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Reproduced by kind permission of the Chapter of Durham Cathedral. Durham Cathedral Library, GB-0033-CCOM 38.
fifth
Lord Deputy of
was
the
the clock in the
the
of
Norton
toCrowne ofGlory
Amen.
These things be comely
to see,
beholders
martyr;
-ing
not
Lord
Red Sea of this
Forget my
most
our Lord Jesus Christ
Amen.
Forasmuch as it is the duty Reproduced by kind permission of the Chapter of Durham Cathedral. Durham Cathedral Library, GB-0033-CCOM 38.
of every true Christian to take
notice of Almighty God our
gracious dealings with them from the
a true
furnish my heart with the
of his
even from the first
him the
the most holy name
true faith by
Page 10 of
Book of Remembrances showing omission sign in the margin.
shall begin with the first mention of
my deliverances
ledge
of a
shall
b
up to an
praise to all
in
the care
gracious
going to
bring me into a very great
on some ill
me into a
brought me so low that
Tomlinson
of my
But it pleased the Lord in great
mercy
requests of
I was
recovered my health perfectly again
Oh
given me for a blessing
live to the
growing in
our Lord Jesus Christ
to
youth
God shall
alone
to
order to be with them
my brother
sent into
much beloved
And by the blessing of God
very
that time in
Lord our God for my
deliverance that did not suffer that
to rage not but
the Lord
for
begin to come into my
his
the
months
147th
He
.
them all by
whence there came a
eration of the
God
vens
was
knew I was but a
not able to
any good thing
with awe of his
time by sin
love to him
made me to serve him,
rticuler
to reward
them that serves him truly
that should never have end.
Lane in London
of our house
burned our house
through the
we were preserved in my
me as if the day of
was
come
but we
had great
my God
but
at that time.
us from all
safe passage with
and sent for us over.
great
ty of the best education
could afford in the
company of
learning those
speaking the same
-lighmets
me up in all those
all these things
admonitions,
which I
sober
this world. For all which things
more
heartily acknowledge my
duty of
God of heaven
placeevery
good the
.
finisher of our faith
I humbly acknowledge
of
of God to give me grace to live in
holy obedience to all
of God
my
godly honesty
a fire in
a
much
I
. And then I
was reading of the great
our
was disputing with the
power that he put them to silence.
which place
thought of the
who was able to confound the
at that
my
his
with
22
the passengers
great
away before we
same great God that
to
though in great fright
my out of the
his holy name
out of the ship at that time
cable had like to have
the sea but for
me as I was
the
Amen.
by
in Ireland
which broke out
bitter malice
in
fire
was known to be prevented in
for 14
get over with all her family to
which
mercy
of
death with them
of
time
got
eating a
had taken
have proved my last
upon
praise of all his
. Amen.
and all that is within thee
his holy name
1645
th of
February
side, the th of November
th of
1648
th of
of a
for him.
was
to
of March 1651
to
th of August 1651
married
th of September
married to
th of December
I came from
about the th of August 1652
daughterth of the same
being
ing
an
was rd of
nooneth
was th of
was th of February
my
burne
then.
bloodth
the th of
the th
buried at th
1655
died in
country
1656
th of June
about
th of June
d
died theth of September 1656
betwixt the hours of
morning
by an
buried the same day at
fifth
the th
of September
which cast me into an ill
of a
about
likely to have
it pleased God to restore me
of
the most high God
th day of
1657
of
morning
in danger of my
that time in the morning on
his
him to be
in the birth.
was buried in
by the fall I had in
birth of
I was lame
my left knee
but this was nothing to that which I
have deserved from the hand of God if
he
life
his
this above all his mighty
out
praise the Lord with all my
let God of my
life he gives me to his
heavens.
not all his
Wandesford
upon th
th
tormenting her
her breast
these stitches
almost any
use of
the stitches removed,
abated as to the
dangerous
contracted in her
her heart
up to her throat
breath when she either
thing or laid to
Which
be contracted of
in the
throat
deprived of the
to a little drop of
for
a
at first was
white, so that
mother
-ing
blood came
and in the end grew with a white
was
quite
or
which time, as in all her
she expressed
patience, still
sent it to her
from her
her
gates of hell
and
patience in her greatest torment
still with
rebukes for
ing of
condition,
not
in such acceptable a manner as
by that which was dictated by his
When that any did pray for her
she desired they would not pray for
her life
the heads on which they should
God for her
grant her true
for her sins
through Jesus Christ her
and grant the same
She had always a great
love for all
desired their
in her
great
tasting dry bread
Her desire was to
preach her
out of the 14th of Revel
to the end
This blessed
as to
perfect
great
And all the
she
the prayer which
-nesse
for her
a comfort, she praying for us, our
blessings for us
It pleased God she
she spoke to
comended
with much good prayers for him
then
up her hands to God. And
spirit in her as with a taste of the
did
heaven
in the Lord6
7
th of
follth of December
being
the
of quality.
her
ers r her
into the grave
were
could not come
of her
to
th
th
delivered of a strong
about
being
day
called
to whom my good God had given
the blessing of the breast as well as
the
having had
face was full of
like the
what else the Lord knows
morning
life to the great discomfort of his
to that place of rest in heaven where
little children
to
by the
blood of my
and that my
by these
many the Lord hath
but not
chastened
given me over to destructionhis
.
glorious name be
EverAnd I
, that so I may be prepared for
these fatherly
profitable to my
bring me nearer in communion with
his glory
next
the same grave with
by s
death,
got in
and violent
th
I was not able to
of sustenance
-ting
for
gave many
my
with me
of cold water
my thirsty
could give
the th of
be my last in this life
into exceeding great
in a lost condition, by reason of
my
me
into my heart,
not belong to God because he
me with such great
rather
to lay upon those that were his children
from time to time given me from my
youth up
admonition of
sacraments
the
all these had not wrought a
to
by his spirit
too late to hope
so long that my life was at an end
was able to have mercy upon me
I had so
-fullnesse
have mercy upon me at the last
against my old
serpent
mercy
arguments against
him as
In this most sad
was,
open my thoughts to nor
comfort for my heavy spirit: God
ly
to forsake me
my
at the
whom I had offended
kill me
for
And it pleased him
manner
stay
hope
scripture which our
in St Matthew
comfort
heavy
I laboured under
under
under the
other of shame
-ding
the
put to flight this
which
that is
Jesus
thoughts with healing under his wings
-es
was that give me this scripture to stay
my drooping heart
faint for want of
I was weary
I was faint
. Lord
you rest
to call all that are weary
why should not I come
promised to give me rest
I want it, I cry unto thee
the
O
.
the father of
upon me
,
of the world
O
have
,
thy
power is
save from the
seeking to devour
of my
O
for of thy free
grace
suffered the wrath of thy father
upon the
to vanquish my grand
the
I
that thou art as
as others who yet
art thou
of calls
sad God of compassion
. I come
powers
desire
clemency
will not be in
word came into my heart.
from thy
that the
unto thee. Thou most
calling me at that present when
my heart was in doubt.
I comeand take up thy
for thy yoke is
.
easy,
thy
.
direction, so shall I find rest to
my
is that word to my
have spent so many of my years
in sin,
thee, love thee, delight in thee
the remainder of my
more a shame to my profession as
a Christian by my unprofitable
nor give Satan any more ad
life
vantage
to
humbly
which my gracious God did give me
in the
doubts
my
body strengthened by degrees
by the use of good
I had recovered in part my health
yet my strength was much
-ared
not fully recover.
At which time I found
quick child
hope
the
be the
God
which rebuked the
me
my nature,
of all
-er
directions that
21 61
21, 1661
for a perfect recovery.
strength
manner
there
-markable
other nature, but of as grand a
consequence to my
as my
my
the
that
me before her death which was
for my
intended for
I made it my desire to
that he would pay those
which was agreed upon by
Denton
ing
he promised me to make a
his
es
p
but it so
the
as he first intended.
I
his
which he was pleased to
offended
not
incident
should
against me for that
to shame him
for such end
difference betwixt us upon so
cause
Reproduced by kind permission of the Chapter of Durham Cathedral. Durham Cathedral Library, GB-0033-CCOM 38.
a very sad condition for this accident
for the
he did to
-selfe
him to take the goods
should be offended.
sake to put away that
become of his
in me, who would be
his death
there
of God to hinder
that might hurt him
gracious
was pleased to
passionate hand against
us,
so
upon his
but my
me at that very time from
for all his
the earth
poured upon meheard my
at this time also
from his
against his
my folly had
-red
was at hand to deliver in sec
-ore
render
that heard
to his holy name
.
thee in thy
this nor any of his great
forgotten by thee whilst thou lives
should not be forgotten.
-leive
at that time
sprinkles of blood, pure
distinct round spots
white perfectly
In this
a
-erall
This changed into the shape of a perfect
heart
into one
degrees,
was
grew
went quite
thereof left of it.
