//! Engine construction and top-level execution APIs.
//!
//! [`Engine`] is the runtime boundary for a group of agents, tools, model
//! providers, storage backends, and hooks. It is responsible for:
//! - validating callers and request metadata;
//! - creating scoped [`AgentCtx`] and [`BaseCtx`] values;
//! - dispatching local agent runs and direct tool calls;
//! - exporting selected agents and tools to non-manager callers;
//! - signing challenge responses when Web3 or TEE clients are configured.
//!
//! Engines are created with [`EngineBuilder`]. A built engine is private by
//! default; configure [`Management`] to expose it to additional callers.
//!
//! # Usage
//! 1. Start from [`Engine::builder`].
//! 2. Register models, tools, agents, hooks, and storage.
//! 3. Select the default agent with [`EngineBuilder::build`].
//! 4. Execute agents with [`Engine::agent_run`] or direct tools with
//!    [`Engine::tool_call`].
//!
//! # Example
//! ```rust,no_run
//! use anda_core::AgentInput;
//! use anda_engine::{
//!     ANONYMOUS,
//!     engine::{AgentInfo, EchoEngineInfo, Engine},
//!     management::{BaseManagement, Visibility},
//! };
//! use std::sync::Arc;
//!
//! # async fn example() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
//! let echo_info = AgentInfo {
//!     handle: "echo".to_string(),
//!     name: "Echo Agent".to_string(),
//!     description: "Returns engine metadata as JSON.".to_string(),
//!     ..Default::default()
//! };
//!
//! let engine = Engine::builder()
//!     .with_management(Arc::new(BaseManagement {
//!         controller: ANONYMOUS,
//!         managers: Default::default(),
//!         visibility: Visibility::Public,
//!     }))
//!     .register_agent(Arc::new(EchoEngineInfo::new(echo_info)), None)?
//!     .build("echo".to_string())
//!     .await?;
//!
//! let output = engine
//!     .agent_run(
//!         ANONYMOUS,
//!         AgentInput::new("echo".to_string(), "hello".to_string()),
//!     )
//!     .await?;
//! # Ok(())
//! # }
//! ```

use anda_cloud_cdk::{ChallengeEnvelope, ChallengeRequest};
use anda_core::{
    Agent, AgentContext, AgentInput, AgentOutput, AgentSet, BoxError, Function, Json, Path,
    RequestMeta, Resource, Tool, ToolInput, ToolOutput, ToolProvider, ToolProviderSet, ToolSet,
};
use candid::Principal;
use ic_auth_types::deterministic_cbor_into_vec;
use object_store::memory::InMemory;
use std::{
    collections::BTreeSet,
    sync::{Arc, OnceLock, Weak},
};
use structured_logger::unix_ms;
use tokio_util::sync::{CancellationToken, WaitForCancellationFuture};

use crate::{
    context::{
        AgentCtx, BaseCtx, ToolsGroups, ToolsSearch, ToolsSelect, Web3SDK, agent_context_path,
        tool_context_path,
    },
    hook::{Hook, Hooks},
    management::{BaseManagement, Management, SYSTEM_PATH, Visibility},
    memory::Conversations,
    model::{Model, Models},
    store::Store,
    subagent::{SubAgentConversationRecorder, SubAgentManager, SubAgentSetManager},
};

pub use crate::context::{AgentInfo, EngineCard};

/// Top-level runtime for a configured set of Anda agents and tools.
///
/// An engine owns the shared runtime state used to create child contexts for
/// agent and tool execution. It is cheap to wrap in an [`Arc`] and share across
/// server handlers.
pub struct Engine {
    id: Principal,
    ctx: AgentCtx,
    info: AgentInfo,
    default_agent: String,
    export_agents: BTreeSet<String>,
    export_tools: BTreeSet<String>,
    hooks: Arc<Hooks>,
    management: Arc<dyn Management>,
}

impl Engine {
    /// Creates a new builder with default engine metadata, in-memory storage,
    /// built-in tool discovery agents, and private visibility.
    pub fn builder() -> EngineBuilder {
        EngineBuilder::new()
    }

    /// Returns the engine ID.
    pub fn id(&self) -> Principal {
        self.id
    }

    /// Returns the information about the engine.
    pub fn info(&self) -> &AgentInfo {
        &self.info
    }

    /// Returns mutable engine metadata.
    pub fn info_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AgentInfo {
        &mut self.info
    }

    /// Returns the name of the default agent.
    pub fn default_agent(&self) -> String {
        self.default_agent.clone()
    }

    /// Validates request metadata shared by every execution entry point:
    /// the engine id must match this engine when present, and a user name
    /// must be trimmed, non-empty, and at most 96 bytes.
    fn validate_request_meta(&self, meta: &RequestMeta) -> Result<(), BoxError> {
        if meta.engine.is_some() && meta.engine != Some(self.id) {
            return Err(format!(
                "invalid engine ID, expected {}, got {:?}",
                self.id.to_text(),
                meta.engine
            )
            .into());
        }
        if let Some(user) = &meta.user {
            let u = user.trim();
            if u.is_empty() || u != user || u.len() > 96 {
                return Err(format!("invalid user name {:?}", user).into());
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Cancels all tasks in the engine by triggering the cancellation token.
    pub fn cancel(&self) {
        self.ctx.base.cancellation_token.cancel()
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the Engine is cancelled.
    pub fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool {
        self.ctx.base.cancellation_token.is_cancelled()
    }

    /// Returns a [`Future`] that gets fulfilled when cancellation is requested.
    pub fn cancelled(&self) -> WaitForCancellationFuture<'_> {
        self.ctx.base.cancellation_token.cancelled()
    }

