Ontology
comment: An ontology of collections, collectives, social units, and systems, plugins to DnS. These are placeholders for a more ambitious ontology of basic entities from the social world. OWL engineering by Aldo Gangemi.
imports: InformationObjects.owl
comment: Imports: Information
version info: 397

system-as-situation
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: situation
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: system-as-description
    on property: satisfies
comment: The realization aspect of a system, satisfying the descriptive aspect.If the descriptive part only includes a design, it can be a situation in which that design has been realized (e.g. consisting essentially of a system-as-artifact as a design object).If the descriptive part includes a project, it can be a workflow situation resulting in the production of e.g. a system-as-artifact.If the descriptive part includes a set of instructions, it can be a situation in which e.g. a system-as-artifact interacts with the environment effectively (according to some evaluation criteria).

system-as-description
type: Class
comment: The descriptive, unifying aspect of a system (usually it includes at least a design, or project, plan, etc.).
subclass of: description
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: system-as-situation
  on property: satisfied-by

production-workflow-execution
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: system-production-workflow
    on property: satisfies
  intersection of: situation
comment: A situation satisfying the production workflow of a system.

system-production-workflow
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: system-design
    on property: specifically-constantly-dependent-on
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: specifically-constantly-dependent-on
    some values from: system-functionality
  intersection of: workflow
comment: The description of how a system is produced.

parametrized-collection
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: simple-collection
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Restriction
      some values from: Restriction
        on property: value-for
        some values from: Restriction
      on property: generic-location
    on property: member
comment: A type of simple collections are parametrized collections, whose members must have a quality constrained by some parameter that is a requisite of their covering role(s).For example, a crowd of people has members that have spatial positions in a range that makes them proximal (a condition traditionally used to distinguish so-called aggregates (King 2004)).On the other hand, if positions are reciprocally relevant (as, for instance, in a living chess setting) according to multiple roles defined by some plan or design, the collection becomes organized.

simple-collection
type: Class
disjoint with: organized-collection
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: collection
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Class
      complement of: role
    on property: characterized-by
comment: A simple collection (for instance, a collection of saxophones, or a mass of lymphocytes ) is a collection having only covering roles.

organized-collection
type: Class
comment: Organized collections introduce a different unity criterion for collections. They can be conceived as characterized by further roles played by some (or all) members of the collection, and related among them through the social objects (figures, descriptions, collections) that either use or depute or are covered by them.
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: collection
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: characterized-by
    some values from: role
  intersection of: Restriction
    min cardinality: 2
    on property: characterized-by

system-implementation-workflow
type: Class
comment: The description of how to implement a system-as-artifact.
subclass of: system-production-workflow

taxonomic-collective
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: biological-collective
  intersection of: taxonomic-collection
comment: A simple collective covered by roles corresponding to natural science properties ascribed to members.

biological-collective
type: Class
comment: Biological collectives are type-based collectives that are *covered* by roles typical of the biological world.They can be divided into various kinds (genetic, taxonomic, epidemiological, etc.).Biological properties produce either crisp or fuzzy/probabilistic types.
subclass of: type-based-collective

taxonomic-collection
type: Class
comment: A simple collection covered by roles corresponding to natural science properties ascribed to members.
subclass of: simple-collection

functionality-specification-workflow
type: Class
subclass of: system-production-workflow
comment: The description of how to produce a functionality specification.

working-system-situation
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: system-as-situation
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: system-functionality
    on property: satisfies
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: design-object-materialization
    on property: generically-dependent-on
comment: The situation in which a working system interacts with its environment according to its functionality description.

system-functionality
type: Class
comment: The description of a system from the functional viewpoint (how it works).
subclass of: system-as-description

design-object-materialization
type: Class
comment: A situation in which an object exists that has been produced according to a system design specification.
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: system-as-situation
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: system-design
    on property: satisfies
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: production-workflow-execution
    on property: generically-dependent-on

design-specification-workflow
type: Class
comment: The description of how to produce a design specification.
subclass of: system-production-workflow

organization
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: socially-constructed-person
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: hypostasis-of
    some values from: collective
subclass of: Restriction
  cardinality: 1
  on property: hypostasis-of
comment: A socially-constructed person with a complex articulation of tasks, roles and figures.

socially-constructed-person
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: agentive-figure
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: acted-by
    all values from: rational-agent
comment: A definite social figure that is constructed and acted by other previously existing persons. A person in general is not characterized in this ontology. In a legal extension, it could be reasonable to create a class of legal persons, defined by legal constitutive descriptions, including the legal figures related to both natural (see) and socially-constructed persons.

system-design
type: Class
subclass of: system-as-description
comment: The description of a system from the design viewpoint (how it is structured, but also including possible aesthetic or functional descriptions).

institution
type: Class
comment: An organization bearing a legal status and having powers conferred by Law.
subclass of: organization

physical-plurality
type: Class
comment: a.k.a. unitary collection in D18. The physical counterpart (realization) of a collection. A collection (see) is characterized by a conventional or emergent property. Physical pluralities have as *proper parts* only physical objects that are *members* of a same collection.
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: physical-object
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Restriction
      on property: member-of
      cardinality: 1
    on property: proper-part

ecological-collective
type: Class
subclass of: organized-collective
comment: An organized collective that receives its organization from the characterizing roles of social interation between organisms in a niche.