This
leave such a
but gently to put us in mind of
our folly
wrath. I humbly offer my unfe
igned thanks
name, which heard my humble
by removing this unkindly
caused
not in the least measure prove
bury them in
unworthy walking before him all
but set this
the
up as a
Praise the Lord
,
which hath not turned a
.
way his face from thy
at
perfectly restored unto me, so that
I was able to
of our first settlement into the house
about
to
up an
for a
Thornton
to enter into
ter he had
debts
I must
in the least in it
which we knew was
neither to his
of great trouble
my
was undoubtedly safe
time a lease of
in
English
of
to
-leton
take security out of
was forced to procure
over
was at
one morning sent
to be
as much worth. This accident was
indeed very afflicting to me in that cond
caused me with
what for the
disgrace that
there was
time in the house
gave me
at that present, or else it might have
proved
present
gave for my
rude
if not
sad case was I then in
pleased God to give me
had not
this
of it before.
to
, who
he pleases to suffer men to afflict
me all
liction he
does not permit more to be laid upon me
these he gives me strength,
.
give
of his praise in the
that hath not yet given me over to deat
h
-dence
make a way for me to
will
-ndnese
of the flesh, double
of
against
whose
the Lord will be forever.
they came
Danby
of my delivery
my
with me
very
God had given me to
more strong
in regard it was
feelingly
as at all times
more
at these strange
especially as they have
to examine my
of my
in the whole course of my life,
of
I found
troubles had fallen upon me of this
world had diverted my stricter
of walking with my God as he had
required at my hand
many times broken those
-all
negligence, worldly
impulses upon my heart
renew this grand
hope
of this
my blessed
dearest pledge of his lovewho laid
, that
notthat became
.
through his grace be made rich
I had not the
this communion but once since
much longed for it
ministers on this side had not given
the
man
the sacrament
I desired his company to
who accordingly did come
we
I hope
by which I was much comforted
helped,
that black
that did
the hope of my
This most
mercy was not the least
I
surpassing all
as
renewing mercywherein God was please
.
to
my
the
And that my
sing unto him
in heaven, with
Angels
I
shush such
hopes, such
of making my
And he will for his
-fill
with him in heaven
Trinity
perfectly therewhich I cannot
of my many
world
that I might be freed from this
to dishonour the name of my God.
of
me
Amen.
mercy
Supper
asure I could
to be in
should call for me out of this mi
duty
settle those things which
-ns
in respect of what was given to
me by
to such children as I knew best
deserving at my death
as
that he would make a
of his
and by the
before my
was not perfectly
case of my death
breed scruples
happen, might be altogether dispo
sed from my
to the
trouble me
one that would
this
parties
first settlement
into a worse
made.
I found that the
of the failing of the things of this
life had brought our
an
our
was laid out for
use
my daughters
so
disbursed for
my
settled by
marriage upon
all to
which I was
him into.
I was like to leave indeed all my
either for
or
a
birth
by
I was very unwilling to disclose any of
these
I
before the great God of
power it was alone to give us
pay off his
a
upon my
for
I humbly cast
who had ever
my guide
when I made my earnest addresses
to him; so my
to the Almighty was that he would
direct me in this greatest
that he would please to put
heart what course to take
direct me to such
be for this very end
to my grave in
the
world. And
thoughts
a very able
to us.
of God
comfortable settlement,
to me
endure for the satisfaction of all just
of so well as the
did please to give me one).
-fully
fruit of my
my
to have
given it to
debts
-vered
for the
I had
borne the name of a mother which
had left them in an
ition for all that fortune which God
given me. So that
be said I have
yet it is sufficient that I have
what I can
of my
be God who gave me space
Almighty God
of all good things both of heaven
did
of the comforts of this
fit for us to
at last give me such a mercy
comfort
I had passed
for or expect
mother of a
I
Thorntonth of Sept
wher being
the first child that ever I bore at his
house.
of
But
not
unbridled passion of
prove the more cautious to me
set my
below
me
a little after
by
after his birth
me into a most desperate condition
without hopes of life
me
plorable condition
utter one word.
could
but did not
It
to bring into my remembrance a
which I had formerly by his blessing
good to many in the like kind.
out the name of it to
with much
nesse
given me some of it
effect of it
of my who healed all that
came to him.
what
by degrees
but brought
lasted
But
miraculous
to so
-ghty
death
O
prostrate lie at thy
of mercy
dominion,
be
given to thy most
King of Kings
giver
the other from
this death
have
but
of remembrance upon my
body.
thy praise that cannot
to utter forth thy
loving
and that
to come
the Lord hath done for thee times without
number
name day
argument of thy favour to mefor
Jesus
my
a
to be able to give
which by his blessing I did
was about
-uing
so that my
sing a new song
of
giving
had compassion upon the
creatures.
. Let this stand as a
ever
his
to day
gratitude
both in the living
in heaven
he shall praise thee
th
of September
by
Thornton
The God of
preserve his life
-tunitys
that he may be the instrument of
to praise
his
finding what the
me in
of a gracious father
at length bestowed on me
handmaid
of my son
of my
him from
the
.
Let him be ever in thy sight for
good
with him made to Abraham
As
so
grace
before thee
saviour
he had a great deliverance from
a flood of waters in his coming home
us
therefore
with my
out his praise
who brought us safely to
with
the
.
Oh
of these
not the hopes of his
.
Amen.
give me a new
I was
strength all
with
before
of
but it was the good pleasure of
God to give me a safe
daughter
bed
away
I had a
blessing
the
And I had a better recovery of
blessed be
Lord God of
me the blessing of the
O my Lord Godaccept
the humble
body
to
.
thou
raise me up.
thy
is above thy
therefore
. Amen.
Ever
my Eith
th
Her
by
to give me much comfort in the nursing
of
strength to
she growing strong
through the blessing of God upon my
of my
alsofor all good comes from him
.
much lifted up by this mercy.
very sad affliction upon
about the th
of
when he could not come home because
of the violency of cold
For three
of the
was so
all
that he was not capable to assist
or indeed
him
that
life.
did so
g
I had ever
-nesses
so that I did in his
in his sufferings
my
to
sparing of either of our lives as to outward
who
.
man to destruction
from the grave the children of men
assist me in my
what I had
whom my gracious God had
under this most sad afflicti
that time to be a
fainting
me
he me to be brought very low
justly for my transgressions
yet hath he not given me over to death
or
the
restore both our lives and let me ever return
him the glory of his power.
-eadiatly
our calling upon his name
each day
to all beholders. Oh
to set forth the loving kindness
our God
of the Lord
in the
remembers
upon his
.
O Lord God, thou
just are thy
or
very
soreall thy
head
of duties or some other way
thou correct me
in this manner
But yet
use of this affliction upon our bodies
grant that this may may be for the good
it is
.
good for me to be afflicted
that thy
may make me humble
loving correction
lift up my
to adore,
.
thou art just, wise,
and
thy
not move, thy rod must correct
.
us not forget
to us both.
never slip out of my mind but write this
that the Lord has
upon the table of my heart
added added this new
at my humble request
fresh and eminent cause of gratitude to
his
to be a
. Let me not fall
into any sins to offend or displease so loving
a fatherdid not cast me
in
by
mercy
While I am in this
I find by sad experience
increase
these corruptions. I have tasted of the great
Lord most
both as to spirit
But
are apt to be more
I
endeavour to inquire what is it that God
I find my heart
low condition I was brought into by
deliverances that he hath
or sure for some other punishment of
my negligent
out still, and which by a late
and still be
good at the hand of God
hand
forbid
with me
It was his
this
blessed
is the mercy the
to deprive me of its
or by the prevention of
pleased thus it should be
his
obedient child to so good
a
I dare not
most gracious
a little
the hand of God is in it for my
but good is the will of the Lord.
repent, who is the
profitable
still the lives
As to
I praise the Lord our God
But for
my head that I am not able to
.
nor tell them
-presse
Butto the glory of thy holy name
the honour of my creation, the inestimable mercy
of giving
blessed
the
Holy
his
the hopes of salvation from me.
And great Lord
teach me by
that I may spend
more this
which thou
to make it my
name by a true and
such as may
favour
that thou
.
not the death of a sinner, but rather that we
should be converted
th of
cold
over her face
did much cry
young a
this miserable world.
She continued with some
after
and about betwixt one
at of
on th of
it pleased God to free her from all
by
day by
The Lord
face to
face
sorrow.
his hand by these corrections
Amen.
when she lay in bed with me
(
before
this eased her after vomiting.
the most gracious mercy of my God
Ever
death very
of her teeth:th
at
waters
with a ret
by
of
tenance
without my consent or knowledge
I fell into a very sad
of
upon th of August
with
a long time after
so that it put him to his
preservation
he gave
of recovery
a q
when it was
which I found to be true
with
and then returned
I had to prevent it.
I found good in was
in fine
time
wine burned with
taken as often as
it was expected I should have fallen into
a
exceeding feeble
uary
he was pleased to free me
to the handmaid of the Lord
shall ever adore
Father of
which raised me up again
Blessed be his
from the
name
nd of September
th day of
my
a violent
back
that she was deprived of
eating any food
all over,
in
Portington
it pleased God she was in hopes of life
but was
sight.
face
God she was past danger of death
began to
all over the
great in
to be removed
into the scarlet chamber for want of rest.
his
but lost her
head.
to his
of
which about the nd day of December
day
bed
commended his
me
he died at
by
sermon for the instruction of
d
at
th of
a
great danger of death
well out
lost his sight by them
very much th
About the th
the better so that a change was
th
fast.
and
liverance of this
sing to quen
in this
the Lordforget not this
.
his favour to thee
th
uell
Pox
longer
come off at all
his head
in
which
was almost choked with
her
but
two she did recover although it did
much weaken her.
th of Jan
fell to be ill
th
danger of death. th
before
there was little hopes because they had not
not come well out
that time that hindered them from
but on th
hopes
a warmer temper was not so
by mercy we hoped for her recovery.