    /// Creates and returns a child cancellation token.
    pub fn cancellation_token(&self) -> CancellationToken {
        self.ctx.base.cancellation_token.child_token()
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the engine's models.
    pub fn models(&self) -> Arc<Models> {
        self.ctx.models.clone()
    }

    /// Cancels the engine and resolves once cancellation has been requested.
    pub async fn close(&self) -> Result<(), BoxError> {
        self.ctx.base.cancellation_token.cancel();
        self.cancelled().await;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Creates an agent context for an exported agent or a manager-only agent.
    ///
    /// Non-manager callers can only access names listed by
    /// [`EngineBuilder::export_agents`] or the default agent selected by
    /// [`EngineBuilder::build`]. Managers can access registered agents that are
    /// not exported.
    pub fn ctx_with(
        &self,
        caller: Principal,
        agent_name: &str,
        agent_label: &str,
        meta: RequestMeta,
    ) -> Result<AgentCtx, BoxError> {
        let name = agent_name.to_ascii_lowercase();

        // Enforce the same visibility rules as `agent_run`; this public entry
        // point must not let a caller bypass the anonymous/private/protected
        // checks and obtain a caller-scoped context.
        let visibility = self.management.check_visibility(&caller)?;
        if visibility == Visibility::Protected && !self.management.is_manager(&caller) {
            return Err("caller does not have permission".into());
        }

        // manager can access any agent
        if (!self.export_agents.contains(&name) && !self.management.is_manager(&caller))
            || !self.ctx.agents.contains(&name)
        {
            return Err(format!("agent {} not found", name).into());
        }

        self.ctx.child_with(caller, &name, agent_label, meta)
    }

    /// Creates a tool context for an exported tool or a manager-only tool.
    ///
    /// The returned [`BaseCtx`] is scoped to the requested tool name and carries
    /// the caller, agent name, request metadata, cancellation token, cache,
    /// storage, and shared runtime state.
    pub fn base_ctx_with(
        &self,
        caller: Principal,
        agent_name: &str,
        tool_name: &str,
        meta: RequestMeta,
    ) -> Result<BaseCtx, BoxError> {
        let name = tool_name.to_ascii_lowercase();
        let agent = agent_name.to_ascii_lowercase();

        // Enforce the same visibility rules as `tool_call`; this public entry
        // point must not let a caller bypass the anonymous/private/protected
        // checks and obtain a caller-scoped context.
        let visibility = self.management.check_visibility(&caller)?;
        if visibility == Visibility::Protected && !self.management.is_manager(&caller) {
            return Err("caller does not have permission".into());
        }

        // The agent name scopes per-agent storage (e.g. notes/todos). Reject an
        // unregistered name so a caller cannot forge a namespace and read or
        // write another agent's data.
        if !self.ctx.agents.contains(&agent) {
            return Err(format!("agent {} not found", agent).into());
        }

        // manager can access any tool
        if (!self.export_tools.contains(&name) && !self.management.is_manager(&caller))
            || !self.ctx.has_tool_lowercase(&name)
        {
            return Err(format!("tool {} not found", name).into());
        }

        self.ctx.child_base_with(caller, &agent, &name, meta)
    }

    /// Executes an agent request.
    ///
    /// If `input.name` is empty, the engine's default agent is used. The method
    /// validates request metadata, enforces visibility rules, runs engine hooks,
    /// and clears provider-native raw history before returning the output to the
    /// caller.
    pub async fn agent_run(
        &self,
        caller: Principal,
        mut input: AgentInput,
    ) -> Result<AgentOutput, BoxError> {
        let meta = input.meta.unwrap_or_default();
        self.validate_request_meta(&meta)?;

        input.name = if input.name.is_empty() {
            self.default_agent.clone()
        } else {
            input.name.to_ascii_lowercase()
        };

        // Run the caller/visibility checks before looking up the agent so an
        // unauthorized caller cannot tell a registered-but-not-exported agent
        // apart from a non-existent one via differing error messages.
        let visibility = self.management.check_visibility(&caller)?;
        if visibility == Visibility::Protected && !self.management.is_manager(&caller) {
            return Err("caller does not have permission".into());
        }

        let agent = self
            .ctx
            .agents
            .get(&input.name)
            .ok_or_else(|| format!("agent {} not found", input.name))?;

        let ctx = self.ctx_with(caller, &input.name, agent.label(), meta)?;
        self.hooks.on_agent_start(&ctx, &input.name).await?;

        // Always run `on_agent_end` so start/end-paired hooks (e.g. the
        // per-caller lease in `SingleThreadHook`) are released even when the
        // agent fails. On the error path the end hooks receive a placeholder
        // output that carries the failure reason and the original error is
        // returned to the caller.
        match agent.run(ctx.clone(), input.prompt, input.resources).await {
            Ok(output) => {
                let mut output = self.hooks.on_agent_end(&ctx, &input.name, output).await?;
                output.raw_history.clear(); // clear raw history
                Ok(output)
            }
            Err(err) => {
                let placeholder = AgentOutput {
                    failed_reason: Some(err.to_string()),
                    ..Default::default()
                };
                let _ = self
                    .hooks
                    .on_agent_end(&ctx, &input.name, placeholder)
                    .await;
                Err(err)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Calls a registered tool directly.
    ///
    /// Direct tool calls follow the same engine-id, user-name, visibility, and
    /// hook checks as agent execution. Non-manager callers can only call tools
    /// exported through [`EngineBuilder::export_tools`].
    pub async fn tool_call(
        &self,
        caller: Principal,
        mut input: ToolInput<Json>,
    ) -> Result<ToolOutput<Json>, BoxError> {
        input.name.make_ascii_lowercase();
        let meta = input.meta.take().unwrap_or_default();
        self.validate_request_meta(&meta)?;