organized-collective
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: organized-collection
  intersection of: collective
comment: An organized collection with only agents as members.

type-based-collective
type: Class
subclass of: simple-collective
comment: Collectives can be classified according to different property kinds. The first one is the type of members (e.g. physical persons, boys, cows, left-handers, etc.). Types are used in traditional classifications. For example, biological collectives can be distinguished from social collectives, based on the (biological or social) properties ascribed to members.

simple-planned-collective
type: Class
subclass of: simple-collective
comment: We use the presence and structure of a unifying plan in order to characterize kinds of collectives. A preliminary consideration is that plan unification can have two senses.The first one only takes into account the action schemas executed by the members, who do not necessarily interact in a global way. In other words, the roles played by members cover the collective, because they are (dispositionally) played by each member.The second sense is richer, and assumes that the unifying (maximal) plan (d-)uses roles that characterize the collective.The first sense of plan unification is applicable to a subclass of simple collectives that we call here 'simple-planned-collectives'.

simple-collective
type: Class
comment: A simple collection with only agents as members.
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: simple-collection
  intersection of: collective
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: unified-by
    all values from: Class
      complement of: Class
        intersection of: plan
        intersection of: Restriction

social-type-collective
type: Class
comment: Social type-based collectives are type-based collectives that are *covered* by roles typical of the social world.Social collectives are usually based on action schemas (practices, rather than plans, which are typical of intentional collectives).They can be distinguished into neighborhood, geographic (at various granularities), ethnic, linguistic, commercial, industrial, scientific, political, religious, institutional, administrative, professional, sportive, interest-based, stylistic, devotional, etc.WordNet contains an impressive set of social-type-based-collectives, which are encoded in the lexicon.
subclass of: type-based-collective
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: covered-by
  some values from: social-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: unified-by
  some values from: Class
    union of: practice
    union of: social-relationship

natural-person
type: Class
disjoint with: organization
subclass of: socially-constructed-person
subclass of: Restriction
  cardinality: 1
  on property: hypostasis-of
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: rational-physical-object
  on property: hypostasis-of
comment: An agentive social object that is the hypostasis of one rational physical object. It can be acted by othe rational physical objects or social persons though (through delegation).

text-repository
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: text
  on property: member
subclass of: information-collection
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 2
  on property: member
comment: A collection having only texts as members.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: text
  on property: member

information-collection
type: Class
subclass of: non-physical-collection
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: text
  on property: member
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: text
  on property: member
comment: A collection of texts.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: member
  min cardinality: 2

intentional-collective
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: d-uses
      some values from: Restriction
        on property: characterizes
        some values from: intentional-collective
    intersection of: plan
  on property: unified-by
subclass of: organized-collective
comment: We use the presence and structure of a unifying plan in order to characterize kinds of collectives. A preliminary consideration is that plan unification can have two senses.The first one only takes into account the action schemas executed by the members, who do not necessarily interact in a 'global' way. In other words, the roles played by members cover the collective, because they are (dispositionally) played by each member.The second sense is richer, and assumes that the unifying (maximal) plan (d-)uses roles that characterize (are played by some members, and related between them in a typical way) the collective.The first sense of plan unification is applicable to a subclass of simple collectives that we call here 'simple-planned-collectives'.The second sense of plan unification applies to intentional collectives proper.An intentional collective can be said to act intentionally because its members act, and because it is unified by a plan that is conceived by some rational agent. Therefore, there is nothing special in a collective being intentional: it is just a matter of having a plan and agentive members playing its characterizing roles. What is special is the distinction between the diversified ways of acting collectively (see subclasses).

workflow
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 3
  on property: d-uses
subclass of: plan
comment: A plan describing a team's or organization's objectives, tasks, roles, and parameters. Ay least two roles and one task, or one role and two tasks must be defined.

non-physical-collection
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: collection
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: member
    some values from: non-physical-object
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: member
    min cardinality: 2
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: member
    all values from: non-physical-object
comment: A collection of non-physical objects that is characterized by a conventional or emergent property, e.g. a corpus, a legal body, etc.A non-physical collection only has non-physical endurants as members.

system-as-artifact
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: material-artifact
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: proper-part
    all values from: Class
      intersection of: physical-object
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: member-of
        some values from: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: proper-part
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: physical-object
      intersection of: Restriction
        some values from: Class
        on property: member-of
comment: A material artifact whose proper parts ('components') are physical objects, members of a collection unified by a project or plan.

genetic-collective
type: Class
comment: A biological collective covered by genetic roles (whose members are identified by means of the genetic properties ascribed to them).
subclass of: biological-collective

rules
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mediated-relation
inverse of: ruled-by
comment: A control relation between socially constructed persons and either roles or figures. It requires that the socially constructed person is explicitly enabled to control in a description that d-uses both the socially constructed person and the controlled roles or figures.
domain: socially-constructed-person
range: Class
  union of: role
  union of: figure

enforces
type: ObjectProperty
range: regulation
sub property of: involved-in
comment: An institution enforces a regulation by playing a role within the part of that regulation that describes its enforcement.
domain: institution
inverse of: enforced-by