The th
th of
rous in her throat
well th of
rd of
fallen into great
on th
which did not
the th
understanding about
about
about
to be
-ing
th of
on her
was
about the th of April 1667
mim mine
from
in the
for which I humbly praise God in this her
preservation from
was
a
high
flinging her that she fell
force
a with
not taking breath a long time
me into a
it pleased God in much mercy to restore
her life
she began to
come to
to bed
not know
ill in her head with
at length
I most humbly praise and
my gracious God
who in
-ren
everall manner of his deliverances
to me
nephew
cumstances
to
a
This was
the
in
God to give me a
of breeding th
th
of
selfe
with
I was as strong
of my
without very little
gracious
this
never
at
of
grew so
le-mas
he
to his
wittie sent for
through
restored to me
cefullGod of our
Amen
th of
tineued
into
death
by
did
for a long time
upon me in my
the great Lord God Almighty
who did not give me over to this death
but has miraculously
preserved my life from destruction,
when I was
this
times turned my sorrow
that
thy life
I called on him in my
he de
.
livered me out of all my
guide of my
he gave me
the blessing of
of the
.
11th of
in my
but
that th
th
was
the 11th of
the
th
godfathers
my brother
recovered something
well
action on any creature on
seemed good to the most
God to take him from me
see a change in him
full resignation to his
with
begging that his will
.
might be my will
pretty
gum
accident
into a great
all the
on him for
patient
at
mine to deliver him
Decemb
nd of
into a great
in the left breast which
of a bu
gether with other
did bring me into that
blessed
which gates of
times
without number
taken me out of this life
me see the follies of this life
changes we are incident to, that I might
prepare more
those
have end
please to bring me to
Jesus
I was very much in affliction about
relapses into his former
all the many
used by
ye
August
night from a relapse or the degrees of
it
fortof
prived of my
which
of the time in
or shorter in
th of July 1668
a very great
fell upon me
in my
did impudently accuseme
to
faceof my
Ableson
Breakes
very great
much unbecome any to
to have ou
first
-hansomly
in her bit
accusing the
of my family
that I fell presently into a most great
sad
sorrow that it had like to have lost me
my life
abused for my
those that came under my
whom I had
ments to my clearing
ment
spread her lies
persons
that
knew my
why can I not with patience take the bitter
his lovelay
that
suffered many
O my
to give thee in such steps as
out the
he path of
in.
in
to thy share
in
these wickednesses thy heart
was very much desirous to advance
his
blemish those that he has
thy hope is in God
from all sin
stay
of those who would,
vour thy
laid.
of my
kept my bed 14
in his
to be wronged
against my
full of
-pon
him for marriage
did
an inveterate malice
him
it was
made use on to assist us in the
was had
good cause to see
Thornton
condition
from hence
to
the world,
family
a daily decay
to to get this
to God
trouble
and in the
trouble
was
man
ofering of
of those wicked untruths forged against
us by this
to me as
from I might turned them on the
perish
to
when I wanted
me such favour in her
was
vindication of all my innocent actions
I hope
need not
me.
adoration
would not suffer me to depart this life with
any
occasion of blemish to that most noble
from whence I was
the
sent me
advices
I was in
great to serve the Lord with
which
all my
that thou
heavy
scourge of wicked
who
occasion to slay me
.
embrance from the though they
curse
of my out of the
have I
calledbut still
.
put my trust in theestrengthen
in thy faith that neither life
. And
nor death shall
of God
preserved
us
world was too full of in all places
where
serve night
chaste bond of wedlock
this above this
16
s
to
we might
Oh
to the
mercy
works
most humbly
perseverance
and sufferings that
nowPraise the Lord
.
all his
th
my
in his preservation
day.
Dentonwas and
in the
and
high from the
the
to a great stone
it with head it
to be had in remembrance with gratitude
which sent his
save a
name of God be praised for his life
-ties
affable nature
gifts tending to the better accomplish
ment
of
name of the Lord our God be adored in
that he has
dawning hopes of his
which appears in his
his good instructions when given him
with many Christian
sions in the
motives of great
mother
mercy of my God that hath not despised the
prayers of his
a gracious answer to my humble supplic
as
to his service even all his
craving the
with all Christian virtues
knowledge
guide
follow him be
his
as he shall see it
sorrow
blessing to his family, comfort to his
serve him in his generation
in
enesse
-maide
saviour
son
given me of
trouble to
-ttion
of
th
of
raise both the
sides
I had undoubtedly perished with that heavy
load of
-rous
should be the
which was unspotted in my life
mercies
give me strength to
yet he was pleased to find
.
out a way for me to escape at that time
love to me
the least ill thoughts of my
to have raised
as he said
both lament my
detractors
of the house
O my eminent
but had in
mercy be forgotten by thee
remembrance before him
amity all our
band of holy
And to this
comfort to
my dearest
my
my sorrows
this
me from the pressures that then laid upon my
to the death
to my
any other in the world. will I praise
-nifiejudged my
cause
will
they made for my
liberty
me so
out against me
a due
humbly
to my
of all
married estate
to expect
state nor place under heaven
is better were it
Therefore
for me to enter never so maimed into the
in pleasures
-isfactionbehold the
-maid
to thy word
I may for who
so doth not deny
his
-ht
shadow of death
preserve me
.
from sinking
Lord of
wise disposition, for he knows how to pro
pose
to his servants s
as shall
which are but of yesterday
all things in his
power
departure home
I kept my bed
to
nesse
bed
brought to me by a letter to
my
ingly with great
me for his safety
I sent for
only
much afflicted that I went presently to
bed
was in danger of overflow
my excessive sorrow
.
-esday
Comber
all the day to
without
I would have
but my
an
should have
to me as ever I had him in my life.
I did
out my
night for the life
with me
pleasure of our God
though with
mall
prepared me
things with patience
should fall on me according to my
but
if he see it
was very
very ill
it
delight in this world next under my good
God.
So
about
woman
perfectly
that any creature could have.
my
upon this change that I was
changed into nothing
to
had
are the
but this is a the
that is
left
or
the
can
broken in upon me like a mighty water
.
are my my
,
complaints
with me in all
sadnesses.
I was afflicted.
who was my
me to lament his
as
that my
Lord would
still thy
hell
thy
make me. I am thine
oh
understanding
me not
livingserve the Lord
with a perfect heart
.
there any
not Is there not an
time for man once to die
die daily
loving him with all my
I must be still
that
his name
did draw my
fitted him for this dissolution.
-bred
God was found of him.
I now
prayers of him for me
say
brings in a fresh flood of I water
my
him say
yourselves
tormented with
sicknesses
now I am in the
Father
desire to
ye not
violent
if
of his presence
not
rehensable
all his
all sorrows is departed from him
is
for some comfort that what he now
is his
bring
we shall
clothed with
yet with my
behold him
this
this
. Oh
shall put on
Lord would now
give me faith to
,
for them that love
though great are the troubles
of the yet he will
.
them out of all
him
he will
thy life
against him by impatience
flesh
cannot part willingly
must live by faith
if ever thou expect
was prepared for death
may be a
know that this affliction is to this very end
we the
And
few
in
up in the
that I may
the
the where there is
shall be wiped from our sh
shall be love
sorrow
is turned to
to
for
in the second person of the
not
the
ernacle
not made with hands
builder is God.
now
-maide
this thy
in a multitude of
youth
make me to understand thy word
thy
a slavish service
dience
sin
O Lord
-twixt
to thy
thou thy
bestowed so much
whom so many
Lord
to
pleasure
that
me be freed from this
I may serve thee with perfect freedom
of
mind
in spirit
devred
oh
strength to the
.
Adam
thee.
be a
that I may be an
-ant
en
a
thy
Although my
heavy
in thee is my strength
Lord
my
as thou who served thee with
a perfect Thou art the
.
giver
spirit dwell in me
my
of
lead us in thy
.
steps
life
Sake
that I may
And I humbly
in
that the mouths of all my unjust adversaries
may be
they may be
. And all these humble
Jesus the
for us at the
for me
To whom
Amen
on th of September 1668
was much as he used to be of late
well of his infirmity
on
given him by
he had
but now the Lord was pleased to make
-selfe
father in Christ.
with him
his
troubled
him
like expressions as these was to the great
who
to be worse
according to the
by
was dispatch for
to him on
very
perfect in his understanding.
sent
his leave of him
him to his
to his will
latest
could
of our God to take him to
yet to
with the
of much
were in a
growing colder at his
upwards
all the
one little sigh
his
He departed this life on Thursday the
th of September 1668
of the
the 2
loving couple in holy marriage together
almost 17
th of Sept
of all his
that could be
his
by
of a further distance could be had.
Those that helped to
There was a very great congregati
as could be at that time
generally beloved of his whole
on
submit
then
to be united in praising God
in the
children
th of
September
of
who
th
the st
Creator in the
the
draw nigh; when thou shalt say,
I have no pleasure in them.
loves
loves not for thee
(St
Amen.