        // As in `agent_run`, check the caller before looking up the tool so an
        // unauthorized caller cannot probe which tools are registered.
        let visibility = self.management.check_visibility(&caller)?;
        if visibility == Visibility::Protected && !self.management.is_manager(&caller) {
            return Err("caller does not have permission".into());
        }

        // manager can call any tool
        if (!self.export_tools.contains(&input.name) && !self.management.is_manager(&caller))
            || !self.ctx.has_tool_lowercase(&input.name)
        {
            return Err(format!("tool {} not found", input.name).into());
        }

        let tool_name = input.name.clone();
        let ctx = self
            .ctx
            .child_base_with(caller, &self.default_agent, &tool_name, meta)?;
        self.hooks.on_tool_start(&ctx, &tool_name).await?;

        // Always run `on_tool_end` so start/end-paired hooks release their
        // accounting even when the tool call fails.
        let result = if let Some(tool) = self.ctx.tools.get(&tool_name) {
            tool.call(ctx.clone(), input.args, input.resources).await
        } else {
            self.ctx.tool_providers.call(ctx.clone(), input).await
        };
        match result {
            Ok(output) => Ok(self.hooks.on_tool_end(&ctx, &tool_name, output).await?),
            Err(err) => {
                let placeholder = ToolOutput {
                    output: Json::Null,
                    is_error: Some(true),
                    ..Default::default()
                };
                let _ = self.hooks.on_tool_end(&ctx, &tool_name, placeholder).await;
                Err(err)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns metadata for registered agents.
    ///
    /// When `names` is `Some`, only matching names are returned.
    pub fn agents(&self, names: Option<&[String]>) -> Vec<Function> {
        self.ctx.agents.functions(names)
    }

    /// Returns metadata for registered tools.
    ///
    /// When `names` is `Some`, only matching names are returned.
    pub fn tools(&self, names: Option<&[String]>) -> Vec<Function> {
        let mut functions = self.ctx.tools.functions(names);
        let mut seen: BTreeSet<String> = BTreeSet::from_iter(
            functions
                .iter()
                .map(|f| f.definition.name.to_ascii_lowercase()),
        );
        for function in self.ctx.tool_providers.functions(names) {
            if seen.insert(function.definition.name.to_ascii_lowercase()) {
                functions.push(function);
            }
        }
        functions
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the subagents manager.
    pub fn sub_agents_manager(&self) -> Arc<SubAgentSetManager> {
        self.ctx.subagents.clone()
    }

    /// Signs a challenge request with the configured Web3 or TEE identity.
    ///
    /// TEE-backed engines include attestation data in the returned envelope.
    ///
    /// # Security
    /// The engine only endorses a challenge whose [`AgentInfo`] matches its own
    /// published [`Engine::information`] payload. Without this check the engine
    /// would sign, with its on-chain identity, an attacker-supplied `AgentInfo`
    /// carrying a forged handle/endpoint that could then be submitted to the
    /// registry to hijack the engine's registry entry. Challenge-code freshness
    /// only guards against replay, not against endorsing content the engine
    /// never authored. This method performs no caller authorization; hosts that
    /// expose it should still verify the challenger belongs to the registry the
    /// engine intends to register with.
    pub async fn challenge(
        &self,
        request: ChallengeRequest,
    ) -> Result<ChallengeEnvelope, BoxError> {
        let now_ms = unix_ms();
        request.verify(now_ms, request.registry)?;

        // Endorse only agent info identical to this engine's own info.
        // `AgentInfo` does not implement `PartialEq`, so compare deterministic
        // CBOR encodings.
        let expected = deterministic_cbor_into_vec(&self.info)
            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to serialize engine info: {err}"))?;
        let got = deterministic_cbor_into_vec(&request.agent)
            .map_err(|err| format!("failed to serialize challenge agent info: {err}"))?;
        if expected != got {
            return Err("challenge agent info does not match this engine".into());
        }

        let message_digest = request.digest();
        let web3 = self.ctx.base.web3.as_ref();
        let authentication = web3.sign_envelope(message_digest).await?;
        let tee = web3
            .tee_attestation(authentication.pubkey.clone(), request.code.to_vec())
            .await?;
        Ok(ChallengeEnvelope {
            request,
            authentication,
            tee,
        })
    }

    /// Returns the public engine card served to discovery clients.
    ///
    /// Only exported agents and tools are included.
    pub fn information(&self) -> EngineCard {
        EngineCard {
            id: self.id,
            info: self.info.clone(),
            agents: self.agents(Some(
                self.export_agents
                    .iter()
                    .cloned()
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .as_slice(),
            )),
            tools: self.tools(Some(
                self.export_tools
                    .iter()
                    .cloned()
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .as_slice(),
            )),
        }
    }
}

