Sappho Digital Ontology
type: Ontology
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9649-0870
creator: Laura Untner
issued: 2026-02-01
modified: 2026-02-18
licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
rights: This ontology is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC-BY 4.0).
description: This is an ontology developed in the project Sappho Digital by Laura Untner. It reuses the Erlangen OWL version of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM; ECRM 240307, based on CIDOC CRM 7.1.3), the object-oriented version of IFLA's Library Reference Model (LRMoo; v1.1.1) and INTRO (the Intertextual, Interpictorial and Intermedial Relations Ontology; beta202506) to model basic biographical and bibliographical as well as intertextual information.
relation: https://sappho-digital.com
version info: Version 0.1
imports: current
imports: INTRO CurrentBeta.owl
imports: LRMoo v1.1.1.owl

E21 Person
type: Class
label: E21 Πρόσωπο @el
label: E21 Personne @fr
label: E21 Pessoa @pt
label: E21 Личность @ru
label: E21 人物 @zh
notation: E21
subclass of: E20 Biological Object
subclass of: E39 Actor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P98 was born
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P152 has parent
  min cardinality: 2
comment: This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures.

E35 Title
type: Class
label: E35 Titel @de
label: E35 Τίτλος @el
label: E35 Titre @fr
label: E35 Título @pt
label: E35 Заголовок @ru
label: E35 题名 @zh
notation: E35
subclass of: E33 Linguistic Object
subclass of: E41 Appellation
comment: This class comprises the textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form.

E36 Visual Item
type: Class
label: E36 Bildliches @de
label: E36 Οπτικό Στοιχείο @el
label: E36 Entité visuelle @fr
label: E36 Item Visual @pt
label: E36 Визуальный Предмет @ru
label: E36 可视项 @zh
notation: E36
subclass of: E73 Information Object
comment: This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images.

E42 Identifier
type: Class
label: E42 Kennung @de
label: E42 Κωδικός Αναγνώρισης @el
label: E42 Identifiant @fr
label: E42 Identificador de Objeto @pt
label: E42 Идентификатор Объекта @ru
label: E42 标识符 @zh
notation: E42
subclass of: E41 Appellation
comment: This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations.

E52 Time-Span
type: Class
label: E52 Zeitspanne @de
label: E52 Χρονικό Διάστημα @el
label: E52 Intervalle temporel @fr
label: E52 Período de Tempo @pt
label: E52 Интервал Времени @ru
label: E52 时段 @zh
notation: E52
subclass of: E1 CRM Entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P4 is time-span of
  some values from: E2 Temporal Entity
comment: This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end, and a duration.

E53 Place
type: Class
label: E53 Ort @de
label: E53 Τόπος @el
label: E53 Lieu @fr
label: E53 Local @pt
label: E53 Место @ru
label: E53 地点 @zh
notation: E53
subclass of: E1 CRM Entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P59i is located on or within
  max cardinality: 1
comment: This class comprises extents in the natural space where people live, in particular on the surface of the Earth, in the pure sense of physics.

E55 Type
type: Class
label: E55 Typus @de
label: E55 Τύπος @el
label: E55 Tipo @pt
label: E55 Тип @ru
label: E55 类型 @zh
notation: E55
subclass of: E28 Conceptual Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P135i was created by
  max cardinality: 1
comment: This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes.

E67 Birth
type: Class
label: E67 Geburt @de
label: E67 Γέννηση @el
label: E67 Naissance @fr
label: E67 Nascimento @pt
label: E67 Рождение @ru
label: E67 出生 @zh
notation: E67
subclass of: E63 Beginning of Existence
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P98 brought into life
  some values from: E21 Person
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P97 from father
  some values from: E21 Person
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P96 by mother
  some values from: E21 Person
comment: This class comprises the births of human beings.

E69 Death
type: Class
label: E69 Tod @de
label: E69 Θάνατος @el
label: E69 Mort @fr
label: E69 Morte @pt
label: E69 Смерть @ru
label: E69 死亡 @zh
notation: E69
subclass of: E64 End of Existence
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P100 was death of
  some values from: E21 Person
comment: This class comprises the deaths of human beings.

