test-economy-beplcpdffe-con03a	Only regulation can mitigate harms  It is where the sites operate, not where they are set up that matters for regulation. It is in gambling sites interest to run a trustworthy, responsible business. Whatever they are looking for online, internet users choose trusted brands that have been around for a while. If a gambling site acts badly, for example by changing its odds unfairly, word will soon get around and no one will want to use it. Regulation will mean that sites will have to verify the age of their users and prevent problem gamblers from accessing their site. When there is regulation consumers will go to the sites that are verified by their government and are providing a legal, safe service [13]. regulation, mitigate, harms, site, operation, jurisdiction, responsibility, trust, brand, reputation, consumer, protection, age, verification, problem, gambling, legality, safety, compliance, online, betting, fairness, transparency, accountability regulation, mitigation, harms, site operation, jurisdiction, trustworthiness, responsible business, internet users, trusted brands, reputation, fair practices, age verification, problem gambling, consumer protection, legal gambling, safe service regulation, harms, site operation, location, trustworthy, responsible business, internet users, trusted brands, gambling, unfair practices, age verification, problem gamblers, legal, safe service, consumer protection regulation, mitigate, harms, site, operation, location, trustworthy, responsible, business, internet, users, trusted, brands, gambling, bad, acts, changing, odds, unfair, reputation, age, verification, problem, gamblers, legal, safe, service, government, verified regulation, mitigate, harms, site, operation, location, trustworthy, responsible, business, internet, users, trusted, brands, age, verification, problem, gamblers, legal, safe, service, government, verified
test-science-sghwbdgmo-pro01a	Genetically modified food is too new and little researched to be allowed for public use.  There are two problems associated with scientifically testing the impact of genetically modifying food. The first is that 'Peer review' (the checking of scientific test results by fellow scientists) is often made impossible by the unwillingness of biotechnology companies to give up their results for review. [1]  Furthermore, government agencies are often unwilling to stop GM foodstuffs reaching the shelf because of the clout that the companies have with their government. So in regards to research, there have not yet been unbiased findings showing that GMO crops are safe.  It is true, that in the US, there have been no adverse consequences from over 500 field releases in the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) evaluated in 1993 data on genetically modified organisms regarding safety claims. The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) believes that the USDA evaluation was too small scale, to actually asses the risks. Also many reports also failed to mention or even measure any environmental risks connected with GM food commercialisation. [2]  Also, there are a number of dangers associated with the food itself, even without scientific evaluations. For example, the addition of nut proteins to soybeans caused those with nut allergies to go into shock upon eating the soybeans. Although this was detected in testing, sooner or later a transferred gene will cause risk to human health because the scientists did not conceive it could be a problem. [3] This will become a greater problem as more modifications are introduced. There are also possible dangers associated with the scientific technique itself by which the DNA is modified, an example is the spread of antibiotic resistance.  [1] Pusztai A., Genetically modified foods: Are they a risk to Human/Animal Health ?, published June 2001,  , accessed 09/02/2011  [2] Shah A., Is GE food safe ?, Global Issues,  , accessed 09/02/2011  [3] European Federation of Biotechnology, Allergies from GM food, published September 2000,  , accessed 09/02/2011 genetically modified food, GMO, public use, scientific testing, peer review, biotechnology companies, government agencies, unbiased findings, safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, UCS, environmental risks, allergy, nut proteins, soybeans, antibiotic resistance, DNA modification, human health, commercialisation, scientific technique, field releases, adverse consequences, risk assessment Genetically modified food, GMO safety, scientific testing, peer review, biotechnology companies, government regulation, unbiased research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Union of Concerned Scientists, environmental risks, GM food commercialization, nut allergies, soybeans, antibiotic resistance, DNA modification, human health risks, genetic engineering, food safety, ethical concerns, public use, regulatory oversight, scientific evaluation, long-term effects, allergenic reactions, biotechnology impact, GM crops, USDA evaluation, UCS criticism, risk assessment, public health, genetic modification techniques Genetically modified food, GMO, safety, public use, scientific testing, peer review, biotechnology companies, government agencies, unbiased findings, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, UCS, environmental risks, nut proteins, soybeans, allergies, antibiotic resistance, DNA modification, human health, animal health, genetically engineered food, GE food, commercialisation, field releases, risk assessment, scientific evaluations, modified crops, biotechnology, regulatory oversight, consumer protection, public health, environmental impact, genetic engineering, food safety, allergens, antibiotic-resistant genes, bioethics, long-term effects, genetic modification Genetically modified food, GMO, public use, scientific testing, peer review, biotechnology companies, government agencies, unbiased findings, safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, UCS, environmental risks, GM food commercialisation, nut proteins, soybeans, allergies, antibiotic resistance, DNA modification, human health risks Genetically modified food, GMO safety, Peer review, Biotechnology companies, Government agencies, Unbiased research, GMO crops, Field releases, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, Environmental risks, GM food commercialisation, Nut proteins, Soybeans, Nut allergies, Antibiotic resistance, DNA modification, Risk to human health, GE food safety, European Federation of Biotechnology
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-pro02a	Britain will have greater ability to respond quickly  Whatever the EU is we can all agree it is not the fastest and most responsive of institutions. As a result of needing the input of 28 countries EU external policy is slow and faltering. Leaving will enable the UK greater freedom to create its own policies and to reframe them in response to changing circumstances and challenges. The UK will no longer need to take into consideration any other country’s views. Britain, EU, quick response, external policy, slow, faltering, 28 countries, freedom, own policies, reframing, changing circumstances, challenges, UK, independence, other countries' views Britain, EU, quick response, policy flexibility, external policy, slow decision-making, UK freedom, changing circumstances, national views, 28 countries Britain, EU, responsive, institutions, external policy, freedom, policies, circumstances, challenges, UK, consideration, countries, leaving, slow, faltering Britain, quick response, EU, slow institution, 28 countries, EU external policy, freedom, UK policies, changing circumstances, leaving EU, independence, national sovereignty, policy flexibility, international relations, Brexit benefits Britain, quick response, EU, slow policy, 28 countries, external policy, UK freedom, own policies, reframing, changing circumstances, independence, national sovereignty, international relations, decision-making speed, bureaucratic inefficiency
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro01a	Cyber attacks are no different from traditional attacks  The world has developed along with the new digital medium. Lots of crucial business and government services have moved online. While the military modernised in relation to digital developments, a definition of an act of war has not caught up with it yet. It is now being suggested that the digital domain is the new realm of warfare for the 21st century. States have already been using cyber attacks in hostilities and as acts of aggression against each other. For instance, USA and Israel have released a virus Stuxnet that sabotaged parts of Iran's nuclear programme in 2010, followed by retaliatory cyber attacks by Iran on USA [7]. In the 1998 war over Kosovo the USA successfully hacked Serbia's air defence systems, which left Serbia vulnerable to air attacks [8] [9]. Cyber attacks are thus attacks that can be perpetrated by states against other states in an effort to weaken the other state, the same way armed attacks are used. Given these realities large scale cyber attacks should be considered acts of war. cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital medium, business services, government services, military modernisation, digital domain, 21st century warfare, state cyber attacks, Stuxnet, Iran nuclear programme, retaliatory cyber attacks, USA, Israel, Kosovo war, Serbia air defence systems, acts of war, large scale cyber attacks Cyber attacks, digital warfare, state-sponsored cyber operations, 21st century warfare, digital domain, acts of war, military modernization, cyber aggression, international conflict, Stuxnet, Iran nuclear program, retaliatory cyber attacks, USA, Israel, Kosovo war, Serbia air defence systems, cyber security, national security, cyber conflict, international relations, cyber warfare laws, cyber defense, online government services, business digitalization, digital realm, cyber espionage, cyber warfare ethics, cyber deterrence, international cyber laws cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital medium, business services, government services, military modernisation, act of war, digital domain, 21st century warfare, state-sponsored cyber attacks, Stuxnet, Iran nuclear programme, retaliatory cyber attacks, USA, Israel, Kosovo war, Serbia air defence systems, large scale cyber attacks, acts of war Cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital medium, business services, government services, military modernisation, definition of war, digital domain, 21st century warfare, state cyber attacks, acts of aggression, Stuxnet, Iran nuclear programme, retaliatory cyber attacks, USA, Israel, Kosovo war, Serbia air defence systems, large scale cyber attacks, acts of war cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital medium, business services, government services, military modernisation, act of war, digital domain, 21st century warfare, state cyber attacks, Stuxnet, Iran, USA, Israel, retaliatory attacks, Kosovo war, USA hacking, Serbia, air defence systems, large scale cyber attacks, acts of war
test-education-udfakusma-con01a	Universities deserve to profit from their work  Universities are providing a service just like almost any other business. They provide a service in terms of educating students who are enrolled with them and secondly they conduct research on a wide range of subjects. In both of these cases the university deserves to make a profit out of their work.  When acting as an educator universities are in an educational free market, this is the case even when the cost is provided by the state. All universities are aiming to attract as many students as possible and earn as much as possible from fees. If the university is successful it will be able to charge more as it will attract students from further afield.  While Universities may make a profit on research or even teaching this profit is for the benefit of society as a whole as the profits are usually simply reinvested in the University’s education and infrastructure. [1]  [1] Anon. “What does the money get spent on?” The University of Sheffield, 2013. universities, profit, education, service, business, research, students, fees, free market, state funding, attraction, reinvestment, society, infrastructure universities, profit, service, business, education, research, students, fees, free market, competition, reinvestment, infrastructure, society, benefits, funding, reinvest, education market, university finance, research profits, educational institutions, public benefit universities, profit, service, business, education, students, research, subjects, educational, free, market, state, fees, attract, reinvest, society, infrastructure, spending universities, profit, education, service, business, research, subjects, educational, free, market, state, students, fees, success, attraction, reinvestment, society, infrastructure universities, profit, education, service, business, research, subjects, free market, state, students, fees, success, attraction, reinvestment, infrastructure, society, benefits, spending, education costs, university finances
test-international-appghblsba-pro04a	South Africa will gain influence, stability and a better image on the international stage  Bringing South Africa and Lesotho will benefit SA on the global stage. The move would be one to provide aid to a smaller state and provide stability. The dire conditions for the Basotho people are acknowledged by the UN and the Africa Union. Firstly, SA, by the annexation of Lesotho, will prove good intentions in creating a sustainable Sub-Saharan Africa. This will ultimately create a better image and a greater influence in the region if they choose to respond positively to the People’s Charter Movement in Lesotho [1] , a social structure pleading for annexation. The movement, driven by trade unions, has collected 30,000 signatures in favor of their goal and is rising in popularity. Secondly the annexation will provide a boost for the South African Development Community and South African Customs Union by demonstrating the willingness of South Africa to integrate with poorer neighbours and take on some of the responsibility for them.  [1] Smith, 2010, South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, international influence, stability, better image, global stage, aid, Basotho people, UN, Africa Union, Sub-Saharan Africa, sustainable development, People’s Charter Movement, trade unions, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, poorer neighbours, responsibility South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, international influence, stability, image, global stage, aid, Basotho people, UN, Africa Union, Sub-Saharan Africa, People's Charter Movement, trade unions, signatures, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, poorer neighbours, responsibility South Africa, Lesotho, international influence, stability, global stage, aid, Basotho people, UN, African Union, annexation, Sub-Saharan Africa, People’s Charter Movement, trade unions, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, integration, poorer neighbors, responsibility South Africa, Lesotho, international influence, stability, global image, aid, smaller state, Basotho people, UN, Africa Union, annexation, good intentions, Sub-Saharan Africa, People’s Charter Movement, social structure, trade unions, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, integration, poorer neighbours, responsibility South Africa, Lesotho, international influence, stability, global image, annexation, Basotho people, UN, Africa Union, Sub-Saharan Africa, sustainable development, People’s Charter Movement, social structure, trade unions, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, regional integration, poorer neighbours, responsibility
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro02a	Schools are the best place to create lasting lifestyle changes.  Schools are playing an increasingly formative role, in the sense that they’re being tasked with not only knowledge transfer, but also the creation of behaviors and placing emphasis on teaching students how to apply their knowledge. [1]  Given this expanded mandate, the schools are not only obliged to therefore offer choices that would go hand in hand with healthier behavior, but also the perfect pressure point for lawmakers to go about introducing healthier lifestyles.  The simple reason is that our kids are increasingly looking not to their parents, but schools and the environments they provide, for advice on how to live their lives. They are also the traditional environments for youth to continuously invent and reinvent themselves and therefore hold immense potential for behavior modification.  [1] Fitzgerald, E., 'Some insights on new role of schools', New York Times, 21 January 2011,  , accessed 9/11/2011 schools, lasting lifestyle changes, formative role, knowledge transfer, creation behaviors, teaching application, expanded mandate, healthier behavior choices, pressure point, lawmakers, healthier lifestyles, kids, parents, advice living, traditional environments, youth, invent reinvent, behavior modification, insights, role of schools, New York Times schools, lasting lifestyle changes, knowledge transfer, behavior creation, healthier behavior, lawmakers, healthier lifestyles, youth advice, behavior modification, environment, role of schools, New York Times, Fitzgerald, 21 January 2011 schools, lasting lifestyle changes, formative role, knowledge transfer, behavior creation, teaching application, expanded mandate, healthier behavior choices, lawmakers, healthier lifestyles, kids, parents, advice, living, environments, youth, invent, reinvent, behavior modification, New York Times, insights, role of schools schools, lifestyle changes, formative role, knowledge transfer, behavior creation, healthier behavior, lawmakers, healthier lifestyles, kids, parents, advice, live, environments, youth, invent, reinvent, behavior modification, Fitzgerald, New York Times schools, lifestyle changes, formative role, knowledge transfer, behavior creation, teaching application, expanded mandate, healthier choices, lawmakers, healthier lifestyles, kids, parents, environments, advice, live lives, traditional environments, youth, invent, reinvent, behavior modification
test-education-tuhwastua-con01a	It is the only single standard that everyone ends up taking  All measures applied during University admissions processes are arbitrary to one extent or another. Grades depend on the whims on individual instructors, curriculum choices, and school quality. Every single one of the flaws the proposition applies to the SATs or other standardized tests may well be true, but the fact is that they are true for everyone who takes them. The SATs are the only part of the application to a university that every single applicant will likely have been taken, and therefore the only one where all applicants can be objectively compared. university admissions, standardized tests, SAT, grades, instructor bias, curriculum differences, school quality, objective comparison, application process, arbitrary measures university admissions, standardized tests, SAT, grades, curriculum, school quality, objective comparison, applicant evaluation, educational assessment, measurement consistency university admissions, standardized tests, SAT, grading variability, curriculum differences, school quality, objective comparison, applicant evaluation, test fairness, educational assessment standardization, university admissions, SAT, grades, instructor variability, curriculum, school quality, comparison, objectivity, applicants university admissions, standardized tests, SAT, grades variability, curriculum differences, school quality, objective comparison, applicant evaluation, arbitrary measures, instructor whims
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro01a	Many symbols are seen as a symbol of oppression on women.  Religious symbols are seen to, in some cases, increase the equality divide between genders. As an example, the Muslim Hijab is considered by some as a very powerful symbol for the oppression of women, particularly in countries such as Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan where it is compulsory. Therefore, when it is worn in Western countries that encourage democracy and equality, the wearing of the Hijab is seen as almost counter-productive to the goals of democratic society. For this reason Belgium has recently banned the wearing of the full Muslim veil, much like France in 2010.1 Often Muslim dress rules for women are seen as more severe than those for men. Inequality between men and women is a form of discrimination and liberal societies should fight all forms of discrimination.  1 ' Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011, accessed on 23rd July 2011 symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, democracy, equality, counter-productive, Belgium, ban, full veil, France, 2010, dress rules, severe, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies, fight, forms, BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, countries, democracy, counter-productive, Belgium, banned, full, Muslim veil, France, 2010, dress, rules, severe, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal, societies, fight, forms symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, democracy, Belgium, banned, full veil, France, 2010, dress rules, severe, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal, societies, fight symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, countries, democracy, Belgium, banned, full veil, France, 2010, BBC News Europe, dress rules, severe, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies, fight, forms symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western countries, democracy, Belgium, ban, full veil, France, 2010, dress rules, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro01a	PRC is clearly the China that matters  The Chinese civil war is over, and it is clear that it is the People’s Republic that has won. The 1992 consensus (though the term was coined later) between Taiwan and the PRC is that there is “one China, Different Interpretations” about who controls that China. [1] If there is only one China then it is clear which of the two China’s that one is. The PRC is 266 times larger than RoC, has 58 times the population, and its economy is 13.7 times bigger (by purchasing power parity). [2] States should be recognising the PRC as the “one China”.  [1] Kan, Shirley A., ‘China/Taiwan: Evolution of the “One China” Policy – Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei’, Congressional Research Service, 26 August 2013,  , p.47  [2] All figures from The World Factbook, China and Taiwan pages  , PRC, China, Chinese civil war, 1992 consensus, one China, different interpretations, RoC, Taiwan, population, economy, purchasing power parity, international recognition, Beijing, Taipei, Washington, Congressional Research Service, Shirley A. Kan PRC, China, Chinese civil war, 1992 consensus, one China, Different Interpretations, RoC, population, economy, purchasing power parity, states recognition, Taiwan, Beijing, Taipei, Congressional Research Service, The World Factbook PRC, China, Chinese civil war, 1992 Consensus, one China, Different Interpretations, Taiwan, RoC, population, economy, purchasing power parity, states recognition, Beijing, Taipei, Washington, Shirley A. Kan, Congressional Research Service, The World Factbook PRC, China, Chinese civil war, 1992 Consensus, one China, Different Interpretations, RoC, Taiwan, population, economy, purchasing power parity, state recognition, international relations, Chinese politics, territorial disputes, political status, sovereignty issues, Congressional Research Service, Shirley A. Kan, The World Factbook PRC, China, Chinese Civil War, 1992 Consensus, One China Policy, Taiwan, RoC, Population, Economy, Purchasing Power Parity, States Recognition, Shirley A. Kan, Congressional Research Service, The World Factbook
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con03a	Immunity for politicians is an unjust double standard  Every victim deserves to have the perpetrator of their suffering answer for their misdeeds. It is unjust that certain offenders would avoid retribution, and certain victims would be denied their day in court, simply because of a factor external to the commission of the crime. Even if the crime is not external to the criminal’s political role, the foundation of a free and fair justice system is that all individuals are treated alike, regardless of perceived importance. Hence, a wealthy philanthropist will not be spared from prosecution simply because they are a pillar of the community. Politicians should receive no greater reprieve. immunity, politicians, unjust, double standard, victims, perpetrators, retribution, justice system, free, fair, prosecution, wealth, philanthropist, community, politicians immunity, legal equality, accountability Immunity, politicians, unjust, double standard, victims, perpetrators, misdeeds, retribution, justice system, free, fair, prosecution, wealthy, philanthropist, community, politicians, reprieve, accountability, equal treatment, legal privilege immunity, politicians, unjust, double, standard, victims, perpetrators, misdeeds, retribution, court, free, fair, justice, system, individuals, treated, alike, perceived, importance, wealthy, philanthropist, prosecution, community, politicians, reprieve Immunity, politicians, unjust, double standard, victim, perpetrator, misdeeds, retribution, court, free, fair, justice system, individuals, treated alike, prosecution, wealthy, philanthropist, community, politicians, reprieve Immunity, politicians, unjust, double standard, victims, perpetrator, retribution, justice system, fair, prosecution, political role, wealthy, philanthropist, community, reprieve
test-law-cpilhbishioe-pro04a	An ICC enforcement arm would make the ICC more credible as an organization  To its critics, the ICC is an organization that can be mocked with Stalin’s dismissal of the influence of the Pope: “how many divisions does he have?”  An ICC capable of arresting its own fugitives would become a more credible organization, not only due to the show of competence through the arrests – it would lead to more trials, and more convictions, that would help contribute to the acceptance of the ICC as a serious court that is effective at bringing international criminals to justice. A legal institution needs to be effective to remain credible. [1] This would make countries much more likely to cooperate because the ICC would be doing more to help them by providing some of the necessary resources.  Henry Kissinger apparently said “Who do I call if I want to speak to Europe?” (he is not sure he said it) because there is no single European leader, and if the US wants political or military cooperation it calls the UK or France. In much the same way if countries need help apprehending and convicting someone they are much more likely to call in the ICC if it can actually help them catch the wanted person. [2]  [1] Perritt, Henry H., ‘Policing International Peace and Security: International Police Forces’, Chicago-Kent College of Law, March 1999,  p.293  [2] Sobczyk, Marcin, ‘Kissinger Still Lacks a Number to Call Europe’, The Wall Street Journal, 27 June 2012, ICC, enforcement arm, credibility, international criminals, convictions, cooperation, resources, apprehending, legal institution, effectiveness, Kissinger, Europe, political cooperation, military cooperation, UK, France, international peace, security, international police forces, policing, peacekeeping, justice, jurisdiction, enforcement mechanisms, global cooperation, legal enforcement, fugitive apprehension, international justice system, judicial effectiveness, institutional credibility, legal efficacy, judicial competence, legal enforcement arm, international legal framework, international law, judicial outcomes, judicial impact, international cooperation, legal authority, judicial capability, international judicial system, judicial performance, legal enforcement capabilities, international legal enforcement, ICC, enforcement, credibility, arrests, convictions, trials, legal institution, effectiveness, international criminals, cooperation, countries, resources, apprehending, conviction, wanted persons, Kissinger, Europe, cooperation, military, political, help, peace, security, international police forces, policing, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Wall Street Journal, Marcin Sobczyk, Henry H. Perritt, Stalin, Pope, divisions, influence ICC, enforcement, credibility, arrests, convictions, trials, legal institution, effectiveness, international criminals, cooperation, resources, Henry Kissinger, Europe, apprehending, conviction, wanted person, international peace, security, policing, international police forces, political cooperation, military cooperation, UK, France, Marcin Sobczyk, Wall Street Journal, Stalin, Pope ICC, enforcement, arm, credible, organization, critics, Stalin, Pope, divisions, arresting, fugitives, trials, convictions, acceptance, serious, court, justice, effectiveness, credibility, cooperation, resources, Henry, Kissinger, Europe, political, military, apprehending, convicting, assistance, international, criminals, legal, institution, peace, security, police, forces, Chicago-Kent, College, Law, Wall, Street, Journal, Marcin, Sobczyk ICC, enforcement, credibility, arrests, convictions, trials, legal institution, effectiveness, cooperation, resources, international criminals, justice, Henry Kissinger, Europe, political cooperation, military cooperation, apprehending, conviction, wanted person, international peace, security, international police forces, Chicago-Kent College of Law, The Wall Street Journal
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-pro01a	Cluster Bombs Cause Unacceptable Harm to Civilians  In a modern warfare scenario, the vast majority of combat takes place in civilian areas, such as cities. Whilst cluster bombs are obviously not used for peacekeeping purposes they are used in initial assaults on these areas, particularly against larger formations of enemy troops. This means that due to the indiscriminate nature of cluster bombs, in the same way as with land mines, often both military and civilian targets are encompassed in the blast radius. This is what happened in Zagreb as Martic was targeting Croat forces but the attack due to the use of cluster weapons also killed civilians.  Further, cluster bombs often have a few bomblets which are duds and do not go on initial impact. The issue with bomblets is that they are often brightly coloured and when used in cities or populous areas they can often attract the attention of children who are very unlikely to know to be careful around them. This can result in significant harm to civilian populations well after the attack has been carried out.  Further, due to the sheer volume of duds that cluster bombs put out, attempts to demine cluster bomb bomblets is an incredibly dangerous process that in of itself costs lives.1,2,3 cluster bombs, civilian harm, modern warfare, urban combat, indiscriminate attacks, Zagreb, Martic, Croat forces, bomblets, duds, children, demining, post-conflict, unexploded ordnance, military use, civilian areas, initial assaults, enemy formations, bright colors, safety risks, cleanup operations, dangerous process, significant harm, long-term effects, peacekeeping, land mines, blast radius cluster bombs, civilian harm, modern warfare, urban combat, indiscriminate weapons, land mines, zagreb attack, martic, croat forces, bomblets, duds, brightly colored, children, post-attack harm, demining, dangerous process, life costs Cluster bombs, Unacceptable harm, Civilians, Modern warfare, Combat, Cities, Peacekeeping, Initial assaults, Enemy troops, Indiscriminate nature, Land mines, Military targets, Civilian targets, Zagreb, Martic, Croat forces, Blast radius, Dud bomblets, Brightly coloured, Children, Attraction, Significant harm, Demining, Dangerous process, Lives cost cluster bombs, civilian harm, modern warfare, urban combat, indiscriminate weapons, land mines, Zagreb attack, Martic, Croat forces, bomblets, unexploded ordnance, child safety, post-conflict hazards, demining, dangerous process, civilian casualties, military operations, initial assaults, enemy formations, brightly coloured, attract children, significant harm, prolonged danger, explosive remnants of war, clearance efforts, life cost cluster bombs, civilian harm, modern warfare, urban combat, indiscriminate weapons, land mines, Zagreb, Martic, Croat forces, bomblets, duds, children, post-attack harm, demining, dangerous process, civilian areas, enemy troops, initial assaults, combat zones, brightly coloured, attract attention, significant harm, demining efforts, life costs
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-con02a	Internet access is a commodity not a human right.  If a human right is inherent and inalienable then if something is to be a human right it has to be freely available for all rather than being much more available to those who are rich. The internet however is a commodity. We are charged for access to it and can be cut off for not paying our bills. We are charged more to be able to download more, in effect to have greater access to this human right. There has never been any suggestion that the equally great media advances of TV and telephones are technologies worthy of being considered a human right. As with the internet these increased the ability to express opinions to a wide audience, they helped democratise news and making it much more international. They meant that human rights violations could be much more easily told to the world in much the same way the internet does. Internet access, commodity, human right, inalienable, freely available, charged, download, media advances, TV, telephones, democratise news, international, human rights violations, world,表达意见, 广泛受众, 新闻民主化, 国际化, 人权侵犯, 信息发布 Internet access, commodity, human right, inherent, inalienable, freely available, rich, charged, cut off, download, TV, telephones, media advances, express opinions, democratise, news, international, human rights violations, world, similar way, internet does Internet access, human right, commodity, freely available, rich, charged, cut off, download, TV, telephones, media advances, express opinions, democratise news, international, human rights violations, world, internet comparison Internet access, commodity, human right, inalienable, freely available, economic disparity, charged, cut off, payment, download limits, media advances, TV, telephones, technological democratization, news internationalization, human rights violations, global awareness Internet access, human right, commodity, inherent, inalienable, freely available, charged, download, TV, telephones, media advances, express opinions, democratise news, international, human rights violations, world, digital divide, affordability, essential service, technological evolution, societal impact
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro01a	All countries have a right to defend themselves with nuclear weapons, even when they lack the capacity in conventional weapons  The nation-state is the fundamental building block of the international system, and is recognized as such in all international treaties and organizations. States are recognized as having the right to defend themselves, and this right must extend to the possession of nuclear deterrence. Often states lack the capacity to defend themselves with conventional weapons. This is particularly true of poor and small states. Even wealthy, small states are susceptible to foreign attack, since their wealth cannot make up for their lack of manpower. With a nuclear deterrent, all states become equal in terms of ability to do harm to one another. [1] If a large state attempts to intimidate, or even invade a smaller neighbour, it will be unable to effectively cow it, since the small state will have the power to grievously wound, or even destroy, the would-be invader with a few well-placed nuclear missiles. [2] For example, the Russian invasion of Georgia in 2008 would likely never have occurred, as Russia would have thought twice when considering the potential loss of several of its cities it would need to exchange for a small piece of Georgian territory. Clearly, nuclear weapons serve in many ways to equalize states irrespective of size, allowing them to more effectively defend themselves. Furthermore, countries will only use nuclear weapons in the vent of existential threat. This is why, for example, North Korea has not used nuclear weapons; for it, like all other states, survival is the order of the day, and using nuclear weapons aggressively would spell its certain destruction. Countries will behave rationally with regard to the use of nuclear weapons, as they have done since their invention and initial proliferation. Weapons in the hands of more people will thus not result in the greater risk of their use.  [1] Jervis, Robert. 2001. “Weapons Without Purpose? Nuclear Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era”. Foreign Affairs.  [2] Mearsheimer, John. 1993. “The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent”. Foreign Affairs. nuclear weapons, self-defense, state sovereignty, international system, conventional weapons, poor states, small states, nuclear deterrence, equalization, security, rational behavior, non-proliferation, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, existential threats, strategic stability, Jervis, Mearsheimer nuclear weapons, self-defense, nation-state, international system, conventional weapons, poor states, small states, nuclear deterrence, state equality, foreign attack, manpower, wealth, large states, intimidation, invasion, Russian invasion, Georgia, existential threat, rational behavior, nuclear proliferation, post-Cold War, Ukrainian nuclear deterrent nuclear weapons, self-defense, international system, state sovereignty, nuclear deterrence, conventional weapons, poor states, small states, wealth, manpower, nuclear equality, interstate conflict, Russian invasion of Georgia, existential threats, rational behavior, nuclear strategy, post-Cold War, Ukrainian nuclear deterrent nuclear deterrence, state sovereignty, international security, nuclear weapons, conventional weapons, small states, equalization, rational use, nuclear strategy, post-cold war, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, North Korea, existential threats, international treaties, wealth vs manpower, defensive capabilities, foreign attack, mutual assured destruction nuclear deterrence, state sovereignty, international security, conventional weapons, small states, equalization of states, nuclear weapons, rational state behavior, international treaties, national defense, wealth and power, manpower, nuclear proliferation, Russian invasion of Georgia, North Korea, post-Cold War nuclear strategy, Ukrainian nuclear deterrent, existential threats, state survival
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-pro02a	"The New START treaty will help against Iran’s nuclear program.  New START will help bolster US-Russian cooperation, which is necessary for solving the problem of Iran’s nuclear proliferation. On Nov. 19, 2010, the Anti-Defamation League released a statement, which came from Robert G. Sugarman, ADL National Chair, and Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director: ""The severe damage that could be inflicted on that relationship by failing to ratify the treaty would inevitably hamper effective American international leadership to stop the Iranian nuclear weapons program. The Iranian nuclear threat is the most serious national security issue facing the United States, Israel, and other allies in the Middle East. While some Senators may have legitimate reservations about the New START treaty or its protocol, we believe the interest of our greater and common goal of preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons must take precedence."" [1] New START is crucial in getting Russian support against Iran and other rogue nuclear states.  Although the United States needs a strong and reliable nuclear force, the chief nuclear danger today comes not from Russia but from rogue states such as Iran and North Korea and the potential for nuclear material to fall into the hands of terrorists. Given those pressing dangers, some question why an arms control treaty with Russia matters. It matters because it is in both parties' interest that there be transparency and stability in their strategic nuclear relationship. It also matters because Russia's cooperation will be needed if we are to make progress in rolling back the Iranian and North Korean programs. Russian help will be needed to continue our work to secure ""loose nukes"" in Russia and elsewhere. And Russian assistance is needed to improve the situation in Afghanistan, a breeding ground for international terrorism.  Obviously, the United States does not sign arms control agreements just to make friends. Any treaty must be considered on its merits. But the New START agreement is clearly in the US’ national interest, and the ramifications of not ratifying it could be significantly negative. [2] As US Vice President Joe Biden argued in 2010: ""New Start is also a cornerstone of our efforts to reset relations with Russia, which have improved significantly in the last two years. This has led to real benefits for U.S. and global security. Russian cooperation made it possible to secure strong sanctions against Iran over its nuclear ambitions, and Russia canceled a sale to Iran of an advanced anti-aircraft missile system that would have been dangerously destabilizing. Russia has permitted the flow of materiel through its territory for our troops in Afghanistan. And—as the NATO-Russia Council in Lisbon demonstrated—European security has been advanced by the pursuit of a more cooperative relationship with Russia. We should not jeopardize this progress."" [3] Therefore, because New START will have significant positive consequences in terms of aiding relations with Russia, and thus in dealing with rogue nuclear states like Iran, it should be supported.  [1] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010.   [2] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010.   [3] Biden, Joseph. ""The case for ratifying New START"". Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2010. New START treaty, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Iranian nuclear weapons, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, Russian support, rogue nuclear states, North Korea, nuclear material, terrorists, transparency, stability, strategic nuclear relationship, secure loose nukes, Afghanisan, international terrorism, arms control, national interest, Joe Biden, reset relations, Russia, global security, NATO-Russia Council, Jewish issue, Republican case, ratification New START treaty, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, nuclear proliferation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, treaty ratification, Iranian nuclear weapons, national security, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear material, terrorists, arms control, transparency, strategic nuclear relationship, securing loose nukes, Afghanistan, international terrorism, Joe Biden, relations with Russia, global security, sanctions against Iran, NATO-Russia Council, Republican case for ratification, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Jewish issue, New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, ratification, Iranian nuclear threat, national security, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear weapons, terrorism, transparency, stability, strategic nuclear relationship, Russian assistance, international terrorism, Afghanistan, US national interest, Joe Biden, reset relations, global security, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Jewish issue, Republican support, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, ratification, Iranian nuclear weapons, national security, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear material, terrorists, arms control, transparency, stability, strategic nuclear relationship, Russian assistance, Afghanistan, international terrorism, loose nukes, US national interest, Joe Biden, reset relations, Russian cooperation, sanctions, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Jewish issue, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Republican support, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, ratification, Iranian nuclear threat, national security, rogue states, North Korea, terrorism, arms control, transparency, stability, strategic nuclear relationship, loose nukes, Afghanistan, international security, Joe Biden, Russian cooperation, sanctions, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Jewish issue, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Republican support, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Atlantic"
test-society-cpisydfphwj-con03a	Facebook has a negative impact on learning  For many students, the constant flow of news, status updates, pictures and comments which comes through Facebook every single hour is proving to be a very distracting, which not surprisingly affects their educational progress. It negatively impacts learning. Studies show that students who checked in on social networks while studying had grades that were 20% lower than the grades of those who didn’t.(1)  A 20% difference in grades can be the difference from being awarded a scholarship at a prestigious university at being obliged to enrol in the community college, or very easily between passing and failing. Education is one of the most important things in anybody’s life as it greatly affects future prospects. Of course socialising is important as well but we should try to avoid one negatively affecting the other.  (1) Julie D. Andrews “Is Facebook Good Or Bad For Students? Debate Roils On” April 28, 2011   (2) Larry Rose ”Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids“ American Psychological Association August 6, 2011 Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, lower, scholarship, prestigious university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, debate, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, Julie D. Andrews Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, lower performance, scholarship, university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, social networking, impacts, kids Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distracting, educational progress, grades, 20% lower, scholarship, prestigious university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, social networking, kids Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, lower performance, scholarship, prestigious university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, social networks, studying, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, scholarship, community college, education, future prospects, socialising, social networks, studying, time management, multitasking, concentration, academic performance, psychological effects, technology influence, social media addiction
test-law-umtlilhotac-con01a	ICC does not have same problems as other legal systems  The ICC as a court does not have many of the things that a domestic criminal trial would have in terms of disadvantages of televising. Like all other international tribunals, there is no jury, only a panel of professional judges. Judges are going to be less intimidated by there being television broadcasts even if broadcasts of trials typically aim to obscure the identity of the jury. Similarly, there is a competent system of witness protection, and other safeguards. ICC, legal systems, domestic criminal trials, disadvantages, televising, international tribunals, jury, professional judges, intimidated, television broadcasts, witness protection, safeguards ICC, legal systems, domestic criminal trials, disadvantages, televising, international tribunals, jury, professional judges, intimidation, television broadcasts, witness protection, safeguards ICC, legal systems, domestic criminal trial, disadvantages, televising, international tribunals, jury, professional judges, intimidated, television broadcasts, witness protection, safeguards ICC, legal systems, domestic criminal trial, disadvantages, televising, international tribunals, jury, professional judges, intimidated, television broadcasts, witness protection, safeguards ICC, legal systems, domestic criminal trial, disadvantages, televising, international tribunals, no jury, professional judges, television broadcasts, jury identity, witness protection, safeguards
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con03a	Public Decency  Freedom of Speech is something that is highly valued, particularly in a country such as South Africa, where it was in short supply for a large part of its history, but surely for such speech to be worthwhile, it has to be able to convey a message that actually enriches the public domain. Such messages can be critical of government, but it must be best if they do not cause widespread offence in the process.  The problem with ‘The Spear’ is that is causes widespread offence with the graphic depiction of the male genitalia. As a result, the underlying message that Brett Murray is trying to convey is lost in the offence image of the exposed penis, causing needless controversy in the process. [1]  The utilisation of an exposed penis in ‘The Spear’ breaches all notions of public decency, not only causing offence in the public domain, but also personal offence, by depicting President Zuma in such a lewd manner. As such, it is right to ask for the removal of the artwork from public display to prevent further offence from being caused.  [1] Robins. P, ‘The spear that divided the nation’, Amandla, 2012, Public Decency, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, Enrichment, Public Domain, Criticism, Government, Offence, Controversy, The Spear, Brett Murray, Graphic Depiction, Male Genitalia, Utilisation, Personal Offence, President Zuka, Lewd, Artwork Removal, Robins. P, Amandla Magazine, 2012 Public Decency, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, Enrichment, Criticism, Government, Offence, The Spear, Graphic Depiction, Male Genitalia, Brett Murray, Controversy, Personal Offence, Jacob Zuma, Lewd, Artwork Removal, Public Display, Robins P, Amandla, 2012 Public Decency, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, The Spear, Brett Murray, Cyril Ramaphosa, Graphic Depiction, Male Genitalia, Widespread Offence, Public Domain, Critical of Government, Personal Offence, Lewd Manner, Artwork Removal, Robins. P, Amandla, 2012 Public Decency, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, Critical Speech, Widespread Offence, The Spear, Brett Murray, Graphic Depiction, Male Genitalia, Underlying Message, Controversy, Breaches Public Decency, Personal Offence, President Zuma, Lewd Manner, Removal of Artwork, Robins P, Amandla, 2012 Public Decency, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, Historical Context, Conveying Messages, Public Domain, Criticism, Government, Widespread Offence, The Spear, Brett Murray, Graphic Depiction, Male Genitalia, Underlying Message, Controversy, Utilisation, Exposed Penis, Notions, Personal Offence, President Zuma, Lewd Manner, Removal, Artwork, Public Display, Prevention, Further Offence, Robins P, Amandla, 2012
test-international-iighbopcc-pro01a	The hard part is the cutting of emissions  The problem with a non-binding agreement, even one where the targets have been submitted by the governments themselves is exactly that it is non-binding. If governments are not bound to cut emissions then there is a good chance that many of them wont. [1] The British government, which has binding targets, has been on course to miss its 2025 targets with reductions of only 23% against targets of 31% due to a decision to reduce subsidies for housing insulation. [2] If countries which have set targets for themselves in the past are missing them what hope do we have for these voluntary targets?  [1] Taylor, Lenore, ‘Paris climate talks: the real test is whether countries will keep their word’, The Guardian, 30 November 2015,   [2] Harvey, Fiona, ‘UK on track to miss carbon targets, climate change advisers warn’, The Guardian, 15 July 2014, emissions cutting, non-binding agreement, government targets, voluntary targets, binding targets, climate change, carbon targets, UK, Paris climate talks, subsidies reduction, housing insulation, climate change advisers, target misses, environmental policy, international agreements, greenhouse gases, global warming, renewable energy, policy effectiveness, compliance issues emissions, cutting, non-binding, agreement, targets, governments, binding, reductions, subsidies, housing, insulation, climate, change, advisers, voluntary, targets, Paris, climate, talks, carbon, UK, 2025, 2014, The, Guardian emissions, cutting, non-binding, agreement, targets, governments, binding, British, 2025, targets, reductions, subsidies, housing, insulation, Paris, climate, talks, countries, voluntary, miss, carbon, climate change, advisers, UK, track, warn emissions, cutting, non-binding, agreement, targets, governments, binding, British, 2025, targets, reductions, subsidies, housing, insulation, Paris, climate, talks, countries, voluntary, carbon, climate change, advisers, UK, miss, track, warn emissions,cutting,non-binding,agreement,governments,targets,climate,change,Paris,talks,countries,voluntary,UK,carbon,miss,subsidies,housing,insulation
test-science-eassgbatj-con01a	Animals don’t have human rights  Humans have large brains, form social groups, communicate and are generally worthy of moral consideration. We also are aware of ourselves and of the nature of death. Some animals have some of these characteristics but not all so should not have the same rights. In harming animals to benefit humans, we enter in to a good moral trade-off to create a greater good. [11] human rights, animals, moral consideration, human brains, social groups, communication, self-awareness, death awareness, animal characteristics, moral trade-off, greater good, harming animals, benefit humans Animals, human rights, human brain, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, death awareness, animal characteristics, moral trade-off, greater good, ethics, animal rights, human-animal comparison, moral philosophy Animals, Human rights, Humans, Large brains, Social groups, Communication, Moral consideration, Self-awareness, Death awareness, Characteristics, Rights, Harming animals, Moral trade-off, Greater good animals, human rights, human brains, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, death awareness, animal characteristics, moral trade-off, greater good animals, human rights, large brains, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, death awareness, characteristics, rights, moral trade-off, greater good, harming animals, benefiting humans
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro02a	Other religions have the right to wear prescribed clothing enshrined in British law, it is hypocritical not to offer Christianity the same protection.  Legislation should be consistent; otherwise it is, by definition, discriminatory. [i] If some faiths are allowed to show outward demonstrations of their faith in the workplace, then that should apply across the board.  Christianity is an established part of the state, as shown by the monarch being head of the Church of England. So it is perverse for two national brands to accept attire that demonstrates an employee’s profession of other faiths but to reject one that is universally recognised as a symbol of Christianity.  The very fact that both women were willing to risk, and lose, their jobs over the issue shows that they considered wearing the cross to be an important part of their faith. That should be enough to demonstrate that it is a matter of conscience. It is demonstrably true that allowing other religious symbols to be worn does not create immense difficulties, both the NHS and Heathrow airport allow sikh’s to wear a kirpan (small dagger). [ii] Their right to do so is respected because it is important to the individual concerned. The same is clearly true here.  Either legislation should respect that commitment in all faiths or it should not do so in any.  [i] The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000,   [ii] The Kirpan, A submission to the Department of Communities and Local Government (UK), British Sikh Consultative Forum, April 2009, P12 religious freedom, equality, workplace rights, Christianity, symbols, cross, other faiths, prescribed clothing, British law, discrimination, consistency, monarchy, Church of England, conscience, kirpan, sikh, NHS, Heathrow airport, commitment, American Heritage Dictionary, British Sikh Consultative Forum religious freedom, prescribed clothing, British law, Christianity, protection, legislation, consistency, discrimination, faith demonstrations, workplace, established state, monarch, Church of England, national brands, attire, profession of faith, job risk, conscience, NHS, Heathrow airport, Sikh, kirpan, right, commitment, faiths, American Heritage Dictionary, British Sikh Consultatory Forum religious freedom, prescribed clothing, British law, Christianity, protection, legislation, consistency, discrimination, faith demonstrations, workplace, state establishment, monarch, Church of England, national brands, job risk, conscience, NHS, Heathrow airport, sikh, kirpan, religious symbols, commitment, American Heritage Dictionary, British Sikh Consultative Forum religious freedom, prescribed clothing, British law, Christianity, protection, legislation, consistency, discrimination, faith, workplace, outward demonstrations, national brands, employee, profession, other faiths, symbol, Christianity, monarch, Church of England, jobs, conscience, religious symbols, NHS, Heathrow airport, sikh, kirpan, commitment, American Heritage Dictionary, British Sikh Consultative Forum, Department of Communities and Local Government, UK Other religions, prescribed clothing, British law, Christianity, protection, legislation, consistent, discriminatory, faith, workplace, Christianity, state, monarch, Church of England, national brands, attire, profession of faith, cross, important part, conscience, demonstration, religious symbols, NHS, Heathrow airport, Sikh, kirpan, dagger, right, commitment, all faiths, American Heritage Dictionary, British Sikh Consultative Forum, Department of Communities and Local Government, UK, submission
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-con01a	Making children military targets  The purpose of the ban on the use of child soldiers is to prevent the normalisation of such tactics in conflict zones. It is not an inflexible implementation of a lofty European ideal. The ban, and the role of the ICC in enforcing it, is designed to reduce the likelihood that civilians will be deliberately targeted in developing world war zones. Why is this necessary?  If the defence set out in the motion is used to reduce the number of war crimes convictions attendant on the use of child soldiers, not only will numbers of child soldiers rise, but children themselves will become military targets. Communities ravaged and depleted by war, under the status quo, may be seen as minimally threatening. Armies are not likely to target them as strategic objectives if it is thought that they will offer no resistance. However, if there is no condemnation and investigation of the use of child soldiers, they will become a much more common feature of the battlefield. The increasing militarisation of children will make those children who do not wish to participate in armed conflict- children pursuing some alternate survival strategy- automatic targets. All children will be treated as potential soldiers. The communities that children live in will become military targets.  The resolution, although seeking to enable children to protect themselves, will simply make them targets of the massacres, organised displacement and surprise attacks that characterise warfare in Africa and central Asia. child soldiers, military targets, war crimes, ICC, conflict zones, civilian targeting, community threat, militarisation, battlefield presence, survival strategy, automatic targets, massacre, displacement, surprise attacks, warfare, Africa, central Asia child soldiers, military targets, war crimes, ICC, conflict zones, civilians, developing world, war zones, defence, convictions, militarisation, communities, resistance, strategic objectives, alternate survival, massacres, displacement, surprise attacks, Africa, central Asia child soldiers, military targets, conflict zones, war crimes convictions, ICC enforcement, civilian protection, community targeting, militarisation of children, alternate survival strategies, African warfare, central Asian conflicts, massacre prevention, displacement reduction, surprise attack mitigation child soldiers, ban, conflict zones, ICC, war crimes, military targets, civilian protection, militarisation, community impact, displacement, Africa, central Asia, strategic objectives, resistance, survival strategies, massacres, surprise attacks, legal enforcement, human rights, international law, child protection, armed conflict, tactical use, young combatants, warfare tactics, demographic targeting, vulnerable populations, ethical warfare, combat age, soldier recruitment, juvenile involvement, armed groups, conflict prevention, justice system, prosecution, deterrence, humanitarian law, child recruitment, armed forces, military strategy, war tactics, child exploitation, combat zones, conflict resolution, security child soldiers, military targets, war crimes, ICC, conflict zones, civilian protection, militarisation of children, community targeting, armed conflict, resolution impact, protection strategies, warfare characteristics, Africa, central Asia
test-economy-thhghwhwift-con03a	It hits the most vulnerable part of society hardest  The practical consequence of an additional tax on what the government considers fatty unhealthy food will disproportionately affect the poorest part of the population, who often turn to such food due to economic constraints.  These were the concerns that stopped the Romanian government from introducing a fat tax in 2010. Experts there argued, that the countries people keep turning to junk food simply because they are poor and cannot afford the more expensive fresh produce. What such a fat tax would do is eliminate a very important source of calories from the society’s economic reach and replace the current diet with an even more nutritionally unbalanced one. Even the WHO described such policies as “regressive from an equity perspective.” [1]  Clearly, the government should be focusing its efforts on making healthy fresh produce more accessible and not on making food in general, regardless if it’s considered healthy or not, less accessible for the most vulnerable in our society.  [1] Stracansky, P., 'Fat Tax' May Hurt Poor, published 8/8/2011,  , accessed 9/12/2011 fat tax, vulnerable population, economic constraints, junk food, healthy produce, nutritional imbalance, regressive policy, equity, government intervention, Romania, poverty, calorie source, WHO, accessibility, fresh food, dietary impact, socioeconomic disparities, health policy, public nutrition fat tax, vulnerable population, economic constraints, unhealthy food, poverty, nutritional imbalance, government policy, regressive taxation, equity, healthy produce, accessibility, Stracansky, Romania, WHO, 2010, 2011 fat tax, vulnerable population, economic constraints, junk food, nutritional imbalance, equity perspective, healthy produce accessibility, poverty, government policy, WHO, Stracansky, Romania, 2010, regressive policy, calorie sources, nutritional unbalance, food affordability, health inequality, social policy, fattening foods taxation vulnerable, society, additional, tax, fatty, unhealthy, food, government, poorest, population, economic, constraints, Romanian, fat, tax, 2010, concerns, people, junk, food, poor, afford, expensive, fresh, produce, calories, nutritional, unbalanced, WHO, regressive, equity, efforts, accessible, healthy, focus, less, accessible, nutrition, poverty, health, policy vulnerable, society, tax, unhealthy, food, poorest, economic, constraints, Romania, fat, tax, 2010, junk, food, poor, fresh, produce, calories, nutritionally, unbalanced, WHO, regressive, equity, healthy, accessible, vulnerable, society
test-science-sghwbdgmo-pro02a	Genetically modified food is a danger to eco-systems.  GM foods also present a danger to the environment. The use of these crops is causing fewer strains to be planted. In a traditional ecosystem based on 100 varieties of rice, a disease wiping out one strain is not too much of a problem. However, if just two strains are planted (as now occurs) and one is wiped out the result is catastrophic. In addition, removing certain varieties of crops causes organisms, which feed on these crops, to be wiped out as well, such as the butterfly population decimated by a recent Monsanto field trial. [1] This supports the concerns that GM plants or transgenes can escape into the environment and that the impacts of broad-spectrum herbicides used with the herbicide tolerant GM crops on the countryside ecosystems have consequences. One of the impacts was that the Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin was produced by Bt crops (GMOs) on no-target species (butterflies), which lead to them dying. [2]  Another concern is also that pollen produced from GM crops can be blown into neighboring fields where it fertilizes unmodified crops. This process (cross-pollination) pollutes the natural gene pool. [3] This in turn makes labeling impossible which reduces consumer choice. This can be prevented with the terminator gene. However, use of this is immoral for reasons outlined below. Furthermore, not all companies have access to the terminator technology.  [1] Whitman D., Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful, published April 2000,  , accessed 09/02/2011  [2] WWF Switzerland, Genetically modified Organisms (GMOs): A danger to sustainable development of agriculture, published May 2005, www.panda.org/downloads/trash/gmosadangertosustainableagriculture.pdf , p.4 , accessed 09/02/2011  [3] Whitman D., Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful, published April 2000,  , accessed 09/02/2011 genetically modified food, GM foods, environment, ecosystem, crop strains, disease resistance, traditional ecosystem, rice varieties, butterfly population, Monsanto field trial, transgenes, herbicide tolerant crops, countryside ecosystems, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, non-target species, cross-pollination, natural gene pool, labeling, consumer choice, terminator gene, terminator technology, sustainable agriculture, WWF Switzerland Genetically modified food, GM foods, environment, ecosystem, crop strains, rice varieties, disease resistance, biodiversity, butterfly population, Monsanto, field trial, transgenes, herbicide tolerant crops, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Bt crops, non-target species, cross-pollination, gene pool, labeling, consumer choice, terminator gene, terminator technology, sustainable agriculture, GM crops, pollen, unmodified crops, ecological impact, GMO, sustainable development, ethical concerns, agricultural diversity, broad-spectrum herbicides, countryside ecosystems, pollen flow, genetic contamination, GM technology access, WWF Switzerland,参考资料,出版日期,访问 Genetically modified food, GM crops, ecosystem danger, environmental threat, crop strain reduction, rice variety loss, disease resistance, catastrophic crop failure, biodiversity loss, butterfly population decline, Monsanto field trial, transgene escape, herbicide tolerant GM crops, countryside ecosystem impact, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, non-target species harm, pollen spread, cross-pollination, gene pool contamination, labeling issues, consumer choice, terminator gene, terminator technology, moral concerns, company access disparities Genetically modified food, GM foods, environment, ecosystem, crop strains, disease resistance, biodiversity, butterfly population, Monsanto, transgenes, herbicides, countryside ecosystems, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Bt crops, non-target species, pollen, cross-pollination, gene pool, labeling, consumer choice, terminator gene, terminator technology, sustainable agriculture, WWF Switzerland Genetically modified food, GM foods, ecosystem danger, environmental impact, crop strain reduction, traditional ecosystem, rice variety, disease resistance, catastrophic failure, butterfly population, Monsanto field trial, transgenes, environmental escape, broad-spectrum herbicides, countryside ecosystems, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, Bt crops, non-target species, pollen dispersal, cross-pollination, gene pool contamination, labeling issues, consumer choice, terminator gene, moral concerns, technology access, sustainable agriculture, WWF Switzerland, GMOs
test-law-ilppppghb-con02a	"The rise of universal human rights makes self-determination increasingly irrelevant.  Across the developed world, modern nation states are bound into a complex network of treaties and international organisations which together go a long way to guaranteeing citizens very similar rights wherever they live. These supra-national rules make it less and less important on what side of an international boundary you happen to live. What matters is not so much self-determination as whether or not an individual citizen is able to enjoy the same rights and privileges as those of the majority culture.  For example, EU citizens enjoy many common rights, common European citizenship, freedom of movement between member states and so on. Minorities who fifty years ago might have taken up arms to ""free"" themselves from an oppressive nation state – such as Catholics in Northern Ireland – don’t need to do this now, because they have new rights against discrimination, guaranteed and enforced by international treaty. Universal human rights, self-determination, developed world, nation states, treaties, international organisations, citizen rights, international boundaries, individual citizen, rights, privileges, majority culture, EU citizens, common rights, European citizenship, freedom of movement, member states, minorities, oppressive nation state, rights against discrimination, international treaty universal human rights, self-determination, developed world, nation states, treaties, international organisations, citizen rights, international boundaries, majority culture, EU citizens, common rights, European citizenship, freedom of movement, member states, minorities, Catholics, Northern Ireland, rights against discrimination, international treaty universal human rights, self-determination, developed world, nation states, treaties, international organisations, citizens rights, international boundaries, individual citizen, majority culture, EU citizens, common rights, European citizenship, freedom of movement, member states, minorities, fifty years ago, Catholics, Northern Ireland, rights against discrimination, international treaty universal human rights, self-determination, developed world, nation states, treaties, international organisations, supra-national rules, international boundary, individual citizen, rights, privileges, majority culture, EU citizens, common rights, European citizenship, freedom of movement, member states, minorities, Catholics, Northern Ireland, discrimination, international treaty universal human rights, self-determination, developed world, nation states, treaties, international organisations, citizens rights, international boundaries, individual citizen, majority culture, EU citizens, common rights, European citizenship, freedom of movement, member states, minorities, oppressive nation state, rights against discrimination, international treaty"
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con04a	Other forms of online gambling  What is the difference between gambling and playing the stock market? In each case people are putting money at risk in the hope of a particular outcome. Gambling on horse-racing or games involves knowledge and expertise that can improve your chances of success. In the same way, trading in bonds, shares, currency or derivatives is a bet that your understanding of the economy is better than that of other investors. Why should one kind of online risk-taking be legal and the other not? online gambling, gambling, stock market, risk, horse-racing, games, knowledge, expertise, trading, bonds, shares, currency, derivatives, economy, legal, online risk-taking online gambling, stock market, gambling vs trading, risk-taking, horse-racing, games, bonds, shares, currency, derivatives, economic understanding, legal gambling, illegal gambling, risk management, financial markets, betting, investment, regulatory differences, casino games, sports betting, financial expertise, market analysis, gambling laws, investment strategies, economic bets, online trading, financial risk, market gambling online gambling, stock market, risk-taking, legal gambling, financial trading, horse-racing, betting, economic understanding, investor skills, regulatory differences online gambling, stock market, risk-taking, horse-racing, trading, bonds, shares, currency, derivatives, legality, financial markets, gambling laws, investment, expertise, economic understanding, market betting, regulatory differences, financial gambling, investment risks online gambling, stock market, risk-taking, legal differences, gambling regulation, financial markets, investment, betting, horse-racing, economic understanding, derivatives, shares, bonds, currency trading, market expertise, regulatory frameworks
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro02a	Cyber attacks can do serious damage to the state  Large scale cyber attacks can result in substantial harms to the state equivalent to those of an armed attack. Many states are dependent on flawless functioning of government and financial services online, and attacking them would cause mass disruption. For example, massive cyber attacks can cause serious disruption to economy by targeting financial, banking and commercial services; they can target government websites and steal confidential information that would compromise country's security, as was the case with USA in 2007 [10]; they could target power grids and shut down infrastructure on a massive scale across the country. All these instances cause disruption and leave the targeted country vulnerable with the government unable to operate successfully. This way, for instance, a large scale cyber attack from Russia on Georgia 2008 caused massive disruption to government, banking services, and communication within and outside of the country [11]. For these reasons USA's Pentagon decided to consider a cyber attack that 'produces the death, damage, destruction or high-level disruption that a traditional military attack would cause' an act of war [12]. Given the damage of possible attacks to the state, large-scale cyber attacks should be considered an act of war. cyber attacks, state damage, armed attack, government services, financial services, online dependency, mass disruption, economy disruption, financial targeting, government websites, confidential information, country security, power grids, infrastructure shutdown, USA 2007, Russia Georgia 2008, Pentagon, act of war, military attack, high-level disruption, state vulnerability Cyber attacks, state damage, armed attack, government services, financial services, mass disruption, confidential information, power grids, infrastructure, economy, USA, 2007, Russia, Georgia, 2008, Pentagon, act of war, military attack, high-level disruption, national security, cyber warfare, international relations, digital threats, critical infrastructure, cyber defense, state vulnerability cyber attacks, state damage, armed attack, government services, financial services, online dependency, mass disruption, economy disruption, confidential information, country security, power grids, infrastructure shutdown, USA 2007, Russia Georgia 2008, Pentagon, act of war, large-scale cyber attacks, military attack, high-level disruption, death, damage, destruction Cyber attacks, state damage, armed attack, government services, financial services, mass disruption, confidential information, power grids, infrastructure, USA 2007, Russia, Georgia 2008, Pentagon, act of war, military attack, high-level disruption, state vulnerability, cyber warfare, economic disruption, communication disruption, large-scale cyber attacks, national security, computer security, cyber threats, digital warfare, cyber espionage, cyber conflicts, international security, cyber defense, cyber policies cyber attacks, state damage, large scale, armed attack, government services, financial services, mass disruption, economy, financial disruption, banking services, commercial services, government websites, confidential information, country security, power grids, infrastructure, USA, 2007, Russia, Georgia, 2008, Pentagon, act of war, military attack, death, destruction, high-level disruption, state vulnerability, government operation, communication disruption
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-pro03a	EU economic preference will no longer bind Britain  As a customs union the EU has a common external tariff set at the EU level meaning that the UK cannot tailor its external trade policy to its own needs. Instead the UK will be free to negotiate its own free trade agreements with any power it wishes. This may be individually or joining larger trade groupings such as the currently being negotiated Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership deal between the USA, Canada, and the EU. it also means the UK is free to reject such joint agreements, as many campaigning groups would like with the Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership deal. [1] Countries which are not in regional blocks have not suffered as a result, South Korea has 24 free trade agreements [2] and despite an economy that is just over half the size of the UK’s has trade in goods worth similar amounts;$1,098bln $1,190bln [3] but importantly gets to negotiate each one itself and to its own terms and conditions.  [1] See #noTTIP,   [2] ‘Free Trade Agreements’, Asia Regional Integration Centre, 2015,   [3] Adding exports and imports of merchandise, ‘Korea, Republic of and United Kingdom’, World Trade Organisation, EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, UK, external trade policy, free trade agreements, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, USA, Canada, regional blocks, South Korea, free trade agreements, merchandise trade, exports, imports, World Trade Organisation, noTTIP, Asia Regional Integration Centre EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, UK, external trade policy, free trade agreements, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, USA, Canada, trade groupings, campaigning groups, regional blocks, South Korea, free trade agreements, economy, trade in goods, merchandise, World Trade Organisation, #noTTIP, Asia Regional Integration Centre, exports, imports EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, UK, external trade policy, free trade agreements, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, USA, Canada, regional blocks, South Korea, Free Trade Agreements, economy, trade in goods, negotiations, terms and conditions, #noTTIP, Asia Regional Integration Centre, World Trade Organisation EU economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, UK external trade policy, free trade agreements, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, USA, Canada, trade groupings, campaigning groups, South Korea, regional blocks, economy size, trade in goods, merchandise exports, imports, WTO, Republic of Korea, UK, #noTTIP, Asia Regional Integration Centre, 2015 EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, UK, external trade policy, free trade agreements, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, USA, Canada, campaign groups, regional blocks, South Korea, trade agreements, economy, merchandise trade, World Trade Organisation, #noTTIP, Asia Regional Integration Centre
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-pro04a	Compensation has the potential to reverse damaged caused by Cultural Appropriation.  Compensation is necessary in the case of cultural appropriation as it helps to provide victims with the resources they need or deserve as compensation for exploitative behaviour. Often it can be easily quantified as would be the case with the Navajo Urban Outfitters case. With stronger legislation and rulings on the provision for compensation for cultural appropriation, minority communities would be significantly better off. This would be a major step towards reversing the damage of said appropriation as it would allow the community to develop and gain recognition for traditional designs and ideas.  Compensation can bring back some justice to small, minority communities as they can gain the appropriate recognition they deserve as well as the benefits that come along with it. It was estimated in 2005 that nearly half of the US $1billion market from native American Arts and Crafts come from the sale of counterfeit goods [1]. Compensation would help protect sales from native American businesses as well as their culture.  [1] Padilla, Helen B., ‘Padilla: Combating fake Indian Arts and Crafts: a proposal for action’, Indian Country Today, 14 October 2008, Compensation, Cultural Appropriation, Reversal, Damaged, Necessary, Victims, Resources, Deserve, Exploitative, Behavior, Navajo, Urban Outfitters, Legislation, Rulings, Minority Communities, Development, Recognition, Traditional Designs, Justice, Small Communities, Recognition, Benefits, Protection, Native American Arts, Crafts, Counterfeit Goods, Sales, Culture, Padilla, Indian Country Today, Proposal, Action Compensation, Cultural Appropriation, Reversal, Damage, Victims, Resources, Deserve, Exploitative Behaviour, Quantified, Navajo, Urban Outfitters, Legislation, Rulings, Minority Communities, Recognition, Traditional Designs, Justice, Small Communities, Benefits, US Market, Native American Arts, Crafts, Counterfeit Goods, Protection, Native American Businesses, Culture, Proposal for Action, Indian Country Today Cultural Appropriation, Compensation, Damage Reversal, Resources, Victims, Exploitative Behaviour, Navajo, Urban Outfitters, Legislation, Rulings, Minority Communities, Development, Recognition, Traditional Designs, Justice, Small Communities, Native American Arts, Counterfeit Goods, Sales Protection, Culture Preservation Compensation, Cultural Appropriation, Damage Reversal, Resources, Victims, Exploitative Behaviour, Navajo, Urban Outfitters, Stronger Legislation, Rulings, Minority Communities, Development, Recognition, Justice, Native American Arts, Crafts, Counterfeit Goods, Market, Protection, Sales, Culture, Proposal, Action, Indian Country Today Cultural Appropriation, Compensation, Reversing Damage, Victim Resources, Exploitative Behaviour, Navajo, Urban Outfitters, Legislation, Rulings, Minority Communities, Development, Recognition, Traditional Designs, Justice, Minority Groups, Native American Arts, Crafts, Counterfeit Goods, Protection, Sales, Culture, Economic Impact, Legal Protection, Indigenous Rights
test-education-udfakusma-con02a	Making everything free to access will damage universities ability to tap private funding  For most universities even if the government is generous with funding it will still need for some projects require private funding. When providing money for research projects the government often requires cost sharing so the university needs to find other sources of funding. [1] Third parties however are unlikely to be willing to help provide funding for research if they know that all the results of that research will be made open to anyone and everyone. These businesses are funding specific research to solve a particular problem with the intention of profiting from the result. Even if universities themselves don’t want to profit from their research they cannot ignore the private funding as it is rapidly growing, up 250% in the U.S. from 1985-2005, while the government support is shrinking. [2]  [1] Anon. (November 2010), “Research & Sponsored Projects”, University of Michigan.   [2] Schindler, Adam, “Follow the Money Corporate funding of university research”, Berkley Science Review, Issue 13. universities, private funding, research projects, government funding, cost sharing, open access, research results, business funding, profit, university research, corporate funding, funding growth, government support, Anon, University of Michigan, Schindler, Adam, Berkley Science Review universities, private funding, research projects, government funding, cost sharing, open access, research results, profit, corporate funding, university research, funding sources, funding growth, government support, Anon, University of Michigan, Schindler, Adam, Berkley Science Review universities, private funding, government funding, research projects, cost sharing, open access, research results, business funding, profit, university research, corporate funding, funding growth, government support, Berkley Science Review, University of Michigan, research sponsorship, Anon, Adam Schindler, Follow the Money, Issue 13 universities, private funding, research projects, government funding, cost sharing, open access, research results, business funding, profit, university research, corporate funding, funding growth, government support, Berkley Science Review, University of Michigan, research sponsorship, private investment, academic funding, research costs, open research, intellectual property, funding sources, research impact, public funding, private sector, academic research, funding models, research finance, funding trends, education finance, research commercialization universities, private funding, government funding, research projects, cost sharing, open access, research results, business funding, profit, university research, corporate funding, funding growth, government support, research costs, public access, funding sources, research sharing, financial support, academic research, sponsorship, commercial interest, intellectual property, research impact, funding models, university finance, funding trends, U.S. research funding
test-education-tuhwastua-con02a	Alternative factors that can be considered in the admissions process  SATs are mathematical and it is therefore possible to objectively evaluate them. This is why they are so popular, they provide a benchmark of comparison across the whole education system in a way that any non-standardized assessment never could. This does not only benefit universities in providing an objective measure to compare admissions candidates but it also gives the government statistics with which to measure the progress of schools.  Any other form of assessment would mean switching to much more subjective factors. Traditionally such factors, such as extracurricular activities, volunteer work, and even access to references are all more easily available to high income students. Opportunities may not even be offered in poorer school districts. Complaining that poorer and minority students do less well on the SAT ignores the fact that the test provides one of their best opportunities to impress admissions officials. alternative factors, admissions process, SATs, mathematical, objective evaluation, benchmark comparison, education system, universities, objective measure, admissions candidates, government statistics, school progress, subjective factors, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, references, high income students, poorer school districts, minority students, test opportunity, admissions officials alternative factors, admissions process, SATs, objective evaluation, benchmark comparison, education system, universities, admissions candidates, government statistics, school progress, non-standardized assessment, subjective factors, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, references, high income students, poorer school districts, minority students, test opportunity, admissions officials admissions, alternatives, factors, SATs, standardized, assessment, objective, benchmark, comparison, education, system, universities, candidates, government, statistics, progress, schools, subjective, extracurricular, activities, volunteer, work, references, high, income, students, poorer, minority, opportunities, school, districts, impress, officials alternative factors, admissions process, SATs, mathematical, objective evaluation, benchmark, education system, non-standardized assessment, universities, admissions candidates, government statistics, school progress, subjective factors, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, references, high income students, poorer school districts, minority students, impressions, admissions officials admissions, alternative factors, SATs, objective evaluation, benchmark, education system, universities, government statistics, school progress, subjective factors, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, references, high income students, poorer school districts, minority students, test opportunity, admissions officials
