#!/usr/bin/perl package Acme::Tools; our $VERSION = '0.28'; use 5.008; #Perl 5.8 was released July 18th 2002 use strict; use warnings; use Carp; #todo: rid of deps, make own carp+croak here require Exporter; our @ISA = qw(Exporter); our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( all => [ qw() ] ); our @EXPORT_OK = ( @{ $EXPORT_TAGS{all} } ); our @EXPORT = qw( min max mins maxs sum avg geomavg harmonicavg stddev rstddev median percentile $Resolve_iterations $Resolve_last_estimate $Resolve_time resolve resolve_equation conv rank rankstr egrep eqarr sorted sortedstr sortby subarrays pushsort pushsortstr binsearch binsearchstr random random_gauss big bigi bigf bigr bigscale nvl repl replace decode decode_num between btw curb bound log10 log2 logn distinct in in_num uniq union union_all minus minus_all intersect intersect_all not_intersect mix zip sim sim_perm levdist jsim jwsim subarr subhash hashtrans zipb64 zipbin unzipb64 unzipbin gzip gunzip bzip2 bunzip2 ipaddr ipnum ipnum_ok iprange_ok in_iprange webparams urlenc urldec ht2t chall makedir qrlist ansicolor ccn_ok KID_ok writefile readfile readdirectory basename dirname wipe username range globr permutations perm permute permute_continue trigram sliding chunks chars huffman huffman_pack huffman_unpack cart reduce int2roman roman2int num2code code2num dec2bin dec2hex dec2oct bin2dec bin2hex bin2oct hex2dec hex2bin hex2oct oct2dec oct2bin oct2hex base gcd lcm pivot tablestring upper lower trim rpad lpad cpad dserialize serialize srlz cnttbl nicenum bytes_readable sec_readable distance tms s2t easter time_fp timems sleep_fp sleeps sleepms sleepus sleepns eta sys recursed md5sum pwgen which read_conf openstr printed ldist $Re_isnum isnum part parth parta a2h h2a refa refh refs refaa refah refha refhh pushr popr shiftr unshiftr splicer keysr valuesr eachr joinr pile aoh2sql aoh2xls base64 unbase64 opts ed changed $Edcursor brainfu brainfu2perl brainfu2perl_optimized bfinit bfsum bfaddbf bfadd bfcheck bfgrep bfgrepnot bfdelete bfstore bfretrieve bfclone bfdimensions $PI install_acme_command_tools $Dbh dlogin dlogout drow drows drowc drowsc dcols dpk dsel ddo dins dupd ddel dcommit drollback ); our $PI = '3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286'; =head1 NAME Acme::Tools - Lots of more or less useful subs lumped together and exported into your namespace =head1 SYNOPSIS use Acme::Tools; print sum(1,2,3); # 6 print avg(2,3,4,6); # 3.75 print median(2,3,4,6); # 3.5 print percentile(25, 101..199); # 125 my @list = minus(\@listA, \@listB); # set operation my @list = union(\@listA, \@listB); # set operation print length(gzip("abc" x 1000)); # far less than 3000 writefile("/dir/filename",$string); # convenient my $s=readfile("/dir/filename"); # also convenient print "yes!" if between($PI,3,4); print percentile(0.05, @numbers); my @even = range(1000,2000,2); # even numbers between 1000 and 2000 my @odd = range(1001,2001,2); my $dice = random(1,6); my $color = random(['red','green','blue','yellow','orange']); pushr $arrayref[$num], @stuff; # push @{ $arrayref[$num] }, @stuff ... popr, shiftr, unshiftr print 2**200; # 1.60693804425899e+60 print big(2)**200; # 1606938044258990275541962092341162602522202993782792835301376 ...and much more. =encoding utf8 =head1 ABSTRACT About 120 more or less useful perl subroutines lumped together and exported into your namespace. =head1 DESCRIPTION Subs created and collected since the mid-90s. =head1 INSTALLATION sudo cpan Acme::Tools sudo cpanm Acme::Tools # after: sudo apt-get install cpanminus make # for Ubuntu 12.04 Or to get the very newest: git clone https://github.com/kjetillll/Acme-Tools.git cd Acme-Tools perl Makefile.PL make test sudo make install =head1 EXPORT Almost every sub, about 90 of them. Beware of namespace pollution. But what did you expect from an Acme module? =head1 NUMBERS =head2 num2code See L =head2 code2num C convert numbers (integers) from the normal decimal system to some arbitrary other number system. That can be binary (2), oct (8), hex (16) or others. Example: print num2code(255,2,"0123456789ABCDEF"); # prints FF print num2code( 14,2,"0123456789ABCDEF"); # prints 0E ...because 255 are converted to hex FF (base C<< length("0123456789ABCDEF") >> ) which is 2 digits of 0-9 or A-F. ...and 14 are converted to 0E, with leading 0 because of the second argument 2. Example: print num2code(1234,16,"01") Prints the 16 binary digits 0000010011010010 which is 1234 converted to binary zeros and ones. To convert back: print code2num("0000010011010010","01"); #prints 1234 C can be used to compress numeric IDs to something shorter: $chars="0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz-_"; print num2code("241274432",5,$chars); # prints EOOv0 print code2num("EOOv0",$chars); # prints 241274432 =cut #Math::BaseCnv sub num2code { return num2code($_[0],0,$_[1]) if @_==2; my($num,$digits,$validchars,$start)=@_; my $l=length($validchars); my $key; $digits||=9e9; no warnings; croak if $num<$start; $num-=$start; for(1..$digits){ $key=substr($validchars,$num%$l,1).$key; $num=int($num/$l); last if $digits==9e9 and !$num; } croak if $num>0; return $key; } sub code2num { my($code,$validchars,$start)=@_; $start=0 if!defined$start; my $l=length($validchars); my $num=0; $num=$num*$l+index($validchars,$_) for split//,$code; return $num+$start; } =head2 base Numbers in any number system of base between 2 and 36. Using capital letters A-Z for base higher than 10. base(2,15) # 1111 2 --> binary base(8,4096) # 10000 8 --> octal base(10,4096) # 4096 of course base(16,254) # FE 16 --> hex base(16,254.3) # FE 16 --> hex, can not handle decimal numbers (yet...todo) base(36,123456) # FE 16 --> hex, can not handle decimal numbers (yet...todo) base(36,1234567891011) # FR5HUHC3 base36 using all 0-9 and A-Z as digits, 10+26=36 base(37,1) # die with message 'base not 2-36' base($x,0) # 0 base(16, 14,15,16,17) # list of four elements: E F 10 11 =head2 dec2bin dec2hex dec2oct bin2dec bin2hex bin2oct hex2dec hex2bin hex2oct oct2dec oct2bin oct2hex print dec2bin(101); # 1100101 print dec2hex(101); # 65 print dec2oct(101); # 145 print bin2dec(1010011110); # 670 print bin2hex(1010011110); # 29e print bin2oct(1010011110); # 1236 print hex2dec(101); # 257 print hex2bin(101); # 100000001 print hex2oct(101); # 401 print oct2dec(101); # 65 print oct2bin(101); # 1000001 print oct2hex(101); # 41 =cut sub _base{my($b,$n)=@_;$n?_base($b,int$n/$b).chr(48+$n%$b+7*($n%$b>9)):''} #codegolf sub base { my($b,$n)=@_; @_>2 ? (map base($b,$_),@_[1..$#_]) :$b<2||$b>36 ? croak"base not 2-36" :$n>0 ? _base($b,$n) :$n<0 ? "-"._base($b,-$n) :!defined $n ? undef :$n==0 ? 0 : croak } sub dec2bin { sprintf"%b",shift } sub dec2hex { sprintf"%x",shift } sub dec2oct { sprintf"%o",shift } sub bin2dec { oct("0b".shift) } sub bin2hex { sprintf"%x",oct("0b".shift) } sub bin2oct { sprintf"%o",oct("0b".shift) } sub hex2dec { hex(shift) } sub hex2bin { sprintf"%b",hex(shift) } sub hex2oct { sprintf"%o",hex(shift) } sub oct2dec { oct(shift) } sub oct2bin { sprintf"%b",oct(shift) } sub oct2hex { sprintf"%x",oct(shift) } =head2 gcd I< C<">The Euclidean algorithm (also called Euclid's algorithm) is an algorithm to determine the greatest common divisor (gcd) of two integers. It is one of the oldest algorithms known, since it appeared in the classic Euclid's Elements around 300 BC. The algorithm does not require factoring.C<"> > B two or more positive numbers (integers, without decimals that is) B an integer B print gcd(12, 8); # prints 4 Because the (prime number) factors of 12 is 2 * 2 * 3 and the factors of 8 is 2 * 2 * 2 and the common ('overlapping') factors for both 12 and 8 is then 2 * 2 and the result becomes 4. B: print gcd(90, 135, 315); # prints 45 print gcd(2*3*3*5, 3*3*3*5, 3*3*5*7); # prints 45 ( = 3*3*5 which is common to all three args) Implementation: sub gcd { my($a,$b,@r)=@_; @r ? gcd($a,gcd($b,@r)) : $b==0 ? $a : gcd($b, $a % $b) } One way of putting it: Keep replacing the larger of the two numbers with the difference between them until you got two equal numbers. Then thats the answer. L L =cut sub gcd { my($a,$b,@r)=@_; @r ? gcd($a,gcd($b,@r)) : $b==0 ? $a : gcd($b, $a % $b) } #hm sub gcd { my($a,$b)=@_; ($a,$b)=($b,$a%$b) while $b; $a } =head2 lcm C finds the Least Common Multiple of two or more numbers (integers). B two or more positive numbers (integers) B an integer number Example: C< 2/21 + 1/6 = 4/42 + 7/42 = 11/42> Where 42 = lcm(21,6). B print lcm(45,120,75); # prints 1800 Because the factors are: 45 = 2^0 * 3^2 * 5^1 120 = 2^3 * 3^1 * 5^1 75 = 2^0 * 3^1 * 5^2 Take the bigest power of each primary number (2, 3 and 5 here). Which is 2^3, 3^2 and 5^2. Multiplied this is 8 * 9 * 25 = 1800. sub lcm { my($a,$b,@r)=@_; @r ? lcm($a,lcm($b,@r)) : $a*$b/gcd($a,$b) } Seems to works with L as well: (C of all integers from 1 to 200) perl -MAcme::Tools -MMath::BigInt -le'print lcm(map Math::BigInt->new($_),1..200)' 337293588832926264639465766794841407432394382785157234228847021917234018060677390066992000 =cut sub lcm { my($a,$b,@r)=@_; @r ? lcm($a,lcm($b,@r)) : $a*$b/gcd($a,$b) } =head2 resolve Resolves an equation by Newtons method. B 1-6 arguments. At least one argument. First argument: must be a coderef to a subroutine (a function) Second argument: if present, the target, f(x)=target. Default 0. Third argument: a start position for x. Default 0. Fourth argument: a small delta value. Default 1e-4 (0.0001). Fifth argument: a maximum number of iterations before resolve gives up and carps. Default 100 (if fifth argument is not given or is undef). The number 0 means infinite here. If the derivative of the start position is zero or close to zero more iterations are typically needed. Sixth argument: A number of seconds to run before giving up. If both fifth and sixth argument is given and > 0, C stops at whichever comes first. B returns the number C for C = 0 ...or equal to the second input argument if present. B The equation C<< x^2 - 4x - 21 = 0 >> has two solutions: -3 and 7. The result of C will depend on the start position: print resolve(sub{ $_**2 - 4*$_ - 21 }); # -3 with $_ as your x print resolve(sub{ my $x=shift; $x**2 - 4*$x - 21 }); # -3 more elaborate call print resolve(sub{ my $x=shift; $x**2 - 4*$x - 21 },0,3); # 7 with start position 3 print "Iterations: $Acme::Tools::Resolve_iterations\n"; # 3 or larger, about 10-15 is normal The variable C< $Acme::Tools::Resolve_iterations > (which is exported) will be set to the last number of iterations C used. Also if C dies (carps). The variable C< $Acme::Tools::Resolve_last_estimate > (which is exported) will be set to the last estimate. This number will often be close to the solution and can be used even if C dies (carps). B If either second, third or fourth argument is an instance of L, so will the result be: use Acme::Tools; my $equation = sub{ $_ - 1 - 1/$_ }; my $gr1 = resolve( $equation, 0, 1 ); # my $gr2 = resolve( $equation, 0, bigf(1) ); # 1/2 + sqrt(5)/2 bigscale(50); my $gr3 = resolve( $equation, 0, bigf(1) ); # 1/2 + sqrt(5)/2 print 1/2 + sqrt(5)/2, "\n"; print "Golden ratio 1: $gr1\n"; print "Golden ratio 2: $gr2\n"; print "Golden ratio 3: $gr3\n"; Output: 1.61803398874989 Golden ratio 1: 1.61803398874989 Golden ratio 2: 1.61803398874989484820458683436563811772029300310882395927211731893236137472439025 Golden ratio 3: 1.6180339887498948482045868343656381177203091798057610016490334024184302360920167724737807104860909804 See: L L L =cut our $Resolve_iterations; our $Resolve_last_estimate; our $Resolve_time; #sub resolve(\[&$]@) { #sub resolve(&@) { <=0.17 #todo: perl -MAcme::Tools -le'print resolve(sub{$_[0]**2-9431**2});print$Acme::Tools::Resolve_iterations' #todo: perl -MAcme::Tools -le'sub d{5.3*1.0094**$_[0]-10.2*1.0072**$_[0]} print resolve(\&d)' #err, pop norway vs sweden #todo: perl -MAcme::Tools -le' print resolve(sub{5.3*1.0094**$_[0]-10.2*1.0072**$_[0]})' #err, pop norway vs sweden # =>Div by zero: df(x) = 0 at n'th iteration, n=0, delta=0.0001, fx=CODE(0xc81d470) at -e line 1 #todo: ren solve? sub resolve { my($f,$goal,$start,$delta,$iters,$sec)=@_; $goal=0 if!defined$goal; $start=0 if!defined$start; $delta=1e-4 if!defined$delta; $iters=100 if!defined$iters; $sec=0 if!defined$sec; $iters=13e13 if $iters==0; croak "Iterations ($iters) or seconds ($sec) can not be a negative number" if $iters<0 or $sec<0; $Resolve_iterations=undef; $Resolve_last_estimate=undef; croak "Should have at least 1 argument, a coderef" if !@_; croak "First argument should be a coderef" if ref($f) ne 'CODE'; my @x=($start); my $time_start=$sec>0?time_fp():undef; my $ds=ref($start) eq 'Math::BigFloat' ? Math::BigFloat->div_scale() : undef; my $fx=sub{ local$_=$_[0]; my $fx=&$f($_); if($fx=~/x/ and $fx=~/^[ \(\)\.\d\+\-\*\/x\=\^]+$/){ $fx=~s/(\d)x/$1*x/g; $fx=~s/\^/**/g; $fx=~s/^(.*)=(.*)$/($1)-($2)/; $fx=~s,x,\$_,g; $f=eval"sub{$fx}"; $fx=&$f($_); } $fx }; #warn "delta=$delta\n"; my $n=0; while($n<=$iters-1){ my $fd= &$fx($x[$n]+$delta*0.5) - &$fx($x[$n]-$delta*0.5); $fd = &$fx($x[$n]+$delta*0.7) - &$fx($x[$n]-$delta*0.3) if $fd==0;# and warn"wigle 1\n"; $fd = &$fx($x[$n]+$delta*0.2) - &$fx($x[$n]-$delta*0.8) if $fd==0;# and warn"wigle 2\n"; croak "Div by zero: df(x) = $x[$n] at n'th iteration, n=$n, delta=$delta, fx=$fx" if $fd==0; $x[$n+1]=$x[$n]-(&$fx($x[$n])-$goal)/($fd/$delta); $Resolve_last_estimate=$x[$n+1]; #warn "n=$n fd=$fd x=$x[$n+1]\n"; $Resolve_iterations=$n; last if $n>3 and $x[$n+1]==$x[$n] and $x[$n]==$x[$n-1]; last if $n>4 and $x[$n]!=0 and abs(1-$x[$n+1]/$x[$n])<1e-13; #sub{3*$_+$_**4-12} last if $n>3 and ref($x[$n+1]) eq 'Math::BigFloat' and substr($x[$n+1],0,$ds) eq substr($x[$n],0,$ds); #hm croak "Could not resolve, perhaps too little time given ($sec), iteratons=$n" if $sec>0 and ($Resolve_time=time_fp()-$time_start)>$sec; #warn "$n: ".$x[$n+1]."\n"; $n++; } croak "Could not resolve, perhaps too few iterations ($iters)" if @x>=$iters; return $x[-1]; } =head2 resolve_equation This prints 2: print resolve_equation "x + 13*(3-x) = 17 - x" A string containing at least one x is converted into a perl function. Then x is found by using L. The string conversion is done by replacing every x with $_ and if a C< = > char is present it converts C< leftside = rightside > into C< (leftside) - (rightside) = 0 > which is the default behaviour of L. =cut sub resolve_equation { my $e=shift;resolve(sub{$e},@_)} =head2 conv Converts between: =over 4 =item * units of measurement =item * number systems =item * currencies =back B print conv( 2000, "meters", "miles" ); #prints 1.24274238447467 print conv( 2.1, 'km', 'm'); #prints 2100 print conv( 70,"cm","in"); #prints 27.5590551181102 print conv( 4,"USD","EUR"); #prints 3.20481552905431 (depending on todays rates) print conv( 4000,"b","kb"); #prints 3.90625 (1 kb = 1024 bytes) print conv( 4000,"b","Kb"); #prints 4 (1 Kb = 1000 bytes) print conv( 1000,"mb","kb"); #prints 1024000 print conv( 101010,"bin","roman"); #prints XLII print conv( "DCCXLII","roman","oct"); #prints 1346 B are:> Note: units starting with the symbol _ means that all metric prefixes from yocto 10^-24 to yotta 10^+24 is supported, so _m means km, cm, mm, µm and so on. And _N means kN, MN GN and so on. Note2: Many units have synonyms: m, meter, meters ... acceleration: g, g0, m/s2, mps2 angle: binary_degree, binary_radian, brad, deg, degree, degrees, gon, grad, grade, gradian, gradians, hexacontade, hour, new_degree, nygrad, point, quadrant, rad, radian, radians, sextant, turn area: a, ar, are, ares, bunder, ca, centiare, cho, cm2, daa, decare, decares, deciare, dekar, djerib, m2, dunam, dönöm, earths, feddan, ft2, gongqing, ha ha, hectare, hectares, hektar, jerib, km2, m2, manzana, mi2, mm2, mu, qing, rai, sotka, sqcm, sqft, sqkm, sqm, sqmi, sqmm stremmata, um2, µm2 bytes: Eb, Gb, Kb, KiB, Mb, Pb, Tb, Yb, Zb, b, byte, kb, kilobyte, mb, megabyte, gb, gigabyte, tb, terabyte, pb, petabyte, eb, exabyte, zb, zettabyte, yb, yottabyte charge: As, C, _e, coulomb, e current: A, _A, N/m2 energy: BTU, Btu, J, Nm, W/s, Wh, Wps, Ws, _J, _eV, cal, calorie, calories, eV, electronvolt, BeV, erg, ergs, foot-pound, foot-pounds, ftlb, joule, kWh, MWh, GWh, TWh kcal, kilocalorie, kilocalories, newtonmeter, newtonmeters, th, thermie force: N, _N, dyn, dyne, dynes, lb, newton length: NM, _m, _pc, astronomical unit, au, chain, ft, furlong, in, inch, inches, km, league, lightyear, ls, ly, m, meter, meters, mi, mil, mile, miles, nautical mile, nautical miles, nmi, parsec, pc, planck, yard, yard_imperical, yd, Å, ångstrøm, angstrom mass: Da, _eV, _g, bag, carat, ct, dwt, eV, electronvolt, g, grain, grains, gram, grams, kilo, kilos, kt, lb, lb_av, lb_t, lb_troy, lbs, ounce, ounce_av, ounce_troy, oz, oz_av, oz_t, pennyweight, pound, pound_av, pound_metric, pound_troy, pounds, pwt, seer, sl, slug, solar_mass, st, stone, t, tonn, tonne, tonnes, u, wey mileage: mpg, l/100km, l/km, l/10km, lp10km, l/mil, liter_pr_100km, liter_pr_km, lp100km money: AED, ARS, AUD, BGN, BHD, BND, BRL, BWP, CAD, CHF, CLP, CNY, COP, CZK, DKK, EUR, GBP, HKD, HRK, HUF, IDR, ILS, INR, IRR, ISK, JPY, KRW, KWD, KZT, LKR, LTL, LVL, LYD, MUR, MXN, MYR, NOK, NPR, NZD, OMR, PHP, PKR, PLN, QAR, RON, RUB, SAR, SEK, SGD, THB, TRY, TTD, TWD, USD, VEF, ZAR, BTC, LTC, mBTC, XBT Currency rates are automatically updated from the net at least every 24h since last update (on linux/cygwin). numbers: dec, hex, bin, oct, roman, dozen, doz, dz, dusin, gross, gro, gr, great_gross, small_gross (not supported: decimal numbers) power: BTU, BTU/h, BTU/s, BTUph, GWhpy, J/s, Jps, MWhpy, TWhpy, W, Whpy, _W, ftlb/min, ftlb/s, hk, hp, kWh/yr, kWhpy pressure: N/m2, Pa, _Pa, at, atm, bar, mbar, pascal, psi, torr radioactivity: Bq, becquerel, curie speed: _m/s, km/h, km/t, kmh, kmph, kmt, m/s, mi/h, mph, mps, kn, knot, knots, kt, kts, mach, machs, c, fps, ft/s, ftps temperature: C, F, K, celsius, fahrenheit, kelvin time: _s, biennium, century, d, day, days, decade, dy, fortnight, h, hour, hours, hr, indiction, jubilee, ke, lustrum, m, millennium, min, minute, minutes, mo, moment, mon, month, olympiad, quarter, s, season, sec, second, seconds, shake, tp, triennium, w, week, weeks, y, y365, ySI, ycommon, year, years, ygregorian, yjulian, ysideral, ytropical volume: l, L, _L, _l, cm3, m3, ft3, in3, liter, liters, litre, litres, gal, gallon, gallon_imp, gallon_uk, gallon_us, gallons, pint, pint_imp, pint_uk, pint_us, tsp, tablespoon, teaspoon, floz, floz_uk, therm, thm, fat, bbl, Mbbl, MMbbl, drum, container (or container20), container40, container40HC, container45HC See: L =cut #TODO: @arr2=conv(\@arr1,"from","to") # should be way faster than: #TODO: @arr2=map conv($_,"from","to"),@arr1 #TODO: conv(123456789,'b','h'); # h converts to something human-readable our %conv=( length=>{ m => 1, _m => 1, meter => 1, meters => 1, metre => 1, metres => 1, km => 1000, mil => 10000, #scandinavian #also: inch/1000! in => 0.0254, inch => 0.0254, inches => 0.0254, ft => 0.0254*12, #0.3048 m feet => 0.0254*12, #0.3048 m yd => 0.0254*12*3, #0.9144 m yard => 0.0254*12*3, #0.9144 m yards => 0.0254*12*3, #0.9144 m fathom => 0.0254*12*3*2, #1.8288 m fathoms => 0.0254*12*3*2, #1.8288 m chain => 0.0254*12*3*22, #20.1168 m chains => 0.0254*12*3*22, #20.1168 m furlong => 0.0254*12*3*22*10, #201.168 m furlongs=> 0.0254*12*3*22*10, #201.168 m mi => 0.0254*12*3*22*10*8, #1609.344 m mile => 0.0254*12*3*22*10*8, #1609.344 m miles => 0.0254*12*3*22*10*8, league => 0.0254*12*3*22*10*8*3, #4828.032 m leagues => 0.0254*12*3*22*10*8*3, #4828.032 m yard_imp => 0.914398416, yard_imperical => 0.914398416, NM => 1852, #nautical mile nmi => 1852, #nautical mile 'nautical mile' => 1852, 'nautical miles' => 1852, micron => 1e-6, microns => 1e-6, micrometre => 1e-6, micrometres => 1e-6, 'Å' => 1e-10, 'ångstrøm' => 1e-10, 'angstrom' => 1e-10, fm => 1e-15, fermi => 1e-15, #in honour of Enrico Fermi fermis => 1e-15, #in honour of Enrico Fermi femtometer => 1e-15, #derived from "femten" (=fifteen in Norwegian and Danish) femtometre => 1e-15, femtometers => 1e-15, #derived from "femten" (=fifteen in Norwegian and Danish) femtometres => 1e-15, attometer => 1e-18, #derived from "atten/atton" (=eighteen) attometre => 1e-18, attometers => 1e-18, #derived from "atten/atton" (=eighteen) attometres => 1e-18, ly => 299792458*3600*24*365.25, lightyear => 299792458*3600*24*365.25, # = 9460730472580800 by def ls => 299792458, #light-second au => 149597870700, # by def: meters earth to sun astronomical_unit => 149597870700, 'astronomical unit' => 149597870700, pc => 149597870700*648000/$PI, #3.0857e16 = 3.26156 ly _pc => 149597870700*648000/$PI, parsec => 149597870700*648000/$PI, attoparsec => 149597870700*648000/$PI/1e18, apc => 149597870700*648000/$PI/1e18, planck => 1.61619997e-35, #planck length #Norwegian (old) lengths: tomme => 0.0254, tommer => 0.0254, fot => 0.0254*12, #0.3048m alen => 0.0254*12*2, #0.6096m favn => 0.0254*12*2*3, #1.8288m kvart => 0.0254*12*2/4, #0.1524m a quarter alen #--https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/English_length_units_graph.svg twip => 0.0254 / 6 / 12 / 20, point => 0.0254 / 6 / 12, pica => 0.0254 / 6, line => 0.0254 / 12, thou => 0.0254 / 1000, barleycorn => 0.0254 / 3, poppyseed => 0.0254 / 3 / 4, finger => 0.0254 / 6 / 12 * 63, palm => 0.0254 * 3, digit => 0.0254 * 3 / 4, nail => 0.0254 * 3 / 4 * 3, rack => 0.0254 * 1.75, stick => 0.0254 * 2, hand => 0.0254 * 2 * 2, foot => 0.0254 * 2 * 2 * 3, shaftment => 0.0254 * 3 * 2, span => 0.0254 * 3 * 3, ell => 0.0254 * 3 * 3 * 5, pace => 0.0254 * 3 * 2 * 5, step => 0.0254 * 3 * 2 * 5, cubit => 0.0254 * 3 * 2 * 3, rod => 0.0254 * 3 * 2 * 3 * 11, link => 0.0254 * 3 * 2 * 3 * 11 / 25, yard => 0.0254 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3, grade => 0.0254 * 3 * 2 * 5 * 2, rope => 0.0254 * 3 * 2 * 5 * 2 * 4, skein => 0.0254 * 3 * 3 * 5 * 96, # 96 ell fathom => 0.0254 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3 * 2, # 2 yard spindle => 0.0254 * 3 * 3 * 5 * 96 * 120, # 120 skein gunter_chain => 0.0254 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3 * 2 * 11, # 11 fathom ramsden_chain => 0.0254 * 3 * 2 * 5 * 2 * 4 * 5, # 5 rope shackle => 0.0254 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3 * 2 * 15, # 15 fathom cable => 0.0254 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3 * 2 * 100, # 100 fathom furlong => 0.0254 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3 * 2 * 11 * 10, # 10 gunter_chain, 220 yard roman_mile => 0.0254 * 3 * 2 * 5 * 2 * 4 * 5 * 50, # 50 ramsden_chain statute_mile => 0.0254 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3 * 2 * 11 * 10 * 8, # 8 furlong nautic_mile => 0.0254 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3 * 2 * 100 * 10, # 10 cable league => 0.0254 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3 * 2 * 100 * 10 * 5, # 5 nautic_mile siriometer => 149597870700*1e6, # 1 million astronomical units }, mass =>{ #https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_conversion#Mass g => 1, _g => 1, gram => 1, grams => 1, kilo => 1000, kilos => 1000, t => 1000000, tonn => 1000000, tonne => 1000000, tonnes => 1000000, seer => 933.1, # ~14400 grains (if 933.104304), India, Aden, Saudi-Arabia maund => 37320, # avg of Indias different mauds, ~ 40 x seer lb => 453.59237, # ~453g lbs => 453.59237, lbm => 453.59237, lb_av => 453.59237, lb_t => 373.2417216, lb_troy => 373.2417216, # 5760 grains = 453.59237*144/175 pound => 453.59237, # 7000 grains pounds => 453.59237, pound_av => 453.59237, pound_troy => 373.2417216, # ~373g pound_metric => 500, # 0.5kg ounce => 28, # US food, 28g ounce_av => 453.59237/16, # avoirdupois lb/16 = 28.349523125g ounce_troy => 31.1034768, # lb_troy / 12 oz => 28, # US food, 28g oz_av => 453.59237/16, # avoirdupois lb/16 = 28.349523125g oz_t => 31.1034768, # lb_troy / 12, grain => 453.59237/7000, # 64.79891/1000, # grains => 64.79891/1000, pennyweight => 31.1034768 / 20, pwt => 31.1034768 / 20, dwt => 31.1034768 / 20, stone => 453.59237*14, # 6.35029318 kg st => 453.59237*14, # 14 lb_av wey => 453.59237*14*18, # 252 lb = 18 stone = 114.30527724 kg carat => 0.2, ct => 0.2, #carat (metric) kt => 64.79891/1000 * (3+1/6), #carat/karat u => 1.66053892173e-30, #atomic mass carbon-12 Da => 1.66053892173e-30, #atomic mass carbon-12 slug => 14600, sl => 14600, eV => 1.78266172802679e-33, #e=mc2 = 1.60217646e-19 J / (2.99792458e8 m/s)**2 _eV => 1.78266172802679e-33, electronvolt => 1.78266172802679e-33, 'solar mass' => 1.99e33, solar_mass => 1.99e33, bag => 60*1000, #60kg coffee firkin => 90 * 453.59237, #90lb }, area =>{ # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_conversion#Area m2 => 1, dm2 => 0.1**2, cm2 => 0.01**2, mm2 => 0.001**2, 'µm2' => 1e-6**2, um2 => 1e-6**2, sqm => 1, sqcm => 0.01**2, sqmm => 0.001**2, km2 => 1000**2, sqkm => 1000**2, a => 100, ar => 100, are => 100, ares => 100, dekar => 1000, decare => 1000, decares => 1000, daa => 1000, 'mål' => 1000, ha => 10000, hektar => 10000, hectare => 10000, hectares=> 10000, in2 => 0.0254**2, inch2 => 0.0254**2, ft2 => (0.0254*12)**2, sqft => (0.0254*12)**2, mi2 => 1609.344**2, mile2 => 1609.344**2, miles2 => 1609.344**2, sqmi => 1609.344**2, yd2 => (0.0254*12*3)**2, #square yard sqyd => (0.0254*12*3)**2, yard2 => (0.0254*12*3)**2, sqyard => (0.0254*12*3)**2, rood => 1210*(0.0254*12*3)**2, # 1/4 acres roods => 1210*(0.0254*12*3)**2, # 1/4 acres ac => 4840*(0.0254*12*3)**2, # 4840 square yards = 1 chain x 1 furlong acre => 4840*(0.0254*12*3)**2, acres => 4840*(0.0254*12*3)**2, homestead => 4840*(0.0254*12)**2 *160, #160 acres US Surveyors or 1/4 sqmiles township => 4840*(0.0254*12)**2 *160*144, #144 homesteads or 36 sqmiles perches => 4840*(0.0254*12)**2 /160, #160 perches = 1 acre in sri lanka sotka => 100, #russian are jerib => 10000, #iran hectare djerib => 10000, #turkish hectare gongqing => 10000, #chinese hectare manzana => 10000, #argentinian hectare bunder => 10000, #dutch hectare centiare => 1, deciare => 10, ca => 1, mu => 10000/15, #China qing => 10000/0.15, #China dunam => 10000/10, #Middle East 'dönüm' => 10000/10, #Middle East stremmata => 10000/10, #Greece rai => 10000/6.25, #Thailand cho => 10000/1.008, #Japan feddan => 10000/2.381, #Egypt earths => 510072000e6, #510072000 km2, surface area of earth barn => 1e-28, #physics outhouse => 1e-34, #physics shed => 1e-52, #physics brass => 100*(0.0254*12)**2, #100 square feet ~ 9.29 m2 square => 100*(0.0254*12)**2, #100 square feet ~ 9.29 m2 morgen => 0.856532 * 10000, #0.856532 hectares bornholm => 588.36e6, #area of danish island bornholm, 588km2 texas => 695670e6, #area of texas, 695 670 square km }, volume=>{ m3 => 1, #1000 L l => 0.001, L => 0.001, _L => 0.001, _l => 0.001, liter => 0.001, liters => 0.001, litre => 0.001, litres => 0.001, gal => 231 * 0.0254**3, #3.785411784 L = 0.003785411784 m3, #231 cubic inches gallon => 231 * 0.0254**3, gallons => 231 * 0.0254**3, gallon_us => 231 * 0.0254**3, #231 cubic inches gallon_wine => 231 * 0.0254**3, #queen anne's gallon gallon_ale => 282 * 0.0254**3, #beer gallon_corn => 268.8*0.0254**3, #corn, or winchester gallon gallon_uk => 4.54609/1000, #constant 4.54609 from definition gallon_imp => 4.54609/1000, #imperial gallon_us_dry => 4.40488377086/1000, # ~ 9.25**2*pi*2.54**3/1000 L #hogshead, gill, pail, jigger, jackpot, The Science of Measurement - A Historical Survey (Klein) cm3 => 0.01**3, #0.001 L in3 => 0.0254**3, #0.016387064 L ft3 => (0.0254*12)**3, tablespoon=> 3.785411784/256, #14.78676478125 mL tsp => 3.785411784/256/3, #4.92892159375 mL teaspoon => 3.785411784/256/3, #4.92892159375 mL floz => 3.785411784/128, #fluid ounce US floz_uk => 4.54609/160, #fluid ounce UK pint => 4.54609/8000, #0.56826125 L pint_uk => 4.54609/8000, pint_imp => 4.54609/8000, pint_us => 3.785411784/8000, #0.473176473 quart => 4.54609/4000, #2*pint pottle => 4.54609/2000, #2*quart = gallon_uk/2 #therm => 2.74, #? 100000BTUs? (!= thermie) #thm => 2.74, #? (!