he didn\u2019t have to be so proper anymore, he says. He felt that capitalizing his tweets made them seem too formal, more like LinkedIn posts. \\n\\n\u201cIt just became clear there were a lot of benefits in being a human being online and not trying to be overly polished,\u201d he says. ', 'ai_likelihood': 5.435943603515625e-05, 'prediction': 'Unlikely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0, 'GPT4': 0.0, 'MISTRAL': 0.0, 'LLAMA': 0.0, 'GEMINI': 0.0, 'CLAUDE': 0.0, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'a39c31c1-b69d-4719-80a6-d2ff57eed729', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.00016142021922860295, 'sentence': 'Morgan Rae Playle was 27 when she crossed the threshold into adulthood.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011611124500632286, 'sentence': 'She started texting with uppercase letters.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00015723242540843785, 'sentence': \"Just like getting a driver's license or going off to college, turning on auto-capitalization for text messages has become a milestone of adulting.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.00011070480104535818, 'sentence': 'Even 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'She sees it as a more relaxed, low-pressure way of texting.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004554922226816416, 'sentence': \"The 23-year-old likes to think she'll never turn on auto-capitalization, even after she graduates and gets a demanding job.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0029603694565594196, 'sentence': \"\u201cHonestly, I don't want to,\u201d she says.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.004068532958626747, 'sentence': '\u201cI like the informality.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.002530469559133053, 'sentence': \"But Caitlin says she can't always avoid uppercase\u1173particularly in email.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': False}, {'generated_prob': 0.0038120783865451813, 'sentence': 'She has to remember to use the Shift key when responding to professors.', 'perplexity': 0, 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'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}, {'start_sentence_index': 53, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.00408719312638748}, {'start_sentence_index': 56, 'num_sentences': 1, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.11111110864197542}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.025041194076269924, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0.974671313226954, 'ai': 0.025041194076269924, 'mixed': 0.00028749269677611}, 'average_generated_prob': 0, 'predicted_class': 'human', 'confidence_score': 0.974671313226954, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.025041194076269924, 'human': 0.974671313226954, 'mixed': 0.00028749269677611}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written entirely by a human.', 'document_classification': 'HUMAN_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Morgan Rae Playle was 27 when she crossed the threshold into adulthood. She started texting with uppercase letters.  \\n\\nJust like getting a driver\u2019s license or going off to college, turning on auto-capitalization for text messages has become a milestone of adulting. Even smartphone natives who have been thumb-typing since diapers know that true adults start sentences with capital letters, and that names and other proper nouns deserve the same. \\n\\nThe question for many 20-somethings now is: When will society expect me to adhere to the laws of grammar? \\n\\nSome realize it\u2019s time to turn on auto-capitalization when they begin texting with bosses and colleagues for work, given lowercase letters can be susceptible to misinterpretation. This is especially the case when communicating with older generations who didn\u2019t grow up DMing their BFFs. \\n\\nBut shunning the Shift key helps others cling to their youth. To them, a lowercase letter isn\u2019t just a lowercase letter. Instead, it\u2019s a way to forever remain cool and casual in texts. Even some CEOs do it. \\n\\nLexicographers agree. They say lowercase typing isn\u2019t laziness. It actually takes effort, since auto-capitalization is generally on by default. Like emojis and exclamation points, this is one of the many ways in which people try to get their humanness to shine through cold technical interfaces. \\n\\nMorgan typed in lowercase throughout her 20s, feeling it gave off a kind of carefree mimosa-brunch vibe. In her previous role as social-media strategist, she occasionally tweeted in lowercase.  \\n\\nShe started a new job last November in Dallas where she works on events and coordinates with clients and vendors. She didn\u2019t want them to see messages in all lowercase and think an intern was texting them. So she turned on auto-capitalization. \\n\\nCapital letters are more sophisticated and buttoned-up\u2014attributes she thinks are important to convey as she develops in the new role. The shift away from all lowercase might seem minor or silly to some people, but it\u2019s significant for Morgan. It represents a decade of her life that\u2019s now over. \\n\\n\u201cI\u2019ve grown out of the all-lowercase era,\u201d she says. \\n\\n<b>silly or friendly?<\/b> \\n\\nEmilie Mosner, an 18-year-old high-school senior in Lancaster, Pa., turned off auto-capitalization on her phone when she hit ninth grade and joined her school\u2019s swarm of Snapchatters. \\n\\nAs she started applying to part-time jobs and talking to college recruiters a year ago, she decided it was time to turn capitalization back on. A few friends immediately asked why her tone became so formal. When Emilie explained her motivation, they too realized they\u2019d soon be ditching the lowercase life. \\n\\n\u201cI just feel like it would be silly because I\u2019m trying to look presentable,\u201d she says. \u201cWe\u2019re going into the next phases of our life.\u201d \\n\\nSome people might consider writing in all lowercase letters to be slacking. But it shouldn\u2019t be interpreted that way, says Grant Barrett, head of lexicography at Dictionary.com. It\u2019s meant to signal familiarity. \\n\\nMuch like using italics, writing in all lowercase is a way to recreate spoken language, he says. \u201cThere\u2019s always something else happening there, and usually the message is something important like, \u2018I see you as a friend that I can be informal with.\u2019\u201d \\n\\nThe poet E.E. Cummings famously wrote in lowercase. These days, popular young performers such as Olivia Rodrigo and Billie Eilish have lowercase song titles. Spotify jumped on the bandwagon with playlists labeled \u201cteen beats\u201d and \u201cmy life is a movie.\u201d \\n\\n<b>never grow up<\/b> \\n\\nCaitlin Kurzman, a graduate student studying digital social media at University of Southern California in Los Angeles, generally uses only lowercase with her friends. She sees it as a more relaxed, low-pressure way of texting. \\n\\nThe 23-year-old likes to think she\u2019ll never turn on auto-capitalization, even after she graduates and gets a demanding job. \u201cHonestly, I don\u2019t want to,\u201d she says. \u201cI like the informality.\u201d \\n\\nBut Caitlin says she can\u2019t always avoid uppercase\u2014particularly in email. She has to remember to use the Shift key when responding to professors. \\n\\nMany millennial adults, well into their 30s, refuse to use capitalization. Sam Altman, chief executive of OpenAI, is known for mostly tweeting in lowercase. His capital-letter avoidance hasn\u2019t prevented him from running one of the most powerful companies in the world. \\n\\nDrew Coffman, a 35-year-old social-media strategist in Los Angeles, stopped using proper capitalization around 2021. \\n\\nDuring the pandemic, people quarantined at home and gravitated toward being online. Drew realized he didn\u2019t have to be so proper anymore, he says. He felt that capitalizing his tweets made them seem too formal, more like LinkedIn posts. \\n\\n\u201cIt just became clear there were a lot of benefits in being a human being online and not trying to be overly polished,\u201d he says. '}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.88533777,"RADAR":0.0221649893,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely human-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely human-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The article's choice to use lowercase letters for the headings feels a bit too smart and intentional to be AI. The overall casual style also feels quite human, where machine-generated text tends to be a bit more formal. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The phrase \"mimosa brunch vibe\" sounds human.\nThe word \"became\" should be \"had become.\" This may be a human error.\n\"Our life\" should be \"our lives.\" This is probably another human error.\nThe sentence starting \"Some people might...\" is direct speech yet there are no speech marks. The same goes for \"Much like using italics...\""},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's human-generated: 'me\/we' language; contractions; filler words; varied sentence and paragraph length; wordy sentences; awkward phrasing; missing punctuation. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I am confident this is human-written, mostly because I recognize the style of writing used here. Since it's a brief news article, most news companies have their own grammar lexicon for how their writers should phrase their sentences. In this, it's seen clearly with \", an 18-year-old high-school senior in Lancaster, Pa.\" and \"Morgan Rae Playle was 27 when...\". Alongside that, the context of the article shows a sense of relevance and creativity with how people live today, especially with \"her school\u2019s swarm of Snapchatters\" and \"thumb-typing since diapers\". "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The headings are in lowercase.\nDoubtful that AI would come up with an adjective like \"mimosa-brunch\" or understand what type of person that conjures up in the mind. "},"majority_vote":"Human-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Human-Generated"},"150":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":1,"title":"Louisiana schools won\u2019t display Ten Commandments before November as lawsuit plays out","sub-title":"Louisiana has agreed to delay implementing a requirement that the Ten Commandments be placed in all of the state\u2019s public school classrooms, at least until November.","author":"Kevin McGill","source":"Associated Press","issue":"7\/19\/24","section":"Education","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/search?q=Louisiana+schools+won%E2%80%99t+display+Ten+Commandments+before+November+as+lawsuit+plays+out#nt=navsearch","article":"In a recent development, Louisiana has agreed to delay the implementation of a controversial law requiring the display of the Ten Commandments in all public school classrooms. This decision comes as a result of an ongoing lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the mandate. The delay will extend at least until November, allowing the legal process to unfold.\n\nThe law, which was passed earlier this year, has sparked significant debate across the state. Proponents argue that displaying the Ten Commandments can provide moral guidance and historical context to students. However, opponents contend that it violates the constitutional separation of church and state.\n\nThe lawsuit, filed by a coalition of civil rights groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State, argues that the law infringes on the First Amendment. \u201cThe government should not be in the business of promoting religious beliefs,\u201d said Sarah Thompson, a spokesperson for the ACLU. \u201cPublic schools are meant to be inclusive spaces for students of all backgrounds and beliefs.\u201d\n\nIn response to the lawsuit, the state has agreed to hold off on enforcing the law until the court reaches a decision. This move has been welcomed by opponents of the law, who see it as a temporary victory in their fight to uphold constitutional principles. \u201cWe are pleased that the state has decided to pause the implementation of this law,\u201d said Rachel Johnson, an attorney with Americans United for Separation of Church and State. \u201cIt\u2019s crucial that we protect the religious freedom of all students.\u201d\n\nSupporters of the law, however, remain steadfast in their belief that the Ten Commandments have a place in public education. \u201cThe Ten Commandments are a foundational document in Western legal tradition,\u201d argued State Representative Mark Landry, one of the law\u2019s sponsors. \u201cDisplaying them in classrooms can serve as a valuable educational tool.\u201d\n\nThe debate over the Ten Commandments in public schools is not new. Similar legal battles have been fought in other states, often resulting in courts striking down such mandates as unconstitutional. Legal experts suggest that the outcome of the Louisiana case could set a precedent for future cases. \u201cThis is a significant case that could have implications beyond Louisiana,\u201d noted Dr. Emily Carter, a constitutional law professor at Tulane University. \u201cThe courts will need to carefully consider the balance between religious expression and government endorsement of religion.\u201d\n\nAs the legal proceedings continue, schools across Louisiana will maintain the status quo, focusing on providing a secular education to their students. The delay offers a reprieve for educators who were uncertain about how to implement the law. \u201cWe\u2019re relieved to have more time to understand the implications of this law,\u201d said John Miller, a high school principal in Baton Rouge. \u201cOur priority is to create a welcoming environment for all students.\u201d\n\nThe court is expected to hear arguments in the case in the coming months, with a decision anticipated by November. Until then, the debate over the role of religion in public education will likely continue to be a contentious issue in Louisiana and beyond.\n","id":2,"ground_truth":"AI-generated","pangram":"{'text': 'In a recent development, Louisiana has agreed to delay the implementation of a controversial law requiring the display of the Ten Commandments in all public school classrooms. This decision comes as a result of an ongoing lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the mandate. The delay will extend at least until November, allowing the legal process to unfold.\\n\\nThe law, which was passed earlier this year, has sparked significant debate across the state. Proponents argue that displaying the Ten Commandments can provide moral guidance and historical context to students. However, opponents contend that it violates the constitutional separation of church and state.\\n\\nThe lawsuit, filed by a coalition of civil rights groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State, argues that the law infringes on the First Amendment. \u201cThe government should not be in the business of promoting religious beliefs,\u201d said Sarah Thompson, a spokesperson for the ACLU. \u201cPublic schools are meant to be inclusive spaces for students of all backgrounds and beliefs.\u201d\\n\\nIn response to the lawsuit, the state has agreed to hold off on enforcing the law until the court reaches a decision. This move has been welcomed by opponents of the law, who see it as a temporary victory in their fight to uphold constitutional principles. \u201cWe are pleased that the state has decided to pause the implementation of this law,\u201d said Rachel Johnson, an attorney with Americans United for Separation of Church and State. \u201cIt\u2019s crucial that we protect the religious freedom of all students.