The
Nisi Christus Nemo.
Tout pour le' Eg'lize.
Nor;Lyon that mySoule wouldteare
O Lord God of our
, who for
our
die to
our
that ever diedfree amongst the dead
to
thine
with victory
omnipotent Lord God
, regard
mercy upon thy whom thou
by thy power
thine indignation
me with all thy thy hand
me soreMy
reason of my
nigh
unto the
; my body in
my
by the
not thou thy
more
favour
into a
give mea
to be my
thy
guide in this my thy
that
word
light unto my I tread not
the steps of deathlet me not
into the
where all things are forgotten
thou afflict me
sore
of
which thou in a
given
me power
virtues
our youthsto take up thy
being
in
dispensations
perverse will never so much
patience throughout, in all the course of
my faith, hope
. Let me not
thing
sight
give me grace to
unto the Lord
pure
thy precious blood
good pleasure to continue me yet a while
longer to
my life for a prey
to have
this but
yet remaining.
offence to thy
a more prepared
let me the
amongst the
the Lord
land of the living
: for the
he shall praise thee
hide not thy face from me
any more
but give me sufficient
fatherly
chastisements
thy
I pray thee,
of
duty thou
thee with
Restore
my words
with
that service that we are capable of in this
past
thy
that when thou shalt demand my
Lord,
suffer thy terrors
, but may feel an
the
with the
gracious hand
to
even for the Lord, Christ Jesus
sake, the righteous.
Father,
-sgive
by all things in
of men
all
Amen.
Reproduced by kind permission of the Chapter of Durham Cathedral. Durham Cathedral Library, GB-0033-CCOM 38.
Reproduced by kind permission of the Chapter of Durham Cathedral. Durham Cathedral Library, GB-0033-CCOM 38.
in her
that my
the
gracious
my life short in this moment
betwixt me
praise the Lord most high
th of
of his
of the day of
in
of
She did see in the north window
of
with
English
as if
came before with loud
of Ireland
sad
selfe
head
After my Lord
head
in a dread fright
him him from the multitude
great
his
company
it
the while of this
horror with
while this appeared
the
at
an
up into the
he heard her with
asked him what he thought of this great
sight
but said
but bid her w
very sad. And
would live to see.
did s Eyes
but most Christian
prevent and hinder those
fall on the
heartily for
fullness of
with
still begging to God to
to see
which
did
have found of his
both
I did see her laid on the
looked
to be dead at which I cried out
of th
mother
her
my
treamty
all the way
that
in her
all for 12 nights.
a little while
that
to the
The man that brought the mournings
when such things
laid since should
to her that dreams was but fables not to
to die
sorrows
the
when he was in it
could make
drowned in it. This
I prayed it might never come to
sleepe
which
a great sorrow
And then I was in trouble when my
George
me
he
was
begged of him
a flood should destroy him
At which he gave a
he would not venture
of
to
day of his death
was
It was on
mercy
must not be forgotten. That there had
the menservants
But it pleased God to give me that blessing
use all my
by all Christian
for I did at that time
each to
on
him not at home,
Darcy
to be a fine gentleman
not
At which
said
of a
my duty to God
my troubles
madness of my
not
more
me with lifeyou shall see me become a new
man by his grace
glory to God
me what is
which words
was not pleased to grant him a long life but to
him away in these good
in
came to
found me in a most sad
most
my
nor to hold my
much contracted in the
was tormented for an
which time
kneeling
could
thought it to be cold
in great
to
write.
not leave me but
for him
mond
what God
a
for
I had
in
Husban
of the Irish
the
he might have had more power to
have all
did not demand it for her.
did
by the
to
did involve his
them which did prove
offer
give her for
for her
might have all her
the
make a
me for my sake
it
for a
ship
by my
of
of
but
come to
pay
his bond
of it.
it was best to
might
demanded it
pay it. I said I had a
lend him
it to quit him.
new come to our
to live
and left me big with t
went away before we were settled
goods to furnish the house
into it.
to
was very kind to me
one day in the morning
goods for that
great fright
my
asked who had
for she
At last
me not to be frighted for they was
I said
would not
much
I had not had the
I
from death
I had in the house
which by
Thus
deliver me by giving me
of
warning by a
my greater
who watched
. And I will praise the Lord
over me in my
that
for
who did
wound
saved.
more
Smithson
by his
my
from to
pray me not to
house
to lay wait to have
some
Lord have mercy on me
me out of the
I will glorify the
Amen
Thornton is here following the convention of beginning the calendar year on Lady Day (25 March), common in England until 1751. She was born 13 February, so 1625 here means 1626.
The monogram is cryptic (see image). ’W’ could stand for 'William' or ’Wandesford’.
Thornton is here following the convention of beginning the calendar year on Lady Day (25 March), common in England until 1751. She was born on 13 February, so 1625 here means 1626.
The parish registers of St Michael, Kirklington record Thornton's baptism as 19 February, six days after her birth: The Parish Registers of Kirklington in the County of York, 1568–1812, ed. Hardy Bertram McCall, Parish Register Series 35 (Leeds: Yorkshire Parish Register Society, 1909), 13.
This page's opening lines closely follow the last four lines of Francis Quarles, ‘Meditation 12’ in Divine Poems Containing the History of Jonah, Ester, Job, Sampson: Sions Sonets, Elegies (London: John Marriott, 1633), 49. Thornton repeats this material on page 8, adding a title.
The concept that human life fell into stages was common. Here, Thornton might be using a schema of five with ‘nonage’ distinct from ‘youth’; the latter (‘iuventus’) covered the mid-twenties to mid-forties in some models. See Cordelia Beattie, ‘The Life Cycle: The Ages of Medieval Women’, in A Cultural History of Women, ed. Linda Kalof, vol. 2, The Middle Ages, ed. Kim M. Phillips (London: Bloomsbury, 2013), 16–18.
The opening of this page closely follows the last four lines of Francis Quarles, ‘Meditation 12’ in Divine Poems Containing the History of Jonah, Ester, Job, Sampson: Sions Sonets, Elegies (London: John Marriott, 1633), 49. This is also used on page 5.
Direct quotation from Joseph Hall, 'Observation, V', Meditations and Vowes, Divine and Morall Serving for Direction in Christian and Civill Practice. Newly Enlarged with Caracters of Vertues and Vices (London: Fetherstone, 1621), 575.
In the Old Testament, God promises Abraham that he will provide his chosen people with their own land (Genesis 15:15-21). In the New Testament, the promised land is heaven, which can only be accessed by the believer’s faith (Hebrews 11).
The cross on the far left (see image) is probably an omission sign. It perhaps links to material at the back of the book where the first entry relates to an incident in 1629: Book Rem, 186. See Sharon Howard, 'At the Margins of Alice Thornton's Books', Alice Thornton's Books, https://thornton.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/posts/blog/2023-07-10-at-the-margins/.
The concept that human life fell into stages was common. Here, Thornton might be using a schema of four; see Elizabeth Sears, The Ages of Man: Medieval Interpretations of the Life Cycle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 9–37.
See Raymond A. Anselment, ‘Smallpox in Seventeenth-Century English Literature': Reality and the Metamorphosis of Wit’, Medical History 33, no. 1 (1989): 72–95.
Thornton alludes to the doctrine of redemption: it is only through Christ’s sacrifice on the cross that believers are saved. This is most concisely explained by St Paul in Romans 7:7–25.
Christopher Wandesford did not arrive in Ireland until July 1633, so he cannot have called for the family in 1632. See Terry Clavin, ‘Wandesforde, Christopher’, DIB.
Learning languages, dancing and playing an instrument was a standard education for elite women in the 1630s, along with the study of religious texts. See Julie A. Eckerle, ‘Elite English Girlhood in Early Modern Ireland: The Examples of Mary Boyle and Alice Wandesford’, in The Youth of Early Modern Women, ed. Elizabeth S. Cohen and Margaret Reeves (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018), 161–62. The theorbo was a large lute. See Nigel North, Continuo Playing on the Lute, Archlute, and Theorbo (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 6.
The Wandesford family home in ‘Dames’-street, Dublin’ is described in Thomas Comber, Memoirs of the Life and Death of the Right Honourable the Lord Deputy Wandesforde […], 2nd ed. (Cambridge: J. Archdeacon, 1778), 75–76.
Bathing (balneology) was an increasingly fashionable remedy, having also been popular in the ancient and medieval periods. See Sophie Chiari and Samuel Cuisinier-Delorme, Spa Culture and Literature in England, 1500-1800 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). Here Thornton means the baths in Bath. See Thomas Guidott, A Discourse of Bathe […] (London: Henry Brome, 1676).
On the dangers of the Irish sea in the premodern period, see Timothy O'Neill, 'Trade and Shipping on the Irish Sea in the Later Middle Ages', in The Irish Sea: Aspects of Maritime History, ed. Michael McCaughan and John C. Appleby (Belfast: The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast and The Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, 1989), 27.
The Wandesford family home in ‘Dames’-street, Dublin’ is described in Thomas Comber, Memoirs of the Life and Death of the Right Honourable the Lord Deputy Wandesforde […], 2nd ed. (Cambridge: J. Archdeacon, 1778), 75–76.