= th) fat => 42*231*2.54**3/1e6, bbl => 42*231*2.54**3/1e6, #oil barrel ~159 liters https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_(unit) Mbbl => 42*231*2.54**3/1e3, #mille (thousand) oil barrels, M er mille her, ikke mega! MMbbl => 42*231*2.54**3, #mille mille (million) oil barrels drum => 0.208, #208 L container => 33.1e3, #container20 container20 => 33.1e3, container40 => 67.5e3, container40HC => 75.3e3, container45HC => 86.1e3, firkin => 282*0.0254**3 * 8, #8 gallon_ale #Norwegian: meterfavn => 2 * 2 * 0.6, #fire wood/ved 2.4 m3 storfavn => 2 * 2 * 3, #fire wood/ved 12 m3 }, time =>{ s => 1, _s => 1, sec => 1, second => 1, seconds => 1, m => 60, min => 60, minute => 60, minutes => 60, h => 60*60, hr => 60*60, hour => 60*60, hours => 60*60, d => 60*60*24, dy => 60*60*24, day => 60*60*24, days => 60*60*24, w => 60*60*24*7, week => 60*60*24*7, weeks => 60*60*24*7, mo => 60*60*24 * 365.2425/12, mon => 60*60*24 * 365.2425/12, month => 60*60*24 * 365.2425/12, quarter => 60*60*24 * 365.2425/12 * 3, #3 months season => 60*60*24 * 365.2425/12 * 3, #3 months y => 60*60*24 * 365.2425, # 365+97/400 #97 leap yers in 400 years year => 60*60*24 * 365.2425, years => 60*60*24 * 365.2425, yjulian => 60*60*24 * 365.25, # 365+1/4 y365 => 60*60*24 * 365, # finance/science ycommon => 60*60*24 * 365, # finance/science ygregorian => 60*60*24 * 365.2425, # 365+97/400 #ygaussian => 365+(6*3600+9*60+56)/(24*3600), # 365+97/400 ytropical => 60*60*24 * 365.24219, ysideral => 365.256363004, ySI => 60*60*24*365.25, #31556925.9747 decade => 10 * 60*60*24*365.2425, biennium => 2 * 60*60*24*365.2425, triennium => 3 * 60*60*24*365.2425, olympiad => 4 * 60*60*24*365.2425, lustrum => 5 * 60*60*24*365.2425, indiction => 15 * 60*60*24*365.2425, jubilee => 50 * 60*60*24*365.2425, century => 100 * 60*60*24*365.2425, millennium => 1000 * 60*60*24*365.2425, shake => 1e-8, moment => 3600/40, #1/40th of an hour, used by Medieval Western European computists ke => 864, #1/100th of a day, trad Chinese, 14m24s fortnight => 14*24*3600, tp => 5.3910632e-44, #planck time, time for ligth to travel 1 planck length nanocentury => 100 * 60*60*24*365.2425 / 1e9, #3.156 ~ pi seconds, response time limit (usability) warhol => 15*60, #"fifteen minutes of fame" }, speed=>{ 'm/s' => 1, '_m/s' => 1, mps => 1, mph => 1609.344/3600, 'mi/h' => 1609.344/3600, kmh => 1/3.6, kmph => 1/3.6, 'km/h' => 1/3.6, kmt => 1/3.6, # t=time(=hour) or temps (scandinavian and french and dutch) 'km/t' => 1/3.6, kt => 1852/3600, kts => 1852/3600, kn => 1852/3600, knot => 1852/3600, knots => 1852/3600, knop => 1852/3600, #scandinavian c => 299792458, #speed of light, exact due to definition of meter mach => 340.3, #speed of sound machs => 340.3, fps => 0.3048, #0.0254*12 ftps => 0.3048, 'ft/s' => 0.3048, }, acceleration=>{ 'm/s2' => 1, 'mps2' => 1, g => 9.80665, g0 => 9.80665, #0-100kmh or ca 0-60 mph x seconds... }, temperature=>{ #http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature#Conversion C=>1, F=>1, K=>1, celsius=>1, fahrenheit=>1, kelvin=>1 }, radioactivity=>{ Bq => 1, becquerel => 1, curie => 3.7e10, }, current=> { A => 1, _A => 1, 'N/m2' => 2e-7, }, charge=>{ e => 1, _e => 1, C => 6.24150964712042e+18, coulomb => 6.24150964712042e+18, As => 6.24150964712042e+18, #Faraday unit of charge ??? }, power=> { W => 1, _W => 1, 'J/s' => 1, Jps => 1, hp => 746, hk => 746, #hestekrefter (norwegian, scandinavian) PS => 746/1.014, #pferdestärken 'kWh/yr' => 1000 * 3600/(24*365), #kWh annually Whpy => 3600/(24*365), #kWh annually kWhpy => 1000 * 3600/(24*365), #kWh annually MWhpy => 1000**2 * 3600/(24*365), #kWh annually GWhpy => 1000**3 * 3600/(24*365), #kWh annually TWhpy => 1000**4 * 3600/(24*365), #kWh annually BTU => 1055.05585262/3600, # BTUph => 1055.05585262/3600, 'BTU/h' => 1055.05585262/3600, 'BTU/s' => 1055.05585262, 'ftlb/s' => 746/550, 'ftlb/min'=> 746/550/60, }, energy=>{ joule => 1, J => 1, _J => 1, Ws => 1, Wps => 1, 'W/s' => 1, Nm => 1, newtonmeter => 1, newtonmeters => 1, Wh => 3600, #3600 J (joules) kWh => 3600000, #3.6 million J MWh => 3600000000, #3.6 billion J GWh => 3600000000000, #3.6 trillion J TWh => 3600000000000000, #3600 trillion J cal => 4.1868, # ~ 3600/860 calorie => 4.1868, calories => 4.1868, kcal => 4.1868*1000, kilocalorie => 4.1868*1000, kilocalories => 4.1868*1000, BTU => 4.1868 * 252, # = 1055.0736 or is 1055.05585262 right? Btu => 4.1868 * 252, ftlb => 746/550, # ~ 1/0.7375621 'foot-pound' => 746/550, 'foot-pounds' => 746/550, erg => 1e-7, ergs => 1e-7, eV => 1.60217656535e-19, _eV => 1.60217656535e-19, BeV => 1.60217656535e-10, electronvolt => 1.60217656535e-19, hph => 3600*746, PSh => 3600*746/1.014, galatm_imp => 460.63256925, galatm_US => 383.5568490138, quad => 1.05505585262e18, Ry => 2.179872e-18, rydberg => 2.179872e-18, th => 4.1868e6, thm => 4.1868e6, therm => 4.1868e6, thermie => 4.1868e6, boe => 6.12e9, #barrel of oil equivalent TCE => 29.288e9, #ton of coal equivalent toe => 41.868e9, #tonne of oil equivalent tTNT => 4.184e9, #ton of TNT equivalent CMO => 4.454e13*3.6e6, #cubic mile of oil = 4.454*10^13 kWh CKO => 4.454e13*3.6e6*1.609344**3, #cubic km of oil }, force=> { newton=> 1, N => 1, _N => 1, dyn => 1e-5, dyne => 1e-5, dynes => 1e-5, lb => 4.448222, }, pressure=>{ Pa => 1, _Pa => 1, pascal => 1, 'N/m2' => 1, bar => 100000.0, mbar => 100.0, at => 98066.5, #technical atmosphere atm => 101325.0, #standard atmosphere torr => 133.3224, psi => 6894.8, #pounds per square inch }, bytes=> { b => 1, kb => 1024, #2**10 mb => 1024**2, #2**20 = 1048576 gb => 1024**3, #2**30 = 1073741824 tb => 1024**4, #2**40 = 1099511627776 pb => 1024**5, #2**50 = 1.12589990684262e+15 eb => 1024**6, #2**60 = zb => 1024**7, #2**70 = yb => 1024**8, #2**80 = KiB => 1024, #2**10 KiB => 1024**2, #2**20 = 1048576 KiB => 1024**3, #2**30 = 1073741824 KiB => 1024**4, #2**40 = 1099511627776 KiB => 1024**5, #2**50 = 1.12589990684262e+15 KiB => 1024**6, #2**60 = KiB => 1024**7, #2**70 = KiB => 1024**8, #2**80 = Kb => 1000, #2**10 Mb => 1000**2, #2**20 = 1048576 Gb => 1000**3, #2**30 = 1073741824 Tb => 1000**4, #2**40 = 1099511627776 Pb => 1000**5, #2**50 = 1.12589990684262e+15 Eb => 1000**6, #2**60 = Zb => 1000**7, #2**70 = Yb => 1000**8, #2**80 = byte => 1, kilobyte => 1024, #2**10 megabyte => 1024**2, #2**20 = 1048576 gigabyte => 1024**3, #2**30 = 1073741824 terabyte => 1024**4, #2**40 = 1099511627776 petabyte => 1024**5, #2**50 = 1.12589990684262e+15 exabyte => 1024**6, #2**60 = zettabyte => 1024**7, #2**70 = yottabyte => 1024**8, #2**80 = }, milage=>{ #fuel consumption 'l/mil' => 1, 'l/10km' => 1, 'lp10km' => 1, 'l/km' => 10, 'l/100km' => 1/10, lp100km => 1/10, liter_pr_100km => 1/10, liter_pr_km => 10, mpg => -23.5214584, #negative signals inverse }, # light=> { # cd => 1, # candela => 1, # }, # lumens # lux angle =>{ turn => 1, rad => 1/(2*$PI), # 2 * pi radian => 1/(2*$PI), # 2 * pi radians => 1/(2*$PI), # 2 * pi deg => 1/360, # 4 * 90 degree => 1/360, # 4 * 90 degrees => 1/360, # 4 * 90 grad => 1/400, gradian => 1/400, gradians => 1/400, grade => 1/400, #french revolutionary unit gon => 1/400, new_degree => 1/400, nygrad => 1/400, #scandinavian quadrant => 1/4, sextant => 1/6, hour => 1/24, point => 1/32, #used in navigation hexacontade => 1/60, binary_degree => 1/256, binary_radian => 1/256, brad => 1/256, }, money =>{ # rates at 18th feb 2018 NOK => 1.000000000, #norwegian kroner AED => 2.118503, #united arab emirates dirham ARS => 0.393725, #argentina peso AUD => 6.162408, #australian dollar BCH => 12118.36327559, #bitcoin cash BGN => 4.937892, #bulgarian lev BHD => 20.692023, #bahrain dinar BND => 5.931982, #brunei dollar BRL => 2.407647, #brazilian real BTC => 84864.0984477, #bitcoin BWP => 0.825478, #botswana pulaa CAD => 6.201377, #canadian dollar CHF => 8.391971, #switzerland franc CLP => 0.013110, #chili peso CNY => 1.226451, #china yuan/renminbi COP => 0.00274549, #colombian peso CZK => 0.380706, #czech koruna DKK => 1.295957, #danish kroner ETC => 257.8101864767, #ethereum-classic ETH => 7410.657012902, #ethereum EUR => 9.657677, #euro GBP => 10.913727, #great britain pound, british pound '£' => 10.913727, #great britain pound, british pound symbol HKD => 0.994705, #hong kong dollar HRK => 1.301015, #croatian kuna HUF => 0.030922, #hungarian forint IDR => 0.00057358, #indonesian rupia ILS => 2.191990, #israel new shekel INR => 0.121070, #indian rupee IRR => 0.00020984, #iranian rial ISK => 0.077647, #icelandic kroner JPY => 0.073271, #japanish yen KRW => 0.00729673, #south korean won KWD => 25.925147, #kuwait dinar KZT => 0.024338, #kazakhstanian tenge LKR => 0.050121, #sri lanka rupee LTC => 1782.926421562, #litecoin LYD => 5.866758, #libyan dinar MUR => 0.239306, #mauritius MXN => 0.418798, #mexico peso MYR => 1.998096, #malaysian ringgit NPR => 0.075316, #nepal rupee NZD => 5.745187, #new zealand dollar OMR => 20.234592, #oman rial PHP => 0.148869, #philippines peso PKR => 0.070338, #pakistan rupee PLN => 2.319848, #poland zloty QAR => 2.137418, #qatar rial RON => 2.070137, #romaina new nei RUB => 0.137791, #russia rouble / rubel SAR => 2.074720, #saudi arabia riyal SEK => 0.976704, #swedish kroner SGD => 5.931982, #singapore dollar THB => 0.248282, #thailand baht TRY => 2.076265, #turkish new lira TTD => 1.150931, #trinidad/tobago dollar TWD => 0.267321, #taiwan dollar USD => 7.780201, #us dollar '$' => 7.780201, #us doller, symbol VEF => 0.778994, #venezuelan bolivares fuertes XBT => 84864.0984477, #synonym for BTC XRP => 8.96808208868, #ripple ZAR => 0.667117, #south africa rand }, numbers =>{ dec=>1,hex=>1,bin=>1,oct=>1,roman=>1, des=>1,#des: spelling error in v0.15-0.16 dusin=>1,dozen=>1,doz=>1,dz=>1,gross=>144,gr=>144,gro=>144,great_gross=>12*144,small_gross=>10*12, } ); our $conv_prepare_time=0; our $conv_prepare_money_time=0; sub conv_prepare { my %b =(da =>1e+1, h =>1e+2, k =>1e+3, M =>1e+6, G =>1e+9, T =>1e+12, P =>1e+15, E =>1e+18, Z =>1e+21, Y =>1e+24, H =>1e+27); my %big =(deca=>1e+1, hecto=>1e+2, kilo =>1e+3, mega =>1e+6, giga=>1e+9, tera=>1e+12, peta =>1e+15, exa =>1e+18, zetta=>1e+21, yotta=>1e+24, hella=>1e+27); my %s =(d =>1e-1, c =>1e-2, m =>1e-3,'µ' =>1e-6, u=>1e-6, n =>1e-9, p =>1e-12, f =>1e-15, a =>1e-18, z =>1e-21, y =>1e-24); my %small=(deci=>1e-1, centi=>1e-2, milli=>1e-3, micro =>1e-6, nano=>1e-9, pico=>1e-12, femto=>1e-15, atto=>1e-18, zepto=>1e-21, yocto=>1e-24); # myria=> 10000 #obsolete # demi => 1/2, double => 2 #obsolete # lakh => 1e5, crore => 1e7 #south asian my %x = (%s,%b); for my $type (keys%conv) { for(grep/^_/,keys%{$conv{$type}}) { my $c=$conv{$type}{$_}; delete$conv{$type}{$_}; my $unit=substr($_,1); $conv{$type}{$_.$unit}=$x{$_}*$c for keys%x; } } $conv_prepare_time=time(); } our $Currency_rates_url = 'http://calthis.com/currency-rates'; our $Currency_rates_expire = 6*3600; sub conv_prepare_money { eval { require LWP::Simple; my $td=$^O=~/^(?:linux|cygwin)$/?"/tmp":"/tmp"; #hm wrong! my $fn="$td/acme-tools-currency-rates.data"; if( !-e$fn or time() - (stat($fn))[9] >= $Currency_rates_expire){ LWP::Simple::getstore($Currency_rates_url,"$fn.$$.tmp"); # get ... see getrates.cmd die "nothing downloaded" if !-s"$fn.$$.tmp"; rename "$fn.$$.tmp",$fn; chmod 0666,$fn; } my $d=readfile($fn); my %r=$d=~/^\s*([A-Z]{3}) +(\d+\.\d+)\b/gm; $r{lc($_)}=$r{$_} for keys%r; #warn serialize([minus([sort keys(%r)],[sort keys(%{$conv{money}})])],'minus'); #ARS,AED,COP,BWP,LVL,BHD,NPR,LKR,QAR,KWD,LYD,SAR,KZT,CLP,IRR,VEF,TTD,OMR,MUR,BND #warn serialize([minus([sort keys(%{$conv{money}})],[sort keys(%r)])],'minus'); #LTC,I44,BTC,BYR,TWI,NOK,XDR $conv{money}={%{$conv{money}},%r} if keys(%r)>20; }; carp "conv: conv_prepare_money (currency conversion automatic daily updated rates) - $@\n" if $@; $conv{money}{"m$_"}=$conv{money}{$_}/1000 for qw/BTC XBT/; $conv_prepare_money_time=time(); 1; #not yet } sub conv { my($num,$from,$to)=@_; croak "conf requires 3 args" if @_!=3; conv_prepare() if !$conv_prepare_time; my $types=sub{ my $unit=shift; [sort grep$conv{$_}{$unit}, keys%conv] }; my @types=map{ my $ru=$_; my $r;$r=&$types($_) and @$r and $$ru=$_ and last for ($$ru,uc($$ru),lc($$ru)); $r }(\$from,\$to); my @err=map "Unit ".[$from,$to]->[$_]." is unknown",grep!@{$types[$_]},0..1; my @type=intersect(@types); push @err, "from=$from and to=$to has more than one possible conversions: ".join(", ", @type) if @type>1; push @err, "from $from (".(join(",",@{$types[0]})||'?').") and " ."to $to (" .(join(",",@{$types[1]})||'?').") has no known common dimension (unit type).\n" if @type<1; croak join"\n",map"conv: $_",@err if @err; my $type=$type[0]; conv_prepare_money() if $type eq 'money' and time() >= $conv_prepare_money_time + $Currency_rates_expire; return conv_temperature(@_) if $type eq 'temperature'; return conv_numbers(@_) if $type eq 'numbers'; my $c=$conv{$type}; my($cf,$ct)=@{$conv{$type}}{$from,$to}; my $r= $cf>0 && $ct<0 ? -$ct/$num/$cf : $cf<0 && $ct>0 ? -$cf/$num/$ct : $cf*$num/$ct; # print STDERR "$num $from => $to from=$ff to=$ft r=$r\n"; return $r; } sub conv_temperature { #http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature#Conversion my($t,$from,$to)=(shift(),map uc(substr($_,0,1)),@_); $from=~s/K/C/ and $t-=273.15; #$from=~s/R/F/ and $t-=459.67; #rankine return $t if $from eq $to; {CK=>sub{$t+273.15}, FC=>sub{($t-32)*5/9}, CF=>sub{$t*9/5+32}, FK=>sub{($t-32)*5/9+273.15}, }->{$from.$to}->(); } sub conv_numbers { my($n,$fr,$to)=@_; my $dec=$fr eq 'dec' ? $n :$fr eq 'hex' ? hex($n) :$fr eq 'oct' ? oct($n) :$fr eq 'bin' ? oct("0b$n") :$fr =~ /^(dusin|dozen|doz|dz)$/ ? $n*12 :$fr =~ /^(gross|gr|gro)$/ ? $n*144 :$fr eq 'great_gross' ? $n*12*144 :$fr eq 'small_gross' ? $n*12*10 :$fr eq 'skokk' ? $n*60 #norwegian unit :$fr eq 'roman' ? roman2int($n) :$fr eq 'des' ? $n :croak "Conv from $fr not supported yet"; my $ret=$to eq 'dec' ? $dec :$to eq 'hex' ? sprintf("%x",$dec) :$to eq 'oct' ? sprintf("%o",$dec) :$to eq 'bin' ? sprintf("%b",$dec) :$to =~ /^(dusin|dozen|doz|dz)$/ ? $dec/12 :$to =~ /^(gross|gr|gro)$/ ? $dec/144 :$to eq 'great_gross' ? $dec/(12*144) :$to eq 'small_gross' ? $dec/(12*10) :$to eq 'skokk' ? $dec/60 :$to eq 'roman' ? int2roman($dec) :$to eq 'des' ? $dec :croak "Conv to $to not suppoerted yet"; $ret; } #http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_units_of_measurement =head2 bytes_readable Converts a number of bytes to something human readable. Input 1: a number Input 2: optionally the number of decimals if >1000 B. Default is 2. Output: a string containing: the number with a B behind if the number is less than 1000 the number divided by 1024 with two decimals and "kB" behind if the number is less than 1024*1000 the number divided by 1048576 with two decimals and "MB" behind if the number is less than 1024*1024*1000 the number divided by 1073741824 with two decimals and "GB" behind if the number is less than 1024*1024*1024*1000 the number divided by 1099511627776 with two decimals and "TB" behind otherwise Examples: print bytes_readable(999); # 999 B print bytes_readable(1000); # 1000 B print bytes_readable(1001); # 0.98 kB print bytes_readable(1024); # 1.00 kB print bytes_readable(1153433.6); # 1.10 MB print bytes_readable(1181116006.4); # 1.10 GB print bytes_readable(1209462790553.6); # 1.10 TB print bytes_readable(1088516511498.24*1000); # 990.00 TB print bytes_readable(1088516511498.24*1000, 3); # 990.000 TB print bytes_readable(1088516511498.24*1000, 1); # 990.0 TB =cut sub bytes_readable { my $bytes=shift(); my $d=shift()||2; #decimals return undef if !defined $bytes; return "$bytes B" if abs($bytes) <= 2** 0*1000; #bytes return sprintf("%.*f kB",$d,$bytes/2**10) if abs($bytes) < 2**10*1000; #kilobyte return sprintf("%.*f MB",$d,$bytes/2**20) if abs($bytes) < 2**20*1000; #megabyte return sprintf("%.*f GB",$d,$bytes/2**30) if abs($bytes) < 2**30*1000; #gigabyte return sprintf("%.*f TB",$d,$bytes/2**40) if abs($bytes) < 2**40*1000; #terrabyte return sprintf("%.*f PB",$d,$bytes/2**50); #petabyte, exabyte, zettabyte, yottabyte } =head2 sec_readable Time written as C< 14h 37m > is often more humanly comprehensible than C< 52620 seconds >. print sec_readable( 0 ); # 0s print sec_readable( 0.0123 ); # 0.0123s print sec_readable(-0.0123 ); # -0.0123s print sec_readable( 1.23 ); # 1.23s print sec_readable( 1 ); # 1s print sec_readable( 9.87 ); # 9.87s print sec_readable( 10 ); # 10s print sec_readable( 10.1 ); # 10.1s print sec_readable( 59 ); # 59s print sec_readable( 59.123 ); # 59.1s print sec_readable( 60 ); # 1m 0s print sec_readable( 60.1 ); # 1m 0s print sec_readable( 121 ); # 2m 1s print sec_readable( 131 ); # 2m 11s print sec_readable( 1331 ); # 22m 11s print sec_readable(-1331 ); # -22m 11s print sec_readable( 13331 ); # 3h 42m print sec_readable( 133331 ); # 1d 13h print sec_readable( 1333331 ); # 15d 10h print sec_readable( 13333331 ); # 154d 7h print sec_readable( 133333331 ); # 4yr 82d print sec_readable( 1333333331 ); # 42yr 91d =cut sub sec_readable { my $s=shift(); my($h,$d,$y)=(3600,24*3600,365.25*24*3600); !defined$s ? undef :!length($s) ? '' :$s<0 ? '-'.sec_readable(-$s) :$s<60 && int($s)==$s ? $s."s" :$s<60 ? sprintf("%.*fs",int(3+-log($s)/log(10)),$s) :$s<3600 ? int($s/60)."m " .($s%60) ."s" :$s<24*3600 ? int($s/$h)."h " .int(($s%$h)/60)."m" :$s<366*24*3600 ? int($s/$d)."d " .int(($s%$d)/$h)."h" : int($s/$y)."yr ".int(($s%$y)/$d)."d"; } =head2 int2roman Converts integers to roman numbers. B print int2roman(1234); # prints MCCXXXIV print int2roman(1971); # prints MCMLXXI (Adapted subroutine from Peter J. Acklam, jacklam(&)math.uio.no) I = 1 V = 5 X = 10 L = 50 C = 100 (centum) D = 500 M = 1000 (mille) See also L. See L for more. =head2 roman2int roman2int("MCMLXXI") == 1971 =cut #alternative algorithm: http://www.rapidtables.com/convert/number/how-number-to-roman-numerals.htm #see also t/17_roman.t sub int2roman_old sub int2roman { my $n=shift; !defined$n ? undef : !length($n) ? "" : $n<0 ? "-".int2roman(-$n) : int($n)!=$n ? croak"int2roman: $n is not an integer" # : $] >= 5.014 ? #s///r modifier introduced in perl v5.14 # ("I" x $n) # =~s,I{1000},M,gr #unnecessary, but speedup for n>1000 # =~s,I{100},C,gr #unnecessary, but speedup for n>100 # =~s,I{10},X,gr #unnecessary, but speedup for n>10 # =~s,IIIII,V,gr # =~s,IIII,IV,gr # =~s,VV,X,gr # =~s,VIV,IX,gr # =~s,XXXXX,L,gr # =~s,XXXX,XL,gr # =~s,LL,C,gr # =~s,LXL,XC,gr # =~s,CCCCC,D,gr # =~s,CCCC,CD,gr # =~s,DD,M,gr # =~s,DCD,CM,gr : do { $n="I" x $n; $n=~s,I{1000},M,g; #unnecessary, but speedup for n>1000 $n=~s,I{100},C,g; #unnecessary, but speedup for n>100 $n=~s,I{10},X,g; #unnecessary, but speedup for n>10 $n=~s,IIIII,V,g; $n=~s,IIII,IV,g; $n=~s,VV,X,g; $n=~s,VIV,IX,g; $n=~s,XXXXX,L,g; $n=~s,XXXX,XL,g; $n=~s,LL,C,g; $n=~s,LXL,XC,g; $n=~s,CCCCC,D,g; $n=~s,CCCC,CD,g; $n=~s,DD,M,g; $n=~s,DCD,CM,g; $n } } sub int2roman_golfed{my$r='I'x pop;for(qw(IVX XLC CDM)){my($I,$V,$X)=split//;$r=~s,$I$I$I$I($I?),$1?$V:"$I$V",ge;$r=~s,$V($I?)$V,$1$X,g}$r} sub roman2int { my($r,$n,%c)=(shift,0,'',0,qw/I 1 V 5 X 10 L 50 C 100 D 500 M 1000/); $r=~s/^-//?-roman2int($r): $r=~s/(C?)([DM])|(X?)([LCDM])|(I?)([VXLCDM])|(I)|(.)/ croak "roman2int: Invalid number $r" if $8; $n += $c{$2||$4||$6||$7} - $c{$1||$3||$5||''}; ''/eg && $n } #sub roman2int_slow { # my $r=shift; # $r=~s,^\-,, ? 0-roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^M,,i ? 1000+roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^CM,,i ? 900+roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^D,,i ? 500+roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^CD,,i ? 400+roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^C,,i ? 100+roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^XC,,i ? 90+roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^L,,i ? 50+roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^XL,,i ? 40+roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^X,,i ? 10+roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^IX,,i ? 9+roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^V,,i ? 5+roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^IV,,i ? 4+roman2int($r) # : $r=~s,^I,,i ? 1+roman2int($r) # : !length($r) ? 0 # : croak "Invalid roman number $r"; #} =head2 distance B the four decimal numbers of two GPS positions: latutude1, longitude1, latitude2, longitude2 B the air distance in meters between the two points Calculation is done using the Haversine Formula for spherical distance: a = sin((lat2-lat1)/2)^2 + sin((lon2-lon1)/2)^2 * cos(lat1) * cos(lat2); c = 2 * atan2(min(1,sqrt(a)), min(1,sqrt(1-a))) distance = c * R With earth radius set to: R = Re - (Re-Rp) * sin(abs(lat1+lat2)/2) Where C (equatorial radius) and C (polar radius). B my @oslo = ( 59.93937, 10.75135); # oslo in norway my @rio = (-22.97673, -43.19508); # rio in brazil printf "%.1f km\n", distance(@oslo,@rio)/1000; # 10431.7 km printf "%.1f km\n", distance(@rio,@oslo)/1000; # 10431.7 km printf "%.1f nmi\n", distance(@oslo,@rio)/1852.000; # 5632.7 nmi (nautical miles) printf "%.1f miles\n",distance(@oslo,@rio)/1609.344; # 6481.9 miles printf "%.1f miles\n",conv(distance(@oslo,@rio),"meters","miles");# 6481.9 miles See L and L and L and L, but Acme::Tools::distance() is about 8 times faster. =cut our $Distance_factor = $PI / 180; sub acos { atan2( sqrt(1 - $_[0] * $_[0]), $_[0] ) } sub distance_great_circle { my($lat1,$lon1,$lat2,$lon2)=map $Distance_factor*$_, @_; my($Re,$Rp)=( 6378137.0, 6356752.3 ); #earth equatorial and polar radius my $R=$Re-($Re-$Rp)*sin(abs($lat1+$lat2)/2); #approx return $R*acos(sin($lat1)*sin($lat2)+cos($lat1)*cos($lat2)*cos($lon2-$lon1)) } sub distance { my($lat1,$lon1,$lat2,$lon2)=map $Distance_factor*$_, @_; my $a= sin(($lat2-$lat1)/2)**2 + sin(($lon2-$lon1)/2)**2 * cos($lat1) * cos($lat2); my $sqrt_a =sqrt($a); $sqrt_a =1 if $sqrt_a >1; my $sqrt_1ma=sqrt(1-$a); $sqrt_1ma=1 if $sqrt_1ma>1; my $c=2*atan2($sqrt_a,$sqrt_1ma); my($Re,$Rp)=( 6378137.0, 6356752.3 ); #earth equatorial and polar radius my $R=$Re-($Re-$Rp)*sin(abs($lat1+$lat2)/2); #approx return $c*$R; } =head2 big =head2 bigi =head2 bigf =head2 bigr =head2 bigscale big, bigi, bigf, bigr and bigscale are sometimes convenient shorthands for using C<< Math::BigInt->new() >>, C<< Math::BigFloat->new() >> and C<< Math::BigRat->new() >> (preferably with the GMP for faster calculations). Examples: my $num1 = big(3); #returns a new Math::BigInt-object my $num2 = big('3.0'); #returns a new Math::BigFloat-object my $num3 = big(3.0); #returns a new Math::BigInt-object my $num4 = big(3.1); #returns a new Math::BigFloat-object my $num5 = big('2/7'); #returns a new Math::BigRat-object my($i1,$f1,$i2,$f2) = big(3,'3.0',3.0,3.1); #returns the four new numbers, as the above four lines #uses wantarray print 2**200; # 1.60693804425899e+60 print big(2)**200; # 1606938044258990275541962092341162602522202993782792835301376 print 2**big(200); # 1606938044258990275541962092341162602522202993782792835301376 print big(2**200); # 1606938044258990000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 print 1/7; # 0.142857142857143 print 1/big(7); # 0 because of integer arithmetics print 1/big(7.0); # 0 because 7.0 is viewed as an integer, see bigf below print 1/big('7.0'); # 0.1428571428571428571428571428571428571429 print 1/bigf(7); # 0.1428571428571428571428571428571428571429 print bigf(1/7); # 0.142857142857143 probably not what you wanted print 1/bigf(7); # 0.1428571428571428571428571428571428571429 bigscale(80); # for increased precesion (default is 40) print 1/bigf(7); # 0.14285714285714285714285714285714285714285714285714285714285714285714285714285714 In C the characters C<< . >> and C<< / >> will make it return a Math::BigFloat- and Math::BigRat-object accordingly. Or else a Math::BigInt-object is returned. Instead of guessing, use C, C and C to return what you want. B Acme::Tools does not depend on Math::BigInt and Math::BigFloat and GMP, but these four big*-subs do (by C). To use big, bigi, bigf and bigr effectively you should install Math::BigInt::GMP and Math::BigFloat::GMP like this: sudo cpanm Math::BigFloat Math::GMP Math::BingInt::GMP # or sudo cpan Math::BigFloat Math::GMP Math::BingInt::GMP # or sudo yum install perl-Math-BigInt-GMP perl-Math-GMP # on RedHat, RHEL or sudo apt-get install libmath-bigint-gmp-perl libmath-gmp-perl # on Ubuntu or some other way Unless GMP is installed for perl like this, the Math::Big*-modules will fall back to using similar but slower built in modules. See: L =cut sub bigi { eval q(use Math::BigInt try=>"GMP") if !$INC{'Math/BigInt.pm'}; if (wantarray) { return (map Math::BigInt->new($_),@_) } else { return Math::BigInt->new($_[0]) } } sub bigf { eval q(use Math::BigFloat try=>"GMP") if !$INC{'Math/BigFloat.pm'}; if (wantarray) { return (map Math::BigFloat->new($_),@_) } else { return Math::BigFloat->new($_[0]) } } sub bigr { eval q(use Math::BigRat try=>"GMP") if !$INC{'Math/BigRat.pm'}; if (wantarray) { return (map Math::BigRat->new($_),@_) } else { return Math::BigRat->new($_[0]) } } sub big { wantarray ? (map /\./ ? bigf($_) : /\// ? bigr($_) : bigi($_), @_) : $_[0]=~/\./ ? bigf($_[0]) : $_[0]=~/\// ? bigr($_[0]) : bigi($_[0]); } sub bigscale { @_==1 or croak "bigscale requires one and only one argument"; my $scale=shift(); eval q(use Math::BigInt try=>"GMP") if !$INC{'Math/BigInt.pm'}; eval q(use Math::BigFloat try=>"GMP") if !$INC{'Math/BigFloat.pm'}; eval q(use Math::BigRat try=>"GMP") if !$INC{'Math/BigRat.pm'}; Math::BigInt->div_scale($scale); Math::BigFloat->div_scale($scale); Math::BigRat->div_scale($scale); return; } #my $R_authalic=6371007.2; #earth radius in meters, mean, Authalic radius, real R varies 6353-6384km, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius #*) # ( 6378157.5, 6356772.2 ) #hmm #my $e=0.081819218048345;#sqrt(1 - $b**2/$a**2); #eccentricity of the ellipsoid #my($a,$b)=( 6378137.0, 6356752.3 ); #earth equatorial and polar radius #warn "e=$e\n"; #warn "t=".(1 - $e**2)."\n"; #warn "n=".((1 - $e**2 * sin(($lat1+$lat1)/2)**2)**1.5)."\n"; #my $t=1 - $e**2; #my $n=(1 - $e**2 * sin(($lat1+$lat1)/2)**2)**1.5; #warn "t=$t\n"; #warn "n=$n\n"; #$a * (1 - $e**2) / ((1 - $e**2 * sin(($lat1+$lat2)/2)**2)**1.5); #hmm avg lat #$R=$a * $t/$n; #=head2 fractional #=cut sub fractional { #http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.06/h/lil1.html carp "fractional: NOT FINISHED"; my $n=shift; print "----fractional n=$n\n"; my $nn=$n; my $dec; $nn=~s,\.(\d+)$,$dec=length($1);$1.,; my $l; my $max=0; my($te,$ne); for(1..length($nn)/2){ if( $nn=~/^(\d*?)((.{$_})(\3)+)$/ ){ print "_ = $_ ".length($2)."\n"; if(length($2)>$max){ $l=$_; $te="$1$3"-$1; $max=length($2); } } } return fractional($n) if !$l and !recursed() and $dec>6 and substr($n,-1) and substr($n,-1)--; print "l=$l max=$max\n"; $ne="9" x $l; print log($n),"\n"; my $st=sub{print "status: ".($te/$ne)." n=$n ".($n/$te*$ne)."\n"}; while($n/$te*$ne<0.99){ &$st(); $ne*=10 } while($te/$n/$ne<0.99){ &$st(); $te*=10 } &$st(); while(1){ my $d=gcd($te,$ne); print "gcd=$d\n"; last if $d==1; $te/=$d; $ne/=$d; } &$st(); wantarray ? ($te,$ne) : "$te/$ne"; #gcd() } =head2 isnum B String to be tested on this regexp: C<< /^ \s* [\-\+]? (?: \d*\.\d+ | \d+ ) (?:[eE][\-\+]?\d+)?\s*$/x >> If no argument is given isnum checks C<< $_ >>. B True or false (1 or 0) use Acme::Tools; my @e=(' +32.12354E-21 ', 2.2, '9' x 99999, ' -123.12', '29,323.31', '29 323.31'); print isnum() ? 'num' : 'str' for @e; #prints num for every element except the last two print $_=~$Re_isnum ? 'num' : 'str' for @e; #same but slighhly faster =cut our $Re_isnum =qr/^ \s* [\-\+]? (?: \d*\.\d+ | \d+ ) (?:[eE][\-\+]?\d+)?\s*$/x; our $Re_isnum_wolz=qr/^ \s* [\-\+]? (?: ([1-9]\d*|0)?\.\d+ | [1-9]\d* | 0 ) (?:[eE][\-\+]?\d+)?\s*$/x; #without leading zero sub isnum {(@_?