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro03a	Better nutrition leads to better students.  There is a growing body of evidence linking a healthy lifestyle, comprising of both adequate nutrition and physical exercise, with improved memory, concentration and general academic performance. [1] A study has shown that when primary school students consume three or more junk food meals a week literacy and numeracy scores dropped by up to 16% compared to the average. [2]  This is a clear incentive for governments to push forward for healthier meals in schools for two reasons. The first obvious benefit is to the student, whose better grades award her improved upward mobility – especially important for ethnic groups stuck worst by the obesity epidemic and a lower average socioeconomic status.  The second benefit is to the schools, who benefit on standardized testing scores and reduced absenteeism, as well as reduced staff time and attention devoted to students with low academic performance or behavior problems and other hidden costs of low concentration and performance of students. [3]  [1] CDC, 'Student Health and Academic Achievement', 19 October 2010,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [2] Paton, Graeme, ‘Too much fast food ‘harms children’s test scores’’, The Telegraph, 22 May 2009,  accessed 20 September 2011  [3] Society for the Advancement of Education, 'Overweight students cost schools plenty', December 2004,  , 9/11/2011 better nutrition, students, healthy lifestyle, adequate nutrition, physical exercise, improved memory, concentration, academic performance, junk food, literacy scores, numeracy scores, government intervention, healthier meals, schools, student grades, upward mobility, obesity epidemic, socioeconomic status, standardized testing, absenteeism, staff time, behavior problems, low concentration, academic performance, hidden costs, overweight students, cost to schools, Paton, Graeme, The Telegraph, CDC, Society for the Advancement of Education better nutrition, improved academic performance, healthy lifestyle, adequate nutrition, physical exercise, memory, concentration, junk food, literacy scores, numeracy scores, government policies, healthier meals, student benefits, upward mobility, ethnic groups, obesity epidemic, socioeconomic status, school benefits, standardized testing, reduced absenteeism, staff time, behavior problems, hidden costs, low concentration, low performance, CDC, Student Health and Academic Achievement, Paton Graeme, fast food, test scores, Telegraph, Society for the Advancement of Education, overweight students, school costs nutrition, healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, improved memory, concentration, academic performance, junk food, literacy scores, numeracy scores, government intervention, healthier meals, student benefits, upward mobility, obesity epidemic, socioeconomic status, school benefits, standardized testing scores, reduced absenteeism, staff time, hidden costs, low concentration, academic performance, behavior problems, CDC, Student Health, Academic Achievement, Paton, fast food, children's test scores, Society for the Advancement of Education, overweight students, school costs nutrition, healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, improved memory, concentration, academic performance, junk food, literacy, numeracy, government policy, healthier meals, schools, student grades, upward mobility, ethnic groups, obesity epidemic, socioeconomic status, standardized testing, absenteeism, staff time, behavior problems, concentration, performance, overweight students, education costs nutrition, students, academic performance, healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, memory, concentration, junk food, literacy, numeracy, government, healthier meals, schools, upward mobility, obesity epidemic, socioeconomic status, standardized testing, absenteeism, staff time, behavior problems, concentration, performance, CDC, Student Health, Academic Achievement, Paton, Graeme, fast food, test scores, Society for the Advancement of Education, overweight students, costs schools
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro02a	Economically beneficial  Switching diplomatic recognition to China can be economically beneficial. A country that changes recognition is both likely to be given a reward for the change and then be much capable of engaging in joint economic projects with the PRC. Malawi for example cut its ties with Taiwan at the end of 2007. PRC offered a $6billion financial package for the defection. [1] Malawi has since benefited from large amounts of Chinese investment; Chinese companies have been involved in building vital infrastructure such as schools and roads, and even a new parliament building. [2] And trade between China and Malawi has been booming with growth of 25% in 2010 alone. [3] Even the Chinese believe that recognition occurs as a result of the economic incentive the Chinese envoy to Malawi having been quoted calling Malawi beggars. [4]  [1] Hsu, Jenny W., ‘Malawi, Taiwan end 42-year relations’, Taipei Times, 15 January 2008,   [2] Ngozo, Claire, ‘China puts its mark on Malawi’, theguardian.com, 7 May 2011,   [3] Jomo, Frank, ‘Malawi, China Trade to Grow 25% on Cotton, Daily Times Reports’, Bloomberg, 15 December 2010,   [4] ‘Chinese Envoy's Remarks on Malawi Breed Resentment’, Voice of America, 1 November 2009, Economic benefits, diplomatic recognition, China, Malawi, Taiwan, financial package, Chinese investment, infrastructure, schools, roads, parliament building, trade growth, economic incentives, Chinese envoy, resentment diplomatic recognition, China, economic benefits, Malawi, Taiwan, financial package, Chinese investment, infrastructure, schools, roads, parliament building, trade growth, Chinese envoy, economic incentives diplomatic recognition, China, economic benefit, Malawi, Taiwan, financial package, Chinese investment, infrastructure, schools, roads, parliament building, trade growth, economic incentive, Chinese envoy, resentment diplomatic recognition, China, economic benefits, Malawi, Taiwan, financial package, Chinese investment, infrastructure, schools, roads, parliament building, trade growth, economic incentive, Chinese envoy, resentment diplomatic recognition, China, economic benefits, Malawi, Taiwan, financial package, Chinese investment, infrastructure, schools, roads, parliament building, trade growth, economic incentive, Chinese envoy, resentment
test-health-hdond-pro01a	A Practical Solution  There are many mechanisms by which this policy could be implemented. The one common thread is that those hoping to receive organs would be divided into those registered as donors, and those who are non-donors. Potential recipients who are non-donors would only receive an organ if all requests by donors for such an organ are filled. For example, if there is a scarcity of donated kidneys with the B serotype, organ donors requiring a B kidney would all receive kidneys before any non-donors receive them. The existing metrics for deciding priority among recipients can still be applied within these lists – among both donors and non-donors, individuals could be ranked on who receives an organ first based on who has been on the waiting list longer, or who has more priority based on life expectancy; this policy simply adds the caveat that non-donors only access organs once all donors for their particular organ are satisfied. What defines a “donor” could vary; it could be that they must have been a donor for a certain number of years, or that they must have been a donor prior to needing a transplant, or even a pledge to become a donor henceforth (and indeed, even if they are terminally ill and for other reasons do not recover, some of their organs may still be usable). Finally this policy need not preclude private donations or swaps of organs, and instead can simply be applied to the public system. organ donation, policy implementation, registered donors, non-donors, priority allocation, B serotype, kidney transplant, waiting list, life expectancy, donor criteria, terminal illness, private donations, organ swaps, public system organ donation, policy implementation, donor registration, non-donor restrictions, priority system, organ scarcity, B serotype, life expectancy, waiting list, private donations, organ swaps, public system organ donation, policy implementation, donor registration, non-donor restrictions, organ allocation, priority system, waiting list, life expectancy, donor criteria, private donations, organ swaps, public system organ donation, policy implementation, donor prioritization, non-donor restrictions, organ scarcity, serotype matching, waiting list criteria, life expectancy, donor definition, private organ donation, public system application organ donation, policy implementation, donor registration, non-donor restrictions, organ allocation, priority system, waiting list, life expectancy, donor criteria, private organ donations, organ swaps, public health system
test-international-ghwcitca-pro01a	Arenas of potential conflict must be regulated  Conflict needs to be regulated, and something that can start conflicts even more so. Warfare and conflict is currently regulated by the Geneva Conventions that seek to limit the effects of armed conflict and regulate the conduct of the involved actors. [1] Just as importantly there are rules on what weapons can be used through various treaties that ban weapons such as the Land Mine Ban, [2] and on when a state can legally initiate conflict through the UN Charter.  In just the same way when a new area of potential conflict arises that too must be regulated by treaty. The internet and the threat of cyber-conflict is that new area at the moment. While cyber warfare is not currently a large scale threat it is still a form of conflict that could escalate just like any other - the Pentagon has explicitly stated it could respond militarily to a cyber-attack. [3] As a result it is most sensible to draw up the rules and regulations early, to ensure everyone knows the consequences and prevent damage by making sure that states agree not to engage in offence cyber-attacks against each other.  [1] ‘The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols’, ICRC, 29 October 2010,   [2] ‘Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction’, un.org, 18 September 1997,   [3] Brookes, Adam, ‘US Pentagon to treat cyber-attacks as ‘acts of war’’, BBC News, 1 June 2011, conflict regulation, warfare regulation, Geneva Conventions, armed conflict, conduct regulation, weapon treaties, Land Mine Ban, UN Charter, state conflict, cyber conflict, internet regulation, cyber warfare, Pentagon response, military response, cyber-attacks, offensive cyber-attacks, international treaties, conflict prevention, cyber security, legal frameworks, cyber regulations, international law, digital warfare, cyber threats, cyber defense, state actors, cyber policy, international agreements, peacekeeping, conflict management, cyber ethics, cyber laws, cybersecurity treaties, cyber deterrence, cyber diplomacy, international cybersecurity, cyber operations, cyber strategy, digital conflict, cyber governance Arenas, conflict, regulate, Warfare, Geneva Conventions, armed conflict, weapons, Land Mine Ban, UN Charter, cyber-conflict, internet, cyber warfare, Pentagon, cyber-attack, rules, regulations, consequences, states, offence, treaties, international law, digital warfare, cybersecurity, military response, international security, cyber threats, legal frameworks, conflict regulation, cyber defense, cyber security policy, international treaties, cyber warfare treaties, international cyber regulations, cyber conflict management, cyber attack response, cyber peacekeeping, cyber norms, cyber laws, military cyber operations, cyber deterrence, cyber defense strategy, global cybersecurity, international Arenas, conflict, regulated, warfare, Geneva Conventions, armed conflict, conduct, actors, weapons, treaties, Land Mine Ban, state, legal, UN Charter, new area, potential conflict, internet, cyber-conflict, threat, cyber warfare, Pentagon, military, cyber-attack, rules, regulations, consequences, states, agree, offensive, cyber-attacks Arenas, conflict, regulation, warfare, Geneva Conventions, rules, weapons, treaties, Land Mine Ban, UN Charter, new area, potential conflict, treaty, internet, cyber-conflict, cyber warfare, Pentagon, military response, cyber-attack, consequences, prevention, state agreement, offence, international law, cyber security, digital warfare, cyber regulations, international treaties Arenas, conflict, regulated, Warfare, Geneva Conventions, armed conflict, conduct, actors, weapons, treaties, Land Mine Ban, UN Charter, state, legal, initiation, new area, potential conflict, treaty, internet, cyber-conflict, cyber warfare, threat, escalate, Pentagon, military response, cyber-attack, rules, regulations, consequences, states, agreement, offense, security, international law, cyber security, cyber policy, digital warfare, cyber norms, cyber defense, cyber threats, international treaties, cyber regulations, cyber conflict regulation, cyber warfare regulation, cyber attack response, cyber security policy, international cyber law
test-law-cpilhbishioe-pro03a	An ICC Enforcement arm would bring in a higher proportion of defendants in to trial  Eight out of the thirty people indicted by the ICC (four in the Darfur situation, including Omar al-Bashir, three Lord’s Resistance Army leaders in Uganda and one in the DR Congo investigation) are still alive and avoiding justice. An in-house enforcement arm would be more effective at capturing indictees than many of the forces of the state parties, as it is likely to be more competent than many of the under-resourced or under-trained national forces. An in house force would be solely focused on capturing the wanted war criminals so would both be focusing resources and much less likely to be sidetracked by other priorities (many of which may be influenced by politics) than national forces. One of the suggested solutions to the failure to capture Joseph Kony and leaders of the LRA is to have greater involvement of peacekeepers; an ICC force would provide the same kind of help. [1]  [1] Van Woudenberg, Anneke, ‘How to Catch Joseph Kony’, Human Rights Watch, 9 March 2012, ICC, Enforcement, Arm, Defendants, Trial, Indictments, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Lord’s Resistance Army, Uganda, DR Congo, Capturing, Indictees, State Parties, Competence, Training, Resources, War Criminals, Joseph Kony, Peacekeepers, Anneke Van Woudenberg, Human Rights Watch ICC, Enforcement, Arm, Defendants, Trial, Indicted, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Lord’s Resistance Army, Uganda, DR Congo, Justice, In-house, Force, Competent, Under-resourced, Under-trained, National Forces, War Criminals, Resources, Politics, Joseph Kony, LRA, Peacekeepers, Human Rights Watch ICC, Enforcement, arm, defendants, trial, indicted, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Lord’s Resistance Army, Uganda, DR Congo, justice, in-house, force, competent, under-resourced, under-trained, national, forces, resources, politics, Joseph Kony, LRA, peacekeepers, Anneke Van Woudenberg, Human Rights Watch ICC, Enforcement, Arm, Defendants, Trial, Indicted, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Lord’s Resistance Army, Uganda, DR Congo, Capturing, Indictees, Competent, National Forces, Resources, Politics, Joseph Kony, LRA, Peacekeepers, Human Rights Watch ICC, Enforcement, Arm, Defendants, Trial, Indicted, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Lord’s Resistance Army, Uganda, DR Congo, Alive, Justice, In-house, Capture, indictees, Competent, Trained, National Forces, Resources, Priorities, Politics, Joseph Kony, LRA, Peacekeepers, Anneke Van Woudenberg, Human Rights Watch
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro02a	Religious symbols cause problems in schools.  As well as division in society in general, religious symbols are also a source of division within school environments. The Hijab causes schools many problems. It is potentially divisive in the classroom, marking some children out as different from the others and above the rules that the school enforces for everyone else. This may lead to alienation and bullying. Full headscarves may also be impractical or dangerous in some lessons, for example PE, swimming, or in technology and science lessons where machinery is being operated. In the same way, there have been discussions as to whether to ban the display of Crucifixes in public classrooms. Authorities in Italy have followed through with the ban saying that such a Christian symbol segregates those who are not Christian.1  1 'Decision due in Crucifix ban case', Times of Malta, March 17th 2011 , accessed on 24th July 2011 religious symbols, schools, division, society, hijab, problems, alienation, bullying, full headscarves, PE, swimming, technology, science, crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, ban religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, problems, alienation, bullying, PE, swimming, technology, science, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation Religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, classroom, alienation, bullying, full headscarves, PE, swimming, technology, science, machinery, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian symbol, segregation, ban Religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, problems, classroom, children, alienation, bullying, full headscarves, PE, swimming, technology, science, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregates religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, classroom, alienation, bullying, full headscarves, PE, swimming, technology, science, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, non-Christian, Crucifix ban
test-law-thgglcplgphw-con01a	Unrestricted Coca production would increase the availability of cocaine  Cocaine can be readily extracted from the coca leaf. In 1992 the World Health Organization’s Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) undertook a ‘prereview’ of coca leaf at its 28th meeting. The 28th ECDD report concluded that, “the coca leaf is appropriately scheduled [as a narcotic] under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, since cocaine is readily extractable from the leaf.” [1] The active ingredient in coca leaf is the same as in cocaine, just more concentrated. Because the raw material of coca and its more potent relative cocaine are so closely aligned, it is impossible to disassociate the two, and so any attempt to consider cocaine a narcotic and stop its spread must also forbid coca. Globally, cocaine is also most produced where coca is legal, and this is a clear correlation. In Bolivia, coca eradication efforts in the 1980s and 90s helped reduce cocaine production. However, as Evo Morales took power and legalized coca production and consumption, cocaine production has shot up, despite his efforts to fight cocaine production. [2] Thus legalizing coca makes it easier for cocaine producers to operate. Legalizing the cultivation of the coca leaf would therefore simply make cocaine more readily available, thus increasing all the harms that come with widespread cocaine use in society.  [1] Jelsma, Martin. “Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing”. Transnational Institute, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 11. March 2011.  [2] Forero, Juan. “Bolivia's Knot: No to Cocaine, but Yes to Coca”. New York Times. February 12, 2006. Unrestricted, Coca, production, increase, availability, cocaine, extractable, coca leaf, WHO, ECDD, Single Convention, Narcotic Drugs, 1961, active ingredient, concentrated, closely aligned, disassociate, narcotic, global, correlation, Bolivia, coca eradication, 1980s, 1990s, Evo Morales, legalization, cocaine producers, society, harms, widespread use, Jelsma, Transnational Institute, Forero, New York Times Coca, cocaine, coca leaf, narcotic, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, World Health Organization, ECDD, Bolivia, Evo Morales, coca legalization, cocaine production, coca eradication, legislative reform, drug policies, societal harms, cocaine availability, narcotic scheduling, coca cultivation, drug dependence, cocaine extraction, coca chewing, New York Times, Bolivia's Knot Unrestricted, Coca, production, increase, availability, cocaine, extraction, coca, leaf, World, Health, Organization, Expert, Committee, Drug, Dependence, ECDD, Single, Convention, Narcotic, Drugs, 1961, active, ingredient, concentration, legalization, correlation, Bolivia, eradication, 1980s, 1990s, Evo, Morales, cultivation, society, harms, widespread, Jelsma, Martin, Transnational, Institute, Legislative, Reform, Drug, Policies, Forero, Juan, New, York, Times, Bolivia's, Knot Unrestricted, Coca, production, availability, cocaine, coca leaf, World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, ECDD, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, narcotic, active ingredient, concentrated, closely aligned, narcotic, spread, forbid, correlation, Bolivia, coca eradication, Evo Morales, legalization, cultivation, cocaine producers, harms, widespread use, society, Jelsma, Transnational Institute, Legislative Reform, Drug Policies, Forero, New York Times, Bolivia's Knot Unrestricted, Coca, production, cocaine, availability, extraction, coca, leaf, World, Health, Organization, Expert, Committee, Drug, Dependence, ECDD, report, Single, Convention, Narcotic, Drugs, 1961, scheduling, narcotic, active, ingredient, concentration, raw, material, correlation, Bolivia, coca, eradication, 1980s, 1990s, Evo, Morales, legalization, cultivation, cocaine, producers, society, harms, Jelsma, Martin, Lifting, Ban, Chewing, Transnational, Institute, Legislative
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-con03a	Internet access is an enabler of rights not a right in itself.  The internet is an enabler and so has little value on its own. [1] No one would consider the internet a human right if there was no content or information on the internet, what good would be a right to stare at a screen? It is not therefore access to the internet that is the human right it is access to information. The internet is obviously useful for this but it is not essential. If someone was denied access to the internet while being locked in a library would he or she really have had any right to information infringed? In such a case the only argument for a right to the internet is that it faster to access the information through the internet than it would be to look it up in the books that are all around. There cannot therefore be considered to be a right to the internet even as part of any right to information because the right to information would simply require that a government provides access to this information not that it has to be via the internet. Moreover as an enabling technology it is quite possible that the internet may at some point be out of date and replaces by some new method of storing information. As something that is transitory it does not make sense to consider there to be any kind of inalienable right to the internet.  [1] Cerf, Vinton G., ‘Internet Access Is Not a Human Right’, The New York Times, 4 January 2012. Internet access, human rights, information access, enabling technology, content dependency, information rights, digital rights, technological evolution, Vinton G. Cerf, New York Times Internet access, human rights, enabler, information access, technology, rights infringement, content, digital rights, Vinton G. Cerf, The New York Times, transitory technology, information storage, government responsibility Internet access, human rights, information access, enabling technology, rights infringement, information storage, transitory technology, digital rights, Vinton G. Cerf, New York Times Internet access, human rights, information access, enabling technology, content availability, right to information, government responsibility, technological obsolescence, Vinton G. Cerf, New York Times Internet access, human rights, information access, technology, Vinton G. Cerf, New York Times, digital rights, information retrieval,图书馆, content availability, transitory technology, enabling technology, right to information, government responsibility, internet evolution, information storage methods
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con04a	Masculinity  The problem with leaving the painting, the spear, up is that to many young men President Zuma symbolises what excessive wealth can ‘buy’ you. He is the figure head of the nation, the pinnacle of capitalism and masculinity, of which the penis and sex are instrumental in this image. By leaving the painting up, it encourages hyper-masculinity (which is inherently violent), [1] because it assumes there is an inherent link between power and the penis. This is unhelpful, both for women and men who are trying to live in equity.  [1] Scheff, Thomas J., ‘Hypermasculinity and Violence as a Social System’, Universitas, Vol.2, Issue 2, Fall 2006, masculinity, hyper-masculinity, violence, President Zuma, wealth, capitalism, power, penis, sex, equity, social system, Thomas J. Scheff, Universitas, Fall 2006, young men, figure head, nation, painting, excessive wealth, unhelpful, women, men Masculinity, hyper-masculinity, violence, President Zuma, wealth, capitalism, penis, sex, power, equity, social system, Thomas J. Scheff, Universitas, Fall 2006 Masculinity, hyper-masculinity, violence, President Zuma, wealth, power, penis, sex, capitalism, equity, social system, hypermasculinity, Thomas J. Scheff, Universitas Masculinity, hyper-masculinity, President Zuma, wealth, capitalism, penis, sex, power, violence, equity, social system, Thomas J. Scheff, Universitas Masculinity, President Zuma, wealth, capitalism, penis, sex, hyper-masculinity, violence, power, equity, Thomas J. Scheff, hypermasculinity, social system
test-international-iighbopcc-pro02a	Only an international treaty can create penalties for non-compliance  A non-binding agreement will not have any penalties for any countries that do not comply with it, this sets the agreement up for failure. Without a binding agreement a government will find it difficult to bind its successors who may back track in the decades that follow. Some states are backtracking even before the agreement is finalised; the UK has been abandoning its green policies – cutting subsidies for renewables, cancelling carbon capture and storage, reducing funding for domestic energy efficiency, and selling the green investment bank. [1] If governments will take such measures before the agreement is even finished then what hope does it have in the future if there is nothing to persuade sovereign governments to comply with their pledges?  [1] Monbiot, George, ‘On climate change this government is indifferent to life, in love with death’, The Guardian, 2 December 2015, international treaty, non-compliance penalties, non-binding agreement, government succession, state backtracking, green policies, renewable subsidies, carbon capture, energy efficiency, green investment bank, climate change, government pledges, sovereign compliance international treaty, penalties, non-compliance, non-binding agreement, government, successors, backtracking, environment, climate change, green policies, subsidies, renewables, carbon capture, energy efficiency, green investment, sovereign governments, pledges, compliance, The Guardian, George Monbiot international treaty, non-compliance penalties, non-binding agreement, government succession, climate policy backtracking, UK green policies, renewables subsidies, carbon capture storage, energy efficiency funding, green investment bank, sovereign government compliance, climate pledges international treaty, non-compliance penalties, non-binding agreement, government successors, binding agreement, state backtracking, pre-agreement policy changes, UK green policies, renewable subsidies cuts, carbon capture cancellation, domestic energy efficiency reduction, green investment bank sale, climate change policy, government compliance, sovereign government pledges, George Monbiot, The Guardian international treaty, penalties, non-compliance, non-binding agreement, failure, government, successors, backtracking, states, UK, green policies, subsidies, renewables, carbon capture, storage, energy efficiency, green investment bank, climate change, sovereign governments, pledges
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con02a	Politicians who commit crimes are likely unfit to serve.  The sort of person who commits an offense has demonstrated irresponsibility and so is unworthy of the public trust. Would any reasonable citizen wanted to be represented by a domestic abuser, or have a fraudster manage the public treasury? While almost all people are capable of atonement and redemption, someone who commits crimes worthy of prosecution while in office ought to be immediately removed for the betterment of the state. Politicians, crimes, unfit, serve, irresponsibility, public trust, domestic abuser, fraudster, public treasury, atonement, redemption, prosecution, removed, state Politicians, crimes, unfit, irresponsibility, public trust, domestic abuser, fraudster, public treasury, atonement, redemption, prosecution, removal, state politicians, crimes, unfit, serve, irresponsibility, public trust, domestic abuser, fraudster, public treasury, atonement, redemption, prosecution, office, removed, state Politicians, crimes, unfit, serve, irresponsibility, public trust, domestic abuser, fraudster, public treasury, atonement, redemption, prosecution, office, removed, state, ethics, accountability, integrity, representation, criminal behavior, governance Politicians, crimes, unfit, serve, irresponsibility, public trust, domestic abuser, fraudster, public treasury, atonement, redemption, prosecution, office, removed, state
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-pro01a	"The New START treaty will make for a safer world.  Reducing US and Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles makes for a safer world, as Dr. David Gushee states: ""The issue on the table is a nuclear arms reduction and verification treaty between the United States and Russia. The treaty, called New START, would reduce Russian and American deployed nuclear weapons to 1,550 and delivery vehicles to 700 each. This would be a 33 percent reduction in the existing arsenals, which is worth achieving and celebrating even as we know that countless cities and millions of precious human beings could be destroyed by the use of even part of the remaining arsenals. Still, these reductions would be a great step on the way to a safer world, as would the re-establishment of bilateral, intrusive verification measures for both sides, also part of the treaty."" [1]  The world is simply a much less secure place without New Start, and not just because New START means there are physically fewer nuclear weapons and thus a lesser chance of nuclear disasters (although this in itself is compelling). Rather, New START also has immense symbolic value, in demonstrating that the two greatest powers have enough in common and are interested enough in their mutual security that they can agree to deduce nuclear weapons together. It shows that these nations regard each other as partners for world peace, not as enemies.  The alternative world, without New START, would be one in which the mutual suspicion and animosity of the Cold War might continue. It is notable that Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said in an interview released in early December 2010 that Russia might be forced to build up its nuclear forces against the West if the United States fails to ratify the New START treaty. [2] The threat of Russia, or even the US, resuming nuclear build-ups is a frightening thought for both nations, for the world and for peace.  On top of its other benefits, New START is key to opening Russian nuclear weapons up for verification, which contributes to trust and peace. As former Secretaries of State Kissinger, Shultz, Eagleburger, Baker and Powell argue “the agreement emphasizes verification, providing a valuable window into Russia's nuclear arsenal. Since the original START expired last December, Russia has not been required to provide notifications about changes in its strategic nuclear arsenal, and the United States has been unable to conduct on-site inspections. Each day, America's understanding of Russia's arsenal has been degraded, and resources have been diverted from national security tasks to try to fill the gaps. Our military planners increasingly lack the best possible insight into Russia's activity with its strategic nuclear arsenal, making it more difficult to carry out their nuclear deterrent mission.” [3] Therefore New START should be supported as it represents a positive step for peace and cooperation in the world.  [1] Gushee, Dr David P. ""Security, Sin and Nuclear Weapons: A Christian Plea for the New START Treaty"". Huffington Post. 4 December 2010.   [2] Abdullaev, Nabi. “Putin Issues Warning on New START”. The Moscow Times. 2 December 2010.   [3] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010. New START, nuclear weapons, US, Russia, treaty, reduction, verification, safer world, bilateral, mutual security, Cold War, trust, peace, ratification, military planners, strategic nuclear arsenal, Christian perspective, political support, arms control New START, nuclear weapons, US, Russia, reduction, verification, treaty, safer world, security, peace, deployment, arsenals, Cold War, mutual suspicion, ratification, inspections, strategic, arsenal, military planners, deterrent, Christian perspective, political support, bipartisan, international relations, arms control, non-proliferation New START, nuclear weapons reduction, US-Russia relations, nuclear arms control, bilateral verification, global security, peace treaty, Cold War tensions, nuclear arsenal transparency, military planners, national security, Christian perspective, ratification support, Putin warning, Republican endorsement, strategic nuclear deterrent, international cooperation, mutual trust, non-proliferation, disarmament New START, nuclear arms reduction, verification treaty, US, Russia, nuclear weapons, stockpiles, safer world, bilateral, intrusive verification, mutual security, Cold War, mutual suspicion, nuclear build-ups, verification measures, former Secretaries of State, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, national security, strategic nuclear arsenal, military planners, nuclear deterrent, peace, cooperation, Dr. David Gushee, Putin warning, Republican support, ratification New START, treaty, nuclear weapons, US, Russia, safer world, reduction, verification, bilateral, mutual security, Cold War, trust, peace, ratification, military planners, strategic nuclear arsenal, on-site inspections, deterrence, Christian perspective, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell"
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro05a	Reparations demonstrate a true concern for the developing world.  Even alongside the colonial justifications for providing reparations, there are also many other strong reasons why former colonial powers should grant reparations. Former colonial powers tend to be economically developed, like America, Britain and France. The developed world should recognise the dire poverty and social challenges fed by the developing world today. Giving aid as an act of charity can sometimes be seen as derogatory [1] , and is even rejected by the potential recipients [2] [3] [4] . However, reparations allows a transfer of wealth between these countries in a way which is sensitive to the history between them, and which also demonstrates a desire to improve their relationship. It allows aid to be given to the developing world in a means which is dignified but not spurious.  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [3] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [4] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, developing world, colonial justifications, former colonial powers, economically developed, America, Britain, France, dire poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, derogatory, rejected recipients, transfer wealth, sensitive history, improve relationship, dignified, spurious reparations, developing world, colonial powers, economic development, poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, dignity, historical context, improved relationships, wealth transfer, former colonies, international aid, global inequality, post-colonial studies, humanitarian assistance, ethical obligations, economic justice, social equity reparations, developing world, colonial justification, economic development, America, Britain, France, poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, derogatory, recipient rejection, wealth transfer, historical sensitivity, relationship improvement, dignified aid, spurious assistance reparations, developing world, colonial justifications, former colonial powers, economically developed, America, Britain, France, poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, derogatory, rejected, transfer of wealth, historical sensitivity, relationship improvement, dignified aid, spurious Reparations, developing world, colonial justifications, former colonial powers, economically developed, America, Britain, France, dire poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, derogatory, rejected, transfer of wealth, history, relationship improvement, dignified aid, spurious
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro01a	Declaration of the faith is a key part of Christianity and that should be respected.  The UK is a nation that claims to be tolerant of all faiths and to respect religious beliefs. If that is the case then it must be accepted that the law should respect actions in accordance with those beliefs insofar as they do not harm or infringe on the rights of others. Demonstrating one’s commitment to the cross is part of that faith [i] and should, therefore be shown some respect in a religiously diverse and tolerant society.  There may be more militant forms of religious profession that would be inappropriate in a workplace but wearing a simple piece of jewellery causes no harm or offence to others.  Both women have stated that they felt that wearing the cross was an important part of their faith [ii] and respect for those beliefs should be shown if society’s claims of tolerance and diversity are to have credibility.  As with the demonstration of any right, the fact that its exercise may not be convenient does not supersede its validity. Indeed the only way of demonstrating that a society is, in fact, a tolerant one is, by definition, when it tolerates the exercise of legitimate practices which are inconvenient.  [i] Galatians 6:14 among others  [ii] BBC News Website. “Shirley Chaplin and Nadia Eweida Take Cross Fight to Europe.” 12 March 2012. Declaration of faith, Christianity, religious beliefs, respect, UK, tolerance, diversity, religious symbols, wearing a cross, workplace, inconvenience, human rights, religious freedom, legal acceptance, Shirley Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, European Court, BBC News, Galatians 6:14 Declaration of faith, Christianity, religious beliefs, UK, tolerance, religious diversity, wearing cross, religious jewelry, workplace, freedom of religion, Galatians 6:14, Shirley Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, European Court, human rights, religious expression, societal credibility, inconvenience, legitimate practices, BBC News Declaration of faith, Christianity, respect, religious beliefs, UK, religious tolerance, law, religious actions, harm, rights, commitment, cross, religious profession, workplace, jewellery, faith, religious practices, inconvenience, legitimacy, society, tolerance, credibility, Galatians 6:14, Shirley Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, BBC News, Europe, religious freedom Declaration of faith, Christianity, UK, religious tolerance, religious beliefs, law, respect, harm, rights, commitment to the cross, religiously diverse society, workplace, jewellery, wearing a cross, religious profession, inconvenient rights, legitimate practices, Shirley Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, BBC News, Europe, Galatians 6:14 Christianity, faith, Declaration, respect, UK, religious, beliefs, tolerance, diversity, law, actions, harm, rights, commitment, cross, jewellery, workplace, militant, religious, profession, inconvenient, validity, society, legitimate, practices, Shirley Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, Europe, BBC, News, Galatians 6:14
test-science-sghwbdgmo-pro03a	"GMOs would create too much dependency on biotechnology companies  The legislative framework and historical behavior governing and guiding the operation of big business is geared towards maximizing shareholder returns. This propensity has been demonstrated time and again and might suggest that the GM companies are not modifying the food in the interests of better health, but of better profit. This is reinforced by the nature of many of the GM modifications, including terminator seeds (infertile seed requiring a re-purchase of seed stock each season), various forms of pest and herbicide resistance potentially leading to pests (and weeds) resistant to the current crop of chemical defenses. One of the more disturbing manifestations of this is the licensing of genes that are naturally occurring and suing those who dare to grow them, even if they are there because of cross contamination by wind-blown seeds or some other mechanism. [1] One has only to look at the history of corporations under North American and similar corporations’ law to see the effect of this pressure to perform on behalf of the shareholder. The pollution of water supplies, the continued sale of tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, and the list goes on. Most of those anti-social examples are done with the full knowledge of the corporation involved. [2]  The example of potato farmers in the US illustrates big company dependence: ""By ''opening and using this product,'' it is stated, that farmers only have the license to grow these potatoes for a single generation. The problem is that the genes remain the intellectual property of Monsanto, protected under numerous United States patents (Nos. 5,196,525, 5,164,316, 5,322,938 and 5,352,605), under these patents, people are not allowed to save even crop for next year, because with this they would break Federal law of intellectual property. [3]  [1] Barlett D., Monsanto’s Harvest of Fear, published May 2008,  , accessed 08/27/2011  [2] Hurt H., The Toxic Ten, published 02/19/2008,  , accessed 09/05/2011  [3] Pollan M., Playing God in the Garden, published 10/25/1998,  , accessed 09/02/2011 GMOs, dependency, biotechnology, companies, legislative, framework, shareholder, returns, profit, terminator, seeds, pest, resistance, herbicide, weeds, licensing, genes, cross, contamination, pollution, water, supplies, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, potato, farmers, intellectual, property, patents, Monsanto, federal, law GMOs, biotechnology, dependency, shareholder, returns, GM, modifications, terminator, seeds, pest, herbicide, resistance, superweeds, gene, patent, intellectual, property, Monsanto, potato, farmers, legislation, history, corporations, profit, health, environmental, impact, pollution, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, intellectual, property, law, patents, licencing, cross-contamination, anti-social, behavior, shareholder, pressure, performance, North, American, corporations, social, responsibility, monopoly, agriculture, food, security, biodiversity, ethics, profit-driven, practices, regulation, control, seed GMOs, biotechnology companies, shareholder returns, profit, terminator seeds, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, genetic modification, licensing, gene patents, corporate law, environmental pollution, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, intellectual property, Monsanto, farmer dependency, legal restrictions, patent infringement, genetic contamination, corporate responsibility, ethical concerns, agribusiness, economic dependency, regulatory frameworks, health impacts, genetic engineering, sustainable agriculture, ecological impacts, biodiversity, monopolization, seed sovereignty, corporate accountability, legislative oversight, public interest, shareholder value, corporate governance, environmental justice, social responsibility, profit maximization, corporate practices, toxic substances GMOs, biotechnology companies, dependency, legislative framework, shareholder returns, GM modifications, terminator seeds, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, gene patents, intellectual property, Monsanto, potato farmers, profit, health, cross contamination, corporate law, pollution, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, anti-social practices, Federal law, intellectual property rights GMOs, biotechnology companies, legislative framework, shareholder returns, GM companies, health, profit, terminator seeds, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, gene licensing, cross contamination, corporate law, shareholder pressure, pollution, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, potato farmers, Monsanto, intellectual property, Federal law, genetic modification, corporate responsibility, environmental impact, agricultural dependency, biotech patents, farmer rights, corporate ethics, genetic engineering, sustainable agriculture, regulatory issues, public health, economic consequences"
test-law-ilppppghb-con03a	Self-determination can destabilise nation states, sometimes with very destructive consequences.  If we accept self-determination as such an important principle that it trumps all others, this will encourage people to self-identify along nationalistic, racial or religious lines, at a time in human development when we are moving away from racist and nationalist ideologies. Nationalism is about difference, which flies in the face of the idea of the global citizen. Taken to its extremes, it encourages increased conflict, separatist terrorism. For example, the ethnic conflicts that led to the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s were fuelled by nationalist ideologies and the stressing of the differences between ethnic and religious groups that made up that country. self-determination, nation-states, destabilisation, destructive-consequences, nationalism, racism, religion, global-citizenship, conflict, separatism, terrorism, Yugoslavia, ethnic-conflicts, 1990s, ideologies, differences, groups self-determination, nation-states, destructive-consequences, nationalistic-identities, racial-identities, religious-identities, global-citizenship, conflict, separatist-terrorism, ethnic-conflicts, Yugoslavia-breakup, nationalist-ideologies, religious-differences, ethnic-differences self-determination, nation-states, destabilisation, destructive-consequences, nationalism, racial-identities, religious-identities, global-citizenship, conflict, separatist-terrorism, ethnic-conflicts, Yugoslavia, 1990s, nationalist-ideologies, differences, ideologies, human-development, principle, trump, encouragement, self-identification, racist-ideologies, separatism, terrorism, extremism, society, diversity, unity, state-security, international-relations, geopolitics, peace, coexistence self-determination, nation-states, destabilization, destructive-consequences, nationalism, racial-identification, religious-identification, global-citizen, conflict, separatist-terrorism, ethnic-conflicts, Yugoslavia, 1990s, nationalist-ideologies, differences, ethnicity, religion, ideology, human-development, racism, separatism, violence, international-relations, state-disintegration, ethnic-cleansing, civil-war, self-identification, global-awareness, intercultural-relations, peace-studies, political-science, social-cohesion, ethnic-diversity, multiculturalism, governance, sovereignty, territorial-integrity, self-determination, nation-states, destabilization, destructive-consequences, nationalism, racial-identities, religious-lines, global-citizen, conflict, separatist-terrorism, ethnic-conflicts, Yugoslavia, 1990s, nationalist-ideologies, differences, ethnic-groups, religious-groups, racism, ideology, human-development, extremism, separatism, state-integrity, international-relations, minority-rights, territorial-disputes, cultural-identity, political-violence, peace-process, political-stability, governance, human-rights, sovereignty, globalisation, inter-ethnic-relations, civil-war, ethnic-cleansing,
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-con02a	Punishing objectively harmful conduct  Of the tens of thousands of children exposed to armed conflict throughout the world, most are recruited into armed political groups. Quite contrary to the image of child soldiers constructed by the proposition, these youngsters are not de-facto adults, nor are they seeking to defend communities who will be in some way grateful for their contributions and sacrifices. Child soldiers join groups with defined political and military objectives.  Children may volunteer for military units after encountering propaganda. Many children join up to escape social disintegration within their communities. Several female child soldiers have revealed that they joined because to escape domestic violence or forced marriage. Many children who do not volunteer can be forcibly abducted by military organisations. One former child soldier from Congo reported that “they gave me a uniform and told me that now I was in the army. They said that they would come back and kill my parents if I didn’t do as they said.” [i]  Once inducted into the army, children are vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. They are usually viewed as expendable, employed as minesweepers or spies. The inexperience and gullibility of children is used to convince them that they are immune to bullets, or will be financially rewarded for committing atrocities. Many children are controlled through the use of drugs, to which they inevitably become addicted [ii] .  For every account the proposition can provide of a child who took up arms to defend his family, there are many more children who were coerced or threatened into becoming soldiers. Whatever standard of relativist morality side proposition may choose to employ, actions and abuses of the type described above are object4ively harmful to children.  Moreover, the process of turning a child into a soldier is irreversible and often more brutal and dehumanising than combat itself. Proposition concedes that child soldiers will be in need of care and treatment after demobilising, but they underestimate the difficulty of healing damage this horrific.  The use of child soldiers is an unpardonable crime, which creates suffering of a type universally understood to be unnecessary and destructive. It should not be diluted or justified by relativist arguments.  It would undermine the ICC’s role in promoting universal values if officers and politicians complicit in the abuses described above were allowed to publicly argue cultural relativism as their defence. Moreover, it would give an unacceptable air of legitimacy to warlords and brigands seeking to operate under the pretence of leading legitimate resistance movements  [i] Child Soldiers International,   [ii] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p299, armed conflict, child soldiers, recruited, armed political groups, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, forcibly abducted, military organisations, uniform, kill parents, inducted, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, immune to bullets, financially rewarded, atrocities, drugs, addicted, coerced, threatened, relativist morality, objectively harmful, irreversible, brutal, dehumanising, care and treatment, demobilising, unpardonable crime, suffering, universal values, cultural relativism, warlords, brigands, legitimate resistance movements armed conflict, child soldiers, political groups, recruitment, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abduction, military organizations, uniform, threats, parental harm, induction, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, financial rewards, drugs, addiction, coercion, threats, relativist morality, irreversible, dehumanizing, combat, care, treatment, demobilization, healing, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, warlords, resistance movements, unpardonable crime, suffering, destruction, legitimacy child soldiers, armed conflict, recruited, armed political groups, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, forcibly abducted, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, drugs, addiction, coercion, threats, objectively harmful, irreversible, brutal, dehumanising, ICC, unpardonable crime, universal values, cultural relativism, warlords, legitimacy, resistance movements armed conflict, child soldiers, recruitment, military units, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abduction, uniform, threats, vulnerable, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, drugs, addiction, coercion, threats, objectively harmful, irreversibility, brutality, dehumanisation, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, warlords, legitimacy, resistance movements, demobilisation, care, treatment, unpardonable crime, unnecessary suffering, destructive, Child Soldiers International, Global Report 2008, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers Punishing, objectively, harmful, conduct, children, armed, conflict, recruited, armed, political, groups, volunteers, social, disintegration, communities, female, domestic, violence, forced, marriage, abducted, military, organisations, inducted, vulnerable, abuse, exploitation, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, drugs, addicted, coerced, threatened, objectively, harmful, irreversible, brutal, dehumanising, unpardonable, crime, suffering, unnecessary, destructive, relativist, arguments, ICC, universal, values, warlords, brigands, legitimacy, resistance, movements
test-economy-thhghwhwift-con02a	A tax is not an effective instrument to fight obesity  There are very legitimate concerns whether artificially increasing the cost of fatty food by specifically targeting it with a tax would have a significant effect on the obesity trend.  In fact, research shows that a fat tax would produce only a marginal change in consumption – not the dramatic shift in public awareness the proponents of the fat tax are hoping for. The reason, LSE researchers believe, is simple: “those on the very poorest diets will continue to eat badly.” [1]  Other than the economic reasons for such behavior, it could be argued that is also a thing of habit and culture: fast fatty food is quick, accessible and tasty. [2] Thus while a tax might be useful in reducing things such as the use of cigarettes – which are at heart an unnecessary “luxury” and thus more easily affected by the price – eating food, whether junk or not, is necessary. It also seems that the fast fatty kind of food is fulfilling a specific need, a need for a quick, tasty and filling meal, something people consider worth paying good money for.  The fight against obesity ought to be multifaceted, complex and well thought out – and a fat tax is none of those things. We should approach the issue with more cunning and introduce other programs: such as increasing the availability of healthy food by introducing healthy vending machines; [3] increasing the amount of physics exercise by requiring it in school, improving possibilities for recreation and access to public transportation thus encouraging people to burn more calories [4] and, most importantly, proper education on the topic if we want to create lasting change. [5]  [1] Tiffin, R., Salois, M., A fat tax is a double whammy for the poor – it will do little to prevent obesity in those on lower incomes, and will hurt them financially, published 9/2/2011,  , accessed 9/12/2011  [2] Hitti, M., Top 11 Reasons For Fast Food's Popularity, published 12/3/2008,  , accessed 9/14/2011  [3] Yara, S., Best And Worst Vending Machine Snacks, published 10/6/2005,  , accessed 9/14/2011  [4] CDC, Recommended Community Strategies and Measurements to Prevent Obesity in the United States, published 7/24/2009,  , accessed 9/14/2011  [5] Bunce, L., ‘Fat tax’ solutions ignore wider social factors driving junk food habits, published 8/16/2010,  , accessed 9/12/2011 tax, obesity, fatty food, consumption, public awareness, LSE, poorest diets, habit, culture, fast food, economic reasons, luxury, necessary, multifaceted, complex, well thought out, healthy vending machines, physical exercise, recreation, public transportation, education, lasting change, poor, financial impact, social factors, junk food habits tax, obesity, fatty food, consumption, public awareness, poverty, diet, habit, culture, fast food, economic reasons, cigarettes, luxury, necessary food, public health, multifaceted approach, healthy vending machines, physical exercise, schools, recreation, public transportation, calorie burning, education, lasting change, social factors, junk food habits tax, obesity, fat tax, consumption, public awareness, economic behavior, fast food, culture, necessary food, multifaceted approach, healthy vending machines, physical exercise, school requirements, public transportation, calorie burning, education, lasting change, poverty, financial impact, social factors, junk food habits tax, obesity, fatty food, consumption, public awareness, LSE, diet, economic behavior, fast food, culture, cigarettes, luxury, necessary, quick meal, multifaceted approach, healthy vending machines, physical exercise, school requirements, recreation, public transportation, calorie burning, education, lasting change, social factors, junk food habits tax, obesity, fatty food, consumption, public awareness, LSE researchers, economic behavior, fast food, culture, cigarettes, necessary food, multifaceted approach, healthy vending machines, physical exercise, school requirements, recreation, public transportation, education, lasting change, financial impact, lower incomes, social factors, junk food habits
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con05a	Government only objects to online gambling because they dont benefit  Governments are hypocritical about gambling. They say they don’t like it but they often use it for their own purposes. Sometimes they only allow gambling in certain places in order to boost a local economy. Sometimes they profit themselves by running the only legal gambling business, such as a National Lottery [15] or public racecourse betting. This is bad for the public who want to gamble. Online gambling firms can break through government control by offering better odds and attractive new games. government, online gambling, hypocrisy, local economy, National Lottery, public racecourse betting, control, better odds, attractive games Government, online gambling, hypocrisy, control, economy, profit, National Lottery, public racecourse, betting, public gambling, better odds, new games, legal gambling, regulation Government, online gambling, benefit, hypocrisy, gambling, local economy, legal gambling, National Lottery, public racecourse betting, public interest, control, better odds, new games government, online gambling, benefit, hypocrisy, local economy, National Lottery, public racecourse, control, better odds, attractive games government, online gambling, benefit, hypocrisy, gambling, local economy, National Lottery, public racecourse betting, public, better odds, attractive games, control
test-education-udfakusma-con03a	Less incentive to study at university  If everything that University provides is open to all then there is less incentive to study at university. Anyone who is studying in order to learn about a subject rather than achieve a particular qualification will no longer need to attend the university in order to fulfil their aim. The actual benefit of university education is less in learning content per se than engaging with new ideas critically, something that is frequently more difficult in an online environment.  Moreover if only some countries or institutions were to implement such open access then it makes more sense for any students who are intending to study internationally to go elsewhere as they will still be able to use the resources made available by that university. Open access if not implemented universally is therefore damaging to universities attempts to attract lucrative international students who often pay high tuition fees. university education, open access, incentive to study, learning content, critical engagement, online learning, international students, tuition fees, educational resources, academic qualifications, higher education value, global education competition university, open access, incentive, study, learning, qualifications, critical thinking, online education, international students, tuition fees, education value, academic engagement incentive, study, university, open access, learning, qualification, critical thinking, online environment, international students, tuition fees, resource availability, education value, academic engagement university, open access, incentive, study, learning, online, international students, tuition fees, engagement, critical thinking, resources, education, qualification, subject knowledge, implementation, damage, attraction, lucrative, fees, access, availability, competition, academic, environment, global, higher education, policy, impact, enrollment, motivation, value, alternatives, digital, campus, experience, educational resources, scholarly, research, institutional, global education, market, student mobility, academic exchange, financial, benefit,enefit, academic community, peer interaction, campus life, intellectual, growth, professional, development, networking, careers, future prospects, society incentive, study, university, open, access, learning, content, critical, engagement, online, environment, international, students, tuition, fees, competition, resources, education, value, attraction, implementation, damage, institutions, countries, global, market, academic, advantage, qualification, knowledge, skill, development, campus, experience, community, interaction, collaboration, research, opportunity, exposure, perspective, diversity, exposure, feedback, assessment, pedagogy, technology, infrastructure, support, services, library, facilities, mentorship, networking, career, prospects, alumni, connection, reputation, accreditation, quality, assurance
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con05a	Europe needs to prevent Russian influence in Ukraine  If Europe shuns Ukraine then Yanukovych has an obvious alternative he can turn to; Russia. Putin, the newly re-elected President of Russia, is holding out the option of a customs union with Ukraine which Yanukovych despite initially rejecting [1] is now showing more interest in joining. [2] Only a few years ago Ukraine was being touted for possible NATO membership and Vice President Biden called Ukraine a “European country where democracy rules”. [3] A turn towards Russia therefore represents a failure of the European Union and NATO’s policy towards its eastern neighbours where the aim is to promote democracy and human rights.  [1] Interfax-Ukraine, ‘Putin: Yanukovych statement Ukraine will not join Customs Union conveys political emotions’, Kyiv Post, 16 September 2011 .  [2] Interfax-Ukraine, ‘Official: Ukraine shows keen interest in Customs Union’, Kyiv Post, 15 March 2012 .  [3] ‘Biden: U.S. supports Ukraine’s NATO bid’, USA Today, 21 July 2009 . Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Russia, Putin, customs union, NATO, democracy, human rights, European Union, eastern neighbours, Interfax-Ukraine, Kyiv Post, Biden, U.S. supports, Ukraine NATO bid Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Russia, Putin, customs union, NATO, democracy, human rights, European Union, eastern neighbours, Interfax-Ukraine, Kyiv Post, Biden, U.S. support, NATO bid, political emotions, keen interest Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Putin, customs union, NATO, European Union, democracy, human rights, eastern neighbours, Biden, U.S. support, Interfax-Ukraine, Kyiv Post, political emotions, keen interest, NATO membership, European country, failure of policy Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Putin, Customs Union, NATO, democracy, human rights, eastern neighbours, politics, international relations, European Union, security, diplomacy, alliance, Putin re-election, Biden, US support, membership, policy failure, geopolitical, regional stability Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Putin, customs union, NATO, democracy, human rights, eastern neighbours, European Union, political emotions, Biden, U.S. support, membership, failure, policy, Interfax-Ukraine, Kyiv Post, USA Today
test-health-hdond-pro02a	Prioritizing donors creates an incentive to become a donor  The greatest argument for this policy is also the simplest: it will save thousands, perhaps millions of lives. A policy of prioritizing transplants for donors would massively increase the proportion of donors from the status quo of (at best) just over 30% {Confirmed Organ Donors}. Given the number of people who die under circumstances that render many of their organs useless, the rate of donor registration must be as high as possible. The overwhelming incentive that this policy would create to register may well eliminate the scarcity for certain organs altogether; a bonus benefit of this would mean that for organs where the scarcity was eliminated, this policy would not even need to make good on its threat of denial of organs to non-donors (and even if this happened for every organ and thus reduced the incentive to register as a donor, the number of donors could only fall as far as until there was a scarcity again, thus reviving the incentive to donate until the rate of donation reaches an equilibrium with demand.) prioritizing donors, incentive, become donor, save lives, policy, transplant, confirmed organ donors, donor registration, high rate, circumstances, organs useless, scarcity, elimination, bonus benefit, threat, denial organs, non-donors, equilibrium, demand prioritizing donors, incentive, become donor, save lives, policy, transplant, confirmed organ donors, increase donor proportion, donor registration, organ scarcity, eliminate scarcity, denial of organs, non-donors, equilibrium, demand, organ donation, medical ethics, health policy, organ transplant, donor incentives Prioritizing donors, incentive to donate, save lives, increase donor registration, eliminate organ scarcity, donor registration incentive, organ donation policy, non-donors denial, donor equilibrium, organ transplant prioritization prioritizing donors, incentive, become donor, save lives, transplant policy, increase donor proportion, donor registration, eliminate scarcity, organs, non-donors, registration incentive, donation equilibrium, demand, organ donation, medical ethics, policy impact, organ scarcity, donor status, transplant allocation prioritizing donors, incentive, donor registration, organ donation, transplant policy, save lives, donor scarcity, organ scarcity, non-donors, organ transplant, donor incentive, confirmed organ donors, donor rate, donation equilibrium, organ demand, donor registration increase, organ donor policy, organ donation rate, organ scarcity elimination, non-donor denial, donor revival, donation motivation, organ availability, organ donor status quo, organ donor proportion, donor registration incentive, organ donor scarcity, organ donation increase, donor policy benefit, organ donor equilibrium, organ donor rate balance, organ donor registration, donor policy argument, organ donor registration policy, organ scarcity
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-pro01a	Encourages a culture of respect for human rights  Capital punishment is, in general seen as a significant human rights violation by the international community - not only most liberal democracies, but much of international civil society.  Abolition will help lead to the development of a culture of human rights and the rule of law by acting as a benchmark of progress, and a symbol of a commitment to these principles. It is notable that Guinea Bissau is the only abolitionist nation in the bottom ten countries in Africa for the rule of law – according to the Ibrahim Index of African Governance’s safety and rule of law category, compared to six abolitionist countries in the top ten [1] .  [1] Mo Ibrahim Foundation, “Ibrahim Index of African Governance”, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 2013, culture, respect, human rights, capital punishment, international community, liberal democracies, civil society, abolition, rule of law, progress, commitment, Guinea Bissau, bottom ten, Africa, safety, governance, Ibrahim Index, Mo Ibrahim Foundation human rights, capital punishment, international community, liberal democracies, civil society, abolition, culture of human rights, rule of law, progress, commitment, principles, Guinea Bissau, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, safety, rule of law, Mo Ibrahim Foundation human rights, capital punishment, international community, liberal democracies, civil society, abolition, culture of human rights, rule of law, Guinea Bissau, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, safety, rule of law, Mo Ibrahim Foundation Human rights, capital punishment, international community, liberal democracies, international civil society, abolition, culture of human rights, rule of law, Guinea Bissau, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, safety and rule of law, Mo Ibrahim Foundation human rights, capital punishment, international community, liberal democracies, civil society, abolition, culture of respect, rule of law, Guinea Bissau, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, safety and rule of law, African governance, human rights violation, progress, commitment, principles, bottom ten, top ten, abolitionist nation, governance, law, respect, violation, democracy, society, index, foundation, 2013
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro03a	Religious symbols cause division within Western society.  Religious symbols can be seen as possible tools for fuelling division within society. When some women wear the Hijab it creates pressure on other Muslim women to also cover their heads. Pressure comes both socially from wanting to look like other women in their community and religiously from imams and family leaders pressing for observance. As such, Muslims themselves are divided and religious oppression against women is internalized.1 Approving of Muslim head coverings in society cements the Hijab as an essential tenet of Islam, in the minds of non-Muslims as well as believers. However, many different schools of Islam exist and as on other issues, they often disagree how to interpret the Koran's dress prescriptions. Moderate interpretations accept modest forms of modern dress while severe interpretations require full covering with the Burka or similar veil. Banning the veil furthers the cause of moderate interpretations and prevents the entrenchment of severe interpretations.  1 Rumy Hassan, 'Banning the hijab', Workers Power 283 February 2004, accessed on 24th July 2011 religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, pressure, social, religious, imams, family leaders, observance, internalized oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, banning, veil, Burka, Workers Power, Rumy Hassan religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, religious observance, internalized oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, Burka, veil, banning, Workers Power, Rumy Hassan religious symbols, division, western society, hijab, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, observance, internalized oppression, non-muslims, koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, banning veil, workers power, rumy hassan Religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, religious observance, oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, Burka, veil, banning, moderate Islam, severe Islam religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious oppression, internalization, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, banning veil, Rumy Hassan, Workers Power
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro01a	It is a natural thing to do  We are biologically programmed to want to preserve our species. As such, our offspring will often be more important to ourselves than our own persons. Many doctors hear parents tell them how they wish that they could “take over” their child’s terminal illness rather than have the child suffer. [1] It is therefore natural and right for the older generation to sacrifice itself where possible to save the younger generation. As crass as this might seem, they are statistically more likely to die earlier than their offspring in any event and stand to lose less. They have had the chance to experience more of a life than their child. They are furthermore the cause of the child’s existence, and owe it to the child to protect it at any cost.  [1] Monforte-Royo, C. and M.V. Roqué. “The organ donation process: A humanist perspective based on the experience of nursing care.” Nursing Philosophy 13.4 (2012): 295-301. natural, biological-programming, species-preservation, offspring-importance, parental-sacrifice, terminal-illness, generational-sacrifice, statistical-probability, life-experience, child-protection, humanist-perspective, nursing-care, organ-donation-process Natural instinct, biological programming, species preservation, parental sacrifice, terminal illness, generational sacrifice, life experience, parental responsibility, organ donation, humanist perspective, nursing care, ethical considerations, child welfare, elder contribution, survival instinct, moral obligation natural, biological, programming, species, preservation, offspring, importance, personal, sacrifice, older, generation, save, younger, statistics, death, experience, life, cause, existence, protection, cost, humanist, perspective, nursing, care, organ, donation, process, Monforte-Royo, Roqué, Nursing, Philosophy natural, biological, programming, species, preservation, offspring, importance, personal, sacrifice, older, generation, save, younger, crass, statistical, likelihood, death, life, experience, cause, existence, protection, organ, donation, humanist, perspective, nursing, care natural thing, biological programming, preserve species, offspring importance, parental sacrifice, terminal illness, older generation sacrifice, statistical likelihood, life experience, cause of existence, protect child, organ donation, humanist perspective, nursing care
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-con04a	Internet access cannot be a human right when it is not available to all.  If human rights are inalienable and inherent in humans then no technology can be a human right as not everyone can ever expect access all of the time. Certainly at the moment huge swathes of the world have no internet access and this does not mean that their governments are violating their human rights.  The analogy might be given to freedom of movement. Freedom of movement is a human right however we don’t need the aid of a car to be able to exercise this right the technology itself is unnecessary as we have an inherent ability to move just as we do to communicate. internet access, human rights, inalienable rights, technology access, global internet coverage, government responsibility, freedom of movement, inherent abilities, communication rights, technological dependency internet access, human rights, availability, inalienable, inherent, technology, global distribution, government responsibility, freedom of movement, inherent ability, communication rights Internet access, human rights, availability, inalienable, inherent, technology, global access, government responsibility, freedom of movement, communication rights Internet access, human rights, availability, inalienable, inherent, technology, global coverage, government responsibility, freedom of movement, inherent ability, communication rights Internet access, human rights, availability, inalienable, inherent, technology, global access, government responsibility, freedom of movement, inherent ability, communication rights
test-law-thgglcplgphw-con02a	Legalising coca production would undemine the wider war on the drugs economy  The UN International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) said in 2011 that exceptions for Bolivia would undermine international narcotics control efforts: “[Allowing coca] would undermine the integrity of the global drug control system, undoing the good work of governments over many years.” [1] A US official said in January of 2011: “there is evidence to suggest that a substantial percentage” of the increased coca production in Bolivia over the past several years, registered in U.N. surveys, “has indeed gone into the network and the marketplace for cocaine.” [2] These examples thus show that legalizing coca cultivation would undermine the wider war on drugs, because it shifts the policy away from one of eradicating crops which could be turned into narcotics and instead turns towards making them acceptable on the global market. It encourages countries to take eradication efforts less seriously, and seemingly undermines the commitment of the international community to the war on drugs, once it gives in on this narcotic. This will make not just cocaine but many other drugs more widely available, leading to even more ruined lives through drug abuse.  [1] M&C News. “Bolivia undermines global anti-drug efforts, UN warns”. M&C News. Jul 5, 2011.   [2] Associated Press. “U.S. to fight Bolivia on allowing coca-leaf chewing”. The Portland Press Herald. January 19 2011. Legalising,coca,production,undermine,war,drugs,economy,UN,International,Narcotics,Control,Board,INCB,Bolivia,exceptions,international,narcotics,control,efforts,US,official,evidence,increased,cultivation,Bolivia,U.N.surveys,network,marketplace,cocaine,legalizing,cultivation,undermine,integrity,global,drug,control,system,eradicating,crops,narcotics,global,market,encourages,countries,eradication,efforts,commitment,international,community,once,g coca, production, legalisation, war on drugs, UN International Narcotics Control Board, INCB, Bolivia, exceptions, international narcotics control, US official, coca production increase, cocaine, drug control system, global market, eradication efforts, international commitment, drug availability, drug abuse coca, legalisation, drug, economy, war, UN, INCB, Bolivia, undermining, international, narcotics, control, efforts, exceptions, integrity, global, system, governments, US, official, percentage, production, increased, surveys, network, marketplace, cocaine, cultivation, crops, eradication, policy, acceptable, market, countries, commitment, community, availability, ruined, lives, abuse Legalising, coca, production, undermine, war, drugs, economy, UN, International, Narcotics, Control, Board, INCB, Bolivia, exceptions, international, narcotics, control, efforts, integrity, global, drug, system, US, official, evidence, increased, past, years, U.N., surveys, network, marketplace, cocaine, policy, eradicating, crops, narcotics, acceptable, global, market, countries, eradication, commitment, international, community, narcotic, wider, availability, drugs, ruined, lives, abuse legalising coca, drug control, international narcotics, UN INCB, Bolivia, war on drugs, coca production, cocaine, drug abuse, global market, eradication efforts, international community, drug policy, coca cultivation, narcotic exceptions, drug surveys, US official, coca leaf, drug availability, ruined lives, anti-drug efforts, drug network, marketplace cocaine
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con01a	The ability to prosecute politicians is the ultimate protection against the abuse of power.  It is impossible to overstate the power that the threat of prosecution has to stay the hand of anyone, including a politician, from transgressing the laws of the state. In fact, we need more aggressive prosecution of politicians. Not a single person has been prosecuted for approval illegal torture or wiretapping. These are illegal actions actually happening which the populace, with only the blunt instrument of voting for or against a politician on the sum total of their policies, is unable to effectively influence. There is no greater deterrent that could be used against politicians. prosecute, politicians, abuse, power, protection, threat, prosecution, stay, hand, transgress, laws, state, aggressive, illegal, torture, wiretapping, actions, populace, influence, policies, deterrent, used, against prosecute politicians, abuse of power, threat of prosecution, aggressive prosecution, illegal torture, wiretapping, voter influence, deterrent against politicians prosecute politicians, abuse of power, threat of prosecution, stay the hand, aggressive prosecution, illegal torture, wiretapping, illegal actions, populace influence, voting, deterrent, political accountability, legal consequences, political misconduct Prosecute politicians, abuse of power, threat of prosecution, aggressive prosecution, illegal torture, wiretapping, deterrence, political accountability, legal consequences, voter influence, political misconduct, judicial oversight prosecution, politicians, abuse of power, threat, deterrence, illegal actions, torture, wiretapping, accountability, voting, influence, deterrence, legal consequences, corruption, justice system, political accountability, public trust, rule of law, democratic oversight, misconduct
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro04a	Freedom of expression, like any right is fairly meaningless if it’s only respected when it’s convenient.  Recognising rights when there is no inconvenience to anybody involved is verging on the irrelevant. This is, perhaps, especially true, with freedom of expression. If I recognise your right to express yourself freely - so long as I never have to see, hear or be aware of you doing – rather misses the point.  Likewise if the individual is free only so long as there aren’t any rules saying they shouldn’t be, goes somewhat against the grain of defending liberties. Indeed the history of the idea that people can exercise all the freedom they like as long as it’s out of sight, out of mind and doesn’t break any rules is not a noble one; among other absurd forms of “freedom”, it was used to justify both segregation and apartheid.  Although the effect and extent of the prejudice is clearly different here, the logic is the same: you are completely free to do whatever I think you should do.  Having a right to freely express oneself means to do so when it is inconvenient, challenging or offensive to others [i] . The rules being broken here were, as has already been mentioned, fairly petty and the sanctions comparatively minor – although the loss of someone’s livelihood should not be understated. The case is important because of the precedent it sets; what if the two women were risking not just their jobs but their liberty?  The UK considers itself to be a tolerant country. Tolerance means accepting those declarations and statements that are inconvenient. If the law is incapable of defending a statement as benign as wearing a small piece of jewellery, it is worrying to think how it would cope with something more forthright.  [i] UN Declaration of Human Rights. Articles 18, 19 and 23. Freedom of expression, rights, inconvenience, recognition, irrelevant, out of sight out of mind, segregation, apartheid, prejudice, challenging, offensive, tolerance, UN Declaration of Human Rights, Articles 18, 19, 23, liberty, precedent, tolerance, wearing jewellery, forthright statements freedom of expression, rights, inconvenience, recognition, tolerance, segregation, apartheid, liberty, UN Declaration of Human Rights, Articles 18, 19, 23, precedent, employment, tolerance, challenging, offensive, jewellery, benign, forthright, law, UK freedom of expression, rights, inconvenience, relevance, free speech, recognition, awareness, rules, liberties, history, segregation, apartheid, prejudice, logic, offense, tolerance, UK, law, precedent, employment, human rights, UN declaration, articles 18, 19, 23, jewelry, statement, defense, society, liberty, challenging, pettiness, sanctions, livelihood, tolerance, acceptance, inconvenient declarations, benign actions, forthright expressions, legal protection, civil liberties, public awareness, expressive freedom freedom of expression, rights, inconvenience, recognition, irrelevant, liberties, segregation, apartheid, prejudice, challenging, offensive, tolerance, UN Declaration of Human Rights, Articles 18, 19, 23, livelihood, precedent, liberty, tolerance, benign, jewellery, forthright freedom of expression, right, convenience, inconvenience, recognition, respect, rules, liberties, history, segregation, apartheid, prejudice, challenging, offensive, tolerance, UK, law, human rights, UN Declaration, Articles 18, 19, 23, jewellery, livelihood, precedent, statement, defend, forthright
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con01a	Defamation  While South African Law does allow for freedom of speech, and the constitution is one of the most liberal in the world for protecting such freedoms, it must be measured against the need for responsibility in the use of such freedoms to prevent offence.  Whatever one believes about ‘The Spear’ it is clear that Murray attacked President Zuma based upon his personal life rather than any critique of policy. The depiction of the President with his penis exposed is a reminder of the accusations of rape against him, of which he was acquitted in 2007.  To remind those who view the painting of the accusation is to hint at Zuma’s guilt in the case despite it being proved otherwise in a court of law. This is effectively libel and as such defames Zuma’s character. As such, Zuma was right to sue for defamation and it was right for the artwork to be removed as it implied and spread a falsehood in the public domain that is damaging to Zuma. defamation, South African Law, freedom of speech, responsibility, The Spear, Murray, President Zuma, personal life, critique, policy, penis exposed, rape accusations, acquitted, libel, character, sue, removed, public domain, damaging Defamation, South African Law, freedom of speech, constitution, responsibility, The Spear, Murray, President Zuma, personal life, policy critique, penis exposed, rape accusations, libel, character, lawsuit, artwork removal, public domain, falsehood, damage, Zuma Defamation, South African Law, Freedom of Speech, The Spear, Murray, President Zuma, Personal Life, Critique of Policy, Accusations of Rape, Acquitted, Libel, Character, Sue for Defamation, Artwork Removal, Falsehood, Public Domain, Damaging, Zuma Defamation, South African Law, Freedom of Speech, Constitution, Responsibility, The Spear, Murray, President Zuma, Personal Life, Policy Critique, Penile Depiction, Rape Accusations, Libel, Character Defamation, Legal Acquittal, Public Domain, Damaging falsehood, Artwork Removal, Defamation Lawsuit Defamation, South African Law, Freedom of Speech, Constitutional Rights, Responsibility, The Spear, Murray, President Zuma, Personal Life, Policy Critique, Rape Accusations, Acquitted, Libel, Character Defamation, Public Domain, Falsehood, Damaging, Artwork Removal, Legal Action
test-education-usuprmhbu-pro02a	"Affirmative action removes the cyclical disadvantages of discrimination  Affirmative action evens the playing field for those who have suffered past discrimination.  Discrimination in the past not only leaves a feeling of rejection by one’s community, but also a legacy of disadvantage and perpetual poverty. Discrimination is not only psychologically damaging, but tangibly. The denial of opportunities for education and employment in the past has left families in situations where they are stuck in a poverty trap and cannot afford to achieve the basic opportunities that others can as they are stuck in a cycle of poverty [1] .  A good example of this can be seen in the example of Brazil, where poverty is much more wide-spread in African communities who were previously used as slaves [2] .  There is no equality of opportunity in cases of past discrimination. Affirmative action helps level the playing field for selection by assisting those who are held back from a continual historical denial of opportunity and providing them the equality of opportunity everyone deserves.  [1] Aka, Philip. ""Affirmative Action and the Black Experience in America."" American Bar Association. 36.4 (2009): Print.  [2] Telles, Edward. ""Discrimination and Affirmative Action in Brazil."" PBS Wide Angle. N.p., 01 Jun 2009. Web. 23 Aug 2011. <  . affirmative action, discrimination, cyclical disadvantages, poverty, equality of opportunity, Brazil, African communities, slaves, education, employment, psychological damage, tangible effects, historical denial, selection process, community rejection, poverty trap, opportunity, selection, leveling the playing field, past discrimination, socioeconomic status, policy, social justice, minority groups, affirmative action policies, educational opportunities, employment opportunities, economic disparity, racial inequality, social inequality, systemic discrimination, historical context, disadvantage, marginalized communities, affirmative action benefits, equal opportunity, policy effectiveness, affirmative action programs, underprivileged, affirmative action impact, social mobility, economic mobility, race relations affirmative action, cyclical disadvantages, discrimination, historical denial, opportunity, poverty trap, equality, Brazil, African communities, slaves, education, employment, selection, psychological damage, tangible effects, legacy disadvantage, community rejection, past discrimination, evens playing field, selection assistance, deserved equality, opportunity leveling, widespread poverty, social justice, remedial policies, systemic inequality affirmative action, cyclical disadvantages, discrimination, playing field, psychological damage, tangible effects, education opportunities, employment opportunities, poverty trap, historical denial, equality of opportunity, black experience, Brazil, African communities, slavery, wide-spread poverty, selection assistance, leveling playing field, past discrimination, community rejection, legacy of disadvantage, perpetual poverty, basic opportunities, affordability, opportunity denial, historical context, social justice, equal chances, affirmative action benefits, underprivileged communities, systemic inequality, compensatory measures, socioeconomic status, racial disparities, educational access, employment access, affirmative action policies, corrective measures, intergenerational poverty, opportunity Affirmative action, cyclical disadvantages, discrimination, playing field, psychological damage, tangible effects, opportunity denial, poverty trap, historical denial, equality of opportunity, Brazil, African communities, slavery, selection assistance, black experience, American Bar Association, PBS Wide Angle, Edward Telles Affirmative action, cyclical disadvantages, discrimination, equal opportunity, poverty trap, historical denial, education, employment, Brazil, African communities, slaves, equality, selection, Philip Aka, Edward Telles, PBS Wide Angle, American Bar Association"