\u201d\\n\\nSupporters of the law, however, remain steadfast in their belief that the Ten Commandments have a place in public education. \u201cThe Ten Commandments are a foundational document in Western legal tradition,\u201d argued State Representative Mark Landry, one of the law\u2019s sponsors. \u201cDisplaying them in classrooms can serve as a valuable educational tool.\u201d\\n\\nThe debate over the Ten Commandments in public schools is not new. Similar legal battles have been fought in other states, often resulting in courts striking down such mandates as unconstitutional. Legal experts suggest that the outcome of the Louisiana case could set a precedent for future cases. \u201cThis is a significant case that could have implications beyond Louisiana,\u201d noted Dr. Emily Carter, a constitutional law professor at Tulane University. \u201cThe courts will need to carefully consider the balance between religious expression and government endorsement of religion.\u201d\\n\\nAs the legal proceedings continue, schools across Louisiana will maintain the status quo, focusing on providing a secular education to their students. The delay offers a reprieve for educators who were uncertain about how to implement the law. \u201cWe\u2019re relieved to have more time to understand the implications of this law,\u201d said John Miller, a high school principal in Baton Rouge. \u201cOur priority is to create a welcoming environment for all students.\u201d\\n\\nThe court is expected to hear arguments in the case in the coming months, with a decision anticipated by November. Until then, the debate over the role of religion in public education will likely continue to be a contentious issue in Louisiana and beyond.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.0, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0419921875, 'GPT4': 0.031951904296875, 'MISTRAL': 0.3251953125, 'LLAMA': 0.0023326873779296875, 'GEMINI': 0.0261688232421875, 'CLAUDE': 0.572265625, 'HUMAN': 6.556510925292969e-07}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'In a recent development, Louisiana has agreed to delay the implementation of a controversial law requiring the display of the Ten Commandments in all public school classrooms. This decision comes as a result of an ongoing lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the mandate. The delay will extend at least until November, allowing the legal process to unfold.\\n\\nThe law, which was passed earlier this year, has sparked significant debate across the state. Proponents argue that displaying the Ten Commandments can provide moral guidance and historical context to students. However, opponents contend that it violates the constitutional separation of church and state.\\n\\nThe lawsuit, filed by a coalition of civil rights groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State, argues that the law infringes on the First Amendment. \u201cThe government should not be in the business of promoting religious beliefs,\u201d said Sarah Thompson, a spokesperson for the ACLU. \u201cPublic schools are meant to be inclusive spaces for students of all backgrounds and beliefs.\u201d\\n\\nIn response to the lawsuit, the state has agreed to hold off on enforcing the law until the court reaches a decision. This move has been welcomed by opponents of the law, who see it as a temporary victory in their fight to uphold constitutional principles. \u201cWe are pleased that the state has decided to pause the implementation of this law,\u201d said Rachel Johnson, an attorney with Americans United for Separation of Church and State. \u201cIt\u2019s crucial that we protect the religious freedom of all students.\u201d\\n\\nSupporters of the law, however, remain steadfast in their belief that the Ten Commandments have a place in public education. \u201cThe Ten Commandments are a foundational document in Western legal tradition,\u201d argued State Representative Mark Landry, one of the law\u2019s sponsors. \u201cDisplaying them in classrooms can serve as a valuable educational tool.\u201d\\n\\nThe debate over the Ten Commandments in public schools is not new. Similar legal battles have been fought in other states, often resulting in courts striking down such mandates as unconstitutional. Legal experts suggest that the outcome of the Louisiana case could set a precedent for future cases. \u201cThis is a significant case that could have implications beyond Louisiana,\u201d noted Dr. Emily Carter, a constitutional law professor at Tulane University. \u201cThe courts will need to carefully consider the balance between religious expression and government endorsement of religion.\u201d\\n\\nAs the legal proceedings continue, schools across Louisiana will maintain the status quo, focusing on providing a secular education to their students. The delay offers a reprieve for educators who were uncertain about how to implement the law. \u201cWe\u2019re relieved to have more time to understand the implications of this law,\u201d said John Miller, a high school principal in Baton Rouge. \u201cOur priority is to create a welcoming environment for all students.\u201d\\n\\nThe court is expected to hear arguments in the case in the coming months, with a decision anticipated by November. Until then, the debate over the role of religion in public education will likely continue to be a contentious issue in Louisiana and beyond.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.0, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0007290840148925781, 'GPT4': 0.9951171875, 'MISTRAL': 0.003143310546875, 'LLAMA': 3.11732292175293e-05, 'GEMINI': 0.00010305643081665039, 'CLAUDE': 0.0006513595581054688, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'e5b5c839-1c57-4826-b70f-18ef67466a74', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.9999993443489075, 'sentence': 'In a recent development, Louisiana has agreed to delay the implementation of a controversial law requiring the display of the Ten Commandments in all public school classrooms.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999991655349731, 'sentence': 'This decision comes as a result of an ongoing lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the mandate.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999980330467224, 'sentence': 'The delay will extend at least until November, allowing the legal process to unfold.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999983310699463, 'sentence': 'The law, which was passed earlier this year, has sparked significant debate across the state.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.999998927116394, 'sentence': 'Proponents argue that displaying the Ten Commandments can provide moral guidance and historical context to students.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999985098838806, 'sentence': 'However, opponents contend that it violates the constitutional separation of church and state.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999991655349731, 'sentence': 'The lawsuit, filed by a coalition of civil rights groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State, argues that the law infringes on the First Amendment.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999988079071045, 'sentence': '\u201cThe government should not be in the business of promoting religious beliefs,\u201d said Sarah Thompson, a spokesperson for the ACLU.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.999998927116394, 'sentence': '\u201cPublic schools are meant to be inclusive spaces for students of all backgrounds and beliefs.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999979138374329, 'sentence': 'In response to the lawsuit, the state has agreed to hold off on enforcing the law until the court reaches a decision.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.999998927116394, 'sentence': 'This move has been welcomed by opponents of the law, who see it as a temporary victory in their fight to uphold constitutional principles.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999974370002747, 'sentence': '\u201cWe are pleased that the state has decided to pause the implementation of this law,\u201d said Rachel Johnson, an attorney with Americans United for Separation of Church and State.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999980330467224, 'sentence': \"\u201cIt's crucial that we protect the religious freedom of all students.\u201d\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9998899102210999, 'sentence': 'Supporters of the law, however, remain steadfast in their belief that the Ten Commandments have a place in public education.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999585151672363, 'sentence': \"\u201cThe Ten Commandments are a foundational document in Western legal tradition,\u201d argued State Representative Mark Landry, one of the law's sponsors.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999578595161438, 'sentence': '\u201cDisplaying them in classrooms can serve as a valuable educational tool.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999161958694458, 'sentence': 'The debate over the Ten Commandments in public schools is not new.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9997575283050537, 'sentence': 'Similar legal battles have been fought in other states, often resulting in courts striking down such mandates as unconstitutional.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.999885082244873, 'sentence': 'Legal experts suggest that the outcome of the Louisiana case could set a precedent for future cases.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9998044967651367, 'sentence': '\u201cThis is a significant case that could have implications beyond Louisiana,\u201d noted Dr. Emily Carter, a constitutional law professor at Tulane University.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9996475577354431, 'sentence': '\u201cThe courts will need to carefully consider the balance between religious expression and government endorsement of religion.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9998086094856262, 'sentence': 'As the legal proceedings continue, schools across Louisiana will maintain the status quo, focusing on providing a secular education to their students.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9992395043373108, 'sentence': 'The delay offers a reprieve for educators who were uncertain about how to implement the law.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9995837807655334, 'sentence': \"\u201cWe're relieved to have more time to understand the implications of this law,\u201d said John Miller, a high school principal in Baton Rouge.\", 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9997653365135193, 'sentence': '\u201cOur priority is to create a welcoming environment for all students.\u201d', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9989802837371826, 'sentence': 'The court is expected to hear arguments in the case in the coming months, with a decision anticipated by November.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9990731477737427, 'sentence': 'Until then, the debate over the role of religion in public education will likely continue to be a contentious issue in Louisiana and beyond.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}], 'paragraphs': [{'start_sentence_index': 0, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.850090677245877}, {'start_sentence_index': 3, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.850090677245877}, {'start_sentence_index': 6, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.850090677245877}, {'start_sentence_index': 9, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.8708627247549962}, {'start_sentence_index': 13, 'num_sentences': 3, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.850090677245877}, {'start_sentence_index': 16, 'num_sentences': 5, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.8871651474786718}, {'start_sentence_index': 21, 'num_sentences': 4, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.8708627247549962}, {'start_sentence_index': 25, 'num_sentences': 2, 'completely_generated_prob': 0.8254776901813464}], 'completely_generated_prob': 0.9984984300152882, 'class_probabilities': {'human': 0, 'ai': 0.9984984300152882, 'mixed': 0.0015015699847118259}, 'average_generated_prob': 1, 'predicted_class': 'ai', 'confidence_score': 0.9984984300152882, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.9984984300152882, 'human': 0, 'mixed': 0.0015015699847118259}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {'predicted_class': 'pure_ai', 'result_message': '', 'confidence_score': 0.9999999998, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'class_probabilities': {'pure_ai': 0.9999999999, 'ai_paraphrased': 9.999999997e-11}, 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'pure_ai': 0.9999999998, 'ai_paraphrased': 9.999999997e-11}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'pure_ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'ai_paraphrased': {'reject': 0.85, 'low': 0.9, 'medium': 0.95}}}}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written by AI.', 'document_classification': 'AI_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'In a recent development, Louisiana has agreed to delay the implementation of a controversial law requiring the display of the Ten Commandments in all public school classrooms. This decision comes as a result of an ongoing lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the mandate. The delay will extend at least until November, allowing the legal process to unfold.\\n\\nThe law, which was passed earlier this year, has sparked significant debate across the state. Proponents argue that displaying the Ten Commandments can provide moral guidance and historical context to students. However, opponents contend that it violates the constitutional separation of church and state.\\n\\nThe lawsuit, filed by a coalition of civil rights groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State, argues that the law infringes on the First Amendment. \u201cThe government should not be in the business of promoting religious beliefs,\u201d said Sarah Thompson, a spokesperson for the ACLU. \u201cPublic schools are meant to be inclusive spaces for students of all backgrounds and beliefs.\u201d\\n\\nIn response to the lawsuit, the state has agreed to hold off on enforcing the law until the court reaches a decision. This move has been welcomed by opponents of the law, who see it as a temporary victory in their fight to uphold constitutional principles. \u201cWe are pleased that the state has decided to pause the implementation of this law,\u201d said Rachel Johnson, an attorney with Americans United for Separation of Church and State. \u201cIt\u2019s crucial that we protect the religious freedom of all students.\u201d\\n\\nSupporters of the law, however, remain steadfast in their belief that the Ten Commandments have a place in public education. \u201cThe Ten Commandments are a foundational document in Western legal tradition,\u201d argued State Representative Mark Landry, one of the law\u2019s sponsors. \u201cDisplaying them in classrooms can serve as a valuable educational tool.\u201d\\n\\nThe debate over the Ten Commandments in public schools is not new. Similar legal battles have been fought in other states, often resulting in courts striking down such mandates as unconstitutional. Legal experts suggest that the outcome of the Louisiana case could set a precedent for future cases. \u201cThis is a significant case that could have implications beyond Louisiana,\u201d noted Dr. Emily Carter, a constitutional law professor at Tulane University. \u201cThe courts will need to carefully consider the balance between religious expression and government endorsement of religion.