$_[0]:$_)=~$Re_isnum} =head2 between Input: Three arguments. Returns: Something I if the first argument is numerically between the two next. Uses Perls C<< < >>, C<< >= >> and C<< <= >> operators. =head2 btw Like L but instead of assuming numbers it checks all three input args and does alphanumerical comparisons (with Perl operators C, C and C) if any of the three input args don't look like a number or look like a number but with one or more leading zeros. btw(1,1,10) #true numeric order since all three looks like number according to =~$Re_isnum btw(1,'02',13) #true leading zero in '02' leads to alphabetical order btw(10, 012,10) #true leading zero here means oct number, 012 = 10 (8*1+2), so 10 is btw 10 and 10 btw('003', '02', '09') #false because '003' lt '02' btw('a', 'b', 'c') #false because 'a' lt 'b' btw('a', 'B', 'c') #true because upper case letters comes before lower case ones in the "ascii alphabet" btw('a', 'c', 'B') #true, btw() and between switches from and to if the first is > the second btw( -1, -2, 1) #true btw( -1, -2, 0) #true Both between and btw returns C if any of the three input args are C (not defined). If you're doing only numerical comparisons, using C is faster than C. =cut sub between { my($test ,$fom, $tom)=@_; return if !defined$test or !defined$fom or !defined$tom; $fom < $tom ? $test >= $fom && $test <= $tom : $test >= $tom && $test <= $fom; } sub btw { my($test,$fom,$tom)=@_; return if !defined$test or !defined$fom or !defined$tom; $fom =~ $Re_isnum_wolz && $tom =~ $Re_isnum_wolz && $test=~ $Re_isnum_wolz ? $fom < $tom ? $test >= $fom && $test <= $tom : $test >= $tom && $test <= $fom : $fom lt $tom ? $test ge $fom && $test le $tom : $test ge $tom && $test le $fom } =head2 curb B Three arguments: value, minumum, maximum. B Returns the value if its between the given minumum and maximum. Returns minimum if the value is less or maximum if the value is more. Changes the variable if 1st arg is a scalarref. my $enthusiasm = 11; print curb( $enthusiasm, 1, 20 ); # prints 11, within bounds print curb( $enthusiasm, 1, 10 ); # prints 10 print curb( $enthusiasm, 20, 100 ); # prints 20 print curb(\$enthusiasm, 1, 10 ); # prints 10 and sets $enthusiasm = 10 print $enthusiasm; # prints 10 =cut sub curb { my($val,$min,$max)=@_; # todo: undef min|max => dont curb min|max croak "curb: wrong args" if @_!=3 or !defined$min or !defined$max or !defined$val or $min>$max; return $$val=curb($$val,$min,$max) if ref($val) eq 'SCALAR'; $val < $min ? $min : $val > $max ? $max : $val; } sub bound { curb(@_) } =head2 log10 =head2 log2 =head2 logn print log10(1000); # prints 3 print log10(10000*sqtr(10)); # prints 4.5 print log2(16); # prints 4 print logn(4096, 8); # prints 4 (12/3=4) print logn($PI, 2.71828182845905); # same as print log($PI) using perls builtin log() =cut sub log10 { log($_[0]) / log(10) } sub log2 { log($_[0]) / log(2) } sub logn { log($_[0]) / log($_[1]) } =head1 STRINGS =head2 upper =head2 lower Returns input string as uppercase or lowercase. Can be used if Perls build in C and C for some reason does not convert æøå or other latin1 letters outsize a-z. Converts C<< æøåäëïöüÿâêîôûãõàèìòùáéíóúýñð >> to and from C<< ÆØÅÄËÏÖÜ?ÂÊÎÔÛÃÕÀÈÌÒÙÁÉÍÓÚÝÑÐ >> See also C<< perldoc -f uc >> and C<< perldoc -f lc >> =head2 trim Removes space from the beginning and end of a string. Whitespace (C<< \s >>) that is. And removes any whitespace inside the string of more than one char, leaving the first whitespace char. Thus: trim(" asdf \t\n 123 ") eq "asdf 123" trim(" asdf\t\n 123\n") eq "asdf\t123" Works on C<< $_ >> if no argument i given: print join",", map trim, " please ", " remove ", " my ", " spaces "; # please,remove,my,spaces print join",", trim(" please ", " remove ", " my ", " spaces "); # works on arrays as well my $s=' please '; trim(\$s); # now $s eq 'please' trim(\@untrimmedstrings); # trims array strings inplace @untrimmedstrings = map trim, @untrimmedstrings; # same, works on $_ trim(\$_) for @untrimmedstrings; # same, works on \$_ =head2 lpad =head2 rpad Left or right pads a string to the given length by adding one or more spaces at the end for I or at the start for I. B First argument: string to be padded. Second argument: length of the output. Optional third argument: character(s) used to pad. Default is space. rpad('gomle',9); # 'gomle ' lpad('gomle',9); # ' gomle' rpad('gomle',9,'-'); # 'gomle----' lpad('gomle',9,'+'); # '++++gomle' rpad('gomle',4); # 'goml' lpad('gomle',4); # 'goml' rpad('gomle',7,'xyz'); # 'gomlxy' lpad('gomle',10,'xyz'); # 'xyzxygoml' =head2 cpad Center pads. Pads the string both on left and right equal to the given length. Centers the string. Pads right side first. cpad('mat',5) eq ' mat ' cpad('mat',4) eq 'mat ' cpad('mat',6) eq ' mat ' cpad('mat',9) eq ' mat ' cpad('mat',5,'+') eq '+mat+' cpad('MMMM',20,'xyzXYZ') eq 'xyzXYZxyMMMMxyzXYZxy' =cut sub upper {no warnings;my $s=@_?shift:$_;$s=~tr/a-zæøåäëïöü.âêîôûãõàèìòùáéíóúýñð/A-ZÆØÅÄËÏÖÜ.ÂÊÎÔÛÃÕÀÈÌÒÙÁÉÍÓÚÝÑÐ/;$s} sub lower {no warnings;my $s=@_?shift:$_;$s=~tr/A-ZÆØÅÄËÏÖÜ.ÂÊÎÔÛÃÕÀÈÌÒÙÁÉÍÓÚÝÑÐ/a-zæøåäëïöü.âêîôûãõàèìòùáéíóúýñð/;$s} sub trim { return trim($_) if !@_; return map trim($_), @_ if @_>1; my $s=shift; if(ref($s) eq 'SCALAR'){ $$s=~s,^\s+|(?<=\s)\s+|\s+$,,g; return $$s} if(ref($s) eq 'ARRAY') { trim(\$_) for @$s; return $s } $s=~s,^\s+|(?<=\s)\s+|\s+$,,g if defined $s; $s; } sub rpad { my($s,$l,$p)=@_; $p=' ' if @_<3 or !length($p); $s.=$p while length($s)<$l; substr($s,0,$l); } sub lpad { my($s,$l,$p)=@_; $p=' ' if @_<3 or !length($p); $llength($s)){ my $pc=substr($p,($i==int($i)?1:-1)*($i%length($p)),1); $i==int($i) ? ($s.=$pc) : ($s=$pc.$s); $i+=1/2; } $s; } =head2 trigram B A string (i.e. a name). And an optional x (see example 2) B A list of this strings trigrams (See examlpe) B print join ", ", trigram("Kjetil Skotheim"); Prints: Kje, jet, eti, til, il , l S, Sk, Sko, kot, oth, the, hei, eim B Default is 3, but here 4 is used instead in the second optional input argument: print join ", ", trigram("Kjetil Skotheim", 4); And this prints: Kjet, jeti, etil, til , il S, l Sk, Sko, Skot, koth, othe, thei, heim C was created for "fuzzy" name searching. If you have a database of many names, addresses, phone numbers, customer numbers etc. You can use trigram() to search among all of those at the same time. If the search form only has one input field. One general search box. Store all of the trigrams of the trigram-indexed input fields coupled with each person, and when you search, you take each trigram of you query string and adds the list of people that has that trigram. The search result should then be sorted so that the persons with most hits are listed first. Both the query strings and the indexed database fields should have a space added first and last before C-ing them. This search algorithm is not includes here yet... C should perhaps have been named ngram for obvious reasons. =head2 sliding Same as trigram (except there is no default width). Works also with arrayref instead of string. Example: sliding( ["Reven","rasker","over","isen"], 2 ) Result: ( ['Reven','rasker'], ['rasker','over'], ['over','isen'] ) =head2 chunks Splits strings and arrays into chunks of given size: my @a = chunks("Reven rasker over isen",7); my @b = chunks([qw/Og gubben satt i kveldinga og koste seg med skillinga/], 3); Resulting arrays: ( 'Reven r', 'asker o', 'ver ise', 'n' ) ( ['Og','gubben','satt'], ['i','kveldinga','og'], ['koste','seg','med'], ['skillinga'] ) =head2 chars chars("Tittentei"); # ('T','i','t','t','e','n','t','e','i') Perhaps a more readable way of writing C< split(//,"Tittentei") > =cut sub trigram { sliding($_[0],$_[1]||3) } sub sliding { my($s,$w)=@_; return map substr($s,$_,$w), 0..length($s)-$w if !ref($s); return map [@$s[$_..$_+$w-1]], 0..@$s-$w if ref($s) eq 'ARRAY'; } sub chunks { my($s,$w)=@_; return $s=~/(.{1,$w})/g if !ref($s); return map [@$s[$_*$w .. min($_*$w+$w-1,$#$s)]], 0..$#$s/$w if ref($s) eq 'ARRAY'; } sub chars { split//, shift } =head2 huffman Input: a hash of frequencies of the different letters or strings. Output: a hash with the same letters/strings as keys and their binary representation as strings of 0s and 1s. As in L< https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffman_coding#Basic_technique > the string I has these frequencies: my %freq = (A=>11, B=>6, C=>2, D=>10, E=>7, _=>10); #There are 11 A's, 6 B's and so on To get a huffman encoding: my $str = 'A_DEAD_DAD_CEDED_A_BAD_BABE_A_BEADED_ABACA_BED'; my %freq; $freq{$_}++ for chars($str); my %code = huffman(%freq); %code is now: C< ('A','10', 'B','1111', 'C','1110', 'D','01', 'E','110', '_','00') >. A tip for decoding: my %letter = reverse huffman(%freq); =head2 huffman_pack Input: First arg: a string or arrayref. Optional second arg: a hashref to what encoding to use. Default is a ref to a hash found by L. Output: to elements: the encoded binary string and the hashref to the given or found encoding hash which is to be used upon L my($encoded_binary_string, $encoding_hashref) = huffman_pack("some string which will be split into chars") =head2 huffman_unpack Input: First arg: a encoded binary string. Second arg: a hashref to the encoding hash as returned by L. An optional third arg: the length of the decoded output. Unless given one or more extra "padding" chars might be output since the binary string in the first arg is of length 8, 16, 24, ... a number divisible by 8 since perl packs bytes, not bits. So we need a way of telling huffman_unpack where to stop. Output: A string or an array of codes depending on scalar or list context. my $string = "some string which will be split into chars"; my($encoded_binary_string, $encoding_hashref) = huffman_pack($string) my $string2 = huffman_unpack($encoded_binary_string, $encoding_hashref, length$string); print "YES!" if $string2 eq $string; #should print YES! =cut sub huffman { if(@_==1){ if (ref($_[0]) eq 'SCALAR'){ return huffman([split//,${$_[0]}]) } elsif(!ref($_[0]) ){ return huffman([split//,$_[0] ]) } elsif(ref($_[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ){ my %freq; $freq{$_}++ for @{pop()}; return huffman(map+($_=>$freq{$_}),sort keys%freq) } elsif(ref($_[0]) eq 'HASH' ){ my$f=shift;return huffman(map+($_=>$$f{$_}),sort{$$f{$b}<=>$$f{$a} or $a<=>$b}keys%$f) } } my($s,@c,%h,$h)=0 x 9; push @c, [splice@_,0,2] while @_; while(@c>2){ @c = sort {$$b[1]<=>$$a[1] or $$a[0]cmp$$b[0] or die} @c; push @c, [ ++$s, $c[-2][1]+$c[-1][1], pop@c, pop@c ]; } $h=sub{my$n=0;my$pre=pop;@$_==2?($h{$$_[0]}=$pre.$n++):&$h(@$_,$pre.$n++) for grep ref,@_}; &$h(@c,''); %h } sub huffman_pack { my($data,$enchash)=@_; $enchash={huffman($data)} if @_<2; if(ref($data) eq 'ARRAY'){ my($i,$r)=(0,''); vec($r,$i++,1)=$_ for map split(//,$$enchash{$_}), @$data; ($r,$enchash); } elsif(ref($data) eq 'SCALAR'){ (huffman_pack($$data, $enchash),$enchash) } else { (huffman_pack([split//,$data],$enchash),$enchash) } } sub huffman_unpack { my($str,$enchash,$len)=@_; $len=9e9 if @_<3; my($bits,$r,%dec,@r)=('','',reverse%$enchash); for(0..8*length($str)-1){ $bits.=vec($str,$_,1); if(exists$dec{$bits} and $len--){ if(wantarray){ push @r, $dec{$bits} } else { $r.=$dec{$bits} } $bits=''; } } wantarray ? @r : $r; } =head2 repl Synonym for replace(). =head2 replace Return the string in the first input argument, but where pairs of search-replace strings (or rather regexes) has been run. Works as C in Oracle, or rather regexp_replace() in Oracle 10 and onward. Except that this C accepts more than three arguments. Examples: print replace("water","ater","ine"); # Turns water into wine print replace("water","ater"); # w print replace("water","at","eath"); # weather print replace("water","wa","ju", "te","ic", "x","y", # No x is found, no y is returned 'r$',"e"); # Turns water into juice. 'r$' says that the r it wants # to change should be the last letters. This reveals that # second, fourth, sixth and so on argument is really regexs, # not normal strings. So use \ (or \\ inside "") to protect # the special characters of regexes. You probably also # should write qr/regexp/ instead of 'regexp' if you make # use of regexps here, just to make it more clear that # these are really regexps, not strings. print replace('JACK and JUE','J','BL'); # prints BLACK and BLUE print replace('JACK and JUE','J'); # prints ACK and UE print replace("abc","a","b","b","c"); # prints ccc (not bcc) If the first argument is a reference to a scalar variable, that variable is changed "in place". Example: my $str="test"; replace(\$str,'e','ee','s','S'); print $str; # prints teeSt =cut sub replace { repl(@_) } sub repl { my $str=shift; return $$str=replace($$str,@_) if ref($str) eq 'SCALAR'; #return ? if ref($str) eq 'ARRAY'; #return ? if ref($str) eq 'HASH'; while(@_){ my($fra,$til)=(shift,shift); defined $til ? $str=~s/$fra/$til/g : $str=~s/$fra//g; } return $str; } =head1 ARRAYS =head2 subarr The equivalent of C on arrays or C without changing the array. Input: 1) array or arrayref, 2) offset and optionally 3) length. Without a third argument, subarr returns the rest of the array. @top10 = subarr( @array, 0, 10); # first 10 @last_two = subarr( @array, -2, 2); # last 2 @last_two = subarr( $array_ref, -2); # also last 2 @last_six = subarr $array_ref, -6; # parens are optional The same can be obtained from C<< @array[$from..$to] >> but that dont work the same way with negative offsets and boundary control of length. =cut #Todo: sjekk paastand over #sub subarr(+$;$) { #perl>=5.14 # t/35_subarr.t sub subarr { #perl<5.14 my($a,$o,$l)=@_; $o=@$a+$o if $o<0; $o=0 if $o<0; $o=@$a-1 if $o>@$a-1; $l=@$a-$o if @_<3; croak if $l<0; $l=@$a-$o if $l>@$a-$o; @$a[$o..$o+$l-1]; } =head2 min Returns the smallest number in a list. Undef is ignored. @lengths=(2,3,5,2,10,undef,5,4); $shortest = min(@lengths); # returns 2 Note: The comparison operator is perls C<< < >>> which means empty strings is treated as C<0>, the number zero. The same goes for C, except of course C<< > >> is used instead. min(3,4,5) # 3 min(3,4,5,undef) # 3 min(3,4,5,'') # returns the empty string =head2 max Returns the largest number in a list. Undef is ignored. @heights=(123,90,134,undef,132); $highest = max(@heights); # 134 =head2 mins Just as L, except for strings. print min(2,7,10); # 2 print mins("2","7","10"); # 10 print mins(2,7,10); # 10 =head2 maxs Just as L, except for strings. print max(2,7,10); # 10 print maxs("2","7","10"); # 7 print maxs(2,7,10); # 7 =cut sub min {my $min;for(@_){ $min=$_ if defined($_) and !defined($min) || $_ < $min } $min } sub mins {my $min;for(@_){ $min=$_ if defined($_) and !defined($min) || $_ lt $min} $min } sub max {my $max;for(@_){ $max=$_ if defined($_) and !defined($max) || $_ > $max } $max } sub maxs {my $max;for(@_){ $max=$_ if defined($_) and !defined($max) || $_ gt $max} $max } =head2 zip B Two or more arrayrefs. A number of equal sized arrays containing numbers, strings or anything really. B An array of those input arrays zipped (interlocked, merged) into each other. print join " ", zip( [1,3,5], [2,4,6] ); # 1 2 3 4 5 6 print join " ", zip( [1,4,7], [2,5,8], [3,6,9] ); # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Example: zip() creates a hash where the keys are found in the first array and values in the secord in the correct order: my @media = qw/CD DVD VHS LP Blueray/; my @count = qw/20 12 2 4 3/; my %count = zip(\@media,\@count); # or zip( [@media], [@count] ) print "I got $count{DVD} DVDs\n"; # I got 12 DVDs Dies (croaks) if the two lists are of different sizes ...or any input argument is not an array ref. =cut sub zip { my @t=@_; ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' and croak "ERROR: zip should have arrayrefs as arguments" for @t; @{$t[$_]} != @{$t[0]} and croak "ERROR: zip should have equal sized arrays" for 1..$#t; my @res; for my $i (0..@{$t[0]}-1){ push @res, $$_[$i] for @t; } return @res; } =head2 sim B Two or more strings B A number 0 - 1 indicating the similarity between two strings. Requires L where the real magic happens. sim("Donald Duck", "Donald E. Knuth"); # returns 0.615 sim("Kalle Anka", "Kalle And")' # returns 0.842 sim("Kalle Anka", "Kalle Anka"); # returns 1 sim("Kalle Anka", "kalle anka"); # returns 0.8 sim(map lc, "Kalle Anka", "kalle anka"); # returns 1 Todo: more doc =cut #Todo: #peat -le'print join", ",sim("GskOk",[zip([qw(Gsk_ok Vgdoknr Personnavn Adferdkode Ordenkode G_kok)],[0..5])],0.7,0.127)' #Use of uninitialized value in subroutine entry at /usr/local/share/perl/5.22.1/Acme/Tools.pm line 2365. #Use of uninitialized value $simlikest in numeric ge (>=) at /usr/local/share/perl/5.22.1/Acme/Tools.pm line 2366. #Use of uninitialized value in subroutine entry at /usr/local/share/perl/5.22.1/Acme/Tools.pm line 2365. #Use of uninitialized value $simnestlikest in numeric ge (>=) at /usr/local/share/perl/5.22.1/Acme/Tools.pm line 2372. sub sim { require String::Similarity; my($str,@r)=@_; return String::Similarity::similarity(@_) if @r==1; #to param my($min,$mindiff); if(ref($r[0]) eq 'ARRAY'){ ($min,$mindiff)=@r[1,2]; @r=@{$r[0]}; } $min=0 if!defined$min; my($simlikest,$simnestlikest,$likest,$idlikest)=(-1,-1); for(@r){ my($s,$id)=ref($_) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$_ : ($_); my $sim=String::Similarity::similarity($str,$s,$simnestlikest//0); if($sim>=$simlikest){ ($simnestlikest,$likest,$simlikest)=($simlikest,$s,$sim); $idlikest=$id if defined$id; } elsif($sim>=$simnestlikest){ $simnestlikest=$sim; } } my@ret=($simlikest,$likest); @ret=(undef,undef) if $simnestlikest>0 and $simlikest-$simnestlikest<$mindiff; @ret=(undef,undef) if $simlikest<$min; @ret=(@ret,$simnestlikest,$simlikest,$likest); push(@ret, $ret[0] ? $idlikest : undef) if defined $idlikest; return wantarray?@ret:$ret[0]; } =head2 sim_perm B Two strings B A number 0 - 1 indicating the maximum similarity between two strings tested against all permutations of both strings split on C<< [\s,]+ >> and where the string with most words (i.e. names) are cut to as many words as the one with least words. Requires L where the real magic happens. While sim() is case sensitive, sim_perm() is not. Name1 Name2 sim() sim_perm() ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ----- ---------- Humphrey DeForest Bogart Bogart Humphrey DeForest 0.71 1.00 Humphrey Bogart Humphrey Gump Bogart 0.86 1.00 Humphrey deforest Bogart Bogart DeForest 0.41 1.00 Humfrey DeForest Boghart BOGART HUMPHREY 0.05 0.87 Humphrey Bogart Humphrey 0.70 1.00 Humfrey Deforest Boghart BOGART D. HUMFREY 0.15 0.78 *) Presley, Elvis Aaron Elvis Presley 0.424242 1.00 sim_perm() was written to identify double-profiles in databases: two people with either the same (or similar) email or phone number or zip code and similar enough names are going on the list of probable doubles. *) Todo: deal with initials better, should be higher than 0.78 =cut sub sim_perm { require String::Similarity; my($s1,$s2)=map {s/^\s*(.+?)\s*$/$1/;$_} map upper($_), @_; #/r v5.14 croak if !length($s1) or !length($s2); my $max; for(cart([permutations(split(/[\s,]+/,$s1))], [permutations(split(/[\s,]+/,$s2))])) { my($n1,$n2)=@$_; if(@$n1>@$n2){ pop@$n1 while @$n1>@$n2 } else { pop@$n2 while @$n1<@$n2 } my($str1,$str2)=map join(" ",@$_),($n1,$n2); if(defined $max){ my $sim=String::Similarity::similarity($str1,$str2,$max); $max=$sim if $sim>$max; } else { $max=String::Similarity::similarity($str1,$str2); } last if $max==1; } return $max; } =head2 levdist Returns the Levenshtein distance between two strings. This is the minimum number of edits needed on one of them to become equal to the other. Three types of edits are allowed: insertion of a char, deletion of a char and substitution of one char into another. Examples: levdist('vlepphan','elephant'); #3 levdist('elephant','elephant'); #0, same string, 0 edits needed levdist('elephant',''); #8, empty string => length of the other (deletions) levdist('abc','cba'); #2 The first example returns 3 because 3 edits are needed. When v is substituted to e, one of the p's is deleted and the t is inserted we get elephant. L =cut sub levdist { my($s1,$s2) = map[/./g],@_; my @a=0..@$s2; for my $i (1..@$s1){ my $n=$i; @a=($i,map $n=1+min( $a[$_], $n, $a[$_-1]-($$s1[$i-1] eq $$s2[$_-1])), 1..@$s2); } pop@a } =head2 jsim Jaro-similarity. Input: two strings. Returns a number between 0 and 1 to grade the similarity between two strings. See L. Both jsim() and jwsim() are case-sensitive. So A and a is viewed as completely different characters. 1 means the strings are equal, 0 means no similarity which means either zero common letters or all common letters positions in their strings are too far apart adjusted for the max lenght of the two strings. Jaro-similarity. L jsim('DIXON', 'DICKSONX'); # 0.7666666666666666 jsim('ABCDEF', 'GHIJKL'); # 0 jsim('ABCDEF', 'GHIAJKL'); # 0 also, even if A is common, the A's are too far apart jsim('ABCDEF', 'GHAIJKL'); # 0.4444444444444440 because the A's are close enough to be significant =head2 jwsim Jaro-Winkler-similarity. Input: two string and an optional scaling factor (between 0 and 0.25) with a default of 0.1. Returns a number between 0 and 1 to grade the similarity between two strings. See L. Returns jsim() + a reward if the first 1-4 chars are equal. The longer the equal prefix (up to 4) the higher the reward. L jsim('MARTHA','MARHTA'); # 0.944444444444445 jwsim('MARTHA','MARHTA'); # 0.961111111111111 which is higher, Winkler added a reward for equality in the beginning of the strings jwsim('MARTHA','MARHTA',0.1); # 0.961111111111111, same since 0.1 is the default scaling factor for the prefix reward jwsim('MARTHA','MARHTA',0.2); # 0.977777777777778, larger scaling factor makes jwsim put more weigh into same prefix. # The 3rd argument should be between 0 - 0.25. Larger than 0.25 and jwsim() can in # some cases return numbers larger than 1. jwsim('MARTHA','MARHTA',0.0); # 0.944444444444445, scaling factor = 0 makes jwsim() return the same a jsim(). # No reward for same prefix. =cut sub jsim { my @s = split//,shift; my @t = split//,shift; return 1 if !@s and !@t; my($match_distance, $matches, @s_matches, @t_matches) = (int(max(0+@s,0+@t)/2)-1, 0); for my $i (0 .. $#s) { my $start = max(0, $i-$match_distance); my $end = min(0+@t, $i+$match_distance+1); for my $j (grep !$t_matches[$_] && $s[$i] eq $t[$_], $start .. $end - 1) { $s_matches[$i]=1; $t_matches[$j]=1; $matches++; last; } } return 0 if !$matches; my($k,$tr) = (0,0); for(grep $s_matches[$_], 0..$#s) { $k++ while !$t_matches[$k]; $tr++ if $s[$_] ne $t[$k++]; } ( $matches/@s + $matches/@t + 1 - $tr/$matches/2 ) / 3; } sub jwsim { my($s1,$s2,$p)=@_; $p=0.1 if @_<3; #default my $sim=jsim($s1,$s2); my $prefix=(grep substr($s1,0,$_) eq substr($s2,0,$_), 0..min(4,length($s1),length($s2)))[-1]; #print "...prefix=$prefix\n"; $sim + $prefix*$p*(1-$sim); } =head2 pushsort Adds one or more element to a numerically sorted array and keeps it sorted. pushsort @a, 13; # this... push @a, 13; @a = sort {$a<=>$b} @a; # is the same as this, but the former is faster if @a is large =head2 pushsortstr Same as pushsort except that the array is kept sorted alphanumerically (cmp) instead of numerically (<=>). See L. pushsort @a, "abc"; # this... push @a, "abc"; @a = sort @a; # is the same as this, but the former is faster if @a is large =cut #todo: use List::BinarySearch::XS 'binsearch_pos'; our $Pushsort_cmpsub=undef; sub pushsort (\@@) { my $ar=shift; #not needed but often faster if(!defined $Pushsort_cmpsub and @$ar+@_<100){ #hm speedup? @$ar=(sort {$a<=>$b} (@$ar,@_)); return 0+@$ar; } for my $v (@_){ #not needed but often faster if(!defined $Pushsort_cmpsub){ #faster rank() in most cases push @$ar, $v and next if $v>=$$ar[-1]; unshift @$ar, $v and next if $v< $$ar[0]; } splice @$ar, binsearch($v,$ar,1,$Pushsort_cmpsub)+1, 0, $v; } 0+@$ar } sub pushsortstr(\@@){ local $Pushsort_cmpsub=sub{$_[0]cmp$_[1]}; pushsort(@_) } #speedup: copy sub pushsort =head2 binsearch Returns the position of an element in a numerically sorted array. Returns undef if the element is not found. B Two, three or four arguments B the element to find. Usually a number. B a reference to the array to search in. The array should be sorted in ascending numerical order (se exceptions below). B Optional. Default false. If true, whether result I should return undef or a fractional position. If the third argument is false binsearch returns undef if the element is not found. If the third argument is true binsearch returns 0.5 plus closest position below the searched value. Returns C< last position + 0.5 > if the searched element is greater than all elements in the sorted array. Returns C< -0.5 > if the searched element is less than all elements in the sorted array. Fourth argument: Optional. Default C<< sub { $_[0] <=> $_[1] } >>. If present, the fourth argument is either: =over 4 =item * a code-ref that alters the way binsearch compares two elements, default is C<< sub{$_[0]<=>$_[1]} >> =item * a string that works as a hash key (column name), see example below =back B binsearch(10,[5,10,15,20]); # 1 binsearch(10,[20,15,10,5],undef,sub{$_[1]<=>$_[0]}); # 2 search arrays sorted numerically in opposite order binsearch("c",["a","b","c","d"],undef,sub{$_[0]cmp$_[1]}); # 2 search arrays sorted alphanumerically binsearchstr("b",["a","b","c","d"]); # 1 search arrays sorted alphanumerically my @data=( map { {num=>$_, sqrt=>sqrt($_), square=>$_**2} } grep !$_%7, 1..1000000 ); my $i = binsearch( {num=>913374}, \@data, undef, sub {$_[0]{num} <=> $_[1]{num}} ); my $i = binsearch( {num=>913374}, \@data, undef, 'num' ); #same as previous line my $found_hashref = defined $i ? $data[$i] : undef; =head2 binsearchstr Same as binsearch except that the arrays is sorted alphanumerically (cmp) instead of numerically (<=>) and the searched element is a string, not a number. See L. =cut our $Binsearch_steps; our $Binsearch_maxsteps=100; sub binsearch { my($search,$aref,$insertpos,$cmpsub)=@_; #search pos of search in array croak "binsearch did not get arrayref as second arg" if ref($aref) ne 'ARRAY'; croak "binsearch got fourth arg which is not a code-ref" if defined $cmpsub and ref($cmpsub) and ref($cmpsub) ne 'CODE'; if(defined $cmpsub and !ref($cmpsub)){ my $key=$cmpsub; $cmpsub = sub{ $_[0]{$key} <=> $_[1]{$key} }; } return $insertpos ? -0.5 : undef if !@$aref; my($min,$max)=(0,$#$aref); $Binsearch_steps=0; while (++$Binsearch_steps <= $Binsearch_maxsteps) { my $middle=int(($min+$max+0.5)/2); my $middle_value=$$aref[$middle]; #croak "binsearch got non-sorted array" if !$cmpsub and $$aref[$min]>$$aref[$min] # or $cmpsub and &$cmpsub($$aref[$min],$$aref[$min])>0; if( !$cmpsub and $search < $middle_value or $cmpsub and &$cmpsub($search,$middle_value) < 0 ) { #print "<\n"; $max=$min, next if $middle == $max and $min != $max; return $insertpos ? $middle-0.5 : undef if $middle == $max; $max=$middle; } elsif( !$cmpsub and $search > $middle_value or $cmpsub and &$cmpsub($search,$middle_value) > 0 ) { #print ">\n"; $min=$max, next if $middle == $min and $max != $min; return $insertpos ? $middle+0.5 : undef if $middle == $min; $min=$middle; } else { #print "=\n"; return $middle; } } croak "binsearch exceded $Binsearch_maxsteps steps"; } sub binsearchfast { # binary search routine finds index just below value my ($x,$v)=@_; my ($klo,$khi)=(0,$#{$x}); my $k; while (($khi-$klo)>1) { $k=int(($khi+$klo)/2); if ($$x[$k]>$v) { $khi=$k; } else { $klo=$k; } } return $klo; } sub binsearchstr {binsearch(@_[0..2],sub{$_[0]cmp$_[1]})} =head2 rank B Two or three arguments. N and an arrayref for the list to look at. In scalar context: Returns the nth smallest number in an array. The array doesn't have to be sorted. In array context: Returns the n smallest numbers in an array. To return the n(th) largest number(s) instead of smallest, just negate n. An optional third argument can be a sub that is used to compare the elements of the input array. Examples: my $second_smallest = rank(2, [11,12,13,14]); # 12 my @top10 = rank(-10, [1..100]); # 100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91 my $max = rank(-1, [101,102,103,102,101]); #103 my @contest = ({name=>"Alice",score=>14},{name=>"Bob",score=>13},{name=>"Eve",score=>12}); my $second = rank(2, \@contest, sub{$_[1]{score}<=>$_[0]{score}})->{name}; #Bob =head2 rankstr Just as C but sorts alphanumerically (strings, cmp) instead of numerically. =cut sub rank { my($rank,$aref,$cmpsub)=@_; if($rank<0){ $cmpsub||=sub{$_[0]<=>$_[1]}; return rank(-$rank,$aref,sub{0-&$cmpsub}); } my @sort; local $Pushsort_cmpsub=$cmpsub; for(@$aref){ pushsort @sort, $_; pop @sort if @sort>$rank; } return wantarray ? @sort : $sort[$rank-1]; } sub rankstr {wantarray?