/// Builder for assembling an [`Engine`].
///
/// The builder starts with in-memory object storage, a non-implemented Web3
/// client, no external model provider, the built-in `tools_search` and
/// `tools_select` discovery agents, and private management visibility.
#[non_exhaustive]
pub struct EngineBuilder {
    info: AgentInfo,
    tools: ToolSet<BaseCtx>,
    tool_providers: ToolProviderSet<BaseCtx>,
    agents: AgentSet<AgentCtx>,
    subagents: SubAgentSetManager,
    models: Arc<Models>,
    store: Store,
    web3: Arc<Web3SDK>,
    hooks: Arc<Hooks>,
    subagent_conversation_recorder: Option<SubAgentConversationRecorder>,
    cancellation_token: CancellationToken,
    export_agents: BTreeSet<String>,
    export_tools: BTreeSet<String>,
    management: Option<Arc<dyn Management>>,
}

impl Default for EngineBuilder {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl EngineBuilder {
    /// Creates a new EngineBuilder with default values.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        let mstore = Arc::new(InMemory::new());
        let subagent_manager = Arc::new(SubAgentManager::new());
        let subagents = SubAgentSetManager::new();
        subagents.insert(subagent_manager.clone());

        let tools = ToolSet::new();
        let mut agents = AgentSet::new();
        agents.add(subagent_manager, None).unwrap();
        agents
            .add(Arc::new(ToolsSearch::new()), Some("flash".to_string()))
            .unwrap();
        agents
            .add(Arc::new(ToolsSelect::new()), Some("flash".to_string()))
            .unwrap();
        agents
            .add(Arc::new(ToolsGroups::new()), Some("flash".to_string()))
            .unwrap();
        EngineBuilder {
            info: AgentInfo {
                handle: "anda".to_string(),
                name: "Anda Engine".to_string(),
                description: "Anda Engine for managing agents and tools".to_string(),
                endpoint: "https://localhost:8443/default".to_string(),
                ..Default::default()
            },
            tools,
            tool_providers: ToolProviderSet::new(),
            agents,
            subagents,
            models: Arc::new(Models::default()),
            store: Store::new(mstore),
            web3: Arc::new(Web3SDK::not_implemented()),
            hooks: Arc::new(Hooks::new()),
            subagent_conversation_recorder: None,
            cancellation_token: CancellationToken::new(),
            export_agents: BTreeSet::new(),
            export_tools: BTreeSet::new(),
            management: None,
        }
    }

    /// Sets the public engine metadata returned by [`Engine::information`].
    pub fn with_info(mut self, info: AgentInfo) -> Self {
        self.info = info;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the cancellation token.
    pub fn with_cancellation_token(mut self, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> Self {
        self.cancellation_token = cancellation_token;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the Web3 or TEE client used for identity, signing, and challenges.
    pub fn with_web3_client(mut self, web3: Arc<Web3SDK>) -> Self {
        self.web3 = web3;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the primary default model used when a request does not specify a label.
    pub fn with_model(self, model: Model) -> Self {
        self.models.set_model(model);
        self
    }

    /// Replaces the model registry used by the engine.
    pub fn with_models(mut self, models: Arc<Models>) -> Self {
        self.models = models;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the storage backend for the engine.
    pub fn with_store(mut self, store: Store) -> Self {
        self.store = store;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the management policy used for caller authorization and visibility.
    pub fn with_management(mut self, management: Arc<dyn Management>) -> Self {
        self.management = Some(management);
        self
    }

    /// Registers a single tool with the engine.
    /// Returns an error if the tool cannot be added.
    pub fn register_tool<T>(mut self, tool: Arc<T>) -> Result<Self, BoxError>
    where
        T: Tool<BaseCtx> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.tools.add(tool)?;
        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Registers multiple tools to the engine.
    /// Returns an error if any tool already exists.
    pub fn register_tools(mut self, tools: ToolSet<BaseCtx>) -> Result<Self, BoxError> {
        for tool in tools {
            self.tools.add_dyn(tool)?;
        }

        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Registers a dynamic tool provider with the engine.
    pub fn register_tool_provider<T>(mut self, provider: Arc<T>) -> Result<Self, BoxError>
    where
        T: ToolProvider<BaseCtx> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.tool_providers.add(provider)?;
        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Registers multiple dynamic tool providers with the engine.
    pub fn register_tool_providers(
        mut self,
        providers: ToolProviderSet<BaseCtx>,
    ) -> Result<Self, BoxError> {
        for provider in providers {
            self.tool_providers.add_dyn(provider)?;
        }

        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Registers a single agent with optional label to the engine.
    /// Missing dependencies are rejected immediately when no dynamic providers exist;
    /// otherwise they are verified after provider initialization during build.
    /// Recommended labels: "pro", "flash", "lite"
    pub fn register_agent<T>(
        mut self,
        agent: Arc<T>,
        label: Option<String>,
    ) -> Result<Self, BoxError>
    where
        T: Agent<AgentCtx> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        for tool in agent.tool_dependencies() {
            if !self.tools.contains(&tool)
                && !self.agents.contains(&tool)
                && self.tool_providers.iter().next().is_none()
            {
                return Err(format!("dependent tool {} not found", tool).into());
            }
        }

        self.agents.add(agent, label)?;
        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Registers multiple agents to the engine.
    /// Verifies that all required tools are registered for each agent.
    /// Dynamic provider dependencies are checked after provider initialization;
    /// other registration errors are returned immediately.
    pub fn register_agents(mut self, agents: AgentSet<AgentCtx>) -> Result<Self, BoxError> {
        for agent in agents {
            for tool in agent.tool_dependencies() {
                if !self.tools.contains(&tool)
                    && !self.agents.contains(&tool)
                    && self.tool_providers.iter().next().is_none()
                {
                    return Err(format!("dependent tool {} not found", tool).into());
                }
            }
            self.agents.add_dyn(agent)?;
        }

        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Exports agents by name for non-manager callers and discovery.
    pub fn export_agents(mut self, agents: Vec<String>) -> Self {
        for mut agent in agents {
            agent.make_ascii_lowercase();
            self.export_agents.insert(agent);
        }
        self
    }