E73 Information Object
type: Class
label: E73 Informationsgegenstand @de
label: E73 Πληροφοριακό Αντικείμενο @el
label: E73 Objet informationnel @fr
label: E73 Objeto de Informação @pt
label: E73 Информационный Объект @ru
label: E73 信息对象 @zh
notation: E73
subclass of: E89 Propositional Object
subclass of: E90 Symbolic Object
comment: This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units.

E74 Group
type: Class
label: E74 Menschliche Gruppe @de
label: E74 Ομάδα @el
label: E74 Groupe @fr
label: E74 Grupo @pt
label: E74 Группа @ru
label: E74 团体 @zh
notation: E74
subclass of: E39 Actor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P144i gained member by
  min cardinality: 2
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P95i was formed by
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P107 has current or former member
  min cardinality: 2
comment: This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of human individuals or groups that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship.

E90 Symbolic Object
type: Class
label: E90 Symbolisches Objekt @de
label: E90 Objet symbolique @fr
label: E90 符号对象 @zh
notation: E90
subclass of: E28 Conceptual Object
subclass of: E72 Legal Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: P106 is composed of
  some values from: E90 Symbolic Object
comment: This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code, or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure.

P100 was death of
type: ObjectProperty
label: P100 Tod von @de
label: P100 a été la mort de @fr
label: P100 死亡的是 @zh
notation: P100
domain: E69 Death
range: E21 Person
inverse of: P100 died in
sub property of: P93 took out of existence

P100 died in
type: ObjectProperty
label: P100 starb in @de
label: P100 est mort par @fr
label: P100 死于 @zh
notation: P100i
domain: E21 Person
range: E69 Death
inverse of: P100 was death of
sub property of: P93i was taken out of existence by

P102 has title
type: ObjectProperty
label: P102 trägt den Titel @de
label: P102 a pour titre @fr
label: P102 有题名 @zh
notation: P102
domain: E71 Human-Made Thing
range: E35 Title
inverse of: P102 is title of
sub property of: P1 is identified by

P102 is title of
type: ObjectProperty
label: P102 ist der Titel von @de
label: P102 est le titre de @fr
label: P102 题名是 @zh
notation: P102i
domain: E35 Title
range: E71 Human-Made Thing
inverse of: P102 has title
sub property of: P1 identifies

P138 represents
type: ObjectProperty
label: P138 stellt dar @de
label: P138 représente @fr
label: P138 描绘 @zh
notation: P138
domain: E36 Visual Item
range: E1 CRM Entity
inverse of: P138 has representation
sub property of: P67 refers to

P138 has representation
type: ObjectProperty
label: P138 wird dargestellt durch @de
label: P138 est représenté par @fr
label: P138 有描绘 @zh
notation: P138i
domain: E1 CRM Entity
range: E36 Visual Item
inverse of: P138 represents
sub property of: P67 is referred to by

P14 carried out by
type: ObjectProperty
label: P14 wurde ausgeführt von @de
label: P14 a été effectué par @fr
label: P14 执行者是 @zh
notation: P14
domain: E7 Activity
range: E39 Actor
inverse of: P14 performed
sub property of: P11 had participant

P14 performed
type: ObjectProperty
label: P14 führte aus @de
label: P14 a effectué @fr
label: P14 执行 @zh
notation: P14i
domain: E39 Actor
range: E7 Activity
inverse of: P14 carried out by
sub property of: P11i participated in

P1 is identified by
type: ObjectProperty
label: P1 wird bezeichnet als @de
label: P1 est identifié par @fr
label: P1 被标识为 @zh
notation: P1
domain: E1 CRM Entity
range: E41 Appellation
inverse of: P1 identifies

P1 identifies
type: ObjectProperty
label: P1 bezeichnet @de
label: P1 identifie @fr
label: P1 标识 @zh
notation: P1i
domain: E41 Appellation
range: E1 CRM Entity
inverse of: P1 is identified by

P2 has type
type: ObjectProperty
label: P2 hat den Typus @de
label: P2 a pour type @fr
label: P2 有类型 @zh
notation: P2
domain: E1 CRM Entity
range: E55 Type
inverse of: P2 is type of

P2 is type of
type: ObjectProperty
label: P2 ist Typus von @de
label: P2 est le type de @fr
label: P2 是类型 @zh
notation: P2i
domain: E55 Type
range: E1 CRM Entity
inverse of: P2 has type