test-environment-assgbatj-con02a	People will die if we don’t do animal testing  Every year, 23 new drugs are introduced in the UK alone.[13] Almost all will be tested on animals. A new drug will be used for a long time. Think of all the people saved by the use of penicillin. If drugs cost more to test, that means drug companies will develop less. This means more people suffering and dying animal testing, drug development, pharmaceutical industry, drug testing, penicillin, medical research, drug efficacy, patient safety, cost of drug testing, drug availability, healthcare innovation, public health, medical ethics, animal rights, human benefits, drug regulation, clinical trials, drug approval process, health economics, medical advancements animal testing, drug development, human benefits, cost of testing, penicillin, drug availability, medical research, pharmaceutical industry, patient outcomes, ethical considerations animal testing, drug development, UK, new drugs, drug testing, penicillin, drug costs, pharmaceutical companies, patient mortality, medical research animal testing, drug development, pharmaceuticals, penicillin, drug costs, medical research, human safety, drug efficacy, animal ethics, medical innovation, public health, drug approval process, clinical trials, animal welfare, healthcare access, drug availability, medical advancement, patient outcomes, regulatory requirements, scientific research, biomedical testing, ethical considerations, treatment development, health economics, drug production, healthcare policy animal testing, drug development, UK, new drugs, penicillin, drug costs, drug companies, healthcare, medical research, patient safety, ethical considerations, alternatives to animal testing, pharmaceutical industry, drug efficacy, drug regulation, public health, mortality rates, medical innovation, treatment availability, economic factors in healthcare, drug testing methods, animal welfare, human welfare, healthcare accessibility, drug pricing, clinical trials, regulatory compliance, scientific advancements, medical ethics, drug discovery, therapeutic outcomes, health economics, drug efficacy studies, biomedical research, medical breakthroughs, pharmaceutical regulations, drug safety, clinical research, healthcare policy, medical treatments, drug innovation
test-economy-thsptr-con01a	Individuals’ property and income are an index of deserving achievement, and of value contributed in the market place to society  A progressive taxation system essentially assumes that the property rights of the poor are more sacred than those of the wealthy. Somehow the wealthy have a less proportionate ownership right than do the less well-off simply by dint of their greater wealth. [1] This is the height of injustice. An individual’s income is a measure of his overarching societal worth, by reflecting his ability to produce goods and services people find socially desirable and to signify his level of competence and desirability by his employer. The state should not punish people for this greater social worth by taxing them disproportionally to others. When it does so it expects people to work for the sake of others to an extent that is not fair, effectively consigning them to a kind of forced labor, by which parts of the wealth they work to acquire is appropriated by the state to a degree beyond which it is willing to do to others. [2] Such a regime is manifestly unjust.  [1] Seligman, Edwin. “Progressive Taxation in Theory and Practice”. Publications of the American Economic Association 9(1): 7-222. 1894.  [2] Nozick, R. Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books. 1974. Individuals, property, income, deserving, achievement, value, market, society, progressive, taxation, system, property, rights, poor, wealthy, ownership, justice, income, societal, worth, goods, services, competence, desirability, employer, state, punish, social, wealth, appropriated, forced, labor, regime, unjust, Seligman, Progressive, Taxation, Theory, Practice, Nozick, Anarchy, State, Utopia property, income, achievement, value, marketplace, society, progressive, taxation, property-rights, poor, wealthy, justice, individual, income, societal-worth, competence, employer, state, punish, social-worth, forced-labor, wealth, appropriation, Seligman, progressive-taxation, Nozick, Anarchy-State-Utopia property, income, deserving, achievement, value, market, society, progressive, taxation, poor, wealthy, rights, injustice, competence, desirability, employer, state, punishment, social, worth, fair, forced, labor, wealth, acquire, appropriated, regime, manifestly, unjust, Seligman, Edwin, Progressive, Theory, Practice, American, Economic, Association, Nozick, Anarchy, State, Utopia, Basic, Books Individuals, property, income, deserving, achievement, value, market, society, progressive, taxation, system, property, rights, poor, wealthy, justice, income, measure, societal, worth, produce, goods, services, competence, desirability, employer, state, punish, social, worth, tax, disproportionate, work, forced, labor, wealth, acquire, appropriated, regime, unjust, Seligman, progressive, taxation, theory, practice, Nozick, Anarchy, State, Utopia Property, Income, Deserving, Achievement, Market, Society, Progressive, Taxation, Property Rights, Poor, Wealthy, Injustice, Social Worth, Goods, Services, Competence, Employer, State, Punishment, Forced Labor, Appropriation, Unjust, Seligman, Nozick, Anarchy, Utopia
test-education-udfakusma-con04a	Who will write and edit the work?  You can’t take the end result out of the system and assume all the rest of it will continue as usual. Journal articles don’t write themselves; there will still be costs for editors, typesetters, reviewing etc., as well as the time and cost of the writer. The average cost of publishing an article is about £4000. [1]  There have been two suggested forms of open access ‘Gold’ in which authors pay publishers article publication charges and ‘Green’ under which the author self-archives their papers in open access repositories. The gold option that the UK intends to implement could mean universities having to find an extra £60million a year. [2] In either case the cost is being put on the author.  This is exactly the same when asking academics to put their lectures, lecture notes, bibliographies etc online. They are being asked to put in more hours grappling with technology without being paid for it.  [1] Moghaddam, Golnessa Galyani, “Why Are Scholarly Journals Costly even with Electronic Publishing?”  p.9  [2] Ayris, Paul, “Why panning for gold may be detrimental to open access research”, Guardian Professional, 23 July 2012. open access, gold open access, green open access, article publication charges, academic publishing, scholarly journals, costs, UK universities, research funding, academic labor, digital publishing, open access repositories, academic articles, publishing expenses, higher education, academic workload, technology integration, open access policies, scholarly communication, academic writing, editing, typesetting, peer review, academic resources, lecture notes, bibliographies, online education, academic compensation, panning for gold, Guardian Professional, Paul Ayris, Golnessa Galyani Moghaddam open access, gold open access, green open access, academic publishing, journal publication costs, university funding, author fees, article processing charges, academic workload, technology integration, scholarly publishing, research dissemination, publication expenses, open access repositories, self-archiving, academic lectures, lecture notes, bibliographies, electronic publishing, publishing models, research funding, academic labor, cost implications, open access policies, UK open access, higher education finance open access, gold open access, green open access, academic publishing, journal articles, publication costs, editing costs, typesetting, peer review, author publication charges, university funding, academic labor, technology integration, scholarly communication, research dissemination, cost implications, higher education, academic workload, digital publishing, open science, research policy, UK research funding, academic self-archiving, lecture materials, online resources, academic compensation, peer-reviewed journals, scholarly journals, electronic publishing, academic writing, publishing models, research impact, open access repositories, university libraries, research quality, academic freedom, publishing ethics, research sustainability, institutional repositories, scholarly communication open access, gold open access, green open access, article publication charges, university funding, academic publishing, scholarly journals, costs, editing, typesetting, reviewing, author fees, lecture notes, bibliographies, technology, academic workload, electronic publishing, research dissemination, funding models, higher education policy academic publishing, open access, gold open access, green open access, article publication charges, university funding, scholarly journals, costs, authors, editors, typesetters, reviewing, writing, technology, lecture notes, bibliographies, online, panning for gold, detrimental, research, Guardian Professional, Golnessa Galyani Moghaddam, Paul Ayris
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-pro01a	The UK would have a completely independent foreign policy  Britain’s is not completely sovereign within the European Union with the EU having a common foreign and security policy and all economic negotiations taking place under the auspices of the EU trade commissioner, it is what the EU refers to as an ‘exclusive power’, rather than the Foreign Office. [1] Exiting would give these powers back to the UK. Regardless of how these powers are used this will mean the UK has more influence and freedom to manoeuvre as it will have more options with which it can negotiate with other powers.  [1] ‘Policy making: What is trade policy’, European Commission, UK, independent, foreign policy, Britain, sovereignty, European Union, common foreign and security policy, economic negotiations, EU trade commissioner, exclusive power, Foreign Office, exiting, powers, influence, freedom, manoeuvre, negotiation, options, policy making, trade policy, European Commission UK, independent, foreign policy, Britain, sovereignty, European Union, common foreign and security policy, economic negotiations, EU trade commissioner, exclusive power, Foreign Office, exiting, powers, influence, freedom, manoeuvre, negotiation, other powers, trade policy, European Commission UK, independent, foreign, policy, Britain, sovereignty, European, Union, common, security, economic, negotiations, trade, commissioner, exclusive, power, Foreign, Office, exiting, powers, influence, freedom, manoeuvre, options, negotiate, powers, Policy, making, trade, policy, European, Commission UK, independent, foreign policy, Britain, sovereignty, European Union, common foreign and security policy, economic negotiations, EU trade commissioner, exclusive power, Foreign Office, exiting, powers, influence, freedom, manoeuvre, negotiation, other powers, policy making, trade policy, European Commission UK, independent, foreign policy, Britain, sovereignty, European Union, common foreign, security policy, economic negotiations, EU trade commissioner, exclusive power, Foreign Office, exiting, powers, influence, freedom, manoeuvre, negotiation, options, trade policy, European Commission
test-health-dhiacihwph-con01a	Dominance of generic drugs will reduce reinvestment and innovation in donating countries  The production of high quality generic drugs endangers pharmaceutical progress. In order to export high quality generic drugs, some countries have suggested allowing generic drug manufacturers access to patented drugs. In Canada, amendments to Canada’s Access to Medicine Regime (CAMR) would have forced pharmaceutical research companies to give up their patents [1] . This is problematic however as research based companies invest a large proportion of their profits back in to the industry. The requirements proposed for some Western countries for obligatory quantities of generic drugs to be given to Africa have been accused to removing any incentive to invest in research to combat disease [2] .  [1] Taylor,D. ‘Generic-drug “solution” for Africa not needed’  [2] ibid generic drugs, pharmaceutical innovation, reinvestment, donating countries, high quality generics, patent access, Canada, Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, pharmaceutical research, profit reinvestment, obligatory generics, Africa, disease research, patent surrender, research incentives generic drugs, pharmaceutical innovation, reinvestment, donating countries, high quality generics, drug patents, Canada, Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, obligatory generic production, research incentives, disease combat research, Western countries, Africa, drug export, patent access, generic manufacturers, research-based companies, profit reinvestment, pharmaceutical progress generic drugs, pharmaceutical innovation, reinvestment, donating countries, high quality generics, drug patents, Canada, Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, pharmaceutical research, obligatory generics, Africa, disease research, investment disincentive generic drugs, pharmaceutical innovation, donating countries, high quality generics, drug patents, Canada, Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, pharmaceutical research, profit reinvestment, obligatory generics, Africa, disease research, Taylor, generic drug solution, patent forfeiture generic drugs, pharmaceutical innovation, reinvestment, donating countries, high quality generics, pharmaceutical progress, patented drugs, Canada, Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, pharmaceutical research, profit reinvestment, obligatory generic quantities, Africa, research incentives, disease combat, Taylor
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro01a	Schools need to practice what they preach  Under the pressure of increasing media coverage and civil society initiatives, schools are being called upon to “take up arms” against childhood obesity, both by introducing more nutritional and physical education classes, as well as transforming the meals they are offering in their cafeterias. [1]  Never before has school been so central to a child’s personal and social education. According to a study conducted by the University of Michigan, American children and teenagers spend in school about 32.5 hours per week homework a week – 7.5 hours more, than 20 years ago [2] . School curricula now cover topics such as personal finance, sex and relationships and citizenship. A precedent for teaching pupils about living well and living responsibly has already been established. Some schools, under national health programs, have given out free milk and fruit to try and make sure that children get enough calcium and vitamins, in case they are not getting enough at home [3] .  While we are seeing various nutritional and health food curricula cropping up [4] , revamping the school lunch is proving to be a more challenging task. “Limited resources and budget cuts hamper schools from offering both healthful, good-tasting alternatives and physical education programs,“ says Sanchez-Vaznaugh, a San Francisco State University researcher. [5]  With expert groups such as the Obesity Society urging policy makers to take into account the complex nature of the obesity epidemic [6] , especially the interplay of biological and social factors that lead to individuals developing the disease, it has become time for governments to urge schools to put their education into practice and give students an environment that allows them to make the healthy choices they learn about in class.  [1] Stolberg, S. G., 'Michelle Obama Leads Campaign Against Obesity', New York Times, 9 February 2010,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [2] University of Michigan, 'U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics', 17 November 2004,  , accessed 09/08/2011  [3] Kent County Council, Nutritional Standards, published September 2007  , accessed 09/08/2011  [4] Veggiecation, 'The Veggiecation Program Announced as First Educational Partner of New York Coalition for Healthy School Food',18 May 2011,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [5] ScienceDaily, 'Eliminating Junk Foods at Schools May Help Prevent Childhood Obesity', 7 March 2010,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [6] Kushner, R. F., et al., 'SOLUTIONS: Eradicating America’s obesity epidemic', Washington Times, 16 August 2009,  , accessed 9/11/2011 Schools, Practice, Preach, Media, Civil Society, Childhood Obesity, Nutritional Education, Physical Education, School Meals, Personal Finance, Sex Education, Relationships, Citizenship, Living Well, Living Responsibly, Free Milk, Fruit, Calcium, Vitamins, Health Programs, Nutritional Curricula, School Lunch, Limited Resources, Budget Cuts, Healthful Alternatives, Physical Education Programs, Obesity Society, Policy Makers, Obesity Epidemic, Biological Factors, Social Factors, Government, Healthy Choices Schools, Childhood Obesity, Media Coverage, Civil Society, Nutritional Education, Physical Education, School Cafeterias, Personal Finance, Sex Education, Citizenship, Free Milk, Free Fruit, Health Programs, School Lunch, Budget Cuts, Obesity Epidemic, Biological Factors, Social Factors, Government Policy, Healthy Choices, Michelle Obama, U.S. Children, Academics, Kent County Council, Nutritional Standards, Veggiecation, New York Coalition, Healthy School Food, Junk Foods, SOLUTIONS, Eradicating Obesity schools, nutritional education, physical education, childhood obesity, media coverage, civil society initiatives, school meals, cafeteria transformation, personal finance, sex education, relationships, citizenship, national health programs, free milk, fruit, vitamins, calcium, nutritional curricula, health food, limited resources, budget cuts, obesity epidemic, biological factors, social factors, policy makers, government intervention, healthy choices, academic time, homework, veggiecation program, junk food elimination, obesity solutions, eradicating obesity, public health, student well-being, educational reform, health policies, school environment, responsible living, social education, personal education, health initiatives, schools, media, civil society, childhood obesity, nutritional education, physical education, school meals, personal finance, sex education, citizenship, free milk, fruit, calcium, vitamins, health food curricula, budget cuts, Obesity Society, policy makers, biological factors, social factors, government intervention, healthy choices, Michelle Obama, academic time, Kent County Council, Veggiecation, junk food, Robert F. Kushner, obesity epidemic, SOLUTIONS, Washington Times, New York Times, University of Michigan, San Francisco State University, ScienceDaily, American children, teenagers, public health, school environment, nutritional standards, childhood health, obesity prevention schools, practice, preach, media, civil society, childhood obesity, nutritional education, physical education, cafeteria meals, personal education, social education, homework, school curricula, personal finance, sex education, relationships, citizenship, living well, living responsibly, free milk, fruit, national health programs, vitamins, calcium, health food curricula, school lunch, budget cuts, healthful alternatives, physical education programs, obesity epidemic, policy makers, biological factors, social factors, government intervention, healthy choices, Michelle Obama, academic time, nutritional standards, Veggiecation, junk foods, SOLUTIONS, obesity epidemic, Robert F. Kushner
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro02a	The guilt may be too heavy a burden for the relative who could have saved a life  It is not fair to ask of a parent to live with the guilt of having been able to save their child and not doing so. Believing that they are guilty of their child’s death can cause Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, which in turn is a major cause of suicides. [1]  [1] Monforte-Royo, C., et al. “The wish to hasten death: a review of clinical studies.” Psycho-Oncology 20.8 (2011): 795-804. guilt, heavy burden, relative, saved life, parent, child death, post-traumatic stress syndrome, suicide, wish hasten death, psycho-oncology guilt, burden, relative, save, life, parent, child, death, Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, suicide, wish, hasten, death, review, clinical studies, psycho-oncology guilt, burden, relative, save, life, parent, child, death, Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, PTSD, suicide, wish, hasten, death, clinical studies, psycho-oncology guilt, heavy burden, relative, saved life, parent, child death, post-traumatic stress syndrome, suicide, wish to hasten death, psycho-oncology guilt, relative, saved, life, parent, child, death, post-traumatic stress syndrome, suicides, wish, hasten, death, review, clinical, studies, psycho-oncology
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-pro03a	"The New START treaty maintains US nuclear and missile defence.  The US’ Nuclear armament will be modernized along with New START. “The Obama administration has agreed to provide for modernization of the infrastructure essential to maintaining our nuclear arsenal. Funding these efforts has become part of the negotiations in the ratification process. The administration has put forth a 10-year plan to spend $84 billion on the Energy Department's nuclear weapons complex. Much of the credit for getting the administration to add $14 billion to the originally proposed $70 billion for modernization goes to Sen. Jon Kyl, the Arizona Republican who has been vigilant in this effort. Implementing this modernization program in a timely fashion would be important in ensuring that our nuclear arsenal is maintained appropriately over the next decade and beyond.” [1]  Both US Military and civilian leaders insist that the new START treaty will still allow the US to deploy effective missile defenses, something which Russia was opposed to, and so will not affect US missile defense plans. The main limit on missile defense is that the treaty prevents the conversion of existing launchers for this purpose this would be more expensive than building new missiles specifically for defense purposes. [2]  Furthermore, as Joe Biden argues, New START is important to Russian cooperation on missile defense: ""This [missile defense] system demonstrates America's enduring commitment to Article 5 of the Washington Treaty—that an attack on one is an attack on all. NATO missile defense also provides the opportunity for further improvements in both NATO-Russian and U.S.-Russian relations. NATO and Russia agreed at Lisbon to carry out a joint ballistic missile threat assessment, to resume theater missile-defense exercises, and to explore further cooperation on territorial missile defense—things that were nearly unimaginable two years ago. These agreements underscore the strategic importance the alliance attaches to improving its relationship with Russia. But trust and confidence in our relationship with Russia would be undermined without Senate approval of the New Start Treaty, which reduces strategic nuclear forces to levels not seen since the 1950s, and restores important verification mechanisms that ceased when the first Start Treaty expired last December."" [3]  In many ways, in the 21st Century having an abundance of nuclear weapons, particularly having too many, is more of a liability than an advantage. The United States will be far safer with fewer nuclear weapons in the world and a stronger, more stable relationship with Russia under New START, and this is desirable. Therefore it is clear that New START maintains the important parts of US nuclear capabilities while removing the over-abundance which may become a liability due to security and medical concerns, and so New START should be supported.  [1] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010.   [2] ibid  [3] Biden, Joseph. ""The case for ratifying New START"". Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2010. New START treaty, US nuclear arsenal, missile defense, modernization, Obama administration, Nuclear armament, Energy Department, funding, Sen. Jon Kyl, NATO, Russian cooperation, Article 5, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, security concerns, medical concerns, bipartisan support, international relations, defense policy, US Senate, treaty ratification, ballistic missile threat assessment, missile defense exercises, NATO-Russian relations, US-Russian relations, nuclear weapons reduction, strategic stability, non-proliferation, arms control, global security, military leaders, civilian leaders, Joe Biden, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagle New START treaty, US nuclear, missile defence, nuclear armament modernization, Obama administration, nuclear arsenal, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, funding, Senate, Jon Kyl, Arizona Republican, NATO, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, reduction, security, medical concerns, Russia, international relations, Joseph Biden, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell New START treaty, US nuclear, missile defence, nuclear armament modernization, Obama administration, nuclear arsenal infrastructure, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, funding, negotiations, ratification, 10-year plan, Sen. Jon Kyl, Arizona Republican, strategic importance, Russian cooperation, missile defense, NATO, trust, confidence, Senate approval, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, liability, security concerns, medical concerns, US-Russia relations, non-proliferation, security, safety, global stability, international relations, diplomacy, treaties, nuclear disarmament, defense policy, military strategy, political science, international affairs, arms control New START, US nuclear, missile defense, modernization, infrastructure, nuclear arsenal, funding, negotiations, ratification, 10-year plan, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, Sen. Jon Kyl, Arizona Republican, implementing, maintaining, nuclear arsenal, decade, US Military, civilian leaders, deploy, effective, Russia, conversion, existing launchers, more expensive, new missiles, Joe Biden, Russian cooperation, missile defense, Article 5, Washington Treaty, NATO, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, Senate approval, security, medical concerns, liability, stable relationship, Republican case, ratification, Wall Street Journal, Washington New START treaty, US nuclear, missile defense, modernization, nuclear arsenal, funding, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, Senate, ratification, Sen. Jon Kyl, military leaders, civilian leaders, effective missile defenses, Russia, cooperation, NATO, Article 5, Washington Treaty, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, liability, security concerns, medical concerns, ratifying New START, Republican support, Washington Post, Joseph Biden, Wall Street Journal"
test-law-thgglcplgphw-con03a	"Coca chewing is harmful and should be proscribed  The original decision to ban coca chewing was based on evidence that this was indeed harmful to human health. A 1950 report elaborated by the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf with a mandate from ECOSOC states that: ""We believe that the daily, inveterate use of coca leaves by chewing ... is thoroughly noxious and therefore detrimental."" [1] Therefore the risk of health harms should not be dismissed or undermined. Coca is also different to caffeine and other similar products in in its capacity to be diverted to highly potent, dangerous, and damaging use in cocaine. Therefore it has unique health considerations which make its prohibition acceptable.  [1] Jelsma, Martin. “Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing”. Transnational Institute, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 11. March 2011. coca chewing, harmful, proscribed, ban, coca leaf, UN Commission of Inquiry, ECOSOC, noxious, detrimental, health harms, caffeine, cocaine, potent, dangerous, damaging, prohibition, unique health considerations, Jelsma, Transnational Institute, legislative reform, drug policies Coca, chewing, harmful, proscribed, UN, Commission, Inquiry, Coca, Leaf, ECOSOC, noxious, detrimental, health, harms, caffeine, cocaine, prohibition, unique, considerations, Jelsma, Transnational, Institute, Legislative, Reform, Drug, Policies Coca, chewing, harmful, proscribed, ban, health, UN, Commission, Inquiry, Coca, Leaf, ECOSOC, noxious, detrimental, caffeine, cocaine, diversion, potent, dangerous, damaging, prohibition, legislation, drug, policies Coca, chewing, harmful, proscribed, ban, coca leaves, UN Commission, Inquiry, health, noxious, detrimental, caffeine, cocaine, potent, damaging, prohibition, acceptable, Jelsma, Transnational Institute, Legislative Reform, Drug Policies Coca, Chewing, Harmful, Health, Ban, Prohibition, UN, Commission, Inquiry, Coca, Leaf, ECOSOC, Noxious, Harm, Caffeine, Cocaine, Potent, Dangerous, Damage, Legislative, Reform, Drug, Policies, Transnational, Institute, Jelsma, Martin, 2011"
test-health-hdond-pro03a	Organ donors are more deserving of organs  Reciprocity is a basic moral principle: afford others the good treatment you yourself would like to receive. In most cases, it is a hypothetical; one must place oneself in the other person’s position even though one will never actually be in their place. However, how donor and non-donors are treated when they themselves are in need is a situation in which reciprocity becomes a practical reality. This principle of reciprocity suggests that people who are willing to donate their organs more deserve to receive organs when they need them. And there is good reason to believe in reciprocity. Those who would flaunt this principle are basically stating that they expect something of other people that they themselves are unwilling to do; this is a position that is either incoherent, or based on the unjustified premise that oneself is more objectively valuable than other people. The concept of desert has a foundational role in our society. For example, innocent people deserve not to be put in prison, even if it would be useful to frame and make an example of an innocent person in order to quell a period of civil unrest. organ donors, deserving, organs, reciprocity, moral principle, treatment, donor, non-donors, practical reality, principle of reciprocity, good reason, flaunt, incoherent, unjustified premise, objective value, concept of desert, foundational role, society, innocent people, prison, civil unrest organ donors, deserving, organs, reciprocity, moral principle, hypothetical, practical reality, principle of reciprocity, good reason, flaunt, incoherent, unjustified premise, objectively valuable, concept of desert, foundational role, society, innocent people, not deserve, prison, useful, frame, example, civil unrest organ donors, reciprocity, moral principle, deserving organs, social contract, ethical treatment, donation ethics, justice, fairness, mutual aid, societal norms, desert, innocence, utility, civil unrest, moral coherence, self-value, public trust, altruism, conditional entitlement organ donors, reciprocity, moral principle, treatment, hypothetical, donor, non-donors, practical reality, principle of reciprocity, deserve, organs, incoherent, unjustified premise, concept of desert, societal values, civil unrest, innocent people, framing, prison organ donors, reciprocity, moral principle, treatment, donor, non-donors, practical reality, deserve, organs, incoherent, unjustified premise, objective value, concept of desert, innocent people, prison, civil unrest
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro03a	The confession of religious faith is far more important than the rather petty rules that banned the wearing of the cross.  People of faith attest that those beliefs determine the nature of their own identity and their place in the Universe. In the case of Nadia Eweida, at least, the employer’s case was based on the idea that wearing a symbol of that faith might not enhance their uniform. The difference between the significance of the claims could not be greater.  Indeed, British Airways, Eweida’s employer, has since changed their policy to permit staff to wear religious or charitable imagery [i] in large part because of the absurdity of the position.  The case against Chaplin was based on health and safety legislation - but not because the cross and chain posed a risk to others but to herself [ii] ; a risk she was, presumably, prepared to accept.  On one hand there are individuals protecting their sincere beliefs in the most profound of issues and, on the other, managers applying what the Archbishop of Canterbury described as “wooden-headed bureaucratic silliness”. [iii] There is no suggestion that harm to another could have been caused here and, therefore, no reason not to respect the heartfelt beliefs of the individuals involved.  [i] BBC News Website. “Christian Airline Employee Loses Cross ban Appeal”. 12 February 2010.  [ii] Daily Mail. “It's a very bad day for Christianity: Nurse's verdict after tribunal rules she can't wear crucifix at work”  [iii] The Telegraph, ‘Archbishop of Canterbury hits out at cross ban’, 4 April 2010, confession, religious, faith, rules, wearing, cross, identity, universe, Nadia Eweida, British Airways, policy, religious, charitable, imagery, case, Chaplin, health, safety, legislation, wooden-headed, bureaucratic, silliness, Archbishop, Canterbury, Christianity, nurse, tribunal, verdict, crucifix, work, heartfelt, beliefs, respect, harm, individuals, profound, issues, managers, applying, absurdity, position, changed, permit, staff, symbol, faith, uniform, importance, significance, claims, difference, greater, sincere, protection, suggest, causing, reason, not, enhance religious faith, wearing cross, Nadia Eweida, British Airways, policy change, religious symbols, Chaplin, health and safety, Archbishop of Canterbury, heartfelt beliefs, bureaucratic silliness, uniform policy, Christian employees, crucifix, work place, faith identity, personal beliefs, legal cases, faith expression, employment rights, religious freedom religious faith, confession, rules, wearing cross, identity, universe, Nadia Eweida, British Airways, uniform policy, religious symbols, health and safety, wooden-headed bureaucratic silliness, Archbishop of Canterbury, sincere beliefs, harm, Christianity, crucifix, nurse, tribunal, appeal religious faith, confession, rules, wearing cross, identity, Universe, Nadia Eweida, employer, uniform, British Airways, policy change, religious imagery, absurdity, Chaplin, health and safety, risk, sincerity, beliefs, Archbishop of Canterbury, bureaucratic silliness, harm, heartfelt beliefs, Christianity, tribunals, appeal, nurse, crucifix, work, verdict, Telegraph, BBC News, Daily Mail religious faith, confession, rules, wearing cross, identity, universe, Nadia Eweida, employer, British Airways, uniform, religious imagery, change in policy, absurdity, case against Chaplin, health and safety, risk, sincere beliefs, profound issues, managers, bureaucratic silliness, Archbishop of Canterbury, harm, heartfelt beliefs, Christianity, court case, legal appeal, nurse, crucifix, tribunal, media coverage, BBC News, Daily Mail, The Telegraph
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con02a	Infantilisation and Prejudice  Those who dismiss the reaction to ‘The Spear’ forget the historical context which may trigger the sorts of responses seen to the artwork. [1]  South Africa’s past problems can be seen to derive from the gross caricaturing of Black people and Black Men in particular as lascivious, overtly sexual and threatening, playing into a narrative of Blacks as ‘inferior beings’ justifying inhumane treatment over a number of centuries.  Portraying the President with his genitals exposed could also be seen to pass negative comment upon his polygamy, which is permitted in his Zulu culture. Such comment upon something which can determine social standing can also be viewed as offensive by many, triggering such reactions. [2]  With this in mind then the right action for both The Goodman Gallery and City Press to take would be to remove such offensive art to avoid any hurt caused and to quell the protest which were borne out of genuine offence, not political grandstanding as opposition seem to imply.  [1] Hlongwane, Sipho, ‘The Spear: Millions of people were insulted’, Daily Maverick, 28 May 2012,   [2] Dana, Simphiwe, ‘The 'Sarah Baartmanisation' of the black body’, Mail & Guardian, 12 June 2012, infantilisation, prejudice, The Spear, historical context, South Africa, Black people, Black Men, caricaturing, inferior beings, inhumane treatment, President, genitals exposed, polygamy, Zulu culture, social standing, offensive, Goodman Gallery, City Press, protest, genuine offence, political grandstanding, Sarah Baartmanisation, black body infantilisation, prejudice, The Spear, South Africa, historical context, gross caricaturing, Black people, Black Men, lascivious, sexual, threatening, inferior beings, inhumane treatment, President, genitals exposed, negative comment, polygamy, Zulu culture, social standing, offensive, hurt, protest, genuine offence, political grandstanding, Hlongwane, Sipho, Daily Maverick, Dana, Simphiwe, Sarah Baartmanisation, black body, Mail & Guardian Infantilisation, Prejudice, The Spear, Historical Context, South Africa, Black People, Black Men, Caricaturing, Lascivious, Sexual, Threatening, Inferior Beings, Inhumane Treatment, Zulu Culture, Polygamy, Social Standing, Offensive Art, Protest, Genuine Offence, Political Grandstanding, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Sipho Hlongwane, Sarah Baartmanisation, Simphiwe Dana infantilisation, prejudice, The Spear, historical context, South Africa, gross caricaturing, Black people, Black Men, lascivious, overtly sexual, threatening, inferior beings, inhumane treatment, centuries, President, genitals exposed, negative comment, polygamy, Zulu culture, social standing, offensive, Goodman Gallery, City Press, avoid hurt, quell protest, genuine offence, political grandstanding, Hlongwane, Sipho, Daily Maverick, Dana, Simphiwe, Sarah Baartmanisation, black body, Mail & Guardian Infantilisation, Prejudice, The Spear, Historical Context, South Africa, Black People, Black Men, Caricature, Lascivious, Sexual, Threatening, Inferior Beings, Inhumane Treatment, President, Genitals Exposed, Polygamy, Zulu Culture, Social Standing, Offensive, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Remove Art, Hurt, Protest, Genuine Offence, Political Grandstanding, Sarah Baartmanisation, Black Body
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro04a	A ban would be simple to enforce.  A ban would be simple to create and enforce. Religious symbols are for the most part meant to be shown therefore it is simple for police or authorities to check that someone is not wearing them. There are many societies that have had bans on a religious symbol in public buildings, for example in France where there is a ban on religious symbols in schools has been in force since 2004. In France the ban is made even easier to enforce by restricting it to 'conspicuous' religious apparel.1 Moreover when the ban is only when entering public buildings it can be enforced by the teacher, or the building's security guards rather than being an issue for the police to deal with.  1 BBC News, 'French scarf ban comes into force', 2 September 2004 , accessed 28/8/11 ban, enforcement, creation, religious, symbols, police, authorities, societies, France, public, buildings, schools, conspicuous, apparel, teachers, security, guards ban, enforce, create, religious, symbols, police, authorities, societies, France, public, buildings, schools, 2004, conspicuous, apparel, teacher, security, guards ban, enforce, create, religious symbols, police, authorities, check, wearing, societies, France, public buildings, schools, 2004, conspicuous, religious apparel, teacher, security guards, public buildings entry ban, enforce, create, religious symbols, police, authorities, check, societies, France, schools, 2004, conspicuous, religious apparel, public buildings, teacher, security guards, BBC News, French scarf ban ban, enforcement, creation, religious symbols, visibility, police, authorities, checking, societies, France, public buildings, schools, 2004, conspicuous, apparel, teachers, security guards, entry restrictions
test-education-usuprmhbu-pro01a	"There is a moral obligation to provide affirmative action programs  Society has a moral obligation to right its wrongs and compensate those they have treated unjustly.  Discrimination, whether overt or convert, is an unacceptable practice that arbitrarily disadvantages certain people on grounds that they have no control over. Discrimination not only is theoretically a bad thing to do to people, but also has tangible negative impacts. Discrimination against groups such as the African American community in the USA has left them without the education or employment opportunities to even have a chance at achieving the success and happiness they deserve [1] . Discrimination is unacceptable practice for any society to engage in and victims of discrimination deserve compensation for the physical and psychological harms they suffered from being rejected by their very own community [2] .  Past discrimination has left communities without the physical goods and psychological feelings of acceptance and safety all individuals deserve from their country and thus there is a moral obligation of society to take steps to offer the physical and symbolic advantages they have been denied through affirmative action.  [1] Aka, Philip. ""Affirmative Action and the Black Experience in America."" American Bar Association. 36.4 (2009): Print.  [2] Aka, Philip. ""Affirmative Action and the Black Experience in America."" American Bar Association. 36.4 (2009): Print. moral obligation, affirmative action, society, right wrongs, compensate, discrimination, unacceptable practice, disadvantages, control, tangible negative impacts, African American community, education, employment opportunities, success, happiness, physical harms, psychological harms, rejected, community, physical goods, psychological feelings, acceptance, safety, country, steps, symbolic advantages, denied moral obligation, affirmative action, societal responsibility, righting wrongs, compensation, unjust treatment, discrimination,劣势群体, negative impacts, African American community, education opportunities, employment opportunities, success, happiness, physical harms, psychological harms, community rejection, symbolic advantages, physical advantages, historical discrimination, societal steps, Aka Philip, American Bar Association moral obligation, affirmative action, societal duty, righting wrongs, compensatory justice, discrimination, unacceptable practice, arbitrary disadvantage, tangible negative impacts, African American community, USA, education opportunities, employment opportunities, success, happiness, physical harms, psychological harms, community rejection, physical goods, psychological acceptance, safety, country responsibility, symbolic advantages, denied opportunities, affirmative action programs, moral imperative, social justice, historical discrimination moral obligation, affirmative action, society, wrongs, compensation, discrimination, unjustly, unacceptable practice, disadvantages, control, tangible negative impacts, African American, USA, education, employment opportunities, success, happiness, physical, psychological harms, rejected, community, physical goods, psychological feelings, acceptance, safety, country, steps, physical advantages, symbolic advantages, denied moral obligation, affirmative action, societal responsibility, righting wrongs, compensation, unjust treatment, discrimination, African American community, education opportunities, employment opportunities, success, happiness, physical harm, psychological harm, community denial, physical goods, psychological acceptance, safety, country duty, symbolic advantages, Aka, Philip, American Bar Association, Black Experience, 2009"
test-environment-assgbatj-con01a	Animals don’t have human rights  Humans have large brains, form social groups, communicate and are generally worthy of moral consideration. We also are aware of ourselves and of the nature of death. Some animals have some of these characteristics but not all so should not have the same rights. In harming animals to benefit humans, we enter in to a good moral trade-off to create a greater good. [11] animals,human rights,large brains,social groups,communication,moral consideration,self-awareness,death awareness,characteristics,animal rights,moral trade-off,greater good animals,human rights,large brains,social groups,communication,moral consideration,self-awareness,death awareness,characteristics,ethics,moral trade-off,greater good,harming animals,human benefits Animals, Human Rights, Humans, Large Brains, Social Groups, Communication, Moral Consideration, Self-Awareness, Death Awareness, Characteristics, Moral Trade-Off, Greater Good, Harming Animals, Benefiting Humans Animals, human rights, human brains, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, death awareness, animal characteristics, moral trade-off, greater good, ethical treatment, animal ethics, human-animal differences, moral philosophy, rights ethics, animal welfare, human superiority, ethical justification, harm principle Animals, human rights, large brains, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, death awareness, characteristics, rights, harming animals, human benefit, moral trade-off, greater good
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-con04a	Rehabilitation Constitutes an Unjustifiable Further Expense  The evidence from all over the world suggests that recidivism rates are difficult to reduce and that some offenders just can’t be rehabilitated. It therefore makes economic sense to cut all rehabilitation programs and concentrate on ensuring that prisoners serve the time they deserve for their crimes and are kept off the streets where they are bound to re-offend. As it can be seen that some deserving of a longer sentence only receive short sentences due to lack of time and space and some who have committed shorter sentences are given long sentences aimed at making a point or sending a message.  Currently, the government will continue to be gambling tax payers’ money on programs that will not give anything back into the society that it took from. Britain spends £45,000 a year on each of its prisoners and yet 50% will go on to re-offend, ‘which translates into a dead investment of £2 billion annually. [1] Rehabilitation programs should be scrapped and taxpayers asked only to pay the bare minimum to keep offenders off the streets. They can’t harm society if they are behind bars.  [1] Bois, N. D., ‘Retribution and Rehabilitation: A Modern Conservative Justice Policy’. Dale & Co. 20 July 2011. rehabilitation, unjustifiable, expense, recidivism, rates, offenders, economic, sense, cut, programs, prisoners, sentences, crime, streets, re-offend, government, tax, payers, investment, society, Britain, spends, dead, investment, scrapped, minimum, behind, bars, harm, modern, conservative, justice, policy rehabilitation, expense, recidivism, offenders, economic, cut, programs, prisoners, sentences, tax, payers, investment, retribution, conservative, policy, justice, bars, harm, society, crime, punishment, budget, fiscal, policy, prison, costs, societal, impact, criminology, penal, reform, incarceration, public, safety, fiscal, responsibility, sentencing, guidelines, judicial, system, crime, prevention, security, law, enforcement, social, control, moral, implications, human, rights, ethics, legal, debate, penal, philosophy, crime, deterrence, reentry, rehabilitation, unjustifiable, expense, recidivism, offenders, economic, sense, cut, programs, concentrate, prisoners, serve, time, crimes, kept, streets, re-offend, sentences, lack, space, message, government, gambling, taxpayers, money, society, Britain, spends, prisoners, re-offend, investment, scrapped, minimum, behind, bars, harm, society, retribution, modern, conservative, justice, policy rehabilitation, expense, recidivism, offenders, economics, prison, sentences, taxpayers, society, investment, retribution, policy, justice, crime, punishment, bars, harm, minimum, cost, effectiveness, conservative, modern, Britain, spending, annual, impact, programs, criminal, justice, system, reform, deterrence, public, safety, incarceration, penal, debate, moral, ethical, fiscal, responsibility, decision-making, judicial, administration, social, control, prevention, community, reintegration, support, services, alternatives, treatment, education, training, employment, mental, health, drug, addiction, rehabilitation, unjustifiable, expense, recidivism, rates, offenders, economic, sense, prisoners, serve, time, streets, re-offend, sentencing, disparities, tax, payers, programs, society, investment, Britain, prisoners, re-offend, retribution, modern, conservative, justice, policy, bars, harm, minimum, cost, effectiveness, criminal, justice, system, fiscal, responsibility, penal, reform, incarceration, public, safety, crime, prevention, social, impact, evidence, global, trends, penal, policies, judicial, sentencing, guidelines, fiscal, implications, prison, overcrow
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con03a	"The boycott would affect Poland and the Ukrainian people as well as Yanukovych  A boycott of Euro 2012 even if it was meant to be limited to Ukraine would negatively impact on the whole tournament. Polish Prime Minister Donald Tust argued ""It is in Poland's undisputed interest to hold the games in Poland and Ukraine without a hitch and to prevent politics from ruining the great effort"", [1] any boycott would unnecessarily move the attention away from the games itself towards politics.  It should also be remembered that Viktor Yanukovych does not represent the whole of Ukraine and only won by a narrow margin with 48.95% of the vote compared to Yulia Timoshenko’s 45.47% in the second round. [2] Arseniy Yatsenyuk leader of the Front for Change has urged leaders not to boycott ""The best scenario would be if the European leaders attended the championship, but did not meet President Yanukovych. It's supposed to be a visit to Ukrainians, not to Yanukovych"". [3] This would show that European countries support the Ukrainian people and their democratic aspirations and even hope they may be eventually will join the European Union while showing displeasure at Yanukovych’s policies and lack of support for democracy.  [1] ‘ Poland slams calls for Ukraine Euro 2012 boycott’, The Warsaw Voice online, 4 May 2012.  [2] Nesterov, Andrei, ‘How the News is Reported in Russia’, School of Russian and Asian, 19 February 2010.  [3] Dorosh, Svitlana, ‘Ukraine fights Euro 2012 boycott’, BBC Ukrainian, 9 May 2012. boycott, Poland, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Euro 2012, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, politics, tournament, European leaders, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, European Union, democracy, Yulia Timoshenko, Ukrainian people, democratic aspirations boycott, Poland, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Euro 2012, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, Viktor Yanukovych, Yulia Timoshenko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, European leaders, Ukrainian people, democratic aspirations, European Union, politics, sports, tournament boycott, Poland, Ukrainian, Yanukovych, Euro 2012, tournament, politics, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, Viktor Yanukovych, Yulia Timoshenko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, European leaders, championship, European Union, democracy, support, displeasure, policies boycott, Poland, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Euro 2012, tournament, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, politics, Yulia Timoshenko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, European leaders, Ukrainian people, democratic aspirations, European Union boycott, Poland, Ukraine, Euro 2012, Viktor Yanukovych, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, European leaders, Yulia Timoshenko, democratic aspirations, European Union, sports politics, tournament impact"
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con02a	Africa is the most warlike continent  In 2012 Africa had the most distinct conflicts of any region with 13 ongoing conflicts. [1] While Africa and Asia have throughout most of the last fifty years had roughly similar numbers of conflicts – approximately 10 per year [2] - Africa has had many more non state conflicts and the number has not declined since 2004 when there were 20 non-state conflicts; in 2011 there were 22. [3] All in all there is little hope of managing to end all these conflicts by 2020.  [1] ‘Armed Conflicts 2012’, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, 2013,   [2] ‘Armed Conflict by Region’, UCDP, 2013,   [3] ‘Non-state Conflicts by Region, 1989-2011’, UCDP, 2012, Africa, warlike, continent, conflicts, 2012, ongoing, 2004, non-state, 2011, Uppsala, Conflict, Data, Program, UCDP, 2020, armed, region, Asia, manage, end Africa, warlike, continent, 2012, conflicts, region, ongoing, Asia, non-state, 2004, 2011, Uppsala, Conflict, Data, Program, UCDP, 2020, manage, end, armed, regional, statistics, violence, peace, disputes, militarized, interstate, internal, terrorism, insurgency, rebellion, civil, war, combat, battles, fatalities, casualties, humanitarian, crisis, intervention, resolution, diplomacy, security, governance, stability, development, aid, poverty, inequality, social, political, economic, factors Africa, warlike, continent, conflicts, 2012, ongoing, non-state, Asia, Uppsala, Conflict, Data, Program, UCDP, 2004, 2011, manage, end, 2020 Africa, warlike, continent, conflicts, 2012, ongoing, 13, non-state, 2004, 2011, 22, Uppsala, Conflict, Data, Program, UCDP, 2020, armed, regional,Asia, fifty, years, 10, hope, manage, end Africa, warlike, continent, conflicts, 2012, ongoing, non-state, 2004, 2011, Uppsala, Conflict, Data, Program, UCDP, Armed, Regional, Statistics, Management, 2020, Hope, End, Violence, Peace, Trends, Fifty, Years, Asia, Comparison, Decline, Increase, Warfare, Battles, Insurgencies, Terrorism, Civil, Wars, Internal, Strife, Regional, Stability, Security, Issues, Political, Social, Economic, Factors, Causes, Impact, Solutions, International, Intervention,
test-health-dhiacihwph-con02a	Cheaper drugs aren’t trusted by consumers  The differences in price between generic and patented drugs can be disconcerting to those wishing to buy pharmaceuticals. As with other product, logic generally follows the rule that the more expensive option is the most effective. There are reports from the USA of generic drugs causing suicidal tendencies [1] . These factors, combined with the lower levels of screening for drugs in Africa, mean that cheaper drugs are generally distrusted [2] .  [1] Childs,D. ‘Generic Drugs: Dangerous Differences?’  [2] Mercurio,B. ‘Resolving the Public Health Crisis in the Developing World: Problems and Barriers of Access to Essential Medicines’ cheaper drugs, consumer trust, generic drugs, patented drugs, price differences, pharmaceuticals, effectiveness, cost effectiveness, USA, generic drugs safety, suicidal tendencies, Africa, drug screening, public health crisis, developing world, access to medicines, essential medicines, health barriers Cheaper drugs, consumer trust, generic drugs, patented drugs, price differences, pharmaceuticals, effectiveness, cost, USA, generic drugs risks, suicidal tendencies, drug screening, Africa, public health crisis, developing world, essential medicines, access barriers cheaper drugs, consumer trust, generic drugs, patented drugs, price differences, pharmaceuticals, effectiveness, cost, safety, generic drug risks, suicidal tendencies, USA, drug screening, Africa, public health crisis, developing world, access to medicines, essential medicines, distrust, pharmaceutical trust issues, drug affordability, health economics, medication reliability cheaper drugs, consumer distrust, generic drugs, patented drugs, price differences, pharmaceuticals, effectiveness, cost, USA, suicidal tendencies, generic drugs dangers, Africa, drug screening, public health crisis, developing world, essential medicines, access barriers Cheaper drugs, consumer trust, generic drugs, patented drugs, price differences, pharmaceuticals, drug effectiveness, generic drugs risks, suicidal tendencies, drug screening, Africa, public health crisis, essential medicines, access barriers
test-international-iwiaghbss-pro01a	Moving is an imperative  It is clear that if the Seychelles wishes to remain as a sovereign nation it will have to relocate almost all of its population and it makes sense for this to be in one place so keeping the nation together. The way to do this is through purchasing land and sovereignty from another country that has land to spare. There is clearly little other choice and some of the small island states have already accepted this. Kiribati for example has already bought land from Fiji with the intent of using it as a last resort for its people. [1]  [1] Yu, Bobby, ‘The Sinking Nation of Kiribati: The Lonely Stand Against Statelessness And Displacement from Rising Oceans’, The Arizona Journal of Environmental Law & Policy, 11 January 2013, Moving, imperative, Seychelles, sovereign nation, relocate, population, nation together, purchasing land, sovereignty, another country, land to spare, small island states, Kiribati, bought land, Fiji, last resort, people, statelessness, displacement, rising oceans, environmental law, policy, Bobby Yu, The Arizona Journal of Environmental Law & Policy Moving, imperative, Seychelles, sovereign, nation, relocate, population, purchasing, land, sovereignty, small, island, states, Kiribati, Fiji, last, resort, rising, oceans, displacement, statelessness, environmental, policy, Bobby, Yu, Arizona, Journal, Environmental, Law, Policy Moving, imperative, Seychelles, sovereign nation, relocate, population, nation together, purchasing land, sovereignty, another country, land to spare, little choice, small island states, Kiribati, bought land, Fiji, last resort, people, statelessness, displacement, rising oceans Moving, Imperative, Seychelles, Sovereign, Nation, Relocate, Population, Land, Sovereignty, Purchase, Small, Island, States, Kiribati, Fiji, Last, Resort, Rising, Oceans, Statelessness, Displacement Moving, imperative, Seychelles, sovereign nation, relocate, population, unity, purchasing land, sovereignty, small island states, Kiribati, Fiji, last resort, statelessness, displacement, rising oceans, environmental policy
test-law-hrpepthwuto-con01a	Allowing torture under any circumstances will allow the prospect of its routine use  The advantage of a complete ban on torture is that it leaves no room for doubt, no possibility for confusion, no need to apply personal judgement. Under the status quo, it is simply illegal to use force or the threat of force to solicit information from a suspect, regardless of the charge.  The moment that becomes something other than a complete ban then it puts an intolerable pressure on security officials to decide when it is justified and when it is not.  The experience of Abu Grahib demonstrates how the use of abusive treatment can become routine, even trivial, all too quickly. If it is acceptable to use torture to prevent mass-murder, then why not murder? If for murder than why not rape? And so on. torture, ban, routine use, personal judgement, security officials, Abu Grahib, abusive treatment, mass-murder, murder, rape, slippery slope, ethical boundaries, legal force, suspect interrogation, policy enforcement, moral clarity, exceptional cases, human rights violations torture, ban, routine use, personal judgement, illegal force, security officials, Abu Grahib, abusive treatment, mass-murder, murder, rape torture, routine use, complete ban, personal judgement, status quo, security officials, Abu Grahib, abusive treatment, mass-murder, murder, rape torture, routine use, complete ban, personal judgement, illegal force, security officials, Abu Grahib, abusive treatment, mass-murder, murder, rape torture, routine use, complete ban, personal judgement, security officials, Abu Ghraib, abusive treatment, mass-murder, murder, rape, slippery slope, legal ambiguity, ethical boundaries
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro01a	A livelihoods approach  The livelihoods approach provides a useful model to understand how poor people live [1] ; and remains important to recognising the benefits of microfinance.  The provision of microfinance reduces vulnerability to shocks and changes such as losing a job; enhances people’s access to assets that they use and need (such as finance, friend networks, and land); and this fundamentally acts to change the lives of the poor. Microfinance provides social protection through tapping into social capital. Further, microfinance means aid is not simply provided, but the individual is taught valuable financial skills and given the means to sustain themselves for their lifetime.  [1] See further readings: IFAD, 2013. livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty, vulnerability, social protection, financial skills, sustainability, asset access, social capital, IFAD, 2013 livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty, vulnerability, shocks, job loss, asset access, social protection, social capital, financial skills, sustainability, IFAD, 2013 livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability reduction, asset access, social protection, social capital, financial skills, sustainability, IFAD 2013 livelihoods approach, poverty, microfinance, vulnerability, shocks, job loss, assets, finance, social networks, land, life change, social protection, social capital, aid, financial skills, sustainability, IFAD, 2013 livelihoods approach, poor people, microfinance, benefits, vulnerability reduction, shocks, job loss, asset access, finance, social networks, land, life change, social protection, social capital, aid, financial skills, sustainability, IFAD, 2013
test-international-ghwcitca-pro04a	A cyber treaty benefits everyone  A treaty that bans, or sharply curtails cyber-attacks would benefit every state. Even those who may currently benefit from cyber espionage would be better off signing up to the treaty.  First most cyber-attacks are not carried out by the state even in countries like China where the state is using the internet as an offensive tool. In its annual report to congress the Department of Defence stated some cyber-attacks “appear to be attributable directly to the Chinese government and military” but this does not sound like a majority. [1]  Secondly no state wants a risk of conflict as a result of an unregulated new field of potential conflict. Or even to risk relations with other nations; cyber-attacks in large part go on because they are cost free.  And finally all nations are the victims of cyber-attacks. The United States has repeatedly condemned cyber-attacks against it but China also claims that it is the victim of cyber-attacks. China’s Minister of National Defense General Chang Wanquan says “China is one of the primary victims of hacker attacks in the world.” [2] Having a treaty against cyber attacks would not only make business easier for all countries but it would build up trust between nations where it is currently being eroded.  [1] Office of the Secretary of Defense, ‘Annual; Report to Congress Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2013’, Department of Defense,  p.36  [2] Brook, Tom Vanden, ‘Cyber attack? What cyber attack?’, USA Today, 19 August 2013, cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, state benefits, cyber espionage, unregulated conflict, risk of conflict, cyber-attacks cost, nation victims, business ease, international trust, hacker attacks, military security, cyber defense, China cyber, US cyber policy cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, state benefit, cyber espionage, unregulated conflict, risk of conflict, cost-free cyber-attacks, victims of cyber-attacks, USA, China, hacker attacks, trust between nations, international relations, cyber security, military developments, Department of Defense, cybersecurity policy, international cybersecurity, cyber warfare, cyber defense, cyber espionage regulation cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, state benefits, cyber espionage, unregulated conflict, risk of conflict, cyber-attack victims, international trust, business ease, hacker attacks, China, United States, Defense Department, cyber security, international relations, treaty enforcement, cyber warfare, cyber defense, state-sponsored attacks, non-state actors, cyber Espionage Treaty, global cyber threat, cyber peace, digital warfare, cyber agreements, international cybersecurity, digital conflict, cyber threats, cyber security policy, cyber diplomacy, cyber security cooperation, cybercrime prevention, cyber conflict regulation, cyber attack mitigation, international cyber norms, cyber security governance, cyber safety, cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, state, cyber espionage, Department of Defence, China, internet, offensive tool, conflict, unregulated field, risk relations, nations, victims, hacker attacks, trust, business, military security, People's Republic of China, USA Today, cyber attack, Tom Vanden Brook, General Chang Wanquan, Minister of National Defense, annual report, congress, Military and Security Developments cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, state benefits, cyber espionage, unregulated conflict, risk of conflict, cost-free attacks, nations as victims, international trust, business ease, hacker attacks, military security, cyber diplomacy, global cybersecurity, state-sponsored attacks, attack prevention, cyber relations, cyber defense, international agreements, digital warfare
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro02a	It’s in the interests of employees  It’s in the interests of the HIV positive employee. Right now, although in many countries it is illegal to fire someone for having HIV [1] prejudiced employers can claim that they didn’t know their employer had HIV when they fired him, so they must have been acting on other grounds. The employee then has to try and prove that they did know, which can be very hard. Furthermore, once informed the employer can reasonably be expected to display a minimum level of understanding and compassion to the employee.  [1] Civil Rights Division, Ouestions and Answers: The Americans with Disabilities Act and Persons with HIV/AIDS’, U.S. Department of Justice, employees, HIV, positive, prejudiced, employers, illegal, fire, ADA, Americans with Disabilities Act, HIV/AIDS, compassion, understanding, proof, discrimination, civil rights, justice, department, protection, workplace rights employees, HIV, positive, illegal, fire, prejudiced, employers, claim, unknowing, discrimination, proof, challenge, compassion, understanding, civil, rights, ADA, AIDS, justice, department, legal, protection, workplace, health, status, confidentiality, prejudice, law, employment, rights, America, discrimination, act, persons, disability employees, HIV, positive, illegal, fire, prejudiced, employers, claim, knowledge, grounds, prove, hard, informed, expected, understanding, compassion, Civil Rights Division, Americans with Disabilities Act, HIV/AIDS, U.S. Department of Justice employees, HIV, positive, illegal, fire, prejudiced, employers, claim, know, fired, act, grounds, prove, informed, display, understanding, compassion, Civil Rights Division, Americans with Disabilities Act, persons, HIV/AIDS, U.S. Department of Justice HIV, employee rights, discrimination, employment law, ADA, Americans with Disabilities Act, HIV-positive, workplace discrimination, employment termination, legal protection, civil rights, prejudice, compassion, understanding
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-pro01a	Not censoring its search results is a victory for human rights  The problem with Google censoring its results, is that in doing so, it is complicit in China’s repression of free speech: it adapts its own search engine to display only the results the Chinese government wants, thereby limiting its citizens’ basic human right to free access to information (a corollary to free speech). By avoiding this complicity, Google is taking a bold, praiseworthy step towards enhancing respect for human rights in China and with it, Google can set an important example for other businesses with dealings in China. [1]  [1] Human Rights Watch, ‘China: Google Challenges Censorship’, January 12, 2010. URL: Google, censorship, human rights, China, free speech, information access, corporate responsibility, Human Rights Watch, internet freedom, business ethics, search results, government control, digital rights, international law, technology companies, free expression, online censorship, technological autonomy, user rights Google, censorship, human rights, China, free speech, information access, corporate responsibility, business ethics, international relations, technology policy Google, censorship, China, free speech, human rights, information access, business ethics, corporate responsibility, human rights watch, digital rights, internet freedom Google, censoring, search results, human rights, China, free speech, repression, information access, business ethics, Human Rights Watch, censorship challenge, corporate responsibility Google, censorship, China, human rights, free speech, information access, business ethics, corporate responsibility, internet freedom, search results, complicity, repression, Human Rights Watch, example setting, corporate stance
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro02a	Reparations would be a step towards closing colonial scars.  It is difficult for former colonies to feel as if they can move on and develop a wholly independent identity when their ties to the past, and to their former colonisers, have not been definitively ended. For example, while it is important to remember those who suffered under slavery, the overwhelming memory of it [1] overpowers the history of those countries and innately links them back to former colonial powers. Furthermore, many of the problems now faced by former colonies can be traced back to the actions of colonial-era masters, for example the birth of ethnic tensions between minorities in Rwanda [2] and Burundi [3] . In order to move on from that damaging legacy, and to conclusively prove that such prejudices are always wrong, it is necessary for former colonial powers to show a tangible move towards closing that colonial chapter of their history. In this way they can begin to move towards a fresh, equal and co-operative relationship with the developing countries which were their former colonies, without the background of history which currently warps such relationships. Italy’s payment of reparations to Libya [4] allowed Libya to ‘mend fences with the West’ [5] and to improve international relationships. This is a step to recognise developing countries as a nation, rather than an economic opportunity. In this way, reparations would be an effective way of demonstrating a global community and spirit.  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [3] Accessed from  on 12/09/11.  [4] Time. ‘Italy Pays Reparations to Libya’. Published 02/09/2008. Accessed from  on 12/09/11.  [5] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 Reparations, colonial scars, former colonies, independent identity, ties to past, colonial powers, slavery, history, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, colonial legacy, prejudices, colonial chapter, co-operative relationship, developing countries, Italy, Libya, mending fences, international relationships, global community, spirit, economic opportunity Reparations, colonial, scars, independence, identity, slavery, history, ethnic, tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, legacy, prejudices, former, colonial, powers, co-operative, relationships, Italy, Libya, fences, international, community, nation, economic, opportunity, global, spirit Reparations, colonial scars, identity development, former colonies, colonial ties, historical memory, slavery, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, colonial legacy, prejudices, colonial powers, co-operative relationships, Libya, Italy, reparations payment, international relationships, economic opportunity, global community, spirit Reparations, colonial scars, former colonies, independent identity, colonial ties, slavery, historical memory, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, colonial legacy, prejudices, colonial powers, co-operative relationship, Italy, Libya, international relationships, global community, economic opportunity, developing countries reparations, colonial, scars, independence, identity, ties, past, former, colonisers, slavery, history, ethnic, tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, legacy, prejudices, colonial-era, masters, chapter, co-operative, relationship, Italy, Libya, fences, international, nation, economic, opportunity, community, spirit
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro03a	Research can be done effectively without experimenting on living creature  As experimenting on animals is immoral we should stop using animals for experiments. But apart from it being morally wrong practically we will never know how much we will be able to advance without animal experimentation if we never stop experimenting on animals. Animal research has been the historical gold standard, and in the case of some chemical screening tests, was for many years, by many western states, required by law before a compound could be released on sale. Science and technology has moved faster than research protocols however, and so there is no longer a need for animals to be experimented on. We now know the chemical properties of most substances, and powerful computers allow us to predict the outcome of chemical interactions. Experimenting on live tissue culture also allows us to gain insight as to how living cells react when exposed to different substances, with no animals required. Even human skin leftover from operations provides an effective medium for experimentation, and being human, provides a more reliable guide to the likely impact on a human subject. The previous necessity of the use of animals is no longer a good excuse for continued use of animals for research. We would still retain all the benefits that previous animal research has brought us but should not engage in any more. Thus modern research has no excuse for using animals. [1]  [1] PETA. 2011. Alternatives: Testing Without Torture. animal experimentation, moral implications, ethical research, scientific advancement, chemical screening, legal requirements, research protocols, computer modeling, tissue culture, human skin samples, alternative testing methods, PETA, animal rights, research ethics, non-animal research, chemical properties, human-relevant models, historical context, scientific progress, moral wrong, practical alternatives, animal testing, laboratory animals, cruelty-free research, in vitro testing, humane science, animal welfare, ethical science, advanced technology, research without animals, scientific alternatives, moral objections, animal-free research, humane research practices, ethical testing, technological advancements, animal experimentation ban, scientific reasoning, ethical considerations animal experimentation, ethical research, morality in science, alternative testing methods, in vitro testing, computer modeling, tissue culture, human skin samples, chemical properties, scientific advancement, research protocols, PETA, animal rights, cruelty-free testing, moral obligations, scientific progress, legal requirements, historical context, research ethics, non-animal alternatives animal experimentation, moral concerns, ethical alternatives, scientific advancement, chemical screening, legal requirements, research protocols, computer modeling, live tissue culture, human skin, animal research, PETA, testing methods, torture-free testing, modern science, animal rights, research ethics, historical practices, chemical properties, substance testing animal experimentation, moral concerns, research alternatives, animal testing, ethics, scientific progress, chemical screening, computational models, tissue culture, human skin testing, animal rights, PETA, research protocols, historical practices, chemical interactions, substance testing, non-animal methods, animal-free research, scientific advancement, human-relevant testing animal experimentation, ethical concerns, alternatives to animal testing, moral implications, scientific progress, research protocols, chemical screening tests, legal requirements, technological advancements, substance properties, computer modeling, live tissue culture, human skin, operational leftovers, reliable testing, historical context, continued use justification, previous research benefits, modern research practices, non-animal methods, PETA, testing without torture
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro03a	It will cause more people to become interested in politics  Compulsory voting increases the number of people who cast their vote 1. People who know they will have to vote will take politics more seriously and start to take a more active role. Compulsory voting will potentially encourage voters to research the candidates' political positions more thoroughly. This may force candidates to be more open and transparent about their positions on many complex and controversial issues. Citizens will be willing to inform themselves even about unpopular policies and burning issues that need to be tackled. Better-informed voters will, therefore, oppose a plan that is unrealistic or would present an unnecessary budget-drain. This means that such a system could produce better political decisions that are not contradicting each other, quite upon the contrary.  1 Peter Tucker, The median Australian voter and the values that influence their vote choice presented by the author at the 3rd European Consortium for Political Research Conference in Budapest, September 10, 2005. compulsory voting, political interest, voter turnout, political engagement, informed voters, political transparency, candidate scrutiny, policy awareness, budget considerations, political decision-making, median voter, Australian politics, ECPR conference, Peter Tucker compulsory voting, political interest, voter engagement, political transparency, candidate positions, informed voters, budget concerns, political decisions, median voter, political values, ECPR conference, Peter Tucker compulsory voting, political engagement, voter turnout, political transparency, candidate accountability, informed voters, political decision-making, budget management, European Consortium for Political Research, median voter theory, Australian politics, political values, vote choice, political participation, election quality, civic duty, political apathy, democratic enhancement, voter education, policy scrutiny compulsory voting, voter turnout, political engagement, informed voters, candidate transparency, political decisions, budget management, voter research, political positions, unpopular policies, Peter Tucker, Australian voter, ECPR Conference, Budapest 2005 compulsory voting, political engagement, voter turnout, informed voters, political transparency, candidate accountability, unpopular policies, budget management, political decision-making, median voter, political values, ECPR conference, Peter Tucker
test-health-hdond-pro04a	People ought to donate their organs anyway  Organ donation, in all its forms, saves lives. More to the point, it saves lives with almost no loss to the donor. One obviously has no material need for one’s organs after death, and thus it does not meaningfully inhibit bodily integrity to incentivize people to give up their organs at this time. If one is registered as an organ donor, every attempt is still made to save their life {Organ Donation FAQ}. The state is always more justified in demanding beneficial acts of citizens if the cost to the citizen is minimal. This is why the state can demand that people wear seatbelts, but cannot conscript citizens for use as research subjects. Because there is no good reason not to become an organ donor, the state ought to do everything in its power to ensure that people do so. organ donation, saves lives, no loss to donor, post-death organs, bodily integrity, incentivize donation, state authority, minimal cost, beneficial acts, citizen duty, seatbelt laws, conscription, research subjects, become donor, state power, ensure donation organ donation, saves lives, no loss to donor, post-death donation, bodily integrity, incentivize donation, state justification, minimal cost, seatbelt analogy, no reason to refuse, state encouragement, donation registration, life-saving, ethical argument, public policy, donation advocacy organ donation, saves lives, minimal loss, donor, post-death, bodily integrity, state justification, beneficial acts, minimal cost, seatbelt, conscription, research subjects, ensure organ donation organ donation, saves lives, minimal loss, donor, post-death, bodily integrity, incentive, life-saving, state intervention, beneficial acts, minimal cost, seatbelt law, conscription, research subjects, public policy, ethical obligation, organ donor registration organ donation, saves lives, minimal loss, donor, death, bodily integrity, incentivize, registered, save life, state justification, beneficial acts, minimal cost, seatbelts, conscription, research subjects, ensure donation
test-politics-cpegiepgh-pro01a	"Britain will lose economically if she stays out of the Euro over the long term.  Joining the European single currency (the Euro) may appear unfavourable to Britain, but the negative effect of not joining would be more unfavourable. As explained by Anthony Browne in The Euro: Should Britain join?, ""Euroland businesses are now…able to raise money for investment across the entire single currency zone, making it easier and cheaper. British companies, on the other hand, are still largely constrained to drumming up money from within Britain if they want to expand.”1Eurozone businesses find it easy to raise money, for they are spared currency conversion charges. The carmaker Nissan has previously told the British government that eliminating exchange rate risk by siting production in the same currency zone as its sales market will be its preferred option’2.  1Browne, A., ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"", Page 89  2Morgan, O. ""Nissan tells Blair 'join Euro'"", 27 May 2011, The Guardian Britain, Euro, economic impact, long-term effects, European single currency, joining Euro, negative consequences, investment, currency zone, British companies, Eurozone businesses, currency conversion charges, Nissan, exchange rate risk, production, currency zone, sales market, Anthony Browne, The Euro: Should Britain join, Morgan, The Guardian Britain, Euro, economic impact, long-term effects, European single currency, joining Euro, negative effects, non-participation, Anthony Browne, The Euro: Should Britain Join, investment, currency zone, British companies, Eurozone businesses, currency conversion, Nissan, exchange rate risk, car manufacturing, Oliver Morgan, The Guardian Britain, Euro, economic impact, Eurozone, currency conversion, investment, British companies, Nissan, exchange rate risk, European single currency, Anthony Browne, The Euro: Should Britain join, financial constraints, long-term consequences, business expansion, Morgan, The Guardian Britain, Euro, economic impact, Eurozone, currency conversion, investment, British companies, Nissan, exchange rate risk, economic benefits, Euro adoption, single currency, financial constraints, business expansion, economic disadvantages, long-term economy, European single currency, investment opportunities, currency zone, economic有利因素, economic不利因素, Euro integration Britain, Euro, economic impact, Eurozone, currency conversion, investment, British companies, Nissan, exchange rate risk, European single currency, Anthony Browne, The Euro: Should Britain join, long-term effects, financial constraints, business expansion, investment ease, market preference, currency zone, The Guardian, O Morgan, 27 May 2011"
test-environment-assgbatj-con04a	Animal research is only used when it’s needed  EU member states and the US have laws to stop animals being used for research if there is any alternative. The 3Rs principles are commonly used. Animal testing is being Refined for better results and less suffering, Replaced, and Reduced in terms of the number of animals used. This means that less animals have to suffer, and the research is better. Animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, refined testing, animal suffering, reduced animal use, better research outcomes, alternatives to animal testing animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, refined animal testing, replaced animal testing, reduced animal testing, animal welfare, scientific research, ethical considerations, laboratory animals, alternative methods, minimization of suffering, regulatory compliance, humane treatment, animal experimentation, research ethics, veterinary science, biomedical research, animal models, non-animal models, in vitro testing, computational models, ethical review, animal testing regulations, public concern, scientific advancement, animal protection, laboratory ethics, research methodologies, animal testing reduction, animal testing refinement, animal testing replacement, animal suffering, scientific integrity, animal rights, research alternatives, animal welfare animal research, EU member states, US laws, alternative methods, 3Rs principles, refined testing, reduced animal use, better research results, less animal suffering Animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, animal testing, refined results, reduced suffering, replaced methods, reduced numbers, ethical research practices animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, refined results, reduced suffering, replaced methods, reduced animal use, better research outcomes
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con01a	The graduate response policy constitutes an invasion of privacy by the state  Graduated response would require huge amounts of monitoring and logging of all internet traffic using technical systems called ‘deep packet inspection’ (DPI) equipment. This means that a computer program will look in close detail at all of the information someone sends over the internet in order to check whether it violates some protocol, for example a ‘fingerprint’ of copyrighted data that the content creator put in.  This means a copyright holder, or a third party paid by the copyright holder to monitor internet traffic, suddenly has access to everything every consumer sends over the internet. This is a massive violation of privacy. Given the fact that advertising companies are already using DPI illegitimately for targeted advertising, it is obvious that content companies will also feel tempted to ‘do more’ with all that data they suddenly have access to. [1]  [1] Angela Daly, ‘The Legality of Deep Packet Inspection’, 2010. Presented at the First Interdisciplinary Workshop on Communications Policy and Regulation 'Communications and Competition Law and Policy – Challenges of the New Decade', University of Glasgow 17 June 2010. URL for download: graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state monitoring, internet traffic, deep packet inspection, DPI equipment, copyright violation, fingerprint, content creator, copyright holder, third party, consumer data, massive violation, privacy, advertising companies, targeted advertising, content companies, data access, legality, Angela Daly, Communications Policy, University of Glasgow graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state monitoring, deep packet inspection, DPI, internet traffic, monitoring, logging, copyright violation, fingerprint, content creator, consumer privacy, advertising companies, targeted advertising, data access, Angela Daly, legality of DPI, communications policy, regulation, University of Glasgow, workshop, competition law, policy challenges graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state surveillance, deep packet inspection, DPI, internet traffic monitoring, copyright violation, data privacy, targeted advertising, content companies, data access, Angela Daly, legality of DPI, communications policy, privacy violation, consumer privacy, internet privacy, digital rights, cybersecurity, network monitoring graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state monitoring, deep packet inspection, DPI equipment, internet traffic, copyrighted data, fingerprint, copyright holder, third party monitoring, consumer privacy, massive violation, advertising companies, targeted advertising, content companies, data access, legality of DPI, communications policy, regulation workshop, University of Glasgow, Angela Daly graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state monitoring, deep packet inspection, DPI, internet traffic, logging, copyrighted data, protocol violation, copyright holder, third party monitoring, consumer privacy, targeted advertising, data access, Angela Daly, legality of DPI, Communications Policy, University of Glasgow