The Irish Rebellion broke out around 23 October 1641. It was an uprising of Catholics in Ireland against anti-Catholic discrimination, English colonialism and the use of plantations. See Pádraig Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603–1727 (Oxford: Routledge, 2014), chap. 5.
On Neston Water as a shipping route in the seventeenth century, see J. S. Barrow, J. D. Herson, A. H. Lawes, P. J. Riden and M. V. J. Seaborne, 'Economic infrastructure and institutions: Water transport', in A History of the County of Chester: Volume 5 Part 2, the City of Chester: Culture, Buildings, Institutions, ed. A. T. Thacker and C. P. Lewis (London: Victoria County History, 2005), 84.
See Raymond A. Anselment, ‘Smallpox in seventeenth-century English literature: Reality and the metamorphosis of wit', Medical History 33, no. 1 (1989): 72–95.
Katherine Danby was buried on 11 September 1645. See The Parish Register of Masham: 1599-1716, ed. David M. Smith, Parish Register Series 161 (Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 1996), 250.
Francis was Katherine Danby's 16th and final child. Thornton was his godparent, alongside Sir John Armitage and Mr Lister. ‘Dates of Birth of the Children of Sir Thos & Katherine Danby 1631-1645’, Danby family letters & papers c.1620-1687, ZS: Cunliffe Lister Collection, NYCRO, Northallerton.
On the trial and execution of Charles I see Mark A. Kishlansky and John Morrill, ‘Charles I (1600–1649), King of England, Scotland, and Ireland’, ODNB.
On the nature of melons as medically-dangerous fruits in the early modern period, see J. Evelyn and C. P. Driver, Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets (1699) (London: Prospect Books, 1996), 30 and Joanne Edge, 'Forbidden Fruit?', History Workshop Journal (blog), 30 August 2023, https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/food/forbidden-fruit/.
In the seventeenth century, 'miscarriage' not only described baby loss during pregnancy but also a 'stillbirth'. See Jennifer Evans, '”It Bringeth Them into Dangerous Perill”: Management of and Recovery after Miscarriage in Early Modern England, c.1600–1750', Historical Research 96, no. 271 (2023): 17
Thornton is here following the convention of beginning the calendar year on Lady Day (25 March), common in England until 1751; this is 1655 in modern dating.
On the system of proxy godparents in Stuart England, see David Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 158.
I.e., she defecated a lot of blood before her death.
In Book 1, Thornton notes 19 May as Gates’s burial date. According to the parish registers, Geoffrey Gates was buried on 20 May 1655. ‘Hull St Mary (Lowgate) Parish Records: Register of Baptisms, Births, Marriages and Burials, 1564–1657’, PE185/1, ERRO, Beverley.
The 'Irish flux' was a disease often suffered by English soldiers in Ireland; see Gerard Farrell, The ‘Mere Irish’ and the Colonisation of Ulster, 1570-1641 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 51, 61n92, 73, 89n47. Its name implies it was a diarrhoeal disease.
Rickets may not refer here to a vitamin D deficiency, although rickets was recorded as a cause of death in the seventeenth century. See Gill Newton, ‘Diagnosing Rickets in Early Modern England: Statistical Evidence and Social Response’, Social History of Medicine 35, no. 2 (2021): 566–88.
A wet nurse's character needed to be good, otherwise it was thought the milk would pass on bad traits or illnesses to the baby she was breastfeeding. See Alexandra Shepard, 'The Pleasures and Pains of Breastfeeding in England c.1600–c.1800', in Suffering and Happiness in England 1550–1850: Narratives and Representations: A Collection to Honour Paul Slack, ed. Michael J. Braddick and Joanne Innes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 236.
Bloodletting was a standard treatment in the premodern period, thought to rid the body of an excess of blood and restore balance. See Michael Stolberg, Learned Physicians and Everyday Medical Practice in the Renaissance (Munich: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2021), 189–200.
I.e., the baby was born breech.
Describing how a midwife might position a woman in labour, Jane Sharp instructed that knees should be ‘wide open asunder’. Jane Sharp, The Midwives Book, or, The Whole Art of Midwifry Discovered […] (London: Simon Miller, 1671), 204.
On this use of chamomile see Joanne Edge, ‘'But I gave her all medicines': Herbal Remedies in Alice Thornton's Books’, Alice Thornton’s Books, 16 November 2023, https://thornton.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/posts/blog/2023-11-16-alice-thornton-herbal-medicine/.
Applying medicine in bags or pouches worn on the body was a common method of treatment in the early modern period. See Edward B. M. Rendall and Isabella Rosner, ‘Plays, Plague, and Pouches: The Role of the Outside in Early Modern English Plague Remedies’, Journal of Early Modern Studies, no. continuous (2021): 1–15.
On the syringe in the early modern period see Kenneth Myers, ‘A History of Injection Treatments – I the Syringe’, Phlebology 34, no. 5 (2019): 294–302.
According to Calvin, the book of Psalms represented ‘“An Anatomy of all the Parts of the Soul”; for there is not an emotion of which any one can be conscious that is not here represented as in a mirror’ (Commentary on the Book of Psalms, https://www.ccel/calvin/calcom08.vi.html). See further Suzanne Trill, ‘“Speaking to God in His Phrase and Word”: Women's Use of the Psalms in Early Modem England’, in The Nature of Religious Language, ed. Stanley Porter (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996), 269–83.
This refers to Holy Communion, also known as the Lord's Supper.
The ‘prayer’ is Smith’s ‘A comfortable Speech taken from a godly Preacher lying upon his Deathbed; written for the Sick’, reproduced in Thomas Fuller’s publication of Smith’s collected works, which concludes: 'The Sermons of Mr. Henry Smith (London: Andrew Kembe, John Wright, John Saywell, and George Sawbridge, 1657), 502–10.
These prayers follow in Book 1, 176–77.
William Thornton was born on 17th April 1660; this is the date given by Thornton in Book 1, 177-78. The parish register records his baptism on 17 April 1660, the same day he was born: 'Stonegrave baptism, marriage and burial register, 1584–1750', PR/STV/1/1, NYCRO, Northallerton.
Blessing of the breasts was the the production of breastmilk and blessing of the womb indicated a reasonable flow of post-partum blood. See Sara Read, Menstruation and the Female Body in Early Modern England (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 155.
Gascon's or Gascoigne's Powder was a popular household remedy from the mid-seventeenth century onwards. See Elaine Leong, Recipes and Everyday Knowledge: Medicine, Science, and the Household in Early Modern England (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2018), 169.
See Raymond A. Anselment, ‘Smallpox in Seventeenth-century English literature: Reality and the Metamorphosis of Wit', Medical History 33, no. 1 (1989): 72–95.
Early modern medical writing held that small pox poisoned the blood and this was purged from the body by the breaking out of pustules. Those which were 'struck in' were extremely dangerous as this meant the poison was not being evacuated from the body: Thomas Willis, The London Practice of Physick […] (London: Thomas Basset and William Crooke, 1685), 615.
The first four lines of this poem are taken from Francis Quarles, ‘Epigram 4, in Book 3, Emblem 4: Psalms 34:18’, Emblemes (London: Francis Eglesfeild, 1639), 143.
These three lines can be found in Francis Quarles, ‘Book 3, Emblem 13: Job 10. 20’, Emblemes (London: Francis Eglesfeild, 1639), 178.
The final lines can be found in Francis Quarles, ‘Book 1, Emblem 3: Proverbs 14:13, Emblemes (London: Francis Eglesfeild, 1639), 14.
Thornton is here following the convention of beginning the calendar year on Lady Day (25 March), common in England until 1751; Shrove Tuesday was 11 February in 1662 (26 February in 1661). See Raymond A. Anselment, ed., My First Booke of My Life: Alice Thornton (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2014), 259n515.
Bloodletting was a standard treatment in the premodern period, thought to rid the body of an excess of blood and restore balance. See Michael Stolberg, Learned Physicians and Everyday Medical Practice in the Renaissance (Munich: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2021), 189–200.
For the use of cordials as medicine, see Elaine Leong, ‘Making Medicines in the Early Modern Household’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 82, no. 1 (2008): 145–68.
On doubt in the early modern period see Alec Ryrie, Unbelievers: An Emotional History of Doubt (London: William Collins, 2019), esp. chap. 4.
I.e., the devil.
On conscience in early modern England see Joshua R. Held, ‘Recent Studies in Early Modern Conscience’, English Literary Renaissance 53, no. 1 (2023): 131–61.
I.e., the devil.
On 'looseness of the womb' see Leah Astbury, ‘“Being Well, Looking Ill”: Childbirth and the Return to Health in Seventeenth-Century England’, Social History of Medicine 30, no. 3 (2017): 500–19.
Plasters were a common method of treatment in the seventeenth century. See Elaine Leong, ‘Making Medicines in the Early Modern Household’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 82, no. 1 (2008): 158, 162.
This date is when Dr Wittie let blood and prescribed cordials for Thornton's 'dangerous sickness'; see Book Rem, 45.
£150 in 1659 was the equivalent of £26,810 in 2023. ‘Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present', MeasuringWorth, https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/.