P4 has time-span
type: ObjectProperty
label: P4 hat Zeitspanne @de
label: P4 a pour intervalle temporel @fr
label: P4 发生时段是 @zh
notation: P4
domain: E2 Temporal Entity
range: E52 Time-Span
inverse of: P4 is time-span of

P4 is time-span of
type: ObjectProperty
label: P4 ist Zeitspanne von @de
label: P4 est l'intervalle temporel de @fr
label: P4 是时段 @zh
notation: P4i
domain: E52 Time-Span
range: E2 Temporal Entity
inverse of: P4 has time-span

P67 refers to
type: ObjectProperty
label: P67 verweist auf @de
label: P67 renvoie à @fr
label: P67 涉及 @zh
notation: P67
domain: E89 Propositional Object
range: E1 CRM Entity
inverse of: P67 is referred to by

P67 is referred to by
type: ObjectProperty
label: P67 wird angeführt von @de
label: P67 fait l'objet d'un renvoi par @fr
label: P67 被涉及 @zh
notation: P67i
domain: E1 CRM Entity
range: E89 Propositional Object
inverse of: P67 refers to

P7 took place at
type: ObjectProperty
label: P7 fand statt in @de
label: P7 a eu lieu dans @fr
label: P7 发生地在 @zh
notation: P7
domain: E4 Period
range: E53 Place
inverse of: P7 witnessed

P7 witnessed
type: ObjectProperty
label: P7 bezeugte @de
label: P7 a été témoin de @fr
label: P7 发生过 @zh
notation: P7i
domain: E53 Place
range: E4 Period
inverse of: P7 took place at

P98 brought into life
type: ObjectProperty
label: P98 brachte zur Welt @de
label: P98 a donné vie à @fr
label: P98 诞生了 @zh
notation: P98
domain: E67 Birth
range: E21 Person
inverse of: P98 was born
sub property of: P92 brought into existence

P98 was born
type: ObjectProperty
label: P98 wurde geboren durch @de
label: P98 est né @fr
label: P98 被诞生 @zh
notation: P98i
domain: E21 Person
range: E67 Birth
inverse of: P98 brought into life
sub property of: P92i was brought into existence by

P165 incorporates
type: ObjectProperty
label: P165 inclut @fr
notation: P165
domain: E73 Information Object
range: E90 Symbolic Object
inverse of: P165i is incorporated in
sub property of: P106 is composed of

P165 is incorporated in
type: ObjectProperty
label: P165 est inclus dans @fr
notation: P165i
domain: E90 Symbolic Object
range: E73 Information Object
inverse of: P165 incorporates
sub property of: P106i forms part of

F1 Work
type: Class
notation: F1
preferred label: Work
subclass of: E89 Propositional Object
comment: This class comprises distinct intellectual ideas conveyed in artistic and intellectual creations, such as poems, stories or musical compositions.

F27 Work Creation
type: Class
notation: F27
preferred label: Work Creation
subclass of: E65 Creation
comment: This class comprises activities by which instances of F1 Work come into existence.

F28 Expression Creation
type: Class
notation: F28
preferred label: Expression Creation
subclass of: E12 Production
subclass of: E65 Creation
comment: This class comprises activities that result in instances of F2 Expression coming into existence.

F2 Expression
type: Class
notation: F2
preferred label: Expression
subclass of: E73 Information Object
comment: This class comprises the intellectual or artistic realisations of Works in the form of identifiable immaterial objects, such as texts, poems, jokes, musical or choreographic notations, movement pattern, sound pattern, images, multimedia objects, or any combination of such forms.

F30 Manifestation Creation
type: Class
notation: F30
preferred label: Manifestation Creation
subclass of: E12 Production
subclass of: E65 Creation
comment: This class comprises the activities of selecting, arranging and presenting one or more instances of F2 Expression on a carrier or other persistent presentation means with the purpose of communicating it to some public.

F3 Manifestation
type: Class
notation: F3
preferred label: Manifestation
subclass of: E73 Information Object
comment: This class comprises products rendering one or more Expressions.