test-international-glilpdwhsn-pro02a	"The New START treaty will help against Iran’s nuclear program.  New START will help bolster US-Russian cooperation, which is necessary for solving the problem of Iran’s nuclear proliferation. On Nov. 19, 2010, the Anti-Defamation League released a statement, which came from Robert G. Sugarman, ADL National Chair, and Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director: ""The severe damage that could be inflicted on that relationship by failing to ratify the treaty would inevitably hamper effective American international leadership to stop the Iranian nuclear weapons program. The Iranian nuclear threat is the most serious national security issue facing the United States, Israel, and other allies in the Middle East. While some Senators may have legitimate reservations about the New START treaty or its protocol, we believe the interest of our greater and common goal of preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons must take precedence."" [1] New START is crucial in getting Russian support against Iran and other rogue nuclear states.  Although the United States needs a strong and reliable nuclear force, the chief nuclear danger today comes not from Russia but from rogue states such as Iran and North Korea and the potential for nuclear material to fall into the hands of terrorists. Given those pressing dangers, some question why an arms control treaty with Russia matters. It matters because it is in both parties' interest that there be transparency and stability in their strategic nuclear relationship. It also matters because Russia's cooperation will be needed if we are to make progress in rolling back the Iranian and North Korean programs. Russian help will be needed to continue our work to secure ""loose nukes"" in Russia and elsewhere. And Russian assistance is needed to improve the situation in Afghanistan, a breeding ground for international terrorism.  Obviously, the United States does not sign arms control agreements just to make friends. Any treaty must be considered on its merits. But the New START agreement is clearly in the US’ national interest, and the ramifications of not ratifying it could be significantly negative. [2] As US Vice President Joe Biden argued in 2010: ""New Start is also a cornerstone of our efforts to reset relations with Russia, which have improved significantly in the last two years. This has led to real benefits for U.S. and global security. Russian cooperation made it possible to secure strong sanctions against Iran over its nuclear ambitions, and Russia canceled a sale to Iran of an advanced anti-aircraft missile system that would have been dangerously destabilizing. Russia has permitted the flow of materiel through its territory for our troops in Afghanistan. And—as the NATO-Russia Council in Lisbon demonstrated—European security has been advanced by the pursuit of a more cooperative relationship with Russia. We should not jeopardize this progress."" [3] Therefore, because New START will have significant positive consequences in terms of aiding relations with Russia, and thus in dealing with rogue nuclear states like Iran, it should be supported.  [1] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010.   [2] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010.   [3] Biden, Joseph. ""The case for ratifying New START"". Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2010. New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, Iranian nuclear threat, national security, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear weapons, terrorists, transparency, stability, strategic nuclear relationship, Russia, Afghanistant, international terrorism, loose nukes, arms control, treaty ratification, US national interest, Joe Biden, reset relations, global security, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Republican support, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, treaty ratification, Iranian nuclear threat, national security, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear weapons, terrorists, arms control, transparency, stability, strategic nuclear relationship, securing loose nukes, international terrorism, national interest, Joe Biden, reset relations, Russia, sanctions, anti-aircraft missile, NATO-Russia Council, European security New START treaty, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, nuclear proliferation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, treaty ratification, international leadership, national security, Israel, Middle East, Senate reservations, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear terrorism, strategic nuclear relationship, transparency, stability, sanctions, anti-aircraft missile, Afghanistan, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Jewish issue, Republican support, Joseph Biden, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, ratification, Iranian threat, national security, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear material, terrorists, transparency, stability, strategic nuclear relationship, loose nukes, Afghanistan, international terrorism, arms control, Joe Biden, reset relations, sanctions, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Republican support, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, treaty merits, international leadership, nuclear weapons, Russian assistance, materiel New START treaty, Iran nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, Iranian nuclear threat, rogue states, nuclear proliferation, Russian support, arms control, strategic nuclear relationship, transparency, stability, national security, non-proliferation, terrorism, loose nukes, Afghanistan, international security, Joe Biden, reset relations, sanctions, NATO-Russia Council, global security, Republican support, US Senate, treaty ratification, international leadership, nuclear weapons, North Korea, advanced anti-aircraft missile system, materiel flow, European security, cooperative relationship, Jewish issue"
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-pro01a	"South Ossetia has a right to self-determination  The 1993 Vienna Declaration, which reaffirmed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Charter (and so sets the standard in current international law), unequivocally gives all peoples the right to self-determination: ""All people have the right to self-determination. Owing to this right they freely establish their political status and freely provide their economic, social and cultural development...World Conference on Human Rights considers refusal of the right to self-determination as a violation of human rights and emphasizes the necessity of effective realization of this right"". [1]  By this measure, South Ossetia has the right to self-determination (by democratic processes), and any suppression of that right should be seen as a human rights violation. In 2006, South Ossetia held a referendum that found over 99% of its population of over 100,000 desire independence from Georgia. 95% of the population turned out to vote. The referendum was monitored by a team of 34 international observers. [2] These facts are the core of the case for South Ossetian independence. It demonstrates that South Ossetians are entirely unified and enthusiastic in their desire for independence. The strength and unity of these calls for independence are almost unprecedented and cannot be ignored by the international community. And, certainly, the percentage of a population that desires independence is of relevance to assessing the legitimacy of the call and a country's right to self-determination. By this standard, South Ossetia's right to self-determination is highly legitimate.  [1] United Nations World Conference on Human Rights. “VIENNA DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION”. United Nations. 14-25 June 1993.   [2] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006. South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, World Conference on Human Rights, human rights violation, independence referendum, international observers, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, democratic processes, 2006 referendum, Georgia, population turnout, international law, legitimacy, political unity South Ossetia, right to self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, World Conference on Human Rights, human rights violation, independence referendum, international observers, Georgia, democratic processes, economic development, social development, cultural development, political status, international law, legitimacy, population desire, unprecedented unity South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, human rights, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, World Conference on Human Rights, human rights violation, referendum, independence, Georgia, international observers, population, legitimacy, BBC News South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, right to self-determination, World Conference on Human Rights, human rights violation, 2006 referendum, independence, Georgia, international observers, BBC News, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, population turnout, legitimacy, international community, democratic processes, political unity South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, UN Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Conference on Human Rights, human rights, independence, referendum, Georgia, international observers, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, democratic processes, human rights violation, population, turnout, international community, legitimacy, UN, BBC News, 1993, 2006"
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro02a	Small is beautiful: community empowerment  Microfinance is empowering the communities that are using it - showing in development, small is beautiful. Communities are empowered to change their conditions. For example taking the case of savings - microfinance allows for savings. Half of the adults that saved in Sub-Saharan Africa, during 2013, used an informal, community-based approach (CARE, 2014). First, having savings reduces household risk. CARE is one of many organisations working in innovations for microfinance. At CARE savings have been mobilised across Africa by working with Village Savings and Loans Associations. Overtime, CARE has targeted over 30,000,000 poor people in Africa, to provide necessary finance. Savings ensures households have financial capital, can invest resources in education, health, and the future. Savings is security in livelihoods.  Second, microfinance is providing key skills. Oxfam’s Savings for Change Initiative provides training on savings, and lending, to women in communities in Senegal and Mali. Evidence from Mali indicates startup capital provided has ensured better food security, women’s empowerment in the financial decision-making of households, and crucially, a sense of community bond among the women (Oxfam, 2013). Gender based violence within households may also be reduced [1] .  [1] See further readings: Kim et al, 2007. community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, financial capital, education, health, livelihood security, Village Savings and Loans Associations, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women empowerment, financial decision-making, community bond, gender-based violence reduction community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial capital, education, health, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women empowerment, food security, gender based violence, community bond, startup capital, Mali, Senegal small is beautiful, community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, financial capital, education, health, livelihood security, skills training, women empowerment, financial decision-making, community bond, gender-based violence, Oxfam, Savings for Change, Mali, Senegal, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, startup capital, food security Small is beautiful, community empowerment, microfinance, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, Senegal, Mali, financial capital, education, health, women's empowerment, gender-based violence, financial decision-making, community bond, household risk reduction, startup capital, food security small is beautiful, community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial capital, education, health, livelihood security, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women empowerment, food security, gender-based violence, financial decision-making, community bond
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con01a	War is in human nature  War and conflict between groups is in human nature. As Hobbes famously wrote “the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short… Nature should thus dissociate and render men apt to invade and destroy one another”. [1] Although the motives have changed, conflict has been a constant throughout human history. The first militaries were created around 2700 BC but conflict between societies almost certainly occurred before this. [2] Pledging to end all war is high minded, but it is unlikely to actually succeed in overturning human nature.  [1] Hobbes, Thomas, ‘Chapter XIII of the Natural Condition of Mankind as concerning their felicity and misery’, Leviathan,   [2] Gabriel, Richard A., and Metz, Karen S., A Short History of War, 1992, war, human nature, conflict, groups, Hobbes, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short, nature, dissociate, render, invade, destroy, motives, history, militaries, societies, end war, unlikely, succeed, overturn, human behavior, Leviathan, Richard A. Gabriel, Karen S. Metz, A Short History of War War, human nature, conflict, groups, Hobbes, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short, life, man, nature, dissociate, men, invade, destroy, motives, history, militaries, societies, Pledging, end, high minded, unlikely, succeed, overturning, Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Richard A. Gabriel, Karen S. Metz, A Short History of War, 1992 War, human nature, conflict, groups, Hobbes, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short, invade, destroy, history, militaries, societies, end all war, unlikely, succeed, human behavior, aggression, Leviathan, Richard A. Gabriel, Karen S. Metz, A Short History of War War, human nature, conflict, groups, Hobbes, Leviathan, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short, nature, dissociate, men, invade, destroy, motives, human history, militaries, 2700 BC, societies, end war, unlikely, succeed, human nature, Richard A. Gabriel, Karen S. Metz, A Short History of War, 1992 War, Conflict, Human Nature, Hobbes, Leviathan, Solomon, Poor, Nasty, Brutish, Short, Militaries, Societies, History, Pledging, End, Unlikely, Overturn, Richard A. Gabriel, Karen S. Metz, A Short History of War
test-health-dhiacihwph-con03a	Most vital drugs are already generic  Many drugs which are used in the treatment of HIV, malaria and cancer are already generic drugs which are produced in their millions [1] . This removes the necessity to provide further high quality generic drugs as there is already an easily accessible source of pharmaceuticals. Effective treatments for Malaria, in conjunction with prevention methods, have resulted in a 33% decrease in African deaths from the disease since 2000 [2] . The drugs responsible for this have been readily available to Africa, demonstrating a lack of any further need to produce pharmaceuticals for the continent.  [1] Taylor,D. ‘Generic-drug “solution” for Africa not needed’  [2] World Health Organisation ’10 facts on malaria’, March 2013 vital drugs, generic, HIV, malaria, cancer, pharmaceuticals, Africa, treatment, prevention, death rate, availability, production, World Health Organisation, Taylor generic drugs, HIV, malaria, cancer, pharmaceuticals, Africa, treatment, prevention, mortality reduction, drug availability, World Health Organisation, Taylor Vital drugs, generic drugs, HIV treatment, malaria treatment, cancer treatment, drug production, pharmaceutical accessibility, Malaria prevention, African health statistics, World Health Organisation, pharmaceutical needs, drug availability, health improvement, disease reduction generic drugs, HIV treatment, malaria treatment, cancer treatment, pharmaceutical production, accessible pharmaceuticals, malaria prevention, African deaths, effective treatments, WHO facts, drug availability, pharmaceutical needs, Africa, health statistics vital drugs, generic drugs, HIV treatment, malaria treatment, cancer treatment, pharmaceutical production, accessible pharmaceuticals, malaria prevention, African deaths, malaria decrease, drug availability, pharmaceutical needs, Africa, World Health Organisation, generic drug solution
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro01a	Animals have a right not to be harmed  The differences between us and other vertebrates are a matter of degree rather than kind. [1] Not only do they closely resemble us anatomically and physiologically, but so too do they behave in ways which seem to convey meaning. They recoil from pain, appear to express fear of a tormentor, and appear to take pleasure in activities; a point clear to anyone who has observed the behaviour of a pet dog on hearing the word “walk”. Our reasons for believing that our fellow humans are capable of experiencing feelings like ourselves can surely only be that they resemble us both in appearance and behaviour (we cannot read their minds). Thus any animal sharing our anatomical, physiological, and behavioural characteristics is surely likely to have feelings like us. If we accept as true for sake of argument, that all humans have a right not to be harmed, simply by virtue of existing as a being of moral worth, then we must ask what makes animals so different. If animals can feel what we feel, and suffer as we suffer, then to discriminate merely on the arbitrary difference of belonging to a different species, is analogous to discriminating on the basis of any other morally arbitrary characteristic, such as race or sex. If sexual and racial moral discrimination is wrong, then so too is specieism. [2]  [1] Clark, S., The Nature of the Beast: are animals moral?, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1982)  [2] Singer, P., “All Animals are Equal”, in La Follette (ed.), Ethics in Practice, (Malden, Mass; Oxford : Blackwell Pub, 2007) animal rights, harm, vertebrates, anatomical resemblance, physiological resemblance, behavioral characteristics, pain, fear, pleasure, pet behavior, moral worth, human rights, species discrimination, specieism, sexual discrimination, racial discrimination, moral arbitrary characteristic, Peter Singer, Stephen Clark, ethics, moral philosophy, animal ethics, animal suffering, equality, moral consideration animal rights, moral worth, vertebrates, anatomical resemblance, physiological resemblance, behavioral characteristics, pain, fear, pleasure, pet behavior, human likeness, feelings, discrimination, species, specieism, sexual discrimination, racial discrimination, moral arbitrariness, Peter Singer, Stephen Clark animal rights, moral worth, vertebrates, anatomical resemblance, physiological resemblance, behavioral characteristics, pain, fear, pleasure, pet behavior, human resemblance, feelings, moral discrimination, specieism, racial discrimination, sexual discrimination, Peter Singer, Stephen Clark, ethics, moral philosophy animal rights, moral worth, vertebrates, anatomical similarity, physiological similarity, behavior, pain, fear, pleasure, pet dog, humans, feelings, specieism, moral discrimination, race, sex, Peter Singer, Stephen Clark, ethics, moral consideration, animal suffering, equality, moral philosophy, sentient beings, speciesism animal rights, harm, vertebrates, anatomy, physiology, behavior, pain, fear, pleasure, pet dog, human resemblance, feelings, moral worth, species discrimination, specieism, racial discrimination, sexual discrimination, Peter Singer, Stephen Clark, ethics, moral consideration, animal equality
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con04a	Boycotts did not take place for the 2008 Olympics despite the far worst human rights background  It would be hypocritical for European leaders to boycott the Euro 2012 finals because of Ukraine’s recent human rights record. It an absurd overreaction when the focus is on the poor treatment of one woman, Timoshenko. Countries with poor human rights records have hosted major sporting events before without there being boycotts. President Bush was urged by some in the US such as former president Clinton to boycott the Beijing Olympics and only a few countries boycotted on human rights grounds. This was despite China having a considerably worse human rights record than Ukraine and engaged in a violent crackdown in Tibet in the run up to the games. [1] Similarly Russia will be hosting the next Winter Olympics in 2014 should leaders essentially commit to boycotting these games too?  [1] ‘Bush will attend opening of Beijing Olympics’ CNN, 3 July 2008. boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, European leaders, Euro 2012, Ukraine, Timoshenko, major sporting events, President Bush, Beijing Olympics, China, Tibet, Russia, Winter Olympics, 2014, hypocritical, overreaction, poor human rights records, sporting event boycotts, international relations, political pressures, athlete participation, sporting diplomacy, global events, human rights violations, international sports, political protests, sports and politics, Olympic Games, sports boycotts, diplomatic gestures, human rights concerns, sporting event controversies, international sports events, political boycotts, sporting event boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, European leaders, Euro 2012, Ukraine, Timoshenko, major sporting events, President Bush, Beijing Olympics, China, Tibet, Russia, Winter Olympics 2014, hypocritical, poor human rights record, focus, overreaction, countries, hosting, sporting events, boycotts, Clinton, US, countries boycotted, human rights grounds, violent crackdown, commitment, games Boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, European leaders, Euro 2012, Ukraine, Timoshenko, major sporting events, President Bush, Beijing Olympics, China, Tibet, Russia, Winter Olympics 2014, hypocritical, poor human rights records, overreaction, Clinton, CNN Boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, Euro 2012, Ukraine, Timoshenko, sporting events, President Bush, Beijing Olympics, China, Tibet, Russia, Winter Olympics, hypocritical, overreaction, major events, leaders, attendance, poor human rights, crackdown, international response, sports diplomacy, political stance, event hosting, global scrutiny, athlete participation, government criticism, spectator engagement, media coverage, diplomatic relations, historical context, ethical considerations, public opinion, policy-making, boycott effectiveness, sports and politics, international relations, human rights advocacy, event boycotts, sporting diplomacy, global Boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, European leaders, Euro 2012, Ukraine, Timoshenko, major sporting events, President Bush, Beijing Olympics, China, Tibet, Russia, Winter Olympics, 2014, hypocritical, overreaction, poor human rights records, sports diplomacy, political protests, international events, diplomatic relations, athlete participation, spectator engagement, media coverage, global scrutiny, historical context, political leverage, ethical considerations, corporate sponsorship, economic impact, cultural exchange, international law, civil liberties, freedom of expression, governmental accountability, human rights advocacy, sports governance,
test-education-usuprmhbu-pro03a	Affirmative action reduces social prejudice  Past discrimination lingers on in society through subtle prejudice that must be righted.  Past discrimination against particular groups lingers today through the perception of those groups and how they perceive themselves. By using affirmative action, a demonstration effect is created where individuals are previously discriminated groups prove to society and other members of their racial or gender group that they are capable of gaining power and functioning in the same positions of power, responsibility and success as those of other groups in society.  This challenges society’s perception of these groups as the poor people in society and proves to them that the individuals of this race/gender are equally capable and deserving members of society and can and should function in the same positions of society as them. affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, subtle prejudice, perception, racial groups, gender groups, demonstration effect, power, responsibility, success, society's perception, equality, deserving members, positions in society affirmative action, reduces social prejudice, past discrimination, subtle prejudice, righting wrongs, perception of groups, self-perception, demonstration effect, proving capabilities, societal perception, racial equality, gender equality, positions of power, responsibility, success, deserving members of society, challenging stereotypes affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, lingering prejudice, perception, racial groups, gender groups, demonstration effect, positions of power, responsibility, success, societal perception, equality, deserving members, society, reduction of prejudice, challenging perceptions, capable individuals affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, subtle prejudice, societal perception, racial groups, gender groups, demonstration effect, power, responsibility, success, societal change, equality, deserving members, positions of power, race, gender, capability, discrimination legacy, social integration, equitable representation affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, subtle prejudice, society perception, racial groups, gender groups, demonstration effect, power positions, responsibility positions, success positions, societal perception, equal capability, deserving members, society roles
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-pro02a	Not censoring helps Google’s business proposition and corporate identity  Google’s corporate motto is ‘don’t be evil’. This is partly an issue of corporate identity, and partly a clever business proposition. In both cases, complying with Chinese censorship rules damages Google as a company.  The key to Google’s dominance in the search market is that users know Google will always deliver the search results most relevant to them. By adhering to censorship laws, users will trust the relevance of Google’s search results less, which hence erodes Google’s business position as users will be more likely to try alternative search engines. [1]  [1] Rebecca Blood, ‘Google's China decision is pragmatic, not idealistic’, January 2010. URL: Google, censorship, business proposition, corporate identity, don't be evil, China, search relevance, user trust, market dominance, alternative search engines, Rebecca Blood, pragmatic, idealistic Not censoring, Google, business proposition, corporate identity, don't be evil, Chinese censorship, users trust, search relevance, market dominance, alternative search engines, Rebecca Blood, China decision, pragmatic, idealistic Google, censorship, business proposition, corporate identity, don't be evil, Chinese censorship, search relevance, user trust, alternative search engines, Rebecca Blood, Google's China decision, pragmatic, idealistic Google, censorship, business proposition, corporate identity, don't be evil, Chinese censorship, search relevance, user trust, alternative search engines, Rebecca Blood, China decision, pragmatic, idealistic Google, censorship, business proposition, corporate identity, don't be evil, Chinese censorship, search results, relevance, user trust, alternative search engines, Rebecca Blood, pragmatic, idealistic
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro01a	It’s in the interests of employers  It’s in the interests of employers. A long, incurable and debilitating condition has stricken one of their employees. They will have to make provision for possible sickness cover and replacement workers, potentially for medical and/or retirement costs. HIV can make people tired and can lead to being sick more often as it means the immune system will not be able to fight off infections as well as it normally would. [1] The employee’s productivity might be reduced to the point at which their continued employment is no longer viable. If things are made difficult for employers with HIV positive workers, then they are less likely in the future to employ people who (they suspect) are HIV positive. Employers must be listened to in this debate – in many HIV-stricken countries, they’re the last thing between a semi-functioning society and complete economic and social collapse. Traditional rights ideas such as concerns about privacy of medical records are less important than the benefit to society of being able to cope with the unique problem of HIV more effectively.  [1] Dickens, Carol, ‘Signs of HIV, AIDS symptoms’, AIDS Symptoms, HIV, employers, employee, sickness cover, replacement workers, medical costs, retirement costs, immune system, infections, productivity, employment, privacy, medical records, society, economy, social collapse, AIDS symptoms, Carol Dickens HIV, AIDS, employers, employee, sickness, cover, replacement, workers, medical, retirement, costs, productivity, employment, privacy, medical records, society, economic, social, collapse, rights, debate, infection, immune system, fatigue, symptoms, Carol Dickens, AIDS symptoms, semi-functioning society, unique problem, cope, effectively HIV, AIDS, employers, employee, sickness, cover, replacement, workers, medical, retirement, costs, productivity, employment, privacy, medical records, society, economy, symptoms, infection, immune system HIV, employment, employers, sickness cover, replacement workers, medical costs, retirement costs, productivity, privacy, medical records, societal impact, economic stability, infection, immune system, AIDS, symptoms, workplace, discrimination, health policy, employee rights, public health, social collapse HIV, employers, employee, sickness, cover, replacement, workers, medical, retirement, costs, fatigue, infections, immune, system, productivity, employment, viability, discrimination, privacy, medical, records, society, economy, social, collapse, rights, AIDS, symptoms, Carol, Dickens
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro01a	What happened during the colonial era was morally wrong.  The entire basis for colonisation was predicated on an innate ‘understanding’ and judgment of one superior culture and race [1] . This ethnocentric approach idolised western traditions while simultaneously undermining the traditions of the countries which were colonised. For example, during the colonisation of America, colonists imposed a Westernised school system on Native American children. This denied their right to wear traditional clothing [2] or to speak their native language [3] , and the children were often subject to physical and sexual abuse and forced labour [4] . The cause of this was simply ignorance of culture differences on behalf of the colonists, which was idyllically labelled and disguised as ‘The White Man’s Burden’ [5] . Colonial powers undermined the social and property rights [6] of the colonies, using military force to rule if civilians should rebel against colonisation in countries such as India [7] . After Indian fighters rebelled against British colonial force in the Indian Mutiny of 1857-58 [8] , the British struck back with terrible force, and forced the rebels to ‘lick up part of the blood’ from the floors of the houses [9] . The actions which occurred during colonisation are considered completely inappropriate and undesirable behaviour in a modern world, and in terms of indigenous rights to culture and to property, as well as human rights more generally. Reparations would be a meaningful act of apology for the wrongs which were committed during the past.  [1] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [3] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [4] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [5] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [6] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [7] Accessed from  on 11/09/11.  [8] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [9] Accessed from  on 11/09/11 colonial era, moral wrong, superior culture, ethnocentrism, western traditions, native american children, westernised school system, traditional clothing, native language, physical abuse, sexual abuse, forced labour, cultural differences, white man's burden, social rights, property rights, military force, indian mutiny, 1857-58, british colonial force, indigenous rights, human rights, reparations, apology, historical wrongs colonialism, moral wrongs, ethnocentrism, western traditions, native american children, traditional clothing, native language, physical abuse, sexual abuse, forced labor, white man's burden, social rights, property rights, military force, indian mutiny, 1857-58, reparation, indigenous rights, human rights, colonial era, cultural undermining, military rebellion, historical abuses, apology for colonial wrongs colonial era, moral wrong, cultural superiority, ethnocentrism, western traditions, Native American children, traditional clothing, native language, physical abuse, sexual abuse, forced labour, cultural ignorance, White Man's Burden, social rights, property rights, military force, Indian Mutiny 1857-58, British colonial force, human rights, indigenous rights, reparations, apology, historical injustices, colonialism impacts, cultural genocide, forced assimilation, human rights violations, colonial policies, post-colonial studies, indigenous populations, cultural preservation, colonial violence, historical accountability colonial-era, moral-wrong, ethnocentrism, western-traditions, native-cultures, american-colonisation, western-school-system, native-american-children, traditional-clothing, native-language, physical-abuse, sexual-abuse, forced-labour, cultural-ignorance, white-man’s-burden, social-rights, property-rights, military-force, indian-mutiny, british-retaliation, reparations, indigenous-rights, human-rights colonial era, moral wrong, ethnocentrism, cultural superiority, western traditions, native american children, traditional clothing, native language, physical abuse, sexual abuse, forced labor, cultural ignorance, white man's burden, social rights, property rights, military force, indian mutiny, british colonial force, reparations, indigenous rights, human rights
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro02a	Animal research necessitates significant harm to the animals involved  Animal research, by its very nature necessitates harm to the animals. Even if they are not made to suffer as part of the experiment, the vast majority of animals used, must be killed at the conclusion of the experiment. With 115 million animals being used in the status quo this is no small issue. Even if we were to vastly reduce animal experimentation, releasing domesticated animals into the wild, would be a death sentence, and it hardly seems realistic to think that many behaviourally abnormal animals, often mice or rats, might be readily moveable into the pet trade. [1] It is prima fasciae obvious, that it is not in the interest of the animals involved to be killed, or harmed to such an extent that such killing might seem merciful. Even if the opposition counterargument, that animals lack the capacity to truly suffer, is believed, research should none the less be banned in order to prevent the death of millions of animals.  [1] European Commission, 1997. Euthanasia of experimental animals. Luxembourg: Office for official publications Animal research, harm, animal suffering, experimental animals, killing animals, ethics, animal experimentation, animal rights, laboratory animals, euthanasia, animal welfare, domesticated animals, pet trade, animal capacity to suffer, moral obligation, research ethics, scientific research, animal death, European Commission, euthanasia of experimental animals animal research, significant harm, animal suffering, experiment conclusion, animal death, 115 million animals, status quo, domesticated animals, wild release, pet trade, behaviorally abnormal, mice, rats, interest of animals, capacity to suffer, research ban, euthanasia, experimental animals, European Commission, 1997 animal research, harm, animal suffering, animal death, experimentation, ethics, animal rights, laboratory animals, euthanasia, domesticated animals, wild release, pet trade, moral obligation, scientific testing, animal welfare, European Commission animal research, harm, suffering, killing, experiment, domesticated animals, wild release, pet trade, euthanasia, moral concern, ethics, animal welfare, scientific experimentation, laboratory animals, humane alternatives, animal rights, laboratory ethics, research ethics, animal death, capacity to suffer, European Commission, Euthanasia of experimental animals, Office for official publications, 1997, status quo, significant harm, prima facie, opposition counterargument, millions of animals, banning research, prevention, death toll, abnormal animals, mice, rats, realistic relocation, wild death sentence, scientific necessity, moral obligation, ethical treatment Animal research, harm, animals, experimentation, killing, suffering, domesticated animals, wild release, pet trade, animal death, ethical concerns, euthanasia, experimental animals, European Commission
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro04a	Compulsory voting has been implemented successfully.  Australia is one of the most notable examples of compulsory voting and shows how it can be implemented. In Australia Compulsory voting was introduced at federal elections in 1924 1. Every Australian citizen who is over eighteen has to vote unless they have a ‘valid and sufficient reason for failing to vote’ which is decided by the electoral commission whether a reason is sufficient 2. If the elector who fails to vote does not provide such a reason they pay a penalty and if (s)he does not pay then the matter is dealt with in court 3. There is little reason to believe that this would be more difficult to implement in any other country. 1 Evans, Tim, 'Compulsory voting in Australia', Australian Electoral Commission, (January 2006), (accessed 4/8/11) 2 Harrison, Brianna, and Lynch, Philip. Votes for the Homeless, (March 2003), (accessed 4/8/11) 3 Voter Turnout for Referendums and Elections 1901 , Australian Electoral Commission, 2010 Compulsory voting, Australia, federal elections, 1924, citizen, eighteen, valid reason, electoral commission, penalty, court, implementation, other countries, voter turnout, Australian Electoral Commission, Tim Evans, Brianna Harrison, Philip Lynch, Votes for the Homeless, referendums, elections, 1901 Compulsory voting, Australia, federal elections, 1924, citizen, eighteen, valid reason, electoral commission, penalty, court, implementation, voter turnout, referendums, elections, Australian Electoral Commission, Tim Evans, Brianna Harrison, Philip Lynch, Votes for the Homeless compulsory voting, Australia, federal elections, 1924, citizen, eighteen, valid reason, electoral commission, penalty, court, implementation, other countries, voter turnout, referendums, elections, 1901, Tim Evans, Australian Electoral Commission, 2006, Brianna Harrison, Philip Lynch, Votes for the Homeless, 2003 Compulsory voting, Australia, federal elections, 1924, citizen, eighteen, valid reason, electoral commission, penalty, court, implementation, other countries, voter turnout, Australian Electoral Commission, Tim Evans, Brianna Harrison, Philip Lynch, Votes for the Homeless, referendums, 1901 Compulsory voting, Australia, federal elections, 1924, Australian citizenship, voting age, valid and sufficient reason, electoral commission, voting penalty, court proceedings, implementation feasibility, voter turnout, referendums, Australian Electoral Commission
test-economy-egecegphw-con01a	The third run-way would cause noise and pollution problems  The high population density of the area around Heathrow means it is not an ideal location for a bigger airport. It makes sense to increase capacity in an area with lower population density instead of trying to do so within a location that is constrained by adjacent urbanized areas. Expanding Heathrow airport would mean increasing the problem of noise for the about 700,000 people living under the flight path. According to the HACAN report the Department for Transport only accepts that noise is a problem if a community is subjected to over 57 decibels of noise over the course of a year according to a 1985 Government study. In which case only the boroughs of Richmond and Hounslow would be affected. However this does not tie in with Londoner’s experiences. BAA says that 258,000 people are currently affected by high noise levels but the local community believes the real number is more like 1 million people affected. [1] Any argument that states that noise levels will not increase is flawed at best and outright fraudulent at worst, clearly a large expansion in the number of flights will increase the amount of noise and possibly the numbers affected.  [1] Johnson, Tim, ‘Approach Noise at Heathrow: Concentrating the Problem’, HACAN, March 2010,  p.12 third runway, noise pollution, population density, Heathrow airport, flight path, HACAN report, Department for Transport, noise levels, Richmond, Hounslow, BAA, local community, expansion, flights, Tim Johnson, approach noise, March 2010, Heathrow expansion, urbanized areas, environmental impact, airport capacity third runway, noise pollution, population density, Heathrow airport, flight path, HACAN report, Department for Transport, noise levels, decibels, Richmond, Hounslow, BAA, local community, expansion, flights, Tim Johnson, Approach Noise, HACAN, March 2010 Heathrow, expansion, noise pollution, population density, flight path, HACAN, Department for Transport, Richmond, Hounslow, BAA, noise levels, flights, community impact, environmental concerns, airport capacity, urbanized areas, Tim Johnson, Approach Noise at Heathrow, 2010 Heathrow, third runway, noise pollution, population density, airport capacity, urbanized areas, flight path, HACAN report, Department for Transport, decibels, Richmond, Hounslow, BAA, noise levels, community impact, flight increase, fraudulent claims, Tim Johnson, Approach Noise, HACAN, March 2010 third runway, noise pollution, population density, Heathrow airport, flight path, HACAN report, Department for Transport, noise levels, BAA, local community, flight expansion, environmental impact, urbanized areas, noise threshold, decibels, affected communities, Richmond borough, Hounslow borough, noise exposure, flight capacity, Tim Johnson, Approach Noise at Heathrow, March 2010
test-politics-cpegiepgh-pro02a	"Britain may not like losing the Queen's head on banknotes but London will be at a huge economic disadvantage if Britain stays out.  London will further lose its position as Europe’s financial centre, and the financial influence this brings with it. Britain’s staying out of the Euro has already depleted London’s status as the European financial centre. As explained by Anthony Browne in The Euro: Should Britain join?, “The European Central Bank – the second most powerful in the world – had a natural home in London, but ended up in Frankfurt because of our indecision over the Euro.”1 Germany used this to her advantage, for it “reinvigorated Germany’s bid to ensure that Frankfurt becomes Europe’s financial centre, with a massive office-building programme to rival London’s Docklands.”1Germany seizing London’s sphere of influence will only increase if Britain stays out of the Euro. Moreover, if Britain’s indecision over the Euro continues, “it would lead to a serious rethink by foreign owners of many of the City’s financial institutions about where their core activities should be located.”1 If Britain does not join the Euro, her economic activity both at home and between fellow Member States will be badly affected.  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"", page 92 Britain, Queen, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, European financial centre, Euro, Britain join Euro, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, financial influence, economic activity, Member States, indecision, foreign owners, financial institutions, City, core activities, economic impact, Anthony Browne, The Euro Should Britain Join Britain, Queen, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, Europe’s financial centre, financial influence, Euro, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, indecision, foreign owners, City’s financial institutions, economic activity, Member States Britain, Queen, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, Euro, financial centre, European financial centre, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, financial influence, Euro adoption, Britain joining Euro, economic activity, Member States, foreign financial institutions, financial sector relocation, European financial market, currency union, economic integration, financial competitiveness, European monetary policy, financial services industry Britain, Queen, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, European financial centre, Euro, Britain join Euro, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, financial influence, economic activity, Member States, Anthony Browne, The Euro: Should Britain Join Britain, Queen, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, Euro, European financial centre, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, financial influence, Euro membership, Anthony Browne, foreign investors, economic activity, Member States, financial institutions, indecision, currency, economic impact, financial sector, policy, European Union"
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con02a	ISP will not cooperate with a graduated response policy  The graduated response model requires cooperation from all Internet Service Providers. If just one ISP refuses, users will flock towards that ISP to be able to keep on downloading. Therefore there will always be an incentive to be the ISP that refuses so as to gain custom from others who have agreed to cooperate. ISPs will also have an incentive to not cooperate because the cost of monitoring and identifying is large, and significantly more so for smaller ISPs: initial estimates of the cost of graduated response for ISPs were around 500 million pounds over a period of ten years. [1]  [1] Michael Geist, ‘Estimating the cost of a three strikes and you’re out system’, January 26, 2010. URL: ISP, graduated response, cooperation, internet service providers, user behavior, downloading, competition, cost, monitoring, identification, three strikes, Michael Geist, cost estimation, policy implementation, regulatory compliance, digital rights management, piracy, content protection, economic incentives, regulatory challenges ISP, graduated response policy, cooperation, Internet Service Providers, users, downloading, incentive, non-cooperation, monitoring, identifying, cost, smaller ISPs, 500 million pounds, ten years, Michael Geist, three strikes system ISP, graduated response policy, cooperation, Internet Service Providers, downloading, incentive, refusal, monitoring, identifying, cost, smaller ISPs, Michael Geist, three strikes, system, 500 million pounds, ten years ISP, graduated response policy, cooperation, Internet Service Providers, users, downloading, incentive, refuse, gain custom, monitoring, identifying, cost, smaller ISPs, 500 million pounds, ten years, Michael Geist, three strikes, cost estimation ISP, graduated response policy, cooperation, Internet Service Providers, user behavior, downloading, competition, non-cooperation incentive, monitoring costs, identification costs, smaller ISPs, financial impact, cost estimation, three strikes system, Michael Geist
test-environment-assgbatj-con03a	Testing is needed for really new drugs  The real benefit of animal testing is making totally new drugs, which is about a quarter of them. After non-animal and then animal tests, it will be tested on humans. The reason why the risk is low (but not non-existent) for these brave volunteers, is because of the animal tests.  These new chemicals are the ones most likely to produce improvements to people’s lives, because they are new. You couldn’t do research on these new drugs without either animal testing or putting humans at a much higher risk. Testing, new drugs, animal testing, non-animal tests, human volunteers, chemical improvements, drug research, human risk, pharmaceutical development, preclinical testing testing, new drugs, animal testing, human testing, drug development, chemical compounds, medical research, risk assessment, volunteer safety, pharmaceutical innovation Testing, new drugs, animal testing, non-animal tests, human volunteers, risk, chemical improvements, drug research, human risk, pharmaceutical development new drugs, animal testing, human volunteers, non-animal tests, chemical improvements, research risks, drug development, pharmaceutical testing, clinical trials, safety evaluation Testing, new drugs, animal testing, human volunteers, chemical research, drug development, risk assessment, medical advancements, non-animal tests, pharmaceutical research, drug safety, clinical trials, animal welfare, ethics in research, human health benefits
test-international-glilpdwhsn-pro03a	"The New START treaty maintains US nuclear and missile defence.  The US’ Nuclear armament will be modernized along with New START. “The Obama administration has agreed to provide for modernization of the infrastructure essential to maintaining our nuclear arsenal. Funding these efforts has become part of the negotiations in the ratification process. The administration has put forth a 10-year plan to spend $84 billion on the Energy Department's nuclear weapons complex. Much of the credit for getting the administration to add $14 billion to the originally proposed $70 billion for modernization goes to Sen. Jon Kyl, the Arizona Republican who has been vigilant in this effort. Implementing this modernization program in a timely fashion would be important in ensuring that our nuclear arsenal is maintained appropriately over the next decade and beyond.” [1]  Both US Military and civilian leaders insist that the new START treaty will still allow the US to deploy effective missile defenses, something which Russia was opposed to, and so will not affect US missile defense plans. The main limit on missile defense is that the treaty prevents the conversion of existing launchers for this purpose this would be more expensive than building new missiles specifically for defense purposes. [2]  Furthermore, as Joe Biden argues, New START is important to Russian cooperation on missile defense: ""This [missile defense] system demonstrates America's enduring commitment to Article 5 of the Washington Treaty—that an attack on one is an attack on all. NATO missile defense also provides the opportunity for further improvements in both NATO-Russian and U.S.-Russian relations. NATO and Russia agreed at Lisbon to carry out a joint ballistic missile threat assessment, to resume theater missile-defense exercises, and to explore further cooperation on territorial missile defense—things that were nearly unimaginable two years ago. These agreements underscore the strategic importance the alliance attaches to improving its relationship with Russia. But trust and confidence in our relationship with Russia would be undermined without Senate approval of the New Start Treaty, which reduces strategic nuclear forces to levels not seen since the 1950s, and restores important verification mechanisms that ceased when the first Start Treaty expired last December."" [3]  In many ways, in the 21st Century having an abundance of nuclear weapons, particularly having too many, is more of a liability than an advantage. The United States will be far safer with fewer nuclear weapons in the world and a stronger, more stable relationship with Russia under New START, and this is desirable. Therefore it is clear that New START maintains the important parts of US nuclear capabilities while removing the over-abundance which may become a liability due to security and medical concerns, and so New START should be supported.  [1] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010.   [2] ibid  [3] Biden, Joseph. ""The case for ratifying New START"". Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2010. New START treaty, US nuclear, missile defense, modernization, Obama administration, nuclear arsenal, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, Sen. Jon Kyl, nuclear infrastructure, US Military, civilian leaders, Russia, NATO, Article 5, Washington Treaty, NATO-Russian relations, U.S.-Russian relations, Senate approval, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, nuclear liability, security concerns, medical concerns, nuclear reduction, nuclear stability, Russia cooperation, trust, confidence, international relations, bipartisan support, deterrence, arms control, global security, nuclear posture, treaty ratification, military strategy, defense policy, strategic arms, nuclear disarmament New START, US nuclear, missile defence, modernization, infrastructure, nuclear arsenal, funding, ratification, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, Jon Kyl, Arizona Republican, 10-year plan, $84 billion, Senate, Obama administration, US Military, civilian leaders, Russia, deployment, missile defense plans, existing launchers, NATO, Article 5, Washington Treaty, NATO Russian relations, U.S. Russian relations, Lisbon, theater missile defense, strategic importance, Senate approval, verification mechanisms, nuclear forces, 1950s, liability, security, medical concerns, stability, relationship with Russia, Republican New START, US nuclear, missile defense, modernization, infrastructure, nuclear arsenal, funding, negotiations, ratification, 10-year plan, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, Senate, Jon Kyl, Arizona, Republican, implementation, timely, appropriate maintenance, US Military, civilian leaders, Russia, opposition, strategic nuclear forces, reduction, verification mechanisms, strategic importance, NATO, ballistic missile threat assessment, theater missile defense, cooperation, trust, confidence, Senate approval, liability, security, medical concerns, relationship, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Joseph Biden, Washington Post New START, US nuclear, missile defense, modernization, Nuclear arsenal, infrastructure, funding, Senate ratification, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, Joe Biden, NATO, Russian cooperation, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, liability, security concerns, medical concerns, support New START, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James A. Baker III, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell New START treaty, US nuclear, missile defence, nuclear armament modernization, Obama administration, infrastructure, nuclear arsenal, funding, negotiations, ratification, 10-year plan, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, Sen. Jon Kyl, Arizona, Republican, modernization program, nuclear arsenal maintenance, US Military, civilian leaders, effective missile defenses, Russia, opposition, conversion of existing launchers, new missiles, Joe Biden, Russian cooperation, missile defense, Article 5, Washington Treaty, NATO, ballistic missile threat assessment, theater missile-defense exercises, territorial missile defense, strategic importance, Senate approval, New Start Treaty, strategic"
test-international-miasimyhw-con03a	Who is left behind?  In promoting a free labour market, we need to ask: who is left behind? To understand the developmental nature of migration investigation is needed into who doesn’t migrate - the non-migrant’s lifestyles raise key concerns.  Data from the EAC indicates the EAC labour market remains popular among over 65's and in favour of men; and further, a majority of employment occurs within agriculture [1] . The labour market remains inadequate in providing jobs for women and youths. Women and youths reflect disproportionate numbers of those forced to adapt, and create, new livelihoods following migration. Further, migrants are returning home, retiring, and therefore with limited effect on productivity.  The impact of migration is distributed unequally. In a previous study by Brown (1983) the detrimental effect of male out-migration from rural areas in Botswana was indicated. Family units were altered, changing to being predominantly female-headed households, the lack of human capital resulted in sustaining the agrarian crisis, and women were forced to cope with the burden of care. Little assurance was found as to whether the men would return, or remit resources.  [1] EAC, 2012. free labour market, non-migrants, EAC labour market, over 65's, men, agriculture, women, youths, migration, livelihoods, productivity, male out-migration, rural areas, Botswana, female-headed households, agrarian crisis, burden of care, human capital, remittance, return migration left behind, free labour market, non-migrants, lifestyles, EAC, labour market, over 65's, men, agriculture, women, youths, livelihoods, migration, productivity, return migration, rural areas, Botswana, family units, female-headed households, agrarian crisis, care burden, remittances left behind, free labour market, non-migrants, EAC labour market, over 65's, men, agriculture, women, youths, livelihoods, migration, productivity, male out-migration, rural areas, Botswana, female-headed households, agrarian crisis, burden of care, resource remittance free labour market, non-migrants, EAC labour market, over 65's, men, agriculture, women, youths, livelihoods, migration, productivity, male out-migration, rural areas, Botswana, female-headed households, agrarian crisis, burden of care, remit resources free labour market, non-migrants, EAC labour market, agriculture employment, women employment, youth employment, migration impact, unequal impact, male out-migration, rural areas, female-headed households, agrarian crisis, care burden, remittances, productivity, retirement migration, EAC data, Brown 1983, Botswana migration, human capital
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-con02a	Rehabilitation Doesn’t Actually Work  While some rehabilitative programmes work with some offenders (those who would probably change by themselves anyway), most do not. Many programs cannot overcome, or even appreciably reduce, the powerful tendency for offenders to continue in criminal behaviour. In Britain, where rehabilitation has long been purported to stop re-offending, 58 per cent of those over-21 find themselves in trouble with the law within two years of release. [1] The rehabilitation programs simply do not work. ‘Rehabilitation’ is therefore a false promise – and the danger with such an illusory and impossible goal is that it is used as a front to justify keeping offenders locked up for longer than they deserve and sometimes even indefinitely (‘if we keep him here longer maybe he might change’). We cannot justify passing any heavier or more onerous a sentence on a person in the name of “rehabilitation” if “rehabilitation” does not work.  [1] Stanford, P., ‘The road to redemption: Does the rehabilitation of prisoners work?’, The Independent, 23 August 2007. rehabilitation, effectiveness, offenders, recidivism, criminal behaviour, programmes, success rates, Britain, imprisonment, justification, sentencing, false promise, societal impact, legal ethics, prison reform, policy evaluation, offender treatment, public safety, law enforcement, judicial system, human rights, punishment, deterrence, social justice, crime prevention, inmate welfare, rehabilitation programs, long-term outcomes, incarceration, penal theory, criminology, justice system, reintegration, policy making, offender rehabilitation, crime control, sentencing philosophy, correctional facilities, prisoner rights, societal protection, crime reduction strategies, judicial philosophy, correctional treatment, offender rehabilitation, effectiveness, offenders, recidivism, criminal behaviour, Britain, prison, programmes, change, false promise, justification, sentencing, indefinite detention, redemption, Stanford, Independent rehabilitation, effectiveness, recidivism, criminal behavior, offender treatment, prison reform, policy, punishment, justice, societal impact, ethics, sentencing, incarceration, rehabilitation programs, false promises, prolonged detention, public safety, legal philosophy, crime prevention, societal reintegration, offender rehabilitation, prison outcomes, Britain, Stanford, The Independent, road to redemption, criminal justice system, parole, probation, mental health, substance abuse treatment, social support, criminology, law enforcement, judicial policy, human rights, prisoner rights, reform advocacy, statistical evidence, rehabilitation success rates, criminological theories, criminal psychology, offender management, rehabilitation, effectiveness, offenders, recidivism, criminal behaviour, Britain, law, release, programs, false promise, justification, sentencing, redemption, Stanford, Independent rehabilitation, effectiveness, offenders, recidivism, criminal behaviour, Britain, re-offending, false promise, over-detention, sentencing, Stanford, The Independent, 2007
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro03a	Currently there is no way to legally respond to cyber attacks by other states  Currently international law on how a state can respond to cyber attacks by another state is lacking: it only covers cyber attacks during armed conflicts or those are tantamount to an armed conflict [15]. An attacked state thus has no legitimate means to respond to cyber attacks. This leaves them no option of self-defence, which is an important element in international law. Moreover, without international law regulating cyber warfare between states, there is no actual illegitimacy for cyber attacks. Despite their far-reaching and grave consequences, cyber attacks by other states do not feature heavily in the news. Few people actually know about cyber attacks between USA and Iran, which would be an unimaginable situation should these states resorted to military attacks. This apparent lack of condemnation and attention in the wider society to cyber attacks further decreases ability of the state to defend themselves or even call out an aggressor publically as there is little to fear from global opinion for such actions cyber attacks, international law, state response, legal framework, armed conflict, self-defence, cyber warfare, illegitimacy, public condemnation, global opinion, USA, Iran, military attacks, news coverage cyber attacks, international law, state response, armed conflict, self-defence, cyber warfare, legitimacy, media coverage, public opinion, USA, Iran, military attacks, condemnation, global opinion cyber attacks, international law, state response, self-defence, cyber warfare, legal framework, public condemnation, global opinion, cyber conflict, USA-Iran relations, armed conflict, legal legitimacy, societal awareness, cyber aggression cyber attacks, international law, state response, self-defence, cyber warfare, legal framework, armed conflict, public condemnation, global opinion, USA, Iran, military attacks, cyber security, international regulation, cyber aggression, digital warfare, state aggression, legal legitimacy, cyber defense, public awareness cyber attacks, international law, state response, armed conflict, self-defence, cyber warfare, legitimacy, public condemnation, global opinion, USA, Iran, military attacks, news coverage, societal awareness
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con01a	Personal freedom  Gambling is a leisure activity enjoyed by many millions of people. Governments should not tell people what they can do with their own money. Those who don’t like gambling should be free to buy adverts warning people against it, but they should not be able to use the law to impose their own beliefs. Online gambling has got rid of the rules that in the past made it hard to gamble for pleasure and allowed many more ordinary people to enjoy a bet from time to time. It provides the freedom to gamble, whenever and wherever and with whatever method the individual prefers. personal freedom, gambling, leisure activity, government regulation, individual choice, advertisement, law enforcement, online gambling, accessibility, betting, consumer rights, self-determination, legal constraints, public opinion, moral beliefs, recreational gambling Personal freedom, Gambling, Leisure activity, Governments, Individual rights, Money, Anti-gambling ads, Legal restrictions, Online gambling, Accessibility, Pleasure, Ordinary people, Freedom, Betting, Method preference personal freedom, gambling, leisure activity, government regulation, individual choice, anti-gambling advocacy, legal restrictions, online gambling, betting freedom, consumer rights personal freedom, gambling, leisure activity, governments, individual rights, self-regulation, anti-gambling, advertisements, online gambling, accessibility, betting freedom, legal restrictions, moral beliefs, consumer choice Personal freedom, Gambling, Leisure activity, Governments, Individual rights, Anti-gambling advertising, Law, Beliefs, Online gambling, Regulations, Pleasure, Accessibility, Freedom, Betting, Convenience
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con01a	This is a sports event not a political event  Sport and politics are separate and should be kept separate. This is the position of the organisers “Uefa has no position and will not take any regarding the political situation in Ukraine, and will not interfere with internal government matters.” [1] Euro 2012 is a football tournament that is about entertainment and bringing nations together in a common love of a game in a non-political sphere. Even pro-democracy activists such as Vatali Klitschko are “against the politicization of sports”. [2] Politicization would be exactly what politicians are doing by engaging in cheap political stunts, such as a boycott, to promote their own human rights agendas.  [1] Scott, Matt, ‘Sports minister Hugh Robertson could boycott Ukraine during Euro 2012’, The Telegraph, 2 May 2012.  [2] Keating, Joshua, ‘European leaders consider Euro Cup boycott over Tymoshenko’, Passport Foreignpolicy.com, 1 May 2012. sports event, political event, Uefa, Euro 2012, football tournament, entertainment, non-political sphere, politicization, pro-democracy activists, Vatali Klitschko, political stunts, human rights agendas, sports minister Hugh Robertson, Ukraine, boycott, Tymoshenko sports event, political event, separation of sport and politics, UEFA, Euro 2012, entertainment, uniting nations, non-political sphere, Vatali Klitschko, opposition to politicization, political stunts, human rights agendas, boycott, Hugh Robertson, Yulia Tymoshenko, European leaders, Passport Foreignpolicy.com, The Telegraph sports event, political event, separation of sport and politics, UEFA, Euro 2012, football tournament, entertainment, non-political sphere, Vatali Klitschko, politicization of sports, political stunts, human rights agendas, boycott, Scott Matt, The Telegraph, Keating Joshua, Passport Foreignpolicy, Tymoshenko sports event, political event, separation, Uefa, Euro 2012, football tournament, entertainment, nations together, non-political, Vatali Klitschko, politicization, cheap political stunts, boycott, human rights, Scott, Matt, Hugh Robertson, The Telegraph, Keating, Joshua, Passport Foreignpolicy, Tymoshenko sports event, political event, separation, Uefa, political situation, Ukraine, Euro 2012, football tournament, entertainment, non-political, Vatali Klitschko, politicization, boycott, human rights, Scott, Matt, Hugh Robertson, The Telegraph, Keating, Joshua, European leaders, Tymoshenko
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro03a	Ending poverty through entrepreneurialism  Introducing finance provides communities with access to startup capital. Access to financial capital is vital in several respects for initiating capitalism. Firstly, access to capital enables entrepreneurialism. The poor have business ideas that would benefit both themselves and their community they just require access to capital to invest in such ideas. The Initiative ‘Lend with Care’ is providing access to capital to empower entrepreneurs [1] .  Secondly, the cumulative effect of small-scale savings and borrowing, enabled through microfinance enables individuals, families and communities, to enter markets - of land and property. Being able to buy property and land can enable personal security, dignity, and increasing returns.  [1] See further readings: Lend with Care, 2013. Ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, capitalism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, small-scale savings, borrowing, property markets, land markets, personal security, dignity, increasing returns ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, capitalism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, savings, borrowing, markets, land, property, personal security, dignity, increasing returns ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, initiating capitalism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, small-scale savings, borrowing, property, land, personal security, dignity, increasing returns Ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, initiating capitalism, Lend with Care, microfinance, small-scale savings, borrowing, property, land, personal security, dignity, increasing returns ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, initiating capitalism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, small-scale savings, borrowing, land markets, property markets, personal security, dignity, increasing returns
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-pro02a	"Because religion promotes certainty of belief, divinely inspired hatred is easy to use to justify and promote violent actions and discriminatory practices.  Free speech must come second when there is the potential for that speech to cause harm. The mantra of “With God on our side” has been used, and continues to be used, to justify massacre and barbarity throughout history. Although it is rarely the prelates and preachers who do the killing the certainty they promote gives surety to those who do.  The purpose of the Act [1] used in this particular case was an entirely practical one. It’s main role was to tidy up existing legislation on rioting and public disorder but one section recognised that homophobic and racist language do lead to violence. It is all well and good to talk of freedom of speech but the reality is that homophobic speeches, particularly those of a religious nature, may well lead to violence. For example in New York there were a series of homophobic attacks after anti-gay statements by republican politicians. [2] Preventing hate speech helps prevent that violence from occurring so justifying restrictions on freedom of speech.  [1] Legislation.gov.uk, ‘Public Order Act 1986’, The National Archives, 1986 c.64.  [2] Harris, Paul, ‘US shaken by sudden surge of violence against gay people’, The Observer, 17 October 2010 . religion, certainty, belief, divinely-inspired hatred, violence, discrimination, free speech, harm, ""With God on our side"", massacre, barbarity, Act, legislation, rioting, public disorder, homophobic, racist, language, violence, freedom of speech, anti-gay, republican politicians, hate speech, restrictions, prevention, Legislation.gov.uk, Public Order Act 1986, The National Archives, Paul Harris, The Observer, US, violence against gay people religion, certainty, belief, divinely inspired, hatred, justify, promote, violent actions, discriminatory practices, free speech, potential, cause harm, ""With God on our side"", massacre, barbarity, history, prelates, preachers, certainty, surety, Act, legislation, rioting, public disorder, homophobic, racist, language, violence, freedom of speech, reality, anti-gay, republican politicians, US, sudden surge, violence, gay people, prevent, hate speech, restrictions religion, certainty, belief, divinely inspired, hatred, violent actions, discriminatory practices, free speech, harm, ""With God on our side"", massacre, barbarity, prelates, preachers, Act, legislation, rioting, public disorder, homophobic language, racist language, violence, freedom of speech, homophobic speeches, religious nature, anti-gay statements, republican politicians, homophobic attacks, New York, preventing hate speech, restrictions, Public Order Act 1986, The National Archives, US, violence against gay people, The Observer religion, certainty, belief, divinely-inspired hatred, violent actions, discriminatory practices, free speech, potential harm, ""With God on our side"", massacre, barbarity, history, prelates, preachers, Act, legislation, rioting, public disorder, homophobic language, racist language, violence, freedom of speech, religious nature, anti-gay statements, republican politicians, homophobic attacks, New York, hate speech, restrictions, prevention, Public Order Act 1986, The National Archives, US, sudden surge, violence against gay people, The Observer religion, certainty, belief, divinely inspired, hatred, justify, promote, violent actions, discriminatory practices, free speech, harm, ""With God on our side"", massacre, barbarity, prelates, preachers, Act, legislation, rioting, public disorder, homophobic, racist, language, violence, freedom of speech, anti-gay, republican politicians, US, surge, violence against gay people, prevent, hate speech, restrictions"
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro01a	Voting is a civic duty  Other civic duties also exist “which are recognised as necessary in order to live in a better, more cohesive, stable society” 1 like paying taxes, attending school, obeying road rules and, in some countries, military conscription and jury duty. All of these obligatory activities require far more time and effort than voting does, thus compulsory voting can be seen as constituting a much smaller intrusion of freedom than any of these other activities.  The right to vote in a democracy has been fought for throughout modern history . In the last century alone the soldiers of numerous wars and the suffragettes of many countries fought and died for enfranchisement. It is our duty to respect their sacrifice by voting.  1. Liberal Democrat Voice , 2006 voting,civic,duty,taxes,school,road,rules,military,conscription,jury,democracy,history,suffragettes,enfranchisement,liberal,democrat,voice,compulsory,vote,intrusion,freedom,respect,sacrifice voting,civic,duty,taxes,school,road,rules,military,conscription,jury,duty,democracy,enfranchisement,suffragettes,sacrifice,liberal,democrat,voice,2006 voting, civic duty, society, taxes, schooling, road rules, military conscription, jury duty, democracy, enfranchisement, suffragettes, sacrifice, Liberal Democrat Voice, compulsory voting, freedom, time, effort, history, soldiers, wars voting, civic duty, society, paying taxes, attending school, obeying road rules, military conscription, jury duty, compulsory voting, democracy, enfranchisement, suffragettes, sacrifice, right to vote, Liberal Democrat Voice voting,civic,duty,taxes,school,road,rules,military,conscription,jury,duty,compulsory,democracy,history,wars,suffragettes,enfranchisement,respect,sacrifice,liberal,democrat,voice
test-international-ghwcitca-pro02a	States will monitor each other, and an international body could be set up  Once a treaty is set up to limit or eliminate cyber-attacks monitoring is unlikely to be a problem because states will be willing to monitor each other. States in order to defend themselves from cyber-attacks already monitor the cyber-attacks that occur – the United States for example already has several cyber defense forces. [1] If that is not enough then there are numerous private groups that will be monitoring cyber-attacks as most are made against corporate rather than government targets. For example private company Mandiant exposed a unit of the People’s Liberation Army for its cyber-attacks in February 2013. [2] Once a cyber-attack has been traced and evidence gathered if the appropriate domestic authorities won’t deal with the culprit then an independent international institution can decide on the punishment for the government that is not living up to its treaty commitments.  If there is a need for international monitoring rather than simply a dispute settlement mechanism then there are models available through current treaties; a UN organisation similar to the International Atomic Energy Agency or International Criminal Court could be set up that can investigate incidents when asked.  [1] US Department of Defense, ‘The Cyber Domain Security and Operations’   [2] Mandiant, ‘Exposing One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units’, mandiant.com, February 2013, cyber-attacks, treaty, monitoring, international body, states, self-monitoring, defense forces, private groups, Mandiant, People’s Liberation Army, evidence, domestic authorities, punishment, UN organisation, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Criminal Court, dispute settlement, investigation States, monitor, international, body, treaty, limit, eliminate, cyber-attacks, defense, United, States, private, groups, corporate, targets, Mandiant, People’s, Liberation, Army, traced, evidence, domestic, authorities, independent, institution, punishment, commitments, dispute, settlement, mechanism, models, current, treaties, UN, organisation, International, Atomic, Energy, Agency, International, Criminal, Court, investigate, incidents cyber-attacks, international-monitoring, treaty-commitments, self-monitoring, private-monitoring, dispute-settlement, UN-organisation, IAEA, ICC, cyber-defense-forces, Mandiant, China-cyber-espionage States, monitor, international, body, treaty, limit, eliminate, cyber-attacks, defense, forces, private, companies, Mandiant, People’s, Liberation, Army, traced, evidence, domestic, authorities, independent, institution, punishment, government, commitments, dispute, settlement, mechanism, UN, organisation, International, Atomic, Energy, Agency, International, Criminal, Court, US, Department, Defense, Cyber, Domain, Security, Operations, February, 2013 cyber-attacks, monitoring, international-body, treaty, states, self-monitoring, cyber-defense-forces, private-groups, Mandiant, People’s-Liberation-Army, evidence-gathering, domestic-authorities, independent-international-institution, punishment, UN-organisation, International-Atomic-Energy-Agency, International-Criminal-Court, dispute-settlement, investigation, incident-response, cybersecurity-treaties, US-Department-of-Defense
test-law-hrpepthwuto-con03a	If legal principles are abandoned then there is little point in defending the liberties that democratic governments say they are so keen to defend  If we accept that this is a war, then its focus is not so much political control of territory as the preservation of a way of life. It is ridiculous to fight to defend principles of equality and decency using the tool of abandoning them the moment they become inconvenient.  The forces of religious extremism wish to undo 1,400 years of democratic development. We should not assist them in that process by allowing the major powers of the West throw out the most basic principles of the rule of law. Such a move, ultimately, has the potential to be vastly more destructive than the actions of a few fanatics legal principles, democratic liberties, war, political control, territory, preservation, way of life, equality, decency, religious extremism, democratic development, rule of law, major powers, western countries, destructive actions, fanatics legal principles, liberties, democratic governments, war, political control, territory, preservation, way of life, equality, decency, religious extremism, democratic development, rule of law, major powers, West, destructive, fanatics legal principles, democratic governments, liberties, war, political control, territory, way of life, principles of equality, decency, religious extremism, democratic development, rule of law, major powers, West, destructive, fanatics legal principles, democratic liberties, political control, territory, way of life, equality, decency, religious extremism, democratic development, rule of law, major powers, Western countries, destructive actions, fanatics legal principles, democratic governments, liberties, war, political control, territory, preservation, way of life, principles of equality, decency, religious extremism, democratic development, rule of law, major powers, West, destructive, fanatics
test-law-cpilhbishioe-pro02a	An ICC enforcement arm would be quicker  If international criminals are to be caught it needs to be clear that there is an organisation with the responsibility and authority to catch them. This is especially important when the criminal in question is able to slip across borders to avoid the national authorities in one state as Joseph Kony has done as the ICC would be able to cross borders itself and coordinate the response from multiple countries. The importance of an organisation that is able to catch international criminals can be highlighted by the experience of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia where despite a Memorandum of Understanding relating to the detention of war criminals in Bosnia NATO denied it had the power to make arrests so leading to patrols actively avoiding wanted men to avoid a situation in which they might have to engage in arrests. [1] A lack of clarity over whether an organisation can enforce its warrants for arrest results in arrests not being made. Ultimately the ICTY was successful because this situation was resolved with the creation of multinational police forces backed up with traditional NATO military power if necessary leading to the arrest of 126 individuals. [2]  [1] Zhou, Han-Ru, ‘The Enforcement of Arrest Warrants by International Forces From the ICTY to the ICC’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol.4, 2006, pp.202-18,  pp214-6  [2] Ibid, p.203 ICC, enforcement arm, international criminals, cross borders, Joseph Kony, International Criminal Tribunal, Former Yugoslavia, Memorandum of Understanding, NATO, arrests, war criminals, multinational police forces, traditional NATO military power, arrest warrants, international forces ICC, enforcement arm, international criminals, cross borders, Joseph Kony, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Memorandum of Understanding, NATO, arrest warrants, multinational police forces, war criminals, Bosnian conflict, ICTY success, arrest operations, international forces, war crimes, legal enforcement, judicial efficiency, international law, human rights violations, criminal justice, legal authority, prosecution, coordination, state cooperation, extradition, judicial mandate, international policing, peacekeeping, conflict resolution, humanitarian law, global security, legal reform, institutional capacity, judicial outcomes, legal compliance, jurisdiction, legal frameworks, policy making, legal obligations, judicial ICC, enforcement, international criminals, cross borders, Joseph Kony, Memorandum of Understanding, ICTY, NATO, war criminals, arrests, multinational police, traditional NATO military, arrest warrants, international forces ICC, enforcement arm, international criminals, cross borders, Joseph Kony, International Criminal Tribunal, Former Yugoslavia, NATO, arrest warrants, multinational police forces, war criminals, clarity, responsibility, authority, Memorandum of Understanding, detention, patrols, engagement, resolution, success, arrests, engagement, cooperation, legal enforcement, international law, criminal justice, peacekeeping, military power, police operations, judicial processes, extradition, legal framework, human rights, global security, judicial cooperation, prosecution, legal assistance, international community, state sovereignty, legal challenges, judicial effectiveness, crime prevention, international relations, legal instruments, legal mandates, operational capacity, ICC, enforcement, international criminals, cross borders, Joseph Kony, international arrest, ICTY, NATO, Memorandum of Understanding, war criminals, multinational police, arrest warrants, international forces, legal authority, coordination, prosecution, global justice, peacekeeping, judicial cooperation, criminal tribunals
test-law-umtlilhotac-con03a	Broadcasting provides a public record  Unlike many other criminal trials, since Nuremberg a key principle of International Criminal Law is that it aims to set a historical record. The events that it deals with are important as they are heinous crimes that change regions forever. A trial helps to get to the bottom of events that happened preventing there being multiple conflicting versions of events. This record also can help to act as a deterrent to others considering similar measures.  Broadcasting the trial will bolster this record by providing footage of the trial itself (which may reduce myths about it being unfair, for example) and providing a voice to the victims through their evidence, in their own words, being recorded for posterity and future study. broadcasting, public record, criminal trials, Nuremberg, International Criminal Law, historical record, heinous crimes, regional impact, trial, event clarification, conflicting versions, deterrent, footage, fairness, victims, evidence, posterity, future study Broadcasting, public record, criminal trials, Nuremberg, International Criminal Law, heinous crimes, historical record, trial, events, conflicting versions, deterrent, footage, trial transparency, victims, evidence, posterity, future study Broadcasting, public record, criminal trials, Nuremberg, International Criminal Law, heinous crimes, regional impact, trial, historical record, conflicting versions, deterrent, footage, trial fairness, victims, evidence, posterity, future study broadcasting, public record, criminal trials, Nuremberg, International Criminal Law, historical record, heinous crimes, regional impact, trial, events, conflicting versions, deterrent, footage, trial fairness, victims, evidence, posterity, future study broadcasting, public record, criminal trials, Nuremberg, International Criminal Law, historical record, heinous crimes, regional impact, trial, event clarification, conflicting versions, deterrent, footage, trial fairness, victims, evidence, posterity, future study
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con05a	Immunity creates a perverse incentive to hang on to their office as long as possible.  Prosecutorial immunity brings about a massive side-benefit to being in office. It is easy to get used to a life where minor indiscretions go regularly unpunished, as has happened with dignitaries holding diplomatic immunity. [1] Immunity from prosecution may spur a politician to seek reelection into their old age when they are significantly less effective at performing their duties. This is one reason why in the vast majority of democracies elected representatives, while far from poor, are not paid massive salaries; we don’t want people getting into politics for the wrong reasons.  [1] Uhlig, Mark A., ‘Court Won’t Bar Return of Boy in Abuse Case to Zimbabwe’, The New York Times, 1 January 1988,  [Accessed September 9, 2011] Immunity, Prosecutorial, Incentive, Office, Retention, Unpunished, Diplomatic, Elected, Representatives, Salaries, Reelection, Effectiveness, Politics, Motivation, Corruption, Accountability, Democracy, Laws, Ethics Immunity, Prosecutorial, Office, Indiscretions, Diplomatic, Politician, Reelection, Effectiveness, Democracy, Representatives, Salaries, Politics, Reasons, Court, Abuse, Case, Zimbabwe, Law, Governance, Ethics, Accountability Immunity, Perverse Incentive, Prosecutorial Immunity, Diplomatic Immunity, Unpunished Indiscretions, Reelection, Old Age, Effective Performance, Political Salaries, Wrong Reasons, Democracies, Representatives, Court, Abuse Case, Zimbabwe, The New York Times, Mark A. Uhlig Immunity, Prosecutorial immunity, Diplomatic immunity, Perverse incentive, Office, Politician, Reelection, Effectiveness, Salaries, Democracy, Prosecution, Indiscretions, Politics, Motivation, Elected representatives, Accountability, Public service, Careerism Immunity, Prosecutorial immunity, Diplomatic immunity, Politician, Reelection, Old age, Effectiveness, Democracy, Elected representatives, Salaries, Politics, Incentive, Indiscretions, Unpunished, Wrong reasons
