Ontology
version info: 397
comment: The DOLCE and DnS ontologies. OWL engineering by Aldo Gangemi.
version info: classified

space-region
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: space-region
  on property: part
comment: An ordinary space: geographical, cosmological, anatomical, topographic, etc.
subclass of: physical-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: spatial-location q
  on property: q-location-of

part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
range: particular
inverse of: part-of
domain: particular
comment: The most generic part relation, reflexive, asymmetric, and transitive.
type: TransitiveProperty

physical-region
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: q-location-of
  all values from: physical-quality
disjoint with: abstract-region
comment: A region at which only physical qualities can be directly located. It assumes some metrics for physical properties.
subclass of: region
disjoint with: temporal-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: physical-region

spatial-location q
type: Class
comment: A physical quality, q-located in (whose value is given within) ordinary spaces (geographical coordinates, cosmological positions, anatomical axes, etc.).
subclass of: physical-quality

amount-of-matter
type: Class
comment: The common trait of amounts of matter is that they are endurants with no unity (according to Gangemi et a. 2001 none of them is an essential whole). Amounts of matter - 'stuffs' referred to by mass nouns like 'gold', 'iron', 'wood', 'sand', 'meat', etc. - are mereologically invariant, in the sense that they change their identity when they change some parts.
subclass of: physical-endurant

physical-endurant
type: Class
disjoint with: non-physical-endurant
disjoint with: arbitrary-sum
subclass of: endurant
comment: An endurant having a direct physical (at least spatial) quality.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  some values from: physical-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: spatial-location q
  on property: has-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: physical-endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: physical-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: physical-endurant
  on property: specific-constant-constituent

event
type: Class
comment: An occurrence-type is stative or eventive according to whether it holds of the mereological sum of two of its instances, i.e. if it is cumulative or not. A sitting occurrence is stative since the sum of two sittings is still a sitting occurrence.In general, events differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion.On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which an event of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation.Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align an event-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical events under 'event', e.g. 'discharge', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive discharge events, these will be put under 'situation'.Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE.A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation…
subclass of: perdurant

perdurant
type: Class
subclass of: spatio-temporal-particular
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: temporal-quality
  on property: has-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: perdurant
comment: Perdurants (AKA occurrences) comprise what are variously called events, processes, phenomena, activities and states. They can have temporal parts or spatial parts. For instance, the first movement of (an execution of) a symphony is a temporal part of the symphony. On the other hand, the play performed by the left side of the orchestra is a spatial part. In both cases, these parts are occurrences themselves. We assume that objects cannot be parts of occurrences, but rather they participate in them. Perdurants extend in time by accumulating different temporal parts, so that, at any time they are present, they are only partially present, in the sense that some of their proper temporal parts (e.g., their previous or future phases) may be not present. E.g., the piece of paper you are reading now is wholly present, while some temporal parts of your reading are not present yet, or any more. Philosophers say that endurants are entities that are in time, while lacking temporal parts (so to speak, all their parts flow with them in time). Perdurants, on the contrary, are entities that happen in time, and can have temporal parts (all their parts are fixed in time).
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: participant
  some values from: endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: perdurant
  on property: specific-constant-constituent
disjoint with: quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  some values from: temporal-location q

non-physical-endurant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: non-physical-endurant
  on property: part
subclass of: endurant
comment: An endurant with no mass, generically constantly depending on some agent. Non-physical endurants can have physical constituents (e.g. in the case of members of a collection).
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: abstract-quality
  on property: has-quality

endurant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: participant-in
  some values from: perdurant
disjoint with: quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: specific-constant-constituent
  all values from: endurant
disjoint with: abstract
subclass of: spatio-temporal-particular
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: endurant
  on property: part
comment: The main characteristic of endurants is that all of them are independent essential wholes. This does not mean that the corresponding property (being an endurant) carries proper unity, since there is no common unity criterion for endurants. Endurants can 'genuinely' change in time, in the sense that the very same endurant as a whole can have incompatible properties at different times. To see this, suppose that an endurant - say 'this paper' - has a property at a time t 'it's white', and a different, incompatible property at time t' 'it's yellow': in both cases we refer to the whole object, without picking up any particular part of it. Within endurants, we distinguish between physical and non-physical endurants, according to whether they have direct spatial qualities. Within physical endurants, we distinguish between amounts of matter, objects, and features.
disjoint with: perdurant

abstract-quality
type: Class
comment: A quality inherent in a non-physical endurant.
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: abstract-region
  on property: q-location
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: abstract-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: non-physical-endurant
  on property: inherent-in
subclass of: quality

quale
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: region
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: region
    on property: atomic-part-of
comment: An atomic region.