R10 is member of
type: ObjectProperty
notation: R10
preferred label: is member of
domain: F1 Work
range: E28 Conceptual Object
inverse of: R10i has member

R10i has member
type: ObjectProperty
notation: R10i
preferred label: has member
domain: E28 Conceptual Object
range: F1 Work
inverse of: R10 is member of

R16 created
type: ObjectProperty
notation: R16
preferred label: created
domain: F27 Work Creation
range: F1 Work
inverse of: R16i was created by
sub property of: P94 has created

R16i was created by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: R16i
preferred label: was created by
domain: F1 Work
range: F27 Work Creation
inverse of: R16 created
sub property of: P94i was created by

R17 created
type: ObjectProperty
notation: R17
preferred label: created
domain: F28 Expression Creation
range: F2 Expression
inverse of: R17i was created by
sub property of: P94 has created

R17i was created by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: R17i
preferred label: was created by
domain: F2 Expression
range: F28 Expression Creation
inverse of: R17 created
sub property of: P94i was created by

R24 created
type: ObjectProperty
notation: R24
preferred label: created
domain: F30 Manifestation Creation
range: F3 Manifestation
inverse of: R24i was created through
sub property of: P94 has created

R24i was created through
type: ObjectProperty
notation: R24i
preferred label: was created through
domain: F3 Manifestation
range: F30 Manifestation Creation
inverse of: R24 created
sub property of: P94i was created by

R4 embodies
type: ObjectProperty
notation: R4
preferred label: embodies
domain: F3 Manifestation
range: F2 Expression
inverse of: R4i is embodied in
sub property of: P165 incorporates

R4i is embodied in
type: ObjectProperty
notation: R4i
preferred label: is embodied in
domain: F2 Expression
range: F3 Manifestation
inverse of: R4 embodies
sub property of: P165i is incorporated in

INT18 Reference
type: Class
subclass of: INT9 SemanticFeature
subclass of: INT PragmaticFeature
comment: This class comprises references to usually real identifiable objects of any kind.

INT21 Text Passage
type: Class
subclass of: INT1 Passage
comment: The INT21 TextPassage is a means of modelling an identifiable part of an E73 Information Object or its subclasses – without that part being removed from its source Information Object.
broad match: SpecificResource

INT2 Actualization of Feature
type: Class
subclass of: E28 Conceptual Object
comment: The fact that a text or an image shows – in its own specific way – a certain feature (which itself is an abstract concept and takes form in many texts/images).

INT31 Intertextual Relation
type: Class
subclass of: INT3 Interrelation
comment: This class comprises the abstract notion of a relationship between texts resp. parts thereof.
broad match: Annotation

INT Character
type: Class
subclass of: INT9 SemanticFeature

INT Interpretation
type: Class
subclass of: INT9 SemanticFeature
subclass of: INT PragmaticFeature
comment: The result of an interpretative act, possibly as perceived in research literature.

INT Motif
type: Class
subclass of: INT9 SemanticFeature

INT Plot
type: Class
subclass of: INT9 SemanticFeature

INT Topic
type: Class
subclass of: INT9 SemanticFeature

INT Topos
type: Class
subclass of: INT9 SemanticFeature

R12 has referred to entity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: R24 has related entity
inverse of: R12i is referred to entity
domain: INT3 Interrelation
range: Class
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: E73 Information Object
  union of: INT1 Passage
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 Architext
comment: Links an INT3 Interrelation to the entity referred to in the relationship.

R12i is referred to entity
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R12 has referred to entity
sub property of: R24i is related entity
domain: Class
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: E73 Information Object
  union of: INT1 Passage
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 Architext
range: INT3 Interrelation

R13 has referring entity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: R24 has related entity
inverse of: R13i is referring entity
domain: INT3 Interrelation
range: Class
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: E73 Information Object
  union of: INT1 Passage
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 Architext
comment: Links an INT3 Interrelation to a referring entity.

R13i is referring entity
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R13 has referring entity
sub property of: R24i is related entity
domain: Class
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: E73 Information Object
  union of: INT1 Passage
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 Architext
range: INT3 Interrelation

R17 actualizes feature
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R17i feature actualized in
domain: INT2 Actualization of Feature
range: INT4 Feature
comment: Links the specific INT2 Actualization of Feature to the (abstract concept of the) feature it actualizes.

R17i feature actualized in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R17 actualizes feature
domain: INT4 Feature
range: INT2 Actualization of Feature

R18 shows actualization
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R18i actualization found on
domain: Class
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: E73 Information Object
  union of: INT1 Passage
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 Architext
range: INT2 Actualization of Feature
comment: Links a text or an image (on any ontological level) or an INT2 Actualization of Feature to an INT2 Actualization of Feature found on it.

