{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "73ce8c5e",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# IPython解释器\n",
"\n",
"通常不使用Python自带的解释器，而使用另一个更强大的解释器——IPython解释器。Anaconda自带IPython解释器。命令行输入IPython进入：\n",
"```\n",
"ipython\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"如果系统提示没有IPython可以通过pip命令安装：\n",
"\n",
"```shell\n",
"pip install ipython\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"所有在Python解释器下可以运行的代码都可以在IPython解释器下运行："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"id": "eb89cf21",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"hello, world\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"print(\"hello, world\")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "b7f60560",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"赋值："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"id": "55b338f4",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"a = 1"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "feba21bc",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"输入变量名查看值："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"id": "5c533e88",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"1"
]
},
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"a"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "1eeabe52",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"变量可以任意被覆盖："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"id": "4eb5a259",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"a = \"test\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"id": "78fa3997",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'test'"
]
},
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"a"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "953e4a4b",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## 魔术命令\n",
"\n",
"相对于Python解释器，IPython解释器额外提供了很多以百分号%开头的魔术命令，这些命令很像Mac/Linux系统下的命令行命令（事实上有些是一样的）。\n",
"\n",
"查看所有的模式命令："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"id": "14143fa3",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"application/json": {
"cell": {
"!": "OSMagics",
"HTML": "Other",
"SVG": "Other",
"bash": "Other",
"capture": "ExecutionMagics",
"debug": "ExecutionMagics",
"file": "Other",
"html": "DisplayMagics",
"javascript": "DisplayMagics",
"js": "DisplayMagics",
"latex": "DisplayMagics",
"markdown": "DisplayMagics",
"perl": "Other",
"prun": "ExecutionMagics",
"pypy": "Other",
"python": "Other",
"python2": "Other",
"python3": "Other",
"ruby": "Other",
"script": "ScriptMagics",
"sh": "Other",
"svg": "DisplayMagics",
"sx": "OSMagics",
"system": "OSMagics",
"time": "ExecutionMagics",
"timeit": "ExecutionMagics",
"writefile": "OSMagics"
},
"line": {
"alias": "OSMagics",
"alias_magic": "BasicMagics",
"autoawait": "AsyncMagics",
"autocall": "AutoMagics",
"automagic": "AutoMagics",
"autosave": "KernelMagics",
"bookmark": "OSMagics",
"cat": "Other",
"cd": "OSMagics",
"clear": "KernelMagics",
"colors": "BasicMagics",
"conda": "PackagingMagics",
"config": "ConfigMagics",
"connect_info": "KernelMagics",
"cp": "Other",