Thornton had to make this request because, as a married woman, all movable goods (including money) were her husband’s property during marriage. On coverture see Tim Stretton and Krista J. Kesselring, ‘Introduction: Coverture and Continuity’, in Married Women and the Law: Coverture in England and the Common Law World, ed. Tim Stretton and Krista J. Kesselring (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013), 7–9.
£4 in 1661 was the equivalent of £715 in 2023. Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present', MeasuringWorth, https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/.
Alice Wandesford's executors were her half-brother John Frescheville and Francis Darley of Buttercrambe. See Hardy Bertram McCall, Story of the Family of Wandesforde of Kirklington & Castlecomer […] (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton & co., 1904), 357–58.
The top quarter of the page has been cut away, removing most of four lines and the second half of the fifth; image of reverse on next page. It is not known when this happened and why.
The top quarter of the page has been cut away, removing five complete lines; see image. It is not known when this happened and why.
Christian theology held that suicide was a mortal sin. Suicides could not technically be buried in consecrated ground and there were huge implications for the soul of the person. See Jeffrey Watt, 'Introduction', in From Sin to Insanity: Suicide in Early Modern Europe, ed. Paul S. Seavers and Jeffrey Watt (New York: Cornell University Press, 2004), 1–8.
Thornton here is implying that she might be accused of murder, if her husband was to kill himself only in her presence. A wife killing her husband was treated as petty treason in early modern England, with the punishment being burnt at the stake. See Frances E. Dolan, Marriage and Violence : The Early Modern Legacy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 87–89.
I.e., the baby.
The significance given to the birthmark on her son is in line with Thornton's protestantism and belief in providence. See the many examples of providential signs in Alexandra Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), chap. 4.
The distance between Oswaldkirk and East Newton Hall is 1.9 miles.
William Thornton was involved in a Chancery dispute with Robert Nettleton, from at least 1661, which stemmed from his involvement in the administration of Christopher Wandesford’s will: 'Thornton v. R. Nettleton et al.', C 5/633/108, TNA, London.
£1,500 in 1658 was the equivalent of £286,100 in 2023. ‘Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present', MeasuringWorth, https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/. the
I.e., the written evidence for the debt had not been cancelled when the money was paid. On the law and ‘foolish debtor’ claims see John H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History, 5th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 110–11.
£800 in 1662 was the equivalent of £141,100 in 2023. ‘Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present', MeasuringWorth, https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/. the
I.e., William Thornton had gone to London to deal with the Nettleton dispute at law.
On women and dreams, see Patricia Crawford, ‘Women’s Dreams in Early Modern England’, History Workshop Journal 49, no. 1 (2000): 129–41.
This comment is a possible later addition by Thornton as this information is fleshed out in Book 2, 234, 247, 268.
Thornton's mother and mother-in-law both gave birth to seven children.
As part of the baptismal service, the child promises, via the sureties of its godparents, to ‘renounce the devil and all his works, and constantly believe God’s holy word, and obediently keep his commandments’: The Book of Common Prayer: The Texts of 1549, 1559, and 1662, ed. Brian Cummings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 410–11.
This refers to Holy Communion, also known as the Lord's Supper.
The use of the Book of Common Prayer, and therefore communion, was illegal during the Interregnum (1649–60). See John Coffey, Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England 1558-1689 (London: Routledge, 2014), 134–65.
This refers to Holy Communion, also known as the Lord's Supper.
I.e., Holy Communion, also known as the Lord's Supper.
In Alice Wandesford's will the residue of goods not allocated was given to Thornton and her children. See Hardy Bertram McCall, The Story of the Family of Wandesforde of Kirklington & Castlecomer […] (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton & co., 1904), 357–58.
For Thornton’s marriage settlement see Book 1, 121–23. On marriage settlements more generally, see Amy Louise Erickson, 'Common Law versus Common Practice: The Use of Marriage Settlements in Early Modern England', Economic History Review 43, no. 1 (1990): 21–39.
This is likely a reference to Thornton having a lawyer, Richard Legard, read their legal papers in 1661 and finding that her husband could disinherit any of their children, contrary to the agreement he had made with her mother. See Book 2, 274–77.
Thornton had consented in court in the late 1650s to the sale of of Burn Park, land which was part of her marriage settlement. See Book 2, 250–52.
£300 in 1662 was the equivalent of £52,920 in 2023. ‘Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present', MeasuringWorth, https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/.
This was the money from Christopher Wandesford’s Irish estate of Edough/Castlecomer, which Thornton was to have received after marriage in the form of lands in her name, as agreed in her marriage settlement. See Book 1, 121.
A reference to William Thornton agreeing to take on the administration of her late father’s Irish estate, against her (and her mother’s) advice. See Book 1, 124.
Thornton’s own relatives were in Richmondshire.
This settlement is elsewhere referred to as Roger Covill’s deed, which was meant to restore the agreed marriage settlement (minus Burn Park).
In 1662, Thornton was pregnant but did not yet have a living son.
£2,500 in 1662 was the equivalent of £441,000 in 2023. ‘Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present', MeasuringWorth,
https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/.
Thornton here is referring to uterine bleeding. On postpartum fluxes see Leah Astbury, ‘“Being Well, Looking Ill”: Childbirth and the Return to Health in Seventeenth-Century England’, Social History of Medicine 30, no. 3 (2017): 506.
We do not know what the exact powder was but, for a discussion of some of the powders available as medicines in this period, see Katrina Maydom, ‘Understanding Early Modern English Apothecary Prescriptions’, Pharmaceutical Historian 57, no. 2 (2021): 61–74.
I.e., she asked Lady Yorke, attending her, for the powder.
In the plural, ‘tender mercies’ appears frequently in all versions of the psalms. In the singular, it appears only in Luke 1:78.
Used here to refer to postpartum uterine bleeding. See Leah Astbury, ‘“Being Well, Looking Ill”: Childbirth and the Return to Health in Seventeenth-Century England’, Social History of Medicine 30, no. 3 (2017): 506.
Thornton saw it as her Christian duty to breastfeed her own children . See Rachel Trubowitz, ‘“Nourish-Milke”: Breast-Feeding and the Crisis of Englishness, 1600-1660’, Journal of English and Germanic Philology 99, no. 1 (2000): 29–49.
'Robin' was a common diminutive of 'Robert' from at least the late fourteenth century. See A. Brown, N. Shiel, J. Uckelman, S. L. Uckelman, ‘Robert’, in The Dictionary of Medieval Names from European Sources, ed. S. L. Uckelman, http://dmnes.org/2021/1/name/Robert.
Seventeenth-century physicians advised that babies were weaned in their second year, at around the age of 18 months. See Marylynn Salmon, ‘The Cultural Significance of Breastfeeding and Infant Care in Early Modern England and America', Journal of Social History 28, no. 2 (1994): 256.
On the system of proxy godparents in Stuart England, see David Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 158.
God’s covenant with Abraham comprises three promises - the promised land (to be known as Canaan or Israel), the promise of descendents and the promise of blessing and redemption (Genesis 12:1-3,7; for the renewal of the Covenant, see also Genesis 15 and 17). From a Christian perspective, this is the ‘old’ covenant governed by law, whereas the ‘new’ covenant is one of grace because of Christ’s crucifixion, death and resurrection. See Hebrews 8: 6-13; 12:24; 13:20.
On contemporary perceptions of floods, see John Emrys Morgan, ‘Understanding Flooding in Early Modern England’, Journal of Historical Geography 50 (2015): 37–50.
Blessing of the breasts was the the production of breastmilk.
On the system of proxy godparents in Stuart England, see David Cressy, Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 158.
Thornton saw it as her Christian duty to breastfeed her own children. See Rachel Trubowitz, '"Nourish-Milke": Breast-Feeding and the Crisis of Englishness, 1600-1660', Journal of English and Germanic Philology 99, no. 1 (2000): 29–49.
It was seen as a wife's duty to look after her husband in early modern England. See N. H. Keeble, The Cultural Identity of Seventeenth-Century Woman : A Reader (London: Routledge, 1994), 143–68.
The Passion of Christ is the story of Jesus Christ’s arrest, trial, suffering and his execution by crucifixion.
Baptism, as set out in the Book of Common Prayer, was illegal between 1645–60 and so it is not surprising that Thornton emphasised her joy that she had been given the opportunity of baptism in 1665. See David Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 175–77.
Thornton was too ill to breastfeed, perhaps her milk had dried up, and the baby would have been given to a wet nurse to suckle. On varying attitudes to wet-nursing in early modern England, see Linda Campbell, 'Wet-Nurses in Early Modern England: Some Evidence from the Townshend Archive', Medical History 33, no. 3 (1989): 360–70.
Thornton is here following the convention of beginning the calendar year on Lady Day (25 March), common in England until 1751. Joyce was born in September 1665 and so this was January 1666.
On early modern theories of good and bad digestion see Rebecca Earle, ‘Food’, in A Cultural History of Medicine ed. Roger Cooter, vol. 3, The Renaissance, ed. Claudia Stein and Elaine Leong (London: Bloomsbury, 2021), 53–54.
Book 1, 214 makes it clear that medicines were given to the child to make her vomit but dates this incident as 13 June 1665.
I.e., teething.
This fits with the date given in Book 1, 213 and Book 2, 274 and so it is the heading of 1666 which is incorrect here.