(rank(@_,sub{$_[0]cmp$_[1]})):rank(@_,sub{$_[0]cmp$_[1]})} =head2 egrep Extended grep. Works like L but with more insight: local vars $i, $n, $prev, $next, $prevr and $nextr are available: $i is the current index, starts with 0, ends with the length of the input array minus one $n is the current element number, starts with 1, $n = $i + 1 $prev is the previous value (undef if current is first) $next is the next value (undef if current is last) $prevr is the previous value, rotated so that the previous of the first element is the last element $nextr is the next value, rotated so that the next of the last element is the first element $_ is the current value, just as with Perls built-in grep my @a = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20); # 1..20 my @r = egrep { $_ % 3 == 0 } @a; # @r is 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18. Plain grep could have been used here my @r = egrep { $i==1 or $next==12 or $prev==14 } @a; # @r is now 2, 11, 15 my @a=2..44; egrep { $prev =~/4$/ or $next =~/2$/ } @a; # 5, 11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 41 egrep { $prevr=~/4$/ or $nextr=~/2$/ } @a; # 2, 5, 11, 15, 21, 25, 31, 35, 41, 44 egrep { $i%7==0 } @a; # 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44 egrep { $n%7==0 } @a; # 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43 =cut sub egrep (&@) { my($code,$i,$package)=(shift,-1,(caller)[0]); my %h=map{($_=>"${package}::$_")}qw(i n prev next prevr nextr); no strict 'refs'; grep { #no strict 'refs'; #not here! "no" not allowed in expression in perl5.16 local ${$h{i}} = ++$i; local ${$h{n}} = $i+1; local ${$h{prev}} = $i>0?$_[$i-1]:undef; local ${$h{next}} = $i<$#_?$_[$i+1]:undef; local ${$h{prevr}} = $_[$i>0?$i-1:$#_]; local ${$h{nextr}} = $_[$i<$#_?$i+1:0]; &$code; } @_; } =head2 eqarr B Two or more references to arrays. B True (1) or false (0) for whether or not the arrays are numerically I alphanumerically equal. Comparing each element in each array with both C< == > and C< eq >. Examples: eqarr([1,2,3],[1,2,3],[1,2,3]); # 1 (true) eqarr([1,2,3],[1,2,3],[1,2,4]); # 0 (false) eqarr([1,2,3],[1,2,3,4]); # undef (different size, false) eqarr([1,2,3]); # croak (should be two or more arrays) eqarr([1,2,3],1,2,3); # croak (not arraysrefs) =cut sub eqarr { my @arefs=@_; croak if @arefs<2; ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' and croak for @arefs; @{$arefs[0]} != @{$arefs[$_]} and return undef for 1..$#arefs; my $ant; for my $ar (@arefs[1..$#arefs]){ for(0..@$ar-1){ ++$ant and $ant>100 and croak ">100"; #TODO: feiler ved sammenligning av to tabeller > 10000(?) tall return 0 if $arefs[0][$_] ne $$ar[$_] or $arefs[0][$_] != $$ar[$_]; } } return 1; } =head2 sorted Return true if the input array is numerically sorted. @a=(1..10); print "array is sorted" if sorted @a; #true Optionally the last argument can be a comparison sub: @person=({Rank=>1,Name=>'Amy'}, {Rank=>2,Name=>'Paula'}, {Rank=>3,Name=>'Ruth'}); print "Persons are sorted" if sorted @person, sub{$_[0]{Rank}<=>$_[1]{Rank}}; =head2 sortedstr Return true if the input array is Inumerically sorted. @a=(1..10); print "array is sorted" if sortedstr @a; #false @a=("01".."10"); print "array is sorted" if sortedstr @a; #true =cut sub sorted (\@@) { my($a,$cmpsub)=@_; if($cmpsub){ &$cmpsub($$a[$_],$$a[$_+1])>0 and return 0 for 0..$#$a-1 } else { $$a[$_] > $$a[$_+1] and return 0 for 0..$#$a-1 } return 1; } #sub sortedstr { sorted(@_,sub{$_[0]cmp$_[1]}) } sub sortedstr { $_[$_] gt $_[$_+1] and return 0 for 0..$#$_-1; return 1 } sub sortby { my($arr,@by)=@_; die if grep/^-/,@by; #hm 4now todo! - dash meaning descending order my $pattern=join(" ",map"%-40s",@by);#hm 4now bad, cant handle numeric sort map$$_[0], sort{$$a[1]cmp$$b[1]} map[$_,sprintf($pattern,@$_{@by})], @$arr; } =head2 subarrays Returns all 2^n-1 combinatory subarrays of an array where each element of input array participates or not. Note: The empty array is not among the returned arrayrefs unless an empty input is given. my @a = subarrays( 'a', 'b', 'c' ); # same as: my @a = ( ['a' ], [ 'b'], ['a','b'], [ 'c'], ['a', 'c'], [ 'b','c'], ['a','b','c'] ); sub subarrays { map { my $n = 2*$_; [ grep {($n/=2)%2} @_ ] } 1 .. 2**@_-1 } #implemented as =cut sub subarrays { map { my $n = 2*$_; [ grep {($n/=2)%2} @_ ] } 1 .. 2**@_-1 } =head2 part B A code-ref and a list B Two array-refs Like C but returns the false list as well. Partitions a list into two lists where each element goes into the first or second list whether the predicate (a code-ref) is true or false for that element. my( $odd, $even ) = part {$_%2} (1..8); print for @$odd; #prints 1 3 5 7 print for @$even; #prints 2 4 6 8 (Works like C< partition() > in the Scala programming language) =head2 parth Like C but returns any number of lists. Not just two. Sort of like I in SQL. B A code-ref and a list B A hash where the returned values from the code-ref are keys and the values are arrayrefs to the list elements which gave those keys. my %hash = parth { uc(substr($_,0,1)) } ('These','are','the','words','of','this','array'); print serialize(\%hash); Result: %hash = ( T=>['These','the','this'], A=>['are','array'], O=>['of'], W=>['words'] ) =head2 parta Like L but returns an array of lists where the predicate returns an index number. my @a = parta { length } qw/These are the words of this array/; Result: @a = ( undef, undef, ['of'], ['are','the'], ['this'], ['These','words','array'] ) Two undefs at first (index positions 0 and 1) since there are no words of length 0 or 1 in the input array. =cut sub part (&@) { my($c,@r)=(shift,[],[]); push @{ $r[ &$c?0:1 ] }, $_ for @_; @r } sub parth (&@) { my($c,%r)=(shift); push @{ $r{ &$c } }, $_ for @_; %r } sub parta (&@) { my($c,@r)=(shift); push @{ $r[ &$c ] }, $_ for @_; @r } #sub mapn (&$@) { ... } like map but @_ contains n elems at a time, n=1 is map =head2 refa =head2 refh =head2 refs =head2 refaa =head2 refah =head2 refha =head2 refhh Returns true or false (1 or 0) if the argument is an arrayref, hashref, scalarref, ref to an array of arrays, ref to an array of hashes Examples: my $ref_to_array = [1,2,3]; my $ref_to_hash = {1,100,2,200,3,300}; my $ref_to_scalar = \"String"; print "arrayref" if ref($ref_to_array) eq 'ARRAY'; #true print "hashref" if ref($ref_to_hash) eq 'HASH'; #true print "scalarref" if ref($ref_to_scalar) eq 'SCALAR'; #true print "arrayref" if refa($ref_to_array); #also true, without: eq 'ARRAY' print "hashref" if refh($ref_to_hash); #also true, without: eq 'HASH' print "scalarref" if refs($ref_to_scalar); #also true, without: eq 'SCALAR' my $ref_to_array_of_arrays = [ [1,2,3], [2,4,8], [10,100,1000] ]; my $ref_to_array_of_hashes = [ {1=>10, 2=>100}, {first=>1, second=>2} ]; my $ref_to_hash_of_arrays = { alice=>[1,2,3], bob=>[2,4,8], eve=>[10,100,1000] }; my $ref_to_hash_of_hashes = { alice=>{a=>22,b=>11}, bob=>{a=>33,b=>66} }; print "aa" if refaa($ref_to_array_of_arrays); #true print "ah" if refah($ref_to_array_of_hashes); #true print "ha" if refha($ref_to_hash_of_arrays); #true print "hh" if refhh($ref_to_hash_of_hashes); #true =cut sub refa { ref($_[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ? 1 : ref($_[0]) ? 0 : undef } sub refh { ref($_[0]) eq 'HASH' ? 1 : ref($_[0]) ? 0 : undef } sub refs { ref($_[0]) eq 'SCALAR' ? 1 : ref($_[0]) ? 0 : undef } sub refaa { ref($_[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ? refa($_[0][0]) : ref($_[0]) ? 0 : undef } sub refah { ref($_[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ? refh($_[0][0]) : ref($_[0]) ? 0 : undef } sub refha { ref($_[0]) eq 'HASH' ? refa((values%{$_[0]})[0]) : ref($_[0]) ? 0 : undef } sub refhh { ref($_[0]) eq 'HASH' ? refh((values%{$_[0]})[0]) : ref($_[0]) ? 0 : undef } =head2 pushr =head2 popr =head2 shiftr =head2 unshiftr =head2 splicer =head2 keysr =head2 valuesr =head2 eachr =head2 joinr In Perl versions 5.12 - 5.22 push, pop, shift, unshift, splice, keys, values and each handled references to arrays and references to hashes just as if they where arrays and hashes. Examples: my $person={name=>'Gaga', array=>[1,2,3]}; push $person{array} , 4; #works in perl 5.12-5.22 but not before and after push @{ $person{array} }, 4; #works in all perl5 versions pushr $person{array} , 4; #use Acme::Tools and this should work in perl >= 5.8 popr $person{array}; #returns 4 =cut sub pushr { push @{shift()}, @_ } # ? ($@) sub popr { pop @{shift()} } sub shiftr { shift @{shift()} } sub unshiftr { unshift @{shift()}, @_ } sub splicer { @_==1 ? splice( @{shift()} ) :@_==2 ? splice( @{shift()}, shift() ) :@_==3 ? splice( @{shift()}, shift(), shift() ) :@_>=4 ? splice( @{shift()}, shift(), shift(), @_ ) : croak } sub keysr { ref($_[0]) eq 'HASH' ? keys(%{shift()}) : keysr({@{shift()}}) } #hm sort(keys%{shift()}) ? sub valuesr { values( %{shift()} ) } sub eachr { ref($_[0]) eq 'HASH' ? each(%{shift()}) #:ref($_[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ? each(@{shift()}) # perl 5.8.8 cannot compile each on array! eval? : croak("eachr needs hashref or arrayref got '".ref($_[0])."'") } sub joinr {join(shift(),@{shift()})} #sub mapr # som scala: hvis map faar subref se kalles den sub paa hvert elem og resultatet returneres #sub eachr { each(%{shift()}) } =head2 pile B a pile size s and a list B A list of lists of length s or the length of the remainer in the last list. Piles together the input list in lists of the given size. my @list=(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10); my @piles = pile(3, @list ); # ([1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10]) my $i=0; my @piles = parta {$i++/3} @list; # same as above pile(3, @list) =cut sub pile { my $size=shift; my @r; for (@_){ push@r,[] if !@r or 0+@{$r[-1]}>=$size; push @{$r[-1]}, $_ } @r } =head2 aoh2sql my @oceania=( {Area=>undef, Capital=>'Pago Pago', Code=>'AS', Name=>'American Samoa', Population=>54343}, {Area=>7686850, Capital=>'Canberra', Code=>'AU', Name=>'Australia', Population=>22751014}, {Area=>undef, Capital=>'West Island', Code=>'CC', Name=>'Cocos (Keeling) Islands', Population=>596}, {Area=>240, Capital=>'Avarua', Code=>'CK', Name=>'Cook Islands', Population=>9838}, {Area=>undef, Capital=>'Flying Fish Cove', Code=>'CX', Name=>'Christmas Island', Population=>1530}, {Area=>18270, Capital=>'Suva', Code=>'FJ', Name=>'Fiji', Population=>909389}, {Area=>702, Capital=>'Palikir', Code=>'FM', Name=>'Micronesia, Federated States of', Population=>105216}, {Area=>549, Capital=>'Hagatna (Agana)', Code=>'GU', Name=>'Guam', Population=>161785}, {Area=>811, Capital=>'Tarawa', Code=>'KI', Name=>'Kiribati', Population=>105711}, {Area=>181.3, Capital=>'Majuro', Code=>'MH', Name=>'Marshall Islands', Population=>72191}, {Area=>19060, Capital=>'Noumea', Code=>'NC', Name=>'New Caledonia', Population=>271615}, {Area=>undef, Capital=>'Kingston', Code=>'NF', Name=>'Norfolk Island', Population=>2210}, {Area=>21, Capital=>'Yaren District', Code=>'NR', Name=>'Nauru', Population=>9540}, {Area=>260, Capital=>'Alofi', Code=>'NU', Name=>'Niue', Population=>1190}, {Area=>268680, Capital=>'Wellington', Code=>'NZ', Name=>'New Zealand', Population=>4438393}, {Area=>undef, Capital=>'Papeete', Code=>'PF', Name=>'French Polynesia', Population=>282703}, {Area=>462840, Capital=>'Port Moresby', Code=>'PG', Name=>'Papua New Guinea', Population=>6672429}, {Area=>undef, Capital=>'Adamstown', Code=>'PN', Name=>'Pitcairn', Population=>48}, {Area=>458, Capital=>'Melekeok', Code=>'PW', Name=>'Palau', Population=>21265}, {Area=>28450, Capital=>'Honiara', Code=>'SB', Name=>'Solomon Islands', Population=>622469}, {Area=>undef, Capital=>undef, Code=>'TK', Name=>'Tokelau', Population=>1337}, {Area=>26, Capital=>'Funafuti', Code=>'TV', Name=>'Tuvalu', Population=>10869}, {Area=>12200, Capital=>'Port-Vila', Code=>'VU', Name=>'Vanuatu', Population=>272264}, {Area=>undef, Capital=>'Mata-Utu', Code=>'WF', Name=>'Wallis and Futuna', Population=>15500}, {Area=>2944, Capital=>'Apia', Code=>'WS', Name=>'Samoa (Western)', Population=>197773} ); print aoh2sql(\@oceania,{ name=>'country', drop=>2, #number=>'numeric', #default #varchar=>'varchar', #default, change to varchar2 if Oracle #date=>'date', #default, perhaps change to 'timestamp with time zone' if postgres #varchar_maxlen=>4000, #default, 4000 (used to be?) is max in Oracle #create=>1, #default, use 0 to dont include create table #drop=>0, #default 0: dont include drop table x; 1: drop table x; 2: drop table if exists x; #end=>"commit;\n", #begin=>"begin;\n", #fix_colnames=>0, }); Returns: begin; drop table if exists country; create table country ( Area numeric(9,1), Capital varchar(16), Code varchar(2) not null, Name varchar(36) not null, Population numeric(9) ); insert into country values (null,'Pago Pago','AS','American Samoa',54343); insert into country values (7686850,'Canberra','AU','Australia',22751014); insert into country values (null,'West Island','CC','Cocos (Keeling) Islands',596); insert into country values (240,'Avarua','CK','Cook Islands',9838); insert into country values (null,'Flying Fish Cove','CX','Christmas Island',1530); insert into country values (18270,'Suva','FJ','Fiji',909389); insert into country values (702,'Palikir','FM','Micronesia, Federated States of',105216); insert into country values (549,'Hagatna (Agana)','GU','Guam',161785); insert into country values (811,'Tarawa','KI','Kiribati',105711); insert into country values (181.3,'Majuro','MH','Marshall Islands',72191); insert into country values (19060,'Noumea','NC','New Caledonia',271615); insert into country values (null,'Kingston','NF','Norfolk Island',2210); insert into country values (21,'Yaren District','NR','Nauru',9540); insert into country values (260,'Alofi','NU','Niue',1190); insert into country values (268680,'Wellington','NZ','New Zealand',4438393); insert into country values (null,'Papeete','PF','French Polynesia',282703); insert into country values (462840,'Port Moresby','PG','Papua New Guinea',6672429); insert into country values (null,'Adamstown','PN','Pitcairn',48); insert into country values (458,'Melekeok','PW','Palau',21265); insert into country values (28450,'Honiara','SB','Solomon Islands',622469); insert into country values (null,null,'TK','Tokelau',1337); insert into country values (26,'Funafuti','TV','Tuvalu',10869); insert into country values (12200,'Port-Vila','VU','Vanuatu',272264); insert into country values (null,'Mata-Utu','WF','Wallis and Futuna',15500); insert into country values (2944,'Apia','WS','Samoa (Western)',197773); commit; =cut sub aoh2sql { my($aoh,$conf)=@_; my %def=( #defaults name=>'my_table', number=>'numeric', varchar=>'varchar', date=>'date', varchar_maxlen=>4000, create=>1, drop=>0, # 1 drop table if exists, 2 plain drop end=>"commit;\n", begin=>"begin;\n", fix_colnames=>0, ); my %conf=(%def,(@_<2?():%$conf)); # $conf{$_}||=$def{$_} for keys%def; my %col; map $col{$_}++, keys %$_ for @$aoh; my @col=sort keys %col; my @colerr=grep!/^[a-z]\w+$/i,@col; croak "Invalid column name(s): @colerr" if @colerr and !$conf{fix_colnames}; my(%t,%tdb); for my $c (@col){ my($l,$s,$p,$nn,%ant,$t)=(0,0,0,0); for my $r (@$aoh){ my $v=$$r{$c}; next if !defined$v or $v!~/\S/; $nn++; $l=length($v) if length($v)>$l; no warnings 'uninitialized'; if($v=~/^(18|19|20)\d\d(0[1-9]|1[0-2])(0[1-9]|1\d|2\d|3[01])-?\d\d:?\d\d:?\d\d$/ and $conf{date}){ $ant{date}++; next; } elsif($v=~/^\s*[-+]?(\d*)(\.\d+)?([Ee]\-?\d+)?\s*$/ and length("$1$2") and $conf{number}){ $ant{number}++; $s=length("$1.$2") if length("$1.$2")>$s;#hm $p=length($2)-1 if $2 and length($2)-1>$p; next; } else { $ant{varchar}++; } } $t||='varchar' if $ant{varchar} or $ant{number} and $ant{date}; $t||='number' if $ant{number}; $t||='date' if $ant{date}; $t||='varchar'; #hm $l=$conf{varchar_maxlen} if $conf{varchar_maxlen} and $l>$conf{varchar_maxlen}; $l||=1; my $tdb; $tdb="$conf{$t}($l)" if $t eq 'varchar'; $tdb="$conf{$t}($s)" if $t eq 'number' and $p==0; $tdb="$conf{$t}($s,$p)" if $t eq 'number' and $p>0 and ++$s; $tdb.=" not null" if $nn == 0+@$aoh; $t{$c}=$t; $tdb{$c}=$tdb; } my $sql; $sql="create table $conf{name} (". join(",",map sprintf("\n %-30s %s",do{s/\W+//g;$_},$tdb{$_}), @col). "\n);\n\n" if $conf{create}; my $val=sub{my($v,$t)=@_;defined$v or $v="";!length($v)?'null':$t eq 'number' ? $v : "'".repl($v,"\'","''")."'"}; for my $r (@$aoh){ my $v=join",",map &$val($$r{$_},$t{$_}), @col; $sql.="insert into $conf{name} values ($v);\n"; } $sql="drop table $conf{name};\n\n$sql" if $conf{drop}==1; $sql="drop table if exists $conf{name};\n\n$sql" if $conf{drop}>=2; $sql="$conf{begin}\n$sql" if $conf{begin}; $sql.=$conf{end}; $sql; } sub aoh2xls { croak "Not implemented yet: aoh2xls" } =head1 STATISTICS =head2 sum Returns the sum of a list of numbers. Undef is ignored. print sum(1,3,undef,8); # 12 print sum(1..1000); # 500500 print sum(undef); # undef =cut sub sum { my $sum; no warnings; defined($_) and $sum+=$_ for @_; $sum } =head2 avg Returns the I number of a list of numbers. That is C print avg( 2, 4, 9); # 5 (2+4+9) / 3 = 5 print avg( [2, 4, 9] ); # 5 pass by reference, same result but faster for large arrays Also known as I. Pass by reference: If one argument is given and it is a reference to an array, this array is taken as the list of numbers. This mode is about twice as fast for 10000 numbers or more. It most likely also saves memory. =cut sub avg { my($sum,$n,@a)=(0,0); no warnings; if( @_==0 ) { return undef } if( @_==1 and ref($_[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ){ @a=grep defined,@{$_[0]} } else { @a=grep defined,@_ } if( @a==0 ) { return undef } $sum+=$_ for @a; return $sum/@a } =head2 geomavg Returns the I (a.k.a I) of a list of numbers. print geomavg(10,100,1000,10000,100000); # 1000 print 0+ (10*100*1000*10000*100000) ** (1/5); # 1000 same thing print exp(avg(map log($_),10,100,1000,10000,100000)); # 1000 same thing, this is how geomavg() works internally =cut sub geomavg { exp(avg(map log($_), @_)) } =head2 harmonicavg Returns the I (a.k.a I) of a list of numbers. L print harmonicavg(10,11,12); # 3 / ( 1/10 + 1/11 + 1/12) = 10.939226519337 =cut sub harmonicavg { my $s; $s+=1/$_ for @_; @_/$s } =head2 variance C<< variance = ( sum (x[i]-Average)**2)/(n-1) >> =cut sub variance { my $sumx2; $sumx2+=$_*$_ for @_; my $sumx; $sumx+=$_ for @_; (@_*$sumx2-$sumx*$sumx)/(@_*(@_-1)); } =head2 stddev C<< Standard_Deviation = sqrt(variance) >> Standard deviation (stddev) is a measurement of the width of a normal distribution where one stddev on each side of the mean covers 68% and two stddevs 95%. Normal distributions are sometimes called Gauss curves or Bell shapes. L stddev(4,5,6,5,6,4,3,5,5,6,7,6,5,7,5,6,4) # = 1.0914103126635 avg(@testscores) + stddev(@testscores) # = the score for one stddev above avg, 115 avg(@testscores) - stddev(@testscores) # = the score for one stddev below avg, 85 =cut sub stddev { return undef if @_==0; return stddev(\@_) if @_>0 and !ref($_[0]); my $ar=shift; return undef if @$ar==0; return 0 if @$ar==1; my $sumx2; $sumx2 += $_*$_ for @$ar; my $sumx; $sumx += $_ for @$ar; sqrt( (@$ar*$sumx2-$sumx*$sumx)/(@$ar*(@$ar-1)) ); } =head2 rstddev Relative stddev = stddev / avg =cut sub rstddev { stddev(@_) / avg(@_) } =head2 median Returns the median value of a list of numbers. The list do not have to be sorted. Example 1, list having an odd number of numbers: print median(1, 100, 101); # 100 100 is the middlemost number after sorting. Example 2, an even number of numbers: print median(1005, 100, 101, 99); # 100.5 100.5 is the average of the two middlemost numbers. =cut sub median { no warnings; my @list = sort {$a<=>$b} @_; my $n=@list; $n%2 ? $list[($n-1)/2] : ($list[$n/2-1] + $list[$n/2])/2; } =head2 percentile Returns one or more percentiles of a list of numbers. Percentile 50 is the same as the I, percentile 25 is the first quartile, 75 is the third quartile. B First argument is your wanted percentile, or a refrence to a list of percentiles you want from the dataset. If the first argument to percentile() is a scalar, this percentile is returned. If the first argument is a reference to an array, then all those percentiles are returned as an array. Second, third, fourth and so on argument are the numbers from which you want to find the percentile(s). B This finds the 50-percentile (the median) to the four numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4: print "Median = " . percentile(50, 1,2,3,4); # 2.5 This: @data=(11, 5, 3, 5, 7, 3, 1, 17, 4, 2, 6, 4, 12, 9, 0, 5); @p = map percentile($_,@data), (25, 50, 75); Is the same as this: @p = percentile([25, 50, 75], @data); But the latter is faster, especially if @data is large since it sorts the numbers only once internally. B Data: 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 22, 24, 39, 49, 555, 992 Average (or mean) is 143 Median is 15.5 (which is the average of 9 and 22 who both equally lays in the middle) The 25-percentile is 6.25 which are between 6 and 7, but closer to 6. The 75-percentile is 46.5, which are between 39 and 49 but close to 49. Linear interpolation is used to find the 25- and 75-percentile and any other x-percentile which doesn't fall exactly on one of the numbers in the set. B As you saw, 6.25 are closer to 6 than to 7 because 25% along the set of the twelve numbers is closer to the third number (6) than to he fourth (7). The median (50-percentile) is also really interpolated, but it is always in the middle of the two center numbers if there are an even count of numbers. However, there is two methods of interpolation: Example, we have only three numbers: 5, 6 and 7. Method 1: The most common is to say that 5 and 7 lays on the 25- and 75-percentile. This method is used in Acme::Tools. Method 2: In Oracle databases the least and greatest numbers always lay on the 0- and 100-percentile. As an argument on why Oracles (and others?) definition is not the best way is to look at your data as for instance temperature measurements. If you place the highest temperature on the 100-percentile you are sort of saying that there can never be a higher temperatures in future measurements. A quick non-exhaustive Google survey suggests that method 1 here is most used. The larger the data sets, the less difference there is between the two methods. B In method one, when you want a percentile outside of any possible interpolation, you use the smallest and second smallest to extrapolate from. For instance in the data set C<5, 6, 7>, if you want an x-percentile of x < 25, this is below 5. If you feel tempted to go below 0 or above 100, C will I (or I to be more precise) Another method could be to use "soft curves" instead of "straight lines" in interpolation. Maybe B-splines or Bezier curves. This is not used here. For large sets of data Hoares algorithm would be faster than the simple straightforward implementation used in C here. Hoares don't sort all the numbers fully. B Data: 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 22, 24, 39, 49, 555, 992 Percentile Method 1 Method 2 (Acme::Tools::percentile (Oracle) and others) ------------- ----------------------------- --------- 0 -2 1 1 -1.61 1.33 25 6.25 6.75 50 (median) 15.5 15.5 75 46.5 41.5 99 1372.19 943.93 100 1429 992 Found like this: perl -MAcme::Tools -le 'print for percentile([0,1,25,50,75,99,100], 1,4,6,7,8,9,22,24,39,49,555,992)' And like this in Oracle-databases: select percentile_cont(0.00) within group(order by n) per0, percentile_cont(0.01) within group(order by n) per1, percentile_cont(0.25) within group(order by n) per25, percentile_cont(0.50) within group(order by n) per50, percentile_cont(0.75) within group(order by n) per75, percentile_cont(0.99) within group(order by n) per99, percentile_cont(1.00) within group(order by n) per100 from ( select 0+regexp_substr('1,4,6,7,8,9,22,24,39,49,555,992','[^,]+',1,i) n from dual,(select level i from dual connect by level <= 12) ); (Oracle also provides a similar function: C where I is short for I, meaning no interpolation is taking place. Instead the closest number from the data set is picked.) =cut sub percentile { my(@p,@t,@ret); if(ref($_[0]) eq 'ARRAY'){ @p=@{shift()} } elsif(not ref($_[0])) { @p=(shift()) } else{croak()} @t=@_; return if !@p; croak if !@t; @t=sort{$a<=>$b}@t; push@t,$t[0] if @t==1; for(@p){ croak if $_<0 or $_>100; my $i=(@t+1)*$_/100-1; push@ret, $i<0 ? $t[0]+($t[1]-$t[0])*$i: $i>$#t ? $t[-1]+($t[-1]-$t[-2])*($i-$#t): $i==int($i)? $t[$i]: $t[$i]*(int($i+1)-$i) + $t[$i+1]*($i-int($i)); } return @p==1 ? $ret[0] : @ret; } =head1 RANDOM =head2 random B One or two arguments. B If two integer arguments: returns a random integer between the integers in argument one and two. If the first argument is an arrayref: returns a random member of that array without changing the array. If the first argument is an arrayref and there is a second arg: return that many random members of that array If the first argument is an hashref and there is no second arg: return a random key weighted by the values of that hash If the first argument is an hashref and there is a second arg: return that many random keys weighted by the values of that hash If there is no second argument and the first is an integer, a random integer between 0 and that number is returned. Including 0 and the number itself. B $dice=random(1,6); # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 $dice=random([1..6]); # same as previous @dice=random([1..6],10); # 10 dice tosses $dice=random({1=>1, 2=>1, 3=>1, 4=>1, 5=>1, 6=>2}); # weighted dice with 6 being twice as likely as the others @dice=random({1=>1, 2=>1, 3=>1, 4=>1, 5=>1, 6=>2},10); # 10 weighted dice tosses print random({head=>0.4999,tail=>0.4999,edge=>0.0002}); # coin toss (sum 1 here but not required to be) print random(2); # prints 0, 1 or 2 print 2**random(7); # prints 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 @dice=map random([1..6]), 1..10; # as third example above, but much slower perl -MAcme::Tools -le 'print for random({head=>0.499,tail=>0.499,edge=>0.002},10000);' | sort | uniq -c =cut sub random { my($from,$to)=@_; my $ref=ref($from); if($ref eq 'ARRAY'){ my @r=map $$from[rand@$from], 1..$to||1; return @_>1?@r:$r[0]; } elsif($ref eq 'HASH') { my @k=keys%$from; my $max;do{no warnings 'uninitialized';$_>$max and $max=$_ or $_<0 and croak"negative weight" for values%$from}; my @r=map {my$r;1 while $$from{$r=$k[rand@k]}1?@r:$r[0]; } ($from,$to)=(0,$from) if @_==1; ($from,$to)=($to,$from) if $from>$to; return int($from+rand(1+$to-$from)); } #todo?: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin%E2%80%93Hall_distribution =head2 random_gauss Returns an pseudo-random number with a Gaussian distribution instead of the uniform distribution of perls C or C in this module. The algorithm is a variation of the one at L which is both faster and better than adding a long series of C. Uses perls C function internally. B 0 - 3 arguments. First argument: the average of the distribution. Default 0. Second argument: the standard deviation of the distribution. Default 1. Third argument: If a third argument is present, C returns an array of that many pseudo-random numbers. If there is no third argument, a number (a scalar) is returned. B One or more pseudo-random numbers with a Gaussian distribution. Also known as a Bell curve or Normal distribution. Example: my @I=random_gauss(100, 15, 100000); # produces 100000 pseudo-random numbers, average=100, stddev=15 #my @I=map random_gauss(100, 15), 1..100000; # same but more than three times slower print "Average is: ".avg(@I)."\n"; # prints a number close to 100 print "Stddev is: ".stddev(@I)."\n"; # prints a number close to 15 my @M=grep $_>100+15*2, @I; # those above 130 print "Percent above two stddevs: ".(100*@M/@I)."