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-pro03a	Rejecting the Ban on Cluster Bombs Hurts the international image of the U.S.  The U.S. is one of the only remaining Western Liberal democracies to allow the U.S. of cluster bombs. The continued refusal of the U.S. to tow the same line as fellow liberal democracies makes it look bad internationally; especially considering that one of the main instigators behind the cluster bomb ban is the U.K. traditionally a great ally of the U.S. politically.  The U.S. is often seen as the greatest representative of Western liberal democracy as it is the most economically powerful. Part of this political clout however, comes from the continued cooperation of other Western Liberal democracies with the U.S. in failing to the sign the cluster bomb treaty despite pressure from other countries, the U.S. fails in this capacity and loses the support of the countries that it relies on to maintain its political status.  Moreover, given that the U.S. currently does not help with demining work, this further worsens relationships with other countries.6 cluster bombs, U.S. policy, international image, Western liberal democracies, U.K. alliance, political clout, cluster bomb treaty, demining work, international relations, military ethics, humanitarian law, diplomatic support, economic power, political status, international cooperation, ally relationships, military weapons, international pressure, U.S. military, global perception Cluster Bombs, U.S. Policy, International Image, Western Liberal Democracies, Ban Rejection, Political Clout, International Relations, U.K. Alliance, Demining Work, Treaty Signature, Political Support, Economic Power, International Pressure, Humanitarian Concerns, Military Tactics, Diplomatic Relations, Alliance Dynamics, Global Perception, Moral Standing, Strategic Partnerships Cluster Bombs, U.S. Policy, International Image, Western Liberal Democracies, Cluster Bomb Ban, U.K. Alliance, Political Clout, Economic Power, International Cooperation, Treaty Signatory, Demining Work, International Relations, U.S. Military Policy, Humanitarian Law, Diplomatic Support, Global Perception, Allies, Military Ethics, Arms Control, International Pressure cluster bombs, international image, U.S., Western Liberal democracies, U.K., ally, political clout, cooperation, cluster bomb treaty, demining work, relationships, countries, political status, economic power, rejection, ban, support, pressure Rejecting, Ban, Cluster, Bombs, Hurts, International, Image, U.S., Western, Liberal, Democracies, Continued, Refusal, Look, Bad, Internationally, Main, Instigators, U.K., Ally, Greatest, Representative, Most, Economically, Powerful, Political, Clout, Cooperation, Failing, Sign, Treaty, Pressure, Countries, Fails, Capacity, Loses, Support, Relies, Maintain, Status, Demining, Work, Worsens, Relationships
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-pro03a	Not censoring puts global pressure on China to change its free speech policies  Google’s decision to stop censoring was world news, and has put internet freedom on everyone’s agenda – even so much so, that U.S. Secretary of State mentioned internet companies ganging up to censor the Chinese corner of the internet specifically as a threat to freedom worldwide in a recent speech. [1] This helps to inform ordinary citizens of other countries who may not know about the ‘great firewall’ what the Chinese government is doing. By making a high-profile decision like this, and by engaging and informing the governments and publics of free and democratic countries like this, Google increases the public and political pressure on China to change its ways.  [1] Hillary Clinton, ‘Conference on Internet Freedom’, December 8, 2011. URL: censorship, China, free speech, Google, internet freedom, global pressure, public awareness, political pressure, Hillary Clinton, internet censorship, Great Firewall, international relations, digital rights, democracy, human rights not censoring, global pressure, China, free speech policies, Google, world news, internet freedom, U.S. Secretary of State, internet companies, censor, Chinese corner, threat to freedom, high-profile decision, inform, ordinary citizens, great firewall, engaging, democratic countries, public pressure, political pressure, change, ways, Hillary Clinton, Conference on Internet Freedom, December 8, 2011 censorship, China, free speech, Google, internet freedom, global pressure, public pressure, political pressure, U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, Great Firewall, internet companies, democratic countries, world news, speech, conference, internet policies, change, inform, citizens, engagement, democratic governments not censoring, global pressure, China, free speech policies, Google, world news, internet freedom, U.S. Secretary of State, internet companies, censor, Chinese internet, threat, freedom, high-profile decision, informing governments, public pressure, change, Hillary Clinton, Conference on Internet Freedom, great firewall censorship, China, free speech, Google, internet freedom, global pressure, U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, great firewall, public awareness, political pressure, democratic countries
test-economy-egecegphw-con02a	Expanding Heathrow would be at the expense of the environment  Expanding Heathrow will directly contribute to climate change and make it impossible for the UK to stay within the EU legal limits. The EU has established limits on the levels of harmful pollution and the UK has signed a commitment to reduce Green House Gases by 80% by 2050 and also to emit no more CO2 in 2050 than it did in 2005. However, building a third runway would be enabling and encouraging greater number of flights which would result in Heathrow becoming the biggest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the country. [1] Attempts by the government to weaken pollution laws by lobbying Brussels would enable the third runway but at a deeply nefarious price, that of human health, currently fifty deaths a year are linked to Heathrow but with expansion this would go up to 150. [2]  [1] Stewart, John, ‘A briefing on Heathrow from HACAN: June 2012’   [2] Wilcockm David, and Harrism Dominic, ‘Heathrow third runway ‘would triple pollution deaths’’, The Independent, 13 October 2012, Expanding Heathrow, Environment, Climate Change, EU Legal Limits, Pollution, Green House Gases, 2050 Targets, CO2 Emissions, Third Runway, Flight Increase, Carbon Dioxide, UK Pollution Laws, Brussels Lobbying, Human Health, Pollution Deaths, Heathrow Emissions, John Stewart, HACAN, David Wilcock, Dominic Harris, The Independent Expanding Heathrow, environment, climate change, EU legal limits, Green House Gases, CO2 reduction, third runway, carbon dioxide, pollution, human health, pollution deaths, Heathrow emissions, government lobbying, Brussels, HACAN, The Independent Expanding Heathrow, Environment, Climate Change, EU Legal Limits, Pollution, Green House Gases, Carbon Dioxide, Third Runway, Air Traffic, Emissions, Human Health, Pollution Deaths, Lobbying, Brussels, Heathrow Emissions, 2050 Targets Expanding Heathrow, environment, climate change, EU legal limits, pollution, Green House Gases, 2050 commitment, CO2 emissions, third runway, carbon dioxide, pollution laws, human health, pollution deaths, Heathrow expansion, HACAN, The Independent Expanding Heathrow, environment, climate change, EU legal limits, pollution, UK, Green House Gases, 2050, carbon dioxide, CO2, third runway, flights, emissions, human health, pollution deaths, Heathrow expansion, HACAN, David Wilcock, Dominic Harris, The Independent
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro04a	Reparations would effectively right the economic imbalance caused by colonialism.  Given that much of the motive for colonisation was economic, many former colonies have suffered damage to their natural resources [1] or human resources, [2] which has left them less able to sustain a healthy economy. Colonists targeted countries with rich natural resources and little ability to defend themselves from invasion and manipulation. By this method, they could supply their own markets with the natural resources which they had already exploited at home [3] , and find cheap (or free) human labour for their markets [4] . Given that powerful countries such as Britain [5] and France [6] gained their own economic prosperity through the exploitation of the economic potential of the colonies, it is entirely appropriate and logical that they should pay reparations as compensation. In this way, the economic disparity between former colonies and colonists would be equalised.  [1] Accessed from  on12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [3] Accessed from  12/09/11  [4] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [5] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [6] ‘The Haitian Revolution and its Effects’. Patrick E. Bryan. Accessed from  on 12/09/11. Reparations, Economic Imbalance, Colonialism, Natural Resources, Human Resources, Colonisation, Economic Motive, Exploitation, Colonies, Colonists, Invention, Manipulation, Markets, Cheap Labour, Economic Prosperity, Britain, France, Compensation, Economic Disparity, Haitian Revolution, Patrick E. Bryan reparations, economic imbalance, colonialism, former colonies, natural resources, human resources, colonists, invasion, manipulation, markets, cheap labor, Britain, France, economic prosperity, exploitation, economic potential, compensation, economic disparity, Haiti, Haitian Revolution reparations, economic imbalance, colonialism, natural resources, human resources, economic damage, colonisation, economic motive, natural resource exploitation, human labor exploitation, economic prosperity, economic potential, economic disparity, former colonies, colonists, Britain, France, Haiti, Haitian Revolution Reparations, Economic Imbalance, Colonialism, Former Colonies, Natural Resources, Human Resources, Economic Damage, Colonists, Market Supply, Exploitation, Economic Prosperity, Compensation, Economic Disparity, Britain, France, Haitian Revolution, Historical Injustice, Financial Redress, Colonial Heritage, Unequal Development, Post-Colonial States reparations, economic imbalance, colonialism, former colonies, natural resources, human resources, healthy economy, colonists, rich natural resources, invasion, manipulation, supply markets, exploited resources, cheap labor, economic prosperity, exploitation, economic potential, economic disparity, equalised, Britain, France, Haitian Revolution, Patrick E. Bryan
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro05a	Would send a positive social message, increasing animal welfare rights more generally in society  Most countries have laws restricting the ways in which animals can be treated. These would ordinarily prohibit treating animals in the manner that animal research laboratories claim is necessary for their research. Thus legal exceptions such as the 1986 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act in the UK exist to protect these organisations, from what would otherwise be a criminal offense. This creates a clear moral tension, as one group within society is able to inflect what to any other group would be illegal suffering and cruelty toward animals. If states are serious about persuading people against cock fighting, dancing bears, and the simple maltreatment of pets and farm animals, then such goals would be enhanced by a more consistent legal position about the treatment of animals by everyone in society. animal welfare, legal exceptions, animal research, moral tension, societal norms, animal cruelty, research laws, animal rights, consistent legal position, public persuasion, animal treatment, scientific procedures act animal welfare, legal exceptions, animal research, moral tension, societal norms, animal cruelty, legal inconsistency, animal rights, public persuasion, ethical treatment animal welfare, social message, legal exceptions, animal research, cruelty prevention, moral tension, consistent legality, societal norms, animal treatment, research ethics, legal protection, public persuasion, animal rights, Cock fighting, dancing bears, pet maltreatment, farm animal welfare, scientific procedures act animal welfare, legal exceptions, animal research, moral tension, society, animal treatment, cruelty, farm animals, pets, cock fighting, dancing bears, legal position, animal rights, Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, UK, social message, prohibition, maltreatment, research laboratories positive social message, animal welfare rights, society, legal restrictions, animal treatment, research laboratories, legal exceptions, moral tension, animal cruelty, cock fighting, dancing bears, pet maltreatment, farm animal maltreatment, consistent legal position
test-politics-cpegiepgh-pro03a	"Amid all the Euroscepticism (sic) and xenophobic scaremongering so typical of the British tabloids, Britain forgets the advantage of cheaper goods would come with her entry into the European single currency.  There will be initial conversion costs and inflation, but this will be short lived. If Britain accepts the Euro, “There will be far more powerful forces – price transparency and economies of scale in a massive single market – that will continuously push the price of British goods down to European levels [resulting in] massive savings.”1. The end of cheaper goods justifies the means of attaining them.  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join"", Page 91 Euroscepticism, xenophobic, British, tabloids, advantage, cheaper, goods, entry, European, single, currency, initial, conversion, costs, inflation, short-lived, powerful, forces, price, transparency, economies, scale, massive, market, continuously, push, British, European, levels, savings, end, justifies, means, attaining, Euro, Britain, join Euroscepticism, xenophobia, British tabloids, European single currency, cheaper goods, conversion costs, inflation, Euro, price transparency, economies of scale, massive savings, Browne, Euro adoption, economic benefits Euroscepticism, xenophobic, British, tabloids, advantage, cheaper, goods, entry, European, single, currency, conversion, costs, inflation, short-lived, powerful, forces, price, transparency, economies, scale, massive, market, continuously, push, levels, resulting, savings, end, justifies, means, attaining, Browne, Euro, Britain, join Euroscepticism, xenophobic, British, tabloids, advantage, cheaper, goods, European, single, currency, initial, conversion, costs, inflation, short, lived, powerful, forces, price, transparency, economies, scale, massive, market, continuously, push, down, levels, resulting, savings, end, justifies, means, attaining, Euro, Britain, join Euroscepticism, xenophobic, scaremongering, British, tabloids, European, single, currency, cheaper, goods, entry, initial, conversion, costs, inflation, short-lived, powerful, forces, price, transparency, economies, scale, massive, market, continuously, push, down, levels, savings, end, justifies, means, attaining, Browne, Euro, Britain, join"
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con03a	The graduated response is a violation of the basic right to due process  Detection of copyright infringement isn’t usually done by a detective sitting behind a computer. It relies on software like automated crawlers and fingerprinting, often created by commercial vendors and hired by the copyright holders. This software automatically sends detected infringements to the ISP, without someone actually checking if this allegation is correct. This means many consumers can be unjustly accused of copyright infringement.  Moreover, most graduated response policies proposed require no judicial intervention at all for the sanction to be invoked. This means private organisations get to decide who has committed a crime and deserves the punishment. The ISPs and copyright holders therefore act as accuser, prosecution, judge and executioner. On top of this if a consumer would go to court, he would also face a reversal of the burden of proof: since he is suing against being fined, he has to prove that he is not guilty, a reversal of the presumption of innocence. [1]  [1] Peter K. Yu, ‘The Graduated Response’. 2010. Florida Law Review, Volume 62. Available for download (PDF) at: graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, automated crawlers, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, ISP, unjust accusations, judicial intervention, private organizations, accuser, prosecution, judge, executioner, burden of proof, presumption of innocence, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, automated detection, software crawlers, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, ISP, allegations, judicial intervention, sanctions, private organizations, crime, punishment, accuser, prosecution, judge, executioner, burden of proof, presumption of innocence, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review, 2010 graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, automated software, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, ISP, judicial intervention, burden of proof, presumption of innocence, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, automated detection, software crawlers, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, ISP, judicial intervention, sanctions, private organizations, crime, punishment, accuser, prosecution, judge, executioner, burden of proof, presumption of innocence, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, automated detection, software crawlers, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, ISP, unjust accusations, judicial intervention, sanction, private organisations, crime, punishment, accuser, prosecution, judge, executioner, court, burden of proof, presumption of innocence, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review, 2010
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-con03a	Universal rights and collective compromises  Cultural relativism is the philosophical belief that all cultures and cultural beliefs are of equal value and that right and wrong are relative and dependant on cultural contexts. Accordingly, relativists hold that universal human rights cannot exist, as there are no truly universal human values. If rights are relative, the laws that protect them must also be relative.  If we accept proposition’s contention that culturally relative values can evolve in response to conflicts and crises, then any perverse or destructive behaviour given the force of ritual and regularity by a group’s conduct can be taken to be relative. If the group believes that a practice is right, if it ties into that group’s conception of what is just and good or beneficial to their survival, then there can be no counter argument against it – whether that practice has been continuous for a hundred years or a hundred days.  Systems of law, however, reflect the opinions, practices and values of everyone within a state’s territory, no matter how plural its population may be. Similarly, objections to specific aspects of the universal human rights doctrine are fragmentary, not collective. While a handful of communities in Yemen may object to a ban on the use of child soldiers, many more throughout the world would find this a sensible and morally valuable principle. It is necessary for both the international community and individual nation states to adjust their laws to reconcile the competing demands of plural value systems. Occasionally, a value common among a majority of cultures must overrule the objections of the minority.  It is perverse to give charismatic leaders who convince impoverished communities to send their sons and daughters into combat an opportunity to use cultural relativism to excuse their culpability for what would otherwise be a war crime. Officers, politicians or dissident commanders are much more likely than Yemeni tribesmen or orphaned Sudanese boys to understand the intricacies of such a defence, and much more likely to abuse it. The commanders of child soldiers are the only class of individuals who should fear the ICC. Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal value, right and wrong, cultural contexts, universal human rights, relative values, conflicts, crises, culturally relative values, destructive behaviour, laws, protect, opinions, practices, values, state territory, plural population, objections, universal human rights doctrine, international community, nation states, reconcile, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, impoverished communities, combat, war crime, commanders, child soldiers, ICC, Defence, moral principle, cultural practices, human values, legal systems, cultural diversity, international law, human rights protection, ethical relativism, societal norms, legal adjustments, Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal cultural value, relative right and wrong, universal human rights, cultural context dependency, relativism, evolving cultural values, conflicts, crises, group beliefs, ritual practices, regularity, group justice, group survival, legal systems, state territory, plural population, legal norms, universal human rights objections, cultural pluralism, majority cultural values, minority objections, international law adjustment, value reconciliation, majority overrule, cultural relativism abuse, charismatic leaders, community influence, war crimes, ICC, child soldiers, Yemen, Sudan, legal accountability, commanders responsibility Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal cultural value, right and wrong, cultural contexts, human rights, universal human values, laws, conflicts, crises, culturally relative values, destructive behaviour, ritual, group conduct, justice, survival, state territory, plural population, international community, nation states, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, charismatic leaders, impoverished communities, combat, cultural relativism defence, war crime, ICC, commanders, child soldiers Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, philosophical belief, equal value, cultural contexts, universal human rights, relative values, evolving values, conflicts, crises, destructive behavior, cultural practices, systems of law, opinions, practices, values, plural population, objections, universal human rights doctrine, fragmentary, collective, international community, nation states, competing demands, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, charismatic leaders, impoverished communities, cultural relativism defence, war crime, ICC, child soldiers, commanders, politicians, dissident commanders, Yemeni tribesmen, Sudanese boys universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal value, cultures, right and wrong, cultural contexts, universal human rights, non-universal values, relative laws, evolving values, conflicts, crises, group conduct, just and good, survival, legal systems, state territory, plural population, fragmentary objections, universal human rights doctrine, community objections, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, charismatic leaders, impoverished communities, child soldiers, war crime, ICC, commanders, political abuse, defense mechanisms
test-economy-thhghwhwift-con01a	A fat tax infringes on individual choice  Introducing such a tax would constitute an overstepping of the government’s authority. The role of government in a society should not expand further than providing basic services such as education, legal protection, i.e. only the services necessary for a society to function and for the individual’s rights to be protected.  Such a specific tax is completely uncalled for and very unreasonable in the context of a fair society with a government that knows its place in it.  Protecting the individual should go no further than the protection against the actions of a third person. For instance: we can all agree that governments should put measures in place to protect us from thieves, scammers, etc. But should it also protect us from frivolous spending? Limit us in the number of credit cards we can own? Tell us how we can invest our money?  Of course not. But what this tax does is exactly that – it is punishing the citizens for a specific choice they are making by artificially inflating its cost.  Thus it is clear that levying such a tax against a specific choice an individual should be able to legitimately make is a clear overstepping of the government’s authority. [1]  [1] Wilkinson, W., Tax the fat, not their food, published 7/26/2011,  , accessed 12/9/2011 Fat tax, individual choice, government authority, basic services, fair society, protection, third person, frivolous spending, credit cards, investment, punishing citizens, specific choice, overstepping authority, Wilkinson, Tax the fat, not their food fat tax, individual choice, government authority, basic services, protection, society function, individual rights, overstepping, fair society, thief, scammer, frivolous spending, credit cards, investment, punishing citizens, specific choice, artificially inflating cost, tax overstepping, Wilkinson fat tax, individual choice, government authority, basic services, education, legal protection, fair society, frivolous spending, credit cards, investment freedom, artificial cost inflation, overstepping authority fat tax, individual choice, government authority, basic services, education, legal protection, societal function, individual rights, fair society, government overreach, protecting individuals, third-party actions, thieves, scammers, frivolous spending, credit cards, investment, punishing citizens, specific choice, artificial cost, government overstepping, Wilkinson, Tax the fat, not their food fat tax, individual choice, government authority, basic services, education, legal protection, society function, rights protection, fair society, protecting individuals, third person actions, thieves, scammers, frivolous spending, credit cards, investment freedom, artificial cost inflation, specific choice, citizen punishment, government overstepping, Wilkinson, tax policy, personal freedom, fiscal responsibility, public health, regulatory boundaries
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro04a	Tackling HIV requires a responsible and active position by everyone  Businesses ought to take a responsible and active position on HIV. The issue isn’t going to go away. Successful programs designed to help HIV-positive employees remain in the workplace for as long as they want to do so should be developed. Procedures for treating personnel with fairness and dignity must be put in place. The potential fears and prejudices of other employees must be combated. The beginning of that process is ensuring they know about the problem and, crucially, the scale of it. Without knowledge of the numbers involved, employers may put in place inadequate medical and pensions arrangements that will ultimately prove inadequate. HIV, workplace, businesses, responsible, active, programs, HIV-positive, employees, fairness, dignity, fears, prejudices, knowledge, problem, scale, medical, pensions, arrangements, inadequate HIV, responsible, active, businesses, programs, HIV-positive, employees, workplace, fairness, dignity, fears, prejudices, knowledge, scale, medical, pensions, arrangements HIV, responsible, active, businesses, programs, HIV-positive, employees, workplace, procedures, fairness, dignity, fears, prejudices, knowledge, numbers, employers, medical, pensions, arrangements, inadequate HIV, responsibility, active-position, businesses, HIV-positive, workplace, programs, fairness, dignity, personnel, fears, prejudices, knowledge, problem, scale, employers, medical, pensions, arrangements, inadequate HIV, responsibility, active position, businesses, HIV-positive employees, workplace, fairness, dignity, fears, prejudices, knowledge, problem scale, medical arrangements, pensions arrangements
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con02a	Cant enforce an online gambling ban  Governments can’t actually do anything to enforce a ban on the world wide web. Domestic laws can only stop internet companies using servers and offices in their own country. They cannot stop their citizens going online to gamble using sites based elsewhere. Governments can try to block sites they disapprove of, but new ones will keep springing up and their citizens will find ways around the ban. So practically there is little the government can do to stop people gambling online. Despite it being illegal the American Gambling Association has found that 4% of Americans already engage in online gambling [11]. online gambling, government ban, enforcement issues, internet regulation, server jurisdiction, citizen online activities, blocking websites, circumvention methods, legal gambling, American Gambling Association, gambling statistics online gambling, government ban, enforcement issues, internet regulation, cross-border gambling, legal challenges, American Gambling Association, gambling statistics, citizen compliance, website blocking, circumvention methods, domestic laws, international servers online gambling, ban enforcement, government regulation, internet gambling, legal restrictions, gambling laws, domestic laws, server control, website blocking, citizen compliance, gambling prevalence, American Gambling Association, illegal gambling, online gambling statistics online gambling, government regulation, internet censorship, legal enforcement, server jurisdiction, domestic laws, international gambling sites, blocking websites, circumvention methods, American Gambling Association, illegal gambling, citizen behavior, gambling statistics online gambling, government enforcement, domestic laws, internet regulation, server jurisdiction, citizen behavior, site blocking, legal gambling, American Gambling Association, gambling statistics, internet freedom, regulatory challenges
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-con03a	How Would One Know a System of Rehabilitation Is Really Working  The question “does it work” must be joined by the second question: “even if it does work, how can you tell, with each individual offender, when it has worked?” How would we check if this system is really working? Tagging prisoners? Free counselling for the prisoner for the rest of their life? These measures would require huge administration costs and then the question follows would it even be feasible to enforce such a system?  The root of criminality exists before exposure to the prison system; otherwise criminals would have no reason to be there in the first place. What may be more sensible is to analyse the root causes of what makes criminals offend in the first instance and introduce reform to counteract it, for example the economic crisis. [1]  Some have cited the education system as failing to instil a sense of morality in people. Others suggest that a lack of welfare leads individuals to lose faith in society and therefore be unwilling to follow the law. Assuming that the right time to change people’s outlook on society is after they have offended is naïve – criminal urges are better ‘nipped in the bud’.  It could be argued that criminal mentalities are inherent within certain individuals, either due to their inborn psyche or their upbringing. If one accepts this, then basic rehabilitation into society is going to do little to stop re-offending, whereas incarceration will keep them in a position where they cannot offend. Allowing them easy passage back into the world, with minimal supervision, could provide a gateway for them to commit more serious crimes.  [1] Dodd, Vikram, ‘Police face years of public disorder, former Met chief warns’, guardian.co.uk, 6 December 2011. rehabilitation, effectiveness, individual, offender, assessment, prison, tagging, counselling, administration, costs, feasibility, root, causes, criminality, exposure, prison, system, reform, economic, crisis, education, morality, welfare, society, criminal, urges, prevention, mentalities, inborn, psyche, upbringing, re-offending, incarceration, supervision, reintegration, public, disorder, policing rehabilitation, effectiveness, individual offender, assessment, feasibility, administration costs, root causes, criminality, prison system, reform, economic crisis, education system, morality, welfare, societal faith, criminal urges, early intervention, criminal mentalities, inborn psyche, upbringing, re-offending, incarceration, supervision, public disorder rehabilitation, prisoner, system, effectiveness, individual, offender, assessment, tagging, counselling, administration, costs, feasibility, root, criminality, prison, pre-exposure, crime, analysis, reform, economy, education, morality, welfare, societal, faith, law, prevention, criminal, mentality, inborn, psyche, upbringing, re-offending, incarceration, supervision, re-integration, public, disorder, police, society, crime-prevention, tag, mental-health, social-support, recidivism, criminal-justice, policy, evaluation, social-rehabilitation, community-integration, law-enforcement, criminal rehabilitation, effectiveness, individual offender, evaluation methods, prisoner tagging, continuous counseling, administrative costs, feasibility, root causes, criminality, prison system, crime prevention, economic crisis, education system, morality, welfare, societal faith, criminal urges, early intervention, inherent criminality, upbringing, re-offending, incarceration, supervision, public safety, policy reform, criminal behavior, societal integration, Vikram Dodd, police, public disorder, Met chief rehabilitation, effectiveness, individual offender, assessment, administration costs, feasibility, root causes, criminality, prison system, economic crisis, education system, morality, welfare, societal faith, law, early intervention, criminal urges, mentalities, inborn psyche, upbringing, re-offending, incarceration, supervision, public disorder, police
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con02a	A boycott won’t help resolve the issues at question  European leaders need to consider whether their methods are likely to achieve the result they want. What Europe’s leaders want is first of all Yulia Timoshenko released and secondly improvements in Ukrainian human rights. Timoshenko is unlikely to be released as she has been convicted on charges of abuse of office and sentenced to seven years in prison; the best that could be hoped for is an improvement in her treatment. Similarly the result is not likely to be positive for human rights and democracy. There might be an improvement during the games while the eyes of the world are on Ukraine but long term there will be no impact unless Yanukovych is persuaded that improvements are in his benefit. This would require more concrete and long term actions than one off boycotts.  Past boycotts have demonstrated a lack of success in changing the situation on the ground. In the 1980 Olympics held in Moscow during the Cold War the USA boycotted in response to the 1979 invasion by the USSR of Afghanistan. The result was that the Soviet Union stayed in Afghanistan, won most medals in the Olympics and retaliated by boycotting the 1984 games held in Los Angeles. [1]  [1] Gera, Vanessa, ‘Boycott of Ukraine During Euro 2012 Carries Risk’, Associated Press, 11 May 2012. boycott, europe, leaders, methods, yulia timoshenko, ukrainian, human rights, prison, abuse of office, democracy, yanukovych, 1980 olympics, moscow, cold war, usa, afghanistan, 1984 games, los angeles, retaliation, concrete actions,短期行动, 长期影响 boycott, European, leaders, resolve, issues, Yulia, Timoshenko, released, Ukrainian, human, rights, improvements, abuse, office, sentenced, prison, treatment, democracy, impact, Yanukovych, persuaded, benefits, concrete, actions, past, 1980, Olympics, Moscow, Cold, War, USA, 1979, invasion, USSR, Afghanistan, medals, retaliated, 1984, Los Angeles, Associated, Press, Euro, 2012 boycott, European leaders, Yulia Timoshenko, Ukrainian human rights, abuse of office, prison, human rights, democracy, improvements, long-term actions, past boycotts, 1980 Olympics, Moscow, Cold War, USA, 1979 invasion, Afghanistan, Soviet Union, retaliation, 1984 games, Los Angeles boycott, resolution, European leaders, methods, Yulia Timoshenko, Ukrainian human rights, conviction, abuse of office, prison, treatment, human rights, democracy, improvement, long-term actions, past boycotts, success, 1980 Olympics, Moscow, Cold War, USA, 1979 invasion, USSR, Afghanistan, medals, retaliation, 1984 games, Los Angeles, impact, persuasion, Yanukovych, benefits boycott, resolution, European leaders, methods, Yulia Timoshenko, release, Ukrainian human rights, abuse of office, democracy, Viktor Yanukovych, long-term actions, 1980 Olympics, Moscow, Cold War, USA, Afghanistan, medal count, 1984 games, Los Angeles, retaliation, impact, improvement, treatment, persuasion, benefit, ground situation, past boycotts, Euro 2012, Associated Press, Vanessa Gera
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro04a	Rebuilding agricultural systems  Africa is faced with an agrarian crisis. Microfinance is providing rural communities a chance to gain food security and reduce vulnerability to risks such as climate change, unstable demand, and political tensions. Microfinance supports small scale agriculture – which is more sustainable, effective for growth, and beneficial for communities than larger scale agriculture. In Zimbabwe, small scale farming has the capability to improve production, benefiting households, communities, and the Nation (IRIN, 2013; Morrison, 2012).  Kiva, a microfinance NGO, is providing affordable capital to remote communities. Loans have been provided to small-scale farmers and a rental system has been set-up enabling farmers to borrow tools and resources needed. Rebuilding, Agricultural, Systems, Africa, Agrarian, Crisis, Microfinance, Rural, Communities, Food, Security, Reduce, Vulnerability, Climate, Change, Unstable, Demand, Political, Tensions, Small, Scale, Agriculture, Sustainable, Effective, Growth, Beneficial, Communities, Zimbabwe, Production, Households, Nation, Kiva, NGO, Affordable, Capital, Remote, Loans, Farmers, Rental, System, Tools, Resources Rebuilding agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, reduce vulnerability, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small scale agriculture, sustainable, effective growth, beneficial communities, larger scale agriculture, Zimbabwe, production improvement, households, Nation, Kiva, microfinance NGO, affordable capital, remote communities, loans, small-scale farmers, rental system, tools, resources Rebuilding, agricultural, systems, Africa, agrarian, crisis, microfinance, rural, communities, food, security, reduce, vulnerability, risks, climate, change, unstable, demand, political, tensions, small, scale, agriculture, sustainable, effective, growth, beneficial, communities, larger, scale, Zimbabwe, production, households, nation, Kiva, NGO, affordable, capital, remote, loans, farmers, rental, system, borrow, tools, resources Rebuilding, agricultural, systems, Africa, agrarian, crisis, microfinance, rural, communities, food, security, reduce, vulnerability, risks, climate, change, unstable, demand, political, tensions, small, scale, agriculture, sustainable, effective, growth, beneficial, communities, larger, scale, Zimbabwe, production, households, Nation, Kiva, NGO, affordable, capital, remote, loans, rental, system, farmers, tools, resources Agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small scale agriculture, sustainability, economic growth, community benefits, Zimbabwe, production improvement, household benefits, national benefits, Kiva, affordable capital, remote communities, loans, small-scale farmers, rental system, farming tools, resources
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro02a	Compulsory voting broadens representation of disadvantaged groups  Voter apathy is highest among the poorest and most excluded sectors of society. As the Institute for Public Policy Research highlight, “the higher the income a citizen enjoys, and the higher the educational qualifications attained, the more likely it is that he or she will turn out to vote”. Since they do not vote, the political parties do not create policies for their needs, which leads to a vicious circle of increasing isolation. By making the most disenfranchised vote the major political parties are forced to take notice of them and this would reduce political polarisation 1. An example of this is in the UK where the Labour party abandoned its core supporters to pursue ‘middle England’. Political parties are drawn towards those groups to whom favourable policies will be rewarded in the form of vote. Compulsory voting ensures that all stakeholders in society are proportionally considered in governmental policy.  1 William Galston, 'Mandatory Voting Would Loosen Partisan Gridlock' US News and World Report, July 8th 2010 compulsory voting, representation, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, poorest, excluded, income, education, turnout, political parties, policies, needs, isolation, disenfranchised, major, labour party, core supporters, middle england, partisan gridlock, stakeholders, governmental policy, william galston, mandatory voting, us news, world report Compulsory voting, representation, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, poverty, education, income, political parties, policies, political isolation, disenfranchisement, political polarisation, UK, Labour party, middle England, William Galston, partisan gridlock, governmental policy, stakeholder consideration compulsory voting, representation, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, poverty, exclusion, income, education, political parties, policies, isolation, disenfranchisement, political polarisation, middle England, stakeholders, governmental policy, partisan gridlock Compulsory voting, representation, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, income, education, political parties, policies, political polarisation, disenfranchised, governmental policy, stakeholder, middle England, partisan gridlock, William Galston Compulsory voting, representation, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, poverty, political exclusion, income, education, political parties, policy creation, isolation, disenfranchisement, political polarisation, Labour party, middle England, stakeholder consideration, governmental policy, William Galston, partisan gridlock
test-international-ghwcitca-pro03a	The use of the internet undermines the state by demonopolizing the use of force  Ever since the state rose to ascendancy over powerful internal actors, such as the nobility in a feudal system, the state has had a monopoly on the use of force. The state quickly became the only institution with the resources to maintain military forces and has become the only legitimate wielder of force. The internet however changes this. Cyber-attacks are often by individuals or groups who can carry out a cross border attack without the aid of their home country.  In 2011 CIA director Leon Panetta told Congress “when it comes to national security, I think this represents the battleground for the future. I've often said that I think the potential for the next Pearl Harbor could very well be a cyber-attack.” [1] If cyber-attacks are so important it stands to reason that the groups who are able to engage in such activities should be as limited as possible. While it is not always possible states try to make sure that the weapons of war for the most part remain in the hands of responsible actors. This should apply as much in cyberspace as elsewhere. While terrorist groups do exist – and are occasionally armed by states – for the most part they are seen by every government as being illegitimate.  [1] Serrano, Richard A., ‘U.S. intelligence officials concerned about cyber attack’, Los Angeles Times, 11 February 2011, internet, undermines, state, demonopolizes, force, ascendency, nobility, feudal, monopoly, military, cyber-attacks, individuals, groups, cross-border, aid, CIA, Leon Panetta, Congress, national security, Pearl Harbor, battleground, future, limited, weapons, war, responsible, cyberspace, terrorist, armed, governments, illegitimate internet, state, monopoly, force, cyber-attacks, security, Pearl Harbor, weapons, cyberspace, terrorism, legitimacy, government, intelligence, concern internet, state, monopoly, force, cyber-attacks, individuals, groups, cross-border, national-security, CIA, Leon Panetta, Pearl Harbor, responsible-actors, cyberspace, terrorist-groups, illegitimate, government, weapons-of-war, intelligence-officials, concerns, armed-states internet, state, monopoly, force, cyber-attacks, individuals, groups, cross-border, national security, CIA, Leon Panetta, Pearl Harbor, weapons, war, responsible actors, cyberspace, terrorist groups, governments, illegitimate, cybersecurity, military, resources, institutions, ascendancy, nobility, feudal system, Congress, intelligence officials, concern, digital warfare, asymmetric threats, non-state actors, cyber defense, information security, hacker, espionage, digital sabotage, legislative control, technology regulation, cyber terrorism, online security, global security, strategic studies, cyber policy, governmental control, digital arms race internet, state, monopoly, force, cyber-attacks, individuals, groups, cross-border, national-security, Pearl-Harbor, weapons, war, responsible-actors, cyberspace, terrorist-groups, governments, illegitimate, U.S., intelligence, officials, concern, cyber-attack, Los-Angeles-Times
test-law-hrpepthwuto-con02a	Introducing the use of violence into the justice system means that liberties that have taken centuries to secure are lost  The principle that all people are presumed innocent and, as a result, should not be abused either physically or mentally by officers of the state is one that took centuries- not to mention a great deal of blood and sweat- to establish. In the words of British Chief Justice Phillips this respect for human rights is, in and of itself, “a vital part in the fight against terror”, as if terrorism is to be defeated states that ascribe to such principles must show that they remain true to them in order to win the ideological battle.  Using torture on suspected terrorist would be to tear apart that basic principle in response to crimes, which, it has been noted, are on nothing like the scale of the industrialised warfare of the twentieth century, would be a massively damaging step. Regardless of the scale of the crime the individual must have protections against false accusation and punishment, this means that a fair trial is necessary in order to determine innocence or guilt. use of violence, justice system, liberties, centuries, presumed innocent, physical abuse, mental abuse, officers of the state, human rights, fight against terror, terrorism, ideological battle, torture, suspected terrorist, basic principle, crimes, industrialised warfare, false accusation, punishment, fair trial, innocence, guilt violence, justice system, liberties, centuries, presumed innocent, physical abuse, mental abuse, officers of state, human rights, fight against terror, terrorism, principles, ideology, torture, suspected terrorists, false accusation, fair trial, innocence, guilt, industrialised warfare, twentieth century, protections, massively damaging step use of violence, justice system, liberties, centuries, presumed innocent, physical abuse, mental abuse, officers of the state, human rights, fight against terror, terrorism, ideological battle, torture, suspected terrorist, basic principle, industrialised warfare, twentieth century, false accusation, fair trial, innocence, guilt violence, justice system, liberties, centuries, presumed innocent, physical abuse, mental abuse, state officers, human rights, fight against terror, Chief Justice Phillips, terrorism, ideological battle, torture, suspected terrorists, false accusation, fair trial, innocence, guilt, industrialised warfare, twentieth century, protections, crimes, massively damaging step violence, justice system, liberties, centuries, presume innocent, physical abuse, mental abuse, state officers, human rights, fight against terror, Chief Justice Phillips, terrorism, ideological battle, torture, suspected terrorist, basic principle, crimes, industrialised warfare, twentieth century, false accusation, punishment, fair trial, innocence, guilt
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-pro03a	Ill-informed prejudice has no place in society. The veneer of religion has been used to justify hatred, prejudice and division and should be confronted.  Homophobia is the last respectable prejudice [1] and should be tackled with the same passion and force that others have been, and continue to be, confronted. If the speaker had been condemning black people or women they would have been arrested for public disorder if they represented an organisation that was overtly racist, it would be quite likely to be banned.  For some reason Churches that hold views on homosexuality that are comparable in their vitriol to those on race held by neo-Nazi groups are not only tolerated but frequently supported by the state.  Hatred is hatred and there is no reason why homophobia should be given a free pass that would not be given to racism or sexism.  All of the Abrahamic faiths have, at their core, an authority focussed on maintaining ‘the natural order’. From the fourteenth century on – although interestingly less so before that point – homosexuality has been singled out as one of the gravest of sins [2] , with the Catechism identifying it as one of four sins that “calls out to Heaven for vengeance”. That is not merely offensive but dangerous in a modern society.  [1] Maguire, Daniel C., ‘Heterosexism in Contemporary World Religion’, The Religious Consultation.  [2] Boswell, John, The Marriage of Likeness, Harper Collins, Chapter Eight. homophobia, prejudice, society, religion, hatred, division, public disorder, racism, sexism, churches, state support, hatred, natural order, sins, vengeance, modern society, heterosexism, world religion, marriage, likeness ill-informed prejudice, society, religion, hatred, homophobia, respectable prejudice, public disorder, racism, sexism, Churches, state support, vitriolic views, neo-Nazi groups, Abrahamic faiths, natural order, sins, Catechism, vengeance, modern society, heterosexism, world religion, John Boswell, Marriage of Likeness ill-informed prejudice, society, religion, justification, hatred, division, homophobia, respectable prejudice, confrontation, passion, force, racism, sexism, public disorder, churches, tolerance, state support, neo-Nazi, vitriol, natural order, sins, Catechism, vengeance, modern society, heterosexism, contemporary world religion, John Boswell, Marriage of Likeness ill-informed prejudice, society, religion, justification of hatred, division, homophobia, respectable prejudice, public disorder, racism, sexism, churches, tolerance, state support, neo-Nazi groups, hatred, free pass, abrahamic faiths, natural order, fourteenth century, homosexuality, sin, catechism, vengeance, modern society, heterosexism, contemporary world religion, marriage of likeness ill-informed prejudice, society, religion, hatred, prejudice, division, homophobia, respectable prejudice, passion, public disorder, racist, banned, churches, homosexuality, neo-Nazi, tolerance, state support, hatred, modern society, Abrahamic faiths, natural order, sins, vengeance, heterosexism, contemporary world religion, marriage of likeness
test-education-ughbuesbf-con05a	State control of acceptance/curriculum criteria has negative effects  When the state has control of the purse strings, it wields a great deal of power over universities. In the case of Ireland, for example, the government has so much influence over higher education that it altered the governing structures of the major universities in 2000 through legislation and has representation on the Boards of each university. This degree of control is negative to the academic independence of universities.1 Universities operate best when they are independent of outside control and agendas. For the sake of free scholarship, free university education should not be instituted.  1 Government of Ireland. 1997. “Universities Act, 1997”. Available: state control, acceptance criteria, curriculum criteria, negative effects, state funding, higher education, Ireland, government influence, university governance, academic independence, free scholarship, free university education, Universities Act 1997, government representation, university boards, legislative control, external agendas, educational autonomy State control, acceptance criteria, curriculum criteria, negative effects, government influence, higher education, Ireland, Universities Act 1997, governing structures, academic independence, free scholarship, free university education, outside control, agendas, legislative changes, university boards, public funding, educational autonomy state control, acceptance criteria, curriculum criteria, negative effects, state funding, university independence, academic freedom, government influence, higher education, Ireland, Universities Act 1997, free scholarship, free university education state control, curriculum criteria, negative effects, government influence, higher education, Ireland, universities, academic independence, free scholarship, free university education, legislation, university governance, outside control, government representation, academic freedom, education policy, institutional autonomy state control, acceptance criteria, curriculum criteria, negative effects, state funding, university governance, academic independence, government influence, higher education, Ireland, Universities Act 1997, free scholarship, free university education
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con04a	Immunity for politicians hurts the image of their office  Far from the worst PR for an office being that a holder of it is on trial, the worst possible public perception of a political institution is that it is wracked with corruption, with it not even theoretically possible to hold its members to account. Prosecuting politicians makes it clear that their office is not a den of impunity, and in the wake of a scandal, restoring public confidence in politicians to come. The public wants their politicians to be accountable and granting immunity harms accountability by denying an option. immunity, politicians, image, office, public, perception, corruption, accountability, prosecution, scandal, confidence, impunity Immunity, Politicians, Image, Office, Trial, PR, Political Institution, Corruption, Accountability, Impunity, Scandal, Public Confidence, Transparency, Prosecution, Harm, Denying Justice, Public Perception, Political Accountability, Integrity, Legal Consequences, Trial Feasibility, Trust Enforcement, Justice System, Civic Duty, Ethical Standards, Law Enforcement, Political Scandal, Public Office, Responsibility, Trial Necessity, Immunity Abolition,Fair Trial, Public Interest, Political Ethics, Legal Accountability, Citizen Rights, Government Scrutiny, Anti-Corruption Measures, Legal Recourse, Political Oversight, Democratic immunity, politicians, image, office, trial, PR, political, institution, corruption, accountability, impunity, scandal, public, confidence, prosecute, harm, deny, option immunity, politicians, public image, corruption, accountability, prosecution, public confidence, scandal, political office, impunity, transparency, justice, public trust, legal accountability, political scandal, office holder, institutional integrity immunity, politicians, public, image, office, trial, PR, corruption, accountability, impunity, scandal, confidence, harm, denial, option, restoration, perception, prosecution, political, institution, members, theoretical, possibility, holders, worst, clear, harmed, comes, restoring, want, their, to, be, in, not, on, with, for, it, of, the, an, that, and, is
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro03a	It’s in the interests of co-workers  It’s in the interests of other workers. The possibility of transmission, while very unlikely, is real and one they have a right to know about so as to be able to guard against it. While most of the time it will not be problem as transmission requires a transfer of bodily fluids this may occasionally happen in a workplace. [1] This is particularly true of healthworkers (e.g. doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, paramedics, etc) who should have both a moral and a legal obligation to disclose if they are HIV-positive. Even outside the medical field industrial accidents may expose employees to risk. Employers have a duty to protect their workforce.  [1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘HIV Transmission’, Department of Health and Human Services, HIV, transmission, co-workers, workplace, healthworkers, doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, paramedics, moral obligation, legal obligation, HIV-positive, industrial accidents, employers, duty, protect, workforce, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, bodily fluids, risk, disclosure HIV, transmission, workplace, co-workers, healthworkers, disclosure, moral obligation, legal obligation, employers, duty, protect, workforce, bodily fluids, industrial accidents, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services coworkers, workers, transmission, HIV, workplace, healthworkers, doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, paramedics, moral, legal, obligation, disclose, HIV-positive, industrial accidents, employees, risk, employers, duty, protect, workforce, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Transmission, Department of Health and Human Services coworkers, other workers, transmission, HIV, healthworkers, doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, paramedics, moral obligation, legal obligation, HIV-positive, industrial accidents, employers, workforce protection, Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, HIV Transmission HIV, transmission, workplace, co-workers, healthworkers, doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, paramedics, industrial accidents, employers, duty, protect, workforce, bodily fluids, moral obligation, legal obligation, disclosure, CDC, Department of Health and Human Services
test-law-cpilhbishioe-pro01a	An ICC enforcement is a necessity if there is to be international criminal justice  The remit of the ICC is unlike the remit of any national court. It deals exclusively in crimes so unacceptable there is an international consensus behind their illegality and the need for prosecutions. The parties that signed up to the Rome Statute’s reason for the creation of the ICC was “that such grave crimes threaten the peace, security and well-being of the world” the perpetrators of such crimes clearly need to be brought to book, and to do that they need to be apprehended. The same agreement said the signatories were “Resolved to guarantee lasting respect for and the enforcement of international justice” if this is the case then there should be agreement on enabling that enforcement by creating an ICC enforcement arm. Again the Rome statute makes clear that the agreement “shall not be taken as authorizing” intervention by another state. This is why the enforcement needs to be done by a separate international force who could not be considered a threat to any state. [1] Quite simply there is little point in international criminal justice if there is no force to bring the criminals to the court.  [1] ‘Preamble’ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1 July 2002, ICC enforcement, international criminal justice, Rome Statute, global peace, security, well-being, grave crimes, prosecutions, apprehension, enforcement arm, international force, state intervention, lasting respect, international justice, criminals, court appearance ICC, enforcement, international criminal justice, Rome Statute, crimes, international consensus, prosecutions, peace, security, well-being, signatories, grave crimes, perpetrators, apprehended, lasting respect, international justice, enforcement arm, intervention, state, international force, criminals, court ICC, enforcement, international criminal justice, Rome Statute, crimes, perpetrators, apprehended, peace, security, well-being, international consensus, prosecutions, signatories, agreement, respect, enforcement, international force, state, intervention, criminals, court ICC enforcement, international criminal justice, Rome Statute, global peace, security, well-being, grave crimes, prosecutions, perpetrators, apprehension, international consensus, legal illegality, enforcement arm, international force, state intervention, judicial respect, criminal apprehension, court proceedings, international law, judicial enforcement ICC, enforcement, international, criminal, justice, remit, national, court, crimes, unacceptable, international, consensus, illegality, prosecutions, parties, Rome, Statute, creation, threat, peace, security, well-being, perpetrators, apprehended, agreement, lasting, respect, intervention, state, separate, international, force, criminals, court, Preamble, 2002
test-environment-assgbatj-con05a	Research animals are well treated  Animals used in research generally don’t suffer. While they may be in pain, they are generally given pain killers, and when they are put down this is done humanely. [16] They are looked after, as healthy animals mean better experimental results. These animals live better lives than they would in the wild.  As long as animals are treated well there shouldn’t be a moral objection to animal research. This is exactly the same as with raising animals that will be used for meat. animal research, well-treated animals, experimental results, pain management, humane euthanasia, moral objections, animal welfare, animal rights, laboratory animals, ethical treatment, animal testing, research ethics, animal husbandry, animal studies, scientific research, animal care, wildlife comparison, ethical considerations, meat production, animal husbandry practices animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, experimental results, moral objections, animal husbandry, meat animals, ethical treatment, research ethics, animal care, wild animals, better life, health maintenance, scientific integrity animal research, animal treatment, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, experimental results, moral objections, animal rights, laboratory animals, ethical considerations, animal husbandry, meat production, wild animals, quality of life, scientific integrity, regulatory standards animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane practices, animal welfare, experimental results, moral objections, animal ethics, laboratory animals, animal husbandry, research ethics, humane euthanasia, animal health, wild animals, meat production, ethical treatment animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, experimental results, ethical considerations, animal rights, meat production, moral objections
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-con01a	Human rights are dependent upon the state  There is clearly not universal or even widespread acceptance of the idea that internet access should be a human right. Human rights are dependent upon the state, the desires of the community, and that depends upon the state’s socio economic context. [1] The internet cannot therefore be considered a universal human right because not all states are advanced enough to take responsibility for this right.  International law is based upon several sources; state practice, customary law, treaties and judicial decisions. [2] None of these sources yet recognise internet access as a human right, indeed if state practice is taken as deciding if human rights exist then the whole concept of human rights is open to question. [3]  [1] Turkin, G., Theory of International Law, 1974, p.81  [2] Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law 4th ed., Cambridge University press, 1997, Chapter 3.  [3] Watson, J.S., Legal theory, efficacy and validity in the development of human rights norms in international law, University of Illinois law forum, 1979, p.609 Human rights, state dependency, internet access, universal human right, socio-economic context, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, human rights norms, legal theory, efficacy, validity human rights, state dependence, internet access, universal right, socio-economic context, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, legal theory, human rights norms, international law sources, state responsibility, socio-economic development, technological advancement, legal recognition, Shaw, Turkin, Watson human rights, state dependence, internet access, universal recognition, socio-economic context, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, legal theory, human rights norms, international law development, societal desires, technological advancement, legal efficacy, validity, norm creation, state responsibility, digital rights human rights, state dependency, internet access, universal right, socio-economic context, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, legal theory, human rights norms, validity, efficacy Human rights, state dependency, internet access, universal right, socio-economic context, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, legal theory, human rights norms, international law development, efficacy, validity
test-religion-yercfrggms-con01a	In the absence of positive evidence for the existence of God the rational position is agnosticism, not atheism:  In a situation where there is an absence of either positive evidence for a claim or definite negative evidence for it, the natural response is not rejection of the claim, but rather skepticism and admission of lack of knowledge one way or the other. [1] In the case of religion and God, this position is agnosticism. Humans are fallible organisms, and thus all statements about truth and about the Universe must be qualified by some degree of doubt. Positively rejecting the existence of God, as atheism does, ignores this requisite doubt even though it cannot prove that there is no God. Rather, in the absence of evidence for or against the existence of God, the most the atheist can say honestly is that he does not know. The claims of atheism are positive ones and thus require evidence; an atheist position is thus faith-based in the same way a theist one is.  [1] Hume, David. 1748. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. New York: Oxford University Press (2008). agnosticism, atheism, skepticism, doubt, positive evidence, negative evidence, rejection, fallibility, truth, universe, religion, God, Hume, faith, rational position, enquiry, human understanding, philosophical argument, belief systems, existential claims, epistemology, logical reasoning, scientific method, theoretical constructs, metaphysics, secular humanism, naturalism, ontological arguments, teleological arguments, moral philosophy, ethical considerations, cognitive biases, critical thinking, empirical evidence, subjective experience, objective reality, rationality, intellectual honesty, metaphysical speculation, existential uncertainty, philosophical inquiry, religious studies, theology, atheistic philosophy, agnosticism, atheism, evidence, doubt, skepticism, Hume, existence, God, rational, position, rejection, knowledge, fallible, truth, universe, positive, claim, proof, faith, theism agnosticism, atheism, evidence, God, skepticism, doubt, fallibility, human understanding, Hume, faith, truth, universe, rejection, positive claims, negative evidence, rational position, knowledge, honesty, philosophy, religion, belief systems, enquiry, existence, non-existence, proof, faith-based, theism, claim evaluation, epistemology, rationality, admission of ignorance, positivism, rejection of claims, qualified statements, uncertainty, scientific skepticism, critical thinking, logical reasoning, empirical evidence, theoretical arguments, metaphysical claims, philosophical inquiry, intellectual honesty, absence of evidence, evidence-based reasoning, natural response agnosticism, atheism, evidence, skepticism, knowledge, doubt, fallibility, truth, universe, rejection, faith, Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding agnosticism, atheism, positive evidence, God, skepticism, doubt, human fallibility, truth, universe, rejection, belief, faith, enquiry, human understanding, Hume, David
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro03a	There is already a precedent for paying reparations to such states.  In the past, dominating global powers have paid reparations and compensation for historical wrongs. For example, Germany pays an annual amount of money to Israel to recognise wrongs committed against Jews during the Holocaust, and to recognise the theft of Jewish property at this time [1] . These reparations have helped Israeli infrastructure enormously, providing ‘railways and telephones, dock installations and irrigation plants, whole areas of industry and agriculture’ [2] and contributing to Israeli economic security. Japan also paid reparations to Korea after World War II as the Koreans were ‘deprived of their nation and their identity’ [4] . Britain has paid compensation to the New Zealand Maoris for the damage done during colonial times and the seizure of their land [5] , and Iraq pays compensation to Kuwait for damage done during the invasion and occupation of 1990-91 [6] . There is little reason why other nations should not be paid for the grievances caused to them by domination countries. There is support for the notion that colonial powers should pay for free universal education in Africa [7] ; this would be an entirely appropriate and desirable measure.  [1] 'Holocaust Restitution: German Reparations', Jewish Virtual Library, accessed 16/1/2014,   [2] 'Holocaust Restitution: German Reparations', Jewish Virtual Library, accessed 16/1/2014,   [4] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [5] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [6] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [7] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, historical wrongs, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Jewish property, Israeli infrastructure, Japan, Korea, World War II, British colonialism, New Zealand Maoris, land seizure, Iraq, Kuwait, invasion, occupation, colonial powers, free universal education, Africa reparations, historical wrongs, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Jewish property, Israeli infrastructure, Japan, Korea, World War II, British colonialism, New Zealand Maoris, land seizure, Iraq, Kuwait, invasion, occupation, colonial powers, free universal education, Africa reparations, historical wrongs, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Jewish property, Israeli infrastructure, economic security, Japan, Korea, World War II, British colonization, New Zealand Maoris, colonial times, land seizure, Iraq, Kuwait, Gulf War, invasion, occupation, colonial powers, free universal education, Africa, compensation, international law, human rights, historical justice, post-colonialism, restitution, global powers, domination, grievances, economic support, social impact, legal precedents, international relations, moral responsibility, financial reparations, historical accountability reparations, historical wrongs, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Jewish property, Israeli infrastructure, economic security, Japan, Korea, World War II, colonial times, Britain, New Zealand Maoris, land seizure, Iraq, Kuwait, invasion, occupation, colonial powers, free universal education, Africa reparations, historical wrongs, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Jewish property, Israeli infrastructure, Japan, Korea, World War II, British colonialism, New Zealand Maoris, land seizure, Iraq, Kuwait, invasion, occupation, colonial powers, free universal education, Africa
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-pro02a	Cluster Bombs Are Inconsistent With International Law  The international legal system is dependent on being robust and transparent in order for it to be respected by countries and states that accept it. The refusal by the U.S. to ban cluster bombs prevents the international community from doing the same within international law as the U.S. has enough political power that should it choose to ignore the law, the law itself is considered to be irrelevant.  In failing to ban cluster bombs the U.S. maintains an inconsistency within international law. Since dud cluster bombs effectively act as land mines for all intents and purposes, they are well hidden and cause indiscriminate damage, the fact that they aren’t banned is inconsistent with existing bans on land mines already. This inconsistency within international law makes the international legal system seem less credible, owing to contradictions as well as illustrating its weakness to the influence of the U.S. This makes it more difficult for countries to enforce the rules of the international legal system, such as preventing human rights violations because fewer countries will accept international law as being legitimate and will not agree to subject themselves to those rules.5 cluster bombs, international law, U.S. refusal, ban, political power, legal inconsistency, credibility, international legal system, legitimacy, human rights violations, enforcement, land mines, indiscriminate damage, hidden threats, transparency, robustness, state acceptance, legal respect, international community, influence, contradictions, rule enforcement, subjectivity to rules cluster bombs, international law, legal system, robust, transparent, U.S., political power, legal irrelevance, dud cluster bombs, land mines, indiscriminate damage, inconsistency, credibility, legal system weakness, influence, human rights violations, legitimacy, international rules Cluster Bombs, International Law, Legal System, Robustness, Transparency, U.S. Policy, Political Power, Legal Irrelevance, International Community, Consistency, Land Mines, Human Rights Violations, Credibility, Enforcement, Legitimacy Cluster Bombs, International Law, Legal System, Transparency, Robustness, U.S. Policy, Ban, Political Influence, Legal Credibility, Human Rights, Enforcement, Legitimacy, Indiscriminate Damage, Land Mines, International Community, Contradictions, Rules, Violations, Acceptance, Subjectivity Cluster bombs, international law, U.S., political power, legal inconsistency, land mines, indiscriminate damage, credibility, international legal system, human rights violations, legitimacy, enforcement
test-economy-egecegphw-con03a	The economic case for expansion does not add up  A study conducted by the NEF revealed that the cost of expansion will outweigh the benefits by at least £5billion. [1] London has six airports and seven runways meaning that London already has the best connections globally. Together, London airports have a greater number of flights to the world’s main business destinations than other European cities, despite serving less ‘leisure’ destinations than Paris’s airports. [2] The solution to making air travel efficient lies in increasing the size of planes and filling them up rather than running half empty flights on small planes, something which is particularly prevalent on short haul flights. Short haul flights could also be re-directed to alternative airports such as Gatwick, City airport, Luton and Stansted so as to free up more space at Heathrow.  The expansion case also assumes ever increasing numbers flying, yet passenger numbers dropped for the first time in the wake of the recession, [3] and eventually technology may reduce demand for business travel. There are also other restrictions aside from runway capacity that prevents more flights, for example the UK has an agreement with China that restricts the UK to 62 flights to China per week. [4]  [1] New Economics Foundation, ‘A new approach to re-evaluating Runway 3’, 19 April 2010,   [2] Stewart, John, ‘No economic case for expansion’, November 2011,   [3] Rutherford, Tom, “Air transport statistics’, House of Commons Library, 4 July 2011, SN/SG/3760, p.4 www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN03760.pdf  [4] HACAN, ‘BAA challenged on claim that it is lack of runway capacity at Heathrow that is limiting flights to China’, airportwatch, 14 November 2012, economic case, NEF study, cost outweighs benefits, London airports, best global connections, flight efficiency, larger planes, short-haul flights, alternative airports, passenger numbers, recession impact, business travel technology, runway capacity, UK-China flight restrictions economic, expansion, NEF, cost, benefits, London, airports, runways, connections, business, destinations, European, air, travel, efficiency, plane, size, filling, half-empty, flights, short-haul, redirection, Gatwick, City, Luton, Stansted, Heathrow, passenger, numbers, recession, technology, business, travel, restrictions, runway, capacity, UK, China, agreement, flights economic case, expansion, cost-benefit, NEF study, London airports, global connections, business destinations, leisure destinations, air travel efficiency, plane size, flight frequency, short haul flights, alternative airports, passenger numbers, recession, technology impact, business travel, runway capacity, UK-China agreement, flight restrictions, Heathrow, HACAN, BAA, airportwatch, House of Commons Library, air transport statistics economic case, expansion, NEF study, cost outweighs benefits, London airports, best global connections, flight efficiency, plane size, half-empty flights, short-haul flights, alternative airports, passenger numbers, recession impact, technology impact, business travel, runway capacity, UK-China flight agreement, flight restrictions economic case, expansion, NEF, cost, benefits, £5billion, London, airports, runways, global connections, business destinations, leisure destinations, air travel efficiency, plane size, short haul flights, alternative airports, passenger numbers, recession, technology, business travel, runway capacity, restrictions, UK-China flights, New Economics Foundation, John Stewart, Tom Rutherford, House of Commons Library, HACAN, BAA, Heathrow, airportwatch
test-law-umtlilhotac-con02a	Open justice – crimes with large numbers of victims  The principle of open justice, including the right to a public trial [1] , is enshrined in many legal systems. The best show of commitment to open justice is to allow everyone to watch it, the best method of doing so is for the trial to be televised. This is all the more the case when the victims can't all be in court, either because of the numbers or because of the distance.  Television coverage will help bring the trial closer to the victims. International criminal trials regularly take place outside the location of the offences, either in The Netherlands such as the ICTY, ICC and Charles Taylor trial, or elsewhere, such as the ICTR sitting in Arusha, Tanzania. It would be helpful in terms of providing closure to the victims, who should be witnessing proceedings.  [1] See the 6th Amendment to the US Constitution, Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights Open justice, public trial, legal systems, televised trials, victims, court attendance, distance, international criminal trials, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, Arusha, closure, 6th Amendment, US Constitution, European Convention on Human Rights, Article 6 open justice, public trial, televised trials, victims, international criminal trials, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, closure, 6th Amendment, US Constitution, European Convention on Human Rights, Article 6, legal systems, court access, distance, witness proceedings Open justice, public trial, televised trials, victim participation, international criminal trials, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, closure for victims, 6th Amendment US Constitution, Article 6 European Convention on Human Rights open justice, public trial, televised trials, victims, international criminal trials, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, closure, 6th Amendment, US Constitution, Article 6, European Convention on Human Rights open justice, public trial, televised trials, victims, international criminal trials, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, Arusha, closure, 6th Amendment, US Constitution, Article 6, European Convention on Human Rights, legal systems, public access, trial coverage, victim participation, distance, legal proceedings, human rights, judicial transparency
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro04a	Some groups of people have less capacity for suffering than most animals  It is possible to conceive of human persons almost totally lacking in a capacity for suffering, or indeed a capacity to develop and possess interests. Take for example a person in a persistent vegetative state, or a person born with the most severe of cognitive impairments.  We can take three possible stances toward such persons within this debate. Firstly we could experiment on animals, but not such persons. This would be a morally inconsistent and specieist stance to adopt, and as such unsatisfactory. We could be morally consistent, and experiment on both animals and such persons. Common morality suggests that it would be abhorrent to conduct potentially painful medical research on the severely disabled, and so this stance seems equally unsatisfactory. Finally we could maintain moral consistency and avoid experimenting on the disabled, by adopting the stance of experimenting on neither group, thus prohibiting experimentation upon animals. [1]  [1] Fox, M. A., “The Moral Community”, in La Follette (ed.), Ethics in Practice, (Malden, Mass; Oxford : Blackwell Pub, 2007) capacity for suffering, human persons, severe cognitive impairments, persistent vegetative state, moral consistency, specieism, animal experimentation, severely disabled, medical research, moral community, ethics, La Follette, Fox capacity for suffering, human persons, interests, persistent vegetative state, cognitive impairments, moral stances, animal experimentation, severely disabled, moral consistency, specieism, medical research, ethics, moral community, Fox, La Follette, Ethics in Practice, Blackwell Pub moral consistency, specieism, severely disabled, cognitive impairments, persistent vegetative state, medical research, animal experimentation, ethics, moral community, Fox, La Follette, Ethics in Practice, abhorrent, prohibiting experimentation, human persons, capacity for suffering, interests, stance, morally inconsistent, unsatisfactory, potential pain, cognitive disability, moral stance, ethical debate, animal rights, human disability, research ethics, moral philosophy, bioethics moral consistency, specieism, severely disabled, cognitive impairments, persistent vegetative state, animal experimentation, human suffering, moral community, ethics, medical research, Fox, La Follette, Ethics in Practice, Blackwell Pub, 2007 moral consistency, specieism, cognitive impairments, persistent vegetative state, human persons, capacity for suffering, interests, experimentation, medical research, severely disabled, moral community, ethics, La Follette, Fox, prohibition, animal experimentation
test-politics-cpegiepgh-pro04a	"Joining the Euro would reduce the cost of travel in Europe.  Before the arrival of the single currency, holiday makers would spend much money on preparing for the trip, before they had even bought a single souvenir or postcard; “travellers touring this fragmented continent could spend large amounts of their money simply changing it from one currency to another.”1 The loss incurred by currency conversion would be eliminated and accommodation abroad will also be cheaper and easier to book; “Joining the Euro will also make it cheaper to send money around Europe. Sending money to book a holiday cottage in another country with another currency can cost £40. Within Euroland, it would cost less than one Euro - much less than one pound.”2  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join"". page 102  2Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join"". page 103 Euro, travel, Europe, cost, holiday, currency, conversion, accommodation, booking, money, sending, holiday cottage, Euroland, Britain, join Euro, travel, Europe, cost, currency, conversion, holiday, souvenir, postcard, fragmented, continent, money, booking, accommodation, cheaper, sending, holiday cottage, Euroland, Britain, join, Browne, 2001, single currency, pound,fragmented continent, exchange rates, economic integration, financial transactions, travel expenses Euro, travel costs, Europe, currency conversion, holiday expenses, travelers, accommodation, booking, send money, Euroland, Britain, single currency, fragmentation, expenses reduction, Browne, The Euro: Should Britain Join Euro, cost of travel, Europe, single currency, holiday makers, currency conversion, accommodation, booking, send money, Euroland, Britain, join, Browne, 2001, Euro currency, travel expenses, international payments, currency exchange fees, travel costs, European travel Euro, travel cost, currency conversion, holiday expenses, single currency, accommodation, booking, send money, Euroland, Britain, Browne, The Euro: Should Britain Join"
test-international-glilpdwhsn-pro01a	"The New START treaty will make for a safer world.  Reducing US and Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles makes for a safer world, as Dr. David Gushee states: ""The issue on the table is a nuclear arms reduction and verification treaty between the United States and Russia. The treaty, called New START, would reduce Russian and American deployed nuclear weapons to 1,550 and delivery vehicles to 700 each. This would be a 33 percent reduction in the existing arsenals, which is worth achieving and celebrating even as we know that countless cities and millions of precious human beings could be destroyed by the use of even part of the remaining arsenals. Still, these reductions would be a great step on the way to a safer world, as would the re-establishment of bilateral, intrusive verification measures for both sides, also part of the treaty."" [1]  The world is simply a much less secure place without New Start, and not just because New START means there are physically fewer nuclear weapons and thus a lesser chance of nuclear disasters (although this in itself is compelling). Rather, New START also has immense symbolic value, in demonstrating that the two greatest powers have enough in common and are interested enough in their mutual security that they can agree to deduce nuclear weapons together. It shows that these nations regard each other as partners for world peace, not as enemies.  The alternative world, without New START, would be one in which the mutual suspicion and animosity of the Cold War might continue. It is notable that Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said in an interview released in early December 2010 that Russia might be forced to build up its nuclear forces against the West if the United States fails to ratify the New START treaty. [2] The threat of Russia, or even the US, resuming nuclear build-ups is a frightening thought for both nations, for the world and for peace.  On top of its other benefits, New START is key to opening Russian nuclear weapons up for verification, which contributes to trust and peace. As former Secretaries of State Kissinger, Shultz, Eagleburger, Baker and Powell argue “the agreement emphasizes verification, providing a valuable window into Russia's nuclear arsenal. Since the original START expired last December, Russia has not been required to provide notifications about changes in its strategic nuclear arsenal, and the United States has been unable to conduct on-site inspections. Each day, America's understanding of Russia's arsenal has been degraded, and resources have been diverted from national security tasks to try to fill the gaps. Our military planners increasingly lack the best possible insight into Russia's activity with its strategic nuclear arsenal, making it more difficult to carry out their nuclear deterrent mission.” [3] Therefore New START should be supported as it represents a positive step for peace and cooperation in the world.  [1] Gushee, Dr David P. ""Security, Sin and Nuclear Weapons: A Christian Plea for the New START Treaty"". Huffington Post. 4 December 2010.   [2] Abdullaev, Nabi. “Putin Issues Warning on New START”. The Moscow Times. 2 December 2010.   [3] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010. New START treaty, nuclear weapons, US, Russia, safer world, nuclear arms reduction, verification measures, bilateral, mutual security, Cold War, mutual suspicion, nuclear build-ups, verification, trust, peace, former Secretaries of State, national security, nuclear deterrent, Christian perspective, political support, treaty ratification New START, nuclear weapons, US, Russia, arms reduction, verification treaty, global security, mutual trust, David Gushee, nuclear arsenal, Cold War, Vladimir Putin, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, strategic nuclear forces, peace, international cooperation, bipartisan support, ratification, disarmament, non-proliferation, verification measures, military planners, national security, nuclear deterrent, on-site inspections, notifications, strategic stability, world peace, reduction in arsenals, symbolic value, mutual security, nuclear build-ups, Christian perspective, security, sin, ethical considerations, political support New START treaty, nuclear weapons reduction, US-Russia relations, bilateral verification, nuclear arsenals, Cold War tensions, global security, peace, verification measures, mutual trust, military planners, nuclear deterrent, Christian perspective, Putin warning, Republican support New START, nuclear weapons, reduction, verification, treaty, safer world, US, Russia, deployed weapons, delivery vehicles, arsenals, security, peace, mutual security, Cold War, suspicion, animosity, nuclear build-ups, verification measures, strategic nuclear arsenal, on-site inspections, military planners, deterrent mission, Christian plea, Republican case, ratification, international relations, arms control, non-proliferation, diplomacy, global stability New START, nuclear weapons, Russia, United States, treaty, reduction, verification, safer world, mutual security, Cold War, nuclear build-ups, verification measures, nuclear arsenals, on-site inspections, national security, military planners, nuclear deterrent, peace, cooperation, Christian plea, Putin warning, Republican support"