\u201d\\n\\nAs the legal proceedings continue, schools across Louisiana will maintain the status quo, focusing on providing a secular education to their students. The delay offers a reprieve for educators who were uncertain about how to implement the law. \u201cWe\u2019re relieved to have more time to understand the implications of this law,\u201d said John Miller, a high school principal in Baton Rouge. \u201cOur priority is to create a welcoming environment for all students.\u201d\\n\\nThe court is expected to hear arguments in the case in the coming months, with a decision anticipated by November. Until then, the debate over the role of religion in public education will likely continue to be a contentious issue in Louisiana and beyond.\\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.0420721397,"RADAR":0.8631911874,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely AI-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely AI-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"This is a naturally controversial topic, and the author seems incredibly dedicated to ensuring that they don't take a side. Both sides are presented as perfectly equally valid, which points to AI trying to be impartial about a sensitive topic. The quotes themselves are also very polished, with no \"buts\", \"uhms\" or mistakes, and both sides seem very calm and reasonable. Overall this seems very unlikely for a contentious political issue, especially in America where politics seems polarising.  "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The sentence structure, namely, the use of this type of sentence: \"This move has been welcomed...principles\" and The delay will extend...unfold.\"  I'm not sure what it's called but it's where the sentence consists of a statement, then a comma, then a phrase to end with. AI uses many of these sentences. Also, the use of words like \"crucial\" and \"valuable tool\" point to AI."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I'm certain this is AI because of the nominalisation in the first sentence. It contains the all the usual suspects and follows the same textbook style. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I feel that this article is AI-generated, because while it states what's happening in the topic, it doesn't create a sense of relevance with its writing tone, style, and pacing. It keeps to a pattern with its sentence structure, focusing on making summarizing statements such as \"remain steadfast in their belief that the Ten Commandments have a place in public education.\" or \"The delay offers a reprieve for educators who were uncertain about how to implement the law.\" It's especially seen in the conclusion sentence, as it tries to leave things vague with \"public education will likely continue to be a contentious issue in Louisiana and beyond.\" not stating its relevance to the reader there and now. So, I highly believe it's AI-generated. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The main indicator that AI produced the text is the rigorous way in which 5 of the 6 content paragraphs conform to the topic sentence, statement, supporting quote structure. A few favored LLM markers are present  but no other obvious AI-generated lexical items that obscure meaning."},"majority_vote":"Machine-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Machine-Generated"},"151":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":2,"title":"When the first warm-blooded dinosaurs roamed Earth","sub-title":"A new study suggests that the first warm-blooded dinosaurs may have roamed Earth about 180 million years ago.","author":"Adithi Ramakrishnan","source":"Associated Press","issue":"5\/15\/24","section":"Science","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/warm-blooded-dinosaur-jurassic-fossil-68d21d8778440825ed8dccfd8efb5186","article":"A groundbreaking study has unveiled that the first warm-blooded dinosaurs may have roamed the Earth approximately 180 million years ago, reshaping our understanding of these ancient creatures. This discovery, published in the journal Nature, challenges the long-held belief that all dinosaurs were cold-blooded like modern reptiles.\n\nThe research team, led by Dr. Emily Sanders from the University of Cambridge, analyzed fossilized bone structures from various dinosaur species. By examining the microscopic details of these bones, the scientists were able to infer the metabolic rates of these prehistoric animals. \"Our findings suggest that some dinosaurs had metabolic rates similar to modern birds and mammals, indicating they were warm-blooded,\" Dr. Sanders explained.\n\nWarm-blooded, or endothermic, animals can regulate their body temperature internally, allowing them to maintain high levels of activity regardless of the external environment. This trait would have given these dinosaurs a significant advantage, enabling them to thrive in diverse climates and potentially outcompete their cold-blooded counterparts.\n\nThe study focused on the early Jurassic period, a time of significant evolutionary change. \"This period was crucial for the diversification of dinosaurs,\" noted Dr. Mark Thompson, a paleontologist not involved in the study. \"The emergence of warm-bloodedness could have been a key factor in their evolutionary success.\"\n\nThe implications of this research extend beyond understanding dinosaur physiology. It also sheds light on the evolutionary pathways that led to the development of birds, the only surviving descendants of dinosaurs. \"This discovery helps bridge the gap between dinosaurs and birds, providing insights into how warm-bloodedness evolved,\" said Dr. Sanders.\n\nWhile the study has sparked excitement in the scientific community, it also raises new questions. How widespread was warm-bloodedness among dinosaurs? Did it evolve independently in different lineages? Further research is needed to explore these questions and to understand the full impact of this trait on dinosaur evolution.\n\nIn conclusion, the revelation that some dinosaurs were warm-blooded marks a significant milestone in paleontology. As Dr. Thompson aptly put it, \"This study opens a new chapter in our understanding of dinosaur biology and evolution, offering a glimpse into the dynamic world of these fascinating creatures.\"\n","id":4,"ground_truth":"AI-generated","pangram":"{'text': 'A groundbreaking study has unveiled that the first warm-blooded dinosaurs may have roamed the Earth approximately 180 million years ago, reshaping our understanding of these ancient creatures. This discovery, published in the journal Nature, challenges the long-held belief that all dinosaurs were cold-blooded like modern reptiles.\\n\\nThe research team, led by Dr. Emily Sanders from the University of Cambridge, analyzed fossilized bone structures from various dinosaur species. By examining the microscopic details of these bones, the scientists were able to infer the metabolic rates of these prehistoric animals. \"Our findings suggest that some dinosaurs had metabolic rates similar to modern birds and mammals, indicating they were warm-blooded,\" Dr. Sanders explained.\\n\\nWarm-blooded, or endothermic, animals can regulate their body temperature internally, allowing them to maintain high levels of activity regardless of the external environment. This trait would have given these dinosaurs a significant advantage, enabling them to thrive in diverse climates and potentially outcompete their cold-blooded counterparts.\\n\\nThe study focused on the early Jurassic period, a time of significant evolutionary change. \"This period was crucial for the diversification of dinosaurs,\" noted Dr. Mark Thompson, a paleontologist not involved in the study. \"The emergence of warm-bloodedness could have been a key factor in their evolutionary success.\"\\n\\nThe implications of this research extend beyond understanding dinosaur physiology. It also sheds light on the evolutionary pathways that led to the development of birds, the only surviving descendants of dinosaurs. \"This discovery helps bridge the gap between dinosaurs and birds, providing insights into how warm-bloodedness evolved,\" said Dr. Sanders.\\n\\nWhile the study has sparked excitement in the scientific community, it also raises new questions. How widespread was warm-bloodedness among dinosaurs? Did it evolve independently in different lineages? Further research is needed to explore these questions and to understand the full impact of this trait on dinosaur evolution.\\n\\nIn conclusion, the revelation that some dinosaurs were warm-blooded marks a significant milestone in paleontology. As Dr. Thompson aptly put it, \"This study opens a new chapter in our understanding of dinosaur biology and evolution, offering a glimpse into the dynamic world of these fascinating creatures.\"\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.0, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.004802703857421875, 'GPT4': 0.010284423828125, 'MISTRAL': 0.224609375, 'LLAMA': 0.0029010772705078125, 'GEMINI': 0.252197265625, 'CLAUDE': 0.50537109375, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'A groundbreaking study has unveiled that the first warm-blooded dinosaurs may have roamed the Earth approximately 180 million years ago, reshaping our understanding of these ancient creatures. This discovery, published in the journal Nature, challenges the long-held belief that all dinosaurs were cold-blooded like modern reptiles.\\n\\nThe research team, led by Dr. Emily Sanders from the University of Cambridge, analyzed fossilized bone structures from various dinosaur species. By examining the microscopic details of these bones, the scientists were able to infer the metabolic rates of these prehistoric animals. \"Our findings suggest that some dinosaurs had metabolic rates similar to modern birds and mammals, indicating they were warm-blooded,\" Dr. Sanders explained.\\n\\nWarm-blooded, or endothermic, animals can regulate their body temperature internally, allowing them to maintain high levels of activity regardless of the external environment. This trait would have given these dinosaurs a significant advantage, enabling them to thrive in diverse climates and potentially outcompete their cold-blooded counterparts.\\n\\nThe study focused on the early Jurassic period, a time of significant evolutionary change. \"This period was crucial for the diversification of dinosaurs,\" noted Dr. Mark Thompson, a paleontologist not involved in the study. \"The emergence of warm-bloodedness could have been a key factor in their evolutionary success.\"\\n\\nThe implications of this research extend beyond understanding dinosaur physiology. It also sheds light on the evolutionary pathways that led to the development of birds, the only surviving descendants of dinosaurs. \"This discovery helps bridge the gap between dinosaurs and birds, providing insights into how warm-bloodedness evolved,\" said Dr. Sanders.\\n\\nWhile the study has sparked excitement in the scientific community, it also raises new questions. How widespread was warm-bloodedness among dinosaurs? Did it evolve independently in different lineages? Further research is needed to explore these questions and to understand the full impact of this trait on dinosaur evolution.\\n\\nIn conclusion, the revelation that some dinosaurs were warm-blooded marks a significant milestone in paleontology. As Dr. Thompson aptly put it, \"This study opens a new chapter in our understanding of dinosaur biology and evolution, offering a glimpse into the dynamic world of these fascinating creatures.\"\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.0, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.00014829635620117188, 'GPT4': 0.0220489501953125, 'MISTRAL': 0.8466796875, 'LLAMA': 0.0215301513671875, 'GEMINI': 0.01445770263671875, 'CLAUDE': 0.09503173828125, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': 'b6e07288-8c15-42a8-a519-5bdafe52b8bd', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.9999994039535522, 'sentence': 'A groundbreaking study has unveiled that the first warm-blooded dinosaurs may have roamed the Earth approximately 180 million years ago, reshaping our understanding of these ancient creatures.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999993443489075, 'sentence': 'This discovery, published in the journal Nature, challenges the long-held belief that all dinosaurs were cold-blooded like modern reptiles.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999996423721313, 'sentence': 'The research team, led by Dr. Emily Sanders from the University of Cambridge, analyzed fossilized bone structures from various dinosaur species.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999995827674866, 'sentence': 'By examining the microscopic details of these bones, the scientists were able to infer the metabolic rates of these prehistoric animals.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.999999463558197, 'sentence': '\"Our findings suggest that some dinosaurs had metabolic rates similar to modern birds and mammals, indicating they were warm-blooded,\" Dr. Sanders explained.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999995827674866, 'sentence': 'Warm-blooded, or endothermic, animals can regulate their body temperature internally, allowing them to maintain high levels of activity regardless of the external environment.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999996423721313, 'sentence': 'This trait would have given these dinosaurs a significant advantage, enabling them to thrive in diverse climates and potentially outcompete their cold-blooded counterparts.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999995827674866, 'sentence': 'The study focused on the early Jurassic period, a time of significant evolutionary change.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999995827674866, 'sentence': '\"This period was crucial for the diversification of dinosaurs,\" noted Dr. Mark Thompson, a paleontologist not involved in the study.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999997019767761, 'sentence': '\"The emergence of warm-bloodedness could have been a key factor in their evolutionary success.\"', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.999999463558197, 'sentence': 'The implications of this research extend beyond understanding dinosaur physiology.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999993443489075, 'sentence': 'It also sheds light on the evolutionary pathways that led to the development of birds, the only surviving descendants of dinosaurs.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999994039535522, 'sentence': '\"This discovery helps bridge the gap between dinosaurs and birds, providing insights into how warm-bloodedness evolved,\" said Dr. Sanders.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.999998927116394, 'sentence': 'While the study has sparked excitement in the scientific community, it also raises new questions.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.999999463558197, 'sentence': 'How widespread was warm-bloodedness among dinosaurs?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999989867210388, 'sentence': 'Did it evolve independently in different lineages?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999988079071045, 'sentence': 'Further research is needed to explore these questions and to understand the full impact of this trait on dinosaur evolution.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999993443489075, 'sentence': 'In conclusion, the revelation that some dinosaurs were warm-blooded marks a significant milestone in paleontology.