    /// Exports tools by name for non-manager callers and discovery.
    pub fn export_tools(mut self, tools: Vec<String>) -> Self {
        for mut tool in tools {
            tool.make_ascii_lowercase();
            self.export_tools.insert(tool);
        }
        self
    }

    /// Validates that exported names resolve to registered functions so a
    /// misspelled export is not silently ignored.
    ///
    /// Agents are fully known at build time, so an unknown exported agent is a
    /// hard error. Tools may be supplied by dynamic providers that load lazily,
    /// so an unresolved exported tool is only a warning.
    fn check_exports(&self) -> Result<(), BoxError> {
        for name in &self.export_agents {
            if !self.agents.contains(name) {
                return Err(format!("exported agent {} not found", name).into());
            }
        }
        for name in &self.export_tools {
            if !self.tools.contains_lowercase(name) && !self.tool_providers.contains_lowercase(name)
            {
                log::warn!("exported tool {name} is not registered (possible typo)");
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sets the hooks for the engine.
    pub fn with_hooks(mut self, hooks: Arc<Hooks>) -> Self {
        self.hooks = hooks;
        self
    }

    /// Enables persistent conversation logging for subagent calls and sessions.
    pub fn with_subagent_conversations(mut self, conversations: Conversations) -> Self {
        self.subagent_conversation_recorder =
            Some(SubAgentConversationRecorder::new(conversations));
        self
    }

    /// Enables persistent conversation logging with a prebuilt subagent recorder.
    pub fn with_subagent_conversation_recorder(
        mut self,
        recorder: SubAgentConversationRecorder,
    ) -> Self {
        self.subagent_conversation_recorder = Some(recorder);
        self
    }

    /// Creates an engine without selecting a default agent.
    ///
    /// This is mainly useful for tests or management-only engines. Most
    /// production engines should use [`EngineBuilder::build`].
    pub async fn empty(self) -> Result<Engine, BoxError> {
        self.assemble(String::new()).await
    }

    /// Finalizes the builder and creates an engine with a default agent.
    ///
    /// The default agent is automatically exported. Registered tools and agents
    /// are initialized before the engine is returned.
    pub async fn build(mut self, default_agent: String) -> Result<Engine, BoxError> {
        let default_agent = default_agent.to_ascii_lowercase();
        if !self.agents.contains(&default_agent) {
            return Err(format!("default agent {} not found", default_agent).into());
        }

        self.export_agents.insert(default_agent.clone());

        self.info.validate()?;
        self.assemble(default_agent).await
    }

    /// Single assembly path shared by [`EngineBuilder::build`] and
    /// [`EngineBuilder::empty`]. An empty `default_agent` means no default
    /// agent is selected.
    async fn assemble(self, default_agent: String) -> Result<Engine, BoxError> {
        self.check_exports()?;
        let id = self.web3.as_ref().get_principal();
        let names = self.context_names();

        let ctx = BaseCtx::new(
            id,
            self.info.name.clone(),
            default_agent.clone(),
            self.cancellation_token,
            names,
            self.web3,
            self.store,
        );

        let tools = Arc::new(self.tools);
        let tool_providers = Arc::new(self.tool_providers);
        let agents = Arc::new(self.agents);

        let ctx = AgentCtx::new(
            ctx,
            self.models,
            tools.clone(),
            tool_providers.clone(),
            agents.clone(),
            Arc::new(self.subagents),
        );
        if let Some(recorder) = &self.subagent_conversation_recorder {
            ctx.base.set_state(recorder.clone());
        }

        let meta = RequestMeta::default();
        for (name, tool) in tools.iter() {
            let ct = ctx.child_base_with(id, &default_agent, name, meta.clone())?;
            tool.init(ct).await?;
        }

        tool_providers.init_all(ctx.base.clone()).await?;

        for (_, agent) in agents.iter() {
            for dependency in agent.tool_dependencies() {
                if ctx
                    .definitions(Some(std::slice::from_ref(&dependency)))
                    .await
                    .is_empty()
                {
                    return Err(format!("dependent tool {dependency} not found").into());
                }
            }
        }

        for (name, agent) in agents.iter() {
            let ct = ctx.child_with(id, name, agent.label(), meta.clone())?;
            agent.init(ct).await?;
        }

        Ok(Engine {
            id,
            ctx,
            info: self.info,
            default_agent,
            export_agents: self.export_agents,
            export_tools: self.export_tools,
            hooks: self.hooks,
            management: self.management.unwrap_or_else(|| {
                Arc::new(BaseManagement {
                    controller: id,
                    managers: BTreeSet::new(),
                    visibility: Visibility::Private, // default visibility
                })
            }),
        })
    }

    /// Context namespaces registered for the engine's cache service: one per
    /// tool, one per agent, the system namespace, and the root namespace.
    fn context_names(&self) -> BTreeSet<Path> {
        let mut names: BTreeSet<Path> = self
            .tools
            .iter()
            .map(|(p, _)| Path::from(tool_context_path(p)))
            .chain(
                self.agents
                    .iter()
                    .map(|(p, _)| Path::from(agent_context_path(p))),
            )
            .collect();
        names.insert(Path::from(SYSTEM_PATH));
        // The root `BaseCtx` uses the empty path; register it so root-level
        // cache lookups can hit memory instead of always falling through to the
        // store backend.
        names.insert(Path::default());
        names
    }

