{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# Running Code"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"First and foremost, the Jupyter Notebook is an interactive environment for writing and running code. The notebook is capable of running code in a wide range of languages. However, each notebook is associated with a single kernel. This notebook is associated with the IPython kernel, therefore runs Python code."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Code cells allow you to enter and run code"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Run a code cell using `Shift-Enter` or pressing the button in the toolbar above:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"a = 10"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"10\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"print(a)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"There are two other keyboard shortcuts for running code:\n",
"\n",
"* `Alt-Enter` runs the current cell and inserts a new one below.\n",
"* `Ctrl-Enter` run the current cell and enters command mode."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Managing the Kernel"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Code is run in a separate process called the Kernel. The Kernel can be interrupted or restarted. Try running the following cell and then hit the button in the toolbar above."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"import time\n",
"time.sleep(10)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"If the Kernel dies you will be prompted to restart it. Here we call the low-level system libc.time routine with the wrong argument via\n",
"ctypes to segfault the Python interpreter:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"import sys\n",
"from ctypes import CDLL\n",
"# This will crash a Linux or Mac system\n",
"# equivalent calls can be made on Windows\n",
"\n",
"# Uncomment these lines if you would like to see the segfault\n",
"\n",
"# dll = 'dylib' if sys.platform == 'darwin' else 'so.6'\n",
"# libc = CDLL(\"libc.%s\" % dll) \n",
"# libc.time(-1) # BOOM!!"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Cell menu"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The \"Cell\" menu has a number of menu items for running code in different ways. These includes:\n",
"\n",
"* Run and Select Below\n",
"* Run and Insert Below\n",
"* Run All\n",
"* Run All Above\n",
"* Run All Below"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Restarting the kernels"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The kernel maintains the state of a notebook's computations. You can reset this state by restarting the kernel. This is done by clicking on the in the toolbar above."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## sys.stdout and sys.stderr"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The stdout and stderr streams are displayed as text in the output area."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"hi, stdout\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"print(\"hi, stdout\")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 7,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stderr",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"hi, stderr\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from __future__ import print_function\n",
"print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Output is asynchronous"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"All output is displayed asynchronously as it is generated in the Kernel. If you execute the next cell, you will see the output one piece at a time, not all at the end."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 8,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"0\n",
"1\n",
"2\n",
"3\n",
"4\n",
"5\n",
"6\n",
"7\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import time, sys\n",
"for i in range(8):\n",
" print(i)\n",
" time.sleep(0.5)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Large outputs"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"To better handle large outputs, the output area can be collapsed. Run the following cell and then single- or double- click on the active area to the left of the output:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"0\n",
"1\n",
"2\n",
"3\n",
"4\n",
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"46\n",
"47\n",
"48\n",
"49\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"for i in range(50):\n",
" print(i)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Beyond a certain point, output will scroll automatically:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
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]
}
],
"source": [
"for i in range(500):\n",
" print(2**i - 1)"
]
}
],
"metadata": {
"kernelspec": {
"display_name": "Python 3",
"language": "python",
"name": "python3"
},
"language_info": {
"codemirror_mode": {
"name": "ipython",
"version": 3
},
"file_extension": ".py",
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
"name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.5.1"
}
},
"nbformat": 4,
"nbformat_minor": 0
}