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999992847442627, 'sentence': 'As Dr. Thompson aptly put it, \"This study opens a new chapter in our understanding of dinosaur biology and evolution, offering a glimpse 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'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 1, 'human': 0, 'mixed': 0}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {'predicted_class': 'pure_ai', 'result_message': '', 'confidence_score': 0.9999999998, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'class_probabilities': {'pure_ai': 0.9999999999, 'ai_paraphrased': 9.999999997e-11}, 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'pure_ai': 0.9999999998, 'ai_paraphrased': 9.999999997e-11}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'pure_ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'ai_paraphrased': {'reject': 0.85, 'low': 0.9, 'medium': 0.95}}}}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written by AI.', 'document_classification': 'AI_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'A groundbreaking study has unveiled that the first warm-blooded dinosaurs may have roamed the Earth approximately 180 million years ago, reshaping our understanding of these ancient creatures. This discovery, published in the journal Nature, challenges the long-held belief that all dinosaurs were cold-blooded like modern reptiles.\\n\\nThe research team, led by Dr. Emily Sanders from the University of Cambridge, analyzed fossilized bone structures from various dinosaur species. By examining the microscopic details of these bones, the scientists were able to infer the metabolic rates of these prehistoric animals. \"Our findings suggest that some dinosaurs had metabolic rates similar to modern birds and mammals, indicating they were warm-blooded,\" Dr. Sanders explained.\\n\\nWarm-blooded, or endothermic, animals can regulate their body temperature internally, allowing them to maintain high levels of activity regardless of the external environment. This trait would have given these dinosaurs a significant advantage, enabling them to thrive in diverse climates and potentially outcompete their cold-blooded counterparts.\\n\\nThe study focused on the early Jurassic period, a time of significant evolutionary change. \"This period was crucial for the diversification of dinosaurs,\" noted Dr. Mark Thompson, a paleontologist not involved in the study. \"The emergence of warm-bloodedness could have been a key factor in their evolutionary success.\"\\n\\nThe implications of this research extend beyond understanding dinosaur physiology. It also sheds light on the evolutionary pathways that led to the development of birds, the only surviving descendants of dinosaurs. \"This discovery helps bridge the gap between dinosaurs and birds, providing insights into how warm-bloodedness evolved,\" said Dr. Sanders.\\n\\nWhile the study has sparked excitement in the scientific community, it also raises new questions. How widespread was warm-bloodedness among dinosaurs? Did it evolve independently in different lineages? Further research is needed to explore these questions and to understand the full impact of this trait on dinosaur evolution.\\n\\nIn conclusion, the revelation that some dinosaurs were warm-blooded marks a significant milestone in paleontology. As Dr. Thompson aptly put it, \"This study opens a new chapter in our understanding of dinosaur biology and evolution, offering a glimpse into the dynamic world of these fascinating creatures.\"\\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.0363481529,"RADAR":0.5390196443,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely AI-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely AI-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The very generic introduction and conclusion feel like AI, especially the explicit use of the words \"in conclusion\". The way the experts are introduced and always referred to by their full titles rather than something like \"he said\", seems like AI. I consider \"crucial\" to be an AI word as almost all models I've seen use it over other words like \"important\". Lastly, some of the sentences feel quite empty, like the one about how they used the bones to determine metabolic rates. It's saying a lot without actually saying anything about how the details on the bones could tell them anything about metabolic rates. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The sentence style where a statement is made then a comma added and a phrase tagged on the end is used quite often here. AI tends to do this. For example, the first sentence and \"This trait...counterparts\", \"The research team...various dinosaur species.\" The use of the words \"crucial\", \"groundbreaking\" and \"key\" lead me to believe this is AI-generated because it repeats these words a lot."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"It contains the same much-loved AI phrases and follows the same textbook style. It's flooded with nominalisations, the conclusion starts with 'In conclusion', which seems to be the norm for AI, and the entire article lacks personality or emotion. It sounds like one of the textbooks I tried to avoid reading at school. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"This article appears AI-generated, and has some minor human-edits included. Many of the sentences stick to a tightly woven format that, while attempting to emotionally uplift and create flow, doesn't inform people of anything related to the topic at hand. Phrases like \"a significant milestone in paleontology\" or \" extend beyond understanding dinosaur physiology.\" have their concepts pushed together probably for efficiency's sake, but lacks context for why it's significant and important. Some parts were human-written or modified, such as \"it also raises new questions.\" and \"the implications of this research\", but it is mainly AI-generated, and I feel pretty confident with my reasoning.  "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I would love to know where AI found the Thompson quotes because the typical LLM marker words raise my suspicion that our machine made them up. This text is less verbose than previous ones I read, but its use of extensive quotes in a typical highly-structured manner still characterizes the text as AI-generated."},"majority_vote":"Machine-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Machine-Generated"},"152":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":3,"title":"Parents will have to set aside some earnings for child influencers under new California laws","sub-title":"Parents and guardians who profit from social media posts featuring their children will soon be required to set aside some earnings for the starlets.","author":"Tran Nguyen","source":"Associated Press","issue":"9\/26\/24","section":"U.S. News","link":"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/child-vloggers-social-media-influencers-financial-abuse-0c4c95e4353b95aeee0c2db8bf06236e","article":"In a groundbreaking move, California has enacted new legislation aimed at safeguarding the financial futures of child influencers. The law, which will take effect in January, mandates that parents and guardians who profit from social media posts featuring their children must set aside a portion of the earnings for the young stars themselves. This development marks a significant step in addressing the growing concerns over the exploitation of minors in the digital age.\n\nThe rise of social media platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube has given birth to a new generation of child influencers, some of whom boast millions of followers and lucrative brand deals. However, until now, there has been little regulation to ensure that these young content creators benefit from their own labor. The new California law seeks to change that by requiring parents to allocate at least 15% of the gross earnings to a trust account that the child can access upon turning 18.\n\nState Senator Nancy Skinner, who sponsored the bill, emphasized the importance of protecting the rights and earnings of child influencers. \"These children are working, and they deserve to have their earnings protected just like any other child actor or performer,\" Skinner said. \"This law ensures that they have a financial safety net for their future.\"\n\nThe legislation draws inspiration from the Coogan Law, which was enacted in the 1930s to protect child actors in Hollywood. Named after child actor Jackie Coogan, who famously lost his earnings to his parents, the Coogan Law requires a portion of a child actor's earnings to be set aside in a trust. The new law extends similar protections to child influencers, recognizing the parallels between traditional entertainment and the burgeoning world of social media.\n\nExperts in child labor and digital media have praised the legislation as a necessary step in adapting to the evolving landscape of work and entertainment. Dr. Sarah Thompson, a professor of media studies at the University of Southern California, noted, \"The digital world has changed the way we think about labor and childhood. This law acknowledges that children are active participants in the economy and deserve the same protections as their peers in traditional industries.\"\n\nHowever, the law has also sparked debate among parents and content creators. Some argue that it could impose undue burdens on families who rely on social media income. Jessica Martinez, a mother of two child influencers, expressed concerns about the administrative challenges of managing trust accounts. \"We want to do what's best for our kids, but the process needs to be straightforward and not overly complicated,\" she said.\n\nIn response to such concerns, the law includes provisions for financial literacy resources and support for families navigating the new requirements. The state plans to collaborate with financial institutions to ensure that setting up and managing trust accounts is as seamless as possible.\n\nThe legislation also raises broader questions about the ethics of involving children in social media content creation. Critics argue that the pressure to maintain a public persona can be detrimental to a child's development and well-being. Dr. Emily Carter, a child psychologist, cautioned, \"While financial protections are crucial, we must also consider the psychological impact of social media fame on young children. It's important for parents to prioritize their child's mental health and personal growth.\"\n\nAs the law takes effect, it is expected to influence similar legislative efforts in other states and potentially at the federal level. Advocates hope that it will set a precedent for protecting the rights of child influencers across the country.\n\nIn the meantime, California's new law represents a significant step forward in ensuring that the digital economy is fair and equitable for its youngest participants. By securing a portion of their earnings, the state is helping to pave the way for a more secure financial future for child influencers, while also prompting important conversations about the role of children in the digital age.\n","id":6,"ground_truth":"AI-generated","pangram":"{'text': 'In a groundbreaking move, California has enacted new legislation aimed at safeguarding the financial futures of child influencers. The law, which will take effect in January, mandates that parents and guardians who profit from social media posts featuring their children must set aside a portion of the earnings for the young stars themselves. This development marks a significant step in addressing the growing concerns over the exploitation of minors in the digital age.\\n\\nThe rise of social media platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube has given birth to a new generation of child influencers, some of whom boast millions of followers and lucrative brand deals. However, until now, there has been little regulation to ensure that these young content creators benefit from their own labor. The new California law seeks to change that by requiring parents to allocate at least 15% of the gross earnings to a trust account that the child can access upon turning 18.\\n\\nState Senator Nancy Skinner, who sponsored the bill, emphasized the importance of protecting the rights and earnings of child influencers. \"These children are working, and they deserve to have their earnings protected just like any other child actor or performer,\" Skinner said. \"This law ensures that they have a financial safety net for their future.\"\\n\\nThe legislation draws inspiration from the Coogan Law, which was enacted in the 1930s to protect child actors in Hollywood. Named after child actor Jackie Coogan, who famously lost his earnings to his parents, the Coogan Law requires a portion of a child actor\\'s earnings to be set aside in a trust. The new law extends similar protections to child influencers, recognizing the parallels between traditional entertainment and the burgeoning world of social media.\\n\\nExperts in child labor and digital media have praised the legislation as a necessary step in adapting to the evolving landscape of work and entertainment. Dr. Sarah Thompson, a professor of media studies at the University of Southern California, noted, \"The digital world has changed the way we think about labor and childhood. This law acknowledges that children are active participants in the economy and deserve the same protections as their peers in traditional industries.\"\\n\\nHowever, the law has also sparked debate among parents and content creators. Some argue that it could impose undue burdens on families who rely on social media income. Jessica Martinez, a mother of two child influencers, expressed concerns about the administrative challenges of managing trust accounts. \"We want to do what\\'s best for our kids, but the process needs to be straightforward and not overly complicated,\" she said.\\n\\nIn response to such concerns, the law includes provisions for financial literacy resources and support for families navigating the new requirements. The state plans to collaborate with financial institutions to ensure that setting up and managing trust accounts is as seamless as possible.\\n\\nThe legislation also raises broader questions about the ethics of involving children in social media content creation. Critics argue that the pressure to maintain a public persona can be detrimental to a child\\'s development and well-being. Dr. Emily Carter, a child psychologist, cautioned, \"While financial protections are crucial, we must also consider the psychological impact of social media fame on young children. It\\'s important for parents to prioritize their child\\'s mental health and personal growth.\"\\n\\nAs the law takes effect, it is expected to influence similar legislative efforts in other states and potentially at the federal level. Advocates hope that it will set a precedent for protecting the rights of child influencers across the country.\\n\\nIn the meantime, California\\'s new law represents a significant step forward in ensuring that the digital economy is fair and equitable for its youngest participants. By securing a portion of their earnings, the state is helping to pave the way for a more secure financial future for child influencers, while also prompting important conversations about the role of children in the digital age.