region
type: Class
comment: We distinguish between a quality (e.g., the color of a specific rose), and its value (e.g., a particular shade of red). The latter is called quale, and describes the position of an individual quality within a certain conceptual space (called here quality space) Gardenfors (2000). So when we say that two roses have (exactly) the same color, we mean that their color qualities, which are distinct, have the same position in the color space, that is they have the same color quale.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: region
subclass of: abstract

quality-space
type: Class
comment: A quality space is a topologically maximal region. The constraint of maximality cannot be given completely in OWL, but a constraint is given that creates a partition out of all quality spaces (e.g. no two quality spaces can overlap mereologically).
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: region
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Class
      complement of: quality-space
    on property: overlaps

overlaps
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular
sub property of: mediated-relation
domain: particular
comment: Mereological overlap: having a common part.

feature
type: Class
subclass of: physical-endurant
disjoint with: amount-of-matter
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: host
  some values from: physical-endurant
comment: Features are 'parasitic entities', that exist insofar their host exists. Typical examples of features are holes, bumps, boundaries, or spots of color. Features may be relevant parts of their host, like a bump or an edge, or dependent regions like a hole in a piece of cheese, the underneath of a table, the front of a house, or the shadow of a tree, which are not parts of their host. All features are essential wholes, but no common unity criterion may exist for all of them. However, typical features have a topological unity, as they are singular entities.Here only features of physical endurants are considered.

host
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The immediate relation holding for features and entities.
range: physical-endurant
inverse of: host-of
sub property of: specifically-constantly-dependent-on
domain: feature

abstract
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    complement of: spatial-location q
  on property: has-quality
subclass of: particular
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: Class
    complement of: temporal-location q
disjoint with: quality
comment: The main characteristic of abstract entities is that they do not have spatial nor temporal qualities, and they are not qualities themselves. The only class of abstract entities we consider in the present version of the upper ontology is that of quality regions (or simply regions). Quality spaces are special kinds of quality regions, being mereological sums of all the regions related to a certain quality type. The other examples of abstract entities (sets and facts) are only indicative.
disjoint with: perdurant

particular
type: Class
comment: AKA 'entity'.Any individual in the DOLCE domain of discourse. The extensional coverage of DOLCE is as large as possible, since it ranges on 'possibilia', i.e all possible individuals that can be postulated by means of DOLCE axioms. Possibilia include physical objects, substances, processes, qualities, conceptual regions, non-physical objects, collections and even arbitrary sums of objects.The class 'particular' features a covering partition that includes: endurant, perdurant, quality, and abstract. There are also some subclasses defined as unions of subclasses of 'particular' for special purposes: spatio-temporal-particular (any particular except abstracts)- physical-realization (any realization of an information object, defined in the ExtendedDnS ontology).

temporal-location q
type: Class
subclass of: temporal-quality
comment: A temporal location quality.

quality
type: Class
comment: Qualities can be seen as the basic entities we can perceive or measure: shapes, colors, sizes, sounds, smells, as well as weights, lengths, electrical charges... 'Quality' is often used as a synonymous of 'property', but this is not the case in this upper ontology: qualities are particulars, properties are universals. Qualities inhere to entities: every entity (including qualities themselves) comes with certain qualities, which exist as long as the entity exists.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inherent-in
  some values from: particular
subclass of: spatio-temporal-particular

process
type: Class
subclass of: stative
comment: Within stative occurrences, we distinguish between states and processes according to homeomericity: sitting is classified as a state but running is classified as a process, since there are (very short) temporal parts of a running that are not themselves runnings. In general, processes differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion. On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which a process of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation. Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align a process-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical processes under 'process', e.g. 'organic process', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive organic processes, these will be put under 'situation'. Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE. A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another). In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift …

stative
type: Class
subclass of: perdurant
comment: An occurrence-type is stative or eventive according to whether it holds of the mereological sum of two of its instances, i.e. if it is cumulative or not. A sitting occurrence is stative since the sum of two sittings is still a sitting occurrence.

specific-constant-constituent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: 'Constituent' should depend on some layering of the ontology. For example, scientific granularities or ontological 'strata' are typical layerings. A constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense. Example of specific constant constituents are the entities constituting a setting (a situation), whilethe entities constituting a collection are examples of generic constant constituents.
sub property of: immediate-relation
domain: particular
range: particular
inverse of: specific-constant-constituent-of

spatio-temporal-particular
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Class
    union of: endurant
    union of: perdurant
    union of: quality
  intersection of: particular
comment: Dummy class for optimizing some property universes. It includes all entities that are not reifications of universals ('abstracts'), i.e. those entities that are in space-time.