The waters at Scarborough Spa were a healing remedy advised by the family physician, Dr Wittie. He wrote a treatise on the virtues of this very spa: Robert Wittie, Scarbrough Spaw [...] (London: Charles Tyus, 1660).
Quarter of a year, i.e., three months.
I.e., the full term of pregnancy. Thornton suffered a miscarriage in August 1666.
On the Great Fire of London see David Garrioch, ‘1666 and London’s Fire History: A Re-evaluation’, The Historical Journal 59, no. 2 (2016): 319–38.
See Raymond A. Anselment, ‘Smallpox in Seventeenth-century English Literature: Reality and the Metamorphosis of Wit', Medical History 33, no. 1 (1989): 72–95.
The derivation here is unclear as it does not appear in the OEDO, MED or DSL. The closest form seems to be ‘ungettable’ which is defined as ‘unobtainable’ ( OEDO, DSL). However, a modern meaning of its antonym (i.e., ‘gettable’) suggests a meaning closer to (in)comprehension. As Kate is described above as ‘without reason’, it is possible this term refers to her mental and physical incapacity due to illness.
Early modern medical writing held that small pox poisoned the blood and this was purged from the body by the breaking out of pustules. Those which were 'struck in' were extremely dangerous as this meant the poison was not being evacuated from the body: Thomas Willis, The London Practice of Physick […] (London: Thomas Basset and William Crooke, 1685), 615.
It is possible that the colour scarlet was to ward off small pox. Entire rooms would be decked out in red to counteract the disease, a practice that came from East Asia and arrived in Europe via medieval Arabic scholars. See D. R. Hopkins, 'Smallpox: Ten Years Gone', American Journal of Public Health 78, no. 12 (1971): 1592.
See Raymond A. Anselment, ‘Smallpox in Seventeenth-century English Literature: Reality and the Metamorphosis of Wit', Medical History 33, no. 1 (1989): 72–95.
See Raymond A. Anselment, ‘Smallpox in Seventeenth-century English Literature: Reality and the Metamorphosis of Wit', Medical History 33, no. 1 (1989): 72–95.
On preventative medicine in the early modern period see L. Hill Curth, ‘Lessons from the Past: Preventative Medicine in Early Modern England’, Medical Humanities 29, no. 1 (2003): 16–20.
See Raymond A. Anselment, ‘Smallpox in Seventeenth-century English Literature: Reality and the Metamorphosis of Wit', Medical History 33, no. 1 (1989): 72–95.
See Raymond A. Anselment, ‘Smallpox in Seventeenth-century English Literature: Reality and the Metamorphosis of Wit', Medical History 33, no. 1 (1989): 72–95.
See Raymond A. Anselment, ‘Smallpox in Seventeenth-century English Literature: Reality and the Metamorphosis of Wit', Medical History 33, no. 1 (1989): 72–95.
I.e., c.1666.
This is probably an allusion to meat hanging from hooks in butchers' shops.
Thomas Danby was murdered at a tavern brawl near Gray's Inn, London on 31 July 1667. See ‘Middlesex Sessions Rolls: 1667’, British History Online, https://www.british-history.ac.uk/middx-county-records/vol4/pp1-6.
‘That former break’ is a cross reference to the miscarriage described earlier: Book Rem, 104-105.
The distance between Stonegrave Minster and East Newton Hall is 1.94 miles.
This first illness was 16 November 1665. See Book 1, 209.
Christopher Thornton was born on 11 November 1667 (not 1668), as stated correctly by Thornton in Book 1, 229, confirmed by a parish register: 'Stonegrave baptism, marriage and burial register, 1584–1750', PR/STV/1/1, NYCRO, Northallerton.
Early modern medicine held that that spirits and organs rose within the body during illness or other bodily change. See Michael Stolberg, ‘Emotions and the Body in Early Modern Medicine’, Emotion Review 11, no. 2 (2019): 113.
Blessing of the breasts was the the production of breastmilk and blessing of the womb indicated a reasonable flow of post-partum blood. See Sara Read, Menstruation and the Female Body in Early Modern England (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 155.
On godparents and witnesses in early modern England, see David Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), chap. 7.
I.e., her breastmilk returned.
See Raymond A. Anselment, ‘Smallpox in Seventeenth-century English Literature: Reality and the Metamorphosis of Wit', Medical History 33, no. 1 (1989): 72–95.
Elsewhere, this ‘accident’ is blamed on the maids following the child-rearing methods of Anne Danby. Book 1, 230; Book 3, 92.
Early modern medical writing held that small pox poisoned the blood and this was purged from the body by the breaking out of pustules. Those which were 'struck in' were extremely dangerous as this meant the poison was not being evacuated from the body: Thomas Willis, The London Practice of Physick […] (London: Thomas Basset and William Crooke, 1685), 615.
I.e., the baby bit her nipple. On the dangers (both social and medical) of infected nipples from biting, see Diane Purkiss, The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations (London: Routledge, 1996), 132.
I.e., 'walk'.
On conscience in early modern England, see Joshua R. Held, ‘Recent Studies in Early Modern Conscience’, English Literary Renaissance 53, no. 1 (2023): 131–61.
On the centrality of charity and almsgiving to Christianity in early modern England, see Alec Ryrie, Being Protestant in Reformation Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 452–54.
On the importance of female reputation, see Garthine Walker, ‘Expanding the Boundaries of Female Honour in Early Modern England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6 (1996): 235–45.
William and Alice Thornton were married on 15 December 1651 and so, when he died on 17 September 1668, they had been married 16 years and 9 months.
The biblical Hannah was unable to bear children until she begged God for a son (1 Samuel 1: 9–11). When God answers her prayer, Hannah sings a song of rejoicing and praise (1 Samuel 1:20; 1 Samuel 2:1–10).
William Thornton threw Anne Danby's maid, Barbara Todd, out of the household. See Book 1, 251–52.
‘Pressed me to the death’ is being used figuratively here but women were pressed to death in early modern England, perhaps most famously Margaret Clitheroe in 1586. See Sara M. Butler, Pain, Penance, and Protest : Peine Forte et Dure in Medieval England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022), 1–4.
'Continued … overflow' implies that Thornton's humours had been moved to such a point that they were in danger of overflowing, causing a dangerous surfeit within her body. On the body and humoural disruption, see Ulinka Rublack and Pamela Selwyn, ‘Fluxes: The Early Modern Body and the Emotions’, History Workshop Journal 53 (2002): 1–16.
The concept that human life fell into stages was common. Here, Thornton might be using a schema of four; see Elizabeth Sears, The Ages of Man: Medieval Interpretations of the Life Cycle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 9–37.
Shaving the head was sometimes used as a medical remedy for humoural imbalance. See Anu Korhonen, ‘Strange Things Out of Hair': Baldness and Masculinity in Early Modern England’, Sixteenth Century Journal 41, no. 2 (2010): 380.
Thornton wanted to delay her husband's funeral but in the seventeenth century it was usual to perform a burial within two or three days of death. See David Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 425–32.
This sonnet is sung by Musidorus in Sir Philip Sidney’s The Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia. See Sir Philip Sidney, The Poems of Sir Philip Sidney, ed. William A. Ringler (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), 131.
Here Thornton’s transcription differs from Ringler’s edition of Sidney’s poem. Where she writes ‘onely’, Ringler has ‘owly’, l.8. See Sir Philip Sidney, The Poems of Sir Philip Sidney, ed. William A. Ringler (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), 131.
From Sir Philip Sidney, ‘Certaine Sonnets’, in The Poems of Sir Philip Sidney, ed. William A. Ringler (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), 161–62.
The authorship of this poem is uncertain. It was publicly attributed to both Sir Harry Wotton (see Izaak Walton and Charles Cotton, The Complete Angler, ed. Richard Le Gallienne (London: John Lane, 1897), 248) and Sir Walter Ralegh (‘A Farewell to the Vanities of the World’, https://www.luminarium.org/renlit/farewell.htm). The Folger First Line index lists 38 records, most of which are attributed to either Wotton or Sir Kenelm Digby, although John Donne is also noted as a possible author (https://firstlines.folger.edu/).
Indians (i.e., Native Americans) were viewed as angels by the first Franciscan missionaries to New Spain. See Escardiel Gonzalez Estevez, 'Indigenous angels: hybridity and troubled identities in the Iberian network', Renaissance Studies 34, no. 4 (2020), 688–89.
‘Nisi Christus Nemo’ (Latin; in English, ‘None but Christ’) is the Thornton family motto. The Autobiography of Mrs. Alice Thornton of East Newton, Co. York, ed. Charles Jackson, Surtees Society 62 (Durham: Andrews & Co., 1875), 342–43.
‘Tout pour l’Eglise’ (French; in English, ‘All for the Church’) is the Wandesford family motto. Hardy Bertram McCall, Richmondshire Churches (London: E. Stock, 1910), 87–88n.
This poem is primarily drawn from Joshua Sylvester, Panthea: Or, Divine Wishes and Meditations (London: F. Coules, 1630).
Lines 1-14 follow the opening of ‘I. Wish, or Meditation’, in Joshua Sylvester, Panthea: Or, Divine Wishes and Meditations (London: F. Coules, 1630), sig. B3r.