    /// Creates a fully in-process [`AgentCtx`] for tests and examples.
    ///
    /// This is the supported way for agent and tool authors to obtain an
    /// execution context in their own test suites without standing up a full
    /// engine: anonymous identity and in-memory store. Not intended for
    /// production paths.
    pub fn mock_ctx(self) -> AgentCtx {
        let names = self.context_names();
        let ctx = BaseCtx::new(
            Principal::anonymous(),
            "Mocker".to_string(),
            "Mocker".to_string(),
            self.cancellation_token,
            names,
            self.web3,
            self.store,
        );

        let ctx = AgentCtx::new(
            ctx,
            self.models,
            Arc::new(self.tools),
            Arc::new(self.tool_providers),
            Arc::new(self.agents),
            Arc::new(self.subagents),
        );
        if let Some(recorder) = self.subagent_conversation_recorder {
            ctx.base.set_state(recorder);
        }
        ctx
    }
}

/// Simple built-in agent that returns its configured [`AgentInfo`] as JSON.
pub struct EchoEngineInfo {
    info: AgentInfo,
    content: String,
}

impl EchoEngineInfo {
    /// Creates an echo agent from static engine metadata.
    pub fn new(info: AgentInfo) -> Self {
        let content = serde_json::to_string(&info).unwrap_or_default();
        Self { info, content }
    }
}

impl Agent<AgentCtx> for EchoEngineInfo {
    /// Returns the agent's name identifier
    fn name(&self) -> String {
        self.info.handle.clone()
    }

    /// Returns a description of the agent's purpose and capabilities.
    fn description(&self) -> String {
        self.info.description.clone()
    }

    async fn run(
        &self,
        _ctx: AgentCtx,
        _prompt: String,
        _resources: Vec<Resource>,
    ) -> Result<AgentOutput, BoxError> {
        Ok(AgentOutput {
            content: self.content.clone(),
            ..Default::default()
        })
    }
}

/// EngineRef is a helper struct that allows for late binding of an Engine instance.
pub struct EngineRef {
    inner: OnceLock<Weak<Engine>>,
}

impl Default for EngineRef {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl EngineRef {
    /// Creates an unbound engine reference.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            inner: OnceLock::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Binds the reference to an engine using a weak pointer.
    pub fn bind(&self, engine: Weak<Engine>) {
        let _ = self.inner.set(engine);
    }

    /// Attempts to upgrade the weak pointer to a live engine instance.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if no engine has been bound or the engine has been
    /// dropped.
    pub fn get(&self) -> Option<Arc<Engine>> {
        self.inner.get().and_then(Weak::upgrade)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::ANONYMOUS;
    use anda_core::{BoxFut, FunctionDefinition, ToolProvider};
    use serde_json::json;

    struct EchoAgent;

    impl Agent<AgentCtx> for EchoAgent {
        fn name(&self) -> String {
            "echo_agent".to_string()
        }

        fn description(&self) -> String {
            "Echoes the prompt".to_string()
        }

        fn supported_resource_tags(&self) -> Vec<String> {
            vec!["text".to_string()]
        }

        async fn run(
            &self,
            _ctx: AgentCtx,
            prompt: String,
            resources: Vec<Resource>,
        ) -> Result<AgentOutput, BoxError> {
            Ok(AgentOutput {
                content: format!("{prompt}:{}", resources.len()),
                raw_history: vec![json!({"provider": "raw"})],
                ..Default::default()
            })
        }
    }

    struct DependentAgent;

    impl Agent<AgentCtx> for DependentAgent {
        fn name(&self) -> String {
            "dependent_agent".to_string()
        }

        fn description(&self) -> String {
            "Requires a missing tool".to_string()
        }

        fn tool_dependencies(&self) -> Vec<String> {
            vec!["missing_tool".to_string()]
        }

        async fn run(
            &self,
            _ctx: AgentCtx,
            _prompt: String,
            _resources: Vec<Resource>,
        ) -> Result<AgentOutput, BoxError> {
            Ok(AgentOutput::default())
        }
    }

    struct EchoTool;

    impl Tool<BaseCtx> for EchoTool {
        type Args = Json;
        type Output = Json;

        fn name(&self) -> String {
            "echo_tool".to_string()
        }

        fn description(&self) -> String {
            "Echoes JSON args".to_string()
        }

        fn definition(&self) -> FunctionDefinition {
            FunctionDefinition {
                name: self.name(),
                description: self.description(),
                parameters: json!({"type": "object"}),
                strict: Some(false),
            }
        }

        fn supported_resource_tags(&self) -> Vec<String> {
            vec!["text".to_string()]
        }

        async fn call(
            &self,
            _ctx: BaseCtx,
            args: Self::Args,
            resources: Vec<Resource>,
        ) -> Result<ToolOutput<Self::Output>, BoxError> {
            Ok(ToolOutput {
                output: json!({
                    "args": args,
                    "resources": resources.len(),
                }),
                ..Default::default()
            })
        }
    }

    struct DynamicToolProvider;

    impl ToolProvider<BaseCtx> for DynamicToolProvider {
        fn name(&self) -> String {
            "dynamic_provider".to_string()
        }

        fn definitions(&self, names: Option<&[String]>) -> Vec<FunctionDefinition> {
            let definition = FunctionDefinition {
                name: "dynamic_echo".to_string(),
                description: "Echoes dynamic provider args".to_string(),
                parameters: json!({"type": "object"}),
                strict: Some(false),
            };
            match names {
                Some(names)
                    if !names
                        .iter()
                        .any(|name| name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&definition.name)) =>
                {
                    Vec::new()
                }
                _ => vec![definition],
            }
        }

        fn call(
            &self,
            _ctx: BaseCtx,
            input: ToolInput<Json>,
        ) -> BoxFut<'_, Result<ToolOutput<Json>, BoxError>> {
            Box::pin(async move {
                Ok(ToolOutput::new(json!({
                    "name": input.name,
                    "args": input.args,
                })))
            })
        }
    }