temporal-quality
type: Class
comment: A quality inherent in a perdurant.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: q-location
  all values from: temporal-region
disjoint with: physical-quality
subclass of: quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inherent-in
  some values from: perdurant
disjoint with: abstract-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: temporal-quality

dependent-place
type: Class
subclass of: feature
comment: A feature that is not part of its host, like a hole in a piece of cheese, the underneath of a table, the front of a house, or the shadow of a tree.

state
type: Class
comment: Within stative occurrences, we distinguish between states and processes according to homeomericity: sitting is classified as a state but running is classified as a process, since there are (very short) temporal parts of a running that are not themselves runnings.In general, states differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion.On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which a state of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation.Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align a state-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical states under 'state', e.g. 'turgor', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive turgor states, these will be put under 'situation'.Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE.A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) …
subclass of: stative

time-interval
type: Class
subclass of: temporal-region
comment: A temporal region, measured according to a calendar.

temporal-region
type: Class
subclass of: region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: temporal-quality
  on property: q-location-of
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: temporal-region
comment: A region at which only temporal qualities can be directly located. It assumes a metrics for time.

arbitrary-sum
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  some values from: endurant
subclass of: endurant
comment: AKA arbitrary-collection.The mereological sum of any two or more endurants (physical or not). Arbitrary sums have no unity criterion (they are 'extensional').
disjoint with: non-physical-endurant

non-physical-object
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: generically-dependent-on
  some values from: physical-endurant
comment: Formerly known as description. A unitary endurant with no mass (non-physical), generically constantly depending on some agent, on some communication act, and indirectly on some agent participating in that act. Both descriptions (in the now current sense) and concepts are non-physical objects.
subclass of: non-physical-endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: non-physical-object
  on property: part

physical-quality
type: Class
subclass of: quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: physical-region
  on property: q-location
comment: A quality inherent in a physical endurant.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: physical-endurant
  on property: inherent-in
disjoint with: abstract-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: physical-quality

q-location
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
comment: The immediate relation holding for qualities and regions. See 'generic location' branching for the various mediated relations that embed q-location.
inverse of: q-location-of
domain: quality
range: region

inherent-in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
domain: quality
comment: The immediate relation holding for qualities and entities.
range: particular
inverse of: has-quality

spatio-temporal-region
type: Class
comment: Any region resulting from the composition of a space region with a temporal region, i.e. being present in region r at time t.
subclass of: space-region

abstract-region
type: Class
subclass of: region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: abstract-region
  on property: part
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: q-location-of
  all values from: abstract-quality
comment: A region at which only abstract qualities can be directly located. It assumes some metrics for abstract (neither physical nor temporal) properties.
disjoint with: temporal-region

relevant-part
type: Class
subclass of: feature
comment: Features that are relevant parts of their host, like a bump or an edge.

proposition
type: Class
comment: The abstract content of a proposition. Abstract content is purely combinatorial: from this viewpoint, any content that can be generated by means of combinatorial rules is assumed to exist in the domain of quantification (reified abstracts).
subclass of: abstract

physical-object
type: Class
disjoint with: amount-of-matter
subclass of: physical-endurant
comment: The main characteristic of physical objects is that they are endurants with unity. However, they have no common unity criterion, since different subtypes of objects may have different unity criteria. Differently from aggregates, (most) physical objects change some of their parts while keeping their identity, they can have therefore temporary parts. Often physical objects (indeed, all endurants) are ontologically independent from occurrences (discussed below). However, if we admit that every object has a life, it is hard to exclude a mutual specific constant dependence between the two. Nevertheless, we may still use the notion of dependence to (weakly) characterize objects as being not specifically constantly dependent on other objects.
disjoint with: feature

achievement
type: Class
subclass of: event
comment: Eventive occurrences (events) are called achievements if they are atomic, otherwise they are accomplishments.Further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be seen as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (collapsing the time interval of the erosion into a time point), as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality).

set
type: Class
subclass of: abstract
comment: A mathematical set.