Traditionally, the biblical book of the Psalms is attributed to King David; see John Donne, ‘Upon the Translations of the Psalms by Sir Philip Sidney, and the Countess of Pembroke, his Sister’, in Poems of John Donne, ed. E. K. Chambers (London: Lawrence & Bullen, 1896), 1:188–90. The full story of his life can be found in the biblical books of 1 and 2 Samuel, and 1 Kings, 1–2.
Lines 15–22 can be found in ‘IIII. Wish, or Meditation’, in Josuah Sylvester, Panthea: Or Divine Wishes and Meditations (London: F. Coules, 1630), sig. C2r.
On conscience in early modern England, see Joshua R. Held, ‘Recent Studies in Early Modern Conscience’, English Literary Renaissance 53, no. 1 (2023): 131–61.
Lines 23–24 can be found in ‘IIII. Wish, or Meditation’, in Josuah Sylvester, Panthea: Or Divine Wishes and Meditations (London: F. Coules, 1630), sig. C2v.
Lines 25–42 can be found in ‘I. Wish, or Meditation’, in Josuah Sylvester, Panthea: Or Divine Wishes and Meditations (London: F. Coules, 1630), sig. B3v.
Francis Quarles, '16. On Outward Show', in Divine Fancies Digested into Epigrammes, Meditations, and Observations (London: John Marriott, 1633), Lib. I, 10. The only alteration Thornton makes here is to change the personal pronoun from 'him' to 'her'.
Thornton's reference to the 'bridegroom of the soul', from the Song of Songs, relates to Christian bridal theology: the notion of 'marriage to Jesus'. See Rabia Gregory, Marrying Jesus in Medieval and Early Modern Northern Europe: Popular Culture and Religious Reform (London: Routledge, 2016), 28.
Here, and two lines down, Thornton has added her own initials. It is unclear why she did so because the poems are copies of two sonnets by Sir Philip Sidney.
It is possible that the omission mark on Book Rem, 12 was referring to this incident, which took place first. See Sharon Howard, 'At the Margins of Alice Thornton's Books', Alice Thornton's Books, https://thornton.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/posts/blog/2023-07-10-at-the-margins/.
'Passage chambers' are mentioned in other seventeenth-century documents and refer to a room which also functions as a passage. For example, see the 1671 will of Eden Williams in J. A. Johnston, Probate Inventories of Lincoln Citizens 1661–1714 (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1991).
On women and dreams, see Patricia Crawford, ‘Women’s Dreams in Early Modern England’, History Workshop Journal 49, no. 1 (2000): 129–41.
The dream is dated to October 1639 in Thomas Comber, Memoirs of the Life and Death of the Right Honourable the Lord Deputy Wandesforde […], 2nd ed. (Cambridge: J. Archdeacon, 1778), 114. It suggests Alice Wandesford was aware of the significance of early events; the Wars of the Three Kingdoms started in May 1639 with the first Bishops’ War, a brief campaign between Charles I and the Scots regarding supremacy over the Scottish church. On the Bishops’ Wars, see Mark C. Fissell, The Bishops' Wars. Charles I's Campaigns against Scotland, 1638–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
Thomas Strafford was executed in 1641; Charles I in 1649.
On the Scottish uprising of 1637 see Laura A. M. Stewart, Rethinking the Scottish Revolution: Covenanted Scotland, 1637–1651 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2016), 29–31.
The Irish Rebellion which broke out in Dublin in October 1641 was an uprising of Catholics in Ireland against anti-Catholic discrimination, English colonialism and the use of plantations. See Pádraig Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603–1727 (Oxford: Routledge, 2014), chap. 5.
In 1639 the Wandesford family lived in ‘Dames’-street, Dublin’, described in Thomas Comber, Memoirs of the Life and Death of the Right Honourable the Lord Deputy Wandesforde […], 2nd ed. (Cambridge: J. Archdeacon, 1778), 75–76.
I.e., mourning clothes. On mourning dress in early modern England, see Susan Vincent, Dressing the Elite: Dressing the Elite Clothes in Early Modern England (Oxford: Berg, 2003), 61–71.
On women and dreams, see Patricia Crawford, ‘Women’s Dreams in Early Modern England’, History Workshop Journal 49, no. 1 (2000): 129–41.
On women and dreams, see Patricia Crawford, ‘Women’s Dreams in Early Modern England’, History Workshop Journal 49, no. 1 (2000): 129–41.
On bed curtains and drapery, see Sasha Handley, Sleep in Early Modern England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016), 132–34.
Book 1, 85 states that Katherine had 10 live-born children and six stillbirths, which would make this child Katherine's 16th and final pregnancy. Family papers confirm this figure of 10 live births: ‘Dates of Birth of the Children of Sir Thos & Katherine Danby 1631–1645’, Danby family letters & papers c.1620-1687, ZS: Cunliffe Lister Papers, NYCRO, Northallerton.
Francis Danby was born at the family home of Thorpe Perrow on 27 August 1645. See ‘Dates of Birth of the Children of Sir Thos & Katherine Danby 1631–1645’, Danby family letters & papers c.1620-1687, ZS: Cunliffe Lister Collection, NYCRO, Northallerton.
On women and dreams, see Patricia Crawford, ‘Women’s Dreams in Early Modern England’, History Workshop Journal 49, no. 1 (2000): 129–41.
I.e., the baby was born breech.
On women and dreams, see Patricia Crawford, ‘Women’s Dreams in Early Modern England’, History Workshop Journal 49, no. 1 (2000): 129–41.
'B. W.' might denote ‘black weeds’, a widow's mourning clothes. Weed (in plural): 'Clothing customarily worn by a widow during a period of mourning for her spouse, and traditionally comprising a black or dark-coloured dress and a veil', OEDO. Thornton usually uses B. W. to stand for Brother Wandesford.
On women and dreams, see Patricia Crawford, ‘Women’s Dreams in Early Modern England’, History Workshop Journal 49, no. 1 (2000): 129–41.
This refers to Holy Communion, also known as the Lord's Supper.
When receiving Holy Communion or the Lord's Supper, communicants were encouraged to ensure they were on good terms with family, friends and neighbours.
In early modern England, the Royal Post had staging posts along major routes every 10–12 miles. See Nikolaus Schobesberger, Paul Arblaster, Mario Infelise, et al., 'European Postal Networks', in News Networks in Early Modern Europe, ed. Joad Raymond and Noah Moxham (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 48–51.
£360 in 1640 was the equivalent of £81,090 in 2023. ‘Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present', MeasuringWorth, https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/.
As Thornton was married, anything her mother wanted to gift to her needed to be given to a trustee to ensure it did not become her husband’s property. See Amy Louise Erickson, ‘Common Law versus Common Practice: The Use of Marriage Settlements in Early Modern England’, Economic History Review 43, no. 1 (1990): 25.
Thornton’s brother was made 1st Baronet of Kirklington by Charles II on 5 August 1662. See Fiona Pogson, 'Wandesford, Christopher (1592–1640), politician and administrator',
A letter from Thornton to Lord Danby of 20 August 1673 sets out that she needed more time (about a month) to answer the interrogatories (written questions) pertaining to a dispute between Lord Danby and her brother, Sir Christopher Wandesford. D/LONS/L/1/1/23/54pt, Cumbria Archive Office, Carlisle.
£1,000 in 1661 was the equivalent of £178,800 in 2023. ‘Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present', MeasuringWorth, https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/.
I.e., the written evidence for the debt had not been cancelled when the money was paid. On the law and ‘foolish debtor’ claims, see John H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History, 5th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 110–11.
Under coverture, any money in Thornton’s possession would legally be her husband’s. See Tim Stretton and Krista J. Kesselring, 'Introduction', in Married Women and the Law : Coverture in England and the Common Law World, ed. Tim Stretton and Krista J. Kesselring (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2013), 8–9.
William Thornton was involved in a Chancery dispute with Robert Nettleton in 1661, which stemmed from his involvement in the administration of Christopher Wandesford’s will: 'Thornton v. R. Nettleton et al.', C 5/633/108, TNA, London.
This was summer 1662.
On women and dreams, see Patricia Crawford, ‘Women’s Dreams in Early Modern England’, History Workshop Journal 49, no. 1 (2000): 129–41.
£100 in 1661 was the equivalent of £17,880 in 2023. ‘Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present', MeasuringWorth, https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/.
£58 in 1661 was the equivalent of £10,370 in 2023. ‘Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1270 to Present', MeasuringWorth, https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/.
On women and dreams, see Patricia Crawford, ‘Women’s Dreams in Early Modern England’, History Workshop Journal 49, no. 1 (2000): 129–41.
Here, Thornton associates ‘ravish’ with the threat of rape.
This might be read literally, ‘gone to tend the cows’, or ‘Cowes’ might refer to a particular plot of land. In 1554 the owner of Hipswell acquired ‘Coweclose’: Hardy Bertram McCall, Story of the Family of Wandesforde of Kirklington & Castlecomer […] (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton & co., 1904), 214, no. 78.
This might be read literally, ‘gone to tend the cows’, or ‘Cowes’ might refer to a particular plot of land. In 1554 the owner of Hipswell acquired ‘Coweclose’: Hardy Bertram McCall, Story of the Family of Wandesforde of Kirklington & Castlecomer […] (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton & co., 1904), 214, no. 78.