%\n"; #prints a number close to 2.2% Example 2: my $num=1e6; my @h; $h[$_/2]++ for random_gauss(100,15, $num); $h[$_] and printf "%3d - %3d %6d %s\n", $_*2,$_*2+1,$h[$_],'=' x ($h[$_]*1000/$num) for 1..200/2; ...prints an example of the famous Bell curve: 44 - 45 70 46 - 47 114 48 - 49 168 50 - 51 250 52 - 53 395 54 - 55 588 56 - 57 871 58 - 59 1238 = 60 - 61 1807 = 62 - 63 2553 == 64 - 65 3528 === 66 - 67 4797 ==== 68 - 69 6490 ====== 70 - 71 8202 ======== 72 - 73 10577 ========== 74 - 75 13319 ============= 76 - 77 16283 ================ 78 - 79 20076 ==================== 80 - 81 23742 ======================= 82 - 83 27726 =========================== 84 - 85 32205 ================================ 86 - 87 36577 ==================================== 88 - 89 40684 ======================================== 90 - 91 44515 ============================================ 92 - 93 47575 =============================================== 94 - 95 50098 ================================================== 96 - 97 52062 ==================================================== 98 - 99 53338 ===================================================== 100 - 101 52834 ==================================================== 102 - 103 52185 ==================================================== 104 - 105 50472 ================================================== 106 - 107 47551 =============================================== 108 - 109 44471 ============================================ 110 - 111 40704 ======================================== 112 - 113 36642 ==================================== 114 - 115 32171 ================================ 116 - 117 28166 ============================ 118 - 119 23618 ======================= 120 - 121 19873 =================== 122 - 123 16360 ================ 124 - 125 13452 ============= 126 - 127 10575 ========== 128 - 129 8283 ======== 130 - 131 6224 ====== 132 - 133 4661 ==== 134 - 135 3527 === 136 - 137 2516 == 138 - 139 1833 = 140 - 141 1327 = 142 - 143 860 144 - 145 604 146 - 147 428 148 - 149 275 150 - 151 184 152 - 153 111 154 - 155 67 =cut sub random_gauss { my($avg,$stddev,$num)=@_; $avg=0 if !defined $avg; $stddev=1 if !defined $stddev; $num=1 if !defined $num; croak "random_gauss should not have more than 3 arguments" if @_>3; my @r; while (@r<$num) { my($x1,$x2,$w); do { $x1=2.0*rand()-1.0; $x2=2.0*rand()-1.0; $w=$x1*$x1+$x2*$x2; } while $w>=1.0; $w=sqrt(-2.0*log($w)/$w) * $stddev; push @r, $x1*$w + $avg, $x2*$w + $avg; } pop @r if @r > $num; return $r[0] if @_<3; return @r; } =head2 mix Mixes an array in random order. In-place if given an array reference or not if given an array. C could also have been named C, as in shuffling a deck of cards. Example: This: print mix("a".."z"),"\n" for 1..3; ...could write something like: trgoykzfqsduphlbcmxejivnwa qycatilmpgxbhrdezfwsovujkn ytogrjialbewcpvndhkxfzqsmu B =over 4 =item 1. Either a reference to an array as the only input. This array will then be mixed I. The array will be changed: This: C<< @a=mix(@a) >> is the same as: C<< mix(\@a) >>. =item 2. Or an array of zero, one or more elements. =back Note that an input-array which COINCIDENTLY SOME TIMES has one element (but more other times), and that element is an array-ref, you will probably not get the expected result. To check distribution: perl -MAcme::Tools -le 'print mix("a".."z") for 1..26000'|cut -c1|sort|uniq -c|sort -n The letters a-z should occur around 1000 times each. Shuffles a deck of cards: (s=spaces, h=hearts, c=clubs, d=diamonds) perl -MAcme::Tools -le '@cards=map join("",@$_),cart([qw/s h c d/],[2..10,qw/J Q K A/]); print join " ",mix(@cards)' (Uses L, which is not a typo, see further down here) Note: C is approximately four times faster. Both respects the Perl built-in C. =cut sub mix { if(@_==1 and ref($_[0]) eq 'ARRAY'){ #just one arg, and its ref array my $r=$_[0]; push@$r,splice(@$r,rand(@$r-$_),1) for 0..(@$r-1); return $r; } else{ my@e=@_; push@e,splice(@e,rand(@e-$_),1) for 0..$#e; return @e; } } =head2 pwgen Generates random passwords. B 0-n args * First arg: length of password(s), default 8 * Second arg: number of passwords, default 1 * Third arg: string containing legal chars in password, default A-Za-z0-9,-./&%_! * Fourth to n'th arg: list of requirements for passwords, default if the third arg is false/undef (so default third arg is used) is: sub{/^[a-zA-Z0-9].*[a-zA-Z0-9]$/ and /[a-z]/ and /[A-Z]/ and /\d/ and /[,-.\/&%_!]/} ...meaning the password should: * start and end with: a letter a-z (lower- or uppercase) or a digit 0-9 * should contain at least one char from each of the groups lower, upper, digit and special char To keep the default requirement-sub but add additional ones just set the fourth arg to false/undef and add your own requirements in the fifth arg and forward (examples below). Sub pwgen uses perls own C internally. C<< $Acme::Tools::Pwgen_max_sec >> and C<< $Acme::Tools::Pwgen_max_trials >> can be set to adjust for how long pwgen tries to find a password. Defaults for those are 0.01 and 10000. Whenever one of the two limits is reached, a first generates a croak. Examples: my $pw=pwgen(); # a random 8 chars password A-Z a-z 0-9 ,-./&%!_ (8 is default length) my $pw=pwgen(12); # a random 12 chars password A-Z a-z 0-9 ,-./&%!_ my @pw=pwgen(0,10); # 10 random 8 chars passwords, containing the same possible chars my @pw=pwgen(0,1000,'A-Z'); # 1000 random 8 chars passwords containing just uppercase letters from A to Z pwgen(3); # dies, defaults require chars in each of 4 group (see above) pwgen(5,1,'A-C0-9', qr/^\D{3}\d{2}$/); # a 5 char string starting with three A, B or Cs and endring with two digits pwgen(5,1,'ABC0-9',sub{/^\D{3}\d{2}$/}); # same as above Examples of adding additional requirements to the default ones: my @pwreq = ( qr/^[A-C]/ ); pwgen(8,1,'','',@pwreq); # use defaults for allowed chars and the standard requirements # but also demand that the password must start with A, B or C push @pwreq, sub{ not /[a-z]{3}/i }; pwgen(8,1,'','',@pwreq); # as above and in addition the password should not contain three # or more consecutive letters (to avoid "offensive" words perhaps) =cut our $Pwgen_max_sec=0.01; #max seconds/password before croak (for hard to find requirements) our $Pwgen_max_trials=10000; #max trials/password before croak (for hard to find requirements) our $Pwgen_sec=0; #seconds used in last call to pwgen() our $Pwgen_trials=0; #trials in last call to pwgen() sub pwgendefreq{/^[a-z].*[a-z\d]$/i and /[a-z]/ and /[A-Z]/ and /\d/ and /[,-.\/&%_!]/} sub pwgen { my($len,$num,$chars,@req)=@_; $len||=8; $num||=1; $chars||='A-Za-z0-9,-./&%_!'; $req[0]||=\&pwgendefreq if !$_[2]; $chars=~s/([$_])-([$_])/join("","$1".."$2")/eg for ('a-z','A-Z','0-9'); my($c,$t,@pw,$d)=(length($chars),time_fp()); ($Pwgen_trials,$Pwgen_sec)=(0,0); TRIAL: while(@pw<$num){ croak "pwgen timeout after $Pwgen_trials trials" if ++$Pwgen_trials >= $Pwgen_max_trials or ($d=time_fp()-$t) > $Pwgen_max_sec*$num and $d!~/^\d+$/; #jic int from time_fp my $pw=join"",map substr($chars,rand($c),1),1..$len; for my $r (@req){ if (ref($r) eq 'CODE' ){ local$_=$pw; &$r() or next TRIAL } elsif(ref($r) eq 'Regexp'){ no warnings; $pw=~$r or next TRIAL } else { croak "pwgen: invalid req type $r ".ref($r) } } push@pw,$pw; } $Pwgen_sec=time_fp()-$t; return $pw[0] if $num==1; return @pw; } # =head1 veci # # Perls C takes 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and possibly 64 as its third argument. # # This limitation is removed with C (vec improved, but much slower) # # The third argument still needs to be 32 or lower (or possibly 64 or lower). # # =cut # # sub vecibs ($) { # my($s,$o,$b,$new)=@_; # if($b=~/^(1|2|4|8|16|32|64)$/){ # return vec($s,$o,$b)=$new if @_==4; # return vec($s,$o,$b); # } # my $bb=$b<4?4:$b<8?8:$b<16?16:$b<32?32:$b<64?64:die; # my $ob=int($o*$b/$bb); # my $v=vec($s,$ob,$bb)*2**$bb+vec($s,$ob+1,$bb); # $v & (2**$b-1) # } =head1 SETS =head2 distinct Returns the values of the input list, sorted alfanumerically, but only one of each value. This is the same as L except uniq does not sort the returned list. Example: print join(", ", distinct(4,9,3,4,"abc",3,"abc")); # 3, 4, 9, abc print join(", ", distinct(4,9,30,4,"abc",30,"abc")); # 30, 4, 9, abc note: alphanumeric sort =cut sub distinct { sort keys %{{map {($_,1)} @_}} } =head2 in Returns I<1> (true) if first argument is in the list of the remaining arguments. Uses the perl-operator C<< eq >>. Otherwise it returns I<0> (false). print in( 5, 1,2,3,4,6); # 0 print in( 4, 1,2,3,4,6); # 1 print in( 'a', 'A','B','C','aa'); # 0 print in( 'a', 'A','B','C','a'); # 1 I guess in perl 5.10 or perl 6 you could use the C<< ~~ >> operator instead. =head2 in_num Just as sub L, but for numbers. Internally uses the perl operator C<< == >> instead of C< eq >. print in(5000, '5e3'); # 0 print in(5000, 5e3); # 1 since 5e3 is converted to 5000 before the call print in_num(5000, 5e3); # 1 print in_num(5000, '+5.0e03'); # 1 =cut sub in { no warnings 'uninitialized'; my $val=shift; $_ eq $val and return 1 for @_; return 0 } sub in_num { no warnings 'uninitialized'; my $val=shift; $_ == $val and return 1 for @_; return 0 } =head2 union Input: Two arrayrefs. (Two lists, that is) Output: An array containing all elements from both input lists, but no element more than once even if it occurs twice or more in the input. Example, prints 1,2,3,4: perl -MAcme::Tools -le 'print join ",", union([1,2,3],[2,3,3,4,4])' # 1,2,3,4 =cut sub union { my %seen; grep !$seen{$_}++, map @{shift()},@_ } =head2 minus Input: Two arrayrefs. Output: An array containing all elements in the first input array but not in the second. Example: perl -MAcme::Tools -le 'print join " ", minus( ["five", "FIVE", 1, 2, 3.0, 4], [4, 3, "FIVE"] )' Output is C<< five 1 2 >>. =cut sub minus { my %seen; my %notme=map{($_=>1)}@{$_[1]}; grep !$notme{$_}&&!$seen{$_}++, @{$_[0]}; } =head2 intersect Input: Two arrayrefs Output: An array containing all elements which exists in both input arrays. Example: perl -MAcme::Tools -le 'print join" ", intersect( ["five", 1, 2, 3.0, 4], [4, 2+1, "five"] )' # 4 3 five Output: C<< 4 3 five >> =cut sub intersect { my %first=map{($_=>1)}@{$_[0]}; my %seen; return grep{$first{$_}&&!$seen{$_}++}@{$_[1]}; } =head2 not_intersect Input: Two arrayrefs Output: An array containing all elements member of just one of the input arrays (not both). Example: perl -MAcme::Tools -le ' print join " ", not_intersect( ["five", 1, 2, 3.0, 4], [4, 2+1, "five"] )' The output is C<< 1 2 >>. =cut sub not_intersect { my %code; my %seen; for(@{$_[0]}){$code{$_}|=1} for(@{$_[1]}){$code{$_}|=2} return grep{$code{$_}!=3&&!$seen{$_}++}(@{$_[0]},@{$_[1]}); } =head2 uniq Input: An array of strings (or numbers) Output: The same array in the same order, except elements which exists earlier in the list. Same as L but distinct sorts the returned list, I does not. Example: my @t=(7,2,3,3,4,2,1,4,5,3,"x","xx","x",02,"07"); print join " ", uniq @t; # prints 7 2 3 4 1 5 x xx 07 Beware of using C like the following because sort will see C as the subroutine for comparing elements! Which you most likely didnt mean. This has nothing to do with the way uniq is implemented. It's Perl's C. print sort uniq('a','dup','z','dup'); # will return this four element array: a dup z dup print sort(uniq('a','dup','z','dup')); # better, probably what you meant print distinct('a','dup','z','dup')); # same, distinct includes alphanumeric sort =cut sub uniq(@) { my %seen; grep !$seen{$_}++, @_ } =head1 HASHES =head2 subhash Copies a subset of keys/values from one hash to another. B First argument is a reference to a hash. The rest of the arguments are a list of the keys of which key/value-pair you want to be copied. B The hash consisting of the keys and values you specified. Example: %population = ( Norway=>5000000, Sweden=>9500000, Finland=>5400000, Denmark=>5600000, Iceland=>320000, India => 1.21e9, China=>1.35e9, USA=>313e6, UK=>62e6 ); %scandinavia = subhash( \%population , 'Norway', 'Sweden', 'Denmark' ); # this and %scandinavia = (Norway=>5000000,Sweden=>9500000,Denmark=>5600000); # this is the same print "Population of $_ is $scandinavia{$_}\n" for keys %scandinavia; ...prints the populations of the three scandinavian countries. Note: The values are NOT deep copied when they are references. (Use C<< Storable::dclone() >> to do that). Note2: For perl versions >= 5.20 subhashes (hash slices returning keys as well as values) is built in like this: %scandinavia = %population{'Norway','Sweden','Denmark'}; =cut sub subhash { my $hr=shift; my @r; for(@_){ push@r,($_=>$$hr{$_}) } return @r; } =head2 hashtrans B a reference to a hash of hashes B a hash like the input-hash, but matrix transposed (kind of). Think of it as if X and Y has swapped places. %h = ( 1 => {a=>33,b=>55}, 2 => {a=>11,b=>22}, 3 => {a=>88,b=>99} ); print serialize({hashtrans(\%h)},'v'); Gives: %v=( 'a'=>{'1'=>'33','2'=>'11','3'=>'88'}, 'b'=>{'1'=>'55','2'=>'22','3'=>'99'} ); =cut #Hashtrans brukes automatisk når første argument er -1 i sub hashtabell() sub hashtrans { my $h=shift; my %new; for my $k (keys%$h){ my $r=$$h{$k}; for(keys%$r){ $new{$_}{$k}=$$r{$_}; } } return %new; } =head2 a2h B array of arrays B array of hashes Transforms an array of arrays (arrayrefs) to an array of hashes (hashrefs). Example: my @h = a2h( ['Name', 'Age', 'Gender'], #1st row become keys ['Alice', 20, 'F'], ['Bob', 30, 'M'], ['Eve', undef, 'F'] ); Result array @h: ( {Name=>'Alice', Age=>20, Gender=>'F'}, {Name=>'Bob', Age=>30, Gender=>'M'}, {Name=>'Eve', Age=>undef, Gender=>'F'}, ); =head2 h2a B array of hashes B array of arrays Opposite of L =cut sub a2h { my @col=@{shift@_}; map { my%h;@h{@col}=@$_;\%h} @_; } sub h2a { my %c; map $c{$_}++, keys%$_ for @_; my @c=sort{$c{$a}<=>$c{$b} or $a cmp $b}keys%c; (\@c,map[@$_{@c}],@_); } =head1 COMPRESSION L, L, L, L, L, and L compresses and uncompresses strings to save space in disk, memory, database or network transfer. Trades time for space. (Beware of wormholes) =head2 zipb64 Compresses the input (text or binary) and returns a base64-encoded string of the compressed binary data. No known limit on input length, several MB has been tested, as long as you've got the RAM... B One or two strings. First argument: The string to be compressed. Second argument is optional: A I string. B a base64-kodet string of the compressed input. The use of an optional I string will result in an even further compressed output in the dictionary string is somewhat similar to the string that is compressed (the data in the first argument). If x relatively similar string are to be compressed, i.e. x number automatic of email responses to some action by a user, it will pay of to choose one of those x as a dictionary string and store it as such. (You will also use the same dictionary string when decompressing using L. The returned string is base64 encoded. That is, the output is 33% larger than it has to be. The advantage is that this string more easily can be stored in a database (without the hassles of CLOB/BLOB) or perhaps easier transfer in http POST requests (it still needs some url-encoding, normally). See L and L for the same without base 64 encoding. Example 1, normal compression without dictionary: $txt = "Test av komprimering, hva skjer? " x 10; # ten copies of this norwegian string, $txt is now 330 bytes (or chars rather...) print length($txt)," bytes input!\n"; # prints 330 $zip = zipb64($txt); # compresses print length($zip)," bytes output!\n"; # prints 65 print $zip; # prints the base64 string ("noise") $output=unzipb64($zip); # decompresses print "Hurra\n" if $output eq $txt; # prints Hurra if everything went well print length($output),"\n"; # prints 330 Example 2, same compression, now with dictionary: $txt = "Test av komprimering, hva skjer? " x 10; # Same original string as above $dict = "Testing av kompresjon, hva vil skje?"; # dictionary with certain similarities # of the text to be compressed $zip2 = zipb64($txt,$dict); # compressing with $dict as dictionary print length($zip2)," bytes output!\n"; # prints 49, which is less than 65 in ex. 1 above $output=unzipb64($zip2,$dict); # uses $dict in the decompressions too print "Hurra\n" if $output eq $txt; # prints Hurra if everything went well Example 3, dictionary = string to be compressed: (out of curiosity) $txt = "Test av komprimering, hva skjer? " x 10; # Same original string as above $zip3 = zipb64($txt,$txt); # hmm print length($zip3)," bytes output!\n"; # prints 25 print "Hurra\n" if unzipb64($zip3,$txt) eq $txt; # hipp hipp ... zipb64() and zipbin() is really just wrappers around L and C & co there. =cut sub zipb64 { require MIME::Base64; return MIME::Base64::encode_base64(zipbin(@_)); } =head2 zipbin C does the same as C except that zipbin() does not base64 encode the result. Returns binary data. See L for documentation. =cut sub zipbin { require Compress::Zlib; my($data,$dict)=@_; my $x=Compress::Zlib::deflateInit(-Dictionary=>$dict||'',-Level=>Compress::Zlib::Z_BEST_COMPRESSION()) or croak(); my($output,$status)=$x->deflate($data); croak() if $status!=Compress::Zlib::Z_OK(); my($out,$status2)=$x->flush(); croak() if $status2!=Compress::Zlib::Z_OK(); return $output.$out; } =head2 unzipb64 Opposite of L. Input: First argument: A string made by L Second argument: (optional) a dictionary string which where used in L. Output: The original string (be it text or binary). See L. =cut sub unzipb64 { my($data,$dict)=@_; require MIME::Base64; unzipbin(MIME::Base64::decode_base64($data),$dict); } =head2 unzipbin C does the same as L except that C wants a pure binary compressed string as input, not base64. See L for documentation. =cut sub unzipbin { require Compress::Zlib; require Carp; my($data,$dict)=@_; my $x=Compress::Zlib::inflateInit(-Dictionary=>$dict||'') or croak(); my($output,$status)=$x->inflate($data); croak() if $status!=Compress::Zlib::Z_STREAM_END(); return $output; } =head2 gzip B A string or reference to a string you want to compress. Text or binary. B The binary compressed representation of that input string. C is really just a wrapper for C< Compress:Zlib::memGzip() > and uses the same compression algorithm as the well known GNU program gzip found in most unix/linux/cygwin distros. Except C does this in-memory. (Both using the C-library C). writefile( "file.gz", gzip("some string") ); =head2 gunzip B A binary compressed string or a reference to such a string. I.e. something returned from C earlier or read from a C<< .gz >> file. B The original larger non-compressed string. Text or binary. C is a wrapper for Compress::Zlib::memGunzip() print gunzip( gzip("some string") ); #some string =head2 bzip2 Same as L and L except with a different compression algorithm (compresses more but is slower). Wrapper for Compress::Bzip2::memBzip. Compared to gzip/gunzip, bzip2 compression is much slower, bunzip2 decompression not so much. See also L, C, C, C. writefile( "file.bz2", bzip2("some string") ); print bunzip2( bzip2("some string") ); #some string =head2 bunzip2 Decompressed something compressed by bzip2() or data from a C<.bz2> file. See L. =cut sub gzip { my $s=shift; eval"require Compress::Zlib" if !$INC{'Compress/Zlib.pm'}; croak "Compress::Zlib not found" if $@; Compress::Zlib::memGzip( ref($s)?$s:\$s ) } sub gunzip { my $s=shift; eval"require Compress::Zlib" if !$INC{'Compress/Zlib.pm'}; croak "Compress::Zlib not found" if $@; Compress::Zlib::memGunzip( ref($s)?$s:\$s ) } sub bzip2 { my $s=shift; eval"require Compress::Bzip2" if !$INC{'Compress/Bzip2.pm'}; croak "Compress::Bzip2 not found" if $@; Compress::Bzip2::memBzip( ref($s)?$s:\$s ) } sub bunzip2 { my $s=shift; eval"require Compress::Bzip2" if !$INC{'Compress/Bzip2.pm'}; croak "Compress::Bzip2 not found" if $@; Compress::Bzip2::memBunzip( ref($s)?$s:\$s ) } =head1 NET, WEB, CGI-STUFF =head2 ipaddr B an IP-number B either an IP-address I or an empty string if the DNS lookup didn't find anything. Example: perl -MAcme::Tools -le 'print ipaddr("129.240.8.200")' # prints www.uio.no Uses perls C internally. C memoizes the results internally (using the C<%Acme::Tools::IPADDR_memo> hash) so only the first loopup on a particular IP number might take some time. Some few DNS loopups can take several seconds. Most is done in a fraction of a second. Due to this slowness, medium to high traffic web servers should probably turn off hostname lookups in their logs and just log IP numbers by using C in Apache C and then use I afterwards if necessary. =cut our %IPADDR_memo; sub ipaddr { my $ipnr=shift; #hm, NOTE: The 2 parameter on the next code line is not 2 for all OSes, #but seems to work in Linux and HPUX. Den correct way is to use the #AF_INET constant in the Socket or the IO::Socket package. return $IPADDR_memo{$ipnr} ||= gethostbyaddr(pack("C4",split("\\.",$ipnr)),2); } =head2 ipnum C does the opposite of C Does an attempt of converting an IP address (hostname) to an IP number. Uses DNS name servers via perls internal C. Return empty string (undef) if unsuccessful. print ipnum("www.uio.no"); # prints 129.240.13.152 Does internal memoization via the hash C<%Acme::Tools::IPNUM_memo>. =cut our %IPNUM_memo; sub ipnum { my $ipaddr=shift; #croak "No $ipaddr" if !length($ipaddr); return $IPNUM_memo{$ipaddr} if exists $IPNUM_memo{$ipaddr}; my $h=gethostbyname($ipaddr); #croak "No ipnum for $ipaddr" if !$h; return if !defined $h; my $ipnum = join(".",unpack("C4",$h)); $IPNUM_memo{$ipaddr} = $ipnum=~/^(\d+\.){3}\d+$/ ? $ipnum : undef; return $IPNUM_memo{$ipaddr}; } our $Ipnum_errmsg; our $Ipnum; sub ipnum_ok { my $ipnum=shift; $Ipnum=undef; eval{ die "malformed ipnum $ipnum\n" if not $ipnum=~/^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)$/; die "invalid ipnum $ipnum\n" if grep$_>255,$1,$2,$3,$4; $Ipnum=$1*256**3 + $2*256**2 + $3*256 + $4; }; my$r=($Ipnum_errmsg=$@) ? 0 : 1; $r } our $Iprange_errmsg; our $Iprange_start; sub iprange_ok { my $iprange=shift; $Iprange_start=undef; my($r,$m); eval{ die "malformed iprange $iprange\n" if not $iprange=~m|^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:/(\d+))$|; die "iprange part should be 0-255\n" if grep$_<0||$_>255,$1,$2,$3,$4; die "iprange mask should be 0-32\n" if defined$5 and $5>32; ($r,$m)=($1*256**3+$2*256**2+$3*256+$4,32-$5); }; return if $Iprange_errmsg=$@; my $x=$r>>$m<<$m; return if $r!=$x and $Iprange_errmsg=sprintf("need zero in last %d bits, should be %d.%d.%d.%d/%d", $m, $x>>24, ($x>>16)&255, ($x>>8)&255, $x&255, 32-$m); $Iprange_start=$r; return 1; } sub in_iprange { my($ipnum,$iprange)=@_; croak $Ipnum_errmsg if !ipnum_ok($ipnum); croak $Iprange_errmsg if !iprange_ok($iprange=~m|/\d+$| ? $iprange : "$iprange/32"); "$iprange/32"=~m|/(\d+)| or die; $Ipnum>=$Iprange_start && $Ipnum<=$Iprange_start + 2**(32-$1)-1; } =head2 webparams B (optional) Zero or one input argument: A string of the same type often found behind the first question mark (C<< ? >>) in URLs. This string can have one or more parts separated by C<&> chars. Each part consists of C pairs (with the first C<=> char being the separation char). Both C and C can be url-encoded. If there is no input argument, C uses C<< $ENV{QUERY_STRING} >> instead. If also C<< $ENV{QUERY_STRING} >> is lacking, C checks if C<< $ENV{REQUEST_METHOD} eq 'POST' >>. In that case C<< $ENV{CONTENT_LENGTH} >> is taken as the number of bytes to be read from C and those bytes are used as the missing input argument. The environment variables QUERY_STRING, REQUEST_METHOD and CONTENT_LENGTH is typically set by a web server following the CGI standard (which Apache and most of them can do I guess) or in mod_perl by Apache. Although you are probably better off using L. Or C<< $R->args() >> or C<< $R->content() >> in mod_perl. B C returns a hash of the key/value pairs in the input argument. Url-decoded. If an input string has more than one occurrence of the same key, that keys value in the returned hash will become concatenated each value separated by a C<,> char. (A comma char) Examples: use Acme::Tools; my %R=webparams(); print "Content-Type: text/plain\n\n"; # or rather \cM\cJ\cM\cJ instead of \n\n to be http-compliant print "My name is $R{name}"; Storing those four lines in a file in the directory designated for CGI-scripts on your web server (or perhaps naming the file .cgi is enough), and C and the URL L will print C to the web page. L will print C. =cut sub webparams { my $query=shift(); $query=$ENV{QUERY_STRING} if !defined $query; if(!defined $query and $ENV{REQUEST_METHOD} eq "POST"){ read(STDIN,$query , $ENV{CONTENT_LENGTH}); $ENV{QUERY_STRING}=$query; } my %R; for(split("&",$query)){ next if !length($_); my($nkl,$verdi)=map urldec($_),split("=",$_,2); $R{$nkl}=exists$R{$nkl}?"$R{$nkl},$verdi":$verdi; } return %R; } =head2 urlenc Input: a string Output: the same string URL encoded so it can be sent in URLs or POST requests. In URLs (web addresses) certain characters are illegal. For instance I and I. And certain other chars have special meaning, such as C<+>, C<%>, C<=>, C, C<&>. These illegal and special chars needs to be encoded to be sent in URLs. This is done by sending them as C<%> and two hex-digits. All chars can be URL encodes this way, but it's necessary just on some. Example: $search="Østdal, Åge"; my $url="http://machine.somewhere.com/search?q=" . urlenc($search); print $url; Prints C<< http://machine.somewhere.com/search?q=%D8stdal%2C%20%C5ge >> =cut sub urlenc { my $str=shift; $str=~s/([^\w\-\.\/\,\[\]])/sprintf("%%%02x",ord($1))/eg; #more chars is probably legal... return $str; } =head2 urldec Opposite of L. Example, this returns 'C< ø>'. That is space and C<< ø >>. urldec('+%C3') =cut sub urldec { my $str=shift; $str=~s/\+/ /gs; $str=~s/%([a-f\d]{2})/pack("C", hex($1))/egi; return $str; } =head2 ht2t C is short for I. This sub extracts an html-C<< >>s and returns its C<< s >> and C<<
s >> as an array of arrayrefs. And strips away any html inside the C<< s >> as well. my @table = ht2t($html,'some string occuring before the you want'); Input: One or two arguments. First argument: the html where a C<<
>> is to be found and converted. Second argument: (optional) If the html contains more than one C<<