accomplishment
type: Class
comment: Eventive occurrences (events) are called achievements if they are atomic, otherwise they are accomplishments.Further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be seen as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (collapsing the time interval of the erosion into a time point), as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality).
subclass of: event

participant
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The immediate relation holding between endurants and perdurants (e.g. in 'the car is running').Participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').A 'functional' participant is specialized for those forms of participation that depend on the nature of participants, processes, or on the intentionality of agentive participants. Traditional 'thematic role' should be mapped to functional participation.For relations holding between participants in a same perdurant, see the co-participates relation.
sub property of: immediate-relation
range: endurant
inverse of: participant-in
domain: perdurant

immediate-relation-i
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: immediate-relation
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: A relation that holds without additional mediating individuals. In logical terms, a non-composed relation.

immediate-relation
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular
domain: particular
inverse of: immediate-relation-i
comment: A relation that holds without additional mediating individuals. In logical terms, a non-composed relation.

proper-part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part
domain: particular
range: particular
type: TransitiveProperty
comment: The proper part relation: irreflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive.
inverse of: proper-part-of

total-temporary-participant
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: total-temporary-participant-in
sub property of: temporary-participant
domain: perdurant
comment: The perdurant p has a participant e that temporarily participates in p with all its parts, e.g. in 'I played the concert' (where I actually played just an ouverture).See also 'temporary-participant'.
range: endurant

temporary-participant-in
type: ObjectProperty
comment: x participates in some of y's parts.
sub property of: participant-in
range: perdurant
inverse of: temporary-participant
domain: endurant

temporary-participant
type: ObjectProperty
range: endurant
sub property of: participant
comment: Only some parts of the perdurant p have a participant e.In fact, participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').Implicitly, this relation has a temporal indexing.If needed, in OWL one can derive such indexing by expliciting what parts of p have e as _constant_ participant.An appropriate OWL axiom is created to bind this relation to a proper part of it, which has the temporary-participant as a constant one.
domain: perdurant
inverse of: temporary-participant-in

exact-location
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: generic-location
inverse of: exact-location-of
domain: particular
range: region
comment: A location relation bounded to regions and defined analytically through the composition of inherence and q-location. This is the analytical version of 'generic location'.

total-constant-participant
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: total-constant-participant-in
range: endurant
comment: The perdurant p has a participant e that constantly participates in p with all its parts, e.g. in 'I played the concert' (where the concert is a solo concert).
domain: perdurant
sub property of: constant-participant

constant-participant
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: constant-participant-in
comment: Anytime x is present, x has participant y. In other words, all parts of x have a same participant.Participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').
range: endurant
domain: perdurant
sub property of: participant

has-quale
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A quality having a q-location at an atomic region.
domain: quality
sub property of: q-location
range: quale
inverse of: quale-of

temporary-proper-part
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Being proper part at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model proper parts that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole.
inverse of: temporary-proper-part-of
domain: endurant
sub property of: temporary-part
sub property of: proper-part
range: endurant

temporary-part
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: temporary-part-of
domain: endurant
range: endurant
sub property of: part
comment: Being part at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model parts that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole. In FOL, this is expressed as a ternary relation, but in DLs we only can reason with binary relations, then only the necessary axiom of compresence is represented here.
sub property of: partly-compresent

physical-location
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: exact-location
comment: Analytical location holding between physical endurants and physical regions.
range: physical-region
inverse of: physical-location-of
domain: physical-endurant

atomic-part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part
comment: The part relation between a particular and an atom.
domain: particular
inverse of: atomic-part-of
range: particular

r-location
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation for representing regions within other regions, e.g. in measurement spaces (space composition).The result of r-location composition is a new 'composed region', which can either preserve the same region type (e.g. physical+physical->physical, or physical+abstract->physical), or not (e.g. physical+abstract->abstract). See 'composition description' for more details.In some cases, space composition is conventional, i.e. a space is just 'located' at another space, as in the case of measurement spaces:(direct composition): r r-location r1In other cases, r-location implies a complex path, e.g. :(homogeneous composition): r q-location-of q inherent-in x has-quality q1 q-location r1(heterogeneous composition across endurants and perdurants): r q-location-of q inherent-in e participant-in p has-quality q1 q-location r1(heterogeneous composition across physical and non-physical endurants): r q-location-of q inherent-in pe specific-constant-dependent npe has-quality q1 q-location r1
inverse of: r-location-of
domain: region
sub property of: immediate-relation
range: region

t-inherent-in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: inherent-in
inverse of: has-t-quality
domain: quality
comment: The immediate relation holding for qualities and entities at time t.
range: particular

specific-constant-dependent
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: specifically-constantly-dependent-on
range: particular
comment: The constant dependence between two individuals. Taken here as primitive.
domain: particular
sub property of: immediate-relation