R18i actualization found on
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R18 shows actualization
domain: INT2 Actualization of Feature
range: Class
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: E73 Information Object
  union of: INT1 Passage
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 Architext

R21 identifies
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: P67 refers to
inverse of: R21i is identified by
domain: Class
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: E73 Information Object
  union of: INT1 Passage
  union of: INT6 Architext
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
range: Class
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT3 Interrelation
comment: Links an INT2 Actualization of Feature or a text on different levels of granularity to the INT3 Interrelation or the INT2 Actualization of Feature it identifies.

R21i is identified by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R21 identifies
sub property of: P67i is referred to by
domain: Class
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT3 Interrelation
range: Class
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: E73 Information Object
  union of: INT1 Passage
  union of: INT6 Architext
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature

R22 provides similarity for relation
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R22i relation is based on similarity
domain: INT4 Feature
range: INT3 Interrelation
comment: Links an INT4 Feature to an INT3 Interrelation it provides the similarity for.

R22i relation is based on similarity
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R22 provides similarity for relation
domain: INT3 Interrelation
range: INT4 Feature

R24 has related entity
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R24i is related entity
domain: INT3 Interrelation
range: Class
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: E73 Information Object
  union of: INT1 Passage
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 Architext
comment: Links any INT3 Interrelation to a text or image (on any ontological level) or INT2 Actualization of Feature that is part of the INT3 Interrelation.
broad match: hasTarget

R24i is related entity
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: R24 has related entity
domain: Class
  union of: F1 Work
  union of: E73 Information Object
  union of: INT1 Passage
  union of: INT2 Actualization of Feature
  union of: INT6 Architext
range: INT3 Interrelation

R30 has text passage
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
sub property of: R10 hasPassage
inverse of: R30i is text passage of
domain: Class
  union of: E73 Information Object
  union of: INT1 Passage
range: INT21 Text Passage
comment: Links a text to an INT21 Text Passage from that text.

R30i is text passage of
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
inverse of: R30 has text passage
sub property of: R10i isPassageOf
domain: INT21 Text Passage
range: Class
  union of: E73 Information Object
  union of: INT1 Passage

about
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Link from an F2_Expression to a INT_Topic.
domain: F2 Expression
range: INT Topic
property chain axiom: R18 shows actualization
property chain axiom: R17 actualizes feature

expr_relation
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: A relation between two F2_Expressions.
domain: F2 Expression
range: F2 Expression
property chain axiom: ObjectProperty
  inverse of: R18i actualization found on
property chain axiom: R24i is related entity
property chain axiom: R24 has related entity
property chain axiom: R18i actualization found on

has manifestation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An F1_Work has a F3_Manifestation.
domain: F1 Work
range: F3 Manifestation
property chain axiom: R3 is realised in
property chain axiom: R4i is embodied in

expr_references
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A reference from an F2_Expression to a E21_Person, a E53_Place or a F2_Expression.
domain: F2 Expression
range: Class
  union of: E21 Person
  union of: E53 Place
  union of: F2 Expression
property chain axiom: R18 shows actualization
property chain axiom: P67 refers to

referenced_by_expr
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A E21_Person, E53_Place or F2_Expression is referenced by a F2_Expression.
domain: Class
  union of: E21 Person
  union of: E53 Place
  union of: F2 Expression
range: F2 Expression
inverse of: expr_references

tp_possibly_cites
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A F2_Expression possibly cites an INT21_TextPassage.
domain: F2 Expression
range: INT21 Text Passage
property chain axiom: R30 has text passage

tp_possibly_cited_by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An INT21_TextPassage is possibly cited by a F2_Expression.
domain: INT21 Text Passage
range: F2 Expression
inverse of: tp_possibly_cites

expr_possibly_cites
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A F2_Expression possibly cites another F2_Expression.
domain: F2 Expression
range: F2 Expression
property chain axiom: R30 has text passage
property chain axiom: ObjectProperty
  inverse of: R24 has related entity
property chain axiom: R24 has related entity
property chain axiom: ObjectProperty
  inverse of: R30i is text passage of

expr_possibly_cited_by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A F2_Expression is possibly cited by another F2_Expression.
domain: F2 Expression
range: F2 Expression
inverse of: expr_possibly_cites