"debug": "ExecutionMagics",
"dhist": "OSMagics",
"dirs": "OSMagics",
"doctest_mode": "BasicMagics",
"ed": "Other",
"edit": "KernelMagics",
"env": "OSMagics",
"gui": "BasicMagics",
"hist": "Other",
"history": "HistoryMagics",
"killbgscripts": "ScriptMagics",
"ldir": "Other",
"less": "KernelMagics",
"lf": "Other",
"lk": "Other",
"ll": "Other",
"load": "CodeMagics",
"load_ext": "ExtensionMagics",
"loadpy": "CodeMagics",
"logoff": "LoggingMagics",
"logon": "LoggingMagics",
"logstart": "LoggingMagics",
"logstate": "LoggingMagics",
"logstop": "LoggingMagics",
"ls": "Other",
"lsmagic": "BasicMagics",
"lx": "Other",
"macro": "ExecutionMagics",
"magic": "BasicMagics",
"man": "KernelMagics",
"matplotlib": "PylabMagics",
"mkdir": "Other",
"more": "KernelMagics",
"mv": "Other",
"notebook": "BasicMagics",
"page": "BasicMagics",
"pastebin": "CodeMagics",
"pdb": "ExecutionMagics",
"pdef": "NamespaceMagics",
"pdoc": "NamespaceMagics",
"pfile": "NamespaceMagics",
"pinfo": "NamespaceMagics",
"pinfo2": "NamespaceMagics",
"pip": "PackagingMagics",
"popd": "OSMagics",
"pprint": "BasicMagics",
"precision": "BasicMagics",
"prun": "ExecutionMagics",
"psearch": "NamespaceMagics",
"psource": "NamespaceMagics",
"pushd": "OSMagics",
"pwd": "OSMagics",
"pycat": "OSMagics",
"pylab": "PylabMagics",
"qtconsole": "KernelMagics",
"quickref": "BasicMagics",
"recall": "HistoryMagics",
"rehashx": "OSMagics",
"reload_ext": "ExtensionMagics",
"rep": "Other",
"rerun": "HistoryMagics",
"reset": "NamespaceMagics",
"reset_selective": "NamespaceMagics",
"rm": "Other",
"rmdir": "Other",
"run": "ExecutionMagics",
"save": "CodeMagics",
"sc": "OSMagics",
"set_env": "OSMagics",
"store": "StoreMagics",
"sx": "OSMagics",
"system": "OSMagics",
"tb": "ExecutionMagics",
"time": "ExecutionMagics",
"timeit": "ExecutionMagics",
"unalias": "OSMagics",
"unload_ext": "ExtensionMagics",
"who": "NamespaceMagics",
"who_ls": "NamespaceMagics",
"whos": "NamespaceMagics",
"xdel": "NamespaceMagics",
"xmode": "BasicMagics"
}
},
"text/plain": [
"Available line magics:\n",
"%alias %alias_magic %autoawait %autocall %automagic %autosave %bookmark %cat %cd %clear %colors %conda %config %connect_info %cp %debug %dhist %dirs %doctest_mode %ed %edit %env %gui %hist %history %killbgscripts %ldir %less %lf %lk %ll %load %load_ext %loadpy %logoff %logon %logstart %logstate %logstop %ls %lsmagic %lx %macro %magic %man %matplotlib %mkdir %more %mv %notebook %page %pastebin %pdb %pdef %pdoc %pfile %pinfo %pinfo2 %pip %popd %pprint %precision %prun %psearch %psource %pushd %pwd %pycat %pylab %qtconsole %quickref %recall %rehashx %reload_ext %rep %rerun %reset %reset_selective %rm %rmdir %run %save %sc %set_env %store %sx %system %tb %time %timeit %unalias %unload_ext %who %who_ls %whos %xdel %xmode\n",
"\n",
"Available cell magics:\n",
"%%! %%HTML %%SVG %%bash %%capture %%debug %%file %%html %%javascript %%js %%latex %%markdown %%perl %%prun %%pypy %%python %%python2 %%python3 %%ruby %%script %%sh %%svg %%sx %%system %%time %%timeit %%writefile\n",
"\n",
"Automagic is ON, % prefix IS NOT needed for line magics."