>>, and you do not want the first one, applying a second argument is a way of telling C which to capture: the one with this word or string occurring before it. Output: An array of arrayrefs. C is a quick and dirty way of scraping (or harvesting as it is also called) data from a web page. Look too L to do this more accurate. Example: use Acme::Tools; use LWP::Simple; my $url = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population"; for( ht2t( get($url), "Countries" ) ) { my($rank, $country, $pop) = @$_; $pop =~ s/,//g; printf "%3d | %-32s | %9d\n", @$_ if $pop>0; } Output: 1 | China | 1367740000 2 | India | 1262090000 3 | United States | 319043000 4 | Indonesia | 252164800 5 | Brazil | 203404000 ...and so on. =cut sub ht2t { my($f,$s,$r)=@_; 1>@_||@_>3 and croak; $s='' if @_==1; $f=~s,.*?($s).*?(=$[; $f=~s//\l$1$s/gsi; $f=~s/\s*<.*?>\s*/ /gsi; my @t=split("r$s",$f);shift @t; $r||=sub{s/&(#160|nbsp);/ /g;s/&/&/g;s/^\s*(.*?)\s*$/$1/s; s/(\d) (\d)/$1$2/g if /^[\d \.\,]+$/}; for(@t){my @r=split/[dh]$s/;shift@r;$_=[map{&$r;$_}@r]} @t; } =head1 FILES, DIRECTORIES =head2 writefile Justification: Perl needs three or four operations to make a file out of a string: open my $FILE, '>', $filename or die $!; print $FILE $text; close($FILE); This is way simpler: writefile($filename,$text); Sub writefile opens the file i binary mode (C) and has two usage modes: B Two arguments B is the filename. If the file exists, its overwritten. If the file can not be opened for writing, a die (a croak really) happens. B is one of: =over 4 =item * Either a scaler. That is a normal string to be written to the file. =item * Or a reference to a scalar. That referred text is written to the file. =item * Or a reference to an array of scalars. This array is the written to the file element by element and C<< \n >> is automatically appended to each element. =back Alternativelly, you can write several files at once. Example, this: writefile('file1.txt','The text....tjo'); writefile('file2.txt','The text....hip'); writefile('file3.txt','The text....and hop'); ...is the same as this: writefile([ ['file1.txt','The text....tjo'], ['file2.txt','The text....hip'], ['file3.txt','The text....and hop'], ]); Automatic compression: writefile('file.txt.gz','my text is compressed by /bin/gzip before written to the file'); Extentions C<.gz>, C<.bz2> and C<.xz> are recognized for compression. See also C and C. B Nothing (for the time being). Cs (C really) if something goes wrong. =cut #todo: use openstr() as in readfile(), transparently gzip .gz filenames and so on sub writefile { my($filename,$text)=@_; if(ref($filename) eq 'ARRAY'){ writefile(@$_) for @$filename; return; } open(WRITEFILE,openstr(">$filename")) and binmode(WRITEFILE) or croak($!); if(!defined $text or !ref($text)){ print WRITEFILE $text; } elsif(ref($text) eq 'SCALAR'){ print WRITEFILE $$text; } elsif(ref($text) eq 'ARRAY'){ print WRITEFILE "$_\n" for @$text; } else { croak; } close(WRITEFILE); return; } =head2 readfile Just as with L you can read in a whole file in one operation with C. Instead of: open my $FILE,'<', $filename or die $!; my $data = join"",<$FILE>; close($FILE); This is simpler: my $data = readfile($filename); B Reading the content of the file to a scalar variable: (Any content in C<$data> will be overwritten) my $data; readfile('filename.txt',\$data); Reading the lines of a file into an array: my @lines; readfile('filnavn.txt',\@lines); for(@lines){ ... } Note: Chomp is done on each line. That is, any newlines (C<< \n >>) will be removed. If C<@lines> is non-empty, this will be lost. Sub readfile is context aware. If an array is expected it returns an array of the lines without a trailing C<< \n >>. The last example can be rewritten: for(readfile('filnavn.txt')){ ... } With two input arguments, nothing (undef) is returned from C. Automatic decompression: my $txt = readfile('file.txt.gz'); #uses /bin/gunzip to decompress content Extentions C<.gz>, C<.bz2> and C<.xz> are recognized for decompression. See also C and C. =cut #http://blogs.perl.org/users/leon_timmermans/2013/05/why-you-dont-need-fileslurp.html #todo: readfile with grep-filter code ref in a third arg (avoid reading all into mem) sub readfile { my($filename,$ref)=@_; if(@_==1){ if(wantarray){ my @data; readfile($filename,\@data); return @data } else { my $data; readfile($filename,\$data); return $data } } else { open my $fh,openstr($filename) or croak("ERROR: readfile $! $?"); if ( ref($ref) eq 'SCALAR') { $$ref=join"",<$fh> } elsif( ref($ref) eq 'ARRAY' ) { while(my $l=<$fh>){ chomp($l); push @$ref, $l } } else { croak "ERROR: Second arg to readfile should be a ref to a scalar og array" } close($fh); return;#? } } =head2 readdirectory B Name of a directory. B A list of all files in it, except of C<.> and C<..> (on linux/unix systems, all directories have a C<.> and C<..> directory). The names of all types of files are returned: normal files, directories, symbolic links, pipes, semaphores. That is every thing shown by C except C<.> and C<..> C do not recurce down into subdirectories (but see example below). B my @files = readdirectory("/tmp"); B Sometimes calling the built ins C, C and C seems a tad tedious, since this: my $dir="/usr/bin"; opendir(D,$dir); my @files=map "$dir/$_", grep {!/^\.\.?$/} readdir(D); closedir(D); Is the same as this: my @files=readdirectory("/usr/bin"); See also: L B On huge directories with perhaps tens or houndreds of thousands of files, readdirectory() will consume more memory than perls opendir/readdir. This isn't usually a concern anymore for modern computers with gigabytes of RAM, but might be the rationale behind Perls more tedious way created in the 80s. The same argument goes for file slurping. On the other side it's also a good practice to never assume to much on available memory and the number of files if you don't know for certain that enough memory is available whereever your code is run or that the size of the directory is limited. B How to get all files in the C directory including all subdirectories below of any depth: my @files=("/tmp"); map {-d $_ and unshift @files,$_ or push @files,$_} readdirectory(shift(@files)) while -d $files[0]; ...or to avoid symlinks and only get real files: map {-d and !-l and unshift @files,$_ or -f and !-l and push @files,$_} readdirectory(shift(@files)) while -d $files[0]; =cut sub readdirectory { my $dir=shift; opendir(my $D,$dir); my @filer=map "$dir/$_", grep {!/^\.\.?$/} readdir($D); closedir($D); return @filer; } =head2 basename The basename and dirname functions behaves like the *nix shell commands with the same names. B One or two arguments: Filename and an optional suffix B Returns the filename with any directory and (if given) the suffix removed. basename('/usr/bin/perl') # returns 'perl' basename('/usr/local/bin/report.pl','.pl') # returns 'report' since .pl at the end is removed basename('report2.pl','.pl') # returns 'report2' basename('report2.pl','.\w+') # returns 'report2.pl', probably not what you meant basename('report2.pl',qr/.\w+/) # returns 'report2', use qr for regex =head2 dirname B A filename including path B Removes the filename path and returns just the directory path up until but not including the last /. Return just a one char C<< . >> (period string) if there is no directory in the input. dirname('/usr/bin/perl') # returns '/usr/bin' dirname('perl') # returns '.' =head2 username Returns the current linux/unix username, for example the string root print username(); #just (getpwuid($<))[0] but more readable perhaps =cut sub basename { my($f,$s)=(@_,'');$s=quotemeta($s)if!ref($s);$f=~m,^(.*/)?([^/]*?)($s)?$,;$2 } sub dirname { $_[0]=~m,^(.*)/,;defined($1) && length($1) ? $1 : '.' } sub username { (getpwuid($<))[0] } =head2 wipe Deletes a file by "wiping" it on the disk. Overwrites the file before deleting. (May not work properly on SSDs) B * Arg 1: A filename * Optional arg 2: number of times to overwrite file. Default is 3 if omitted, 0 or undef * Optional arg 3: keep (true/false), wipe() but no delete of file B Same as the C (remove file): 1 for success, 0 or false for failure. See also: L, L =cut sub wipe { my($file,$times,$keep)=@_; $times||=3; croak "ERROR: File $file nonexisting\n" if not -f $file or not -e $file; my $size=-s$file; open my $WIFH, '+<', $file or croak "ERROR: Unable to open $file: $!\n"; binmode($WIFH); for(1..$times){ my $block=chr(int(rand(256))) x 1024;#hm for(0..($size/1024)){ seek($WIFH,$_*1024,0); print $WIFH $block; } } close($WIFH); $keep || unlink($file); } =head2 chall Does chmod + utime + chown on one or more files. Returns the number of files of which those operations was successful. Mode, uid, gid, atime and mtime are set from the array ref in the first argument. The first argument references an array which is exactly like an array returned from perls internal C -function. Example: my @stat=stat($filenameA); chall( \@stat, $filenameB, $filenameC, ... ); # by stat-array chall( $filenameA, $filenameB, $filenameC, ... ); # by file name Copies the chmod, owner, group, access time and modify time from file A to file B and C. See C, C, C, C =cut sub chall { my($dev,$ino,$mode,$nlink,$uid,$gid,$rdev,$size,$atime,$mtime,$ctime,$blksize,$blocks ) = ref($_[0]) ? @{shift()} : stat(shift()); my $successful=0; for(@_){ chmod($mode,$_) && utime($atime,$mtime,$_) && chown($uid,$gid,$_) && $successful++ } return $successful; } =head2 makedir Input: One or two arguments. Works like perls C except that C will create nesessary parent directories if they dont exists. First input argument: A directory name (absolute, starting with C< / > or relative). Second input argument: (optional) permission bits. Using the normal C<< 0777^umask() >> as the default if no second input argument is provided. Example: makedir("dirB/dirC") ...will create directory C if it does not already exists, to be able to create C inside C. Returns true on success, otherwise false. C memoizes directories it has checked for existence before (trading memory and for speed). Thus directories removed during running the script is not discovered by makedir. See also C<< perldoc -f mkdir >>, C<< man umask >> =cut our %MAKEDIR; sub makedir { my($d,$p,$dd)=@_; $p=0777^umask() if !defined$p; ( $MAKEDIR{$d} or -d$d or mkdir($d,$p) #or croak("mkdir $d, $p") or ($dd)=($d=~m,^(.+)/+([^/]+)$,) and makedir($dd,$p) and mkdir($d,$p) #or die; ) and ++$MAKEDIR{$d}; } =head2 md5sum B a filename (or a scalar ref to a string, see below) B a string of 32 hexadecimal chars from 0-9 or a-f. Example, the md5sum gnu/linux command without options could be implementet like this: use Acme::Tools; print eval{ md5sum($_)." $_\n" } || $@ for @ARGV; This sub requires L, which is a core perl-module since version 5.?.? It does not slurp the files or spawn new processes. If the input argument is a scalar ref then the MD5 of the string referenced is returned in hex. =cut sub md5sum { require Digest::MD5; my $fn=shift; return Digest::MD5::md5_hex($$fn) if ref($fn) eq 'SCALAR'; croak "md5sum: $fn is a directory (no md5sum)" if -d $fn; open my $FH, '<', $fn or croak "Could not open file $fn for md5sum() $!"; binmode($FH); my $r = eval { Digest::MD5->new->addfile($FH)->hexdigest }; croak "md5sum on $fn failed ($@)\n" if $@; $r; } =head2 which Returns the first executable program in $ENV{PATH} paths (split by : colon) with the given name. echo $PATH perl -MAcme::Tools -le 'print which("gzip")' # maybe prints /bin/gzip =head2 read_conf B A file name or a reference to a string with settings in the format described below. B A reference to a hash. This hash will have the settings from the file (or stringref). The hash do not have to be empty beforehand. Returns a hash with the settings as in this examples: my %conf = read_conf('/etc/your/thing.conf'); print $conf{sectionA}{knobble}; #prints ABC if the file is as shown below print $conf{sectionA}{gobble}; #prints ZZZ, the last gobble print $conf{switch}; #prints OK here as well, unsectioned value print $conf{part2}{password}; #prints oh:no= x File use for the above example: switch: OK #before first section, the '' (empty) section [sectionA] knobble: ABC gobble: XYZ #this gobble is overwritten by the gobble on the next line gobble: ZZZ [part2] password: oh:no= x #should be better text: { values starting with { continues until reaching a line with } Everything from # and behind is regarded comments and ignored. Comments can be on any line. To keep a # char, put a \ in front of it. A C< : > or C< = > separates keys and values. Spaces at the beginning or end of lines are ignored (after removal of #comments), as are any spaces before and after : and = separators. Empty lines or lines with no C< : > or C< = > is also ignored. Keys and values can contain internal spaces and tabs, but not at the beginning or end. Multi-line values must start and end with { and }. Using { and } keep spaces at the start or end in both one-line and multi-line values. Sections are marked with C<< [sectionname] >>. Section names, keys and values is case sensitive. C above the first section or below and empty C<< [] >> is placed both in the empty section in the returned hash and as top level key/values. C can be a simpler alternative to the core module L which has its own hassles. $Acme::Tools::Read_conf_empty_section=1; #default 0 (was 1 in version 0.16) my %conf = read_conf('/etc/your/thing.conf'); print $conf{''}{switch}; #prints OK with the file above print $conf{switch}; #prints OK here as well =cut our $Read_conf_empty_section=0; sub read_conf { my($fn,$hr)=(@_,{}); my $conf=ref($fn)?$$fn:readfile($fn); $conf=~s,\s*(?]+)>,"".readfile(&$incfn($1)),eg; #todo =head2 openstr # returned from openstr: open my $FH, openstr("fil.txt") or die; # fil.txt open my $FH, openstr("fil.gz") or die; # zcat fil.gz | open my $FH, openstr("fil.bz2") or die; # bzcat fil.bz2 | open my $FH, openstr("fil.xz") or die; # xzcat fil.xz | open my $FH, openstr(">fil.txt") or die; # > fil.txt open my $FH, openstr(">fil.gz") or die; # | gzip > fil.gz open my $FH, openstr(">fil.bz2") or die; # | bzip2 > fil.bz2 open my $FH, openstr(">fil.xz") or die; # | xz > fil.bz2 Environment variable PATH is used. So in the examples above, /bin/gzip is returned instead of gzip if /bin is the first directory in $ENV{PATH} containing an executable file gzip. Dirs /usr/bin, /bin and /usr/local/bin is added to PATH in openstr(). They are checked even if PATH is empty. See also C and C for automatic compression and decompression using C. =cut our @Openstrpath=(grep$_,split(":",$ENV{PATH}),qw(/usr/bin /bin /usr/local/bin)); our $Magic_openstr=1; sub openstr_prog { @Openstrpath or return $_[0];(grep -x$_, map "$_/$_[0]", @Openstrpath)[0] or croak"$_[0] not found" } sub openstr { my($fn,$ext)=(shift()=~/^(.*?(?:\.(t?gz|bz2|xz))?)$/i); return $fn if !$ext or !$Magic_openstr; $fn =~ /^\s*>/ ? "| ".(openstr_prog({qw/gz gzip bz2 bzip2 xz xz tgz gzip/ }->{lc($ext)})).$fn : openstr_prog({qw/gz zcat bz2 bzcat xz xzcat tgz zcat/}->{lc($ext)})." $fn |"; } =head2 printed Redirects C and C from STDOUT to a string which is returned. my $p = printed { print "hello!" }; # now $p eq 'hello!' my $p = printed { some_sub() }; # now $p contains whatever was printed by some_sub() and the subs call from it =cut sub printed (&) { my $s; open(local *STDOUT, '>', \$s) or croak "ERR: $! $?"; shift->(); $s } #todo catch stderr also? #todo: sub stdin{} #todo: sub stdout{} #todo: sub stderr{} #todo: sub stdouterr{} =head1 TIME FUNCTIONS =head2 tms Timestring, works somewhat like the Gnu/Linux C command and Oracle's C Converts timestamps to more readable forms of time strings. Converts seconds since I and time strings on the form C to other forms. B One, two or three arguments. B A format string. B An epock C number or a time string of the form YYYYMMDD-HH24:MI:SS or YYYYMMDDTHH:MI:SS or YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MI:SS (in which T is litteral and HH is the 24-hour version of hours) or YYYYMMDD. Uses the current C if the second argument is missing. TODO: Formats with % as in C (C<%Y%m%d> and so on) B True or false. If true and first argument is eight digits: Its interpreted as a date like YYYYMMDD time string, not an epoch time. If true and first argument is six digits its interpreted as a date like DDMMYY (not YYMMDD!). B a date or clock string on the wanted form. B Prints C<< 3. july 1997 >> if thats the dato today: perl -MAcme::Tools -le 'print timestr("D. month YYYY")' print tms("HH24:MI"); # prints 23:55 if thats the time now tms("HH24:MI",time()); # ...same,since time() is the default tms("HH:MI",time()-5*60); # 23:50 if that was the time 5 minutes ago tms("HH:MI",time()-5*60*60); # 18:55 if thats the time 5 hours ago tms("Day Month Dth YYYY HH:MI"); # Saturday July 1st 2004 23:55 (big S, big J) tms("Day D. Month YYYY HH:MI"); # Saturday 8. July 2004 23:55 (big S, big J) tms("DAY D. MONTH YYYY HH:MI"); # SATURDAY 8. JULY 2004 23:55 (upper) tms("dy D. month YYYY HH:MI"); # sat 8. july 2004 23:55 (small s, small j) tms("Dy DD. MON YYYY HH12:MI am"); # Sat 08. JUL 2004 11:55 pm (HH12, am becomes pm if after 12) tms("DD-MON-YYYY"); # 03-MAY-2004 (mon, english) The following list of codes in the first argument will be replaced: YYYY Year, four digits YY Year, two digits, i.e. 04 instead of 2004 yyyy Year, four digits, but nothing if its the current year YYYY|HH:MI Year if its another year than the current, a time in hours and minutes elsewise MM Month, two digits. I.e. 08 for August DD Day of month, two digits. I.e. 01 (not 1) for the first day in a month D Day of month, one digit. I.e. 1 (not 01) HH Hour. From 00 to 23. HH24 Same as HH. HH12 12 becomes 12 (never 00), 13 becomes 01, 14 02 and so on. Note: 00 after midnight becomes 12 (am). Tip: always include the code am in a format string that uses HH12. MI Minutt. Fra 00 til 59. SS Sekund. Fra 00 til 59. am Becomes am or pm pm Same AM Becomes AM or PM (upper case) PM Same Month The full name of the month in English from January to December MONTH Same in upper case (JANUARY) month Same in lower case (january) Mont Jan Feb Mars Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mont. Jan. Feb. Mars Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. (always four chars) Mon Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec (always three chars) Day The full name of the weekday. Sunday to Saturday Dy Three letters: Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat DAY Upper case DY Upper case Dth 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th ... 11th 12th ... 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th ... 30th 31st WW Week number of the year 01-53 according to the ISO8601-definition (which most countries uses) WWUS Week number of the year 01-53 according to the most used definition in the USA. Other definitions also exists. epoch Converts a time string from YYYYMMDD-HH24:MI:SS, YYYYMMDD-HH24:MI:SS, YYYYMMDDTHH:MI:SS, YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MI:SS or YYYYMMDD to the number of seconds since January 1st 1970. Commonly known as the Unix epoch. JDN Julian day number. Integer. The number of days since the day starting at noon on January 1 4713 BC JD Same as JDN but a float accounting for the time of day B (optional) Is_date. False|true, default false. If true, the second argument is interpreted as a date of the form YYYYMMDD, not as a number of seconds since epoch (January 1st 1970). =cut #Se også L og L our $Tms_pattern; our %Tms_str= ('MÅNED' => [4, 'JANUAR','FEBRUAR','MARS','APRIL','MAI','JUNI','JULI', 'AUGUST','SEPTEMBER','OKTOBER','NOVEMBER','DESEMBER' ], 'Måned' => [4, 'Januar','Februar','Mars','April','Mai','Juni','Juli', 'August','September','Oktober','November','Desember'], 'måned' => [4, 'januar','februar','mars','april','mai','juni','juli', 'august','september','oktober','november','desember'], 'MÅNE.' => [4, 'JAN.','FEB.','MARS','APR.','MAI','JUNI','JULI','AUG.','SEP.','OKT.','NOV.','DES.'], 'Måne.' => [4, 'Jan.','Feb.','Mars','Apr.','Mai','Juni','Juli','Aug.','Sep.','Okt.','Nov.','Des.'], 'måne.' => [4, 'jan.','feb.','mars','apr.','mai','juni','juli','aug.','sep.','okt.','nov.','des.'], 'MÅNE' => [4, 'JAN','FEB','MARS','APR','MAI','JUNI','JULI','AUG','SEP','OKT','NOV','DES'], 'Måne' => [4, 'Jan','Feb','Mars','Apr','Mai','Juni','Juli','Aug','Sep','Okt','Nov','Des'], 'måne' => [4, 'jan','feb','mars','apr','mai','juni','juli','aug','sep','okt','nov','des'], 'MÅN' => [4, 'JAN','FEB','MAR','APR','MAI','JUN','JUL','AUG','SEP','OKT','NOV','DES'], 'Mån' => [4, 'Jan','Feb','Mar','Apr','Mai','Jun','Jul','Aug','Sep','Okt','Nov','Des'], 'mån' => [4, 'jan','feb','mar','apr','mai','jun','jul','aug','sep','okt','nov','des'], 'MONTH' => [4, 'JANUARY','FEBRUARY','MARCH','APRIL','MAY','JUNE','JULY', 'AUGUST','SEPTEMBER','OCTOBER','NOVEMBER','DECEMBER'], 'Month' => [4, 'January','February','March','April','May','June','July', 'August','September','October','November','December'], 'month' => [4, 'january','february','march','april','may','june','july', 'august','september','october','november','december'], 'MONT.' => [4, 'JAN.','FEB.','MAR.','APR.','MAY','JUNE','JULY','AUG.','SEP.','OCT.','NOV.','DEC.'], 'Mont.' => [4, 'Jan.','Feb.','Mar.','Apr.','May','June','July','Aug.','Sep.','Oct.','Nov.','Dec.'], 'mont.' => [4, 'jan.','feb.','mar.','apr.','may','june','july','aug.','sep.','oct.','nov.','dec.'], 'MONT' => [4, 'JAN','FEB','MAR','APR','MAY','JUNE','JULY','AUG','SEP','OCT','NOV','DEC'], 'Mont' => [4, 'Jan','Feb','Mar','Apr','May','June','July','Aug','Sep','Oct','Nov','Dec'], 'mont' => [4, 'jan','feb','mar','apr','may','june','july','aug','sep','oct','nov','dec'], 'MON' => [4, 'JAN','FEB','MAR','APR','MAY','JUN','JUL','AUG','SEP','OCT','NOV','DEC'], 'Mon' => [4, 'Jan','Feb','Mar','Apr','May','Jun','Jul','Aug','Sep','Oct','Nov','Dec'], 'mon' => [4, 'jan','feb','mar','apr','may','jun','jul','aug','sep','oct','nov','dec'], 'DAY' => [6, 'SUNDAY','MONDAY','TUESDAY','WEDNESDAY','THURSDAY','FRIDAY','SATURDAY'], 'Day' => [6, 'Sunday','Monday','Tuesday','Wednesday','Thursday','Friday','Saturday'], 'day' => [6, 'sunday','monday','tuesday','wednesday','thursday','friday','saturday'], 'DY' => [6, 'SUN','MON','TUE','WED','THU','FRI','SAT'], 'Dy' => [6, 'Sun','Mon','Tue','Wed','Thu','Fri','Sat'], 'dy' => [6, 'sun','mon','tue','wed','thu','fri','sat'], 'DAG' => [6, 'SØNDAG','MANDAG','TIRSDAG','ONSDAG','TORSDAG','FREDAG','LØRDAG'], 'Dag' => [6, 'Søndag','Mandag','Tirsdag','Onsdag','Torsdag','Fredag','Lørdag'], 'dag' => [6, 'søndag','mandag','tirsdag','onsdag','torsdag','fredag','lørdag'], 'DG' => [6, 'Søn','MAN','TIR','ONS','TOR','FRE','LØR'], 'Dg' => [6, 'SØn','Man','Tir','Ons','Tor','Fre','Lør'], 'dg' => [6, 'søn','man','tir','ons','tor','fre','lør'], ); my $_tms_inited=0; sub tms_init { return if $_tms_inited++; for(qw(MAANED Maaned maaned MAAN Maan maan),'MAANE.','Maane.','maane.'){ $Tms_str{$_}=$Tms_str{replace($_,"aa","å","AA","Å")}; } $Tms_pattern=join("|",map{quotemeta($_)} sort{length($b)<=>length($a)} keys %Tms_str); #without sort "måned" could be "mared" because "mån"=>"mar" } sub totime { } =head2 s2t Convert strings to "time pieces". Example: my($dd,$mm,$yyyy,$str) = s2t("18/february/2019:13:53","DD","MM","YYYY","YYYYMMDD-HH24:MI:SS") print "dd: $dd mm: $mm yyyy: $yyyy str: $str\n"; # dd: 18 mm: 02 yyyy: 2019 str: 20190218-13:53:00 =cut sub s2t { require Date::Parse; my $s=shift; if($s=~/\b(?:mai|okt|des|juni|juli|februar)/i){ #fix norwegian/danish (for now) $s=~s/\bMai\b/May/i; $s=~s/\bmai\b/may/i; $s=~s/\bMAI\b/MAY/i; $s=~s/\bOkt\b/Oct/i; $s=~s/\bokt\b/oct/i; $s=~s/\bOKT\b/OCT/i; $s=~s/\bDes/Dec/; $s=~s/\bdes/dec/; $s=~s/\bDES/DEC/; $s=~s/\bFebruar\b/February/; $s=~s/\bfebruar\b/february/; $s=~s/\bFEBRUAR\b/FEBRUARY/; $s=~s/\bjuli\b/July/i; $s=~s/\bjuni\b/June/i; } elsif($s =~ /^[19]\d{9}$/){ $s=localtime($s) } #hm, make faster elsif($s =~ /^[19]\d{12}$/ and int($s/1000) =~ /^[19]\d{9}$/){ $s=localtime($s/1000) } #hm elsif($s=~/^((?:17|18|19|20|21)\d\d)(0[1-9]|1[012])(0[1-9]|[12]\d|3[01])$/){#hm $s="$1-$2-$3T00:00:00"; } return Date::Parse::str2time($s) if !@_; return tms(Date::Parse::str2time($s),shift(@_)) if 0+@_ == 1; return map tms(Date::Parse::str2time($s),$_), @_; } sub date_ok { my($y,$m,$d)=@_; return date_ok($1,$2,$3) if @_==1 and $_[0]=~/^(\d{4})(\d\d)(\d\d)$/; return 0 if $y!~/^\d\d\d\d$/; return 0 if $m<1||$m>12||$d<1||$d>(31,$y%4||$y%100==0&&$y%400?28:29,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31)[$m-1]; return 1; } # YYYY-MM-DD date validation from https://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=371015 (ikke testet) # /(?=\d{4}-\d\d-\d\d) # Date format # (?=.{8}(?:0[1-9]|[12]\d|3[01])) # Day 01-31 # (?=.{5}(?:0[1-9]|1[0-2])) # Month 01-12 # (?!.{5}(?:0[2469]|11)-31) # Not 31 days in those months # (?!.{5}02-30) # Never 30 days in Feb # (?!...[13579]-02-29) # Not a leap year # (?!..[13579][048]-02-29) # -"- # (?!..[02468][26]-02-29) # -"- # (?!.[13579]00-02-29) # -"- # (?![13579][048]00-02-29) # -"- # (?![02468][26]00-02-29) # -"- # /x sub weeknum { return weeknum(tms('YYYYMMDD')) if @_<1; return weeknum($1,$2,$3) if @_==1 and $_[0]=~/^(\d{4})(\d\d)(\d\d)$/; my($year,$month,$day)= @_; eval{ if(@_<2){ if($year=~/^\d{8}$/) { ($year,$month,$day)=unpack("A4A2A2",$year) } elsif($year>99999999){ ($year,$month,$day)=(localtime($year))[5,4,3]; $year+=1900; $month++ } else {die} } elsif(@_!=3){croak} croak if !date_ok(sprintf("%04d%02d%02d",$year,$month,$day)); }; croak "ERROR: Wrong args Acme::Tools::weeknum(".join(",",@_).")" if $@; use integer;#heltallsdivisjon my $y=$year+4800-(14-$month)/12; my $j=$day+(153*($month+(14-$month)/12*12-3)+2)/5+365*$y+$y/4-$y/100+$y/400-32045; my $d=($j+31741-$j%7)%146097%36524%1461; return (($d-$d/1460)%365+$d/1460)/7+1; } #perl -MAcme::Tools -le 'print "$_ ".tms($_."0501","day",1) for 2015..2026' sub tms { return undef if @_>1 and not defined $_[1]; #time=undef => undef if(@_==1){ my $isnum=$_[0]=~$Re_isnum; my @lt=$isnum?localtime($_[0]):localtime(); $isnum and return sprintf('%04d%02d%02d-%02d:%02d:%02d',1900+$lt[5],1+$lt[4],@lt[3,2,1,0]); $_[0] eq 'YYYYMMDD' and return sprintf('%04d%02d%02d', 1900+$lt[5],1+$lt[4],$lt[3]); $_[0] eq 'YYYY' and return 1900+$lt[5]; } my($format,$time,$is_date)=@_; $time=time_fp() if !defined$time; ($time,$format)=($format,$time) if @_>=2 and $format=~/^[\d+\:\-\.]+$/; #swap /hm/ my @lt=localtime($time); #todo? $is_date=0 if $time=~s/^\@(\-?\d)/$1/; #@n where n is sec since epoch makes it clear that its not a formatted, as in `date` #todo? date --date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri' #`info date` # Fri Nov 13 18:00:00 CET 2015 #date --date="next Friday" #--date or -d #date --date="last friday" #date --date="2 days ago" #date --date="yesterday" #or tomorrow #date --date="-1 day" #date --date='10 week' if( $is_date ){ my $yy2c=sub{10+$_[0]>$lt[5]%100?"20":"19"}; #hm 10+ $time=totime(&$yy2c($1)."$1$2$3")."000000" if $time=~/^(\d\d)(\d\d)(\d\d)$/; $time=totime("$1$2${3}000000") if $time=~/^((?:18|19|20)\d\d)(\d\d)(\d\d)$/; #hm 18-20? } else { $time = yyyymmddhh24miss_time("$1$2$3$4$5$6") #yyyymmddhh24miss_time ??? if $time=~/^((?:19|20|18)\d\d) #yyyy (0[1-9]|1[012]) #mm (0[1-9]|[12]\d|3[01]) \-? #dd ([01]\d|2[0-3]) \:? #hh24 ([0-5]\d) \:? #mi ([0-5]\d) $/x; #ss } tms_init() if !$_tms_inited; return sprintf("%04d%02d%02d-%02d:%02d:%02d",1900+$lt[5],1+$lt[4],@lt[3,2,1,0]) if !$format; my %p=('%'=>'%', a=>'Dy', A=>'Day', b=>'Mon', b=>'Month', c=>'Dy Mon D HH:MI:SS YYYY', C=>'CC', d=>'DD', D=>'MM/DD/YY', e=>'D', F=>'YYYY-MM-DD', #G=>'', h=>'Month', H=>'HH24', I=>'HH12', j=>'DoY', #day of year k=>'H24', _H=>'H24', l=>'H12', _I=>'H12', m=>'MM', M=>'MI', n=>"\n", #N=>'NS', #sprintf%09d,1e9*(time_fp()-time()) #000000000..999999999 p=>'AM', #AM|PM upper (yes, opposite: date +%H%M%S%P%p) P=>'am', #am|pm lower S=>'SS', t=>"\t", T=>'HH24:MI:SS', u=>'DoW', #day of week 1..7, 1=mon 7=sun w=>'DoW0', #day of week 0..6, 1=mon 0=sun #U=>'WoYs', #week num of year 00..53, sunday as first day of week #V=>'UKE', #ISO week num of year 01..53, monday as first day of week #W=>'WoYm', #week num of year 00..53, monday as first day of week, not ISO! #x=>$ENV{locale's date representation}, #e.g. MM/DD/YY #X=>$ENV{locale's time representation}, #e.g. HH/MI/SS y=>'YY', Y=>'YYYY', #z=>'TZHHMI', #time zone hour minute e.g. -0430 #':z'=>'TZHH:MI', #'::z'=>'TZHH:MI:SS', #':::z'=>'TZ', #number of :'s necessary precision, e.g. -02 or +03:30 #Z=>'TZN', #e.g. CET, EDT, ... ); my $pkeys=join"|",keys%p; $format=~s,\%($pkeys),$p{$1},g; $format=~s/($Tms_pattern)/$Tms_str{$1}[1+$lt[$Tms_str{$1}[0]]]/g; $format=~s/YYYY / 1900+$lt[5] /gxe; $format=~s/(\s?)yyyy / $lt[5]==(localtime)[5]?"":$1.(1900+$lt[5])/gxe; $format=~s/YY / sprintf("%02d",$lt[5]%100) /gxei; $format=~s|CC | sprintf("%02d",(1900+$lt[5])/100) |gxei; $format=~s/MM / sprintf("%02d",$lt[4]+1) /gxe; $format=~s/mm / sprintf("%d",$lt[4]+1) /gxe; $format=~s,M/ , ($lt[4]+1).'/' ,gxe; $format=~s,/M , '/'.($lt[4]+1) ,gxe; $format=~s/DD / sprintf("%02d",$lt[3]) /gxe; $format=~s/d0w|dow0 / $lt[6] /gxei; $format=~s/dow / $lt[6]?$lt[6]:7 /gxei; $format=~s/d0y|doy0 / $lt[7] /gxei; #0-364 (365 leap) $format=~s/doy / $lt[7]+1 /gxei; #1-365 (366 leap) $format=~s/D(?![AaGgYyEeNn]) / $lt[3] /gxe; #EN pga desember og wednesday $format=~s/dd / sprintf("%d",$lt[3]) /gxe; $format=~s/hh12|HH12 / sprintf("%02d",$lt[2]<13?$lt[2]||12:$lt[2]-12)/gxe; $format=~s/HH24|HH24|HH|hh / sprintf("%02d",$lt[2]) /gxe; $format=~s/MI / sprintf("%02d",$lt[1]) /gxei; $format=~s{SS\.([1-9]) }{ sprintf("%0*.$1f",3+$1,$lt[0]+(repl($time,qr/^[^\.]+/)||0)) }gxei; $format=~s/SS(?:\.0)? / sprintf("%02d",$lt[0]) /gxei; $format=~s/(?:am|pm|apm|xm) / $lt[2]<13 ? 'am' : 'pm' /gxe; $format=~s/(?:AM|PM|APM|XM) / $lt[2]<13 ? 'AM' : 'PM' /gxe; $format=~s/WWI|WW / sprintf("%02d",weeknum($time)) /gxei; $format=~s/W / weeknum($time) /gxei; $format; } =head2 easter Input: A year (a four digit number) Output: array of two numbers: day and month of Easter Sunday that year. Month 3 means March and 4 means April. sub easter { use integer;my$Y=shift;my$C=$Y/100;my$L=($C-$C/4-($C-($C-17)/25)/3+$Y%19*19+15)%30; (($L-=$L>28||($L>27?1-(21-$Y%19)/11:0))-=($Y+$Y/4+$L+2-$C+$C/4)%7)<4?