    fn public_management() -> Arc<BaseManagement> {
        Arc::new(BaseManagement {
            controller: Principal::management_canister(),
            managers: BTreeSet::new(),
            visibility: Visibility::Public,
        })
    }

    fn protected_management() -> Arc<BaseManagement> {
        Arc::new(BaseManagement {
            controller: Principal::management_canister(),
            managers: BTreeSet::new(),
            visibility: Visibility::Protected,
        })
    }

    fn info() -> AgentInfo {
        AgentInfo {
            handle: "echo".to_string(),
            name: "Echo Engine".to_string(),
            description: "Test engine".to_string(),
            endpoint: "https://example.com/engine".to_string(),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    fn resource(id: u64, tags: &[&str]) -> Resource {
        Resource {
            _id: id,
            name: format!("resource-{id}"),
            tags: tags.iter().map(|tag| tag.to_string()).collect(),
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    fn expect_box_err<T>(result: Result<T, BoxError>, context: &str) -> BoxError {
        match result {
            Ok(_) => panic!("{context} should fail"),
            Err(err) => err,
        }
    }

    async fn test_engine() -> Engine {
        Engine::builder()
            .with_info(info())
            .with_management(public_management())
            .register_tool(Arc::new(EchoTool))
            .unwrap()
            .register_agent(Arc::new(EchoAgent), Some("pro".to_string()))
            .unwrap()
            .export_tools(vec!["echo_tool".to_string()])
            .build("echo_agent".to_string())
            .await
            .unwrap()
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn engine_builder_builds_runs_exports_and_validates_inputs() {
        let mut engine = test_engine().await;
        assert_eq!(engine.id(), Principal::anonymous());
        assert_eq!(engine.info().handle, "echo");
        engine.info_mut().description = "Updated".to_string();
        assert_eq!(engine.info().description, "Updated");
        assert_eq!(engine.default_agent(), "echo_agent");
        assert!(engine.models().get_model().is_none());

        let info = engine.information();
        assert_eq!(info.info.handle, "echo");
        assert_eq!(info.agents.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(info.agents[0].definition.name, "echo_agent");
        assert_eq!(info.tools.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(info.tools[0].definition.name, "echo_tool");

        let agent_ctx = engine
            .ctx_with(ANONYMOUS, "echo_agent", "pro", RequestMeta::default())
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(agent_ctx.base.agent, "echo_agent");
        assert!(
            engine
                .ctx_with(ANONYMOUS, "missing", "pro", RequestMeta::default())
                .is_err()
        );

        let tool_ctx = engine
            .base_ctx_with(ANONYMOUS, "echo_agent", "echo_tool", RequestMeta::default())
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(tool_ctx.path.as_ref(), "t_echo_tool");
        assert!(
            engine
                .base_ctx_with(ANONYMOUS, "echo_agent", "missing", RequestMeta::default())
                .is_err()
        );

        let output = engine
            .agent_run(
                ANONYMOUS,
                AgentInput {
                    prompt: "hello".to_string(),
                    resources: vec![resource(1, &["text"]), resource(2, &["image"])],
                    ..Default::default()
                },
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(output.content, "hello:2");
        assert!(output.raw_history.is_empty());

        let output = engine
            .agent_run(
                ANONYMOUS,
                AgentInput {
                    name: "ECHO_AGENT".to_string(),
                    prompt: "named".to_string(),
                    ..Default::default()
                },
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(output.content, "named:0");

        let output = engine
            .tool_call(
                ANONYMOUS,
                ToolInput {
                    name: "echo_tool".to_string(),
                    args: json!({"k": "v"}),
                    resources: vec![resource(3, &["text"]), resource(4, &["image"])],
                    ..Default::default()
                },
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(output.output["args"], json!({"k": "v"}));
        assert_eq!(output.output["resources"], 2);

        let err = expect_box_err(
            engine
                .agent_run(
                    ANONYMOUS,
                    AgentInput {
                        name: "echo_agent".to_string(),
                        prompt: "hello".to_string(),
                        meta: Some(RequestMeta {
                            engine: Some(Principal::management_canister()),
                            ..Default::default()
                        }),
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                )
                .await,
            "agent_run with wrong engine id",
        );
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("invalid engine ID"));

        let err = expect_box_err(
            engine
                .agent_run(
                    ANONYMOUS,
                    AgentInput {
                        name: "echo_agent".to_string(),
                        prompt: "hello".to_string(),
                        meta: Some(RequestMeta {
                            user: Some(" bad ".to_string()),
                            ..Default::default()
                        }),
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                )
                .await,
            "agent_run with invalid user",
        );
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("invalid user name"));

        let err = expect_box_err(
            engine
                .tool_call(
                    ANONYMOUS,
                    ToolInput {
                        name: "echo_tool".to_string(),
                        args: json!({}),
                        meta: Some(RequestMeta {
                            engine: Some(Principal::management_canister()),
                            ..Default::default()
                        }),
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                )
                .await,
            "tool_call with wrong engine id",
        );
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("invalid engine ID"));

        let err = expect_box_err(
            engine
                .tool_call(
                    ANONYMOUS,
                    ToolInput {
                        name: "echo_tool".to_string(),
                        args: json!({}),
                        meta: Some(RequestMeta {
                            user: Some(" bad ".to_string()),
                            ..Default::default()
                        }),
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                )
                .await,
            "tool_call with invalid user",
        );
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("invalid user name"));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn dynamic_tool_provider_discovers_and_calls_tools() {
        let engine = Engine::builder()
            .with_info(info())
            .with_management(public_management())
            .register_tool_provider(Arc::new(DynamicToolProvider))
            .unwrap()
            .register_agent(Arc::new(EchoAgent), None)
            .unwrap()
            .export_tools(vec!["dynamic_echo".to_string()])
            .build("echo_agent".to_string())
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let tools = engine.tools(None);
        assert!(
            tools
                .iter()
                .any(|tool| tool.definition.name == "dynamic_echo")
        );