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.0, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.00243377685546875, 'GPT4': 0.313720703125, 'MISTRAL': 0.353515625, 'LLAMA': 0.00943756103515625, 'GEMINI': 0.1343994140625, 'CLAUDE': 0.1866455078125, 'HUMAN': 1.1920928955078125e-07}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'In a groundbreaking move, California has enacted new legislation aimed at safeguarding the financial futures of child influencers. The law, which will take effect in January, mandates that parents and guardians who profit from social media posts featuring their children must set aside a portion of the earnings for the young stars themselves. This development marks a significant step in addressing the growing concerns over the exploitation of minors in the digital age.\\n\\nThe rise of social media platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube has given birth to a new generation of child influencers, some of whom boast millions of followers and lucrative brand deals. However, until now, there has been little regulation to ensure that these young content creators benefit from their own labor. The new California law seeks to change that by requiring parents to allocate at least 15% of the gross earnings to a trust account that the child can access upon turning 18.\\n\\nState Senator Nancy Skinner, who sponsored the bill, emphasized the importance of protecting the rights and earnings of child influencers. \"These children are working, and they deserve to have their earnings protected just like any other child actor or performer,\" Skinner said. \"This law ensures that they have a financial safety net for their future.\"\\n\\nThe legislation draws inspiration from the Coogan Law, which was enacted in the 1930s to protect child actors in Hollywood. Named after child actor Jackie Coogan, who famously lost his earnings to his parents, the Coogan Law requires a portion of a child actor\\'s earnings to be set aside in a trust. The new law extends similar protections to child influencers, recognizing the parallels between traditional entertainment and the burgeoning world of social media.\\n\\nExperts in child labor and digital media have praised the legislation as a necessary step in adapting to the evolving landscape of work and entertainment. Dr. Sarah Thompson, a professor of media studies at the University of Southern California, noted, \"The digital world has changed the way we think about labor and childhood. This law acknowledges that children are active participants in the economy and deserve the same protections as their peers in traditional industries.\"\\n\\nHowever, the law has also sparked debate among parents and content creators. Some argue that it could impose undue burdens on families who rely on social media income. Jessica Martinez, a mother of two child influencers, expressed concerns about the administrative challenges of managing trust accounts. \"We want to do what\\'s best for our kids, but the process needs to be straightforward and not overly complicated,\" she said.\\n\\nIn response to such concerns, the law includes provisions for financial literacy resources and support for families navigating the new requirements. The state plans to collaborate with financial institutions to ensure that setting up and managing trust accounts is as seamless as possible.\\n\\nThe legislation also raises broader questions about the ethics of involving children in social media content creation. Critics argue that the pressure to maintain a public persona can be detrimental to a child\\'s development and well-being. Dr. Emily Carter, a child psychologist, cautioned, \"While financial protections are crucial, we must also consider the psychological impact of social media fame on young children. It\\'s important for parents to prioritize their child\\'s mental health and personal growth.\"\\n\\nAs the law takes effect, it is expected to influence similar legislative efforts in other states and potentially at the federal level. Advocates hope that it will set a precedent for protecting the rights of child influencers across the country.\\n\\nIn the meantime, California\\'s new law represents a significant step forward in ensuring that the digital economy is fair and equitable for its youngest participants. By securing a portion of their earnings, the state is helping to pave the way for a more secure financial future for child influencers, while also prompting important conversations about the role of children in the digital age.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.0, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0007753372192382812, 'GPT4': 0.90185546875, 'MISTRAL': 0.07342529296875, 'LLAMA': 0.0084991455078125, 'GEMINI': 0.0007815361022949219, 'CLAUDE': 0.014801025390625, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '322fbd32-a033-48d2-aa72-07dbdbb1192f', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.9999996423721313, 'sentence': 'In a groundbreaking move, California has enacted new legislation aimed at safeguarding the financial futures of child influencers.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9999993443489075, 'sentence': 'The law, which will take effect in January, mandates that parents and 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'class_probabilities': {'human': 0, 'ai': 0.9961636828644501, 'mixed': 0.003836317135549872}, 'average_generated_prob': 1, 'predicted_class': 'ai', 'confidence_score': 0.9961636828644501, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.9961636828644501, 'human': 0, 'mixed': 0.003836317135549872}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {'predicted_class': 'pure_ai', 'result_message': '', 'confidence_score': 0.9999999998, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'class_probabilities': {'pure_ai': 0.9999999999, 'ai_paraphrased': 9.999999997e-11}, 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'pure_ai': 0.9999999998, 'ai_paraphrased': 9.999999997e-11}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'pure_ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'ai_paraphrased': {'reject': 0.85, 'low': 0.9, 'medium': 0.95}}}}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is highly confident that the text is written by AI.', 'document_classification': 'AI_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'In a groundbreaking move, California has enacted new legislation aimed at safeguarding the financial futures of child influencers. The law, which will take effect in January, mandates that parents and guardians who profit from social media posts featuring their children must set aside a portion of the earnings for the young stars themselves. This development marks a significant step in addressing the growing concerns over the exploitation of minors in the digital age.\\n\\nThe rise of social media platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube has given birth to a new generation of child influencers, some of whom boast millions of followers and lucrative brand deals. However, until now, there has been little regulation to ensure that these young content creators benefit from their own labor. The new California law seeks to change that by requiring parents to allocate at least 15% of the gross earnings to a trust account that the child can access upon turning 18.\\n\\nState Senator Nancy Skinner, who sponsored the bill, emphasized the importance of protecting the rights and earnings of child influencers. \"These children are working, and they deserve to have their earnings protected just like any other child actor or performer,\" Skinner said. \"This law ensures that they have a financial safety net for their future.\"\\n\\nThe legislation draws inspiration from the Coogan Law, which was enacted in the 1930s to protect child actors in Hollywood. Named after child actor Jackie Coogan, who famously lost his earnings to his parents, the Coogan Law requires a portion of a child actor\\'s earnings to be set aside in a trust. The new law extends similar protections to child influencers, recognizing the parallels between traditional entertainment and the burgeoning world of social media.\\n\\nExperts in child labor and digital media have praised the legislation as a necessary step in adapting to the evolving landscape of work and entertainment. Dr. Sarah Thompson, a professor of media studies at the University of Southern California, noted, \"The digital world has changed the way we think about labor and childhood. This law acknowledges that children are active participants in the economy and deserve the same protections as their peers in traditional industries.\"\\n\\nHowever, the law has also sparked debate among parents and content creators. Some argue that it could impose undue burdens on families who rely on social media income. Jessica Martinez, a mother of two child influencers, expressed concerns about the administrative challenges of managing trust accounts. \"We want to do what\\'s best for our kids, but the process needs to be straightforward and not overly complicated,\" she said.\\n\\nIn response to such concerns, the law includes provisions for financial literacy resources and support for families navigating the new requirements. The state plans to collaborate with financial institutions to ensure that setting up and managing trust accounts is as seamless as possible.\\n\\nThe legislation also raises broader questions about the ethics of involving children in social media content creation. Critics argue that the pressure to maintain a public persona can be detrimental to a child\\'s development and well-being. Dr. Emily Carter, a child psychologist, cautioned, \"While financial protections are crucial, we must also consider the psychological impact of social media fame on young children. It\\'s important for parents to prioritize their child\\'s mental health and personal growth.\"\\n\\nAs the law takes effect, it is expected to influence similar legislative efforts in other states and potentially at the federal level. Advocates hope that it will set a precedent for protecting the rights of child influencers across the country.\\n\\nIn the meantime, California\\'s new law represents a significant step forward in ensuring that the digital economy is fair and equitable for its youngest participants. By securing a portion of their earnings, the state is helping to pave the way for a more secure financial future for child influencers, while also prompting important conversations about the role of children in the digital age.\\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.0449528322,"RADAR":0.506872654,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely AI-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely AI-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The names of the doctors alone, which have featured in several articles, guarantee that this has to be written by AI. It also contains the phrase \"in the digital age\" in the introduction and conclusion, which I've frequently encountered when working with AI articles. The quotes also don't sound natural and they're too close to the style of the article, especially the one where the doctor opens with \"The digital world\". "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"It's difficult to tell with this one but there are a couple of words AI often uses such as \"navigating\" and \"crucial\". Also, the language is fairly generic such as the use of the term \"evolving landscape\". The text I thought might be human -generated has longer sentences than AI normally uses."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"AI tends to love words like 'ensuring' and 'enacting'. Also, I can't see anything glaringly wrong with the text. It's neatly structured and lacks any 'human' flaws. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This article is definitely AI-generated and I feel very confident with my assessment. It squishes information into long-form paragraphs and inserts quotes messily. Most of all, it heavily relies on summarizing concepts in a strict format, only using commas to separate concepts. Phrases such as \"as a necessary step in adapting to the evolving landscape of work and entertainment.\" and \"emphasized the importance of protecting the rights and earnings of child influencers.\" try to tell and summarize concepts in a tight manner, but don't show how it's relevant and lacks visual imagery to show why the topic matters. So, it's AI-generated. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The lexical diversity in this story is admirable but lacks depth. The register for a news story is 100% correct and therein lies the rub. Where is the human voice?"},"majority_vote":"Machine-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Machine-Generated"},"153":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":4,"title":"Hand gestures may have sparked human language","sub-title":"Our unique language systems distinguish us from other species. But did early hand gestures pave the way for civilization? Researchers disagree.","author":"Sara Novak","source":"Discover","issue":"Sep-24","section":"The Sciences","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/the-sciences\/hand-gestures-may-have-been-the-start-of-human-language","article":"Our ability to communicate through complex language systems is one of the defining characteristics that set humans apart from other species. But how did this intricate form of communication evolve? Some researchers suggest that the origins of human language might be traced back to something as simple as hand gestures.\n\nThe idea that hand gestures could have been the precursor to spoken language is not new. It is rooted in the observation that many primates, our closest evolutionary relatives, use gestures to communicate. Dr. Michael Corballis, a cognitive neuroscientist, explains, \"Gestures are a natural form of communication for primates. They are visible, versatile, and can convey a wide range of meanings.\"\n\nThe \"gesture-first\" hypothesis posits that early humans used hand movements to communicate before developing the ability to speak. This theory is supported by the fact that gestures are still an integral part of human communication today. We often use our hands to emphasize points, illustrate ideas, or express emotions, even when we are speaking.\n\nDr. Susan Goldin-Meadow, a psychologist who has extensively studied the role of gestures in communication, notes, \"Gestures are not just add-ons to speech; they are a fundamental part of the communication process. They can convey information that is not present in spoken words.\"\n\nHowever, not all researchers agree with the gesture-first hypothesis. Some argue that vocalizations, rather than gestures, were the primary mode of communication for early humans. Dr. Philip Lieberman, a linguist, contends, \"While gestures are important, the development of vocal communication was crucial for the evolution of language. The ability to produce a wide range of sounds allowed early humans to convey more complex ideas.\"\n\nThe debate over whether gestures or vocalizations came first is ongoing, but there is evidence to suggest that both played a role in the development of language. Studies of modern sign languages, for example, show that they are as complex and nuanced as spoken languages, indicating that gestures can indeed convey sophisticated ideas.\n\nMoreover, research into the brain's language centers reveals that both speech and gesture are processed in similar areas, suggesting a close relationship between the two. Dr. Corballis points out, \"The overlap in brain regions involved in speech and gesture processing indicates that they likely evolved together, influencing each other.\"\n\nThe evolution of language is a complex process that likely involved multiple factors, including gestures, vocalizations, and cognitive development. While the exact origins remain a topic of debate, the role of gestures in communication is undeniable.