test-law-ilppppghb-con01a	"What matters are individual democratic rights, not necessarily collective self-determination.  Simply being a minority in a nation should not be enough to claim the right to self-determination. As long as people have democratic rights, such as the right to protest, to lobby and to vote , they enjoy the same rights and protections as those of the majority community in that country; there should be no obligation on the state to go further in granting them self-determination. For example, during the Franco era in Spain, minority nationalities such as Basques and Catalans were for a long time discriminated against and excluded from real political power, and backed political parties that explicitly represented their community. As their position in society has improved, however, so the hold of identity-based politics has loosened, and the pull of secession has weakened1.  1 Macko, Kalyna: ""The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation"", Salve Regina University, July 2011. democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, national minorities, self-determination claims, democratic participation, voting rights, protest rights, lobbying, majority community, state obligations, minority protection, political power, identity-based politics, secession, Franco era, Spain, Basque, Catalan, discrimination, political exclusion, social improvement, political representation, secessionist movements, Kalyna Macko, Salve Regina University democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, protest rights, lobbying, voting rights, majority community, state obligations, self-determination, Franco era, Spain, Basques, Catalans, political discrimination, identity-based politics, secession, Kalyna Macko, Salve Regina University democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, national minorities, secession, Basques, Catalans, Franco era, Spain, identity-based politics, political representation, discrimination, political power, minority protection, secessionism, democratic representation, voting rights, lobbying, protest rights, majority community, state obligation, self-governance, minority nationalism, political integration, social improvement, political parties, community representation, historical context, European history, regionalism, autonomy, political rights, minority inclusion, democratic freedoms, secessionist movements, democratic principles, political equality, minority status, national identity, political participation, democratic processes, democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, nation, self-determination, protest rights, lobbying, voting rights, majority community, state obligations, Franco era, Spain, Basques, Catalans, political power, identity-based politics, secession, discrimination, political representation, community politics, societal improvement, political change, historical context, European history, ethnic minorities, democratic participation, governance, state-minority relations,-rights protections, citizenship equality, political rights, governance structures, regional autonomy, nationalism, ethnic identity, political movements, democratic systems, legal protections, social integration, political equality, constitutional rights, minority protections, democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, nation, self-determination, protest, lobbying, voting, majority community, state obligation, Franco era, Spain, Basques, Catalans, political power, identity-based politics, secession, Macko, Salve Regina University"
test-economy-epegiahsc-pro01a	Free trade is good for development and growth.  Free trade essentially removes barriers for companies to do business across countries and regions. This leads to competition between countries in those regions, and between companies and industries in those countries. It leads to the sharing of innovation, drives down the cost of production, and allows workers to move freely where their labour and skills are needed. This is good for all those involved in the transaction. It is good for companies, because they have more resources and markets at their disposal, good for consumers, because competition between companies drives down prices and drives the innovation that improves products, and it is good for workers, because they have greater opportunities to find employment for their labour and skills [1] .  [1] DanBen-David, Håkan Nordström, LAlanWinters. “Trade, Income Disparity and Poverty”. World Trade Organization. 1999. free trade, development, economic growth, barrier removal, international business, competition, country rivalry, industry competition, innovation sharing, production cost reduction, labor mobility, employment opportunities, market expansion, consumer benefits, price reduction, product improvement, worker benefits, employment opportunities, Dan Ben-David, Håkan Nordström, Alan Winters, World Trade Organization, trade policy, income disparity, poverty reduction free trade, development, growth, barriers, business, competition, countries, regions, innovation, cost reduction, production, labor mobility, workers, skills, transactions, companies, resources, markets, consumers, prices, product improvement, employment opportunities, income disparity, poverty, world trade organization free trade, development, growth, barriers, international business, competition, countries, regions, companies, industries, innovation, cost reduction, production, labor mobility, skills, transaction benefits, resource access, market expansion, consumer benefits, price reduction, product improvement, employment opportunities, income disparity, poverty, World Trade Organization, Dan Ben-David, Håkan Nordström, Alan Winters Free trade, development, growth, barriers, business, competition, countries, regions, companies, industries, innovation, cost reduction, production, labor mobility, workers, resources, markets, consumers, prices, product improvement, employment opportunities, income disparity, poverty, World Trade Organization free trade, development, growth, barriers, business, competition, countries, regions, innovation, cost reduction, production, labor mobility, skills, transactions, companies, resources, markets, consumers, prices, product improvement, employment opportunities, DanBen-David, Håkan Nordström, LAlanWinters, World Trade Organization, income disparity, poverty
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro03a	Failure to reach global accord  The Kyoto Protocol failed to reduce global GHG emissions and in the midst of an economic crisis, world leaders were unable to even agree to a replacement treaty when it expired. There is no meaningful global emissions reduction treaty ready for ratification and no reason to be optimistic that one is forthcoming. The developing world believes it has a legitimate right to expand economically without emissions caps because the rich world is responsible for the vast majority of emissions over the last 200 years and per capita emissions in developing countries are still far lower than in the developed world. As such, developing countries will only agree to a global accord that pays for their emissions reductions/abatement. However, the developed world is unwilling to transfer wealth in exchange for a right to emit, particularly at a time when so many have large budget deficits 1. Given that the growth of annual emissions is being driven by developing countries, many developed countries (like the US) believe that any treaty that does not include developing countries (particularly China) would be fruitless.  1. The Economist, 'A bad climate for development', 17th September 2009. Kyoto Protocol, global GHG emissions, economic crisis, world leaders, treaty replacement, global emissions reduction, ratification optimism, developing world, economic expansion, emissions caps, rich world responsibility, per capita emissions, emissions reductions, abatement costs, wealth transfer, budget deficits, annual emissions growth, developed countries, US stance, China inclusion, treaty effectiveness Global accord, Kyoto Protocol, GHG emissions, economic crisis, world leaders, emissions reduction treaty, developing world, economic expansion, emissions caps, rich world, per capita emissions, global emissions, emissions reductions, abatement, developed world, wealth transfer, budget deficits, annual emissions, developed countries, US, China, fruitless treaty Kyoto Protocol, global GHG emissions, economic crisis, world leaders, replacement treaty, global emissions reduction, developing world, economic expansion, emissions caps, rich world, per capita emissions, legitimate right, wealth transfer, budget deficits, annual emissions growth, developed countries, US, China, climate treaty, The Economist, bad climate development Kyoto Protocol, global GHG emissions, economic crisis, replacement treaty, global emissions reduction, developing world, economic expansion, emissions caps, rich world, emissions responsibility, per capita emissions, global accord, wealth transfer, emissions reductions, abatement, developed countries, budget deficits, emissions growth, US, China, fruitless treaty global accord, Kyoto Protocol, GHG emissions, economic crisis, replacement treaty, global emissions reduction, developing world, economic expansion, emissions caps, rich world, emissions responsibility, per capita emissions, emissions abatement, wealth transfer, budget deficits, annual emissions growth, developed countries, fruitless treaty, China, US, The Economist, A bad climate for development
test-international-ehbfe-pro04a	The federal model has proved to be a success previously  The success of federal states elsewhere in providing peace and prosperity for their citizens, alongside democratic safeguards, point to the advantages of pursuing this model in Europe. The USA, Australia and Canada provide standards of living for their citizens which most Europeans would envy, while federal India is the best example of a long-term democratic success in the developing world.  The application of the principles of federalism to the European social and environmental policy s the key to European success. The creation of the single market meant that much national regulation of social and environmental issues ceased to be effective: only a European approach at the same level as the regulation of business would be able to work. Otherwise, companies might simply transfer from one member state with a great deal of regulation in these areas to another member state with less. If what economists call “externalities” were not to go unaddressed altogether, European social and environmental policies became necessary. Therefore only federal unity can bring EU states closer together in order for them to work as successfully as others federal countries. federal model, success, federal states, peace, prosperity, democratic safeguards, Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, standards of living, federal India, democratic success, developing world, federalism, European social policy, environmental policy, single market, national regulation, European approach, business regulation, companies, member state, externalities, federal unity, EU states, work successfully, other federal countries federal model, success, federal states, peace, prosperity, democratic safeguards, Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, standards of living, federal India, democratic success, developing world, European social policy, environmental policy, single market, national regulation, European approach, business regulation, companies, member states, regulation, externalities, federal unity, EU states, closer together, successful federal countries federal model, success, federal states, peace, prosperity, democratic safeguards, Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, standards of living, federal India, democratic success, developing world, European social policy, environmental policy, single market, national regulation, social issues, environmental issues, European approach, regulation of business, companies, member state, externalities, federal unity, EU states, work successfully, federal countries federal model, success, federal states, peace, prosperity, democratic safeguards, Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, standards of living, federal India, democratic success, developing world, European social policy, environmental policy, single market, national regulation, European approach, business regulation, externalities, EU states, federal unity federal model, success, federal states, peace, prosperity, democratic safeguards, USA, Australia, Canada, standards of living, federal India, long-term democratic success, developing world, European social policy, environmental policy, single market, national regulation, European approach, business regulation, companies transfer, member state, externalities, federal unity, EU states, work successfully, other federal countries
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-con02a	The sort of information being kept and sold is legitimate for firms to utilize in this fashion  Personal information given to companies is dispersed into the public sphere in a limited fashion. Once placed into the hands of a firm it ceases to be any sort of absolutely protected private right (if it ever was), and is instead now within the sphere of the company with which the individual has opted to interact. It is the natural evolution of how people’s information informs the economic sphere. [1] With regard to selling that information on, it is clearly information the individual is willing to disclose in the realm of commerce so it should make little difference what commercial entity is in possession of the data, especially considering that the information is then only utilized to make their experience online more efficient and valuable. It is also important to consider the exact kinds of information conventionally revealed through the personal data mining efforts of firms. They rarely even access the true identity of the user, but rather make use of second-hand information gathered from search histories, cookies, etc. to generate a consumer profile the firm hopes reflects the preference map of the user. The individual's identity is not revealed in these most frequent cases and the information is usable through the impermeable intermediary of security settings, etc. Thus firms get information about users without ever being able to ascertain the actual identity of those individuals, protecting their individual privacy, if such is a concern. [2] For this reason it cannot be said that there is any true violation of privacy. All of these data-gathering efforts of companies reflect the continuation of firms’ age-old effort to better understand their clients in order to best cater to their desires.  [1] Acquisti, A. “The Economics of Personal Data and the Economics of Privacy”. OECD. 2010,   [2] Story, L. “AOL Brings Out the Penguins to Explain Ad Targeting”. New York Times. 3 September 2008, information, legitimate, firms, personal, dispersed, public, protected, private, rights, sphere, company, interaction, economic, selling, commercial, entity, possession, data, experience, efficient, valuable, conventional, revealed, personal, data, mining, true, identity, user, second-hand, gathered, search, histories, cookies, consumer, profile, preference, map, frequent, cases, revealed, usable, impermeable, intermediary, security, settings, users, ascertain, individual, privacy, data-gathering, efforts, clients, cater, desires, Acquisti, Economics, Personal, Data, Privacy, OECD information, personal, firms, utilize, public, sphere, protected, private, right, evolution, economic, selling, commercial, entity, possession, experience, efficient, valuable, identity, user, second-hand, gathered, search, histories, cookies, consumer, profile, preference, map, security, settings, violation, privacy, data-gathering, clients, desires, Acquisti, Economics, OECD, Story, AOL, Ad, Targeting, New, York, Times personal information, companies, public sphere, private rights, economic sphere, selling information, commercial entity, online experience, personal data mining, user identity, consumer profile, preference map, security settings, privacy violation, data gathering, client understanding, Acquisti, Economics of Personal Data, Economics of Privacy, OECD, AOL, Ad Targeting, New York Times personal information, companies, public sphere, private right, economic sphere, selling information, commercial entity, online experience, personal data mining, user identity, consumer profile, preference map, security settings, privacy violation, data-gathering, client understanding, economics of personal data, privacy economics, ad targeting personal information, companies, public sphere, privacy rights, economic sphere, commerce, data selling, consumer experience, personal data mining, search histories, cookies, consumer profile, preference map, identity protection, privacy violation, data gathering, client understanding, Acquisti, OECD, Story, New York Times, ad targeting
test-politics-cpecfiepg-con03a	A Greek default would have a negative domino-effect on other Eurozone countries.  A Greek default will leave tremendous shockwaves across the Eurozone. Investors will instantly become wary of default in Portugal, Spain, Italy or Ireland, particularly given the sudden nature of the Greek default. Consequently, huge volumes of capital will flow out of these countries and into other more secure ones like Germany and the Netherlands. [1] This will, in turn, heighten speculation about the danger of default of other Eurozone nations. Speculation of default is particularly dangerous because it drives demand for government bonds down. This leads to the interest payments on government bonds rising which in turn raises the interest rates governments need to pay on their outstanding debt. The new, higher payments governments must make on their debt increases their budget deficit % GDP ratio, thus making it more likely that the country will actually default. We thus see how increased fears about the future of Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ireland that will arise from a Greek default, will cause big problems and will put even more strain on the ECB and primarily Germany in providing financial support.  [1] Kapoor, Sony, “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012, Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, shockwaves, investors, wary, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, default danger, government bonds, interest payments, interest rates, budget deficit, GDP, ECB, financial support Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, shockwaves, investors, wary, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, default danger, government bonds, interest payments, interest rates, budget deficit, GDP ratio, ECB, financial support Greek default, domino-effect, Eurozone countries, shockwaves, investors, default risk, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, interest rates, budget deficit, GDP, ECB, financial support, Sony Kapoor, BBC News Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, shockwaves, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital flow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, interest rates, budget deficit, ECB, financial support Greek default, negative domino-effect, Eurozone countries, shockwaves, investors wary, default speculation, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, secure countries, Germany, Netherlands, speculation danger, government bonds demand, interest payments rise, higher interest rates, budget deficit, GDP ratio, financial support, ECB, Greece exits euro, Sony Kapoor, BBC News
test-economy-eptpghdtre-con03a	“After three years, it is clear that President Obama’s budget-busting policies have not created jobs and have only added to our debt,”  The Obama administration has been profligate with taxpayers’ money, has failed to deal with the economic crisis and has increased the debt. His policies on health care show that he is more interested in controlling people’s lives than he is in encouraging enterprise and industry. It’s the same story that is always heard from Democrats; they say that they’re interested in encouraging business but instead all they really want to focus on is getting the government involved in as many areas of life as possible – especially in the running of the market. After three years in office Obama has done nothing to improve the life chances of the American people, growth and employment have stagnated, GDP growth has been under 1% per year while unemployment is up to 9.1% from 7.8%, [i] while regulation and taxation have blossomed.  [i] Kristol, William, ‘Weekly Standard: Obama No FDR ON Unemployment’, npr, 2 September 2011, President Obama, budget policies, job creation, national debt, economic crisis, healthcare policy, government control, enterprise, industry, Democratic policy, business encouragement, government involvement, market regulation, American life chances, GDP growth, unemployment rate, regulation, taxation, William Kristol, Weekly Standard, NPR President Obama, budget-busting policies, job creation, national debt, economic crisis, health care policy, government control, enterprise, industry, Democratic policies, business encouragement, government involvement, market regulation, life chances, American people, GDP growth, unemployment rate, regulation, taxation, William Kristol, Weekly Standard, NPR President Obama, budget-busting policies, job creation, national debt, taxpayer money, economic crisis, healthcare policies, government control, enterprise encouragement, Democratic criticism, market interference, American life chances, GDP growth, unemployment rate, regulation increase, taxation increase, Weekly Standard, William Kristol, NPR, 2011, FDR comparison President Obama, budget policies, job creation, national debt, economic crisis, healthcare policy, government control,enterprise, industry, Democratic policies, market regulation, GDP growth, unemployment rate, taxation, William Kristol, Weekly Standard, NPR President Obama, budget policies, job creation, national debt, economic crisis, healthcare policy, government control, enterprise, industry, Democratic policies, market regulation, GDP growth, unemployment rate, taxation, regulation, William Kristol, Weekly Standard, NPR
test-education-xeegshwfeu-pro01a	Equality of opportunity between richer and poorer children  State education in some areas of the UK is continuing to fail, despite increased investment. This will allow those pupils who are currently locked into sub-standard state education access to the private schools enjoyed by their more privileged peers (because you can spend the vouchers anywhere). Even if private school fees can only be subsidised by the voucher scheme, most private schools are charitable organisations that do not run a profit, and so in the vast majority of circumstances the voucher will make private schools accessible to poorer families. equality of opportunity, richer children, poorer children, state education, UK, investment, sub-standard education, private schools, vouchers, subsidy, charitable organizations, profit, accessibility, poorer families equality, opportunity, richer, poorer, children, state, education, UK, investment, failure, pupils, sub-standard, private, schools, vouchers, subsidy, charitable, organizations, profit, accessibility, poorer, families equality, opportunity, richer, poorer, children, state, education, UK, investment, pupils, sub-standard, private, schools, vouchers, subsidies, charitable, organizations, profit, accessibility, poorer, families equality, opportunity, richer, poorer, children, state, education, UK, investment, pupils, sub-standard, private, schools, vouchers, subsidy, charitable, organizations, profit, accessibility, poorer, families equality, opportunity, richer, poorer, children, state, education, UK, investment, pupils, sub-standard, private, schools, vouchers, subsidised, charitable, organisations, profit, accessible, families
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-con03a	The state should not be allowed to intrude in such personal matters  Matters relating to how individuals conduct themselves in a private and consensual environment are arguably not the concern of the state. This extends to how people get married and within which tradition, religion or denomination. European states are increasingly allowing non-traditional marriages such as gay marriages [1] so not allowing arranged marriages for those who want them would be a perverse step backwards. Given that arranged marriages in themselves do not have any proven harms, and that, as it has already been asserted, the harmful side of arranged marriages, like forced marriages have already been outlawed, the state cannot keep regulating something with such an arbitrary and wide-ranging definition that includes so many consenting adults.  Were EU states to do this, the harm caused would risk infringing on the very rights of the people the proposition claims they are meant to be protecting in the first place.  [1] ‘Countries Where Gay Marriage Is Legal: Netherlands, Argentina & More, The Daily Beast, 9 May 2012, state intrusion, personal matters, individual conduct, private environment, consensual, marriage, tradition, religion, denomination, European states, non-traditional marriages, gay marriages, arranged marriages, forced marriages, outlawed, arbitrary, wide-ranging, definition, consenting adults, EU states, rights, protection, legal, Netherlands, Argentina state intrusion, personal matters, individual conduct, private environment, consensual activities, non-traditional marriages, gay marriages, arranged marriages, European states, forced marriages, outlawed, arbitrary regulation, consenting adults, EU states, human rights, legal protections state intrusions, personal matters, private conduct, consensual relationships, individual rights, marriage traditions, religion, denomination, non-traditional marriages, gay marriages, arranged marriages, forced marriages, EU states, legal protections, human rights, Arbitrary regulation, consenting adults, infringement, public policy, cultural practices, marriage laws, international comparisons, legal precedents, freedom of choice, ethical considerations, social norms, legislative trends, European Union, constitutional rights, judicial review, democratic principles, societal values, marital autonomy, legal recognition, cultural diversity, minority rights, marriage equality, civil liberties, personal freedom, state intervention, legal reforms, human state, intrusion, personal matters, individual conduct, private, consensual, marriage, tradition, religion, denomination, European states, non-traditional marriages, gay marriages, arranged marriages, forced marriages, outlawed, regulating, arbitrary, wide-ranging, consent, infringement, rights, EU states, protection state intrusions, personal matters, individual conduct, private environment, non-traditional marriages, gay marriages, arranged marriages, consent, forced marriages, legal regulations, arbitrary definitions, EU states, human rights, protection, infringement, consenting adults, marriage traditions, religion, denomination, marriage laws, legal recognition, societal norms, cultural practices, individual freedom, state interference, marriage rights, legal protections, marriage policy, European Union, marriage-legislation, social acceptance, traditional values, modern marriage laws, legal evolution, marriage reforms, civil liberties, human rights violations, marriage diversity, legal marriage, cultural marriage practices, marriage choice, legal recognition
test-environment-ehwsnwu-con03a	Nuclear waste should be reused to create more electricity.  There are new kinds of nuclear reactor such as ‘Integral Fast Reactors’, which can be powered by the waste from normal nuclear reactors (or from uranium the same as any other nuclear reactor). This means that the waste from other reactors or dismantled nuclear weapons could be used to power these new reactors. The Integral Fast Reactor extends the ability to produce energy roughly by a factor of 100. This would therefore be a very long term energy source. [1]  The waste at the end of the process is not nearly as much of a problem, as it is from current reactors. Because the IFR recycles the waste hundreds of times there is very much less waste remaining and what there is has a much shorter half-life, only tens of years rather than thousands. This makes storage for the remainder much more feasible, as there would be much less space required. [2]  [1] Till, Charles, ‘Nuclear Reaction Why DO Americans Fear Nuclear Power’, PBS,   [2] Monbiot, George, ‘We need to talk about Sellafield, and a nuclear solution that ticks all our boxes’, guardian.co.uk, 5 December 2011, Nuclear waste, reuse, electricity, Integral Fast Reactors, uranium, nuclear reactors, dismantled nuclear weapons, energy production, long term energy source, waste reduction, half-life, storage, space, Charles Till, George Monbiot, Sellafield, nuclear power, public perception, environmental impact, sustainable energy Nuclear waste, electricity, Integral Fast Reactors, uranium, nuclear reactors, dismantled nuclear weapons, energy production, long term energy source, waste reduction, half-life, storage, space requirement, Charles Till, George Monbiot, Sellafield, PBS, guardian.co.uk Nuclear waste, electricity generation, Integral Fast Reactors, uranium, nuclear reactors, dismantled nuclear weapons, energy production, long-term energy source, waste reduction, short half-life, storage feasibility, Charles Till, George Monbiot, Sellafield, nuclear power, public perception, energy recycling, environmental impact, sustainable energy solutions, advanced nuclear technology, radioactive waste management Nuclear waste, electricity, Integral Fast Reactors, reactors, uranium, energy source, long term, waste reduction, half-life, storage, recycling, Sellafield, nuclear power, Americans, George Monbiot, Charles Till, PBS, guardian.co.uk Nuclear waste, Integral Fast Reactors, IFR, uranium, nuclear reactors, energy production, long-term energy source, waste recycling, half-life, storage, Sellafield, Charles Till, George Monbiot
test-economy-bepiehbesa-pro03a	It harms the economies of developing world  The current model of CAP results in major oversupply of food and beverages. In 2008 the stockpiles of cereals rising to 717 810 tons while the surplus of wine was about 2.3 million hectolitres. [1] This excess of supply is then often sold to developing countries for prices so low that the local producers cannot cope with them. The low prices of European food can be attributed to the higher efficiency of producing food because of use of advanced technologies as well as the CAP. Agriculture makes a small fraction of GDP in Europe, but in developing countries of Africa or Asia it is entirely different with large numbers dependent on much smaller plots of land. Hence, the consequences of CAP and high production in the EU can be the rise of unemployment and decline of self-sufficiency of these affected countries.  [1] Castle, Stephen, ‘EU’s butter mountain is back’, The New York Times, 2 February 2009, CAP, developing world, economies, food oversupply, beverages, cereals, wine, stockpiles, surplus, low prices, local producers, European food, advanced technologies, agriculture, GDP, unemployment, self-sufficiency, EU, production, consequences, Africa, Asia, plots of land, Stephen Castle, EU's butter mountain, The New York Times CAP, developing countries, oversupply, cereals, wine, stockpiles, low prices, European food, advanced technologies, agriculture, GDP, unemployment, self-sufficiency, EU, butter mountain, New York Times, 2008, 2009, Stephen Castle CAP, oversupply, food, beverages, stockpiles, cereals, wine, developing countries, low prices, local producers, European food, advanced technologies, agriculture, GDP, Europe, unemployment, self-sufficiency, affected countries, butter mountain, EU, Stephen Castle, New York Times CAP, developing world, economies, oversupply, food, beverages, stockpiles, cereals, wine, surplus, low prices, local producers, European food, advanced technologies, agriculture, GDP, unemployment, self-sufficiency, affected countries, EU production, butter mountain, New York Times CAP, developing world economies, food oversupply, cereals stockpiles, wine surplus, low prices, European food, advanced technologies, agriculture GDP, unemployment, self-sufficiency, EU production, butter mountain, New York Times, Stephen Castle
test-economy-egppphbcb-con01a	Socialism leads to a more humane equal society  The gap between poor and rich countries has never been as great as it is today, Warren Buffet's wealth was estimated to be a net worth of approximately US$62 billion in 20081, this while one in seven people on earth goes to bed hungry every night and 6.54 million children die of starvation and malnutrition every year2. The absurd inequality between people's wages is because of the capitalist system, since the capitalist's only aim is to generate profit there is no reason to keep anything other than a minimum wage for the workers. In a globalized world, rich countries can outsource industries to poorer countries where workers will not expect so high a wage. The lower the wages a capitalist can pay to the labourers, the more profit he can generate. A capitalist does not care whether his labourers' living standards are good, acceptable or bad (although he does want to maintain a level where the labourers will not die or rebel), as long as they deliver the work for the lowest wage possible3. Therefore a company CEO can gain an absurd amount of money since he will reap all the profit made from all the labourers in his company while the lowest worker in the hierarchy will only earn enough to survive. The ordinary worker does not have a free choice whether he wants to work or not since he is at such an inferior bargaining position that he has to accept the capitalist's offer in order to survive. According to socialism this inequality is atrocious, it can by no means be justifiable that an ordinary labourer who works equally as hard, or harder than a CEO should struggle for his survival while the CEO lives in unimaginable luxury. In socialism, production and wages are directed to human needs, there is consequently no need to maximise profit and thus this gross inequality would be evened.4  1 The World?s Billionaires: #1 Warren Buffett. (2008, March). Forbes.  2 Hunger. (2011). World Food Programme. Retrieved June 7, 2011  3 Engels, Frederick. (2005). The principles of Communism. Marxist Internet Archive. Retrieved June 7, 2011  4 Marx, K. (n.d.). Critique of the Gotha Programme: I. Marxist Internet Archive. Socialism, humane society, wealth inequality, global capitalism, wage disparity, worker exploitation, profit maximization, CEO compensation, labor rights, economic justice, Marxist theory, capitalist system, social equality, human needs, poverty, starvation, malnutrition, outsourcing, global workforce, Engels, Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme, The principles of Communism, Forbes, World Food Programme socialism, capitalism, inequality, wealth distribution, global poverty, starvation, malnutrition, worker wages, CEO compensation, outsourcing, profit maximization, human needs, Marxist theory, Engels, Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme, The Principles of Communism, Warren Buffet, Forbes, World Food Programme Socialism, humane society, wealth inequality, global capitalism, wage disparity, capitalist profit, worker exploitation, global outsourcing, labor standards, CEO compensation, worker survival, socialist equality, human needs, profit maximization, Marxism, Engels, Critique of the Gotha Programme Socialism, equality, humane society, wealth gap, rich countries, poor countries, Warren Buffet, net worth, hunger, malnutrition, children, death, capitalist system, profit, minimum wage, globalized world, outsourcing, wages, profit maximization, CEO, worker, living standards, labor, exploitation, free choice, bargaining power, human needs, production, wages, inequality, Marx, Engels, communism Socialism, humane, equality, wealth gap, rich countries, poor countries, Warren Buffet, net worth, hunger, malnutrition, child mortality, capitalist system, profit, minimum wage, globalization, outsourcing, wage inequality, worker exploitation, CEO compensation, living standards, labor rights, bargaining power, human needs, profit maximization, Marx, Engels, Critique of the Gotha Programme, The principles of Communism, Marxist Internet Archive, World Food Programme, Forbes
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro05a	Microfinance and protection  Access to a small loan provides benefits for the poor’s ability to access high quality health care. A lack of access to banking facilities - loans and credit - may mean the poor are left excluded from health care services as these are usually not free. Microfinance institutions accept the irregularities of the poor’s income, so enabling health care to be affordable to the poor by providing access to finance. As Ofori-Adjei (2007) shows the integration of microfinance institutions within healthcare systems in Ghana is required to resolve the issue of inaccessibility. Ill health should not put a household into a state of poverty - microfinance provides this protection.  Microfinance schemes not only provide loans to access health care but are now integrating non-financial services, such as health education, within their finance schemes. microfinance, health care, access, poverty, loans, credit, banking, irregular income, affordability, finance, protection, non-financial services, health education, integration, healthcare systems, inaccessibility, ill health, household poverty, Ghana, Ofori-Adjei 2007 Microfinance, health care, poverty, banking facilities, loans, credit, income irregularities, finance access, healthcare systems, Ghana, health education, non-financial services, household poverty, health protection Microfinance, health care access, poverty, banking facilities, loans, credit, health care services, income irregularities, affordable health care, microfinance institutions, healthcare systems, Ghana, health education, non-financial services, inaccessibility, household poverty, protection from illness, financial schemes, integrated microfinance microfinance, health care, loans, credit, banking facilities, poverty, affordability, finance, non-financial services, health education, integration, healthcare systems, Ghana, inaccessibility, protection, household, ill health, poverty alleviation, financial inclusion, rural health, urban health, economic empowerment, social protection, healthcare financing, financial services, microcredit, microloans, community health, public health, health economics, financial institutions, financial services, financial access, financial stability, healthcare access, healthcare affordability, healthcare protection, healthcare services, healthcare support, healthcare integration, healthcare financing models, healthcare and finance, healthcare and economics, Microfinance, protection, health care, access, small loans, poor, banking facilities, credit, health services, free, income irregularities, affordability, finance, Ofori-Adjei, Ghana, integration, healthcare systems, inaccessibility, household poverty, non-financial services, health education, finance schemes
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-con02a	"Returning to the 1967 borders would make war more likely.  The Foreign Minister of Israel, Avigdor Lieberman, said in 2009: “A return to the pre-1967 lines, with a Palestinian state in Judea and Samaria, would bring the conflict into Israel's borders. Establishing a Palestinian state will not bring an end to the conflict.” [1] This is why the American ambassador to the UN at the time of the 1967 war pointed out that “Israel's prior frontiers had proved to be notably insecure”, and American President Lyndon Johnson, shortly after the war, declared that Israel's return to its former lines would be “not a prescription for peace but for renewed hostilities.” Johnson advocated new 'recognized boundaries' that would provide ""security against terror, destruction, and war.” [2] An Israel that withdrew completely to the 1967 borders would offer a very tempting target, since it would be a narrow country with no strategic depth whose main population centres and strategic infrastructure would be within tactical range of forces deployed along the commanding heights of the West Bank. This would hurt Israel's ability to deter future attacks and thus make conflict in the region even more likely. This ability of Israel to deter aggressors is particularly important not only due to the region's history of aggression against Israel, but also due to the unpredictable future events in the highly volatile Middle East. There is no way, for example, to guarantee that Iraq will not evolve into a radical Shi'ite state that is dependent on Iran and hostile to Israel (indeed, King Abdullah of Jordan has warned of a hostile Shi'ite axis that could include Iran, Iraq, and Syria), nor that a Jordan's Palestinian majority might seize power in the state (leaving Israel to defend itself against a Palestinian state that stretches from Iraq to Kalkilya), nor that in the future, militant Islamic elements will not succeed in gaining control of the Egyptian regime. [3]  Given its narrow geographical dimensions, a future attack launched from the pre-1967 borders against Israel's nine-mile-wide waist could easily split the country in two. Especially seeing as Islamic militants throughout the Middle East are unlikely to be reconciled to Israel even by a withdrawal to the 1967 borders, such a withdrawal therefore would actually make peace in the region less likely and encourage war against Israel. [4]  [1] Lazaroff, Tovah. “Lieberman warns against '67 borders”. Jerusalem Post. 27 November 2009.   [2] Levin, Kenneth. “Peace Now: A 30-Year Fraud”. FrontPageMag.com. 5 September 2008.   [3] Amidror, Maj.-Gen. (res.) Yaakov. “Israel's Requirement for Defensible Borders”. Defensible Borders for a Lasting Peace. 2005.   [4] El-Khodary, Taghreed and Bronner, Ethan. “Hamas Fights Over Gaza’s Islamist Identity”. New York Times. 5 September 2009. 1967 borders, Avigdor Lieberman, conflict, Palestinian state, Judea and Samaria, pre-1967 lines, American ambassador, UN, Lyndon Johnson, recognized boundaries, security, strategic depth, deter future attacks, Middle East volatility, radical Shi'ite state, Jordan, Palestinian majority, militant Islamic elements, Egypt, geographical dimensions, Islamic militants, peace, war, defensible borders, lasting peace, Gaza, Islamist identity 1967 borders, Avigdor Lieberman, Palestinian state, Judea and Samaria, pre-1967 lines, conflict, American ambassador, UN, Lyndon Johnson, recognized boundaries, security, terror, war, strategic depth, population centres, deter aggressors, Middle East volatility, radical Shi'ite state, Iran, Jordan, Palestinian majority, militant Islamic elements, Egypt, geographical dimensions, Israel's waist, Islamic militants, peace, war against Israel, defensible borders, lasting peace, Hamas, Gaza, Islamist identity 1967 borders, Avigdor Lieberman, Palestinian state, Judea and Samaria, conflict, pre-1967 lines, American ambassador, UN, Lyndon Johnson, recognized boundaries, security, strategic depth, deterrence, Middle East volatility, Shi'ite axis, Jordan, Palestinian majority, militant Islamic elements, Egypt, Islamic militants, defensible borders, peace, war, Gaza, Islamist identity 1967 borders, Avigdor Lieberman, Palestinian state, Judea and Samaria, conflict, American ambassador, UN, Lyndon Johnson, recognized boundaries, security, deterrence, strategic depth, population centres, Middle East, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Shi'ite axis, Egypt, Islamic militants, geographical dimensions, peace, war, Gaza, Hamas, Islamist identity 1967 borders, Avigdor Lieberman, Palestinian state, Judea and Samaria, conflict, American ambassador, UN, Lyndon Johnson, recognized boundaries, security, deterrence, strategic depth, Middle East, unpredictable events, Iran, Jordan, Egypt, militant Islamic elements, geographical dimensions, Hamas, peace, war, Israel, Jerusalem Post, FrontPageMag, Defensible Borders for a Lasting Peace, New York Times"
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro04a	Transparency prevents, or corrects, mistakes  Transparency is fundamental in making sure that mistakes don’t happen, or when they do that they are found and corrected quickly with appropriate accountability. This applies as much, if not more, to the security apparatus than other walks of life. In security mistakes are much more likely to be a matter of life and death than in most other walks of life. They are also likely to be costly; something the military and national security apparatus is particularly known for. [1] An audit of the Pentagon in 2011 found that the US Department of Defense wasted $70 billion over two years. [2] This kind of waste can only be corrected if it is found out about, and for that transparency is necessary.  [1] Schneier, Bruce, ‘Transparency and Accountability Don’t Hurt Security – They’re Crucial to It’, The Atlantic, 8 May 2012  [2] Schweizer, Peter, ‘Crony Capitalism Creeps Into the Defense Budget’, The Daily Beast, 22 May 2012 transparency, accountability, security, mistakes, correction, prevention, life and death, military, national security, waste, Pentagon, defense budget, crony capitalism, Bruce Schneier, Peter Schweizer, The Atlantic, The Daily Beast Transparency, Accountability, Security, Mistakes, Correction, Audit, Pentagon, Department of Defense, Waste, National Security, Life and Death, Military, Cost, Bruce Schneier, Peter Schweizer, Crony Capitalism, Defense Budget transparency, accountability, mistakes, correction, security, life, death, military, national, defense, waste, Pentagon, audit, Department, Defense, Schneier, Bruce, Atlantic, Schweizer, Peter, Daily, Beast, crony, capitalism, budget transparency, accountability, mistakes, security, military, national security, Pentagon, waste, audit, Department of Defense, Bruce Schneier, Peter Schweizer, crony capitalism, defense budget, life and death, corrections, appropriations, public scrutiny Transparency, Accountability, Security, Mistakes, Correction, Life and Death, Military, National Security, Waste, Pentagon, Defense Budget, Audit, Costly Errors, Schneier, Bruce, The Atlantic, Schweizer, Peter, The Daily Beast, Crony Capitalism
test-law-tahglcphsld-con02a	More people will take drugs if they are legal  Considering that drug use has so many negative consequences, it would be disastrous to have it increase. However, the free availability of drugs once they are legal will make it far easier for individuals to buy and use them. In most cases, under 1% of the population of OECD countries regularly use illegal drugs; many more drink alcohol or smoke tobacco. [1] This must at least partly to do with the illegality. Indeed, in an Australian survey, 29% of those who had never used cannabis cited the illegality of the substance as their reason for never using the drug, while 19% of those who had ceased use of cannabis cited its illegality as their reason. [2]  [1] UN Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2009,   [2] NSW Bureau of Crime and Statistics, ‘Does Prohibition Deter Cannabis use?’, 23 August 2001,  $file/mr_cjb58.pdf drug legalization, drug use consequences, illegal drug availability, OECD drug use statistics, alcohol and tobacco use, cannabis illegality survey, prohibition impact, drug policy debate, public health concerns, substance abuse prevention, drug regulation, Australia drug statistics, UNODC World Drug Report, NSW Bureau of Crime and Statistics, legal vs illegal substances, drug use deterrence, societal drug impact, law enforcement effectiveness, public perception of drugs drug legalization, drug use, negative consequences, free availability, OECD countries, regular drug users, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, illegal drugs, cannabis use, drug prohibition, survey findings, illegality impact, drug policy, public health, social impact, legal implications, substance abuse, drug control, harm reduction drug legalization, increased drug use, negative consequences, free availability, drug purchase, OECD countries, illegal drug use, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, population statistics, Australian survey, cannabis use, prohibition effects, UN Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report, NSW Bureau of Crime and Statistics, cannabis illegality, drug deterrence drug legalization, illegal drug use, drug policy, public health, substance abuse, OECD countries, drug prevalence, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, cannabis use, prohibition effectiveness, Australian survey, drug deterrence, legal consequences, social impact, health consequences, drug availability, drug consumption trends, policy impact, legalization consequences drug legalization, drug use consequences, illegal drug use, OECD countries, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, cannabis use, prohibition effects, Australian survey, drug policy, public health, substance abuse, legal drugs, illegal drugs, drug availability, societal impact, drug enforcement, law and crime, recreational drugs, drug statistics, UN Office on Drugs and Crime, NSW Bureau of Crime and Statistics
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-pro01a	Open source software is more adaptable to government needs.  Open source software starts from a completely different viewpoint of how products should be created. Rather than resembling a traditional hierarchical organisation (such as an early twentieth century business, an army or a monastic order) where everyone has their own clearly defined role and are told how to proceed by a top-down central authority, open-source software development is more like an open market where everyone is engaged in the same activity but come at it from different directions. [i]  Out of this cacophonous market, a more fluid product emerges. The basic advantage of open source software is that, as users can read, redistribute, and modify the source code for a piece of software, it evolves. This means that users and programmers can improve, adapt and fix the software at a much faster pace than Microsoft or another closed source developer can match. The highly collegiate culture in which contemporary approaches to coding evolved continues to create programmers who are naturally curious about the functions and features of new software. Open source software harnesses the wide range of ideas and methodologies that different coders use to writer software to refine and improve existing programmes. Open source software solicits a wide variety of solutions to particular coding problems; the more solutions that coders generate, the more likely it is that an optimal solution will be discovered.  Not only does the approach described above result in the creation of higher quality programmes, it also allows businesses and individual coders to easily adapt existing programmes to their needs. Monopolistic producers like Microsoft have an incentive to slow the pace of change, whereas the open source community will simply choose the best solution. In this way, open source software is more robust and more responsive to governments’ changing needs than closed source alternatives.  [i] Raymond, Eric. “The Cathedral and the Bazaar.” Cunningham & Cunningham. 18 February 2010. open source software, adaptable, government needs, development viewpoint, hierarchical organisation, open market, fluid product, user modification, source code, rapid improvement, Microsoft, closed source, programmer curiosity, coding methodologies, optimal solutions, higher quality programmes, business adaptation, monopolistic producers, pace of change, robustness, responsiveness, Eric Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar open source software, government needs, adaptable, development methodology, hierarchical organization, open market, fluid product, user participation, source code, redistribution, modification, evolution, faster pace, Microsoft, closed source, collegiate culture, coding curiosity, wide range ideas, optimal solutions, coding problems, higher quality programs, business adaptation, individual coders, monopolistic producers, pace of change, robust, responsive, closed source alternatives, Eric Raymond, Cathedral and the Bazaar open source software, adaptable, government needs, development model, hierarchical organization, open market, fluid product, user involvement, code modification, evolution, programmer collaboration, coding methodologies, optimal solutions, high quality programs, business adaptation, changing needs, closed source, monopolistic producers, robust, responsive, Eric Raymond, Cathedral and the Bazaar open source software, adaptable, government needs, product creation, hierarchical organization, open market, fluid product, source code, evolve, users, programmers, improve, adapt, fix, Microsoft, closed source, collegiate culture, coding, refine, improve programmes, coding problems, optimal solution, higher quality programmes, businesses, individual coders, monopolistic producers, pace of change, open source community, robust, responsive, closed source alternatives, Cathedral and the Bazaar, Eric Raymond open source, government needs, adaptable, software development, hierarchical organisation, open market, fluid product, user modification, source code, evolution, faster pace, Microsoft, closed source, collegiate culture, coding, optimal solutions, higher quality, robust, responsive, monopolistic producers, changing needs
test-international-segiahbarr-con02a	Majority of states are still undemocratic  While there is a lot of contention over government type, democracy is seen as an aspiration in Western eyes, and African dictators have a history of running brutal and corrupt regimes. In Africa the majority of states are still dictatorships. Only 25 of the 55 states are democratic, whilst the rest are authoritarian or hybrid regimes. These dictators are commonly associated with poor governance, which in turn can affect economic growth. Recent pictures of Robert Mugabe and his team of ministers asleep at an African-Arab economic summit demonstrate how little enthusiasm some of these leaders have for the progress of their country [1] .  [1] Moyo, ‘Mugabe and his ministers sleep through economic summit’, 2013 undemocratic states, democracy, government type, Western aspiration, African dictators, brutal regimes, corrupt regimes, African dictatorships, democratic states, authoritarian regimes, hybrid regimes, poor governance, economic growth, Robert Mugabe, African-Arab economic summit, leaders' enthusiasm, country progress undemocratic states, democracy, Western aspiration, African dictators, brutal regimes, corrupt regimes, majority dictatorships, democratic states, authoritarian regimes, hybrid regimes, poor governance, economic growth, Robert Mugabe, ministers asleep, economic summit, Moyo, 2013 democracy, undemocratic states, government type, Western aspiration, African dictators, brutal regimes, corrupt regimes, African dictatorships, democratic states, authoritarian regimes, hybrid regimes, poor governance, economic growth, Robert Mugabe, African-Arab economic summit, leadership enthusiasm, country progress democracy, dictatorship, undemocratic, African states, governance, economic growth, Robert Mugabe, African-Arab economic summit, sleep, progress, ministers, Western aspiration, hybrid regimes, authoritarian, corruption, brutality democracy, undemocratic states, government types, Western aspirations, African dictators, brutal regimes, corrupt governance, economic growth, authoritarian regimes, hybrid regimes, Robert Mugabe, African-Arab summit, leadership enthusiasm, country progress
test-politics-lghwdecm-con04a	Mayors could split economic regions  The value of a mayor is dependent upon that mayor having a distinct area of control. However often this area is set too small. Cities are the hubs for neighbouring towns and countryside as well as the inner city. This could then end up splitting up economic regions. Birmingham and Coventry are very close to each other but at some point in the future could potentially have different city mayors. There would then be confusion; who runs regional transport policy or the West Midlands police that affects both cities? [1]  [1] McCabe, Steve, ‘An executive mayor – can we afford it?, Birmingham Mail, 17 April 2012. Mayors, economic regions, area of control, cities, hubs, neighbouring towns, countryside, inner city, splitting economic regions, Birmingham, Coventry, city mayors, regional transport policy, West Midlands police, executive mayor, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail Mayors, economic regions, distinct area of control, cities, neighbouring towns, countryside, inner city, splitting economic regions, Birmingham, Coventry, city mayors, regional transport policy, West Midlands police, executive mayor, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail Mayors, economic regions, distinct area control, small areas, cities, hubs, neighbouring towns, countryside, inner city, splitting economic regions, Birmingham, Coventry, city mayors, regional transport policy, West Midlands police, executive mayor, afford, Birmingham Mail, Steve McCabe Mayors, economic regions, distinct area control, small area, city hubs, neighbouring towns, countryside, inner city, splitting economic regions, Birmingham, Coventry, city mayors, regional transport policy, West Midlands police, executive mayor, affordability, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail Mayors, economic regions, distinct area control, small area, cities, neighboring towns, countryside, inner city, splitting economic regions, Birmingham, Coventry, city mayors, regional transport policy, West Midlands police, executive mayor, afford, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-con03a	Even within the United States people speak English differently  Even within the United States people speak many different dialects. From Boston to New York to the rural South, accents and diversity within the English language express the exact same types of historical, cultural, and even political traditions that those pushing English find so horrifying if made in another language.  It would be hard to set a standard for what is English, and ignore the fact that Americans have long used linguistic differences as a sign of identity. It therefore makes no sense to try to paper over these linguistic differences by imposing English as an official language; rather the diversity of languages and dialects should be celebrated. United States, English, dialects, accents, linguistic diversity, cultural traditions, political traditions, identity, official language, linguistic differences, language celebration, American English, regional accents, regional dialects, language policy, multilingualism, language standardization, linguistic identity, cultural heritage, English language variation, American linguistic landscape United States, English, dialects, accents, linguistic diversity, cultural traditions, political traditions, identity, official language, language celebration English dialects, linguistic diversity, American accents, cultural traditions, political identity, language standardization, official language, linguistic identity, celebrating diversity, English variations, United States dialects, linguistic traditions, regional accents, language policy, English language diversity, cultural identity, political resistance, dialectal differences, American English, language imposition United States, English, dialects, accents, linguistic diversity, cultural traditions, political traditions, identity, official language, language celebration, regional differences, linguistic identity, American English, language policy, multilingualism, language standardization, cultural heritage, language variation, linguistic heritage, regional accents, American dialects, language and culture, language and politics, language diversity, linguistic pride, language imposition, heritage languages, linguistic differences, cultural expression, language and identity, language variation and change, American linguistic landscape English,dialects,United States,accents,linguistic diversity,cultural identity,political traditions,official language,linguistic differences,celebration of languages,dialects as identity
test-law-tahglcphsld-con03a	Drugs will either be too cheap or too expensive  Low prices for drugs will hugely increase consumption of drugs, amongst all groups - addicts, previously casual users, and those who were not previously users. If drug provision is strictly regulated, an illegal black market may remain. drugs, pricing, consumption, regulation, black market, cheap, expensive, addicts, casual users, non-users drugs, prices, consumption, regulation, black market, affordability, addiction, casual users, non-users, policy, economics, supply, demand, illicit trade, substance abuse, market dynamics, public health, regulatory framework, enforcement Drugs, Cheap, Expensive, Prices, Consumption, Addicts, Casual Users, Non-Users, Regulation, Black Market Drug pricing, affordability, consumption rates, addiction, casual users, non-users, black market, regulation, illegal drugs, market dynamics, public health, substance abuse, economic factors, policy implications drugs, pricing, consumption, users, regulation, black market, affordability, addiction, casual users, non-users
test-international-sepiahbaaw-con01a	Source of trade  Natural resources are a source of economic revenue for Africa. If managed well then this can become a genuine source of prosperity. Africa does not currently have developed secondary and tertiary sectors yet [1] , most of the continent’s economics surrounds primary sector activity such as resource extraction and farming. The high commodity price of items such as gold, diamonds and uranium is therefore valuable for Africa’s trade. Profits from this trade have allowed countries to strengthen their economic position by reducing debt and accumulating external reserves, a prime example of this being Nigeria.  [1] Maritz,J. ‘Manufacturing: Can Africa become the next China?’ How We Made Africa 24 May 2011 Natural resources, economic revenue, Africa, prosperity, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, trade, economic position, debt reduction, external reserves, Nigeria, manufacturing, secondary sectors, tertiary sectors, Maritz, How We Made Africa trade, natural resources, economic revenue, Africa, prosperity, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, economic position, debt reduction, external reserves, Nigeria, manufacturing, secondary sectors, tertiary sectors Africa, natural resources, economic revenue, trade, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, gold, diamonds, uranium, commodity prices, economic position, debt reduction, external reserves, Nigeria, secondary sectors, tertiary sectors, manufacturing, Maritz, How We Made Africa Africa, natural resources, economic revenue, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, trade, economic position, debt reduction, external reserves, Nigeria, manufacturing, secondary sectors, tertiary sectors Africa, natural resources, economic revenue, prosperity, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, trade, economic position, reducing debt, external reserves, Nigeria, manufacturing, secondary sectors, tertiary sectors, Maritz, How We Made Africa
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-con03a	"Any changes in advertising should come from businesses themselves rather than through banning.  Banning requires a legal framework and enforcement mechanism. External organizations interfere with the ability of business to conduct business. Should the social cultural environment change, businesses are likely to respond to the attitudes of their consumers. A recent change in the California Milk Board's website occurred due to public pressure.1 Social corporate responsibility is another possibility which business could embrace if changing social attitudes develop.2Banning is a repressive method which interferes with competition. Self determined methods should be allowed to competitors in the economic marketplace. Therefore, any changes in advertising should come from the business community rather than through banning. 1 Kumar, Sheila. ""Milk Board Alters Sexist PMS-Themed Ad Campaign."" The Huffington Post. 2011/July 22. 2 Skibola, Nicole. ""Gender and Ethics in Advertising: The New CSR."" Forbes.com. 2011/August 4 business self-regulation, advertising changes, legal framework, enforcement mechanism, external interference, social cultural environment, consumer attitudes, California Milk Board, public pressure, social corporate responsibility, competitive marketplace, repressive methods, economic competition, Sheila Kumar, Nicole Skibola, sexist advertising, CSR ethics advertising, businesses, banning, legal framework, enforcement, external organizations, social cultural environment, consumer attitudes, California Milk Board, public pressure, social corporate responsibility, competition, economic marketplace, self-determined methods, repressive method, sexist ads, gender ethics business-led change, advertising regulation, legal framework, enforcement, external interference, consumer attitudes, social cultural shift, California Milk Board, public pressure, social corporate responsibility, competitive market, self-determined methods, repressive measures, economic marketplace, advertising ethics, gender ethics, corporate social responsibility advertising, businesses, self-regulation, banning, legal-framework, enforcement, external-interference, consumer-attitudes, social-cultural-environment, california-milk-board, public-pressure, corporate-social-responsibility, competition, repressive-methods, economic-marketplace advertising, businesses, self-regulation, banning, legal-framework, enforcement, external-organizations, social-cultural-environment, consumer-attitudes, public-pressure, California-Milk-Board, social-corporate-responsibility, competition, economic-marketplace, repressive-methods, self-determined-methods, gender-ethics, advertising-standards"
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-pro01a	Personality politics is harmful to the democratic process  Celebrity involvement in the political process may increase the extent to which politicians need to court media attention in order to promote their policies.  Many people get their political information from ‘soft-news’ outlets [1] , i.e. entertainment channels and magazines that often focus on ‘celebrity gossip’. Shows such as Oprah Winfrey get millions of viewers many of whom don’t get news through other mediums and although soft news is the preferred format for a minority (10.2%) for a great many more it is in their top three. [2] The involvement of celebrities in the political sphere increases the power of “soft-news” over the political process: due to the wide reach of “soft-news” it is not possible to counter its effects using narrow-reach opinion pieces and policy analysis. Rather, politicians are forced either to package their ideas in a way acceptable to these magazines and talk shows (i.e. reduce the analysis; ‘dumb down’), for example Obama in 2009 became the first sitting president to appear on a late night comedy show; Tonight Show with Jay Leno, [3] or to counter attack by seeking celebrity endorsement of their own.  This makes political debate increasingly shallow, and voters’ decisions correspondingly less well-informed. The harmful impacts upon our democratic process are two-fold: first, voters being less informed means they are less likely to truly be voting in a way that is aligned with their best interests or political beliefs; second, the debate is skewed towards ideas that can be conveyed in short ‘sound-bites’ and away from ideas that require more complicated discussion.  [1] Drezner, Daniel W., ‘Foreign Policy Goes Glam’, The National Interest, Nov./Dec. 2007,   [2] Prior, Markus, ‘Any Good News in Soft News? The Impact of Soft News Preferences on Political Knowledge’, Political Communication, Vol. 20, 2003, pp.149-171, p.151   [3] Baum, Matthew A., and Jamison, Angela, ‘Soft News and the four Oprah effects’, November 2011, personality politics, democratic process, celebrity involvement, media attention, policies, soft-news outlets, entertainment channels, magazines, celebrity gossip, Oprah Winfrey, viewers, news mediums, soft news, minority, great many, top three, political sphere, wide reach, narrow-reach opinion pieces, policy analysis, late night comedy show, Tonight Show with Jay Leno, celebrity endorsement, political debate, shallow, voters’ decisions, well-informed, democratic process, informed voters, political beliefs, sound-bites, complicated discussion, Foreign Policy Goes Glam, soft news preferences, political knowledge, Matthew A. Baum, Angela Jamison, four Personality politics, harmful, democratic process, celebrity involvement, political process, media attention, soft-news, entertainment channels, magazines, celebrity gossip, Oprah Winfrey, viewers, news, opinion pieces, policy analysis, late night comedy, Tonight Show, Jay Leno, Obama, celebrity endorsement, political debate, shallow, voters, informed, democratic process, sound-bites, complicated discussion, Drezner, Daniel W., Foreign Policy Goes Glam, National Interest, Prior, Markus, Any Good News in Soft News, Political Communication, Baum, Matthew A., Jamison, Angela, Soft News, four Oprah effects personality politics, harmful, democratic process, celebrity involvement, media attention, policy promotion, soft-news, entertainment channels, magazines, celebrity gossip, political information, Oprah Winfrey, viewers, news formats, minority, top three, soft-news power, narrow-reach opinion pieces, policy analysis, late night comedy show, Tonight Show, Jay Leno, political sphere, wide reach, debate shallowness, voter decisions, informed voting, sound-bites, complex discussion, Drezner, Foreign Policy Goes Glam, National Interest, Prior, Any Good News in Soft News, Political Communication, Baum, Soft News and the Four Oprah Effects Personality politics, democratic process, celebrity involvement, political process, media attention, policies, soft-news, entertainment channels, magazines, celebrity gossip, Oprah Winfrey, viewers, news mediums, soft news, political sphere, reach, narrow-reach, opinion pieces, policy analysis, late night comedy show, Tonight Show, Jay Leno, celebrity endorsement, political debate, shallow, voters, informed, democratic process, voting, political beliefs, sound-bites, complicated discussion personality politics, democratic process, celebrity involvement, political process, media attention, policies, soft-news, entertainment channels, magazines, celebrity gossip, political information, Oprah Winfrey, viewers, news mediums, soft news, opinion pieces, policy analysis, late night comedy show, Tonight Show with Jay Leno, celebrity endorsement, political debate, shallow, voters, informed decisions, democratic process, sound-bites, complicated discussion, voting interests, political beliefs
test-international-gsciidffe-con01a	"The international system is based on equality and non-interference  Relations between states are based upon “the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.” The UN Charter emphasises “Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state”. [1] Within a state only the government is legitimate as the supreme authority within its territory. [2] Without such rules the bigger, richer, states would be able to pray on the weaker ones. This cannot simply be put aside because one state does not like how the other state runs its own internal affairs. The United Nations has gone so far as to explicitly state “all peoples have the right, freely and without external interference, to determine their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development.” [3] Circumventing censorship would clearly be another power attempting to impose its own ideas of political cultural and social development.  [1] UN General Assembly, Article 2, Charter of the United Nations, 26 June 1945,   [2] Philpott, Dan, ""Sovereignty"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),   [3] UN General Assembly, “Respect for the principles of national sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of States in their electoral processes”, 18 December 1990, A/RES/45/151 international system, equality, non-interference, relations, states, sovereign equality, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, supreme authority, territory, rules, bigger states, weaker states, external interference, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, censorship, political ideas, cultural ideas, social ideas, national sovereignty, electoral processes, UN General Assembly, Philpott Dan, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, sovereignty, jurisdiction, state affairs,祈祷, external imposition, political development, cultural development, social development, circumventing censorship, international relations, state sovereignty, non-intervention principle, United Nations, international law, state jurisdiction, domestic affairs international system, equality, non-interference, state relations, sovereign equality, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, state authority, territory, bigger states, weaker states, external interference, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, censorship, political ideas, cultural ideas, social ideas, national sovereignty, electoral processes, UN General Assembly, Philpott, sovereignty, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy international system, equality, non-interference, state relations, sovereign equality, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, supreme authority, territory, bigger states, weaker states, external interference, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, censorship, political ideas, national sovereignty, electoral processes international system, equality, non-interference, sovereign equality, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, supreme authority, territory, bigger states, weaker states, UN, external interference, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, censorship, national sovereignty, electoral processes international system, equality, non-interference, relations, states, sovereign equality, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, supreme authority, territory, rules, bigger states, richer states, weaker states, put aside, internal affairs, United Nations, freely, external interference, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, censorship, power, political ideas, cultural ideas, social ideas, development, sovereignty, national sovereignty, electoral processes"
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-con01a	Community radio just gives a megaphone to extremists.  Experience suggests that the airwaves, unregulated, tend to attract pedagogues seeking followers more than democrats seeking the views of others. Particularly in areas of high sectarian divisions, technologies that propagate the views of every mullah with a mic are unlikely to help democracy in the middle east. Indeed the experience with the nearest equivalent in the US, talk radio, shows how fantastically divisive it can be. [i]  Community radio in areas that do not have a history of plurality and diversity of opinion would be likely to see the spread of radio stations pandering to the specific views of every shard and splinter of opinion, reinforcing that particular set of beliefs while ignoring all others – it is difficult to imagine a more toxic – and less democratic – option to encourage in the Arab world [ii] .  The difficulty, as shown in the reference given in the previous paragraph, is that exactly the same ease of access applies to fanatics as to democrats – who may, frequently, be the same people. In the instance of Rwanda, extremists inciting violence (almost entirely Hutus) had acquired small scale radio equipment. The government couldn’t afford the jamming equipment (the US jamming flights would cost $8500 per hour) and sought assistance from the Americans. The UN objected as such actions were clearly sectarian. However, the wide use of Radio – initially funded by the West – which, in part at least had lead to the genocide then left a toxic legacy of fanatics dominating the airwaves, those involved were eventually convicted in 2003. [iii]  [i] Noriega, Chin A, and Iribarren, Francisco Javier, ‘Quantifying Hate Speech on Commercial Talk Radio’, Chicano Studies Research Center, November 2011.  [ii] Wisner, Frank G., ‘Memorandum for deputy assistant to the president for national security affairs, national security council, Department of Defense, 5 May 1994.  [iii] Smith, Russell, ‘The impact of hate media in Rwanda’, BBC News, 3 December 2003.  Dale, Alexander C., ‘Countering hate messages that lead to violence: The United Nations’s chapter VII authority to use radio jamming to halt incendiary broadcasts’, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, Vol 11. 2001. Community radio, extremists, sectarian divisions, democracy, Middle East, talk radio, hate speech, Rwanda, genocide, radio jamming, UN, incendiary broadcasts, violence, plurality, diversity of opinion, fanatics, Hutus, Tutsis, hate media, Duke Journal, Chin A, Noriega, Francisco Javier Iribarren, Frank G Wisner, Alexander C Dale, Russell Smith community radio, extremism, unregulated airwaves, pedagogues, followers, democrats, sectarian divisions, mullah, mic, democracy, middle east, talk radio, divisiveness, plurality, diversity of opinion, shard, splinter, toxic, Arab world, fanatics, democrats, Rwanda, Hutus, radio equipment, government, jamming equipment, UN, Radio, genocide, hate speech, commercial talk radio, hate media, violence, radio jamming, UN authority, incendiary broadcasts, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law Community radio, extremists, airwaves, unregulated, sectarian divisions, mullah, mic, democracy, middle east, US, talk radio, divisive, plurality, diversity, opinion, radio stations, toxic, democratic, Arab world, ease of access, fanatics, democrats, Rwanda, violence, Hutus, radio equipment, government, jamming, UN, genocide, hate speech, commercial talk radio, hate media, United Nations, chapter VII, radio jamming, incendiary broadcasts Community radio, extremists, unregulated airwaves, pedagogues, followers, democrats, sectarian divisions, Middle East, mullah, microphone, democracy, US talk radio, divisiveness, plurality, diversity, opinion, radio stations, specific views, reinforcing beliefs, toxic options, Arab world, ease of access, fanatics, Rwanda, violence, Hutus, small scale radio equipment, jamming equipment, US jamming flights, UN objection, sectarian actions, Western funding, genocide, toxic legacy, airwaves dominance, hate speech, commercial talk radio, national security, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, radio jamming, Community radio, extremists, unregulated airwaves, sectarian divisions, Middle East, US talk radio, divisiveness, democracy, plurality, diversity of opinion, toxic legacy, Rwanda, hate speech, incitement to violence, radio jamming, United Nations, authority, incendiary broadcasts
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-con03a	Exacerbation of poor conditions  Terrorism creates a perpetual situation of poverty and anxiety within the community. Terrorism creates an unsafe situation for the local community, which has several consequences: firstly, people are less able to continue their daily actions, such as going to work or school of they are afraid of attacks. Secondly, people are less likely to save or to take risks such as setting up a business when they are uncertain about the their future. Thirdly, international companies are less likely to set up business in a location which is seen as unstable, and with the local market which has little to spend. This all lead to a continuation of poor conditions where many people live in poverty and anxiety, and see little opportunity than continuing the violence themselves. In Northern Ireland, the political violence which is present, combined with the high rates of poverty, creates a vicious circle where the unstable situation is continued. [1]  [1] Horgan, G. (2011, July 12). Equality of misery? Poverty and political violence in Northern Ireland. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from Politico: terrorism, poverty, anxiety, community, unsafe, daily actions, work, school, attacks, save, risks, business, future, international companies, local market, poor conditions, violence, Northern Ireland, political violence, high rates, vicious circle, unstable situation, equality of misery terrorism, poverty, anxiety, community, unsafe, daily actions, work, school, attacks, save, risks, business, uncertainty, future, international companies, location, unstable, local market, opportunity, violence, Northern Ireland, political violence, high rates, vicious circle, equality, misery Terrorism, poverty, anxiety, community, unsafe, daily actions, work, school, attacks, save, risks, business, uncertainty, international companies, local market, poor conditions, violence, Northern Ireland, political violence, high rates, vicious circle, instability, Equality of misery, Horgan terrorism, poverty, anxiety, community, unsafe, daily actions, work, school, attacks, save, risks, business, uncertainty, future, international companies, local market, poor conditions, vicious circle, political violence, Northern Ireland, equality, misery, high rates, instability terrorism, poverty, anxiety, community, unsafe, daily actions, work, school, attacks, save, risks, business, uncertainty, future, international companies, local market, poor conditions, violence, Northern Ireland, political violence, high rates, vicious circle, unstable situation, equality of misery, Horgan
test-health-dhghhbampt-con03a	Alternative medical practitioners tend to spend more time with their patients and get a better understanding of them as a whole, as a result they are more likely to treat the person than the symptom  Modern medicine tends to treat an individual symptom without putting it in the context of the whole person and so will often fail to see it as part of a wider pathology.  Alternative practitioners tend to spend more time with their patients and so are better placed to asses individual symptoms as a part of the person as a whole rather than just dealing with symptoms one as a time as the crop up. alternative medicine, holistic approach, patient-centered care, modern medicine, symptom treatment, individual pathology, comprehensive care, time spent with patients, integrative healthcare, allopathic medicine, whole person treatment, conventional healthcare, patient assessment, symptom-focused treatment alternative medicine, holistic approach, patient-centered care, modern medicine, symptom-focused treatment, comprehensive healthcare, individualized treatment, whole-person care, prolonged patient interaction, thorough assessment alternative medicine, holistic approach, patient-centered care, modern medicine, symptom treatment, whole person care, individualized treatment, time with patients, comprehensive understanding, pathology context Alternative medicine, holistic approach, patient-centered care, conventional medicine, symptom treatment, whole-person treatment, time spent with patients, individual symptoms, wider pathology, integrative care, traditional healthcare, allopathic medicine, complementary therapies, healthcare philosophy, medical practitioners, patient assessment, symptom management, holistic practitioners, modern medical approach, individualized treatment, comprehensive care, therapeutic relationship, disease context, patient understanding, symptomatic treatment, healthcare methodologies, alternative therapies, holistic methods, conventional treatment, patient interaction, therapeutic process, symptom-focused care, broader health perspective, allopathic treatment, integrative medicine, patient engagement, chronic conditions, symptom relief alternative medicine, holistic treatment, patient-centered care, modern medicine, symptom-focused treatment, comprehensive care, individualized care, holistic practitioners, time with patients, whole-person assessment, pathology context, integrated healthcare, conventional medicine, allopathic treatment, preventative care, healthcare approaches, medical philosophy, therapeutic relationship, long-term health, symptomatic relief
test-economy-bepighbdb-con01a	Democracy acts in the interest of the general population, which is good for development  It can be argued that a good economic policy, such as China’s economic policies, have helped development. But a free market policy can be done with any form of government, and cannot be exclusively attached to a dictatorship or a democracy. Any political system can use it. Although it has been noted that South Korea was an autocracy during economic ‘takeoff’ its economy has also grown significantly since democratization with GNI per capita growing from $3,320 in 1987 to $22,670 in 2012. [1]  Another example is that Spanish economic growth in the 1950-2000 period. The 1960s economic miracle in Spain was not necessarily caused by Franco’s regime – he controlled the country in the 1950s, when the country did not have such economic success. In 1959, Franco opened up the Spanish economy internationally, ending the isolationist economic policies established following the Civil War so making the country free market bringing dividends. As a result Spain also grew economically after the collapse of the Franco government, continuing on following on from EU membership.  [1] The World Bank, ‘GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)’, data.worldbank.org, Democracy, development, economic policy, China, free market, political system, dictatorship, South Korea, GNI per capita, autocracy, Spain, 1950-2000, economic miracle, Franco regime, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, GNI per capita data democracy, general population, development, economic policy, China, free market, dictatorship, South Korea, autocracy, GNI per capita, Spain, 1950-2000, Franco, economic miracle, 1959, isolationist, EU membership, World Bank, GNI, Atlas method, US$ Democracy, economic development, China, free market, political systems, South Korea, autocracy, GNI per capita, Spain, economic miracle, Franco, isolationism, EU membership, World Bank, GNI democracy, general population, development, economic policy, China, free market, government, dictatorship, South Korea, autocracy, GNI per capita, Spain, 1950-2000, 1960s economic miracle, Franco regime, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, GNI per capita data Democracy, General population, Development, Economic policy, China, Free market, Government form, Dictatorship, South Korea, Autocracy, GNI per capita, Spain, 1950-2000 period, 1960s economic miracle, Franco regime, Isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, GNI per capita data
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-con02a	The liberal democratic paradigm is not the only legitimate model of government, a fact that democracies should accept and embrace  Ultimately, states’ laws have to be respected. Liberal democracy has not proven to be the end of history as Fukuyama suggested, but is rather one robust system of government among many. China has become the example of a state-led capitalist model that relies on a covenant with the people fundamentally different from that between democratic governments and their citizens. [1] Chinas ruling communist party has legitimacy as a result of its performance and its role in modernising the country. [2] China’s people have accepted a trade-off; economic growth and prosperity in exchange for their liberties. When dissidents challenge this paradigm, the government becomes aggrieved and seeks to re-establish its power and authority. If the dissidents are breaking that country’s laws then the state has every right to punish them. Singapore similarly has an authoritarian version of democracy that delivers an efficient, peaceful state at the expense of constraints on the ability to criticise the government. [3] This collective model of rights has no inherent value that is lesser to that of the civil liberties-centric model of liberal democracy. In the end, as the geopolitical map becomes complicated with different versions of governance, states must learn to live with one another. The problem of offering amnesty to bloggers is that democracies and the West seek to enforce their paradigm onto that of states that differ. This will engender resentment and conflict. The world economy and social system relies on cooperation, trade, and peace. The difference between systems and cultures should be celebrated rather than simply assuming that there is only one true model and all others are somehow inferior.  [1] Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. “Is State Capitalism Winning?”. Project Syndicate. 31 December 2012.   [2] Li, Eric X, “The Life of the Party”, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2013,   [3] Henderson, Drew, “Singapore suppresses dissident” Yale Daily News, 5 November 2010, liberal democracy, alternative governance models, state legitimacy, China, state-led capitalism, social contract, economic growth, civil liberties, authoritarian democracy, Singapore, international cooperation, cultural relativism, geopolitical diversity, human rights, political paradigm, law enforcement, global economy, social systems, peaceful coexistence, amnesty, dissent, Western influence, international relations, governance, performance legitimacy, modernization, trade-offs, collective rights, civil liberties-centric, enforcement, resentment, conflict, cooperation, trade, peace, celebration of differences, inferiority of systems, Acemoglu, Robinson, state capitalism, Eric X Li, Foreign Affairs, Drew Henderson liberal democracy, state-led capitalism, China, legitimacy, performance, modernisation, economic growth, prosperity, liberties, dissidents, authority, Singapore, authoritarian democracy, efficient state, civil liberties, geopolitical diversity, cooperation, trade, peace, cultural differences, state sovereignty, law respect, international relations, Fukuyama, end of history, Acemoglu, Robinson, Eric X Li, Drew Henderson liberal democracy, state capitalism, Chinese model, Singapore, authoritarian democracy, Fukuyama, end of history, civil liberties, state legitimacy, performance legitimacy, economic growth, social contract, geopolitical diversity, international cooperation, cultural relativism, political pluralism, human rights, state sovereignty, law and order, governance models, global stability liberal democracy, alternative governance models, state sovereignty, Fukuyama, end of history, China, state-led capitalism, social contract, economic growth, political legitimacy, performance-based legitimacy, modernization, trade-off, dissent, state authority, Singapore, authoritarian democracy, efficient governance, civil liberties, collective rights, geopolitical diversity, international cooperation, cultural relativism, Western hegemony, amnesty, bloggers, global economy, social system, peace, conflict resolution liberal democracy, state-led capitalism, China, legitimacy, performance, modernisation, trade-off, economic growth, liberties, dissidents, state authority, Singapore, authoritarian democracy, efficient state, civil liberties, geopolitical map, governance, cooperation, trade, peace, cultural differences, amnesty, bloggers, Western paradigm, inferior models