]
},
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"%lsmagic"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "59dbe922",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"其中：\n",
"- `line magic`以一个百分号开头，作用与一行。\n",
"- `cell magic`以两个百分号开头，作用于整个cell。\n",
"- 最后一行`Automagic is ON, % prefix IS NOT needed for line magics.`说明在此时即使不加上%也可以使用`line magic`命令。"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "2ab70b56",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"使用 whos 查看当前的变量空间："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 7,
"id": "ad1d5f00",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Variable Type Data/Info\n",
"----------------------------\n",
"a str test\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"%whos"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "bbce95c7",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"使用 reset 重置当前变量空间："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 8,
"id": "436c9d4c",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"%reset -f"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "9e86dddb",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"再使用 whos 查看当前的变量空间："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"id": "8888666b",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Interactive namespace is empty.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"%whos"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "e0cd9304",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"使用 pwd 查看当前工作文件夹："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"id": "63607822",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'/Users/lijin/Documents/Projects/notes-python3/ch01-Python介绍'"
]
},
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"%pwd"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "a14cbd65",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"使用 mkdir 产生新文件夹："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 11,
"id": "758feb75",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"%mkdir demo_test"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "33c54e74",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"使用 cd 改变工作文件夹："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 12,
"id": "2602f659",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"/Users/lijin/Documents/Projects/notes-python3/ch01-Python介绍/demo_test\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"%cd demo_test"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "b8ba71af",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"使用 writefile 将cell中的内容写入文件："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 13,
"id": "6695166e",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Writing hello_world.py\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"%%writefile hello_world.py\n",
"print(\"hello world\")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "33c4e93e",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"使用 ls 查看当前工作文件夹的文件："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 14,
"id": "350daadb",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"hello_world.py\r\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"%ls"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "558f25b8",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"返回上一层文件夹："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 15,
"id": "024bed89",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"/Users/lijin/Documents/Projects/notes-python3/ch01-Python介绍\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"%cd .."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "11638d97",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"使用 rm 删除文件："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 16,
"id": "8ae0020d",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"%rm demo_test/hello_world.py"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "03bf5a5d",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"使用 rmdir 删除文件夹："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 17,
"id": "c411cad9",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"%rmdir demo_test"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "c8145246",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"使用 hist 查看历史命令："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 18,
"id": "20258093",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"print(\"hello, world\")\n",
"a = 1\n",
"a\n",
"a = \"test\"\n",
"a\n",
"%lsmagic\n",
"%whos\n",
"%reset -f\n",
"%whos\n",
"%pwd\n",
"%mkdir demo_test\n",
"%cd demo_test\n",
"%%writefile hello_world.py\n",
"print(\"hello world\")\n",
"%ls\n",
"%cd ..\n",
"%rm demo_test/hello_world.py\n",
"%rmdir demo_test\n",
"%hist\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"%hist"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "f18f29d3",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## 其他用法\n",
"\n",
"使用 ? 查看函数的帮助："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 19,
"id": "c32871a0",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"sum?"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "5fe83612",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"使用 ?? 查看函数帮助和函数源代码（如果是用python实现的）："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 20,
"id": "1de72933",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Using matplotlib backend: <object object at 0x10796c470>\n",
"%pylab is deprecated, use %matplotlib inline and import the required libraries.\n",
"Populating the interactive namespace from numpy and matplotlib\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# 导入numpy和matplotlib两个包\n",
"%pylab\n",
"# 查看其中sort函数的帮助\n",
"sort??"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "d8b25de5",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"使用 _ 使用上个cell的输出结果："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 21,
"id": "5bdb507e",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"12"
]
},
"execution_count": 21,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"a = 12\n",
"a"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 22,
"id": "4748138b",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"25"
]
},
"execution_count": 22,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"_ + 13"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "f0a55e05",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"可以使用 ! 来执行一些系统命令。"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 23,
"id": "3c201d4f",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"hello world\r\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"!python -c 'print(\"hello world\")'"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "8a35db19",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"输入代码不合法时，会给出错误提示："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 24,
"id": "966742ac",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"ename": "TypeError",
"evalue": "unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'",
"output_type": "error",
"traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"Input \u001b[0;32mIn [24]\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 1>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;241;43m1\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m+\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mhello\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\n",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'"
]
}
],
"source": [
"1 + 'hello'"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "896ec9a6",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"虽然输入错误，但解释器不会停止运行，还可以继续输入："
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 25,
"id": "aa957b85",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"b = 12345"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"id": "314e014a",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
}
],
"metadata": {
"kernelspec": {
"display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
"language": "python",
"name": "python3"
},
"language_info": {
"codemirror_mode": {
"name": "ipython",
"version": 3
},
"file_extension": ".py",
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
"name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.9.10"
}
},
"nbformat": 4,
"nbformat_minor": 5
}