\n\nAs Dr. Goldin-Meadow concludes, \"Whether gestures were the first form of language or not, they are a crucial part of how we communicate today. Understanding their role in the evolution of language can provide valuable insights into what makes us uniquely human.\"\n\nIn the end, the study of gestures and their connection to language not only sheds light on our past but also enhances our understanding of human communication in the present. Whether through spoken words or hand movements, our ability to convey ideas and emotions is a testament to the complexity and adaptability of human language.\n","id":8,"ground_truth":"AI-generated","pangram":"{'text': 'Our ability to communicate through complex language systems is one of the defining characteristics that set humans apart from other species. But how did this intricate form of communication evolve? Some researchers suggest that the origins of human language might be traced back to something as simple as hand gestures.\\n\\nThe idea that hand gestures could have been the precursor to spoken language is not new. It is rooted in the observation that many primates, our closest evolutionary relatives, use gestures to communicate. Dr. Michael Corballis, a cognitive neuroscientist, explains, \"Gestures are a natural form of communication for primates. They are visible, versatile, and can convey a wide range of meanings.\"\\n\\nThe \"gesture-first\" hypothesis posits that early humans used hand movements to communicate before developing the ability to speak. This theory is supported by the fact that gestures are still an integral part of human communication today. We often use our hands to emphasize points, illustrate ideas, or express emotions, even when we are speaking.\\n\\nDr. Susan Goldin-Meadow, a psychologist who has extensively studied the role of gestures in communication, notes, \"Gestures are not just add-ons to speech; they are a fundamental part of the communication process. They can convey information that is not present in spoken words.\"\\n\\nHowever, not all researchers agree with the gesture-first hypothesis. Some argue that vocalizations, rather than gestures, were the primary mode of communication for early humans. Dr. Philip Lieberman, a linguist, contends, \"While gestures are important, the development of vocal communication was crucial for the evolution of language. The ability to produce a wide range of sounds allowed early humans to convey more complex ideas.\"\\n\\nThe debate over whether gestures or vocalizations came first is ongoing, but there is evidence to suggest that both played a role in the development of language. Studies of modern sign languages, for example, show that they are as complex and nuanced as spoken languages, indicating that gestures can indeed convey sophisticated ideas.\\n\\nMoreover, research into the brain\\'s language centers reveals that both speech and gesture are processed in similar areas, suggesting a close relationship between the two. Dr. Corballis points out, \"The overlap in brain regions involved in speech and gesture processing indicates that they likely evolved together, influencing each other.\"\\n\\nThe evolution of language is a complex process that likely involved multiple factors, including gestures, vocalizations, and cognitive development. While the exact origins remain a topic of debate, the role of gestures in communication is undeniable.\\n\\nAs Dr. Goldin-Meadow concludes, \"Whether gestures were the first form of language or not, they are a crucial part of how we communicate today. Understanding their role in the evolution of language can provide valuable insights into what makes us uniquely human.\"\\n\\nIn the end, the study of gestures and their connection to language not only sheds light on our past but also enhances our understanding of human communication in the present. Whether through spoken words or hand movements, our ability to convey ideas and emotions is a testament to the complexity and adaptability of human language.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.0, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0008664131164550781, 'GPT4': 0.0008044242858886719, 'MISTRAL': 0.943359375, 'LLAMA': 0.005123138427734375, 'GEMINI': 0.0301361083984375, 'CLAUDE': 0.01983642578125, 'HUMAN': 1.1920928955078125e-07}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'Our ability to communicate through complex language systems is one of the defining characteristics that set humans apart from other species. But how did this intricate form of communication evolve? Some researchers suggest that the origins of human language might be traced back to something as simple as hand gestures.\\n\\nThe idea that hand gestures could have been the precursor to spoken language is not new. It is rooted in the observation that many primates, our closest evolutionary relatives, use gestures to communicate. Dr. Michael Corballis, a cognitive neuroscientist, explains, \"Gestures are a natural form of communication for primates. They are visible, versatile, and can convey a wide range of meanings.\"\\n\\nThe \"gesture-first\" hypothesis posits that early humans used hand movements to communicate before developing the ability to speak. This theory is supported by the fact that gestures are still an integral part of human communication today. We often use our hands to emphasize points, illustrate ideas, or express emotions, even when we are speaking.\\n\\nDr. Susan Goldin-Meadow, a psychologist who has extensively studied the role of gestures in communication, notes, \"Gestures are not just add-ons to speech; they are a fundamental part of the communication process. They can convey information that is not present in spoken words.\"\\n\\nHowever, not all researchers agree with the gesture-first hypothesis. Some argue that vocalizations, rather than gestures, were the primary mode of communication for early humans. Dr. Philip Lieberman, a linguist, contends, \"While gestures are important, the development of vocal communication was crucial for the evolution of language. The ability to produce a wide range of sounds allowed early humans to convey more complex ideas.\"\\n\\nThe debate over whether gestures or vocalizations came first is ongoing, but there is evidence to suggest that both played a role in the development of language. Studies of modern sign languages, for example, show that they are as complex and nuanced as spoken languages, indicating that gestures can indeed convey sophisticated ideas.\\n\\nMoreover, research into the brain\\'s language centers reveals that both speech and gesture are processed in similar areas, suggesting a close relationship between the two. Dr. Corballis points out, \"The overlap in brain regions involved in speech and gesture processing indicates that they likely evolved together, influencing each other.\"\\n\\nThe evolution of language is a complex process that likely involved multiple factors, including gestures, vocalizations, and cognitive development. While the exact origins remain a topic of debate, the role of gestures in communication is undeniable.\\n\\nAs Dr. Goldin-Meadow concludes, \"Whether gestures were the first form of language or not, they are a crucial part of how we communicate today. Understanding their role in the evolution of language can provide valuable insights into what makes us uniquely human.\"\\n\\nIn the end, the study of gestures and their connection to language not only sheds light on our past but also enhances our understanding of human communication in the present. Whether through spoken words or hand movements, our ability to convey ideas and emotions is a testament to the complexity and adaptability of human language.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.0, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 0.0001894235610961914, 'GPT4': 0.00030612945556640625, 'MISTRAL': 0.84765625, 'LLAMA': 0.133056640625, 'GEMINI': 0.01480865478515625, 'CLAUDE': 0.004161834716796875, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '63c6219f-b218-43d4-aac0-bec61d36295c', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.9998003840446472, 'sentence': 'Our ability to communicate through complex language systems is one of the defining characteristics that set humans apart from other species.', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 0.9997959733009338, 'sentence': 'But how did this intricate form of communication evolve?', 'perplexity': 0, 'highlight_sentence_for_ai': True}, {'generated_prob': 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'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'ai': 0.8753704990852369, 'human': 0.11057250597192597, 'mixed': 0.014056994942837287}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'human': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.82, 'medium': 0.92}, 'mixed': {'reject': 0.7, 'low': 0.8, 'medium': 0.88}}}, 'overall_burstiness': 0, 'writing_stats': {}, 'subclass': {'ai': {'predicted_class': 'pure_ai', 'result_message': '', 'confidence_score': 0.9999999998, 'confidence_category': 'high', 'class_probabilities': {'pure_ai': 0.9999999999, 'ai_paraphrased': 9.999999997e-11}, 'confidence_scores_raw': {'identity': {'pure_ai': 0.9999999998, 'ai_paraphrased': 9.999999997e-11}}, 'confidence_thresholds_raw': {'identity': {'pure_ai': {'reject': 0.65, 'low': 0.75, 'medium': 0.92}, 'ai_paraphrased': {'reject': 0.85, 'low': 0.9, 'medium': 0.95}}}}, 'human': {}, 'mixed': {}}, 'result_message': 'Our detector is moderately confident that the text is written by AI.', 'document_classification': 'AI_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'Our ability to communicate through complex language systems is one of the defining characteristics that set humans apart from other species. But how did this intricate form of communication evolve? Some researchers suggest that the origins of human language might be traced back to something as simple as hand gestures.\\n\\nThe idea that hand gestures could have been the precursor to spoken language is not new. It is rooted in the observation that many primates, our closest evolutionary relatives, use gestures to communicate. Dr. Michael Corballis, a cognitive neuroscientist, explains, \"Gestures are a natural form of communication for primates. They are visible, versatile, and can convey a wide range of meanings.\"\\n\\nThe \"gesture-first\" hypothesis posits that early humans used hand movements to communicate before developing the ability to speak. This theory is supported by the fact that gestures are still an integral part of human communication today. We often use our hands to emphasize points, illustrate ideas, or express emotions, even when we are speaking.\\n\\nDr. Susan Goldin-Meadow, a psychologist who has extensively studied the role of gestures in communication, notes, \"Gestures are not just add-ons to speech; they are a fundamental part of the communication process. They can convey information that is not present in spoken words.\"\\n\\nHowever, not all researchers agree with the gesture-first hypothesis. Some argue that vocalizations, rather than gestures, were the primary mode of communication for early humans. Dr. Philip Lieberman, a linguist, contends, \"While gestures are important, the development of vocal communication was crucial for the evolution of language. The ability to produce a wide range of sounds allowed early humans to convey more complex ideas.\"\\n\\nThe debate over whether gestures or vocalizations came first is ongoing, but there is evidence to suggest that both played a role in the development of language. Studies of modern sign languages, for example, show that they are as complex and nuanced as spoken languages, indicating that gestures can indeed convey sophisticated ideas.\\n\\nMoreover, research into the brain\\'s language centers reveals that both speech and gesture are processed in similar areas, suggesting a close relationship between the two. Dr. Corballis points out, \"The overlap in brain regions involved in speech and gesture processing indicates that they likely evolved together, influencing each other.\"\\n\\nThe evolution of language is a complex process that likely involved multiple factors, including gestures, vocalizations, and cognitive development. While the exact origins remain a topic of debate, the role of gestures in communication is undeniable.\\n\\nAs Dr. Goldin-Meadow concludes, \"Whether gestures were the first form of language or not, they are a crucial part of how we communicate today. Understanding their role in the evolution of language can provide valuable insights into what makes us uniquely human.\"\\n\\nIn the end, the study of gestures and their connection to language not only sheds light on our past but also enhances our understanding of human communication in the present. Whether through spoken words or hand movements, our ability to convey ideas and emotions is a testament to the complexity and adaptability of human language.\\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.0443530269,"RADAR":0.678828299,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely AI-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely AI-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"The introduction is fine but the conclusion has lots of machine-generated markers. Phrases like \"not only this but also this\" and \"is a testament to\" are generally favoured by AI. Everyone quoted in the article is also a doctor, which further points towards AI, even if their names are quite unique. The quotes themselves also read as very machine-generated, they all have the same style and they use common AI words and phrases like \"crucial\" and \"valuable insights\". "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The repetition of the AI-favoured words \"crucial\" and \"role\" is a clue. Also, AI often uses \"not only...but also\" in text."},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I know it's machine-generated: doesn't use contractions. Sentence formation and syntax is familiar. Speech tags are distinctive. Contains nominalisations. And the conclusion includes the phrase 'a testament to'. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"I feel less confident about this article, but I would say that it is machine-written first, with some human-editing included in the article. I first interpreted it as human-written due to words I less often see with AI, such as \"contends\" and \"posits\". But later on, parts of the article resorted to flowery summarizing in other areas, such as \"...sheds light on our past but also enhances our understanding of human communication in the present\" and \"indicating that gestures can indeed convey sophisticated ideas.\" There is a lack of variety in the sentence length and structure overall, but only parts of these sentences convey information using some passive voice and added adverbs like \"likely\" and \"often\". But, I believe the base of the article is AI-generated. "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"In this short text 27% is direct quotes that all appear at the end of paragraphs. Sort of an AI trend. Because so many people are quoted, AI is forced to use its built-in thesaurus to dredge up all the alternatives to \"say\/said\" it uses in this text.  Two lists with 3 items each, something being \"a testament to\", and a nod to the wonderfulness of humans in the final sentence and, voil\u00e0, we have an AI product."