($L+28,3):($L-3,4) } ...is a "golfed" version of Oudins algorithm (1940) L (see also http://www.smart.net/~mmontes/ec-cal.html ) Valid for any Gregorian year. Dates repeat themselves after 70499183 lunations = 2081882250 days = ca 5699845 years. However, our planet will by then have a different rotation and spin time... Example: ( $day, $month ) = easter( 2012 ); # $day == 8 and $month == 4 Example 2: my @e=map sprintf("%02d%02d", reverse(easter($_))), 1800..300000; print "First: ".min(@e)." Last: ".max(@e)."\n"; # First: 0322 Last: 0425 Note: The Spencer Jones formula differs Oudins used in C in some years before 1498. However, in that period the Julian calendar with a different formula was used anyway. Countries introduced the current Gregorian calendar between 1583 and 1926. =cut sub easter { use integer;my$Y=shift;my$C=$Y/100;my$L=($C-$C/4-($C-($C-17)/25)/3+$Y%19*19+15)%30; (($L-=$L>28||($L>27?1-(21-$Y%19)/11:0))-=($Y+$Y/4+$L+2-$C+$C/4)%7)<4?($L+28,3):($L-3,4) } =head2 time_fp No input arguments. Return the same number as perls C except with decimals (fractions of a second, _fp as in floating point number). print time_fp(),"\n"; print time(),"\n"; Could write: 1116776232.38632 ...if that is the time now. Or just: 1116776232 ...from perl's internal C if C isn't installed and available. =cut sub time_fp { # {return 0+gettimeofday} is just as well? eval{ require Time::HiRes } or return time(); my($sec,$mic)=Time::HiRes::gettimeofday(); return $sec+$mic/1e6; #1e6 not portable? } sub timems { eval{ require Time::HiRes } or return time(); my($sec,$mic)=Time::HiRes::gettimeofday(); return $sec*1000+$mic/1e3; } =head2 sleep_fp sleep_fp() work as the built in C<< sleep() >> but also accepts fractional seconds: sleep_fp(0.020); # sleeps for 20 milliseconds Sub sleep_fp do a C, thus it might take some extra time the first call. To avoid that, add C<< use Time::HiRes >> to your code. Sleep_fp should not be trusted for accuracy to more than a tenth of a second. Virtual machines tend to be less accurate (sleep longer) than physical ones. This was tested on VMware and RHEL (Linux). See also L. =head2 sleeps =head2 sleepms =head2 sleepus =head2 sleepns sleep_fp(0.020); #sleeps for 20 milliseconds sleeps(0.020); #sleeps for 20 milliseconds, sleeps() is a synonym to sleep_fp() sleepms(20); #sleeps for 20 milliseconds sleepus(20000); #sleeps for 20000 microseconds = 20 milliseconds sleepns(20000000); #sleeps for 20 million nanoseconds = 20 milliseconds =cut sub sleep_fp { eval{require Time::HiRes} or (sleep(shift()),return);Time::HiRes::sleep(shift()) } sub sleeps { eval{require Time::HiRes} or (sleep(shift()),return);Time::HiRes::sleep(shift()) } sub sleepms { eval{require Time::HiRes} or (sleep(shift()/1e3),return);Time::HiRes::sleep(shift()/1e3) } sub sleepus { eval{require Time::HiRes} or (sleep(shift()/1e6),return);Time::HiRes::sleep(shift()/1e6) } sub sleepns { eval{require Time::HiRes} or (sleep(shift()/1e9),return);Time::HiRes::sleep(shift()/1e9) } =head2 eta Estimated time of arrival (ETA). for(@files){ ...do work on file... my $eta = eta( ++$i, 0+@files ); # file now, number of files print "" . localtime($eta); } TODO: eta is borken and out of wack, good idea?: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalman_filter =head2 etahhmm ...NOT YET =cut our %Eta; our $Eta_forgetfulness=2; sub eta { my($id,$pos,$end,$time_fp)=( @_==2 ? (join(";",caller()),@_) : @_ ); $time_fp||=time_fp(); my $a=$Eta{$id}||=[]; push @$a, [$pos,$time_fp]; @$a=@$a[map$_*2,0..@$a/2] if @$a>40; #hm 40 splice(@$a,-2,1) if @$a>1 and $$a[-2][0]==$$a[-1][0]; #same pos as last return undef if @$a<2; my @eta; for(2..@$a){ push @eta, $$a[-1][1] + ($end-$$a[-1][0]) * ($$a[-1][1]-$$a[-$_][1])/($$a[-1][0]-$$a[-$_][0]); } my($sum,$sumw,$w)=(0,0,1); for(@eta){ $sum+=$w*$_; $sumw+=$w; $w/=$Eta_forgetfulness; } my $avg=$sum/$sumw; return $avg; # return avg(@eta); #return $$a[-1][1] + ($end-$$a[-1][0]) * ($$a[-1][1]-$$a[-2][1])/($$a[-1][0]-$$a[-2][0]); 1; } =head2 sleep_until sleep_until(0.5) sleeps until half a second has passed since the last call to sleep_until. This example starts the next job excactly ten seconds after the last job started even if the last job lasted for a while (but not more than ten seconds): for(@jobs){ sleep_until(10); print localtime()."\n"; ...heavy job.... } Might print: Thu Jan 12 16:00:00 2012 Thu Jan 12 16:00:10 2012 Thu Jan 12 16:00:20 2012 ...and so on even if the C<< ...heavy job... >>-part takes more than a second to complete. Whereas if sleep(10) was used, each job would spend more than ten seconds in average since the work time would be added to sleep(10). Note: sleep_until() will remember the time of ANY last call of this sub, not just the one on the same line in the source code (this might change in the future). The first call to sleep_until() will be the same as sleep_fp() or Perl's own sleep() if the argument is an integer. =cut our $Time_last_sleep_until; sub sleep_until { my $s=@_==1?shift():0; my $time=time_fp(); my $sleep=$s-($time-nvl($Time_last_sleep_until,0)); $Time_last_sleep_until=time; sleep_fp($sleep) if $sleep>0; } my %thr; sub throttle { my($times,$mintime,$what)=@_; $what||=join(":",@{[caller(1)]}[3,2]); $thr{$what}||=[]; my $thr=$thr{$what}; push @$thr,time_fp(); return if @$thr<$times; my $since=$$thr[-1]-shift(@$thr); my $sleep=$since<$mintime?$mintime-$since:0; sleep_fp($sleep); return $sleep; } =head2 leapyear B A year. A four digit number. B True (1) or false (0) of whether the year is a leap year or not. (Uses current calendar even for periods before leapyears was used). print join(", ",grep leapyear($_), 1900..2014)."\n"; 1904, 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 Note: 1900 is not a leap year, but 2000 is. Years divided by 100 is a leap year only if it can be divided by 400. =cut sub leapyear{$_[0]%400?$_[0]%100?$_[0]%4?0:1:0:1} #bool #http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance#Perl our %ldist_cache; sub ldist { my($s,$t,$l) = @_; return length($t) if !$s; return length($s) if !$t; %ldist_cache=() if !$l and 1000<0+%ldist_cache; $ldist_cache{$s,$t} ||= do { my($s1,$t1) = ( substr($s,1), substr($t,1) ); substr($s,0,1) eq substr($t,0,1) ? ldist($s1,$t1) : 1 + min( ldist($s1,$t1,1+$l), ldist($s,$t1,1+$l), ldist($s1,$t,1+$l) ); }; } =head1 OTHER =head2 nvl The I function (or I function) C takes two or more arguments. (Oracles nvl-function take just two) Returns the value of the first input argument with length() > 0. Return I if there is no such input argument. In perl 5.10 and perl 6 this will most often be easier with the C< // > operator, although C and C<< // >> treats empty strings C<""> differently. Sub nvl here considers empty strings and undef the same. =cut sub nvl { return $_[0] if defined $_[0] and length($_[0]) or @_==1; return $_[1] if @_==2; return nvl(@_[1..$#_]) if @_>2; return undef; } =head2 decode_num See L. =head2 decode C and C works just as Oracles C. C and C accordingly uses perl operators C and C<==> for comparison. Examples: my $a=123; print decode($a, 123,3, 214,4, $a); # prints 3 print decode($a, 123=>3, 214=>4, $a); # prints 3, same thing since => is synonymous to comma in Perl The first argument is tested against the second, fourth, sixth and so on, and then the third, fifth, seventh and so on is returned if decode() finds an equal string or number. In the above example: 123 maps to 3, 124 maps to 4 and the last argument $a is returned elsewise. More examples: my $a=123; print decode($a, 123=>3, 214=>7, $a); # also 3, note that => is synonym for , (comma) in perl print decode($a, 122=>3, 214=>7, $a); # prints 123 print decode($a, 123.0 =>3, 214=>7); # prints 3 print decode($a, '123.0'=>3, 214=>7); # prints nothing (undef), no last argument default value here print decode_num($a, 121=>3, 221=>7, '123.0','b'); # prints b Sort of: decode($string, %conversion, $default); The last argument is returned as a default if none of the keys in the keys/value-pairs matched. A more perl-ish and often faster way of doing the same: {123=>3, 214=>7}->{$a} || $a # (beware of 0) =cut sub decode { croak "Must have a mimimum of two arguments" if @_<2; my $uttrykk=shift; if(defined$uttrykk){ shift eq $uttrykk and return shift or shift for 1..@_/2 } else { !defined shift and return shift or shift for 1..@_/2 } return shift; } sub decode_num { croak "Must have a mimimum of two arguments" if @_<2; my $uttrykk=shift; if(defined$uttrykk){ shift == $uttrykk and return shift or shift for 1..@_/2 } else { !defined shift and return shift or shift for 1..@_/2 } return shift; } =head2 qrlist Input: An array of values to be used to test againts for existence. Output: A reference to a regular expression. That is a C The regex sets $1 if it match. Example: my @list=qw/ABc XY DEF DEFG XYZ/; my $filter=qrlist("ABC","DEF","XY."); # makes a regex of it qr/^(\QABC\E|\QDEF\E|\QXY.\E)$/ my @filtered= grep { $_ =~ $filter } @list; # returns DEF and XYZ, but not XYZ because the . char is taken literally Note: Filtering with hash lookups are WAY faster. Source: sub qrlist (@) { my $str=join"|",map quotemeta, @_; qr/^($str)$/ } =cut sub qrlist (@) { my $str=join"|",map quotemeta,@_; return qr/^($str)$/; } =head2 ansicolor Perhaps easier to use than L ? B One argument. A string where the char C<¤> have special meaning and is replaced by color codings depending on the letter following the C<¤>. B The same string, but with C<¤letter> replaced by ANSI color codes respected by many types terminal windows. (xterm, telnet, ssh, telnet, rlog, vt100, cygwin, rxvt and such...). B ¤r red ¤g green ¤b blue ¤y yellow ¤m magenta ¤B bold ¤u underline ¤c clear ¤¤ reset, quits and returns to default text color. B print ansicolor("This is maybe ¤ggreen¤¤?"); Prints I where the word I is shown in green. If L is not installed or not found, returns the input string with every C<¤> including the following code letters removed. (That is: ansicolor is safe to use even if Term::ANSIColor is not installed, you just don't get the colors). See also L. =cut sub ansicolor { my $txt=shift; eval{require Term::ANSIColor} or return replace($txt,qr/¤./); my %h=qw/r red g green b blue y yellow m magenta B bold u underline c clear ¤ reset/; my $re=join"|",keys%h; $txt=~s/¤($re)/Term::ANSIColor::color($h{$1})/ge; return $txt; } =head2 ccn_ok Checks if a Credit Card number (CCN) has correct control digits according to the LUHN-algorithm from 1960. This method of control digits is used by MasterCard, Visa, American Express, Discover, Diners Club / Carte Blanche, JCB and others. B A credit card number. Can contain non-digits, but they are removed internally before checking. B Something true or false. Or more accurately: Returns C (false) if the input argument is missing digits. Returns 0 (zero, which is false) is the digits is not correct according to the LUHN algorithm. Returns 1 or the name of a credit card company (true either way) if the last digit is an ok control digit for this ccn. The name of the credit card company is returned like this (without the C<'> character) Returns (wo '') Starts on Number of digits ------------------------------ ------------------------ ---------------- 'MasterCard' 51-55 16 'Visa' 4 13 eller 16 'American Express' 34 eller 37 15 'Discover' 6011 16 'Diners Club / Carte Blanche' 300-305, 36 eller 38 14 'JCB' 3 16 'JCB' 2131 eller 1800 15 And should perhaps have had: 'enRoute' 2014 eller 2149 15 ...but that card uses either another control algorithm or no control digits at all. So C is never returned here. If the control digits is valid, but the input does not match anything in the column C, 1 is returned. (This is also the same control digit mechanism used in Norwegian KID numbers on payment bills) The first digit in a credit card number is supposed to tell what "industry" the card is meant for: MII Digit Value Issuer Category --------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- 0 ISO/TC 68 and other industry assignments 1 Airlines 2 Airlines and other industry assignments 3 Travel and entertainment 4 Banking and financial 5 Banking and financial 6 Merchandizing and banking 7 Petroleum 8 Telecommunications and other industry assignments 9 National assignment ...although this has no meaning to C. The first six digits is I, that is the bank (probably). The rest in the "account number", except the last digits, which is the control digit. Max length on credit card numbers are 19 digits. =cut sub ccn_ok { my $ccn=shift(); #credit card number $ccn=~s/\D+//g; if(KID_ok($ccn)){ return "MasterCard" if $ccn=~/^5[1-5]\d{14}$/; return "Visa" if $ccn=~/^4\d{12}(?:\d{3})?$/; return "American Express" if $ccn=~/^3[47]\d{13}$/; return "Discover" if $ccn=~/^6011\d{12}$/; return "Diners Club / Carte Blanche" if $ccn=~/^3(?:0[0-5]\d{11}|[68]\d{12})$/; return "JCB" if $ccn=~/^(?:3\d{15}|(?:2131|1800)\d{11})$/; return 1; } #return "enRoute" if $ccn=~/^(?:2014|2149)\d{11}$/; #ikke LUHN-krav? return 0; } =head2 KID_ok Checks if a norwegian KID number has an ok control digit. To check if a customer has typed the number correctly. This uses the LUHN algorithm (also known as mod-10) from 1960 which is also used internationally in control digits for credit card numbers, and Canadian social security ID numbers as well. The algorithm, as described in Phrack (47-8) (a long time hacker online publication): "For a card with an even number of digits, double every odd numbered digit and subtract 9 if the product is greater than 9. Add up all the even digits as well as the doubled-odd digits, and the result must be a multiple of 10 or it's not a valid card. If the card has an odd number of digits, perform the same addition doubling the even numbered digits instead." B A KID-nummer. Must consist of digits 0-9 only, otherwise a die (croak) happens. B - Returns undef if the input argument is missing. - Returns 0 if the control digit (the last digit) does not satify the LUHN/mod-10 algorithm. - Returns 1 if ok B L =cut sub KID_ok { croak "Non-numeric argument" if $_[0]=~/\D/; my @k=split//,shift or return undef; my $s;$s+=pop(@k)+[qw/0 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9/]->[pop@k] while @k; $s%10==0?1:0; } =head2 range B One or more numeric arguments: First: x (first returned element) Second: y (up to y but not including y) Third: step, default 1. The step between each returned element If a fourth, fifth and so on arguments are given, they change the step for each returned element. As first derivative, second derivative. B If one argument: returns the array C<(0 .. x-1)> If two arguments: returns the array C<(x .. y-1)> If three arguments: The default step is 1. Use a third argument to use a different step. B print join ",", range(11); # prints 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 (but not 11) print join ",", range(2,11); # 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 (but not 11) print join ",", range(11,2,-1); # 11,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3 print join ",", range(2,11,3); # 2,5,8 print join ",", range(11,2,-3); # 11,8,5 print join ",", range(11,2,+3); # prints nothing print join ", ",range(2,11,1,0.1); # 2, 3, 4.1, 5.3, 6.6, 8, 9.5 adds 0.1 to step each time print join ", ",range(2,11,1,0.1,-0.01); # 2, 3, 4.1, 5.29, 6.56, 7.9, 9.3, 10.75 Note: In the Python language and others, C is a build in iterator (a generator), not an array. This saves memory for large sets and sometimes time. Use C in L to get a similar lazy generator in Perl. =cut sub range { return _range_accellerated(@_) if @_>3; #see below my($x,$y,$jump)=@_; return ( 0 .. $x-1 ) if @_==1; return ( $x .. $y-1 ) if @_==2; croak "Wrong number of arguments or jump==0" if @_!=3 or $jump==0; my @r; if($jump>0){ while($x<$y){ push @r, $x; $x+=$jump } } else { while($x>$y){ push @r, $x; $x+=$jump } } return @r; } #jumps derivative, double der., trippled der usw sub _range_accellerated { my($x,$y,@jump)=@_; my @r; my $test = $jump[0]>=0 ? sub{$x<$y} : sub{$x>$y}; while(&$test()){ push @r, $x; $x+=$jump[0]; $jump[$_-1]+=$jump[$_] for 1..$#jump; } return @r; } =head2 globr Works like and uses Perls builtin C<< glob() >> but adds support for ranges with C<< {from..to} >> and C<< {from..to..step} >>. Like brace expansion in bash. Examples: my @arr = glob "X{a,b,c,d}Z"; # @arr now have four elements: XaZ XbZ XcZ XdZ my @arr = globr "X{a,b,c,d}Z"; # same as above my @arr = globr "X{a..d}Z"; # same as above my @arr = globr "X{a..f..2}"; # step 2, returns array: Xa Xc Xe my @arr = globr "{aa..bz..13}Z"; # aaZ anZ baZ bnZ my @arr = globr "{1..12}b"; # 1b 2b 3b 4b 5b 6b 7b 8b 9b 10b 11b 12b my @arr = globr "{01..11}b"; # 01b 02b 03b 04b 05b 06b 07b 08b 09b 10b 11b (keep leading zero) my @arr = globr "{01..12..3}b"; # 01b 04b 07b 10b =cut sub globr($) { my $p=shift; $p=~s{ \{(-?\w+)\.\.(-?\w+)(\.\.(-?\d+))?\} }{ my $i=0; my @r=$1 le $2 ? ($1..$2) : reverse($2..$1); @r=grep !($i++%$4),@r if $4; "{" . join(",",@r) . "}" }xeg; glob $p; } =head2 permutations How many ways (permutations) can six people be placed around a table: One person: one way Two persons: two ways (they can swap places) Three persons: 6 Four persons: 24 Five persons: 120 Six persons: 720 The formula is C where the postfix unary operator C, also known as I is defined as: C. Example: C<5! = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 120>.Run this to see the 100 first C<< n! >> perl -MAcme::Tools -le'$i=big(1);print "$_!=",$i*=$_ for 1..100' 1! = 1 2! = 2 3! = 6 4! = 24 5! = 120 6! = 720 7! = 5040 8! = 40320 9! = 362880 10! = 3628800 . . . 100! = 93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000 C takes a list and return a list of arrayrefs for each of the permutations of the input list: permutations('a','b'); #returns (['a','b'],['b','a']) permutations('a','b','c'); #returns (['a','b','c'],['a','c','b'], # ['b','a','c'],['b','c','a'], # ['c','a','b'],['c','b','a']) Up to five input arguments C is probably as fast as it can be in this pure perl implementation (see source). For more than five, it could be faster. How fast is it now: Running with different n, this many time took that many seconds: n times seconds -- ------- --------- 2 100000 0.32 3 10000 0.09 4 10000 0.33 5 1000 0.18 6 100 0.27 7 10 0.21 8 1 0.17 9 1 1.63 10 1 17.00 If the first argument is a coderef, that sub will be called for each permutation and the return from those calls with be the real return from C. For example this: print for permutations(sub{join"",@_},1..3); ...will print the same as: print for map join("",@$_), permutations(1..3); ...but the first of those two uses less RAM if 3 has been say 9. Changing 3 with 10, and many computers hasn't enough memory for the latter. The examples prints: 123 132 213 231 312 321 If you just want to say calculate something on each permutation, but is not interested in the list of them, you just don't take the return. That is: my $ant; permutations(sub{$ant++ if $_[-1]>=$_[0]*2},1..9); ...is the same as: $$_[-1]>=$$_[0]*2 and $ant++ for permutations(1..9); ...but the first uses next to nothing of memory compared to the latter. They have about the same speed. (The examples just counts the permutations where the last number is at least twice as large as the first) C was created to find all combinations of a persons name. This is useful in "fuzzy" name searches with L if you can not be certain what is first, middle and last names. In foreign or unfamiliar names it can be difficult to know that. =cut #TODO: see t/test_perm.pl and t/test_perm2.pl sub permutations { my $code=ref($_[0]) eq 'CODE' ? shift() : undef; $code and @_<6 and return map &$code(@$_),permutations(@_); return [@_] if @_<2; return ([@_[0,1]],[@_[1,0]]) if @_==2; return ([@_[0,1,2]],[@_[0,2,1]],[@_[1,0,2]], [@_[1,2,0]],[@_[2,0,1]],[@_[2,1,0]]) if @_==3; return ([@_[0,1,2,3]],[@_[0,1,3,2]],[@_[0,2,1,3]],[@_[0,2,3,1]], [@_[0,3,1,2]],[@_[0,3,2,1]],[@_[1,0,2,3]],[@_[1,0,3,2]], [@_[1,2,0,3]],[@_[1,2,3,0]],[@_[1,3,0,2]],[@_[1,3,2,0]], [@_[2,0,1,3]],[@_[2,0,3,1]],[@_[2,1,0,3]],[@_[2,1,3,0]], [@_[2,3,0,1]],[@_[2,3,1,0]],[@_[3,0,1,2]],[@_[3,0,2,1]], [@_[3,1,0,2]],[@_[3,1,2,0]],[@_[3,2,0,1]],[@_[3,2,1,0]]) if @_==4; return ([@_[0,1,2,3,4]],[@_[0,1,2,4,3]],[@_[0,1,3,2,4]],[@_[0,1,3,4,2]],[@_[0,1,4,2,3]], [@_[0,1,4,3,2]],[@_[0,2,1,3,4]],[@_[0,2,1,4,3]],[@_[0,2,3,1,4]],[@_[0,2,3,4,1]], [@_[0,2,4,1,3]],[@_[0,2,4,3,1]],[@_[0,3,1,2,4]],[@_[0,3,1,4,2]],[@_[0,3,2,1,4]], [@_[0,3,2,4,1]],[@_[0,3,4,1,2]],[@_[0,3,4,2,1]],[@_[0,4,1,2,3]],[@_[0,4,1,3,2]], [@_[0,4,2,1,3]],[@_[0,4,2,3,1]],[@_[0,4,3,1,2]],[@_[0,4,3,2,1]],[@_[1,0,2,3,4]], [@_[1,0,2,4,3]],[@_[1,0,3,2,4]],[@_[1,0,3,4,2]],[@_[1,0,4,2,3]],[@_[1,0,4,3,2]], [@_[1,2,0,3,4]],[@_[1,2,0,4,3]],[@_[1,2,3,0,4]],[@_[1,2,3,4,0]],[@_[1,2,4,0,3]], [@_[1,2,4,3,0]],[@_[1,3,0,2,4]],[@_[1,3,0,4,2]],[@_[1,3,2,0,4]],[@_[1,3,2,4,0]], [@_[1,3,4,0,2]],[@_[1,3,4,2,0]],[@_[1,4,0,2,3]],[@_[1,4,0,3,2]],[@_[1,4,2,0,3]], [@_[1,4,2,3,0]],[@_[1,4,3,0,2]],[@_[1,4,3,2,0]],[@_[2,0,1,3,4]],[@_[2,0,1,4,3]], [@_[2,0,3,1,4]],[@_[2,0,3,4,1]],[@_[2,0,4,1,3]],[@_[2,0,4,3,1]],[@_[2,1,0,3,4]], [@_[2,1,0,4,3]],[@_[2,1,3,0,4]],[@_[2,1,3,4,0]],[@_[2,1,4,0,3]],[@_[2,1,4,3,0]], [@_[2,3,0,1,4]],[@_[2,3,0,4,1]],[@_[2,3,1,0,4]],[@_[2,3,1,4,0]],[@_[2,3,4,0,1]], [@_[2,3,4,1,0]],[@_[2,4,0,1,3]],[@_[2,4,0,3,1]],[@_[2,4,1,0,3]],[@_[2,4,1,3,0]], [@_[2,4,3,0,1]],[@_[2,4,3,1,0]],[@_[3,0,1,2,4]],[@_[3,0,1,4,2]],[@_[3,0,2,1,4]], [@_[3,0,2,4,1]],[@_[3,0,4,1,2]],[@_[3,0,4,2,1]],[@_[3,1,0,2,4]],[@_[3,1,0,4,2]], [@_[3,1,2,0,4]],[@_[3,1,2,4,0]],[@_[3,1,4,0,2]],[@_[3,1,4,2,0]],[@_[3,2,0,1,4]], [@_[3,2,0,4,1]],[@_[3,2,1,0,4]],[@_[3,2,1,4,0]],[@_[3,2,4,0,1]],[@_[3,2,4,1,0]], [@_[3,4,0,1,2]],[@_[3,4,0,2,1]],[@_[3,4,1,0,2]],[@_[3,4,1,2,0]],[@_[3,4,2,0,1]], [@_[3,4,2,1,0]],[@_[4,0,1,2,3]],[@_[4,0,1,3,2]],[@_[4,0,2,1,3]],[@_[4,0,2,3,1]], [@_[4,0,3,1,2]],[@_[4,0,3,2,1]],[@_[4,1,0,2,3]],[@_[4,1,0,3,2]],[@_[4,1,2,0,3]], [@_[4,1,2,3,0]],[@_[4,1,3,0,2]],[@_[4,1,3,2,0]],[@_[4,2,0,1,3]],[@_[4,2,0,3,1]], [@_[4,2,1,0,3]],[@_[4,2,1,3,0]],[@_[4,2,3,0,1]],[@_[4,2,3,1,0]],[@_[4,3,0,1,2]], [@_[4,3,0,2,1]],[@_[4,3,1,0,2]],[@_[4,3,1,2,0]],[@_[4,3,2,0,1]],[@_[4,3,2,1,0]]) if @_==5; my(@r,@p,@c,@i,@n); @i=(0,@_); @p=@c=1..@_; @n=1..@_-1; PERM: while(1){ if($code){if(defined wantarray){push(@r,&$code(@i[@p]))}else{&$code(@i[@p])}}else{push@r,[@i[@p]]} for my$i(@n){splice@p,$i,0,shift@p;next PERM if --$c[$i];$c[$i]=$i+1} return@r } } =head2 perm print @$_,"\n" for perm("a".."c"); # prints six lines: abc acb bac bca cab cba =head2 permute my $c = permute { print @_,"\n" } "a".."c"; # prints six lines: abc acb bac bca cab cba print "count: $c\n"; # prints 6 = 3*2*1 = 3! The permute BLOCK needs to return true (which print does) for permute to continue: my $c = permute { print @_,"\n"; rand()<.5 } "a".."d"; # probably prints less than 24 strings print "count: $c\n"; # prints random number up to 24 = 4*3*2*1 = 4! =head2 permute_continue my @abc = ("a", "b", "c"); my @start = ("b", "a", "c"); # starting sequence to continue from my $c = permute_continue { print @_,"\n" } \@abc, \@start; # prints four lines: bac bca cab cba my $c = permute { print @_,"\n" } \@abc, \@start; # same, =permute_continue when coreref+arrayref+arrayref print "count: $c\n"; # prints 6-2 = 3*2*1-2 = 3!-2 The permute BLOCK needs to return true (which print does) for permute to continue: my $c = permute { print @_,"\n"; rand()<.5 } "a".."d"; # probably prints less than 24 strings print "count: $c\n"; # prints random number up to 24 = 4*3*2*1 = 4! =cut sub perm { my(@i,@r) = 0..$#_; @_ || return; while ( push @r, [@_[@i]] ) { my $p = $#i || last; --$p || last while $i[$p-1] > $i[$p]; push @i, reverse splice @i, my$q=$p; ++$q while $i[$p-1] > $i[$q]; @i[$p-1,$q] = @i[$q,$p-1]; } @r } sub permute (&@) { return permute_continue(@_) if 'CODE,ARRAY,ARRAY' eq join',',map ref,@_; my $f = shift; my @i = 0..$#_; my $n = 0; @_ || do{ &$f(@_); return 0 }; while ( ++$n and &$f(@_[@i]) ) { my $p = $#i || last; --$p || last while $i[$p-1] > $i[$p]; push @i, reverse splice @i, my$q=$p; ++$q while $i[$p-1] > $i[$q]; @i[$p-1,$q] = @i[$q,$p-1]; } $n; } #Fischer-Krause permutation starting from a specific sequence, for example to farm out permute to more than one process sub permute_continue (&\@\@) { my ($f,$begin,$from) = @_; my %h; @h{@$begin} = 0 .. $#$begin; my @idx = @h{@$from}; my $n = 0; while ( ++$n and &$f(@$begin[@idx]) ) { my $p = $#idx || last; --$p || last while $idx[$p-1] > $idx[$p]; push @idx, reverse splice @idx, my$q=$p; ++$q while $idx[$p-1] > $idx[$q]; @idx[$p-1,$q]=@idx[$q,$p-1]; } $n } =head2 cart Cartesian product B Input: two or more arrayrefs with accordingly x, y, z and so on number of elements. Output: An array of x * y * z number of arrayrefs. The arrays being the cartesian product of the input arrays. It can be useful to think of this as joins in SQL. In C
