{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 4-3-2 オブジェクトへの変更を禁止する"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "o = Object.new\n",
    "o.freeze\n",
    "o.frozen?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "false"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "o2 = Object.new\n",
    "o2.frozen?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "false"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str = \"hoge\"\n",
    "str.frozen?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"hoge2\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str << \"2\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "RuntimeError",
     "evalue": "can't modify frozen String",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m: can't modify frozen String",
      "\u001b[37m(pry):12:in `<main>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `evaluate_ruby'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:323:in `handle_line'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:243:in `block (2 levels) in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `block in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:65:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:12:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:87:in `execute_request'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:47:in `dispatch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:37:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:70:in `run_kernel'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:34:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/bin/iruby:5:in `<top (required)>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `load'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `<main>'\u001b[0m"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "str.freeze\n",
    "str << \"0\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "`.frreeze`しても代入は出来てしまう"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(pry):14: warning: already initialized constant DEFAULT_CONST\n",
      "(pry):13: warning: previous definition of DEFAULT_CONST was here\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{:foo=>234}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "DEFAULT_CONST = {foo: 123}.freeze\n",
    "DEFAULT_CONST = {foo: 234}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "false"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "DEFAULT_CONST.frozen?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "DEFAULT_CONST.freeze\n",
    "DEFAULT_CONST.frozen?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "`Hash`の中身は変更できない"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "RuntimeError",
     "evalue": "can't modify frozen Hash",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m: can't modify frozen Hash",
      "\u001b[37m(pry):18:in `<main>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `evaluate_ruby'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:323:in `handle_line'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:243:in `block (2 levels) in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `block in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:65:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:12:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:87:in `execute_request'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:47:in `dispatch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:37:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:70:in `run_kernel'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:34:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/bin/iruby:5:in `<top (required)>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `load'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `<main>'\u001b[0m"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "DEFAULT_CONST[:foo] = 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(pry):21: warning: already initialized constant FROZEN_INT\n",
      "(pry):19: warning: previous definition of FROZEN_INT was here\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "FROZEN_INT = 3\n",
    "FROZEN_INT.freeze\n",
    "FROZEN_INT += 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "SyntaxError: unexpected '=', expecting end-of-input\n",
      ":foo = 3\n",
      "      ^\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    ":foo = 3\n",
    ":foo\n",
    ":foo.frozen?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "can't define singleton",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[31mTypeError\u001b[0m: can't define singleton",
      "\u001b[37m(pry):22:in `extend_object'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m(pry):22:in `extend'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m(pry):22:in `<main>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `evaluate_ruby'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:323:in `handle_line'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:243:in `block (2 levels) in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `block in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:65:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:12:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:87:in `execute_request'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:47:in `dispatch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:37:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:70:in `run_kernel'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:34:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/bin/iruby:5:in `<top (required)>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `load'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `<main>'\u001b[0m"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    ":foo.extend Enumerable"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 4-3-3 オブジェクトをコピーする"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "70282404920840"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "original = Object.new\n",
    "original.object_id"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "70282396473120\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "false"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "original.freeze\n",
    "copy_dup = original.dup\n",
    "p copy_dup.object_id\n",
    "copy_dup.frozen?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "70282404790600\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "copy_clone = original.clone\n",
    "p copy_clone.object_id\n",
    "copy_clone.frozen?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "70282408680320\n",
      "70282408680320\n",
      "70282408680320\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "70282408680320"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "value = 'foo'\n",
    "array = [value]\n",
    "array_dup = array.dup\n",
    "array_clone = array.clone\n",
    "p value.object_id\n",
    "p array_dup.first.object_id\n",
    "p array_clone.first.object_id"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[\"foo\"]\n",
      "[\"foo\"]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[\"foo\"]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p array\n",
    "p array_dup"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[\"bar\"]\n",
      "[\"foo\"]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[\"foo\"]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "array_dup[0] = \"bar\"\n",
    "p array_dup\n",
    "p array"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[\"foo2\"]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[\"foo2\"]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "array_dup = array.dup\n",
    "array_dup\n",
    "array_dup[0] << '2'\n",
    "p array_dup\n",
    "array"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "安全にdeep copyするなら`Marshal.dump`, `Marshal.load`するのも一つの方法"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "70282409381020"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Marshal.dump(array)\n",
    "array_dump= Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(array))\n",
    "array_dump.first.object_id"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "70282408680320"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "array.first.object_id"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[\"foo20\"]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[\"foo2\"]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "array_dump[0] << '0'\n",
    "p array_dump\n",
    "array"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 4-3-4 汚染されたオブジェクト\n",
    "\n",
    "pryとirubyの挙動が違う..."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "$SAFE"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "false"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Object.new.tainted?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ENV['HOME'].tainted?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "false\n",
      "true\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "o = Object.new\n",
    "p o.tainted?\n",
    "o.taint\n",
    "p o.tainted?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rcfile = ENV['HOME'] + '/.zshrc'\n",
    "rcfile.tainted?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "$SAFE = 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "$SAFE"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"/Users/mic/test_file\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "test_file = ENV['HOME'] + '/test_file'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "String"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ENV['HOME'].class"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ENV['HOME'].tainted?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 5章 主な組込みクラス／モジュール\n",