},"majority_vote":"Machine-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Machine-Generated"},"154":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":5,"title":"What The Jet Stream And Climate Change Had To Do With The Hottest Summer On Record","sub-title":"The Eastern U.S. started summer 2024 under a record-breaking heat dome, leaving many outdoor workers struggling with the heat.","author":"Shuang-Ye Wu","source":"Discover","issue":"Sep-24","section":"Environment","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/environment\/what-the-jet-stream-and-climate-change-had-to-do-with-the-hottest-summer-on","article":"The summer of 2024 will be remembered as one of the hottest on record, particularly in the Eastern United States, where a relentless heat dome settled in, pushing temperatures to unprecedented levels. This extreme weather event left many outdoor workers grappling with the intense heat, raising concerns about the impacts of climate change and the role of atmospheric patterns like the jet stream.\n\n<b>Understanding the Heat Dome<\/b>\nA heat dome occurs when a high-pressure system traps warm air over a region, creating a \"dome\" of heat that can persist for days or even weeks. This summer, the Eastern U.S. found itself under such a dome, with temperatures soaring well above average. Dr. Sarah Thompson, a climatologist at the National Weather Service, explains, \"Heat domes are not new, but their frequency and intensity are increasing due to climate change. The warmer the atmosphere, the more energy it holds, which can amplify these high-pressure systems.\"\n\nThe heat dome's impact was felt across various sectors, but outdoor workers were among the hardest hit. Construction workers, agricultural laborers, and others who spend long hours outside faced dangerous conditions. \"We had to adjust our work schedules, starting earlier in the morning and taking more frequent breaks,\" says Miguel Hernandez, a construction foreman in Atlanta. \"Even then, the heat was unbearable at times.\"\n\n<b>The Role of the Jet Stream<\/b>\n\nThe jet stream, a fast-flowing ribbon of air high in the atmosphere, plays a crucial role in weather patterns. It typically acts as a boundary between cooler air to the north and warmer air to the south. However, this summer, the jet stream exhibited unusual behavior, contributing to the prolonged heat wave.\n\nDr. Jennifer Lee, an atmospheric scientist at Columbia University, notes, \"The jet stream has been meandering more than usual, creating large ridges and troughs. This waviness can lead to prolonged periods of extreme weather, such as the heat dome we experienced.\" The jet stream's altered path allowed the high-pressure system to remain stationary over the Eastern U.S., intensifying the heat and prolonging its duration.\n\n<b>Climate Change: The Underlying Factor<\/b>\n\nWhile natural variability plays a role in weather patterns, the influence of climate change cannot be ignored. The Earth's average temperature has been rising due to increased greenhouse gas emissions, leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves. \"Climate change is like adding steroids to our weather,\" says Dr. Michael Oppenheimer, a climate scientist at Princeton University. \"It doesn't create the heatwaves, but it makes them more intense and longer-lasting.\"\n\nThe summer of 2024 serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need to address climate change. The impacts are not just limited to discomfort and inconvenience; they pose serious health risks. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), extreme heat is one of the leading causes of weather-related deaths in the U.S. \"Heat stress can lead to heat exhaustion and heat stroke, which can be fatal if not treated promptly,\" warns Dr. Emily Carter, a public health expert.\n\n<b>Adapting to a Hotter Future<\/b>\n\nAs the planet continues to warm, adapting to extreme heat becomes increasingly important. Cities across the Eastern U.S. are taking steps to mitigate the impacts of heatwaves. Urban planners are incorporating more green spaces and reflective materials to reduce the urban heat island effect. \"We need to rethink how we design our cities to make them more resilient to extreme heat,\" says Mark Johnson, an urban planner in New York City.\n\nFor outdoor workers, adaptation involves both policy changes and practical measures. Employers are encouraged to implement heat safety protocols, such as providing shaded rest areas and ensuring access to water. \"It's crucial that we protect our workers from the dangers of extreme heat,\" emphasizes Maria Sanchez, a labor rights advocate.\n\n<b>Looking Ahead<\/b>\n\nThe summer of 2024 may be a harbinger of what lies ahead if global temperatures continue to rise. Scientists and policymakers alike stress the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change. \"We have the tools and knowledge to address this challenge, but we need the political will to act,\" asserts Dr. Oppenheimer.\n\nIn the meantime, understanding the interplay between atmospheric patterns like the jet stream and climate change is essential for predicting and preparing for future extreme weather events. As Dr. Lee concludes, \"By studying these complex systems, we can improve our forecasts and help communities better prepare for the challenges of a warming world.\"\n\nThe hottest summer on record serves as a wake-up call, highlighting the urgent need for action to protect both people and the planet from the escalating impacts of climate change.\n","id":10,"ground_truth":"AI-generated","pangram":"{'text': 'The summer of 2024 will be remembered as one of the hottest on record, particularly in the Eastern United States, where a relentless heat dome settled in, pushing temperatures to unprecedented levels. This extreme weather event left many outdoor workers grappling with the intense heat, raising concerns about the impacts of climate change and the role of atmospheric patterns like the jet stream.\\n\\n<b>Understanding the Heat Dome<\/b>\\nA heat dome occurs when a high-pressure system traps warm air over a region, creating a \"dome\" of heat that can persist for days or even weeks. This summer, the Eastern U.S. found itself under such a dome, with temperatures soaring well above average. Dr. Sarah Thompson, a climatologist at the National Weather Service, explains, \"Heat domes are not new, but their frequency and intensity are increasing due to climate change. The warmer the atmosphere, the more energy it holds, which can amplify these high-pressure systems.\"\\n\\nThe heat dome\\'s impact was felt across various sectors, but outdoor workers were among the hardest hit. Construction workers, agricultural laborers, and others who spend long hours outside faced dangerous conditions. \"We had to adjust our work schedules, starting earlier in the morning and taking more frequent breaks,\" says Miguel Hernandez, a construction foreman in Atlanta. \"Even then, the heat was unbearable at times.\"\\n\\n<b>The Role of the Jet Stream<\/b>\\n\\nThe jet stream, a fast-flowing ribbon of air high in the atmosphere, plays a crucial role in weather patterns. It typically acts as a boundary between cooler air to the north and warmer air to the south. However, this summer, the jet stream exhibited unusual behavior, contributing to the prolonged heat wave.\\n\\nDr. Jennifer Lee, an atmospheric scientist at Columbia University, notes, \"The jet stream has been meandering more than usual, creating large ridges and troughs. This waviness can lead to prolonged periods of extreme weather, such as the heat dome we experienced.\" The jet stream\\'s altered path allowed the high-pressure system to remain stationary over the Eastern U.S., intensifying the heat and prolonging its duration.\\n\\n<b>Climate Change: The Underlying Factor<\/b>\\n\\nWhile natural variability plays a role in weather patterns, the influence of climate change cannot be ignored. The Earth\\'s average temperature has been rising due to increased greenhouse gas emissions, leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves. \"Climate change is like adding steroids to our weather,\" says Dr. Michael Oppenheimer, a climate scientist at Princeton University. \"It doesn\\'t create the heatwaves, but it makes them more intense and longer-lasting.\"\\n\\nThe summer of 2024 serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need to address climate change. The impacts are not just limited to discomfort and inconvenience; they pose serious health risks. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), extreme heat is one of the leading causes of weather-related deaths in the U.S. \"Heat stress can lead to heat exhaustion and heat stroke, which can be fatal if not treated promptly,\" warns Dr. Emily Carter, a public health expert.\\n\\n<b>Adapting to a Hotter Future<\/b>\\n\\nAs the planet continues to warm, adapting to extreme heat becomes increasingly important. Cities across the Eastern U.S. are taking steps to mitigate the impacts of heatwaves. Urban planners are incorporating more green spaces and reflective materials to reduce the urban heat island effect. \"We need to rethink how we design our cities to make them more resilient to extreme heat,\" says Mark Johnson, an urban planner in New York City.\\n\\nFor outdoor workers, adaptation involves both policy changes and practical measures. Employers are encouraged to implement heat safety protocols, such as providing shaded rest areas and ensuring access to water. \"It\\'s crucial that we protect our workers from the dangers of extreme heat,\" emphasizes Maria Sanchez, a labor rights advocate.\\n\\n<b>Looking Ahead<\/b>\\n\\nThe summer of 2024 may be a harbinger of what lies ahead if global temperatures continue to rise. Scientists and policymakers alike stress the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change. \"We have the tools and knowledge to address this challenge, but we need the political will to act,\" asserts Dr. Oppenheimer.\\n\\nIn the meantime, understanding the interplay between atmospheric patterns like the jet stream and climate change is essential for predicting and preparing for future extreme weather events. As Dr. Lee concludes, \"By studying these complex systems, we can improve our forecasts and help communities better prepare for the challenges of a warming world.\"\\n\\nThe hottest summer on record serves as a wake-up call, highlighting the urgent need for action to protect both people and the planet from the escalating impacts of climate change.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.0, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 6.020069122314453e-05, 'GPT4': 0.1644287109375, 'MISTRAL': 0.0877685546875, 'LLAMA': 0.0013332366943359375, 'GEMINI': 0.73583984375, 'CLAUDE': 0.01073455810546875, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","pangram_humanizers":"{'text': 'The summer of 2024 will be remembered as one of the hottest on record, particularly in the Eastern United States, where a relentless heat dome settled in, pushing temperatures to unprecedented levels. This extreme weather event left many outdoor workers grappling with the intense heat, raising concerns about the impacts of climate change and the role of atmospheric patterns like the jet stream.\\n\\n<b>Understanding the Heat Dome<\/b>\\nA heat dome occurs when a high-pressure system traps warm air over a region, creating a \"dome\" of heat that can persist for days or even weeks. This summer, the Eastern U.S. found itself under such a dome, with temperatures soaring well above average. Dr. Sarah Thompson, a climatologist at the National Weather Service, explains, \"Heat domes are not new, but their frequency and intensity are increasing due to climate change. The warmer the atmosphere, the more energy it holds, which can amplify these high-pressure systems.\"\\n\\nThe heat dome\\'s impact was felt across various sectors, but outdoor workers were among the hardest hit. Construction workers, agricultural laborers, and others who spend long hours outside faced dangerous conditions. \"We had to adjust our work schedules, starting earlier in the morning and taking more frequent breaks,\" says Miguel Hernandez, a construction foreman in Atlanta. \"Even then, the heat was unbearable at times.\"\\n\\n<b>The Role of the Jet Stream<\/b>\\n\\nThe jet stream, a fast-flowing ribbon of air high in the atmosphere, plays a crucial role in weather patterns. It typically acts as a boundary between cooler air to the north and warmer air to the south. However, this summer, the jet stream exhibited unusual behavior, contributing to the prolonged heat wave.\\n\\nDr. Jennifer Lee, an atmospheric scientist at Columbia University, notes, \"The jet stream has been meandering more than usual, creating large ridges and troughs. This waviness can lead to prolonged periods of extreme weather, such as the heat dome we experienced.\" The jet stream\\'s altered path allowed the high-pressure system to remain stationary over the Eastern U.S., intensifying the heat and prolonging its duration.\\n\\n<b>Climate Change: The Underlying Factor<\/b>\\n\\nWhile natural variability plays a role in weather patterns, the influence of climate change cannot be ignored. The Earth\\'s average temperature has been rising due to increased greenhouse gas emissions, leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves. \"Climate change is like adding steroids to our weather,\" says Dr. Michael Oppenheimer, a climate scientist at Princeton University. \"It doesn\\'t create the heatwaves, but it makes them more intense and longer-lasting.\"\\n\\nThe summer of 2024 serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need to address climate change. The impacts are not just limited to discomfort and inconvenience; they pose serious health risks. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), extreme heat is one of the leading causes of weather-related deaths in the U.S. \"Heat stress can lead to heat exhaustion and heat stroke, which can be fatal if not treated promptly,\" warns Dr. Emily Carter, a public health expert.\\n\\n<b>Adapting to a Hotter Future<\/b>\\n\\nAs the planet continues to warm, adapting to extreme heat becomes increasingly important. Cities across the Eastern U.S. are taking steps to mitigate the impacts of heatwaves. Urban planners are incorporating more green spaces and reflective materials to reduce the urban heat island effect. \"We need to rethink how we design our cities to make them more resilient to extreme heat,\" says Mark Johnson, an urban planner in New York City.\\n\\nFor outdoor workers, adaptation involves both policy changes and practical measures. Employers are encouraged to implement heat safety protocols, such as providing shaded rest areas and ensuring access to water. \"It\\'s crucial that we protect our workers from the dangers of extreme heat,\" emphasizes Maria Sanchez, a labor rights advocate.\\n\\n<b>Looking Ahead<\/b>\\n\\nThe summer of 2024 may be a harbinger of what lies ahead if global temperatures continue to rise. Scientists and policymakers alike stress the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change. \"We have the tools and knowledge to address this challenge, but we need the political will to act,\" asserts Dr. Oppenheimer.\\n\\nIn the meantime, understanding the interplay between atmospheric patterns like the jet stream and climate change is essential for predicting and preparing for future extreme weather events. As Dr. Lee concludes, \"By studying these complex systems, we can improve our forecasts and help communities better prepare for the challenges of a warming world.\"\\n\\nThe hottest summer on record serves as a wake-up call, highlighting the urgent need for action to protect both people and the planet from the escalating impacts of climate change.