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro04a	A lack of transparency can endanger the leader  A person is most likely to survive when they have an accident, a heart attack, or some other condition if they get prompt treatment and doctors are aware of any underlying conditions. Mills may well have lived, or lived longer if there had been more transparency about his death. There had been no prior warning that the president might be rushed to hospital despite the doctors having been called in the previous day. For the same reason his outriders were not available leading to indecision over whether to send off the ambulance. And finally he was initially turned away from the emergency ward because they did not know it was the President they were being asked to treat. 1 Transparency would allow procedures to be in place and advance notice given possibly gaining a few minutes and enabling survival.  1 Daily Guide, ‘How Mills died: Sister tells it all’, My Joy Online, 31 August 2012, transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, president, hospital, doctors, prior warning, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, medical conditions, prompt treatment, doctors, underlying conditions, Mills, death, prior warning, hospital, doctors called, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, How Mills died, Sister tells it all, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, presidential health, emergency response, hospital procedures, advance notice, medical transparency, Ghana, John Atta Mills, Daily Guide, My Joy Online, 2012 transparency, leader, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, prior warning, hospital, doctors, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, president, hospital, doctors, prior warning, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, My Joy Online, 31 August 2012
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con03a	The ICC has too much authority.  The ICC will lead to political prosecution. American service members and senior military and political strategists will be subject to charges for legitimate military action. Any State has the power to refer an issue for investigation to the Prosecutor and the Prosecutor also has the power to commence an investigation ex proprio motu. There is no UN Security Council veto over the discretion of the Prosecutor. Moreover, the phantom of political prosecution has already materialised in the preliminary investigation mounted by the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICTY into the NATO bombing of Kosovo and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the course of 'Operation Allied Force'. The Prosecutor chose to investigate a campaign that had been undertaken with clinical precision, that had received the ex post facto support of the Security Council, and that had been directed against a military infrastructure effecting a brutal policy of ethnic cleansing. This grim precedent suggests that a Prosecutor will not hesitate to investigate any other good faith and successful military actions across the globe. ICC, authority, political prosecution, American service members, military strategists, charges, legitimate military action, State referral, Prosecutor discretion, UN Security Council veto, ICTY, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Operation Allied Force, ex post facto support, ethnic cleansing, grim precedent, good faith military actions ICC, authority, political prosecution, American service members, military strategists, charges, legitimate military action, State power, investigation referral, Prosecutor, ex proprio motu, UN Security Council veto, discretion, ICTY, preliminary investigation, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Operation Allied Force, military campaign, ex post facto support, ethnic cleansing, good faith military actions, global investigation, precedent ICC, authority, political prosecution, American service members, military strategists, charges, legitimate military action, State referral, Prosecutor, ex proprio motu, UN Security Council, veto, ICTY, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Operation Allied Force, ex post facto support, ethnic cleansing, military infrastructure, grim precedent, good faith, successful military actions ICC, authority, political prosecution, American service members, military strategists, charges, legitimate military action, State referral, Prosecutor, ex proprio motu, UN Security Council, veto, ICTY, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Operation Allied Force, ethnic cleansing, military actions, investigation, good faith, precedent ICC, authority, political prosecution, American service members, military strategists, legitimate military action, State referral, Prosecutor, ex proprio motu, UN Security Council veto, ICTY, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Operation Allied Force, ethnic cleansing, military infrastructure, good faith military actions, global precedent
test-economy-epegiahsc-pro02a	Multilateralism is preferable to bilateralism.  It is preferable for Latin American countries to band together when negotiating trade deals with the US and Canada, to better protect their interests. After FTAA negotiations failed, the US focused on bilateral strategies and trade deals where the imbalance of power was much greater in favour of the US, and it therefore could more easily dictate terms of the agreement that were detrimental to the interests of the developing country. For example, El Salvador, who is a member of CAFTA (Central America Free Trade Agreement), together with only five other Central American countries, has found itself under legal attacks by foreign investors when it refused to lower its environmental standards in the gold mining industry [1] . Having an emerging global power, like Brazil, be part of the agreement, would counterbalance US influence over the terms.  [1] Gallager, Kevin. “Stop private firms exploiting poor states.” The Guardian. 5 February 2010. multilateralism, bilateralism, Latin American countries, trade negotiations, US, Canada, FTAA, bilateral strategies, power imbalance, developing countries, El Salvador, CAFTA, foreign investors, environmental standards, gold mining, Brazil, global power, counterbalance, US influence, trade agreements, Kevin Gallagher, The Guardian multilateralism, bilateralism, Latin American countries, trade deals, US, Canada, FTAA, imbalance of power, CAFTA, Central America Free Trade Agreement, El Salvador, foreign investors, environmental standards, gold mining industry, Brazil, counterbalance, US influence, Kevin Gallagher, The Guardian multilateralism, bilateralism, Latin American countries, trade deals, US, Canada, FTAA, US bilateral strategies, imbalance of power, detrimental terms, developing country, El Salvador, CAFTA, Central America Free Trade Agreement, legal attacks, foreign investors, environmental standards, gold mining industry, Brazil, counterbalance US influence Multilateralism, Bilateralism, Latin America, Trade Negotiations, US, Canada, FTAA, Bilateral Strategies, Power Imbalance, Developing Countries, El Salvador, CAFTA, Foreign Investors, Environmental Standards, Gold Mining, Brazil, Global Power, US Influence, Trade Terms, Kevin Gallagher, The Guardian Multilateralism, Bilateralism, Latin America, Trade Negotiations, US, Canada, FTAA, Bilateral Strategies, Power Imbalance, Developing Countries, El Salvador, CAFTA, Central America, Foreign Investors, Environmental Standards, Gold Mining, Brazil, Global Power, Counterbalance, US Influence, Trade Terms, Kevin Gallagher, The Guardian
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-con03a	The storing and sale of personal data aids companies by making marketing more efficient and allows niche markets to thrive  Businesses have been able to use consumers’ personal information to produce far better, more efficient, and more targeted advertising. Traditionally advertisement has been used to reach mass markets and has thus been used mostly as a blunt instrument, targeting the largest and wealthiest demographics in order to get the most efficient use of scarce advertising budgets. The focus on large markets has often left smaller, more niche, markets by the wayside. [1] Yet with the advent of the internet, targeted marketing, and data collection services, firms have been able to create whole new markets that cater to less homogenous needs and wants. The result has been a Renaissance of specialty manufacturers and service providers that could never arise if it were not for the collection of personal consumer data. By targeting their advertising, firms have been able to scale back on the broader advertising, making the whole endeavour less costly and more efficient. On the broader level, companies are able to utilize the vast amounts of individual data compiled to allow them to determine broader changes in society’s consumer desires, to establish aggregate trends. [2] E-commerce accounts for more than $300 billion in the US. This information gathering makes all businesses more responsive to consumer demands and to cause them to change their offered services and products far more swiftly, to the benefit of all consumers. Businesses have thus been able to flourish that might once have languished without access to a means of accessing their market or been unable to change with changing tastes. Because of the proliferation of personal information aggregation we can enjoy a far more efficient business world, with lots of producers that can compete with the larger mainstream on a more even footing, and a mainstream that is more able to meet the ever-changing demand structure of consumers.  [1] Columbus Metropolitan Library. “Using Demographics to Target Your Market”. 2012. personal data, marketing efficiency, niche markets, consumer information, targeted advertising, internet, data collection, specialty manufacturers, service providers, e-commerce, consumer demands, aggregate trends, business competition, mainstream market, changing tastes, personal information aggregation, efficient business world, consumer satisfaction personal data, marketing efficiency, niche markets, consumer information, targeted advertising, data collection, specialty manufacturers, service providers, consumer desires, aggregate trends, e-commerce, business responsiveness, consumer demands, market access, changing tastes, information aggregation, efficient business, competition, mainstream markets storing, sale, personal data, marketing efficiency, niche markets, consumer information, targeted advertising, demographic targeting, internet, data collection, specialty manufacturers, service providers, e-commerce, consumer demands, aggregate trends, business competition, market access, changing tastes, information aggregation, business world efficiency storing, sale, personal, data, aids, companies, marketing, efficient, niche, markets, thrive, consumers, information, produce, better, targeted, advertising, internet, data, collection, services, firms, create, new, specialty, manufacturers, service, providers, targeting, scale, back, broader, costs, society, consumer, desires, e-commerce, information, gathering, business, responsive, change, services, products, swiftly, benefit, flourish, access, market, tastes, proliferation, aggregation, efficient, compete, mainstream, demand, structure, Columbus, Metropolitan, Library, demographics, target storing personal data, sale personal data, marketing efficiency, niche markets, consumer information, targeted advertising, traditional advertisement, mass markets, niche markets, internet marketing, data collection services, specialty manufacturers, service providers, personal consumer data, advertising efficiency, cost reduction, consumer desires, aggregate trends, e-commerce, business responsiveness, consumer demands, changing tastes, personal information aggregation, efficient business, market competition, demand structure
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro02a	"Developing world  Developing countries such as China and India are growing rapidly and causing massive increases in global GHG emissions through fossil fuel use and deforestation. It took developed countries 100s of years to create a standard of living high enough for an environmental movement to develop. It is more likely than not that developing countries will continue to increase their annual emissions for decades, greatly eclipsing any potential reductions in the developed world. According to Joseph Romm, former US assistant secretary for energy efficiency and renewable energy, ""China's growth in emissions could erode all other countries' efforts to stabilize the world's temperature"" 1. As a result, atmospheric GHGs will continue to increase, causing greater climate change.  1. Romm, Joseph, 'How Copenhagen can succeed where Kyoto failed', Foreign Policy, June 18, 2009. developing world, developing countries, China, India, rapid growth, global GHG emissions, fossil fuel use, deforestation, standard of living, environmental movement, continued emissions, climate change, Joseph Romm, Copenhagen, Kyoto, energy efficiency, renewable energy, atmospheric GHGs, temperature stabilization Developing world, Developing countries, China, India, Rapid growth, Global GHG emissions, Fossil fuel use, Deforestation, Standard of living, Environmental movement, Annual emissions, Developed world, Reductions, Joseph Romm, US assistant secretary, Energy efficiency, Renewable energy, China's emissions, Copenhagen, Kyoto, Climate change, Atmospheric GHGs Developing world, China, India, Rapid growth, Global GHG emissions, Fossil fuel use, Deforestation, Standard of living, Environmental movement, Annual emissions, Developed countries, Emission reductions, Joseph Romm, Climate change, Copenhagen, Kyoto, Temperature stabilization Developing world, Developing countries, China, India, Rapid growth, Global GHG emissions, Fossil fuel use, Deforestation, Standard of living, Environmental movement, Annual emissions, Developed world, Climate change, Joseph Romm, Copenhagen, Kyoto, Emissions reductions, Atmospheric GHGs, Temperature stabilization, Environmental policy Developing world, China, India, rapid growth, global GHG emissions, fossil fuel use, deforestation, standard of living, environmental movement, annual emissions, developed countries, climate change, Joseph Romm, Copenhagen, Kyoto, energy efficiency, renewable energy, temperature stabilization"
test-international-ehbfe-pro05a	A federal Europe will ensure that large, multinational businesses remain accountable for their actions  In a globalised economy, there is a need to tame multinational corporations, which would be otherwise capable of playing national governments off against each other in search for low wages, social costs and state protection. A federal Europe would be powerful enough to demand high standards of behaviour from such companies, because only a powerful and economically significant player can dictate restricting conditions. This would ensure fair wages, safe working conditions and - additionally - Europe would be able to force the multinational companies to implement correct and holistic policies and would also be in a position to make a greater difference on environmental issues such as global warming. Sovereignty becomes less relevant when effective independence is lost anyway as the economy and the problems faced by all nations are increasingly globalised. federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, multinational corporations, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, powerful player, high standards, fair wages, safe working conditions, holistic policies, environmental issues, global warming, sovereignty, effective independence, globalised problems federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, powerful player, high standards, fair wages, safe working conditions, holistic policies, environmental issues, global warming, sovereignty, effective independence, globalised problems federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, multinational corporations, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, powerful player, high standards, fair wages, safe working conditions, holistic policies, environmental issues, global warming, sovereignty, effective independence, globalised problems federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, multinational corporations, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, powerful player, high standards, fair wages, safe working conditions, holistic policies, environmental issues, global warming, sovereignty, effective independence, global economy, global problems federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, multinational corporations, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, powerful player, high standards, fair wages, safe working conditions, holistic policies, environmental issues, global warming, sovereignty, effective independence, globalised problems
test-politics-cpecfiepg-con04a	Leaving the Eurozone would be detrimental for Greece in the long-run.  Even if the proposition are correct in claiming defaulting and leaving the Eurozone would stimulate growth in the Greek economy, such benefits are transitory whereas the benefits of remaining in the Eurozone are permanent. [1] Having the Euro provides stability for the Greek economy – investors know that the currency will not collapse, making their invested capital worthless. The gravity of the outcomes of a Greek default cannot be known for sure, however some economists have even suggested that hyperinflation could occur – leading to disastrous consequences for Greece. [2] Moreover, in the long term, a single currency makes investment and transactions with other Eurozone members much more efficient and profitable. This is particularly important given that the vast majority of Greek trade is carried out with other European members. In light of these benefits, a short term cost that comes with the austerity measures enforced under the status quo, would be worthwhile in the long term.  [1] Barrell, Ray: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian,   [2] Ruparel, Raoul and Persson, Mats: “Better off Out? The short-term options for Greece inside and outside of the euro”, June 2012, Open Europe, 2012 Leaving Eurozone, detrimental Greece, long-term impact, economic stability, investor confidence, currency collapse, hyperinflation, single currency benefits, efficient transactions, Eurozone members, trade relations, austerity measures, short-term costs, Barrell Ray, Ruparel Raoul, Persson Mats, Eurozone crisis, Greek economy, growth stimulation, defaulting Eurozone, transitory benefits, permanent benefits, investment efficiency, profitability, European trade, status quo, economic consequences, Greek default Economy, Eurozone, Greece, Default, Stability, Investors, Hyperinflation, Single Currency, Transactions, Euro, Trade, Austerity, Long-term, Benefits, Short-term, Crisis, Growth, Transitory, Permanent, Capital, Investment, European, Members, Efficiency, Profits, Outcomes, Consequences, Barrell, Ruparel, Persson, Open Europe, Guardian, Options Eurozone, Greece, long-term, detrimental, default, economic growth, transitory benefits, currency stability, investor confidence, hyperinflation, single currency, investment efficiency, trade, Eurozone members, austerity measures, short-term costs, status quo, Barrell Ray, Ruparel Raoul, Persson Mats, Open Europe, Eurozone crisis eurozone, greece, economy, stability, investment, hyperinflation, transaction, euro, long-term, benefits, austerity, single-currency, trade, european-members, short-term, costs, growth, default, exit, barrell, ray, ruparel, raoul, persson, mats, open-europe, guardian Leaving Eurozone, Greece, long-term effects, economic stability, investors, currency collapse, hyperinflation, single currency, investment efficiency, Eurozone members, trade, austerity measures, short-term costs, Barrell Ray, Eurozone crisis, Ruparel Raoul, Persson Mats, Open Europe
test-economy-eptpghdtre-con02a	Republicans more enthusiastically support market capitalism  A free market is at the core of many of the other freedoms we enjoy. When government gets too involved in the running of commerce – whether through taxation, regulation or the state ownership of companies, history has shown us that they start controlling other aspects of citizens lives in an effort to get the economic outcomes that they want. Corporations – along with organised religion – provide useful counter-balance to too much government power. As nice as it sounds that we should divert the wages of the rich to bring the poor up to middle class standards of living, it just doesn’t work [i] .  [i] “Why am I a Republican?” Early Riser. 7 February 2006. Republicans, market capitalism, free market, government involvement, commerce, taxation, regulation, state ownership, economic outcomes, corporations, organized religion, government power, wages, rich, poor, middle class, economic policy, political ideology, fiscal conservatism, limited government, individual freedom, economic freedom Republicans, market capitalism, free market, government involvement, taxation, regulation, state ownership, citizen control, corporations, organized religion, government power, wealth redistribution, economic outcomes, middle class, poverty, political philosophy, conservative values, Republican values, economic freedom, individual liberty, fiscal policy, social policy, political economy, public sector, private sector, economic theory, political theory, economic inequality, policy analysis, economic policy, government intervention, market regulation, economic growth, economic efficiency, social welfare, public goods, economic systems, political beliefs, ideological stance, economic principles, economic debates, political debates, American politics, political spectrum, right Republicans, market capitalism, free market, freedoms, government involvement, commerce, taxation, regulation, state ownership, corporations, organized religion, counter-balance, government power, wages, rich, poor, middle class, economic outcomes, Why am I a Republican, Early Riser, 7 February 2006 Republicans, market capitalism, free market, freedoms, government intervention, taxation, regulation, state ownership, economic control, corporations, organized religion, government power, wealth redistribution, middle class, poverty, Republican values, economic policy, political philosophy Republicans, market capitalism, free market, government involvement, commerce, taxation, regulation, state ownership, economic outcomes, citizen control, corporations, organized religion, government power, income redistribution, middle class, wealth inequality, political philosophy, economic freedom, Republican values, free enterprise
test-law-ralhrilglv-con01a	Criminal defendants don’t get to pick and choose trial dates  Irrespective of who they are, Kenyatta and Ruto are nothing special – they’re just another two criminal defendants.  A person who is on trial murder or any other offence, whoever they are, can’t pick and choose their trial date for their own convenience or for their own business interests – why should these two particular defendants get a special privilege? Silvio Berlusconi was prosecuted by the Italian courts; the slow speed was due to the glacial pace of the Italian legal system rather than him particularly agitating for a special hold-up. The court cases were not done at his convenience. criminal defendants, trial dates, Kenyatta, Ruto, special privilege, murder, offence, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian courts, legal system, court cases, convenience, business interests criminal defendants, trial dates, Kenyatta, Ruto, special privilege, trial convenience, business interests, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian courts, legal system pace Criminal defendants, trial dates, Kenyatta, Ruto, special privilege, murder, offence, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian courts, legal system, convenience, business interests criminal defendants, trial dates, Kenyatta, Ruto, special privilege, murder, offence, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian courts, legal system, court cases, convenience, business interests criminal defendants, trial dates, Kenyatta, Ruto, special privilege, murder, offence, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian courts, legal system, court cases, convenience, business interests
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-con01a	Making children military targets  The purpose of the ban on the use of child soldiers is to prevent the normalisation of such tactics in conflict zones. It is not an inflexible implementation of a lofty European ideal. The ban, and the role of the ICC in enforcing it, is designed to reduce the likelihood that civilians will be deliberately targeted in developing world war zones. Why is this necessary?  If the defence set out in the motion is used to reduce the number of war crimes convictions attendant on the use of child soldiers, not only will numbers of child soldiers rise, but children themselves will become military targets. Communities ravaged and depleted by war, under the status quo, may be seen as minimally threatening. Armies are not likely to target them as strategic objectives if it is thought that they will offer no resistance. However, if there is no condemnation and investigation of the use of child soldiers, they will become a much more common feature of the battlefield. The increasing militarisation of children will make those children who do not wish to participate in armed conflict- children pursuing some alternate survival strategy- automatic targets. All children will be treated as potential soldiers. The communities that children live in will become military targets.  The resolution, although seeking to enable children to protect themselves, will simply make them targets of the massacres, organised displacement and surprise attacks that characterise warfare in Africa and central Asia. child soldiers, war crimes, ICC, conflict zones, civilian targets, military tactics, child militarisation, community targeting, war-affected communities, strategic objectives, protection, displacement, surprise attacks, African warfare, central Asian warfare, child protection, legal enforcement, international law, military strategy, child combatants child soldiers, war crimes, ICC, conflict zones, civilian targeting, militarisation of children, community targeting, survival strategies, warfare, Africa, central Asia, military tactics, child protection, legal protections, armed conflict child soldiers, military targets, ban enforcement, ICC role, war crimes convictions, militarisation of children, community targeting, conflict zones, strategic objectives, warfare tactics, protection paradox, Africa, central Asia child soldiers, military targets, conflict zones, war crimes, ICC, enforcement, civilian protection, militarisation, community targeting, resistance, strategic objectives, displacement, surprise attacks, warfare, Africa, central Asia child soldiers, military targets, ban, conflict zones, ICC, war crimes, convictions, militarisation, communities, warfare, Africa, central Asia, protection, displacement, surprise attacks
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-con02a	It will cause resentment and make certain communities feel targeted.  Arranged marriages are seen as a very important aspect of the identity of lots of Euro-Asian communities. At a time when tensions between non-Muslims and Muslims in Europe are high enough, for example there were protests in London against the film innocence of Muslims, [1] targeting a practice carried out by many Muslim families could help extremist tendencies to flare up. It is important not try and cloak laws that are little more than blind intolerance with terms that make them seem like secular liberalism. Attempting to ban practices like wearing the veil in the name of inclusion have been proven to only inflame tensions, not improve integration. [2] Banning arranged marriages outright would therefore not only be intolerant, but potentially dangerous.  [1] Walker, Paul, ‘Anti-US protesters in London condemn controversial film’, guardian.co.uk, 16 September 2012,   [2] Younge, Gary, ‘Europe: Hotbed of Islampobic Extremism,’ 14 June 2012 - resentment, targeted communities, Euro-Asian, identity, Muslim, non-Muslim, Europe, tensions, protests, London, innocence of Muslims, extremist tendencies, secular liberalism, intolerance, wearing the veil, inclusion, integration, ban, arranged marriages, dangerous, intolerance, Paul Walker, Anti-US protesters, Guardian, Gary Younge, Europe, Islampobic Extremism resentment, targeted communities, Euro-Asian, identity, arranged marriages, tensions, non-Muslims, Muslims, Europe, protests, London, film, innocence of Muslims, extremist tendencies, secular liberalism, intolerance, veil, inclusion, integration, ban, dangerous, intolerant resentment, targeted communities, Euro-Asian communities, arranged marriages, identity, tensions, non-Muslims, Muslims, Europe, protests, London, film, Innocence of Muslims, extremist tendencies, secular liberalism, intolerance, banning practices, veil, inclusion, integration, dangerous, intolerant, Paul Walker, Anti-US protesters, Gary Younge, Islampobic Extremism resentment, targeted communities, Euro-Asian, identity, tensions, non-Muslims, Muslims, Europe, protests, London, film, innocence of Muslims, extremist tendencies, blind intolerance, secular liberalism, banning, veil, inclusion, integration, arranged marriages, intolerant, dangerous, Paul Walker, Gary Younge, Islamophobia resentment, targeted communities, Euro-Asian communities, identity, tensions, non-Muslims, Muslims, Europe, protests, London, film innocence, Muslim families, extremist tendencies, secular liberalism, banning practices, wearing veil, inclusion, integration, ban, arranged marriages, intolerant, dangerous, anti-US protesters, controversial film, Europe, hotbed, Islamophobia, extremism
test-economy-bepiehbesa-pro02a	It is unfair to new members of EU  Not only are the largest recipients of CAP western countries – France, Spain and Germany - also the payments per hectare of arable lands differ significantly between new and old members of EU. The new members of EU with their economies often struggling and more dependent on agriculture (as is the case of Poland, Bulgaria or Romania) need more monetary support compared to their western counterparts to produce food of same quality and be competitive in EU market. However, the payments for hectare of land vary from 500€ in Greece to less than 100 € in Latvia. [1] These different conditions undermine the EU’s ethos of fairness and equality of countries.  [1] EurActive, ‘Eastern EU states call for ‘bolder, speedier’ farm reforms’, 14 July 2011, EU, CAP, new members, old members, payments, hectare, arable land, agriculture, economy, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Latvia, fairness, equality, farm reforms, monetary support, competitiveness, food quality, EurActive EU, CAP, new members, western countries, payments per hectare, arable lands, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, monetary support, food quality, competitiveness, EU market, Greece, Latvia, fairness, equality, farm reforms, Eastern EU states EU, CAP, new members, western countries, payments per hectare, arable lands, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, monetary support, food quality, competitiveness, EU market, Greece, Latvia, fairness, equality, farm reforms, Eastern EU states EU, CAP, western countries, France, Spain, Germany, payments per hectare, arable lands, new members, old members, economies, agriculture, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, monetary support, food quality, competitiveness, EU market, fairness, equality, Greece, Latvia, Eastern EU states, farm reforms CAP, EU, new members, agricultural support, payments per hectare, economic disparity, competitiveness, fairness, equality, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Latvia, farm reforms, EurActive
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-pro01a	Religion simply justifies reactionary views which many find offensive. There is no reason for vitriol to be tolerated just because it presents a mask of religion.  Views on issues such as abortion, women, and what constitutes an acceptable family expressed by those who are extremely religious are simply bigoted views which are given credibility by being wrapped in a cassock.  It is in the nature of religious belief that any set of views can adopt a religious justification and there is no objective measure against which to hold the views. For example the homophobic views which have common currency in many churches can be contrasted with a gay liberation trend discernible in others. In the light of this, it makes sense to judge the views on their own basis, regardless of the religiosity surrounding them.  The views expressed by Harry Hammond, and others [1] , need to be stripped of their religious veneer and shown that at their heart they are simply offensive. There is absolutely no reason why LGBT people should have to endure vitriol and condemnation as they go about their daily lives. It is a useful exercise to consider how we would respond to a secular speaker saying that the actions of two people who were in love with each other should condemn them to torment and suffering. Oddly however, the moment this is done in the name of God, it somehow becomes acceptable.  [1] Blake, Heidi. “Christian Preacher Arrested for Saying Homosexuality is a Sin”. The Daily Telegraph, 2 May 2010. Religion, reactionary, offensive, tolerance, abortion, women, family, bigoted, homophobia, churches, LGBT, Harry Hammond, secular, love, condemnation, Daily Telegraph, homosexuality, sin, arrest, God, credibility, views, objective, justification, veneer, torment, suffering, society, ethics, morality Religion, reactionary, offensive, tolerance, vitriol, abortion, women, family, bigoted, credibility, religious, belief, justification, objective, measure, homophobic, churches, gay, liberation, judge, views, Harry, Hammond, LGBT, endure, vitriol, condemnation, secular, speaker, love, torment, suffering, God, homosexuality, sin, arrest, Blake, Telegraph religion, reactionary, offensive, tolerance, vitriol, abortion, women, family, bigoted, religiosity, homosexuality, homophobia, churches, gay, liberation, judge, views, Harry, Hammond, LGBT, secular, condemnation, love, torment, suffering, god,Telegraph, Christian, preacher, arrested, sin religion, reactionary, offensive, tolerance, abortion, women, family, bigoted, credibility, cassock, homophobia, churches, gay, liberation, judgment, Harry Hammond, LGBT, vitriol, condemnation, secular, love, torment, suffering, God, Blake, Heidi, Christian, preacher, arrested, homosexuality, sin, Daily Telegraph Religion, Justification, Reactionary, Offensive, Vitriol, Tolerance, Abortion, Women, Family, Bigotry, Credibility, Religious, Belief, Views, Objectivity, Homophobia, Churches, Gay, Liberation, Judgement, Basis, Religiosity, Harry, Hammond, LGBT, Endurance, Vitriol, Condemnation, Secular, Speaker, Love, Torment, Suffering, God, Acceptability
test-environment-ehwsnwu-con02a	There Are Better Alternatives to Underground Nuclear Waste Storage  France is the largest nuclear energy producer in the world. It generates 80% of its electricity from nuclear power. [1] It is very important to note, therefore, that it does not rely on underground nuclear waste storage. Instead, it relies on above ground, on-site storage. This kind of storage combined with heavy reprocessing and recycling of nuclear waste, makes underground storage unnecessary. [2]  As such it seems logical that in most western liberal democracies that are able to reach the same level of technological progress as France, it makes more sense to store nuclear waste above ground. Above ground, checks and balances can be put into place that allow the maintenance of these nuclear storage facilities to be monitored more closely. Furthermore, reprocessing and recycling leads to less wasted Uranium overall. This is important as Uranium, whilst being plentiful in the earth, is often difficult to mine and mill. As such, savings here often significantly benefit things such as the environment and lower the economic cost of the entire operation.  [1] BBC News, ‘France nuclear power funding gets 1bn euro boost’, 27 June 2011,   [2] Palfreman, Jon. “Why the French Like Nuclear Energy.” PBS. Underground nuclear waste storage, above ground storage, France, nuclear energy, 80% electricity, reprocessing, recycling, checks and balances, Uranium, environment, economic cost, PBS, BBC News, nuclear power funding, Jon Palfreman, French nuclear energy underground nuclear waste storage, France, nuclear energy, electricity generation, above ground storage, reprocessing, recycling, nuclear waste, uranium, environmental impact, economic cost, checks and balances, nuclear power funding, French nuclear policy Underground nuclear waste storage, above ground storage, France, nuclear energy, electricity generation, reprocessing, recycling, nuclear waste, Uranium, environmental impact, economic cost, checks and balances, technological progress, Western liberal democracies, safety, monitoring, nuclear power funding, French nuclear policy underground nuclear waste storage, France, nuclear energy, electricity generation, above ground storage, reprocessing, recycling, nuclear waste, environmental impact, economic cost, uranium mining, checks and balances, monitoring, technological progress, western liberal democracies, nuclear power funding, PBS, BBC News nuclear waste, underground storage, France, nuclear energy, electricity generation, above ground storage, reprocessing, recycling, Uranium, mining, environmental impact, economic cost, technological progress, western democracies, checks and balances, nuclear facilities, safety, policy, energy resources, PBS, BBC News
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-con03a	Many Israelis now live in the occupied territories.  Israel has more than just national security at stake in the occupied territory of the West Bank -hundreds of thousands of Israeli citizens now live there, many in areas which are not strategically essential (the areas described above). Between the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights (all outside of Israel's 1967 borders), over 400,000 Israelis live in settlements in the occupied territories. [1] These ever-expanding settlements represent a barrier to Israeli withdrawing to its 1967 borders. In 1993, when Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat famously shook hands on the White House lawn, there were only 109,000 Israelis living in settlements across the West Bank (not including Jerusalem). Today there are more than 230 settlements and strategically placed 'outposts' designed to cement a permanent Jewish presence on Palestinian land. [2] Forcibly removing these settlers would be too difficult, could foment a kind of Jewish civil war, and would create a level of resentment among fundamentalist Jews that would likely inflame the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Furthermore it should be remembered that these settlers are Israeli citizens, with families, who moved to these areas because the Israeli government told them it was safe and that they would be allowed to stay, and thus Israel has a moral duty to live up to these promises by not withdrawing. Israel cannot afford this sort of internal turmoil, and should not neglect its duty to protect the rights of these citizens, and so it should not withdraw to its 1967 borders.  [1] Levinson, Chaim. “IDF: More than 300,000 settlers live in West Bank”. Haaretz.com. 27 July 2009.   [2] Tolan, Sandy. “George Mitchell and the end of the two-state solution”. The Christian Science Monitor. 4 February 2009. Israelis, occupied territories, West Bank, national security, Israeli citizens, settlements, Golan Heights, 1967 borders, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, White House, Jewish civil war, fundamentalist Jews, Israeli government, moral duty, internal turmoil, citizen rights, two-state solution, IDF, Haaretz, Christian Science Monitor, George Mitchell Israeli settlers, occupied territories, West Bank, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, 1967 borders, settlements, outposts, Jewish presence, Palestinian land, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, White House, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Jewish civil war, fundamentalist Jews, Israeli citizens, Israeli government, moral duty, internal turmoil, rights of citizens, two-state solution, George Mitchell Israelis, occupied territories, national security, West Bank, Israeli citizens, settlements, strategic areas, Golan Heights, 1967 borders, settlers, Israeli withdrawal, Jewish presence, Palestinian land, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, Palestine Liberation Organization, Yasser Arafat, White House, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Jewish civil war, fundamentalist Jews, Israeli government, moral duty, internal turmoil, citizen rights, two-state solution Israeli settlers, occupied territories, West Bank, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 1967 borders, settlements, outposts, Jewish presence, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, White House handshake, 1993, Palestinian land, forcible removal, Jewish civil war, internal turmoil, moral duty, Israeli citizens, protection, rights, two-state solution, George Mitchell, Sandy Tolan, Chaim Levinson, IDF, Haaretz, The Christian Science Monitor Israeli settlers, occupied territories, West Bank, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, settlements, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Israeli citizens, strategic barriers, Jewish civil war, fundamentalist Jews, moral duty, internal turmoil, 1967 borders, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, Palestine Liberation Organization, Yasser Arafat, peace process, outposts, Palestinian land, two-state solution, IDF, Haaretz, George Mitchell, Christian Science Monitor
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro03a	Transparency helps reduce international tension  Transparency is necessary in international relations. States need to know what each other are doing to assess their actions. Without any transparency the hole is filled by suspicion and threat inflation that can easily lead to miscalculation and even war.  The Cuban missile crisis is a clear example where a lack of transparency on either side about what they were willing to accept and what they were doing almost lead to nuclear war. [1] It is notable that one of the responses to prevent a similar crisis was to install a hotline between the White House and Kremlin. A very small, but vital, step in terms of openness.  Today this is still a problem; China currently worries about the US ‘pivot’ towards Asia complaining it “has aroused a great deal of suspicion in China.” “A huge deficit of strategic trust lies at the bottom of all problems between China and the United States.” The result would be an inevitable arms race and possible conflict. [2]  [1] Frohwein, Ashley, ‘Embassy Moscow: A Diplomatic Perspective of the Cuban Missile Crisis’, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, 7 May 2013  [2] Yafei, He, ‘The Trust Deficit’, Foreign Policy, 13 May 2013 Transparency, international tension, international relations, state actions, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war, Cuban missile crisis, hotline, White House, Kremlin, openness, China, US pivot, Asia, strategic trust, arms race, conflict, diplomatic perspective, trust deficit Transparency, international relations, state actions, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war, Cuban missile crisis, hotline, White House, Kremlin, China, US pivot, Asia, strategic trust, arms race, conflict, diplomatic perspective, trust deficit, Foreign Policy, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service transparency, international relations, states, actions, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war, Cuban missile crisis, White House, Kremlin, hotline, openness, China, US pivot, Asia, strategic trust, arms race, conflict Transparency, international relations, state actions, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war, Cuban missile crisis, nuclear war, hotline, White House, Kremlin, openness, China, US pivot, Asia, strategic trust, arms race, conflict transparency, international tension, international relations, state actions, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war, Cuban missile crisis, hotline, White House, Kremlin, openness, China, US pivot, Asia, strategic trust, arms race, conflict, diplomacy, nuclear war, communication channels, foreign policy
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-con01a	Rehabilitation Does Not Serve The Needs of Society  The primary goal of our criminal justice system is to remove offenders from general society and protect law abiding citizens. Many criminals are repeat offenders and rehabilitation can be a long and expensive process. In Jamaica, police claim repeat offenders are responsible for over 80% of local crime despite rehabilitation programmes in prisons. [1] Ideally therefore, retribution and rehabilitation should work hand in hand to protect citizens in the short and long term. There are some successful examples of this happening, where prisons encourage inmates to take part in group activities such as football. Some prisons have started cooking programmes where inmates learn to cook in a professional environment and leave with a qualification. However the first priority is the removal of the convicted criminal from society in order to protect the innocent. Rehabilitation should be a secondary concern. The primary concern of the criminal justice system should be the protection of the non-guilty parties. The needs of society are therefore met by the immediate removal of the offender.  In addition a more retributive approach serves society through the message it conveys. Most modern defences of retribution would emphasize its role in reinforcing the moral values of society and expressing the public's outrage at certain crimes. Rehabilitation therefore weakens the strong message of disgust as to the offender’s actions that a traditional prison sentence symbolises and the deterrent that it thus provides.  [1] Chang, K. O. ‘Lock up repeat offenders for life’. Jamaica Gleaner, 17 September 2006 . rehabilitation, criminal justice system, society, protection, law abiding citizens, repeat offenders, retribution, deterrence, moral values, public outrage, prison programmes, cooking qualifications, football activities, Jamaica, crime rates, immediate removal, non-guilty parties, secondary concern, traditional prison sentence, deterrent effect rehabilitation, criminal justice system, society, protection, law abiding citizens, repeat offenders, Jamaica, crime rates, prison programmes, football, cooking courses, retribution, moral values, public outrage, deterrent, immediate removal, non-guilty parties, traditional prison sentence, societal message rehabilitation, criminal justice system, society, protection, law abiding citizens, repeat offenders, Jamaica, crime, retribution, group activities, football, cooking programmes, qualifications, non-guilty parties, removal, moral values, public outrage, crimes, deterrence, prison sentence rehabilitation, criminal justice system, society, protection, repeat offenders, Jamaica, police, crime, retribution, group activities, football, cooking programmes, qualifications, non-guilty parties, moral values, public outrage, deterrence, traditional prison sentence rehabilitation, criminal justice system, retribution, society protection, repeat offenders, Jamaica crime, prison programmes,Cooking programmes, football activities, non-guilty protection, moral values, public outrage, crime deterrence, traditional prison sentences
test-international-segiahbarr-con01a	Millennium Development Goals have not yet been reached  While the majority of African governments have made efforts to reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), the deadlines for achieving them are fast approaching with little sign of complete success. The MDGs were established in 2000, and laid out a set of criteria which each country should aspire to in order to become developed. These development goals are essential for Africa to be able to effectively grow. The United Nations Development Programme readily recognises that the eradication of hunger, reduction of child mortality, improvement of maternal health and ensuring environmental sustainability are all off track in Africa [1] . Observing the causes of this failure, the inequality existing in Africa is blamed as a fundamental roadblock.  [1] UNDP, ‘MDG Progress Reports – Africa’, 2013 Millennium Development Goals, Africa, government efforts, deadlines, development criteria, United Nations Development Programme, eradication of hunger, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, inequality, development failure, progress reports Millennium Development Goals, Africa, development, UNDP, MDG Progress Reports, inequality, eradication of hunger, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, deadlines, government efforts, poverty reduction, sustainable development, health improvement, Africa growth, UN goals, development criteria, progress tracking, development challenges, regional disparities, socioeconomic development, international development agenda, global poverty, health care, environmental protection, sustainable practices, policy implementation, development assistance, public health, child health, maternal care, food security, equity, social development, economic development, policy reform, international cooperation, aid effectiveness, development outcomes, Africa's progress, goal Millennium Development Goals, MDG, African governments, development criteria, United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, eradication of hunger, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, inequality, Africa, development progress, MDG Progress Reports, 2013 Millennium Development Goals, MDG, African governments, development, United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, eradication of hunger, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, inequality, progress reports, Africa, development criteria, growth, deadlines, success, failure, roadblock Millennium Development Goals, African governments, MDG deadlines, United Nations Development Programme, eradication of hunger, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, inequality in Africa, MDG progress reports
test-politics-lghwdecm-con03a	Mayors will come at a cost  Having Mayors is costly. First of all there is the referendum and the election of the Mayor himself which Bristol council has said could cost up to £400,000. [1] This is then followed by the extra administrative cost created by having a Mayor who will of course have to have deputies, staff, offices, cars and a publicity budget, which could mean up to £3 million a year. [2] This is money that at a time where councils are facing budget cuts could be better spent on shoring up the services councils provide.  [1] The Economist, ‘Why elected mayors matter’, 19 April 2012.  [2] McCabe, Steve, ‘An executive mayor – can we afford it?, Birmingham Mail, 17 April 2012. Mayors, cost, referendum, election, Bristol, council, administrative, deputies, staff, offices, cars, publicity, budget, cuts, services, The Economist, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail, executive, afford Mayors, cost, referendum, election, Bristol, council, administrative, deputies, staff, offices, cars, publicity, budget, cuts, services, councils, Economist, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail, executive mayor, afford Mayors, cost, referendum, election, Bristol, council, administrative, deputies, staff, offices, cars, publicity, budget, cuts, services, councils, Economist, elected, matter, Steve, McCabe, Birmingham, Mail, executive, afford Mayors, cost, referendum, election, Bristol, council, administrative, deputies, staff, offices, cars, publicity, budget, budget cuts, services, councils, The Economist, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail Mayors, cost, referendum, election, Bristol, council, administrative, deputies, staff, offices, cars, publicity, budget, budget cuts, services, The Economist, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail, executive mayor, affordabilty
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-con04a	The US has a long tradition of multiple languages  There is a long historical tradition in the United States to which different languages contributed. Most Americans do not have ancestors who arrived from England prior to 1776, and even among the colonists before independence there were Frenchman, Dutch, Swedes, Scots and Irish. [1] The languages of these early immigrants remain, for example Cajun, an offshoot of French remains a de facto official language in Louisiana. [2]  The historical importance of Native American languages or of the immigrants who came in and contributed so much is also ignored. All of these groups are stigmatized and their contributions ignored.  The descendants of most of the groups listed above speak English today, so the issue is not an ease of access one. It is however one of historical justice and giving full recognition to the full-range of contributors to American history.  [1] ‘Ethnic Composition of the Thirteen Colonies, 1750’, teacher’s Brunch,   [2] Melancon, Megan, ‘Cajun English’, PBS, US, multiple languages, historical tradition, early immigrants, French, Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Irish, Cajun, Louisiana, Native American languages, historical justice, contributors, American history, Ethnic Composition, Thirteen Colonies, 1750, Cajun English, PBS US, multiple languages, historical tradition, ancestors, immigrants, French, Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Irish, Cajun, Louisiana, Native American languages, historical justice, contributors, American history, Ethnic Composition, Thirteen Colonies, Cajun English, PBS US, multiple languages, historical tradition, early immigrants, French, Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Irish, ancestors, pre-1776, colonization, Native American languages, historical justice, Cajun, Louisiana, linguistic diversity, ethnic composition, 1750, historical recognition, PBS, Cajun English, Megan Melancon, teacher's brunch US, multiple languages, historical tradition, early immigrants, French, Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Irish, Cajun, Louisiana, Native American languages, historical justice, contributors, American history, Ethnic Composition, Thirteen Colonies, 1750, Megan Melancon, Cajun English, PBS US, multiple languages, historical tradition, early immigrants, French, Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Irish, Cajun, Louisiana, Native American languages, historical justice, recognition, American history, 1750, colonies, Ethnic Composition, Megan Melancon, Cajun English, PBS
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-con02a	Sexist advertising is subjective so would be too difficult to codify.  Effective advertising appeals to the social, cultural, and personal values of consumers. Through the connection of values to products, services and ideas, advertising is able to accomplish its goal of adoption. Failure to make meaningful appeals to audience members seriously diminishes the outcomes of marketing. Since differing beliefs about beauty, body types, sexuality, and gender roles exist across societies and cultures, universal definitions of sexist advertising are too difficult to determine. As an example, biological differences exist between women and what may be considered excessively thin in one society may not be so in another. Any type of censoring calls into questions such as who will censor and how will such censorship be applied. The development of standards could favour cultural imperialism. Therefore, sexist advertising is too difficult to codify. sexist advertising, subjectivity, codification, effective advertising, consumer values, social values, cultural values, personal values, product adoption, marketing outcomes, differing beliefs, beauty standards, body types, sexuality, gender roles, societal differences, cultural differences, universal definitions, censorship, censors, censorship application, cultural imperialism, standards development, advertising regulation sexist advertising, subjectivity, codification, effective advertising, social values, cultural values, personal values, product adoption, meaningful appeals, audience connection, marketing outcomes, beauty standards, body types, sexuality, gender roles, societal differences, cultural differences, censorship, censoring standards, cultural imperialism, universal definitions sexist advertising, subjective, codify, difficult, effective advertising, social values, cultural values, personal values, consumer values, product adoption, meaningful appeals, audience engagement, marketing outcomes, beauty standards, body types, sexuality, gender roles, societal differences, cultural differences, universal definitions, biological differences, women, excessively thin, society, cultural imperialism, censorship, standards development, ethics in advertising, marketing ethics sexist advertising, subjective, codify, effective advertising, social values, cultural values, personal values, consumer adoption, marketing outcomes, differing beliefs, beauty standards, body types, sexuality, gender roles, universal definitions, censorship, cultural imperialism, standards development sexist advertising, subjective, codification, effective advertising, social values, cultural values, personal values, product adoption, marketing outcomes, beauty standards, body types, sexuality, gender roles, societal differences, cultural imperialism, censorship, standards development, audience appeals, biological differences, women, thinness, society, culture, marketing, consumer values, advertising goals, meaningful appeals, universal definitions, advertising regulation, ethical advertising, gender sensitivity, consumer perception, cultural sensitivity, advertising ethics, marketing ethics, diversity in advertising
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-con04a	Corrupt states  States or institutions created in concession to terror are often corrupt, dominated by men of violence with links to organised crime. Nothing is achieved to improve the lives of the people in whose name terror has been used. Terrorist organisations have often a military and violent character. The sort of people who attracted to committing acts of terror often glorify illegitimate acts of violence and justify the possible harm done to civilians by proving their complicity or the outcome of the actions. More precisely, they have only the interest of their ideology or the minority they are supporting. When these people are put in a position of power, they are likely to follow the same lines as before, especially when they do not have a political background. They are likely to be ignorant of how political processes work, and will appoint people that have the ideology in other powerful positions. This will make the whole political system inefficient and biased towards a minority or a fringe interest. As a result, level of corruption could rise, and in extreme cases people with other opinions can be persecuted. Iran went from a Westernizing state to an Islamic one, and is now hostile to dissidents. [1]  [1] BBC News. (2012). Iran Profile, Retrieved 17 February 2012 from BBC News: corruption, states, institutions, terror, violence, organised crime, terrorist organisations, military, ideology, minority, power, political processes, inefficiency, bias, persecution, Iran, Islamic, dissidents, BBC News corruption, states, institutions, terror, violence, organised crime, terrorist organisations, military, illegitimate acts, civilians, ideology, minority, power, political processes, inefficiency, bias, persecution, Iran, Westernizing, Islamic, dissidents corruption, states, institutions, terror, violence, organised crime, lives, civilians, ideology, minority, power, political processes, inefficiency, bias, persecution, Iran, Westernizing, Islamic, dissidents Corrupt states, institutions, terror, violence, organised crime, terrorist organisations, military character, illegitimate acts, civilian harm, ideology, minority, political power, ignorance, political processes, inefficiency, bias, corruption, persecution, Iran, Westernizing state, Islamic state, dissidents corrupt states, institutions, terror, violence, organised crime, civilian harm, ideology, minority, power, political background, inefficiency, bias, corruption, persecution, Iran, Islamic, dissidents
test-international-aghwrem-con04a	Vested international interest are harming Myanmar  Certain members of the international community, especially regional players like China and India, have tended to ignore questions of legitimacy of the regime for economic and political benefits. While this may be beneficial to them in the short term, it is very harmful for Myanmar as a democracy in the future. Politically, a blind eye is being turned to a culture of violating human rights. If and when Myanmar becomes a real democracy, it is unlikely that it will magically transform into a model democratic state, unless enough emphasis is provided to fundamental principles of good governance at the outset. Economically, investment is being provided in a highly monopolistic and imperfect environment, without addressing problems of corruption and inadequacy of legal processes. In the long run, even if a democratic constitutional framework exists, the country is likely to continue to have high economic disparity and corrupt markets due to these reasons (in a manner comparable to how Russian markets have evolved since the 1990s). Reengagement should not be setting the stage for a shift from a military-controlled government to a poor democracy, which would also be harmful for stability in the region as a whole. Vested international interest, Myanmar, China, India, economic benefits, political benefits, legitimacy, regime, human rights, democracy, good governance, investment, corruption, legal processes, economic disparity, poor democracy, regional stability, Russian markets, military-controlled government, reengagement Vested international interest, Myanmar, China, India, legitimacy, regime, economic benefits, political benefits, human rights, democracy, good governance, investment, corruption, legal processes, economic disparity, reengagement, military-controlled government, poor democracy, regional stability, Russian markets, 1990s Vested international interest, Myanmar, China, India, economic benefits, political benefits, legitimacy, regime, human rights, democracy, good governance, investment, corruption, legal processes, economic disparity, poor democracy, regional stability, reengagement, military-controlled government, Russian markets, 1990s Vested international interest, Myanmar, China, India, economic benefits, political benefits, legitimacy, regime, human rights, democracy, good governance, investment, corruption, legal processes, economic disparity, poor democracy, regional stability, reengagement, military-controlled government, Russian markets Vested international interest, Myanmar, China, India, economic benefits, political benefits, legitimacy, regime, democracy, human rights, good governance, investment, corruption, legal processes, economic disparity, poor democracy, stability, region, reengagement, military-controlled government, Russian markets
test-international-gsciidffe-con02a	Governments enable censorship to protect their citizens  What censorship is it legitimate to undermine? Censorship is often created in order to protect the people not to strip them of freedoms. This is most obvious when we consider that filters to prevent hate speech or child pornography are forms of censorship that may be enabled with the intention of protecting citizens not repressing them. Iceland for example has recently decided to ban pornography and it would be enabled in a similar way to censorship by regimes like China or Iran. [1] Even harsher censorship that naturally looks more repressive to us may be considered a legitimate means of protecting the people and their values. When a government is using censorship to ensure stability is that censorship not justified when compared to the alternative? While there may be divisions internally about the legitimacy of this censorship it is certainly not legitimate for outside actors to impose their own idea of how much censorship there should be.  [1] Kiss, Jemima, “Iceland’s porn ban ‘conflicts with the idea of a free society’, say critics”, guardian.co.uk, 28 February 2013, Governments, censorship, protect, citizens, legitimate, undermine, hate speech, child pornography, filters, Iceland, ban, pornography, China, Iran, stability, free society, external actors, legitimacy, repression, values, divisions censorship, legitimate, undermine, protect, citizens, freedoms, hate speech, child pornography, Iceland, ban, pornography, China, Iran, stability, repressive, outside actors, free society, Jemima Kiss, guardian.co.uk, 2013 censorship, protection, legitimacy, government, citizens, freedoms, hate speech, child pornography, Iceland, pornography ban, stability, repression, external interference, free society, values Governments, censorship, protect, citizens, legitimate, undermine, hate speech, child pornography, filters, Iceland, ban, pornography, China, Iran, stability, justified, free society, outside actors, imposition, values government, censorship, protection, citizens, legitimacy, undermine, hate speech, child pornography, filters, repression, freedoms, Iceland, ban, pornography, China, Iran, stability, values, external interference, free society, criticism
test-international-amehbuaisji-con01a	Ratification of the International Criminal Court would be a violation of national sovereignty  Any state ratifying the Rome Statute, is placing its citizens at the mercy of a court that operates outside of national control. This is an unacceptable ceding of national sovereignty – thus no state other than the US has the power to deal with American criminals, and no one but Israel should deal with Israeli criminals. International criminal law and national sovereignty are inevitably enemies  Not only does the ICC threaten American sovereignty, it threatens the sovereignty of all nations – the ICC can, in some cases, prosecute citizens of nations that are not state parties. Authority for justice within one’s territory is however at the heart of the concept of sovereignty. As a matter of principle the US should not be supporting measures that affect the sovereignty of any nation, let alone the US itself. Ratification, International Criminal Court, national sovereignty, Rome Statute, citizens, court, national control, ceding, American criminals, Israeli criminals, international criminal law, enemies, ICC, American sovereignty, state parties, justice, territory, sovereignty, US, principle, measures, nations Ratification, International Criminal Court, national sovereignty, Rome Statute, state parties, citizens, prosecution, extraterritorial jurisdiction, US, Israel, international criminal law, sovereignty, territorial authority, justice, principle, support, measures, nations ratification, International Criminal Court, national sovereignty, Rome Statute, citizens, court, national control, ceding, national sovereignty, American criminals, Israeli criminals, international criminal law, sovereignty, enemies, ICC, American sovereignty, sovereignty of all nations, non-state parties, territory, justice, principle, US, measures, sovereignty, nation ratification, international criminal court, national sovereignty, rome statute, citizens, outside control, ceding sovereignty, state power, american criminals, israeli criminals, international criminal law, enemies, threat, all nations, non-state parties, territorial justice, principle, us support, sovereignty impact Ratification, International Criminal Court, national sovereignty, Rome Statute, citizens, court, national control, ceding, American, US, criminals, Israeli, international criminal law, ICC, sovereignty, nations, state parties, justice, territory, principle, measures, US sovereignty
test-health-dhghhbampt-con02a	The pharmaceutical and medical industries are worth billions of dollars annually. They have an interest in ignoring the efficacy of remedies that are, for the most part, free or considerably cheaper  It’s understandable that the medical establishment has an interest in ignoring treatments that are freely available. Pharmaceutical companies make billions each year selling drugs that cost pennies to manufacture.  There is an enormous vested interest in insuring that the world in general- and the West in particular-remain tied to the idea that the only solution to disease is to swallow a pill provided by a man in a white coat. There are other solutions that have been used for thousands of years before anybody worked out how to make a buck out of it. For much of the world these therapies continue to be the ones people rely on and the rush of pharmaceutical companies to issue patents on genes of some of these traditional remedies suggests that there must be at least some truth in them. pharmaceutical, medical, industries, billions, dollars, annually, ignoring, efficacy, remedies, free, cheaper, medical, establishment, treatments, freely, available, companies, selling, drugs, pennies, manufacturing, vested, interest, world, West, disease, pill, man, white, coat, solutions, thousands, years, therapies, relied, rush, patents, genes, traditional, remedies, truth pharmaceutical, medical, industries, billions, dollars, efficacy, remedies, free, cheaper, medical establishment, interest, treatments, freely available, pharmaceutical companies, drugs, pennies, manufacture, vested interest, world, West, disease, pill, man, white coat, solutions, thousands, years, traditional remedies, therapies, people, rely, rush, issue patents, genes, truth pharmaceutical, medical, industries, billions, dollars, annually, interest, ignoring, efficacy, remedies, free, cheaper, medical, establishment, treatments, freely, available, companies, billions, year, drugs, pennies, manufacture, vested, interest, insuring, world, West, disease, swallow, pill, man, white, coat, solutions, thousands, years, therapies, rely, rush, issue, patents, genes, traditional, remedies, truth pharmaceutical, medical, industries, billions, free, cheaper, remedies, medical-establishment, treatments, pharmaceutical-companies, drugs, vested-interest, disease, pill, man-white-coat, traditional-therapies, relied, patent, genes, truth pharmaceutical, medical, industries, billions, dollars, annual, free, cheaper, remedies, medical, establishment, vested, interest, drugs, manufacture, profits, western, medicine, traditional, therapies, natural, healing, patents, genes, herbal, treatments, efficacy,Ignoring, alternatives, pill, culture, healthcare, industry, profit-driven, medicine, conventional, treatment, disease, solutions, health, policy, research, development, medication, pharmaceuticals, natural, remedies, complementary, medicine, alternative, health, practices, indigenous, knowledge, holistic, approach, healthcare, systems, global, health, disparities, access,
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con02a	It may be in the best interests of victims and their state for war criminals not to be brought to trial.  The ICC may well lead to the political prosecution of war criminals, but that is not necessarily the most effective means to peace, or lasting peace for victims. As U.S. policy papers have pointed out, despots like Pol Pot and Saddam Hussein did not consult lawyers over potential legal ramifications before they committed their respective human rights violations1. Furthermore, the impact on an oppressed population of a long, protracted trial of their fallen dictator is not always therapeutic for it can dredge up events of particularly melancholic qualities and grants the dictator a platform to continue his psychological control over his population.  1 Elsea, J. K. (2006). U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court. Congressional Research Service, p. 22. war criminals, ICC, political prosecution, peace, victims, lasting peace, U.S. policy, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, human rights violations, oppressed population, long trials, dictator, psychological control, therapeutic impact, legal ramifications war criminals, ICC, political prosecution, peace, victims, despots, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, U.S. policy, International Criminal Court, Congressional Research Service, oppressed population, long trials, psychological control war criminals, ICC, political prosecution, peace, lasting peace, victims, U.S. policy, despots, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, human rights violations, oppressed population, trial, dictator, psychological control, therapeutic, melancholic events war criminals, victims, state interests, ICC, political prosecution, peace, lasting peace, U.S. policy, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, human rights violations, oppressed population, long trials, fallen dictator, psychological control, therapeutic impact, legal ramifications war criminals, trial, victims, state interests, ICC, political prosecution, peace, lasting peace, U.S. policy, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, human rights violations, oppressed population, long trial, dictator, psychological control, legal ramifications, therapeutic impact, melancholic events
test-philosophy-elhbrd-con01a	It is impossible to frame a structure which respects the right to die for the individual but that cannot be abused by others.  In terms of moral absolutes, killing people is wrong sets the bar fairly low. Pretty much all societies have accepted this as a line that cannot be crossed without the explicit and specific agreement of the state which only happens in very rare circumstances such as in times of war.  There is a simple reason for a blanket ban. It allows for no caveats, no misunderstandings, no fudging of the issue, and no shades of grey. Again, the reason for this approach is equally simple; anything other than such a clear cut approach will inevitably be abused [i] . As things stand guilt in the case of murder is determined entirely on the basis that it is proven that someone took another life. Their reasons for doing so may be reflected in sentencing but the court is not required to consider whether someone was justified in killing another.  It is in the nature of a court case that it happens after the event and nobody other than the murderer and the deceased know what actually took place between them. If we take shaken baby syndrome cases as an example the parent still loves the child, they have acted in the madness of a moment out of frustration. It’s still murder. Supporting a dying relative can be no less frustrating but killing them would still be murder, even where that comes after a prolonged period of coercion to fill in forms and achieve the appearance of consent. It would, however, be very hard to prove. At least with a baby we can assume consent was not given, that would not be the case here.  [i] Stephen Drake and Diane Coleman. ‘Second Thoughts’ Grow on Assisted Suicide. The Wall Street Journal. 5 August 2012. right to die, moral absolutes, killing, blanket ban, abuse, murder, court, shaken baby syndrome, assisted suicide, consent, coercion, sentencing, justification, proof, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman, Wall Street Journal right to die, moral absolutes, killing, societal norms, state approval, war, blanket ban, no caveats, no misunderstandings, clear cut approach, abuse prevention, murder, legal determination, sentencing, justification, court, shaken baby syndrome, parental frustration, murder proof, dying relative, coercion, consent, forms, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman, Wall Street Journal, assisted suicide, second thoughts right to die, moral absolutes, killing people, societal acceptance, state agreement, war circumstances, blanket ban, moral clarity, abuse prevention, murder definition, legal guilt, court considerations, shaken baby syndrome, parental frustration, murder motivation, relative killing, prolonged coercion, consent forms, second thoughts, assisted suicide, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman, Wall Street Journal right to die, moral absolutes, killing, societal norms, state agreement, war, blanket ban, caveats, misunderstandings, clear-cut approach, abuse, murder, sentencing, court, shaken baby syndrome, frustration, assisted suicide, consent, coercion, proof, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman, Wall Street Journal right to die, moral absolutes, killing, societal norms, blanket ban, no caveats, abuse prevention, murder, legal justification, shaken baby syndrome, assisted suicide, consent, coercion, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman, The Wall Street Journal
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-con03a	The offer of amnesty allows home governments to discredit bloggers and paint them as foreign agents of disruption  When Western states and democracies offer amnesty to bloggers under threat from their home governments, the blogger’s views and comments immediately become coloured in the eyes of the public. The government is able to point to the Western powers offering this amnesty and can easily claim that their offers are the result of collusion between bloggers and their foreign patrons to spread propaganda, so the blogger is therefore guilty of treason. As unfortunate as it may be in individual cases, the result is that offering amnesty will only weaken the cause of democracy. Being sent to prison for their beliefs will do far more to serve their cause than seeking succour in the arms of another state, one that has demonstrated antagonism toward their homeland. The ability for governments to stoke nationalist fires has been thoroughly demonstrated in recent months by China’s reaction toward territorial disputes with Japan. [1] It is very easy to rile the public against a perceived external aggressor, especially given that these states often control much of the mainstream media outlets, and those who offer amnesty give themselves up on a platter as an adversary to be exploited in the public consciousness. The better plan for democracies in pursuit of their goals is to condemn acts of oppression and to seek diplomatic redress, but direct interference in the course of states’ justice will doing nothing but harm relations with regimes and turn the people against the proponents of reform.  [1] The Economist. “Barren Rocks, Barren Nationalism”. 25 August 2012. amnesty, bloggers, home governments, foreign agents, disruption, Western states, democracies, public perception, government claims, collusion, propaganda, treason, democracy, prison, beliefs, nationalist fires, China, territorial disputes, Japan, media control, external aggressor, public consciousness, diplomatic redress, oppression, state justice, relations, regimes, people, reform proponents amnesty, bloggers, home governments, discrediting, foreign agents, disruption, Western states, democracies, public perception, treason, prison, beliefs, nationalist fires, territorial disputes, media control, external aggressor, diplomatic redress, oppression, regime relations, reform proponents amnesty, bloggers, home governments, Western states, democracies, foreign agents, disruption, public perception, government propaganda, collusion, treason, democracy, prison, nationalist fires, media control, territorial disputes, diplomatic redress, oppression, regime relations, reform proponents, direct interference, justice systems amnesty, bloggers, home governments, foreign agents, disruption, Western states, democracies, public perception, collusion, propaganda, treason, democracy, prison, nationalist fires, China, Japan, territorial disputes, mainstream media, external aggressor, diplomatic redress, oppression, relations, regimes, people, reform proponents amnesty, bloggers, home governments, Western states, democracies, foreign agents, disruption, public perception, government propaganda, treason, nationalist fires, territorial disputes, media control, diplomatic redress, relations, oppression, reform, state justice, direct interference, individual cases, cause of democracy, prison, succour, foreign patrons, collusion, spread propaganda, perceived external aggressor, public consciousness, Barren Rocks, Barren Nationalism, The Economist, China, Japan
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-con02a	Punishing objectively harmful conduct  Of the tens of thousands of children exposed to armed conflict throughout the world, most are recruited into armed political groups. Quite contrary to the image of child soldiers constructed by the proposition, these youngsters are not de-facto adults, nor are they seeking to defend communities who will be in some way grateful for their contributions and sacrifices. Child soldiers join groups with defined political and military objectives.  Children may volunteer for military units after encountering propaganda. Many children join up to escape social disintegration within their communities. Several female child soldiers have revealed that they joined because to escape domestic violence or forced marriage. Many children who do not volunteer can be forcibly abducted by military organisations. One former child soldier from Congo reported that “they gave me a uniform and told me that now I was in the army. They said that they would come back and kill my parents if I didn’t do as they said.” [i]  Once inducted into the army, children are vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. They are usually viewed as expendable, employed as minesweepers or spies. The inexperience and gullibility of children is used to convince them that they are immune to bullets, or will be financially rewarded for committing atrocities. Many children are controlled through the use of drugs, to which they inevitably become addicted [ii] .  For every account the proposition can provide of a child who took up arms to defend his family, there are many more children who were coerced or threatened into becoming soldiers. Whatever standard of relativist morality side proposition may choose to employ, actions and abuses of the type described above are object4ively harmful to children.  Moreover, the process of turning a child into a soldier is irreversible and often more brutal and dehumanising than combat itself. Proposition concedes that child soldiers will be in need of care and treatment after demobilising, but they underestimate the difficulty of healing damage this horrific.  The use of child soldiers is an unpardonable crime, which creates suffering of a type universally understood to be unnecessary and destructive. It should not be diluted or justified by relativist arguments.  It would undermine the ICC’s role in promoting universal values if officers and politicians complicit in the abuses described above were allowed to publicly argue cultural relativism as their defence. Moreover, it would give an unacceptable air of legitimacy to warlords and brigands seeking to operate under the pretence of leading legitimate resistance movements  [i] Child Soldiers International,   [ii] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p299, Punishing, objectively, harmful, conduct, children, armed, conflict, recruited, armed, political, groups, de-facto, adults, defend, communities, volunteer, military, units, propaganda, social, disintegration, female, escape, domestic, violence, forced, marriage, forcibly, abducted, military, organisations, inducted, army, uniform, kill, parents, vulnerable, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, bullets, financially, rewarded, atrocities, drugs, addicted, coerced, threatened, objectively, harmful, irreversible, dehumanising, Punishing, objectively, harmful, conduct, children, armed, conflict, recruited, armed, political, groups, de-facto, adults, defend, communities, military, units, propaganda, social, disintegration, female, domestic, violence, forced, marriage, abducted, military, organisations, inducted, army, vulnerable, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, immune, bullets, financially, rewarded, atrocities, drugs, addicted, coerced, threatened, objectively, harmful, irreversible, brutal, dehumanising, unpardonable, crime, suffering, child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abduction, military organizations, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, drugs, addiction, coercion, threats, objectively harmful, irreversibility, brutality, dehumanization, demobilization, healing, suffering, unpardonable crime, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, warlords, resistance movements child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abduction, uniform, threats, family, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, drugs, addiction, coercion, threats, irreversible, dehumanising, combat, care, treatment, demobilising, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, warlords, legitimacy, resistance movements, Child Soldiers International, Child Soldiers Global Report 2008, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers armed conflict, child soldiers, recruitment, political groups, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abduction, military organizations, uniform, threats, family, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, drugs, addiction, coercion, objectively harmful, irreversible, dehumanizing, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, warlords, legitimacy, resistance movements, Child Soldiers International, Global Report 2008, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con01a	Gun ownership is an integral aspect of the right to self defence  Law-abiding citizens deserve the right to protect their families in their own homes, especially if the police are judged incapable of dealing with the threat of attack. Would-be rapists and armed burglars will think twice before attempting to break into any house where the owners may keep firearms for self-defence. (This can also be applied to the right to carry concealed weapons, deterring potential rapists, muggers, etc.) gun ownership, self defence, law-abiding citizens, family protection, home safety, police incapability, threat of attack, deterrence, would-be rapists, armed burglars, break-ins, firearms, concealed weapons, muggers, personal security gun ownership, right to self-defence, law-abiding citizens, protect families, home safety, police incapability, threat of attack, would-be rapists, armed burglars, firearms, self-defence, concealed weapons, deterring, potential rapists, muggers, home protection, firearm rights, personal safety gun ownership, self-defence, law-abiding citizens, protect families, home safety, police inefficiency, deter crime, would-be rapists, armed burglars, concealed weapons, deterrence, potential muggers, firearm rights, personal protection, home invasion, crime prevention, Second Amendment, gun rights, legal firearms, homeowner safety, defensive gun use, criminal deterrence, concealed carry permits, self-defense laws, weapon ownership, security measures, public safety, police response time, personal security, gun laws, responsible gun ownership, firearm legislation, protective measures, community safety, gun advocacy, right to bear arms, legal protection, gun ownership, self-defense, law-abiding citizens, family protection, home safety, police inefficiency, threat deterrence, firearms, concealed carry, rapists, burglars, muggers, deterrence, personal security, Second Amendment, weapon rights, household defense, legal gun ownership, crime prevention gun ownership, right to self defence, law-abiding citizens, protect families, police incapability, threat of attack, deter crime, would-be rapists, armed burglars, break-ins, firearms for self-defence, concealed weapons, potential muggers, crime prevention, home safety, second amendment, personal security, defense against predators, legal firearms, homeowner protection
