\n",
" \n",
" Strengths | \n",
" Weaknesses | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" Availability of natural water resources: Luanda benefits from proximity to water bodies such as the Atlantic Ocean, which can be tapped for desalination projects to increase freshwater supply, as well as extensive ground and surface water resources. | \n",
" Inadequate infrastructure: Many areas in Luanda lack basic water and sanitation infrastructure, and the infrastructure that exists is aged and intended for a significantly smaller population. | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" Increasing awareness and advocacy: Governmental advocacy, international funding, NGO awaerness, and community building have pushed greater awareness and need for improved infrastructure. | \n",
" Rapid urbanization: The city's growth in population and expansion of urbanized land place extensive pressure on building, maintaining, and improving infrastructure. | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" Potential for innovation: Current projects being funded have focused on expansive initiatives (coastline beautification, wastewater improvement, etc.). | \n",
" Financial constraints: Dependence on external funding sources makes it challenging to develop sustainable projects. | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" Strategic partnerships: Collaborations between government, international organizations, and private sector entities can leverage resources and expertise to address water and sanitation issues effectively. | \n",
" Governance and institutional capacity: Weak top-down governance structures and institutional capacity can impede effective policy implementation and coordination. | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" Opportunities | \n",
" Threats | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" Investment in infrastructure development: Opportunities exist for public and private sector investment in upgrading and expanding water and sanitation infrastructure to meet the growing demand. | \n",
" Climate change impacts: The greatest threats include intense rainfall events, flooding of vital infrastructure, and shocks from unexpected weather events given the diverse climate. | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" Behavior change interventions: Community advocacy and awareness allows for greater capacity building and resilience, especially alleviating the disproportionate impact on women, girls, and elderly. | \n",
" Pollution and contamination: Pollution from industrial activities, urban runoff, and inadequate wastewater treatment poses risks to water quality, with Luanda suffering extensively from the burden of waterborne illnesses. | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" Climate resilience measures: Addressing water-related hazards and climate change impacts through resilience-building measures presents opportunities for enhancing water security. | \n",
" Gender and social disparities: Inequalities exacerbate disproportionate impact on certain community members. | \n",
"
\n",
" \n",
" Capacity building and knowledge exchange: Engaging in capacity-building initiatives and knowledge-sharing platforms can strengthen local institutions and empower communities to actively participate in water and sanitation management. | \n",
" Political instability: Political instability and conflicts can disrupt governance structures, hinder policy implementation, and undermine efforts to address water and sanitation challenges effectively. | \n",
"
\n",
"
\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"##### **Ending Questions**\n",
"\n",
"1. How do you feel about the SWOT indicators? Where do you see potential overlap of themes? \n",
"2. Given Luanda and Angola's vulnerability within Sub-Saharan Africa, what immediate policy measures and programs do you foresee as beneficial for assisting the region? \n",
"3. What areas of water and sanitation do you think are being overlooked? Is there anything within the data that may have been missed? \n",
"4. What comporable cities (climate, region, population density, economy, etc.) have taken similar initiatives? Were they successful? Could they be implemented in Luanda? \n",
"5. Given the robust informal economy in the water sector, and the urban population's congregating in informal settlements, what are strategies to leverage their perspectives to build capacity and education for water and sanitation improvements? \n",
"6. What technologies can be leveraged to improve infrastructure conditions in Luanda? How essential is new technology given both the low quality and low capacity of existing infrastructure? \n",
"7. Are there any cultural or social factors that you believe will be highly relevant in addressing these issues? "
]
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"##### **Sources**\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"###### Bednarski, C. M. (2015). Urbanisation in Africa – Taking Angola as an Example. 1924–1931. https://doi.org/10.2749/222137815818359447\n",
"\n",
"###### Cain, A. (2014). Conflict and collaboration for water resources in Angola’s post-war cities. Water and post-conflict peacebuilding, 63-83.\n",
"\n",
"###### Cain, A. (2017). Water resource management under a changing climate in Angola's coastal settlements. International Institute for Environment and Development.\n",
"\n",
"###### Cain, A., & Baptista, A. C. (2020). Community Management and the Demand for ‘Water for All’in Angola’s Musseques. Water, 12(6), 1592.\n",
"\n",
"###### Cordoba, C. L., Andres, L. A., Da Costa, L. A., & Fenwick, C. (2021). Diagnosing Angola’s WASH Sector (No. 35591). The World Bank Group.\n",
"\n",
"###### Frøystad, M., Mæstad, O., & Villamil, N. (2011). Health services in Angola. Availability, quality and utilisation. CMI Report, 2011(9).\n",
"\n",
"###### Lindblom, H. (2010). Access to water through the informal water supply system in Luanda, Angola. In Luanda: Development Workshop Angola.\n",
"\n",
"###### Machado, A.L., Muller, M., & Sousa, L. (2023). A woman has to earn everything in life—Unveiling the challenges faced by Luanda’s young women. https://blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/woman-has-earn-everything-life-unveiling-challenges-faced-luandas-young-women-afe-1223\n",
"\n",
"###### Pryer, L. D. + K. (2020, November 4). LUANDA, ANGOLA. ArcGIS StoryMaps. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/64444aa0bc004139b73cb5dd012b52ff\n",
"\n",
"###### Schneider, A. (n.d.-a). Angola: Ensuring that Every Citizen has Access to Drinkable Water. DTGlobal. Retrieved February 6, 2024, from https://dt-global.com/projects/ta-irsea/\n",
"\n",
"###### Thelwell, K. (2019, September 2). Water Access in Angola: The Value of Investment. The Borgen Project. https://borgenproject.org/water-access-in-angola/\n",
"\n",
"###### Think Hazard—Luanda—River flood. (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 2024, from https://www.thinkhazard.org/en/report/408-angola-luanda/FL\n",
"\n",
"###### Water and Sanitation | Angola. (2023, February 9). U.S. Agency for International Development. https://www.usaid.gov/angola/water-and-sanitation\n",
"\n",
"###### Water and sanitation: A pillar of Angola’s development. (2021, July 13). https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/water-and-sanitation-pillar-angolas-development\n",
"\n",
"###### Water everywhere in Angola, but few places to drink—Angola | ReliefWeb. (2011, March 14). https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/water-everywhere-angola-few-places-drink\n",
"\n",
"###### Where drinking water is a 90-minute walk away | UNICEF. (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 2024, from https://www.unicef.org/stories/where-drinking-water-90-minute-walk-away\n",
"\n",
"###### World Bank Open Data. (n.d.). World Bank Open Data. Retrieved February 6, 2024, from https://data.worldbank.org\n"
]
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