generic-location
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular
sub property of: mediated-relation
inverse of: generic-location-of
comment: The most generic location relation, probably equivalent to more than one image schema in a cognitive system (e.g. containment for exact location, proximity for approximate location).This is meant to reason on generalized, common sense as well as formal locations, including naive localization, between any kinds of entities. Generic location is branched into 'exact' location, ranging on regions, and 'approximate' (naive) location, ranging on non-regions.
domain: particular

temporary-atomic-part
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: temporary-atomic-part-of
range: endurant
comment: Having an atom as part at a time t.
sub property of: temporary-proper-part
domain: endurant

generic-dependent
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: generically-dependent-on
domain: particular
comment: The dependence on an individual of a given type at some time. This is traditionally a relation between particulars and universals, but this one states that x generically depends on y if a z different from y, but with the same properties, can be equivalently its depend-on.This is a temporally-indexed relation (embedded in this syntax).
range: particular
sub property of: immediate-relation

mereologically-coincides
type: ObjectProperty
domain: endurant
sub property of: temporary-part
range: endurant
comment: Having the same parts at time t.

mediated-relation-i
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: mediated-relation
range: particular
domain: particular
comment: A relation that composes other relations. For example, a participation relation composed with a representation relation. Composed relation cannot be directly expressed in OWL-DL, then (at least some) compositions are expressed as class or restriction axioms.

mediated-relation
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular
inverse of: mediated-relation-i
comment: A relation that composes other relations. For example, a participation relation composed with a representation relation.Composed relation cannot be directly expressed in OWL-DL, then (at least some) compositions are expressed as class or restriction axioms.
domain: particular

weak-connection
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular
comment: The basic connection, not requiring a common boundary.
sub property of: immediate-relation
domain: particular

generic-constituent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
inverse of: generic-constituent-of
range: particular
domain: particular
comment: 'Constituent' should depend on some layering of the ontology. For example, scientific granularities or ontological 'strata' are typical layerings. A constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense. Example of specific constant constituents are the entities constituting a setting (a situation), whilethe entities constituting a collection are examples of generic constant constituents.

boundary-of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: boundary
comment: A boundary here is taken to be a part (mereological treatment). Consequently, in the case of endurants, (reified) boundaries are features.
domain: particular
sub property of: proper-part-of
range: particular

abstract-location
type: ObjectProperty
range: abstract-region
sub property of: exact-location
inverse of: abstract-location-of
comment: Analytical location holding between non-physical endurants and abstract regions.
domain: non-physical-endurant

q-present-at
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: time-of-q-presence-of
sub property of: mediated-relation
comment: Presence of a physical quality when inheres in an endurant.
domain: physical-quality
range: time-interval

partly-compresent
type: ObjectProperty
domain: particular
range: particular
sub property of: mediated-relation
comment: A composed (mediated) relation used here to make relations 'temporary': by adding it as a superrelation, the effect is that the two related endurants cannot be present at all the same time intervals, but are compresent at least at some time interval (see related axiom).In FOL, the same constraint can be stated directly by coreference.This workaround can be used to index time of relations that involve reciprocal dependency, but it cannot be used in general with relations involving multiple strata of reality. For example, _about_ relation can be temporally indexed, without involving that the time of the information object overlaps with the time of the entity the information is about (but this works for e.g. the _realizes_ relation between information objects and entities whatsoever). The different temporal constraints of about vs. expresses probably derive from the dependency of aboutness from conception (to be about x, an information object should also express a description d that is satisfied by a situation including x, then temporal overlapping of _about_ is true in virtue of d). On the other hand, even conceives cannot be indexed in this way, because overlapping does not hold between the time og the conceiving agent, and the conceived description (or situation).

strong-connection
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular
comment: By strong connection here we mean a connection between two entities that share a boundary.
domain: particular
sub property of: mediated-relation

sibling-part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mediated-relation
comment: Mereological sibling: having a common whole
range: particular
domain: particular

identity-n
type: TransitiveProperty
comment: Any pair of individuals are notionally identical iff they instantiate all and only the same concepts.
sub property of: immediate-relation
type: ObjectProperty
domain: particular
range: particular

identity-c
type: TransitiveProperty
range: particular
domain: particular
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Any pair of individuals are ontologically identical if they are identical to themselves. Reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
sub property of: immediate-relation

life
type: ObjectProperty
range: perdurant
comment: Total constant participation applied to the mereological sum of the perdurants in which an endurant participates.
sub property of: constant-participant-in
inverse of: life-of
domain: endurant