    "## 5-1 Numeric"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[Integer, Numeric, Comparable, Object, PP::ObjectMixin, Kernel, BasicObject]\n",
      "[Float, Numeric, Comparable, Object, PP::ObjectMixin, Kernel, BasicObject]\n",
      "[Rational, Numeric, Comparable, Object, PP::ObjectMixin, Kernel, BasicObject]\n",
      "[Complex, Numeric, Comparable, Object, PP::ObjectMixin, Kernel, BasicObject]\n",
      "[Fixnum, Integer, Numeric, Comparable, Object, PP::ObjectMixin, Kernel, BasicObject]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[Bignum, Integer, Numeric, Comparable, Object, PP::ObjectMixin, Kernel, BasicObject]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p Integer.ancestors\n",
    "p Float.ancestors\n",
    "p Rational.ancestors\n",
    "p Complex.ancestors\n",
    "p Fixnum.ancestors\n",
    "Bignum.ancestors"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "true\n",
      "false\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "false"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p 0.zero?\n",
    "p 3.zero?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[0]\n",
      "[1, 3]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 3]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ary = [1, 0, 3]\n",
    "p ary.select(&:zero?)\n",
    "p ary.reject(&:zero?)\n",
    "ary.select(&:nonzero?)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "true\n",
      "false\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "NoMethodError",
     "evalue": "undefined method `numeric?' for 36.5:Float",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[31mNoMethodError\u001b[0m: undefined method `numeric?' for 36.5:Float",
      "\u001b[37m(pry):100:in `<main>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `evaluate_ruby'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:323:in `handle_line'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:243:in `block (2 levels) in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `block in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:65:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:12:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:87:in `execute_request'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:47:in `dispatch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:37:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:70:in `run_kernel'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:34:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/bin/iruby:5:in `<top (required)>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `load'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `<main>'\u001b[0m"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p 365.integer?\n",
    "p 36.5.integer?\n",
    "p 36.5.numeric?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "true\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "NoMethodError",
     "evalue": "undefined method `bignum?' for 100:Fixnum",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[31mNoMethodError\u001b[0m: undefined method `bignum?' for 100:Fixnum",
      "\u001b[37m(pry):105:in `<main>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `evaluate_ruby'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:323:in `handle_line'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:243:in `block (2 levels) in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `block in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:65:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:12:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:87:in `execute_request'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:47:in `dispatch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:37:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:70:in `run_kernel'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:34:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/bin/iruby:5:in `<top (required)>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `load'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `<main>'\u001b[0m"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p 36.5.real?\n",
    "p 100.bignum?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "false\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "false"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p Complex(1, 2).real?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 5-1-1 算術演算"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "3\n",
      "3.3333333333333335\n",
      "3\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.3333333333333335"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p 10 /3\n",
    "p 10.0 /3\n",
    "num = 10\n",
    "p num / 3\n",
    "num.to_f / 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 5-1-2 比較演算"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "123 == 123.0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 5-1-3 丸め操作"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "-2\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p 1.4.round\n",
    "p 1.5.round\n",
    "p -1.5.round"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2\n",
      "2\n",
      "-1\n",
      "-1\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p 1.4.ceil\n",
    "p 1.5.ceil\n",
    "p -1.5.ceil\n",
    "p -1.4.ceil"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "1\n",
      "-2\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p 1.5.floor\n",
    "p 1.4.floor\n",
    "p -1.4.floor"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "-1\n",
      "1\n",
      "1\n",
      "1\n",
      "0\n",
      "-1\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p 1.5.truncate\n",
    "p -1.5.truncate\n",
    "p 1.6.truncate\n",
    "p 1.7.truncate\n",
    "p 1.9.truncate\n",
    "p -0.9.truncate\n",
    "p -1.9.truncate"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 5-1-4 繰り返し処理"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3.step 5 do |num|\n",
    "  puts num\n",
    "end"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1.2\n",
      "1.4\n",
      "1.6\n",
      "1.8\n",
      "2.0\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1.2.step 2.0, 0.2 do |num|\n",
    "  puts num\n",
    "end"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3.upto(5) do |num|\n",
    "  puts num\n",
    "end"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ArgumentError",
     "evalue": "wrong number of arguments (2 for 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[31mArgumentError\u001b[0m: wrong number of arguments (2 for 1)",
      "\u001b[37m(pry):153:in `upto'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m(pry):153:in `<main>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `evaluate_ruby'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:323:in `handle_line'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:243:in `block (2 levels) in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `block in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:65:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:12:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:87:in `execute_request'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:47:in `dispatch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:37:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:70:in `run_kernel'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:34:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/bin/iruby:5:in `<top (required)>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `load'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `<main>'\u001b[0m"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3.upto(10, 2) do |num|\n",
    "  puts num\n",
    "end"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "NoMethodError",
     "evalue": "undefined method `upto' for 1.3:Float",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[31mNoMethodError\u001b[0m: undefined method `upto' for 1.3:Float",
      "\u001b[37m(pry):156:in `<main>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:355:in `evaluate_ruby'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:323:in `handle_line'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:243:in `block (2 levels) in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:242:in `block in eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `catch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/pry-0.10.1/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:241:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:65:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/backend.rb:12:in `eval'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:87:in `execute_request'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:47:in `dispatch'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/kernel.rb:37:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:70:in `run_kernel'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/lib/iruby/command.rb:34:in `run'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/iruby-0.2.7/bin/iruby:5:in `<top (required)>'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `load'\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[37m/Users/mic/.rbenv/versions/2.2.2/bin/iruby:23:in `<main>'\u001b[0m"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1.3.upto(2.0) do |num|\n",
    "  puts\n",
    "end"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "次回は、`5-1-5 Integer`から"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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