,g; my @data=ht2t($data,"Alphabetical order"); shift @data; @data=map "$$_[1] ".($$_[4]>1e-2?$$_[4]:$$_[2]?sprintf("%.8f",$amount/$$_[2]):0)."\n",@data; my %data=map split,@data; my $json=qx( $exe{curl} -s https://api.coinmarketcap.com/v1/ticker/ ); eval "require JSON;"; croak if $@; my $arr=JSON::decode_json($json); for my $c (qw(BTC LTC XBT ETH XRP BCH ETC)) { my @a=grep$$_{symbol} eq $c,@$arr; next if @a != 1 or !$a[0]{price_usd}; push @data, "$c ".($a[0]{price_usd}*$data{USD})."\n"; } #die srlz(\@data,'data'); print $F sort(@data); close($F); qx($exe{ci} -l -m. -d $fn) if -w"$fn,v"; } sub ftype { my $f=shift; -e $f and -f$f ? 'file' # -f File is a plain file. :-d$f ? 'dir' # -d File is a directory. :-l$f ? 'symlink' # -l File is a symbolic link. :-p$f ? 'pipe' # -p File is a named pipe (FIFO), or Filehandle is a pipe. :-S$f ? 'socket' # -S File is a socket. :-b$f ? 'blockfile' # -b File is a block special file. :-c$f ? 'charfile' # -c File is a character special file. :-t$f ? 'ttyfile' # -t Filehandle is opened to a tty. : '' or undef; } sub ext2mime { my $ext=shift(); #or filename #http://www.sitepoint.com/web-foundations/mime-types-complete-list/ croak "todo: ext2mime not yet implemented"; #return "application/json";#feks } sub base64 ($;$) { # if ($] >= 5.006) { require bytes; croak "base64 failed: only defined for bytes" if bytes::length($_[0]) > length($_[0]) or $] >= 5.008 && $_[0] =~ /[^\0-\xFF]/ } my $eol=defined$_[1]?$_[1]:"\n"; my $res=pack("u",$_[0]); $res=~s/^.//mg; $res=~s/\n//g; $res=~tr|` -_|AA-Za-z0-9+/|; my $pad=(3-length($_[0])%3)%3; $res=~s/.{$pad}$/'=' x $pad/e if $pad; $res=~s/(.{1,76})/$1$eol/g if length($eol); #todo !=76 $res; } our $Fix_unbase64=0; sub unbase64 ($) { my $s=shift; $s=~tr,0-9a-zA-Z+=/,,cd; if($Fix_unbase64){ $s.='=' while length($s)%4 } croak "unbase64 failed: length ".length($s)." not multiple of 4" if length($s)%4; $s=~s/=+$//; $s=~tr|A-Za-z0-9+/| -_|; length($s) ? unpack("u",join'',map(chr(32+length($_)*3/4).$_,$s=~/(.{1,60})/gs)) : ""; } =head1 COMMANDS =head2 install_acme_command_tools sudo perl -MAcme::Tools -e install_acme_command_tools Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/conv Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/due Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/xcat Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/freq Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/deldup Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/ccmd Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/z2z Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/2gz Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/2gzip Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/2bz2 Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/2bzip2 Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/2xz Wrote executable /usr/local/bin/resubst Examples of commands then made available: conv 1 USD EUR #might show 0.88029 if thats the current currency rate. Uses conv() conv .5 in cm #reveals that 1/2 inch is 1.27 cm, see doc on conv() for all supported units due [-h] /path/1/ /path/2/ #like du, but show statistics on file extentions instead of subdirs xcat file #like cat, zcat, bzcat or xzcat in one. Uses file extention to decide. Uses openstr() freq file #reads file(s) or stdin and view counts of each byte 0-255 ccmd grep string /huge/file #caches stdout+stderr for 15 minutes (default) for much faster results later ccmd "sleep 2;echo hello" #slow first time. Note the quotes! ccmd "du -s ~/*|sort -n|tail" #ccmd store stdout+stderr in /tmp files (default) z2z [-pvk1-9oe -t type] files #convert from/to .gz/bz2/xz files, -p progress, -v verbose (output result), #-k keep org file, -o overwrite, 1-9 compression degree, -e for xz does "extreme" #compressions, very slow. For some data types this reduces size significantly #2xz and 2bz2 depends on xz and bzip2 being installed on system 2xz #same as z2z with -t xz 2bz2 #same as z2z with -t bz2 2gz #same as z2z with -t gz rttop trunc file(s) wipe file(s) =head3 z2z =head3 2xz =head3 2bz2 =head3 2gz The commands C<2xz>, C<2bz2> and C<2gz> are just synonyms for C with an implicitly added option C<-t xz>, C<-t xz> or C<-t gz> accordingly. z2z [-p -k -v -o -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 ] files Converts (recompresses) files from one compression type to another. For instance from .gz to .bz2 Keeps uid, gid, mode (chmod) and mtime. -p Show a progress meter using the pv program if installed -k Keeps original file -v Verbose, shows info on degree of compression and file number if more than one file is being converted -o Overwrites existing result file, otherwise stop with error msg -1 .. -9 Degree of compression, -1 fastest .. -9 best -e With -t xz (or 2xz) passes -e to xz (-9e = extreme compression) -L rate With -p. Slow down, ex: -L 200K means 200 kilobytes per second -D sec With -p. Only turn on progress meter (pv) after x seconds -i sec With -p. Info update rate -l With -p. Line mode -I With -p. Show ETA as time of arrival as well as time left -q With -p. Quiet. Useful with -L to limit rate, but no output The options -L -D -i -l -I -q implicitly turns on -p. Those options are passed through to pv. See: man pv. =head3 due Like C command but views space used by file extentions instead of dirs. Options: due [-options] [dirs] [files] due -h View bytes "human readable", i.e. C<8.72 MB> instead of C<9145662 b> (bytes) due -k | -m View bytes in kilobytes | megabytes (1024 | 1048576) due -K Like -k but uses 1000 instead of 1024 due -z View two extentions if .z .Z .gz .bz2 .rz or .xz (.tar.gz, not just .gz) due -M Also show min, medium and max date (mtime) of files, give an idea of their age due -C Like -M, but create time instead (ctime) due -A Like -M, but access time instead (atime) due -P Also show 10, 50 (medium) and 90 percentile of file date due -MP Both -M and -P, shows min, 10p, 50p, 90p and max due -a Sort output alphabetically by extention (default order is by size) due -c Sort output by number of files due -i Ignore case, .GZ and .gz is the same, output in lower case due -t Adds time of day to -M and -P output due -e 'regex' Exclude files (full path) matching regex. Ex: due -e '\.git' TODO: due -l TODO: Exclude hardlinks (dont count "same" file more than once, "man du") ls -l | due Parses output of ls -l, find -ls, tar tvf for size+filename and reports find | due List of filenames from stdin produces same as just command 'due' ls | due Reports on just files in current dir without recursing into subdirs =head3 finddup Find duplicate files. Three steps to speed this up in case of many large files: 1) Find files of same size, 2) of those: find files with the same first 8 kilobytes, 3) of those: find duplicate files by finding the MD5sums of the whole files. finddup [-d -s -h] paths/ files/* ... #reports (+deletes with -d) duplicate files #-s for symlinkings dups, -h for hardlink finddup # print duplicate files, might be filenames and directories finddup -a # print duplicate files, also print the first file finddup -d # delete duplicate files, use -v to also print them before deletion finddup -s # make symbolic links of duplicate files finddup -h # make hard links of duplicate files finddup -v ... # verbose, print before -d, -s or -h finddup -n -d # dry run: show rm commands without actually running them finddup -n -s # dry run: show ln commands to make symlinks of duplicate files todo:NEEDS FIX! finddup -n -h # dry run: show ln commands to make hard links of duplicate files finddup -q ... # quiet finddup -k o # keep oldest with -d, -s, -h, consider newer files duplicates finddup -k n # keep newest with -d, -s, -h, consider older files duplicates finddup -k O # same as -k o, just use access time instead of modify time finddup -k N # same as -k n, just use access time instead of modify time finddup -0 ... # use ascii 0 instead of the normal \n, for xargs -0 finddup -P n # use n bytes from start of file in 1st md5 check (default 8192) finddup -p # view progress in last and slowest of the three steps Default ordering of files without C<-k n> or C<-k o> is the order they are mentioned on the command line. For directory args the order might be random: use C<< dir/* >> to avoid that (but then dot files are not included). =cut sub install_acme_command_tools { my $dir=(grep -d$_, @_, '/usr/local/bin', '/usr/bin')[0]; for( qw( conv due xcat freq finddup ccmd trunc wipe rttop z2z 2gz 2gzip 2bz2 2bzip2 2xz resubst zsize) ){ unlink("$dir/$_"); writefile("$dir/$_", "#!$^X\nuse Acme::Tools;\nAcme::Tools::cmd_$_(\@ARGV);\n"); sys("/bin/chmod +x $dir/$_"); #hm umask print "Wrote executable $dir/$_\n"; } } sub cmd_conv { print conv(@ARGV)."\n" } our @Due_fake_stdin; #TODO: output from tar tvf and ls and find -ls sub cmd_due { my %o; my @argv=opts("zkKmhciMCAPate:lE:t",\%o,@_); require File::Find; no warnings 'uninitialized'; die"$0: -l not implemented yet\n" if $o{l}; #man du: default is not to count hardlinks more than once, with -l it does die"$0: -h, -k or -m can not be used together\n" if $o{h}+$o{k}+$o{m}>1; die"$0: -c and -a can not be used together\n" if $o{a}+$o{c}>1; die"$0: -k and -m can not be used together\n" if $o{k}+$o{m}>1; die"$0: -M, -C, -A can not be used together\n" if $o{M}+$o{C}+$o{A}>1; my(%c,%b,$cnt,$bts,%xtime); my $zext=$o{z}?'(\.(z|Z|gz|bz2|xz|rz|kr|lrz|rz))?':''; $o{E}||=11; my $r=qr/(\.[^\.\/]{1,$o{E}}$zext)$/i; my $qrexcl=exists$o{e}?qr/$o{e}/:0; #TODO: ought to work: tar cf - .|tar tvf -|due my $x=$o{M}?9:$o{C}?10:$o{A}?8:9; if(-p STDIN or @Due_fake_stdin){ die "due: can not combine STDIN and args\n" if @argv; my $stdin=join"",map"$_\n",@Due_fake_stdin; #test open(local *STDIN, '<', \$stdin) or die "ERR: $! $?\n" if $stdin; my $rl=qr/(^| )\-[rwx\-sS]{9}\s+(?:\d )?(?:[\w\-]+(?:\/|\s+)[\w\-]+)\s+(\d+)\s+.*?([^\/]*\.[\w,\-]+)?$/; my $MorP=$o{M}||$o{C}||$o{A}||$o{P}?"due: -M, -C, -A and -P not yet implemented for STDIN unless list of filenames only\n":0; while(){ chomp; next if /\/$/; my($f,$sz,$xtime)=(/$rl/?($3,$2):-f$_?($_,(stat)[7,$x]):next); # 1576142 240 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 242153 april 4 2016 /opt/wine-staging/share/wine/wine.inf my $ext=$f=~$r?$1:''; $ext=lc($ext) if $o{i}; $cnt++; $c{$ext}++; $bts+=$sz; $b{$ext}+=$sz; defined $xtime and $xtime{$ext}.=",$xtime" or die $MorP if $MorP; } } else { #hm DRY @argv=('.') if !@argv; File::Find::find({follow=>0, wanted => sub { return if !-f$_; return if $qrexcl and defined $File::Find::name and $File::Find::name=~$qrexcl; my($sz,$xtime)=(stat($_))[7,$x]; my $ext=m/$r/?$1:''; $ext=lc($ext) if $o{i}; $cnt++; $c{$ext}++; $bts+=$sz; $b{$ext}+=$sz; $xtime{$ext}.=",$xtime" if $o{M} || $o{C} || $o{A} || $o{P}; 1; } },@argv); } my($f,$s)=$o{k}?("%14.2f kb",sub{$_[0]/1024}) :$o{K}?("%14.2f Kb",sub{$_[0]/1000}) :$o{m}?("%14.2f mb",sub{$_[0]/1024**2}) :$o{h}?("%14s", sub{bytes_readable($_[0])}) : ("%14d b", sub{$_[0]}); my @e=$o{a}?(sort(keys%c)) :$o{c}?(sort{$c{$a}<=>$c{$b} or $a cmp $b}keys%c) : (sort{$b{$a}<=>$b{$b} or $a cmp $b}keys%c); my $perc=!$o{M}&&!$o{C}&&!$o{A}&&!$o{P}?sub{""}: sub{ my @p=$o{P}?(10,50,90):(50); my @m=@_>0 ? do {grep$_, split",", $xtime{$_[0]}} : do {grep$_, map {split","} values %xtime}; my @r=percentile(\@p,@m); @r=(min(@m),@r,max(@m)) if $o{M}||$o{C}||$o{A}; @r=map int($_), @r; my $fmt=$o{t}?'YYYY/MM/DD-MM:MI:SS':'YYYY/MM/DD'; @r=map tms($_,$fmt), @r; " ".join(" ",@r); }; my $width=max( 10, grep $_, map length($_), @e ); @e=@e[-10..-1] if $o{t} and @e>10; #-t tail printf("%-*s %8d $f %7.2f%%%s\n",$width,$_,$c{$_},&$s($b{$_}),100*$b{$_}/$bts,&$perc($_)) for @e; printf("%-*s %8d $f %7.2f%%%s\n",$width,"Sum",$cnt,&$s($bts),100,&$perc()); } sub cmd_resubst { my %o; my $zo="123456789e"; my @argv=opts("f:t:vno:gi$zo",\%o,@_); if(exists$o{t}){ $o{t}=~s,\\,\$, } else { $o{t}='' } my($i,$tc,$tbfr,$tbto)=(0,0,0,0); for my $file (@argv){ my $zopt=join" ",map"-$_",grep$o{$_},split//,$zo; my $oext=$o{o}?$o{o}:$file=~/\.(gz|bz2|xz)$/i?$1:''; my $open_out_pre=$oext?"|".openstr_prog({qw/gz gzip bz2 bzip2 xz xz/}->{lc($oext)})." $zopt":''; my $open_out="$open_out_pre > $file.tmp$$"; my $open_in=openstr($file); # die srlz(\%o,'o','',1); open my $I, $open_in or croak"ERR: open $open_in failed. $! $?\n"; open my $O, $open_out or croak"ERR: open $open_out failed. $! $?\n"; my $c=0; my $mod=join"",grep$o{$_},qw(g i); eval"while(<\$I>){ \$c+=s/\$o{f}/$o{t}/$mod;print \$O \$_ }"; $tc+=$c; close($I);close($O); chall($file,"$file.tmp$$") or croak"ERR: chall $file\n" if !$o{n}; my($bfr,$bto)=(-s$file,-s"$file.tmp$$"); unlink $file or croak"ERR: cant rm $file\n"; my $newfile=$o{o}?repl($file,qr/\.(gz|bz2|xz)$/i,".$oext"):$file; rename("$file.tmp$$",$newfile) or croak"ERR: rename $file.tmp$$ -> $newfile failed\n"; if($o{v}){ my $pr=$bfr?100*$bto/$bfr:0; printf "%*d/%d %*s %7d =>%8d b (%2d%%) %s\n", length(0+@argv), ++$i, 0+@argv, -15, "$tc/$c", $bfr, $bto, $pr, $file; $tbfr+=$bfr; $tbto+=$bto; } } if($o{v} and @argv>1){ printf "Replaces: %d Bytes before: %d After: %d Change: %.1f%%\n", $tc, $tbfr, $tbto, $tbfr?100*($tbto-$tbfr)/$tbfr:0 } $tc; } sub cmd_xcat { for my $fn (@_){ my $os=openstr($fn); open my $FH, $os or warn "xcat: cannot open $os ($!)\n" and next; #binmode($FH);#hm? print while <$FH>; close($FH); } } sub cmd_freq { my(@f,$i); map $f[$_]++, unpack("C*",$_) while <>; my $s=" " x 12;map{print"$_$s$_$s$_\n"}("BYTE CHAR COUNT","---- ----- -------"); my %m=(145,"DOS-æ",155,"DOS-ø",134,"DOS-å",146,"DOS-Æ",157,"DOS-Ø",143,"DOS-Å",map{($_," ")}0..31); printf("%4d %5s%8d".(++$i%3?$s:"\n"),$_,$m{$_}||chr,$f[$_]) for grep$f[$_],0..255;print "\n"; my @no=grep!$f[$_],0..255; print "No bytes for these ".@no.": ".join(" ",@no)."\n"; } sub cmd_deldup { cmd_finddup('-d',@_); } sub cmd_finddup { # http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/view/3555/find-duplicate-files-based-on-size-first-then-md5-hash # die "todo: finddup not ready yet" my %o; my @argv=opts("ak:dhsnqv0P:FMRp",\%o,@_); $o{P}=1024*8 if!defined$o{P}; $o{k}='' if!defined$o{k}; croak"ERR: cannot combine -a with -d, -s or -h" if $o{a} and $o{d}||$o{s}||$o{h}; require File::Find; @argv=map{ my @f; if(-d$_){ File::Find::find({follow=>0,wanted=>sub{return if !-f$_;push@f,$File::Find::name;1}},$_) } else { @f=($_) } @f; }@argv; my %md5sum; my $md5sum=sub{$md5sum{$_[0]}=md5sum($_[0]) if!defined$md5sum{$_[0]}}; #memoize my $md5sum_1st_part=sub{ open my $fh, "<", $_[0] or die "ERR: Could not read $_[0]"; binmode($fh); my $buf; read($fh,$buf,$o{P}); close($fh); md5sum(\$buf); }; my @checks=( #todo: stat()[0,1] (or[0,1,7]?) and diff filename => no need for md5, is hardlink! just linux? sub{-s$_[0]}, sub{-s$_[0]<=$o{P}?md5sum($_[0]):&$md5sum_1st_part($_[0])}, sub{md5sum($_[0])} ); pop @checks if $o{M}; #4tst my $i=0; my %s=map{($_=>++$i)}@argv; #sort my %f=map{($_=>[$_])}@argv; #also weeds out dupl params for my $c (@checks){ my @f=map @{$f{$_}}, sort keys %f; if($o{p} and $c eq $checks[-1]){ #view progress for last check, todo: eta() is wacky here! everywhere? my $sum=@f?sum(map -s$_,@f):0; my($corg,$cnt,$cntmb,$mb)=($c,0,0,$sum/1e6); $c=sub{ $cntmb+=(-s$_[0])/1e6; my $eol=++$cnt==@f?"\n":"\r"; print STDERR sprintf("%d/%d files checked (%d%%), %d/%d MB (%d%%), ETA in %d sec $eol", $cnt, 0+@f, 100*$cnt/@f, $cntmb, $mb, 100*$cntmb/$mb, curb(nvl(eta($cnt,0+@f),time)-time(),0,1e7)); &$corg(@_) }; } my %n; push @{$n{&$c($_)}}, $_ for @f; delete @n{grep@{$n{$_}}<2,keys%n}; %f=%n; } return %f if $o{F}; my@r=sort{$s{$$a[0]}<=>$s{$$b[0]}}values%f; my $si={qw(o 9 n 9 O 8 N 8)}->{$o{k}}; #stat index: 9=mtime, 8=atime my $sort=lc$o{k} eq 'o' ? sub{sprintf"%011d%9d", (stat($_[0]))[$si],$s{$_[0]}} :lc$o{k} eq 'n' ? sub{sprintf"%011d%9d",1e11-(stat($_[0]))[$si],$s{$_[0]}} : sub{sprintf "%9d", $s{$_[0]}}; @$_=map$$_[1],sort{$$a[0]cmp$$b[0]}map[&$sort($_),$_],@$_ for @r; my %of; #dup of for my $r (@r){ $of{$_}=$$r[0] for @$r[1..$#$r]; } my $nl=$o{0}?"\x00":"\n"; my $print=sub{$o{q} or print $_[0]}; my $do=sub{ $o{v} && &$print("$_[0]$nl"); qx($_[0]) }; my $go=sub{ $o{n} ? &$print("$_[0]$nl") : &$do($_[0]) }; &$print(join$nl,map join("",map"$_$nl",@$_),@r) and return if $o{a}; @r=map@$_[1..$#$_],@r; return @r if $o{R}; #hm unlink@r if $o{d}||$o{s}||$o{h} and !$o{n}; #delete duplicates map &$go(qq(rm "$_") ),@r if $o{d}&& $o{n}; #delete duplicates, dryrun map &$go(qq(ln "$of{$_}" "$_")),@r if $o{h}; #replace duplicates with hardlink map &$go(qq(ln -s "$of{$_}" "$_")),@r if $o{s}; #replace duplicates with symlink, #todo: BUG! abc/def/file -> ghi/file should be abc/def/file -> ../../ghi/file return if $o{q} or $o{n}; #quiet or dryrun &$print("$_$nl") for @r; } #http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11900239/can-i-cache-the-output-of-a-command-on-linux-from-cli our $Ccmd_cache_dir='/tmp/acme-tools-ccmd-cache'; our $Ccmd_cache_expire=15*60; #default 15 minutes sub cmd_ccmd { require Digest::MD5; my $cmd=join" ",@_; my $d="$Ccmd_cache_dir/".username(); makedir($d); my $md5=Digest::MD5::md5_hex($cmd); my($fno,$fne)=map"$d/cmd.$md5.std$_","out","err"; my $too_old=sub{time()-(stat(shift))[9] >= $Ccmd_cache_expire}; unlink grep &$too_old($_), <$d/*.std???>; sys("($cmd) > $fno 2> $fne") if !-e$fno or &$too_old($fno); print STDOUT "".readfile($fno); print STDERR "".readfile($fne); } sub cmd_trunc { die "todo: trunc not ready yet"} #truncate a file, size 0, keep all other attr #todo: wipe -n 4 filer* #virker ikke! tror det er args() eller opts() som ikke virker sub cmd_wipe { my %o; my @argv=opts("n:k0123456789",\%o,@_); die if 11; my $cat='cat'; if($o{p}){ if(which('pv')){ $cat='pv' } else { warn repl(<<"",qr/^\s+/) } } due: pv for -p not found, install with sudo yum install pv, sudo apt-get install pv or similar $o{$_} and $o{$_}=" " for qw(l q); #still true, but no cmd arg for: $o{I} and $o{I}="-pterb"; exists$o{$_} and $cat=~s,pv,pv -$_ $o{$_}, for $pvopts=~/(\w)/g; #warn "cat: $cat\n"; my $sumnew=0; my $start=time_fp(); my($i,$bsf)=(0,0);#bytes so far $Eta{'z2z'}=[];eta('z2z',0,$sum); #@argv=map$$_[1],sort{$$a[0]cmp$$b[0]}map{[$opt{ for(@argv){ my $new=$_; $new=~s/(\.(gz|bz2|xz))?$/.$t/i or die; my $ext=defined($2)?lc($2):''; my $same=/^$new$/; $new.=".tmp" if $same; die if $o{k} and $same; next if !-e$_ and warn"$_ do not exists\n"; next if !-r$_ and warn"$_ is not readable\n"; next if -e$new and !$o{o} and warn"$new already exists, skipping (use -o to overwrite)\n"; my $unz={qw/gz gunzip bz2 bunzip2 xz unxz/}->{$ext}||''; #todo: my $cntfile="/tmp/acme-tools-z2z-wc-c.$$"; #todo: my $cnt="tee >(wc -c>$cntfile)" if $ENV{SHELL}=~/bash/ and $o{v}; #hm dash vs bash my $z= {qw/gz gzip bz2 bzip2 xz xz/}->{$t}; $z.=" -$_" for grep$o{$_},1..9,'e'; $z.=" -$_ $o{$_}" for grep exists$o{$_},'L'; my $cmd=qq($cat "$_"|$unz|$z>"$new"); #todo: "$cat $_|$unz|$cnt|$z>$new"; #cat /tmp/kontroll-linux.xz|unxz|tee >(wc -c>/tmp/p)|gzip|wc -c;cat /tmp/p $cmd=~s,\|+,|,g; #print "cmd: $cmd\n"; sys($cmd); chall($_,$new) or croak("$0 cannot chmod|chown|touch $new") if !$o{n}; my($szold,$sznew)=map{-s$_}($_,$new); $bsf+=-s$_; unlink $_ if !$o{k}; rename($new, replace($new,qr/.tmp$/)) or die if $same; if($o{v}){ $sumnew+=$sznew; my $pr=sprintf"%0.1f%%",$szold?100*$sznew/$szold:0; #todo: my $szuncmp=-s$cntfile&&time()-(stat($cntfile))[9]<10 ? qx(cat $cntfile) : ''; #todo: $o{h} ? printf("%6.1f%% %9s => %9s => %9s %s\n", $pr,(map bytes_readable($_),$szold,$szuncmp,$sznew),$_) #todo: : printf("%6.1f%% %11d b => %11d b => %11 b %s\n",$pr,$szold,$szuncmp,$sznew,$_) my $str= $o{h} ? sprintf("%-7s %9s => %9s", $pr,(map bytes_readable($_),$szold,$sznew)) : sprintf("%-7s %11d b => %11d b", $pr,$szold,$sznew); if(@argv>1){ $i++; $str=$i<@argv ? " ETA:".sprintf("%-8s",sec_readable(eta('z2z',$bsf,$sum)-time_fp()))." $str" : " TA: 0s $str" if $sum>1e6; $str="$i/".@argv." $str"; } print "$str $new\n"; } } if($o{v} and @argv>1){ my $bytes=$o{h}?'':'bytes '; my $str= sprintf "%d files compressed in %.3f seconds from %s to %s $bytes (%s bytes) %.1f%% of original\n", 0+@argv, time_fp()-$start, (map{$o{h}?bytes_readable($_):$_}($sum,$sumnew,$sumnew-$sum)), 100*$sumnew/$sum; $str=~s,\((\d),(+$1,; print $str; } } =head2 args Parses command line options and arguments: my %opt; my @argv=Acme::Tools::args('i:nJ123',\%opt,@ARGV); #returns remaining command line elements after C<-o ptions> are parsed into C<%opt>. Uses C. First arg names the different one char options and an optional C<:> behind the letter or digit marks that the switch takes an argument. =cut sub args { my $switches=shift; my $hashref=shift; my $re_sw='^([a-z0-9]:?)+$'; croak "ERR: args: first arg $switches dont match $re_sw\n" if $switches !~ /$re_sw/i; croak "ERR: second arg to args() not hashref\n" if ref($hashref) ne 'HASH'; local @ARGV=@_; require Getopt::Std; Getopt::Std::getopts($switches => $hashref); (@ARGV); } sub opts { my($def, $hashref, @a)=@_; @a=@ARGV if @_<=2; my %def=map{/(\w)(:?)/;($1=>$2?2:1)}$def=~/(\w:?)/g; my $o1=join"",grep$def{$_}==1,sort keys%def; my $o= join"", sort keys%def; my @r; while(@a){ my $a=shift(@a); if($a=~/^-([$o1])([$o].*)$/){ unshift@a,"-$1","-$2"; } elsif($a=~/^-(\w)(.*)$/){ my $d=$def{$1}//0; push@{$$hashref{$1}},$d==1 && length($2) ? croak"opt -$1 has no arg (is $2 here)" :$d==1 ? 1 :$d==2 && length($2) ? $2 :$d==2 ? shift(@a) :croak"unknown opt -$1"; } elsif($a eq '--'){ last; } else { push @r, $a; } } $_=join",",@$_ for values %$hashref; (@r,@a) } #cat Tools.pm|perl -I. /usr/local/bin/zsize -tp #cat Tools.pm|perl -I. /usr/local/bin/zsize -tp - #cat Tools.pm|perl -I. /usr/local/bin/zsize -tp Tools.pm sub cmd_zsize { my %o; my @argv=opts("heEpts",\%o,@_); my $stdin=!@argv || join(",",@argv) eq '-'; @argv=("/tmp/acme-tools.$$.stdin") if $stdin; writefile($argv[0],join("",)) if $stdin; my @prog=grep qx(which $_), qw(gzip bzip2 xz zstd brotli); for my $f (@argv){ my $sf=-s$f; print "--- $f does not exists\n" and next if !-e$f; print "--- $f is not a file\n" and next if !-f$f; print "--- $f ($sf b) is not readable\n" and next if !-r$f; print "--- $sf b ".bytes_readable($sf)." ".($stdin?"-":$f)."\n"; next if !$sf; my(@t,@s); for my $prog (@prog){ next if !qx(which $prog); my @l=1..9; push @l,map"e$_",1..9 if $prog eq 'xz' and $o{e}; @l=map"e$_",1..9 if $prog eq 'xz' and $o{E}; @l=map 10+$_,@l if $prog eq 'zstd'; @l=map"q $_",3..11 if $prog eq 'brotli'; printf "%-6s",$prog; push @t, $prog, [] if $o{t}; push @s, $prog, [] if $o{p} and $o{s}; for my $l (@l){ #level my $t=time_fp(); my $b=qx(cat $f|$prog -$l|wc -c); push@{$t[-1]},time_fp()-$t if $o{t}; push@{$s[-1]},$b if $o{p} and $o{s}; $o{p} ? printf("%9.1f%% ",100*$b/$sf) :$o{h} ? printf("%10s ",bytes_readable($b)) : printf("%10d ",$b); } print "\n"; } while(@s){ printf "%-6s",shift@s; $o{h}?printf("%10s ",bytes_readable($_)):printf("%10d ",$_) for @{shift@s}; print "\n"; } while(@t){ printf "%-6s",shift@t; printf "%9.3fs ",$_ for @{shift@t}; print "\n"; } } unlink $argv[0] if $stdin; } sub cmd_rttop { die "rttop: not implemented here yet.\n" } sub cmd_whichpm { die "whichpm: not implemented here yet.\n" } #-a (all, inkl VERSION og ls -l) sub cmd_catal { die "catal: not implemented here yet.\n" } #-a (all, inkl VERSION og ls -l) #todo: cmd_tabdiff (fra sonyk) #todo: cmd_catlog (ala catal med /etc/catlog.conf, default er access_log) =head1 DATABASE STUFF - NOT IMPLEMENTED YET Uses L. Comming soon... $Dbh dlogin dlogout drow drows drowc drowsc dcols dpk dsel ddo dins dupd ddel dcommit drollback =cut #my$dummy=<<'SOON'; sub dtype { my $connstr=shift; return 'SQLite' if $connstr=~/(\.sqlite|sqlite:.*\.db)$/i; return 'Oracle' if $connstr=~/\@/; return 'Pg' if 1==2; die; } our($Dbh,@Dbh,%Sth); our %Dbattr=(RaiseError => 1, AutoCommit => 0); #defaults sub dlogin { my $connstr=shift(); my %attr=(%Dbattr,@_); my $type=dtype($connstr); my($dsn,$u,$p)=('','',''); if($type eq 'SQLite'){ $dsn=$connstr; } elsif($type eq 'Oracle'){ ($u,$p,$dsn)=($connstr=~m,(.+?)(/.+?)?\@(.+),); } elsif($type eq 'Pg'){ croak "todo"; } else{ croak "dblogin: unknown database type for connection string $connstr\n"; } $dsn="dbi:$type:$dsn"; push @Dbh, $Dbh if $Dbh; #local is better? require DBI; $Dbh=DBI->connect($dsn,$u,$p,\%attr); #connect_cached? } sub dlogout { $Dbh->disconnect; $Dbh=pop@Dbh if @Dbh; } sub drow { my($q,@b)=_dattrarg(@_); #my $sth=do{$Sth{$Dbh,$q} ||= $Dbh->prepare_cached($q)}; my $sth=$Dbh->prepare_cached($q); $sth->execute(@b); my @r=$sth->fetchrow_array; $sth->finish if $$Dbh{Driver}{Name} eq 'SQLite'; #$dbh->selectrow_array($statement); return @r==1?$r[0]:@r; } sub drows { } sub drowc { } sub drowsc { } sub dcols { } sub dpk { } sub dsel { } sub ddo { my @arg=_dattrarg(@_); #warn serialize(\@arg,'arg','',1); $Dbh->do(@arg); #hm cache? } sub dins { } sub dupd { } sub ddel { } sub dcommit { $Dbh->commit } sub drollback { $Dbh->rollback } sub _dattrarg { my @arg=@_; splice @arg,1,0, ref($arg[-1]) eq 'HASH' ? pop(@arg) : {}; @arg; } =head2 self_update Update Acme::Tools to newest version quick and dirty: function pmview(){ ls -ld `perl -M$1 -le'$m=shift;$mi=$m;$mi=~s,::,/,g;print $INC{"$mi.pm"};warn"Version ".${$m."::VERSION"}."\n"' $1`;} pmview Acme::Tools #view date and version before sudo perl -MAcme::Tools -e Acme::Tools::self_update #update to newest version pmview Acme::Tools #view date and version after Does C to where Acme/Tools.pm are and then wget -N https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kjetillll/Acme-Tools/master/Tools.pm TODO: cmd_acme_tools_self_update, accept --no-check-certificate to use on curl =cut our $Wget; our $Self_update_url='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kjetillll/Acme-Tools/master/Tools.pm'; #todo: change site sub self_update { #in($^O,'linux','cygwin') or die"ERROR: self_update works on linux and cygwin only"; $Wget||=(grep -x$_,map"$_/wget",'/usr/bin','/bin','/usr/local/bin','.')[0]; #hm --no-check-certificate -x$Wget or die"ERROR: wget ($Wget) executable not found\n"; my $d=dirname(__FILE__); sys("cd $d; ls -l Tools.pm; md5sum Tools.pm"); sys("cd $d; $Wget -N ".($ARGV[0]||$Self_update_url)); sys("cd $d; ls -l Tools.pm; md5sum Tools.pm"); } 1; package Acme::Tools::BloomFilter; use 5.008; use strict; use warnings; use Carp; sub new { my($class,@p)=@_; my $self=Acme::Tools::bfinit(@p); bless $self, $class } sub add { &Acme::Tools::bfadd } sub addbf { &Acme::Tools::bfaddbf } sub check { &Acme::Tools::bfcheck } sub grep { &Acme::Tools::bfgrep } sub grepnot { &Acme::Tools::bfgrepnot } sub delete { &Acme::Tools::bfdelete } sub store { &Acme::Tools::bfstore } sub retrieve { &Acme::Tools::bfretrieve } sub clone { &Acme::Tools::bfclone } sub sum { &Acme::Tools::bfsum } 1; # Ny versjon: # - git clone https://github.com/kjetillll/Acme-Tools.git # - c-s todo # - endre $VERSION # - endre Release history under HISTORY # - endre årstall under =head1 COPYRIGHT # - oppd default valutakurser inkl datoen # - emacs Changes # - emacs README versjon + aarstall # - diff -byW200 <(grep -a ^sub Acme-Tools-0.22/Tools.pm|sort) <(grep -a ^sub Tools.pm|sort)|less # - emacs MANIFEST legg til ev nye t/*.t # - perl Makefile.PL && make test # - /usr/bin/perl Makefile.PL && make test # - perlbrew exec "perl Makefile.PL && time make test" # - perlbrew exec "perl Makefile.PL && make test" | grep -P '^(perl-|All tests successful)' # - perlbrew use perl-5.10.1; perl Makefile.PL && make test; perlbrew off # - test evt i cygwin og mingw-perl # - pod2html Tools.pm > Tools.html ; firefox Tools.html # - https://metacpan.org/pod/Acme::Tools # - http://cpants.cpanauthors.org/dist/Acme-Tools #kvalitee # - perl Makefile.PL && make test && make dist # - cp -p *tar.gz /htdocs/ # - #ci -l -mversjon -d `cat MANIFEST` #no # - git add `cat MANIFEST` # - git status # - git commit -am versjon # - git push #eller: # - git push origin master # - http://pause.perl.org/ # - tegnsett/utf8-kroell # - https://rt.cpan.org/Dist/Display.html?Queue=Acme-Tools # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem#Approximations # memoize_expire() http://perldoc.perl.org/Memoize/Expire.html # memoize_file_expire() # memoize_limit_size() #lru # memoize_file_limit_size() # memoize_memcached http://search.cpan.org/~dtrischuk/Memoize-Memcached-0.03/lib/Memoize/Memcached.pm # hint on http://perl.jonallen.info/writing/articles/install-perl-modules-without-root # sub mycrc32 { #http://billauer.co.il/blog/2011/05/perl-crc32-crc-xs-module/ eller String::CRC32::crc32 som er 100 x raskere enn Digest::CRC::crc32 # my ($input, $init_value, $polynomial) = @_; # $init_value = 0 unless (defined $init_value); # $polynomial = 0xedb88320 unless (defined $polynomial); # my @lookup_table; # for (my $i=0; $i<256; $i++) { # my $x = $i; # for (my $j=0; $j<8; $j++) { # if ($x & 1) { # $x = ($x >> 1) ^ $polynomial; # } else { # $x = $x >> 1; # } # } # push @lookup_table, $x; # } # my $crc = $init_value ^ 0xffffffff; # foreach my $x (unpack ('C*', $input)) { # $crc = (($crc >> 8) & 0xffffff) ^ $lookup_table[ ($crc ^ $x) & 0xff ]; # } # $crc = $crc ^ 0xffffffff; # return $crc; # } # # $maybe_valid_utf8 =~ # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11709410/regex-to-detect-invalid-utf-8-string # m/\A( # [\x09\x0A\x0D\x20-\x7E] # ASCII, or rather: [\x00-\x7F] # | [\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF] # non-overlong 2-byte # | \xE0[\xA0-\xBF][\x80-\xBF] # excluding overlongs # | [\xE1-\xEC\xEE\xEF][\x80-\xBF]{2} # straight 3-byte # | \xED[\x80-\x9F][\x80-\xBF] # excluding surrogates # | \xF0[\x90-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]{2} # planes 1-3 # | [\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF]{3} # planes 4-15 # | \xF4[\x80-\x8F][\x80-\xBF]{2} # plane 16 # )*\z/x; =head1 HISTORY Release history 0.27 Feb 2020 Small fixes for some platforms 0.26 Jan 2020 Convert subs: base bin2dec bin2hex bin2oct dec2bin dec2hex dec2oct hex2bin hex2dec hex2oct oct2bin oct2dec oct2hex Array subs: joinr perm permute permute_continue pile sortby subarrays Other subs: btw in_iprange ipnum_ok iprange_ok opts s2t 0.24 Feb 2019 fixed failes on perl 5.16 and older 0.23 Jan 2019 Subs: logn, egrep, which. More UTF-8 "oriented" (lower, upper, ...) Commands: zsize, finddup, due (improved), conv (improved, [MGT]?Wh and many more units), due -M for stdin of filenames. 0.22 Feb 2018 Subs: subarr, sim, sim_perm, aoh2sql. command: resubst 0.21 Mar 2017 Improved nicenum() and its tests 0.20 Mar 2017 Subs: a2h cnttbl h2a log10 log2 nicenum rstddev sec_readable throttle timems refa refaa refah refh refha refhh refs eachr globr keysr popr pushr shiftr splicer unshiftr valuesr Commands: 2bz2 2gz 2xz z2z 0.172 Dec 2015 Subs: curb openstr pwgen sleepms sleepnm srlz tms username self_update install_acme_command_tools Commands: conv due freq wipe xcat (see "Commands") 0.16 Feb 2015 bigr curb cpad isnum parta parth read_conf resolve_equation roman2int trim. Improved: conv (numbers currency) range ("derivatives") 0.15 Nov 2014 Improved doc 0.14 Nov 2014 New subs, improved tests and doc 0.13 Oct 2010 Non-linux test issue, resolve. improved: bloom filter, tests, doc 0.12 Oct 2010 Improved tests, doc, bloom filter, random_gauss, bytes_readable 0.11 Dec 2008 Improved doc 0.10 Dec 2008 =head1 SEE ALSO L =head1 AUTHOR Kjetil Skotheim, Ekjetil.skotheim@gmail.comE =head1 COPYRIGHT 2008-2020, Kjetil Skotheim =head1 LICENSE This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. =cut