\\n', 'ai_likelihood': 1.0, 'prediction': 'Highly Likely AI', 'llm_prediction': {'GPT35': 4.172325134277344e-07, 'GPT4': 0.23486328125, 'MISTRAL': 0.418701171875, 'LLAMA': 0.02166748046875, 'GEMINI': 0.323486328125, 'CLAUDE': 0.00145721435546875, 'HUMAN': 0.0}, 'metadata': {}}","gptzero":"{'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'scanId': '5c16e7ef-371b-4854-b514-233066ea3483', 'documents': [{'sentences': [{'generated_prob': 0.9999991059303284, 'sentence': 'The summer of 2024 will be remembered as one of the hottest on record, particularly in the Eastern United States, where a relentless heat dome settled in, pushing temperatures to unprecedented 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confident that the text is written by AI.', 'document_classification': 'AI_ONLY', 'version': '2025-01-09-base', 'language': 'en', 'inputText': 'The summer of 2024 will be remembered as one of the hottest on record, particularly in the Eastern United States, where a relentless heat dome settled in, pushing temperatures to unprecedented levels. This extreme weather event left many outdoor workers grappling with the intense heat, raising concerns about the impacts of climate change and the role of atmospheric patterns like the jet stream.\\n\\n<b>Understanding the Heat Dome<\/b>\\nA heat dome occurs when a high-pressure system traps warm air over a region, creating a \"dome\" of heat that can persist for days or even weeks. This summer, the Eastern U.S. found itself under such a dome, with temperatures soaring well above average. Dr. Sarah Thompson, a climatologist at the National Weather Service, explains, \"Heat domes are not new, but their frequency and intensity are increasing due to climate change. The warmer the atmosphere, the more energy it holds, which can amplify these high-pressure systems.\"\\n\\nThe heat dome\\'s impact was felt across various sectors, but outdoor workers were among the hardest hit. Construction workers, agricultural laborers, and others who spend long hours outside faced dangerous conditions. \"We had to adjust our work schedules, starting earlier in the morning and taking more frequent breaks,\" says Miguel Hernandez, a construction foreman in Atlanta. \"Even then, the heat was unbearable at times.\"\\n\\n<b>The Role of the Jet Stream<\/b>\\n\\nThe jet stream, a fast-flowing ribbon of air high in the atmosphere, plays a crucial role in weather patterns. It typically acts as a boundary between cooler air to the north and warmer air to the south. However, this summer, the jet stream exhibited unusual behavior, contributing to the prolonged heat wave.\\n\\nDr. Jennifer Lee, an atmospheric scientist at Columbia University, notes, \"The jet stream has been meandering more than usual, creating large ridges and troughs. This waviness can lead to prolonged periods of extreme weather, such as the heat dome we experienced.\" The jet stream\\'s altered path allowed the high-pressure system to remain stationary over the Eastern U.S., intensifying the heat and prolonging its duration.\\n\\n<b>Climate Change: The Underlying Factor<\/b>\\n\\nWhile natural variability plays a role in weather patterns, the influence of climate change cannot be ignored. The Earth\\'s average temperature has been rising due to increased greenhouse gas emissions, leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves. \"Climate change is like adding steroids to our weather,\" says Dr. Michael Oppenheimer, a climate scientist at Princeton University. \"It doesn\\'t create the heatwaves, but it makes them more intense and longer-lasting.\"\\n\\nThe summer of 2024 serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need to address climate change. The impacts are not just limited to discomfort and inconvenience; they pose serious health risks. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), extreme heat is one of the leading causes of weather-related deaths in the U.S. \"Heat stress can lead to heat exhaustion and heat stroke, which can be fatal if not treated promptly,\" warns Dr. Emily Carter, a public health expert.\\n\\n<b>Adapting to a Hotter Future<\/b>\\n\\nAs the planet continues to warm, adapting to extreme heat becomes increasingly important. Cities across the Eastern U.S. are taking steps to mitigate the impacts of heatwaves. Urban planners are incorporating more green spaces and reflective materials to reduce the urban heat island effect. \"We need to rethink how we design our cities to make them more resilient to extreme heat,\" says Mark Johnson, an urban planner in New York City.\\n\\nFor outdoor workers, adaptation involves both policy changes and practical measures. Employers are encouraged to implement heat safety protocols, such as providing shaded rest areas and ensuring access to water. \"It\\'s crucial that we protect our workers from the dangers of extreme heat,\" emphasizes Maria Sanchez, a labor rights advocate.\\n\\n<b>Looking Ahead<\/b>\\n\\nThe summer of 2024 may be a harbinger of what lies ahead if global temperatures continue to rise. Scientists and policymakers alike stress the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change. \"We have the tools and knowledge to address this challenge, but we need the political will to act,\" asserts Dr. Oppenheimer.\\n\\nIn the meantime, understanding the interplay between atmospheric patterns like the jet stream and climate change is essential for predicting and preparing for future extreme weather events. As Dr. Lee concludes, \"By studying these complex systems, we can improve our forecasts and help communities better prepare for the challenges of a warming world.\"\\n\\nThe hottest summer on record serves as a wake-up call, highlighting the urgent need for action to protect both people and the planet from the escalating impacts of climate change.\\n'}], 'editorDocumentId': None}","e5_lora":0.1039507687,"RADAR":0.8011058569,"binoculars_lowfpr":"Most likely AI-generated","binoculars_accuracy":"Most likely AI-generated","annotator_1":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":4.0,"comment":"The way the people quoted in this article are introduced and the sheer quantity of different people quoted, many being Doctor X from Y University, makes me lean heavily towards AI-generated. The phrase \"the role of atmospheric patterns like the jet stream\" seemed more human-generated as AI tends to use \"such as\" where many more people favour \"like\". That said, its use twice leans more towards AI as it's a bit repetitive, and overall it wasn't enough to sway me towards human-generated. "},"annotator_2":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":2.0,"comment":"This one has a few typical AI words but the vocabulary is fairly rich and nuanced. It's probably human but may possibly be AI. "},"annotator_3":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"Here's why I think it's machine-generated: The headings follow the same AI generated format. Mixture of speech tags. Words like amplify, impact, grappling, extreme and crucial (a classic). The text is impersonal. "},"annotator_4":{"guess":"Human-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"This article appears human-written. It lacks the stilted character that AI-written content has, even while it maintains similar writing patterns often found on blog websites. I'd argue that it's human-written due to a wider access to words, such as \"interplay\", \"natural variability\", and \"harbinger\" for more vibrant wordage. I also think that when AI writes, it tends to try and structure sentences to their finest point, but in this case, some parts are offset by simpler phrases such as \"wake-up call\", \"stark reminder\" and \"cannot be ignored.\" It...appears to have a certain amount of character, so in my opinion, it's human-written.  "},"annotator_5":{"guess":"Machine-Generated","confidence":5.0,"comment":"I have yet to see AI using the name of a person without adding \"a surgeon\" or \"an ophthalmologist\" or \"a politician\". This counts as superficial information. It should add a bit more detail to give context, else why would I be interested in knowing who they are? Typical list of the usual suspects: verbose twaddle, LLM marker words (impacts, the importance of, essential for, interplay between), and inability to produce text without an abundance of present participles."},"majority_vote":"Machine-Generated","expert_majority_vote":"Machine-Generated"},"155":{"generation_model":"gpt-4o","prompt_id":6,"title":"Monkeys in Puerto Rico Became Kinder to Each Other After Hurricane Maria","sub-title":"When Hurricane Maria tore through Puerto Rico, rhesus macaques reevaluated their survival strategies.","author":"Joshua Rapp Learn","source":"Discover","issue":"Sep-24","section":"Planet Earth","link":"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/planet-earth\/monkeys-in-puerto-rico-became-kinder-to-each-other-after-hurricane-maria","article":"When Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017, it left a trail of destruction that affected not only humans but also the island's wildlife. Among the survivors were the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago, a small island off Puerto Rico's eastern coast. These monkeys, known for their complex social structures and sometimes aggressive behavior, underwent a remarkable transformation in the wake of the storm. Researchers observed that the macaques became more cooperative and kinder to each other, a shift that offers intriguing insights into animal behavior and survival strategies.\n\nCayo Santiago, often referred to as \"Monkey Island,\" is home to a free-ranging population of rhesus macaques that have been the subject of scientific study for decades. The island's research station, managed by the Caribbean Primate Research Center, provides a unique opportunity to observe these primates in a natural setting. When Hurricane Maria struck, it destroyed much of the island's vegetation and infrastructure, drastically altering the macaques' environment.\n\nDr. Lauren Brent, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Exeter, has been studying the social dynamics of these macaques for years. \"Before the hurricane, the social interactions among the macaques were often competitive and hierarchical,\" she explains. \"However, the storm created a situation where cooperation became essential for survival.\"\n\nIn the aftermath of the hurricane, food and resources became scarce, prompting the macaques to adapt their behavior. Dr. Brent and her team observed an increase in affiliative behaviors, such as grooming and sharing food, which are crucial for building and maintaining social bonds. \"We saw a significant rise in grooming interactions, which is a key behavior for reducing tension and fostering alliances,\" says Dr. Brent.\n\nThe shift in behavior was not just limited to grooming. The macaques also displayed more tolerance towards each other, even among individuals who were not closely related. Dr. Michael Platt, a neuroscientist at the University of Pennsylvania who collaborates with Dr. Brent, notes, \"The macaques seemed to recognize that their best chance of survival was to work together. This kind of behavioral flexibility is a testament to their cognitive abilities.\"\n\nThe researchers believe that the macaques' response to the hurricane highlights the importance of social networks in times of crisis. \"In challenging environments, having strong social bonds can be a matter of life and death,\" Dr. Platt explains. \"The macaques' ability to adapt their social strategies demonstrates the evolutionary advantage of cooperation.\"\n\nThis phenomenon is not unique to rhesus macaques. Many animal species exhibit increased cooperation in response to environmental stressors. However, the extent and rapidity of the behavioral change observed in the Cayo Santiago macaques are particularly striking. \"It's a powerful reminder of the resilience and adaptability of wildlife,\" says Dr. Brent.\n\nThe findings from Cayo Santiago have broader implications for understanding how animals, including humans, might respond to natural disasters and climate change. As extreme weather events become more frequent due to global warming, the ability to adapt socially could be crucial for survival. \"Studying these macaques gives us a window into the potential impacts of climate change on social behavior,\" Dr. Platt adds.\n\nThe research also underscores the importance of preserving natural habitats and supporting wildlife research. \"Cayo Santiago provides invaluable insights into primate behavior and evolution,\" says Dr. Brent. \"Protecting such sites is essential for advancing our understanding of the natural world.\"\n\nAs Puerto Rico continues to recover from Hurricane Maria, the story of the Cayo Santiago macaques serves as a poignant example of resilience and adaptation. These primates remind us that in the face of adversity, cooperation and kindness can be powerful tools for survival. \"The macaques have shown us that even in the most challenging circumstances, there is hope for change and growth,\" concludes Dr. Brent.\n\nIn a world increasingly shaped by environmental challenges, the lessons from Cayo Santiago offer a hopeful perspective on the power of community and collaboration, both in the animal kingdom and beyond.\n","id":12,"ground_truth":"AI-generated","pangram":"{'text': 'When Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017, it left a trail of destruction that affected not only humans but also the island\\'s wildlife. Among the survivors were the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago, a small island off Puerto Rico\\'s eastern coast. These monkeys, known for their complex social structures and sometimes aggressive behavior, underwent a remarkable transformation in the wake of the storm. Researchers observed that the macaques became more cooperative and kinder to each other, a shift that offers intriguing insights into animal behavior and survival strategies.\\n\\nCayo Santiago, often referred to as \"Monkey Island,\" is home to a free-ranging population of rhesus macaques that have been the subject of scientific study for decades. The island\\'s research station, managed by the Caribbean Primate Research Center, provides a unique opportunity to observe these primates in a natural setting. When Hurricane Maria struck, it destroyed much of the island\\'s vegetation and infrastructure, drastically altering the macaques\\' environment.\\n\\nDr. Lauren Brent, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Exeter, has been studying the social dynamics of these macaques for years. \"Before the hurricane, the social interactions among the macaques were often competitive and hierarchical,\" she explains. \"However, the storm created a situation where cooperation became essential for survival.\"\\n\\nIn the aftermath of the hurricane, food and resources became scarce, prompting the macaques to adapt their behavior. Dr. Brent and her team observed an increase in affiliative behaviors, such as grooming and sharing food, which are crucial for building and maintaining social bonds. \"We saw a significant rise in grooming interactions, which is a key behavior for reducing tension and fostering alliances,\" says Dr. Brent.\\n\\nThe shift in behavior was not just limited to grooming. The macaques also displayed more tolerance towards each other, even among individuals who were not closely related. Dr. Michael Platt, a neuroscientist at the University of Pennsylvania who collaborates with Dr. Brent, notes, \"The macaques seemed to recognize that their best chance of survival was to work together. This kind of behavioral flexibility is a testament to their cognitive abilities.\"\\n\\nThe researchers believe that the macaques\\' response to the hurricane highlights the importance of social networks in times of crisis. \"In challenging environments, having strong social bonds can be a matter of life and death,\" Dr. Platt explains. \"The macaques\\' ability to adapt their social strategies demonstrates the evolutionary advantage of cooperation.\"\\n\\nThis phenomenon is not unique to rhesus macaques. Many animal species exhibit increased coope