        let output = engine
            .tool_call(
                ANONYMOUS,
                ToolInput::new("dynamic_echo".to_string(), json!({"value": 1})),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(output.output["name"], "dynamic_echo");
        assert_eq!(output.output["args"], json!({"value": 1}));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn engine_reports_unexported_and_protected_permission_errors() {
        let unexported = Engine::builder()
            .with_info(info())
            .with_management(public_management())
            .register_tool(Arc::new(EchoTool))
            .unwrap()
            .register_agent(Arc::new(EchoAgent), None)
            .unwrap()
            .build("echo_agent".to_string())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let err = expect_box_err(
            unexported
                .tool_call(
                    ANONYMOUS,
                    ToolInput {
                        name: "echo_tool".to_string(),
                        args: json!({}),
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                )
                .await,
            "unexported tool call",
        );
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("tool echo_tool not found"));

        let protected = Engine::builder()
            .with_info(info())
            .with_management(protected_management())
            .register_tool(Arc::new(EchoTool))
            .unwrap()
            .register_agent(Arc::new(EchoAgent), None)
            .unwrap()
            .export_tools(vec!["echo_tool".to_string()])
            .build("echo_agent".to_string())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let non_manager = Principal::self_authenticating([8; 32]);
        let err = expect_box_err(
            protected
                .agent_run(
                    non_manager,
                    AgentInput {
                        prompt: "blocked".to_string(),
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                )
                .await,
            "protected agent run",
        );
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("permission"));

        let err = expect_box_err(
            protected
                .tool_call(
                    non_manager,
                    ToolInput {
                        name: "echo_tool".to_string(),
                        args: json!({}),
                        ..Default::default()
                    },
                )
                .await,
            "protected tool call",
        );
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("permission"));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn engine_builder_registers_sets_and_echo_engine_info_agent_runs() {
        let echo_info = info();
        let echo_info_agent = Arc::new(EchoEngineInfo::new(echo_info.clone()));
        assert_eq!(echo_info_agent.name(), "echo");
        assert_eq!(echo_info_agent.description(), "Test engine");
        let output = echo_info_agent
            .run(EngineBuilder::new().mock_ctx(), String::new(), Vec::new())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let parsed: AgentInfo = serde_json::from_str(&output.content).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(parsed.handle, echo_info.handle);

        let mut tools = ToolSet::new();
        tools.add(Arc::new(EchoTool)).unwrap();
        let mut agents = AgentSet::new();
        agents.add(echo_info_agent, None).unwrap();

        let engine = Engine::builder()
            .with_info(info())
            .with_management(public_management())
            .register_tools(tools)
            .unwrap()
            .register_agents(agents)
            .unwrap()
            .build("echo".to_string())
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(engine.default_agent(), "echo");
        assert!(
            engine
                .information()
                .agents
                .iter()
                .any(|agent| agent.definition.name == "echo")
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn engine_builder_reports_configuration_errors_and_empty_engine_works() {
        let err = expect_box_err(
            Engine::builder().register_agent(Arc::new(DependentAgent), None),
            "dependent agent registration",
        );
        assert!(
            err.to_string()
                .contains("dependent tool missing_tool not found")
        );

        let mut duplicate_tools = ToolSet::new();
        duplicate_tools.add(Arc::new(EchoTool)).unwrap();
        let err = expect_box_err(
            Engine::builder()
                .register_tool(Arc::new(EchoTool))
                .unwrap()
                .register_tools(duplicate_tools),
            "duplicate tools registration",
        );
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("tool echo_tool already exists"));

        let mut duplicate_agents = AgentSet::new();
        duplicate_agents.add(Arc::new(EchoAgent), None).unwrap();
        let err = expect_box_err(
            Engine::builder()
                .register_agent(Arc::new(EchoAgent), None)
                .unwrap()
                .register_agents(duplicate_agents),
            "duplicate agents registration",
        );
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("agent echo_agent already exists"));

        let err = expect_box_err(
            Engine::builder().build("missing".to_string()).await,
            "missing default agent",
        );
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("default agent missing not found"));

        let engine = Engine::builder()
            .with_cancellation_token(CancellationToken::new())
            .with_web3_client(Arc::new(Web3SDK::not_implemented()))
            .with_model(Model::mock_implemented())
            .with_models(Arc::new(Models::default()))
            .with_store(Store::new(Arc::new(InMemory::new())))
            .with_hooks(Arc::new(Hooks::new()))
            .export_agents(vec!["tools_search".to_string()])
            .export_tools(vec!["missing_tool".to_string()])
            .empty()
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(engine.default_agent(), "");
        assert!(
            engine
                .information()
                .agents
                .iter()
                .any(|f| f.definition.name == "tools_search")
        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn engine_cancellation_close_and_ref_behaviour() {
        let engine = Arc::new(test_engine().await);
        assert!(!engine.is_cancelled());
        let child = engine.cancellation_token();
        assert!(!child.is_cancelled());
        engine.cancel();
        assert!(engine.is_cancelled());
        engine.close().await.unwrap();

        let engine_ref = EngineRef::new();
        assert!(engine_ref.get().is_none());
        engine_ref.bind(Arc::downgrade(&engine));
        assert!(engine_ref.get().is_some());
        drop(engine);
        assert!(engine_ref.get().is_none());
    }
}