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro01a	"450 PPM  The IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report determined that atmospheric GHG emissions needed to stabilize at 450ppm in order to avoid a temperature rise of more than 2-2.4C. Atmospheric ppm are currently at 393 and are rising at a rate of about 2 ppm per year. In order to stabilize at 450 ppm, the developed world would need to reduce its emissions by 25-40% by 2020 and 80-90% by 2050 along with significant reductions in the emissions growth rate of developing countries 1. Only a handful of countries (all of them in Europe) have achieved any reduction in annual GHG emissions despite promises to do so going back to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.2 As a result, there is no evidence on which to reasonably conclude that atmospheric GHGs will be stabilized at 450ppm.  1. IPCC (2007). ""IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (AR4)"". Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.: Cambridge University Press.  2 The Guardian, World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest. (31/1/11). 450 ppm, IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report, GHG emissions, stabilize, temperature rise, atmospheric ppm, reduction, developed world, emissions growth rate, developing countries, Kyoto Protocol, carbon dioxide emissions, China, climate change, Cambridge University Press, The Guardian, World emissions data 450ppm, IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report, GHG emissions, atmospheric stabilization, temperature rise, emission reduction, developed world, 2020 targets, 2050 targets, developing countries, emissions growth rate, Kyoto Protocol, carbon dioxide emissions, global climate change, environmental policy, climate science, emission targets, carbon footprint, international agreements, climate action, environmental sustainability, European countries, emission reductions, climate goals, climate research, global warming, CO2 levels, climate mitigation, environmental impact, climate projections, climate scenarios, greenhouse gases, climate policy, climate commitment, emission trends, climate response, environmental 450 PPM, IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report, GHG emissions, temperature rise, atmospheric ppm, emissions reduction, developed world, developing countries, Kyoto Protocol, carbon dioxide emissions, China, climate change, stabilization, environmental policy, global warming 450PPM, IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report, GHG emissions, stabilization, temperature rise, atmospheric ppm, emissions reduction, developed world, developing countries, Kyoto Protocol, carbon dioxide emissions, climate change, environmental policy, global warming, international agreements, CO2 levels, emission targets, climate science, Cambridge University Press, The Guardian, China, emissions data, global emissions, climate action, greenhouse gases, environmental impact, reduction strategies, climate goals, mitigation efforts, global temperature, climate projections, emission trends, policy effectiveness, environmental commitments, emission control, climate scenarios, environmental governance, CO2 stabilization, climate research, emission sources 450 PPM, IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report, atmospheric GHG emissions, stabilize, temperature rise, 2-2.4C, current ppm, emissions reduction, developed world, developing countries, Kyoto Protocol, carbon dioxide emissions, China, global warming, climate change, environmental policy, mitigation strategies, international agreements, emissions targets, 2020, 2050"
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro03a	Transparency allows citizens to choose for a healthy leader as to ensure proper functioning  The health and fitness of a leader is a vital issue when choosing a leader; the electorate deserves to know if they are likely to serve out their term. When health conditions are hidden from the people they may mistakenly elect a leader who is unable to serve a full term or is at times not in control of the country. There would be little point in voting for a leader who will often not truely be in charge of the country, if voters are told it becomes their choice whether this is a problem. Transparency in terms of clear, accurate and up-to-date information is necessary for the electorate to judge the fitness of a leader which is a necessary precondition for election. In a democracy a leader needs to be accountable, he can only be accountable if the elctorate knows such vital information. transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, leader, vital issue, electorate, health conditions, hidden, elect, serve term, in control, country, voting, choice, problem, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge, fitness, necessary precondition, election, democracy, accountability, vital information transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, vital issue, electorate, serve term, hidden conditions, elect, unable, control, voting, choice, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge, fitness, necessary precondition, election, democracy, accountability, vital information transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, leader, vital issue, electorate, elect, serve term, health conditions, hidden, voters, control, country, voting, choice, problem, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge, fitness, precondition, election, democracy, accountability, vital information transparency, citizens, choose, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, leader, vital issue, electorate, full term, health conditions, hidden, serve, control, voting, democracy, accountable, vital information, election, precondition, judge Transparency, citizen choice, healthy leader, proper functioning, health and fitness, vital issue, electorate, full term, control of country, voting, accountability, democracy, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge fitness, necessary precondition, voter knowledge, vital information
test-science-ciidfaihwc-pro04a	As an extensive form of media, the Internet should be subject to regulation just as other forms of media are.  Under the status quo, states already regulate other forms of media that could be used malevolently. Newspapers and books are subject to censorship [1] , and mediums such as television, film and video receive a higher degree of regulation [2] because it is widely recognised that moving pictures and sound can be more emotive and powerful than text and photographs or illustrations. The internet has many means of portraying information and opinion, including film clips and sound, and almost all the information found on television or in newspapers can be found somewhere on the internet [3] , alongside the millions of uploads from internet users themselves [4] .  [1] Foerstel, Herbert N., ‘Banned in the Media’, Publishing Central,  on 09/09/11  [2] CityTVweb.com, ‘Television censorship’, 27 August 2007,  on 09/09/11.  [3] Online Newspapers Directory for the World, ‘Thousands of Newspapers Listed by Country & Region’,  on 09/09/11  [4] Boris, Cynthia, ’17 Percent of Photobucket Users Upload Video’s Once a Day’, Marketing Pilgrim, 9 September 2011,  on 09/09/11 Internet regulation, media regulation, censorship, television regulation, film regulation, online content, user-generated content, emotive media, powerful media, text censorship, image censorship, newspaper censorship, book censorship, online newspapers, Photobucket, user uploads, media forms, regulatory comparison, internet as media Internet regulation, media regulation, censorship, newspapers, books, television, film, video, moving pictures, sound, text, photographs, illustrations, information portrayal, opinion, internet uploads, user-generated content, Foerstel, CityTVweb, Online Newspapers Directory, Photobucket, Marketing Pilgrim, emotive power, media forms, status quo, malevolent use, extensive media Internet regulation, media regulation, censorship, newspapers, books, television, film, video, moving pictures, sound, text, photographs, illustrations, online information, user-generated content, online newspapers, Photobucket, user uploads, media forms, emotive power, media control, status quo, media standards, online media, digital media, information portrayal, opinion sharing, media legislation, digital censorship, content regulation, online content, media impact, user-generated videos, digital media regulation, media comparison, online video, digital images, media influence, media supervision, online media control, digital media standards, media oversight, digital content management, internet Internet regulation, media regulation, online censorship, television censorship, film regulation, newspapers censorship, books censorship, online content, internet media, digital media, user-generated content, online news, video uploads, internet governance, media laws, digital rights, online freedom, content moderation, media ethics Internet regulation, media regulation, censorship, newspapers, books, television, film, video, moving pictures, sound, text, photographs, illustrations, information, opinion, film clips, sound, internet uploads, user-generated content, emotive power, media forms, regulatory comparison, online newspapers, Photobucket, video uploads, digital media, content moderation, freedom of expression, public safety, state control, media laws, digital rights, online censorship, regulatory frameworks, media landscape, Internet governance
test-politics-oapghwliva-con02a	"The constitution should not be amended  We should always be cautious of altering the United States’ Constitution. Once an amendment is passed, it is extremely hard to overturn, even if its consequences are clearly negative (as the experience of constitutionally-mandated prohibition of alcohol should make clear). It would be both difficult and unnecessary. There are problems of wording and interpretation. The 1996 Act covered 22 pages and went into great detail to define the extent and limits of Presidential authority under the legislation, including the exact meanings of “single item of appropriation”, ''direct spending'' and ''limited tax benefit'', as well as the means by which Congress could override his decisions.1 It is hard to believe that a one-paragraph amendment to the Constitution could achieve such precision, opening the budgetary process up to confusion, shifting interpretation and constant legal challenge. It is also unnecessary. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia argues ""The short of the matter is this: Had the Line Item Veto Act authorized the president to 'decline to spend' any item of spending ... there is not the slightest doubt that authorization would have been constitutional… What the Line Item Veto Act does instead -- authorizing the president to 'cancel' an item of spending -- is technically different.""2 Thus the act could simply have been worded differently in order to make it constitutional. This would not change the substance of the ability of the ‘veto’ to cut spending.  1 One hundred fourth Congress of the United States of America at the second session, “Line Item Veto Act”, 3/1/1996, The Library of Congress, accessed 6/5/11  2 Supreme Court Justice Scalia quoted in Michael Kirkland, ‘Under the U.S. Supreme Court: Like the South, will line item veto rise again?’, upi.com, 17/4/11 accessed 6/5/11  improve this  COUNTERPOINT  ""I do not take these matters lightly in amending the Constitution. However, I am convinced in this case it is the only way to provide the President with the same authority that 44 Governors already have to influence spending.""1It would in general be preferable to make such a change through normal legislation, but that was attempted in 1996 and found unconstitutional. Supreme Court Justice Stevens in his majority opinion for the Supreme Court argued that it was necessary for there to be an amendment to make it constitutional, ""If there is to be a new procedure in which the president will play a different role in determining the text of what may ""become a law"", such change must come not by legislation but through the amendment procedures set forth in Article V of the Constitution.""2  1 Item veto constitutional amendment hearing before the subcommittee on the constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives, 23/3/00, accessed 5/5/11  2 Clinton, President of the United States, et al. v. City of New York et al. No.97-1374, United States Supreme Court, 1998,accessed 5/5/11  improve this  APPENDIX constitution, amendment, cautious, United States, overturn, consequences, prohibition, alcohol, difficulty, necessity, wording, interpretation, 1996 Act, Presidential authority, Congress, override, Supreme Court, Antonin Scalia, Line Item Veto Act, constitutional, authority, spending, legislation, unconstitutional, Supreme Court Justice Stevens, Article V, Clinton v. City of New York constitution, amendment, caution, United States, consequences, prohibition, alcohol, difficulty, necessity, wording, interpretation, 1996 Act, presidential authority, Congress, Supreme Court, Antonin Scalia, Line Item Veto Act, constitutional authority, expenditure, legal challenge, budgetary process, Supreme Court Justice Stevens, Article V, legislative change, judicial review, governor, spending, presidential power, constitutional change, Clinton v. City of New York, subcommittee on the constitution, judiciary, house of representatives constitution, amendment, cautious, altering, United States, consequences, negative, prohibition, alcohol, difficulty, necessity, wording, interpretation, 1996 Act, presidential authority, legislation, override, Supreme Court, Antonin Scalia, constitutional, line item veto, presidential, spending, authority, governors, unconstitutional, Article V, Clinton v. City of New York constitution, amendment, caution, United States, consequences, prohibition, alcohol, difficulty, necessity, wording, interpretation, 1996 Act, presidential authority, appropriation, direct spending, limited tax benefit, Congress, legal challenge, Supreme Court, Antonin Scalia, Line Item Veto Act, unconstitutional, spending, authority, governors, legislation, Supreme Court Justice Stevens, Article V, Clinton v. City of New York, hearing, Judiciary House of Representatives, budgetary process, precision, confusion, legal challenge, judicial review, legislative process, executive power, constitutionality, legal interpretation, political process, governance, public policy Constitution, amendment, caution, United States, overturn, negative consequences, prohibition, difficulties, unnecessary, wording, interpretation, 1996 Act, presidential authority, Supreme Court, Antonin Scalia, Line Item Veto Act, spending, constitutional change, 44 Governors, legislation, unconstitutionality, Article V, Clinton v. City of New York"
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-con01a	It’s impossible to police such a law.  There is simply no feasible way of enforcing laws against arranged marriages, particularly as it is almost guaranteed that many communities will continue to practice them regardless. It will be impossible to tell whether a marriage has been started by arrangement if the community and the couple are unwilling to go to the police and most will be unwilling to report their own families when practicing a cultural tradition. Those who are deeply dissatisfied and beaten may do so but in this instance the law already allows divorce and abuse is punishable by the full force of the law.  Given that forced marriages have already been outlawed and that it has been established that arranged marriages in themselves cause few provable harms, the resources of any police force would arguably be wasted on enforcing such a law; investigations would be very intrusive and labour intensive.  Furthermore, given the continuation of practices like honour killings, [1] as well as rape and domestic violence, law enforcement personnel would be better placed targeting far more heinous crimes than arranged marriages. A tangible harm could arise from the police being made to direct their energies towards such minor misdemeanours, in that there could be fewer resources available for more serious crimes.  [1] ‘Europe Grapples with “Honour Killings,” DW.de -  (accessed 17 September 2012) arranged marriages, law enforcement, cultural practices, community resistance, police resources, forced marriages, provable harms, investigations, minor misdemeanors, serious crimes, honor killings, domestic violence, rape, societal impact, legal challenges, cultural traditions, family reporting, abuse punishment, divorce laws, police intrusion, labor intensity, resource allocation, crime prioritization, European context, legal enforcement, societal norms, cultural sensitivity, legal effectiveness, crime prevention, public safety, policy evaluation, enforcement feasibility arranged marriages, enforcement difficulties, cultural traditions, community resistance, police resources, minor misdemeanours, serious crimes, honour killings, rape, domestic violence, forced marriages, legal restrictions, societal practices, intrusiveness, investigations, punitive measures, divorce, abuse, cultural sensitivity, law prioritization arranged marriages, enforcement difficulty, cultural practices, community resistance, police resources, minor misdemeanours, serious crimes, honour killings, domestic violence, rape, forced marriages, provable harms, legal investigations, police intrusion, law enforcement priorities, societal traditions, family reporting reluctance, resource allocation, crime prevention, punitive measures, European context arranged marriages, law enforcement, cultural tradition, police resources, forced marriages, provable harms, honour killings, rape, domestic violence, serious crimes, minor misdemeanours, tangible harm, community practices, unwilling to report, investigation challenges, intrusive investigations, labour intensive, societal norms, legal limitations, enforcement feasibility police, impossible, enforce, laws, arranged, marriages, communities, cultural, tradition, report, families, dissatisfaction, abuse, divorce, forced, outlawed, harms, resources, investigations, intrusive, labour, intensive, honour, killings, rape, domestic, violence, serious, crimes, minor, misdemeanours, tangible, harm, energies, targeting, heinous
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-pro02a	Georgian rule in South Ossetia is historically illegitimate and oppressive  Modern Georgia never really controlled S. Ossetia. South Ossetia declared independence from Georgia shortly after Georgia gained independence from the disintegrating USSR in 1991. South Ossetia has maintained de facto independence ever since. [1] Georgia, therefore, cannot really claim to have had sustained, legitimate sovereign control over South Ossetia in modern times. Even the USSR recognised S. Ossetia as distinct from Georgia, with the Kremlin stating in 1920 that “we consider that Ossetia should have the power it prefers. Georgian intrusion into affairs of Ossetia would be an unjustified intervention into foreign internal affairs”. [2] S. Ossetia was an autonomous region within the USSR. It was not considered part of the same region that is now Georgia, and thus during its years under the USSR, S. Ossetia built up a significant degree of autonomy and independence in its internal functioning. Therefore, Georgia's only real claim to South Ossetia must extend back nearly a century, before the time of the Soviet Union.  This significantly weakens Georgia's claim over South Ossetia, but moreover Georgia's historical claim on South Ossetia is quite weak even in isolation. This is because S. Ossetia has its own distinct language and history to that of Georgia. Ossetian or Ossetic is a member of the Northeastern Iranian branch of Indo-European languages. About 500,000 people speak Ossetian in Ossetia. [3] , [4] That Ossetia has this distinct language is an important fact in favour of its status as a nation-state and in favor of its independence. Georgia, however, has been accused of committing genocide against the South Ossetians in 1920, 1993, and 2008, with tens of thousands of S. Ossetians dying over the course of these conflicts. [5] The Georgian government has also attempted to suppress S. Ossetian culture and identity, for example banning the use of the Ossetian language in official documents and abolishing S. Ossetian autonomy within Georgia. [6] Georgian rule in S. Ossetia is therefore both ahistorical, due to S. Ossetia's long and recognised history of independence and cultural and linguistic distinctness, and illegitimate, as the Georgian government has waged war upon the very lives and identity of the S. Ossetian people.  [1] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006.   [2] Bzarov, Ruslan. “Independence of the Republic of South Ossetia – a guarantee of safety and reliable future of the Ossetian people”. Speech of Doctor of historical sciences, Professor Ruslan Bzarov at the VI congress of the Ossetian people. September 2007.   [3] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006.   [4] Omniglot. “Ossetian”. Omniglot.   [5] Portyakova, Natalya and Sysoyev, Gennady. “Measuring South Ossetia by Kosovo”. Kommersant. 15 November 2006.   [6] Makarkin, Alexei. “How is South Ossetia different from Kosovo?”. RIA Novosti. 9 March 2006. Georgian rule, South Ossetia, historically illegitimate, oppressive, modern Georgia, control, independence, USSR, Soviet Union, de facto independence, sovereign control, distinct language, Ossetian, Northeastern Iranian, Indo-European, distinct history, nation-state, genocide, cultural suppression, linguistic distinctness, war, identity, historical claim, autonomy, official documents, BBC News, Bzarov, Omniglot, Portyakova, Sysoyev, Kommersant, Makarkin, RIA Novosti, Kosovo Georgian rule, South Ossetia, historically illegitimate, oppressive, modern Georgia, control, independence, USSR, de facto independence, sovereign control, Soviet Union, autonomy, distinct language, Ossetian, Indo-European languages, genocide, cultural suppression, identity, independence, nation-state, conflicts, wars, historical claim, distinctness, linguistic, BBC News, Ossetian people, RIA Novosti, Kommersant, Kosovo Georgian rule, South Ossetia, historically illegitimate, oppressive, modern Georgia, control, independence, USSR, 1991, de facto independence, sustained, sovereign control, 1920, Kremlin, Ossetia, distinct, autonomy, internal functioning, Soviet Union, claim, century, distinct language, Ossetian, Northeastern Iranian, Indo-European, genocide, 1920, 1993, 2008, S. Ossetian culture, identity, banning, official documents, abolishing, ahistorical, recognised history, cultural, linguistic, distinct Georgian rule, South Ossetia, historically illegitimate, oppressive, modern Georgia, control, independence, USSR, Soviet Union, de facto independence, sustained, sovereign control, USSR recognition, autonomy, distinct language, Ossetian, Northeastern Iranian, Indo-European, nation-state, genocide, 1920, 1993, 2008, cultural suppression, identity, war, BBC News, Bzarov, Omniglot, Portyakova, Sysoyev, Makarkin, Kosovo Georgian rule, South Ossetia, historically illegitimate, oppressive, modern Georgia, control, independence, USSR, de facto independence, sovereign control, USSR recognition, autonomy, distinct language, Ossetian, Northeastern Iranian, Indo-European, genocide, cultural suppression, linguistic distinctness, wars, identity, BBC News, Bzarov, Portyakova, Sysoyev, Makarkin, RIA Novosti, Kommersant, Kosovo, distinct history, nation-state, internal functioning, Soviet Union, historical claim, Georgian intrusion, unjustified intervention, internal affairs, autonomous region, official documents, Osset
test-economy-epegiahsc-pro03a	Trade is good for democracy.  Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez has been making sustained efforts to boost his influence in Latin America, with regional tours and substantial investments in neighbouring economies, fuelled by Venezuela’s oil money [1] . He is staunchly anti-American and a supporter of Iran. Meanwhile, he has been restricting freedom of speech in his own country, has done away with presidential term limits, and has essentially proven himself as yet another Latin American dictator in the making. If the US hopes to counterbalance his influence, it needs to become more economically connected to Latin America. Showing that the United States is willing to trade fairly with Latin America would undermine his message. This would not only be the case for the United States as it would also allow Brazil and other successful democratic Latin American states to boost their influence.  [1] Carroll, Rory. “Chavez Opens His Wallet Wider to Boost Latin American Influence.” The Guardian. 9 August 2007. trade, democracy, Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Latin America, influence, oil, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, dictatorship, United States, counterbalance, economic connection, fair trade, Brazil, democratic states, influence boosting, Rory Carroll, The Guardian Trade, democracy, Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Latin America, influence, oil money, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, Latin American dictator, United States, counterbalance, economic connection, fair trade, Brazil, democratic states, influence boost, Rory Carroll, The Guardian trade, democracy, Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Latin America, influence, oil money, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, dictator, United States, economic connection, fair trade, Brazil, democratic states, counterbalance, undermining, message, regional tours, investments, neighbouring economies, political economy, international relations, Latin American politics, US foreign policy, Chavez's policies, speech restrictions, term limit removal, democratic erosion, economic diplomacy, regional power dynamics, Latin American democracies, trade policy, geopolitical strategy, oil diplomacy, regional stability, US-Latin America relations, Brazil's role, democratic support, economic leverage trade, democracy, Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Latin America, influence, oil money, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, dictator, United States, counterbalance, economic connection, fair trade, Brazil, democratic states, influence boosting, The Guardian, Carroll, Rory trade, democracy, Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Latin America, influence, oil money, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, dictatorship, United States, economic connection, fair trade, Brazil, democratic states, counterbalance, regional tours, substantial investments, undermining, message, successful democracies, political influence, economic strategies, regional politics, international relations, diplomatic relations, economic policies, trade policies, political reforms, democratic governance, authoritarianism, economic development, Latin American economies, US foreign policy, Chavez's policies, regional stability, economic interdependence, diplomatic efforts, international trade, economic sanctions, political support, democratic
test-law-ralhrilglv-con02a	Kenya needs the trial now  Without justice, there cannot be peace. Following the total failure of the Kenyan justice system to take action, exemplified by the Parliament’s complete and utter rejection of the Waki Commission, the ICC, which Kenya voluntarily signed up to, has to step in.  Ethnic violence still goes on in Kenya [1] , and if there is impunity in this case, no message will be sent out: justice must be done and seen to be done to prevent similar abuses and prevent justice being taken outside of the courts.  [1] Wachira, Muchemi, “Cattle raids and tribal rivalries to blame for perennial conflict”, Daily Nation, November 18 2012, Kenya, trial, justice, peace, Kenyan justice system, Waki Commission, ICC, ethnic violence, impunity, cattle raids, tribal rivalries, conflict, Daily Nation, Muchemi Wachira, November 18 2012 Kenya, justice, peace, ICC, Waki Commission, Parliament, ethnic violence, impunity, cattle raids, tribal rivalries, conflict, Daily Nation, Muchemi Wachira Kenya, trial, justice, peace, Kenyan justice system, Waki Commission, ICC, ethnic violence, impunity, prevention, abuses, courts, cattle raids, tribal rivalries, conflict, Daily Nation, Wachira, Muchemi Kenya, trial, justice, peace, Kenyan justice system, Waki Commission, ICC, ethnic violence, impunity, cattle raids, tribal rivalries, conflict, Daily Nation, Wachira, Muchemi Kenya, justice, peace, Kenyan justice system, Waki Commission, ICC, ethnic violence, impunity, cattle raids, tribal rivalries, conflict, Daily Nation, Muchemi Wachira, November 18 2012
test-economy-eptpghdtre-con01a	Republicans are the best at stimulating economic growth  The tax cuts proposed by President Bush and passed by a Republican Congress ensured that real, after-tax income was up 15% by 2006. The Dow Jones hit record Highs during his time in office.  These tax cuts were responsible for the creation of 6.6 million jobs, primarily in the private sector – real jobs producing real goods and providing real services not tax-payer funded sinecures to mask the reality of the economic situation. [i]  [i] The White House, “Fact Sheet: Job Creation Continues – More than 6.6 Million Jobs Created Since August 2003”, 6 October 2006, Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, President Bush, Republican Congress, real after-tax income, 15%, 2006, Dow Jones, record highs, 6.6 million jobs, private sector, job creation, White House, fact sheet, August 2003, economic situation Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, Bush, Republican Congress, after-tax income, Dow Jones, record highs, job creation, private sector, White House, fact sheet, 6.6 million jobs, August 2003, October 2006 Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, President Bush, Republican Congress, after-tax income, Dow Jones, record highs, job creation, private sector, White House, fact sheet, August 2003, 6.6 million jobs Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, President Bush, Republican Congress, after-tax income, Dow Jones, record highs, job creation, private sector, White House, fact sheet, August 2003, 6.6 million jobs Republicans, economic growth, President Bush, tax cuts, Republican Congress, after-tax income, Dow Jones, record highs, job creation, private sector, White House, fact sheet, 6.6 million jobs, August 2003
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con04a	No mechanism to prevent crises and war exists  Within countries it is the state that ensures that conflict does not occur: the state has a monopoly on the use of force so ensures law and order. There is no such hierarchy between states. African nations, as with most other states in the world, believe in the sovereign right of states to manage their own affairs. In the same document as there is a pledge to end war “respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each of its [AU’s] Member States” is reaffirmed. [1] While states are considered sovereign there is no possible way to create a mechanism to ensure that conflicts do not happen. The AU cannot dictate to its members to ensure they avoid internal conflicts even if the AU knows a conflict is coming as those members are the stakeholders. [2] All that the AU can do is react to ongoing conflicts when it is already spilling out of control and encourage good practice.  [1] African Union, 2013, p.1  [2] Williams, 2011, p.9 No mechanism, crises, war, state, conflict prevention, monopoly, force, law, order, hierarchy, states, African nations, sovereignty, territorial integrity, AU, Member States, pledge, end war, respect, sovereign right, manage affairs, create mechanism, conflicts, AU members, stakeholders, react, ongoing conflicts, encourage, good practice, African Union, 2013, Williams, 2011 mechanism, crises, war, state, conflict, monopoly, force, law, order, hierarchy, African, nations, sovereignty, territorial, integrity, AU, Member, States, pledge, end, war, respect, reaffirmed, dictate, members, avoid, internal, conflicts, stakeholders, react, ongoing, spilling, control, encourage, good, practice African Union, sovereignty, territorial integrity, state monopoly, conflict prevention, internal conflicts, law and order, international hierarchy, state affairs, AU member states, crisis management, war prevention, react to conflicts, encourage good practice mechanism, prevent, crises, war, state, conflict, monopoly, force, law, order, hierarchy, states, African, nations, sovereignty, territorial, integrity, AU, Member, pledge, end, respect, react, ongoing, encourage, good, practice, stakeholders, control, spilling, Williams, 2011, African, Union, 2013 mechanism, prevent, crises, war, state, law, order, sovereignty, territorial, integrity, African, nations, AU, Member, States, conflicts, internal, stakeholders, react, control, encourage, good, practice, monopoly, force, hierarchy, pledge, end, war, respect, manage, affairs, react, ongoing, spilling, out, control, Williams, 2011, African, Union, 2013
test-education-pteuhwfphe-con02a	Alternative- and more efficient- methods of funding universities are available  There are a number of viable alternatives to a graduate tax as a means of paying for Higher Education: Full state funding operates in many EU countries as part of an extensive and popular welfare state paid for out of general taxation; the value the state clearly places upon Higher Education has made it a common aspiration across all social classes. Other countries make individual students pay for all or most of the cost of their university education, which is widely seen as an investment in increased future earning potential. In the USA this has produced very high levels of enrollment and broad access to higher education as motivated students readily work to pay their way through college. Most also take out commercial loans, which are later paid off once the student is in employment; unlike a graduate tax these repayments are not open-ended and will one day be completed. The cost of educating a student to degree level varies widely both between and within countries, showing clear room for efficiency savings to be made in many institutions, perhaps through some focusing solely upon teaching rather than research, or by academic specialization. Alternative funding, efficient methods, university funding, graduate tax, higher education, state funding, EU countries, welfare state, general taxation, social classes, student payments, future earnings, USA education, high enrollment, broad access, motivated students, work-study, commercial loans, employment, repayments, efficiency savings, institutional focus, teaching-only, academic specialization alternative funding, efficient methods, university funding, graduate tax, full state funding, EU countries, welfare state, higher education, social classes, student pays, future earning potential, USA, high enrollment, broad access, motivated students, work pay, college, commercial loans, repayments, cost education, degree level, efficiency savings, teaching focus, research focus, academic specialization alternative funding, efficient methods, university financing, graduate tax, state funding, EU countries, welfare state, higher education, social classes, student payments, future earnings, USA, enrollment, access, motivated students, work, commercial loans, repayment, efficiency savings, institutions, teaching focus, research, academic specialization alternative funding, efficient methods, graduate tax, higher education, full state funding, EU countries, welfare state, social classes, individual payment, future earning potential, USA enrollment, broad access, motivated students, work during college, commercial loans, repayments, open-ended, efficiency savings, academic specialization, teaching focus, research focus alternative funding, efficient funding, universities, graduate tax, higher education, full state funding, EU countries, welfare state, general taxation, value of higher education, social classes, individual payment, cost of university education, investment in future earnings, USA, high enrollment rates, broad access, motivated students, working during college, commercial loans, loan repayments, completed loans, cost of education, degree level, efficiency savings, academic institutions, teaching focus, academic specialization
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-pro03a	Governments can re-define industry standards by choosing open source software.  Economists use the term ‘network effect’ to describe the phenomenon whereby, as several people use the same communication platform (be it a specific device, such as a telephone, or a complicated service, such as Facebook), it becomes more valuable for others to use because they can share and collaborate on work with a wider range of individuals.  Network effects explain why Microsoft’s monopoly of around 90% of the desktop market with its Windows and Office software has been so hard to challenge [i] .  Governments are one of the few organisations which can define industry standards because citizens and businesses increasingly have to interact with governments electronically. Brazil’s Digital Inclusion Program, for example, has selected open source software for 58 government units rather than Windows or Microsoft Office [ii] . The result is that businesses and Brazilian citizens can use the same open source software at home, knowing they will be able to interact with their government. As open source software is often either free or cheaper than closed source alternatives, this approach enables local authorities, private businesses and individual citizens to interact more easily with the state, removing many of the obstacles and objections to the wider adoption of information technology.  [i] Lie, Hakon Wium. “Microsoft’s forgotten monopoly.” CNET News. 19 June 2006.  [ii] Fried, Ina. “Brazil: Digital inclusion, but how?” CNET News. 27 August 2008. governments, industry standards, open source software, network effect, communication platform, Microsoft, monopoly, Windows, Office, Brazil, Digital Inclusion Program, free software, cheaper software, information technology, digital interaction, citizen interaction, business interaction, government units, CNET News, Hakon Wium Lie, Ina Fried governments, industry standards, open source software, network effect, communication platform, Microsoft, Windows, Office, monopoly, Brazil, Digital Inclusion Program, free software, cheaper software, information technology, digital interaction, private businesses, individual citizens, electronic interaction, state, CNET News, Lie Hakon Wium, Ina Fried Governments, re-define, industry standards, open source software, network effect, communication platform, Microsoft, monopoly, Windows, Office, Brazil, Digital Inclusion Program, free software, cheaper alternatives, information technology, digital inclusion, CNET News, Hakon Wium Lie, Ina Fried Governments, open source software, industry standards, network effect, communication platforms, Microsoft, monopoly, Windows, Office, Digital Inclusion Program, Brazil, free software, cheaper alternatives, information technology, digital interaction, private businesses, citizens, Hakon Wium Lie, Ina Fried Governments, open source software, industry standards, network effect, Microsoft, Windows, Office, monopoly, Brazil, Digital Inclusion Program, information technology, digital interaction, economic value, communication platforms, software adoption, cost savings, software alternatives, public sector technology, technological barriers, collaborative work
test-international-gsciidffe-con03a	This policy is not necessary and may be counterproductive  Unless a state wishes to pull the plug on the internet entirely state censorship on the internet is never complete. Dissidents and those who are interested in getting around censorship will manage with or without help from other governments, they will use privately developed software, or proxies to get around censors and protect themselves. Having help from foreign governments to bypass censorship may even put the people this policy is trying to empower in an even worse position. The use of software that is meant to undermine censorship helps to prove that the dissident’s intent is hostile towards the government and the state’s policies – otherwise they would not need to software, and would not resort to using methods developed by foreign countries. Russia is increasingly cracking down on those who have contact or receive help from ‘foreign agents’ particularly foreign NGOs, such a policy could be as easily applied to online help as financial aid. [1]  [1] Earle, Jonathan, “Hundreds of NGOs Checked for Foreign Agents, Extremism”, The Moscow Times, 19 March 2013, policy, counterproductive, state, censorship, internet, dissidents, privately, software, proxies, foreign, governments, worse, position, hostile, intent, government, policies, Russia, cracking, foreign, agents, NGOs, financial, aid, online, help, checked, extremism, Moscow, Times, March, 2013 policy, counterproductive, state, censorship, internet, dissidents, privately, developed, software, proxies, foreign, governments, empower, intent, hostile, government, state, policies, Russia, cracking, down, contact, foreign, agents, NGOs, financial, aid, online, help, extremism, Moscow, Times internet censorship, state censorship, dissidents, foreign government help, bypass censorship, privately developed software, proxies, hostile intent, foreign agents, Russia, NGOs, financial aid, extremism, Moscow Times, Jonathan Earle internet censorship, state censorship, foreign government assistance, dissident protection, privately developed software, proxies, online anonymity, government policy, counterproductive policies, foreign agents, Russia NGO laws, Kremlin control, online activism, digital rights, international intervention, cybersecurity, surveillance, digital dissidence, information freedom, online privacy policy, counterproductive, state censorship, internet, dissidents, privately developed software, proxies, foreign governments, bypass censorship, worse position, hostile intent, government policies, Russia, foreign agents, NGOs, financial aid, Moscow Times, Jonathan Earle, March 2013
test-international-sepiahbaaw-con03a	Natural resources create employment  The extraction of natural resources creates the possibility of job creation which can strengthen African economies. Both domestic and foreign firms require man power for their operations, and they will often draw from the local labour force. Employment ensures a better standard of living for the workers and injects money in to the home economy leading to greater regional economic stability. In Nigeria, for example, the company Shell hires 6000 employees and contractors, with 90% being Nigerian and at higher wages than the GDP per capita [1] . This would indicate that the presence of natural resources is economically strengthening Africa.  [1] Shell Nigeria ‘Shell at a glance’ date accessed 16 December 2013 Natural resources, employment, job creation, African economies, domestic firms, foreign firms, manpower, local labour force, standard of living, economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, employees, contractors, wages, GDP per capita, economic strengthening, Africa Natural resources, employment, job creation, African economies, domestic firms, foreign firms, local labour force, standard of living, economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, employees, contractors, GDP per capita, economic strengthening, Africa Natural resources, employment, job creation, African economies, domestic firms, foreign firms, local labour force, standard of living, economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, employees, contractors, wages, GDP per capita, economic strengthening, Africa Natural resources, employment, job creation, African economies, domestic firms, foreign firms, local labour force, standard of living, economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, employees, contractors, GDP per capita, economic strengthening, Africa Natural resources, employment, job creation, African economies, domestic firms, foreign firms, local labour force, standard of living, economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, employees, contractors, GDP per capita
test-education-pteuhwfphe-con03a	A graduate tax would reduce teh autonomy of universities  If a graduate tax were introduced the money would go to the national treasury which would result in universities competing for the same money as colleges. At the moment the money generated from tuition fees goes straight to where it should go, straight to the universities bank accounts who provide the education. Under graduate tax proposals from the UK’s National Union of Students, raised revenue from the tax would go into a centralized higher education fund which could be distributed by the government through various means which could result in some universities getting unfair levels of funding relative to both their standing and student bodies. (Barr, N. 2009) This is impractical for universities to plan investments as they will never be entirely sure what funding they will have and furthermore and for many arguably most importantly universities will ultimately lose their independence from the state. graduate tax, university autonomy, national treasury, competition for funding, tuition fees, centralized higher education fund, government distribution, funding fairness, university investments, independence from state, Barr 2009, National Union of Students graduate tax, university autonomy, national treasury, tuition fees, university funding, centralized higher education fund, government distribution, unfair funding, university investments, state independence, Barr, N. 2009, National Union of Students, UK education policy graduate tax, universities autonomy, national treasury, universities funding, tuition fees, centralized higher education fund, government distribution, university investments, state independence, education finance, Barr 2009, National Union of Students graduate tax, university autonomy, national treasury, tuition fees, university funding, centralized higher education fund, government distribution, funding unfairness, university investments, state independence graduate tax, university autonomy, national treasury, college competition, tuition fees, university funding, centralized higher education fund, government distribution, funding fairness, university investment, state independence
test-international-segiahbarr-con04a	War and Civil unrest disrupt development and economic growth  Another major barrier to economic development in Africa is the regional instability caused by the 23 wars and episodes of civil unrest. War is naturally a costly affair; the 2001 conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea cost the former $2.9 billion with extensive damage to its economic and social infrastructure. A BBC report noted that extra funding had to be diverted away from development in order to meet the rising demands of the war [1] . What makes Africa’s situation far worse is the tendency of many armed groups to become bandits rather than armies with political objectives [2] . The inclination for these armed groups to forsake any ideal of governing in favour of banditry and rape makes them harder to negotiate as ‘legitimate grievances in these failed or failing African states deteriorate into rapacious, profit-orientated bloodshed’ [3] . The constant disruption to the lives of civilians in these 23 wars has led to poor levels of human development, which has further destabilised the region.  [1] Bhalla, ‘War ‘devastated’ Ethiopian economy’, 2001  [2] Gettleman, ‘Africa’s Forever Wars’, 2010  [3] Gettleman, ‘Africa’s Forever Wars’, 2010 War, Civil unrest, Economic growth, Africa, Regional instability, Armed groups, Bandits, Political objectives, Banditry, Rape, Legitimate grievances, Failed states, Failing states, Human development, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Conflict, Economic infrastructure, Social infrastructure, Development funding, BBC report, Africa's Forever Wars, Devastated Ethiopian economy, Profit-orientated bloodshed War, Civil unrest, Economic development, Africa, Regional instability, Conflict, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Economic infrastructure, Social infrastructure, Funding, Development, Armed groups, Bandits, Political objectives, Banditry, Rape, Negotiation, Legitimate grievances, Failed states, Failing states, Profit-oriented, Bloodshed, Human development, Disruption, Civilians War, Civil unrest, Economic development, Africa, Regional instability, Conflict, Costly affairs, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Economic infrastructure, Social infrastructure, Funding diversion, Development, Armed groups, Bandits, Governing, Political objectives, Banditry, Rape, Negotiation, Legitimate grievances, Failed states, Failing states, Profit-oriented, Bloodshed, Human development, Destabilization War, Civil unrest, Economic development, Africa, Regional instability, Conflict, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Economic costs, Social infrastructure, BBC, Funding, Development, Armed groups, Bandits, Political objectives, Governance, Banditry, Rape, Negotiation, Legitimate grievances, Failed states, Failing states, Profit-oriented bloodshed, Human development, Destabilisation War, Civil unrest, Economic development, Africa, Regional instability, Armed conflicts, Costly affairs, Economic infrastructure, Social infrastructure, Diverted funding, Armed groups, Bandits, Political objectives, Banditry, Rape, Legitimate grievances, Failed states, Failing states, Human development, Destabilisation, Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict, Africa's Forever Wars, Bhalla, Gettleman
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-con01a	Harm to others is never legitimate  Even in cases of suppression and deprivation of human rights, it is not justified to harm others outside the law. Considering acts of terror, there are three possible targets: civilians, political, military or other powerful authorities and their representatives, and structures such as (government) buildings, cars etc. without any causalities. In the case of the first, it is illegitimate to kill innocent civilians because not only have these people not contributed to the terrorists' marginalization, which means that hurting them will not undo the cause of harm, but this also perpetuates the harm that was the cause for violence in the first place. In the case of the second target, the attack on authorities responsible for the marginalization might be removed in some cases (if there is one), but it more often results in backlash where supporters of the authorities act against the insurgents, resulting in more harm. This happened with the Kurdish revolt against the Turkish authorities, which led to a guerilla war with over 30.000 causalities. [1] Thirdly, attacking the infrastructure of a country means disabling the population for accessing their basic capacities such as accessing healthcare by destroying roads or hospitals. Regarding the fact that the population is innocent in the crimes of the government, this is unnecessary and harmful for the whole population.  [1] Washington Post. (1999). Who Are the Kurds? Retrieved August 3, 2011, from Washington Post: Harm, legitimacy, human rights, terror, civilians, political authorities, military, structures, casualties, innocent, marginalization, backlash, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, infrastructure, population, healthcare, roads, hospitals Harm, legitimacy, suppression, deprivation, human rights, justification, acts of terror, civilians, political authorities, military targets, structures, causalities, innocent civilians, marginalization, backlash, insurgents, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, casualties, infrastructure, population, healthcare, basic capacities, government crimes, unnecessary harm Harm, Legitimacy, Human Rights, Suppression, Deprivation, Terror, Targets, Civilians, Political Authorities, Military, Structures, Causalities, Innocent, Marginalization, Backlash, Insurgents, Kurdish Revolt, Turkish Authorities, Guerilla War, Causalities, Infrastructure, Healthcare, Roads, Hospitals, Population, Government Crimes Harm, illegitimacy, suppression, human rights, terror, civilians, political targets, military targets, infrastructure, casualties, causalities, marginalization, backlash, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, population, healthcare, roads, hospitals, crimes, government Harm, legitimacy, suppression, deprivation, human rights, terrorism, civilians, political authorities, military, infrastructure, innocent, causalities, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, healthcare, population, government crimes
test-politics-lghwdecm-con02a	Directly elected mayors provide opportunities for populists.  The position of elected mayor is likely to attract populist and maverick candidates, who will seek to capitalise on the unpopularity of party politics with “single issue sloganising, glib promises and headline grabbing” (Ken Walker, Labour leader of Middlesbrough council). [1] A good example is Paul Massey, who has had 25 convictions in the past and yet is running to be Mayor of Salford and could even have a chance of winning. [2] In office such candidates are likely to alienate elected councillors and other crucial local partners, to disappoint voters as their promises run up against the actual limitations of their power, and to neglect many aspects of local government in favour of their own pet issue. This danger is even greater if a far-right candidate were to exploit local concerns about immigration and asylum-seekers to inflame racial tensions. Again Lutfur Rahman of Tower Hamlets is a good example of how this could happen, he has links to a Muslim extremist group, and only needed a mere 23,000 votes, 13% of the electorate because there was such low turnout. [3]  [1] Hetherington, Peter, ‘Vote for US-style mayors exposes deep Labour rifts’, The Guardian, 20 October 2001.  [2] Gilligan, Andrew, ;The town hall dictator taking over near you’, The Telegraph, 22 April 2012.  [3] ibid directly elected mayors, populists, maverick candidates, party politics, Paul Massey, Mayor of Salford, alienate councillors, disappoint voters, neglect local government, far-right candidate, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, low voter turnout, Muslim extremist, racial tensions, single issue sloganising, glib promises, headline grabbing, unpopularity of politics, local government challenges, electoral dynamics, populist strategies, governance issues, municipal leadership, political polarization, voter engagement, ethical leadership, electoral reform, municipal democracy, political representation, community relations, Far-right politics, extremist links, voter apathy, political Directly elected mayors, populists, maverick candidates, party politics, Paul Massey, Mayor of Salford, Paul Massey convictions, Ken Walker, Labour leader, Middlesbrought council, single issue sloganising, glib promises, headline grabbing, alienate councillors, disappoint voters, neglect local government, pet issues, far-right candidates, immigration, asylum-seekers, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, Muslim extremist group, low voter turnout, 23000 votes, 13% electorate, Andrew Gilligan, The Telegraph, Peter Hetherington, The directly elected mayors, populists, maverick candidates, party politics, single issue sloganising, Paul Massey, Mayor of Salford, alienate councillors, local partners, disappoint voters, neglect local government, far-right candidate, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, Muslim extremist group, low voter turnout directly elected mayors, populists, maverick candidates, party politics, Paul Massey, Mayor of Salford, unpopularity, single issue sloganising, glib promises, headline grabbing, elected councillors, local partners, voter disappointment, local government, pet issues, far-right candidates, immigration, asylum-seekers, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, Muslim extremist group, low turnout, Peter Hetherington, Andrew Gilligan, Labour rifts, town hall dictators directly elected mayors, populists, maverick candidates, party politics, Paul Massey, Mayor of Salford, alienate councillors, disappoint voters, neglect local government, far-right candidate, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, Muslim extremist, low voter turnout
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro04a	Tourism causes pollution  The tourism industry in Tunisia results in notable damage to the environment. Without sustainability, economic growth will only last in the short term. This is especially pertinent for tourism, where environmental beauty is of particular importance. From the construction of infrastructure and travel, to the general waste produced, tourism is problematic in the sense that it can often cause pollution; which in turn damages the country’s reputation1. Most tourists to the region are from Europe, although there are an increasing number of Russians which means travel becomes a major source of pollution. A return journey via plane from London to Tunis creates around 310 kg of CO2 (standard passenger jets create around 0.17kg of CO2 per km) 2. This is disproportionately damaging compared to other vehicles, but is the most practical way of reaching Tunisia. Other impacts such as overuse of water, land degradation and littering can all cause problems as well3.  1) United Nations Environment Programme ‘Environmental Impacts’ data accessed 28 January 2014  2) BBC, ‘Pollution warning on holiday flights’, 1 May 2000  3) United Nations Environment Programme ‘Tourism’s Three Main Impact Areas’ data accessed 28 January 2014 Tourism, pollution, Tunisia, environmental damage, sustainability, economic growth, infrastructure construction, travel, waste, country reputation, European tourists, Russian tourists, CO2 emissions, London to Tunis flight, vehicle pollution, water overuse, land degradation, littering tourism, pollution, Tunisia, environmental damage, sustainability, economic growth, infrastructure, travel, waste, country reputation, European tourists, Russian tourists, CO2 emissions, flight pollution, water overuse, land degradation, littering, United Nations Environment Programme, BBC, holiday flights, tourism impacts Tourism, pollution, Tunisia, environment, sustainability, economic growth, environmental beauty, infrastructure, travel, waste, country reputation, tourists, Europe, Russians, plane travel, CO2 emissions, water use, land degradation, littering, United Nations Environment Programme, BBC, holiday flights, impact areas tourism, pollution, Tunisia, environmental damage, sustainability, economic growth, environmental beauty, infrastructure construction, travel, waste, country reputation, European tourists, Russian tourists, CO2 emissions, flight pollution, water usage, land degradation, littering Tourism, pollution, Tunisia, environmental damage, sustainability, economic growth, environmental beauty, infrastructure, travel, waste, reputation, Europe, Russia, flights, CO2, London, Tunis, water, land degradation, littering, United Nations Environment Programme, BBC, holiday, impacts, areas
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-con04a	Democracies should be wary of meddling in the internal affairs of other countries  Authoritarian countries tend to guard their sovereignty jealously and will not take kindly to what they would consider to be interference in their internal affairs. In many cases this is exactly what the government offering an amnesty would be doing. Should foreign countries really be deciding that the justice system of a country was wrong in this or that case so amnesty should be provided? Where there are legal proceedings against a blogger that end up with the blogger being sent to jail those outside the country may think the sentences unjust but as countries that publically support the rule of law they should accept the result. It may well be the case that sometimes the judicial system has been used to persecute a blogger but it is difficult to see why an outside power with little interest in the case should believe they have the right to provide an alternative verdict through an amnesty. Where a country disapproves of the treatment of an individual this should be done by negotiating with the government in question and providing any alternative evidence they have. Cuba for example has released dissidents before as a result of negotiations with outside actors; the release 80 dissidents for the visit by Pope John Paul II in 1998 being merely the most successful example. [1]  [1] Human Rights Watch, “Cuba: Release of Dissidents Still Leaves Scores in Prison”, 8 July 2012, democracies, meddling, internal affairs, authoritarian countries, sovereignty, interference, amnesty, justice system, legal proceedings, blogger, jailed, rule of law, judicial system, persecution, outside power, alternative verdict, treatment of individuals, negotiation, government, alternative evidence, Cuba, dissidents, release, Pope John Paul II, human rights, prison democracies, meddling, internal affairs, authoritarian countries, sovereignty, interference, amnesty, justice system, legal proceedings, blogger, jail, sentences, rule of law, judicial system, persecution, outside power, alternative verdict, treatment, individual, negotiating, government, evidence, Cuba, dissidents, release, Pope John Paul II, Human Rights Watch democracies, meddling, internal affairs, authoritarian countries, sovereignty, interference, amnesty, justice system, legal proceedings, blogger, jail, rule of law, judicial system, persecution, outside power, alternative verdict, treatment, individual, negotiating, government, evidence, Cuba, dissidents, release, Pope John Paul II, Human Rights Watch, prison democracies, meddling, internal affairs, authoritarian countries, sovereignty, interference, amnesty, foreign countries, justice system, judicial system, blogger, jail, rule of law, verdict, outside power, disapprove treatment, individual, negotiating, government, alternative evidence, Cuba, dissidents, Pope John Paul II, Human Rights Watch democracies, meddling, internal affairs, authoritarian countries, sovereignty, interference, government, amnesty, foreign countries, justice system, legal proceedings, blogger, jail, rule of law, judicial system, persecution, outside power, alternative verdict, treatment, individual, negotiating, government, alternative evidence, Cuba, dissidents, Pope John Paul II, 1998, Human Rights Watch, prison
test-health-dhghhbampt-con01a	A huge number of fully accepted medical practices started being seen as something a bit off the wall, it’s wrong to deny sick people access to a treatment that may be mainstream in 20 years  There is a fine line between what is considered alternative and what is thought of as mainstream. Techniques do move across that line and when they do so, they are seen as mainstream. However, this process of reform, refinement and acceptance takes time.  In the meantime it is simply unfair to deny treatment to patients who want it because the medical establishment is beholden to a conservative academic orthodoxy and drug and treatment providers with vested interests in ensuring that particular cures and techniques will continue to be purchased and utilised. medical practices, alternative treatments, mainstream medicine, patient access, treatment denial, medical establishment, conservative orthodoxy, drug providers, vested interests, treatment reform, refinement, acceptance process medical practices, alternative treatments, mainstream medicine, patient access, treatment denial, medical establishment, academic orthodoxy, drug providers, vested interests, treatment reform, refinement, acceptance, unfair denial, patient choice, conservative medicine, orthodoxy challenges, healthcare innovation, medical ethics, patient rights medical practices, alternative treatments, mainstream medicine, patient access, treatment refusal, medical orthodoxy, drug providers, vested interests, treatment reform, medical refinement, treatment acceptance, conservative academia medical practices, alternative medicine, mainstream medicine, treatment access, sick people, medical establishment, conservative orthodoxy, drug providers, vested interests, reform, refinement, acceptance, healthcare ethics, patient rights medical practices, alternative treatments, mainstream medicine, patient access, treatment denial, medical establishment, academic orthodoxy, drug providers, vested interests, reform process, refinement, acceptance,公平医疗, 患者权益, 保守医学, 利益相关方, 治疗选择, 医学正统, 时间进程, 治疗接受, 治疗迁移, 医学技术, 医学变革
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-con03a	Universal rights and collective compromises  Cultural relativism is the philosophical belief that all cultures and cultural beliefs are of equal value and that right and wrong are relative and dependant on cultural contexts. Accordingly, relativists hold that universal human rights cannot exist, as there are no truly universal human values. If rights are relative, the laws that protect them must also be relative.  If we accept proposition’s contention that culturally relative values can evolve in response to conflicts and crises, then any perverse or destructive behaviour given the force of ritual and regularity by a group’s conduct can be taken to be relative. If the group believes that a practice is right, if it ties into that group’s conception of what is just and good or beneficial to their survival, then there can be no counter argument against it – whether that practice has been continuous for a hundred years or a hundred days.  Systems of law, however, reflect the opinions, practices and values of everyone within a state’s territory, no matter how plural its population may be. Similarly, objections to specific aspects of the universal human rights doctrine are fragmentary, not collective. While a handful of communities in Yemen may object to a ban on the use of child soldiers, many more throughout the world would find this a sensible and morally valuable principle. It is necessary for both the international community and individual nation states to adjust their laws to reconcile the competing demands of plural value systems. Occasionally, a value common among a majority of cultures must overrule the objections of the minority.  It is perverse to give charismatic leaders who convince impoverished communities to send their sons and daughters into combat an opportunity to use cultural relativism to excuse their culpability for what would otherwise be a war crime. Officers, politicians or dissident commanders are much more likely than Yemeni tribesmen or orphaned Sudanese boys to understand the intricacies of such a defence, and much more likely to abuse it. The commanders of child soldiers are the only class of individuals who should fear the ICC. universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, human rights, relativists, universal values, laws, cultural contexts, conflicts, crises, destructive behaviour, group conduct, justice, survival, international community, nation states, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, war crime, ICC, child soldiers, impoverished communities, commanders, politicians, dissident commanders, defence, culpability, moral principles, legal adjustments, cultural evolution, ethical considerations, human dignity, global standards, pluralism, cultural diversity, moral relativism, legal relativism, human rights violations, international law, cultural practices, social norms, ethical universality, human Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, human rights, ethical values, legal systems, international law, pluralism, moral principles, war crimes, child soldiers, ICC, cultural contexts, ethical relativism, legal pluralism, minority rights, majority rules, international community, human dignity, legal adjustment, cultural practices, moral relativism, ethical standards, legal protection, human values, cultural evolution, conflict resolution, social norms, legal doctrines, cultural differences, legal framework, human justice, cultural diversity, legal standards, moral obligations, cultural beliefs, social justice, legal reforms, cultural adaptation, moral reasoning, ethical conflicts, legal principles Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal value, right and wrong, cultural contexts, universal human rights, relative values, cultural evolution, conflicts, crises, destructive behavior, cultural practices, just and good, survival, systems of law, state territory, plural population, objections, universal human rights doctrine, fragmentary, collective, international community, individual nation states, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, charismatic leaders, impoverished communities, combat, cultural relativism, war crime, commanders, child soldiers, ICC, abuse, defense, jurisprudence, human rights legislation, moral principles, legal relativism, cross-cultural Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal value cultures, right wrong relativity, universal human rights, cultural context, relativists, values evolution, conflicts crises, destructive behavior, cultural rituals, ethical practices, group beliefs, justice, survival, systems of law, state territory, plural populations, human rights doctrine, fragmentary objections, child soldiers, international community, nation states, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, charismatic leaders, impoverished communities, cultural relativism excusing, war crime, ICC, officers, politicians, dissident commanders, Sudanese boys, Yemeni tribesmen. universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal value, cultural beliefs, right and wrong, cultural contexts, universal human rights, universal human values, culturally relative values, conflicts, crises, group’s conduct, justice, survival, law systems, state’s territory, plural population, universal human rights doctrine, specific objections, child soldiers, moral principle, international community, nation states, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, impoverished communities, charismatic leaders, combat, cultural relativism defence, war crime, ICC, officers, politicians, dissident commanders, Yemeni tribesmen, Sudanese boys, defence abuse
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con05a	The ICC fails to prevent atrocities.  The ICC will not deter the commission of war crimes or genocide. The Third Reich augmented the crimes of the Holocaust when it became clear that the Allies would defeat them in Europe. The only expectation of the Nazi leadership was immediate execution, rather than trial in a judicial forum. Similarly, Slobodan Milosevic and the Bosnian Serb army conducted a campaign of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo whilst the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was sitting in the Hague. The calculation of whether to commit gross human rights violations is not that of the reasonable and rational individual. The existence of a court, however well intentioned, will have no effect on the commission of these crimes. ICC, atrocities, deterrence, war crimes, genocide, Third Reich, Holocaust, Nazi leadership, Allies, execution, judicial forum, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY, human rights violations, rational individual, court effectiveness ICC, atrocities, war crimes, genocide, Third Reich, Holocaust, Allies, Nazi leadership, execution, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY, human rights violations, rational individual, judicial forum, court effectiveness ICC, atrocities, deterrence, war crimes, genocide, Third Reich, Holocaust, Nazi leadership, execution, trial, judicial forum, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY, human rights violations, rational decision-making, court effectiveness ICC, atrocities, deterrence, war crimes, genocide, Third Reich, Holocaust, Allies, Nazi leadership, execution, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY, Hague, human rights violations, rational calculation, judicial forum ICC, atrocities, deterrence, war crimes, genocide, Third Reich, Holocaust, Nazi leadership, execution, judicial forum, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY, human rights violations, reasonable individual, court effectiveness
test-science-ciidfaihwc-pro03a	Even sites that appeared innocent have had a devastating effect on society.  Some governments, such as the Vietnamese government [1] , have already seen sufficient cause to ban social networking sites such as Facebook. Recently in the UK, many major cities witnessed devastation and destruction as social networking sites were used to co-ordinate wide-scale riots which rampaged over London, Manchester, Birmingham, Worcestershire, Gloucester, Croydon, Bristol, Liverpool and Nottingham [2] . Rioters contacted each other through Facebook and blackberry instant messenger to ensure that they could cause maximum damage [3] , which resulted in the destruction of property [4] , physical violence towards others [5] , and even the deaths of three young men [6] . These events prove that seemingly innocent Internet sites can be used by anybody, even apparently normal citizens, to a devastating effect which has caused harm to thousands [7] . To protect the population and maintain order, it is essential that the government is able to act to censor sites that can be used as a forum and a tool for this kind of behaviour when such disruption is occurring.  [1] AsiaNews.it, ‘Internet censorship tightening in Vietnam’, 22 June 2010,  09/09/11  [2] BBC News, ‘England Riots’, 8 February 2012,  on 09/09/11  [3] BBC News, ‘England riots: Two jailed for using Facebook to incite disorder’, 16 August 2011,  on 09/09/11  [4] Hawkes, Alex, Garside, Juliette and Kollewe, Julia, ‘UK riots could cost taxpayer £100m’, guardian.co.uk, 9 August 2011,  on 09/09/11.  [5] Allen, Emily, ‘We will use water cannons on them: At last Cameron orders police to come down hard on the looters (some aged as young as NINE)’, Mail Online, 11 August 2011,  on 09/09/11.  [6] Orr, James, ‘Birmingham riots: three men killed ‘protecting homes’’, The Telegraph, 10 August 2011,  on 09/09/11.  [7] Huffington Post, ‘UK Riots: What Long-Term Effects Could They Have?’, 10 August 2011,  on 09/09/11. Internet censorship, social networking sites, government ban, Facebook, UK riots, BlackBerry Messenger, property destruction, physical violence, deaths, internet sites misuse, citizen behavior, government action, site censorship, forum for disruption, order maintenance, taxpayer cost, looters, water cannons, long-term effects social networking, government censorship, Vietnam, Facebook ban, UK riots, coordination, destruction, property damage, violence, deaths, innocent sites, harmful impact, citizen behavior, order maintenance, internet regulation, rioters, communication tools, blackberry instant messenger, public safety, taxpayer cost, looting, youth involvement, water cannons, police response, Birmingham, long-term effects social networking, government censorship, Vietnam, Facebook ban, UK riots, riot coordination, property destruction, physical violence, deaths, internet sites, citizen behavior, government action, censorship, forum, tool, disorder, water cannons, looters, Birmingham, protection, long-term effects social networking, government censorship, Vietnam, Facebook ban, UK riots, London, Manchester, Birmingham, coordination, BlackBerry Messenger, property destruction, physical violence, fatalities, internet sites, harmful effects, citizen behavior, internet censorship, public protection, social disruption, riot incitement, legal consequences, taxpayer costs, riot control, youth involvement, long-term impacts, societal harm social networking, government censorship, Vietnam, Facebook ban, UK riots, coordination, property destruction, physical violence, deaths, internet sites, citizen behavior, government intervention, order maintenance, censorship, forum, tool, disruption, taxpayer cost, water cannons, looters, protective actions, long-term effects
test-international-epdlhfcefp-con03a	"There have been tests on the EU's ability to create a common foreign policy that it has failed.  The War in Iraq, along with previous notable failures to deal with the breakup of former Yugoslavia, has been an excellent test for the extent to which the EU can claim to have a common approach to world politics and foreign policy in particular. It has clearly pointed out a whole range of diverse and often opposed national interests, and national publics that were unwilling to make compromises along EU lines of commitment. It has also showed that the economic power of the EU is not enough to turn it into a major player on the international scene: the lack in military power and presence speaks for itself. The EU still lies very much under the umbrella of NATO and US military power and as long as this military dependency continues, the EU will not be able to have its own independent voice in world politics. 1  1.  ""> EU, foreign policy, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, common approach, world politics, national interests, public opinion, economic power, international influence, military power, NATO, US military, independence, voice in politics EU, foreign policy, common approach, world politics, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, public opinion, compromises, economic power, international influence, military power, NATO, US military, independence, world politics player, military dependency EU, foreign policy, common approach, world politics, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, public opinion, economic power, international influence, military power, NATO, US military, independence, political voice, international relations, European Union, diplomacy, security policy, international affairs EU, foreign policy, common approach, world politics, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, public opinion, economic power, international influence, military power, NATO, US military dependency, independent voice, political unity, diplomatic capabilities EU, common foreign policy, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, NATO, US military power, international presence, military dependency, economic power, world politics, foreign policy failures, national publics, EU lines of commitment, major player, independent voice, international scene, military power, notable failures, breakup of Yugoslavia, diverse interests, opposed national interests, unwilling to compromise, EU umbrella, military presence, international politics, European Union, political power, global influence, defense dependency, international relations, diplomatic capabilities, security policy"
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro04a	"Consequences of increased GHGs  Increased GHGs in the atmosphere have numerous significant consequences:  -glaciers, ice sheets, and perma frost will continue to melt. This will increase water levels, release more GHGs (methane, which is twenty times more powerful as a greenhouse gas than CO2 and CO2), and reflect less heat back into the atmosphere exacerbating climate change1.  -the oceans (which are a natural carbon sink) are becoming increasingly acidic which will significantly damage ecosystems such as coral reefs. Additionally, changes in the chemistry of the ocean could affect the amount of CO2 it can absorb and process annually.  -there will be increasing incidents of extreme weather such as hurricanes, floods, and record high/low temperatures. Extreme weather can destroy ecosystems that capture CO2 such as forests and peat bogs leading to less natural CO2 absorption.  These events will accelerate climate change making it more difficult for humans to reduce GHG ppms to a sustainable level. Once average temperatures are above 2.5C, events will be triggered that will be irreversible and it will take 1000s of years of lower GHG emissions for the earth to return to normal 2.  1. Connor, Steve, 'Exclusive: The methane time bomb', The Independent, 23rd September 2008,  2. Wikipedia, ""Climate Change Feedback"". Retrieved 2011-08-08. increased GHGs, climate change, glaciers melting, ice sheets melting, permafrost melting, sea level rise, methane release, CO2 release, ocean acidification, coral reefs damage, carbon sink reduction, extreme weather, hurricanes, floods, temperature extremes, forest destruction, peat bog destruction, CO2 absorption reduction, irreversible climate change, temperature threshold, methane time bomb, climate change feedback increased GHGs, climate change, glaciers melting, ice sheets melting, permafrost melting, sea level rise, methane release, CO2 release, reduced albedo, ocean acidification, coral reef damage, carbon sink capacity, extreme weather, hurricanes, floods, temperature extremes, forest destruction, peat bog destruction, natural CO2 absorption, climate feedback loops, irreversible climate events, temperature threshold, long-term climate recovery, methane time bomb, climate change feedback GHGs, glaciers, ice sheets, permafrost, sea level rise, methane, CO2, greenhouse effect, ocean acidification, coral reefs, extreme weather, hurricanes, floods, temperature extremes, forest destruction, peat bogs, climate change feedback, irreversible climate change, temperature threshold, CO2 absorption, natural carbon sink, environmental impact, global warming, climate change mitigation, long-term climate effects increased GHGs, climate change, glaciers melting, ice sheets melting, permafrost melting, sea level rise, methane release, CO2 release, ocean acidification, coral reefs damage, extreme weather, hurricanes, floods, temperature extremes, forest destruction, peat bogs destruction, CO2 absorption reduction, climate feedback, irreversible climate change, temperature increase, GHG reduction, methane time bomb, climate change feedback Consequences, GHGs, Increased, Atmosphere, Glaciers, Ice, Sheets, Permafrost, Melting, Water, Levels, Methane, CO2, Greenhouse, Effect, Heat, Reflection, Oceans, Carbon, Sink, Acidification, Ecosystems, Coral, Reefs, Chemistry, CO2, Absorption, Extreme, Weather, Hurricanes, Floods, Temperatures, Forests, Peat, Bogs, Climate, Change, Acceleration, Reduction, Sustainable, Average, Temperatures, Feedback, Irreversible, Lower, Emissions, Normal, Steve, Connor, The,"
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-pro03a	South Ossetian independence will help prevent future conflict  The status quo in the region is one of militarized clashes and tensions. It is important to recognize that South Ossetia has been de facto independent for some time. If it does not achieve independence, the proposed alternative is that it re-integrate into Georgia. Yet, of South Ossetians have made it clear that they will not accept this. The only possible course of action, therefore, would be to force over 100,000 South Ossetians to live under the tyranny of the majority of the Georgian state. This would not only be a clear violation of self-determination and basic democratic principles, but it would also risk a protracted war or insurgency in S. Ossetia against any re-assertion of Georgian authority. S. Ossetia and Georgia have been battling each other for over a century. Georgia has been accused of ethnic cleansing there, and of launching a 'war of aggression' which killed a large number of S. Ossetian civilians in 2008. [1] This war, as the culmination of Georgian aggression against S. Osstia, has made finally made any sort of reconciliation between the two impossible, and hardened S. Ossetian desires for independence. Keeping S. Ossetia within Georgia will simply prolong this ethic struggle, which has demonstrated itself to be irreconcilable in the foreseeable future. This conflict could easily draw in other powers (such as Russia) and cause a wider war once again. Granting S. Ossetian independence, therefore, would help avoid future conflicts and their awful humanitarian consequences.  [1] Walker, Shaun. “South Ossetia: Russian, Georgian...independent?”. Open Democracy. 15 November 2006. South Ossetia, independence, conflict prevention, militarized clashes, de facto independence, reintegration, Georgia, self-determination, democratic principles, ethnic cleansing, war of aggression, 2008 war, Russian involvement, humanitarian consequences, regional stability, ethnic struggle, international relations, peacekeeping, sovereignty, territorial integrity South Ossetia, independence, prevent, future conflict, status quo, militarized clashes, tensions, de facto independent, re-integrate, Georgia, South Ossetians, self-determination, democratic principles, protracted war, insurgency, ethnic cleansing, war of aggression, 2008, reconciliation, ethnic struggle, irreconcilable, wider war, humanitarian consequences, Russia, international relations, regional stability, conflict resolution, self-governance, autonomy, state sovereignty, minority rights, peacekeeping, ceasefire, international law, United Nations, ethnic conflict, territorial integrity, geopolitical tensions, humanitarian aid, refugees, displaced South Ossetia, independence, conflict prevention, militarized clashes, tensions, de facto independence, re-integration, Georgia, self-determination, democratic principles, protracted war, insurgency, ethnic cleansing, war of aggression, 2008, Russian, reconciliation, ethnic struggle, wider war, humanitarian consequences South Ossetia, independence, conflict prevention, militarized clashes, de facto independence, reintegration, Georgia, self-determination, democratic principles, ethnic cleansing, war of aggression, 2008 conflict, Russian involvement, humanitarian consequences, regional stability, ethnic struggle, prolonged tension, international relations, Caucasus, reconciliation, insurgency South Ossetian independence, prevent future conflict, militarized clashes, tensions, de facto independent, re-integrate into Georgia, self-determination, democratic principles, ethnic cleansing, war of aggression, 2008 conflict, ethnic struggle, Russian involvement, wider war, humanitarian consequences
test-politics-oapghwliva-con01a	"A President would be able to abuse the power given to them in a line-item veto authority, leveraging it into undue influence over other elements of the legislative process. By threatening to veto items dear to particular Congressmen, they could obtain assent to bills, treaties and appointments that otherwise would not be forthcoming. Such intimidation would be subtle and hard to prove, but it would erode checks on the executive and fundamentally alter the balance of power within the constitution. This means that budgets are politicised even more than is currently the case. When the line item veto was previously used by Clinton republicans such as Rick Santorum argued that every decision ""has political overtones, but that's fine, it comes with the territory,"" Senator Ted Stevens went further ""We're dealing with a raw abuse of political power by a president who doesn't have to run again"".1  1 Hugliotta, Guy and Pianin, Eric, 'Line-Item Veto Tips Traditional Balance of Power', Washington Post, 24/10/97,accessed 5/5/11 President, line-item veto, power abuse, legislative process, Congressmen, veto threats, bill assent, treaties, appointments, intimidation, checks, executive, constitution, balance of power, budgets, politicised, Clinton, Republicans, Rick Santorum, Ted Stevens, political overtones, raw abuse, power, Washington Post President, abuse, power, line-item veto, undue influence, legislative process, veto threats, Congressmen, assent, bills, treaties, appointments, intimidation, subtle, prove, checks, executive, balance of power, constitution, budgets, politicised, Clinton, Republicans, Rick Santorum, Ted Stevens, abuse of power, political overtones, raw abuse, territory president, line-item veto, abuse power, undue influence, legislative process, veto threats, congressmen, bills, treaties, appointments, intimidation, erode checks, executive authority, constitution, balance of power, politicised budgets, political overtones, raw abuse, political power, Clinton, Rick Santorum, Ted Stevens, Washington Post line-item veto, presidential power, legislative process, undue influence, congressional assent, bills, treaties, appointments, political intimidation, checks and balances, constitutional power, budget politicisation, political overtones, abuse of power, executive authority, legislative balance, Clinton presidency, Rick Santorum, Ted Stevens, Washington Post President, abuse, power, line-item veto, undue influence, legislative process, veto threats, Congressmen, assent, bills, treaties, appointments, intimidation, subtle, prove, checks, executive, balance of power, constitution, budgets, politicised, Clinton, Republicans, Rick Santorum, Ted Stevens, political overtones, raw abuse, political power"
test-law-ralhrilglv-con03a	Kenya would be better off without them  Kenya does not need or want government by those who hand out illegal title deeds [1] and threaten the freedom of the press [2] as Kenyatta’s government does.  In addition to that, the allegations that the president used a banned occult gang, the Mungiki, in order to perform acts of mass murder is enough to end his credibility as a leader in the country – the best interests of good governance in Kenya mean that Kenyatta should go.  [1] Chanji, Tobias, “Raila Odinga says title deeds issued by President Uhuru Kenyatta illegal”, Standard Digital, November 25th 2013,   [2] Shiundu, Alphonce, “President retains punitive fines against media in new law”, Standard Digital, November 27th 2013, Kenya, government, illegal title deeds, freedom of press, Kenyatta, Mungiki, good governance, Raila Odinga, media law, allegations, mass murder, credibility, leadership, Tobias Chanji, Alphonce Shiundu Kenya, governance, illegal title deeds, freedom of press, Kenyatta, Mungiki, mass murder, good governance, Raila Odinga, media fines, punitive laws Kenya, government, illegal title deeds, press freedom, Kenyatta, Mungiki, mass murder, good governance, Raila Odinga, media fines, Uhuru Kenyatta, political corruption, leadership credibility, national interests Kenya, government, illegal title deeds, freedom of press, Kenyatta, Mungiki, mass murder, good governance, Raila Odinga, punitive fines, media law Kenya, government, illegal title deeds, freedom of press, Kenyatta, Mungiki, mass murder, good governance, Raila Odinga, punitive fines, media law
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro05a	Transparency prevents public relations disasters  Transparency is necessary to avoid public relations disasters; particularly in countries where the media has some freedom to investigate for themselves. It is clearly the best policy for the military to make sure all the information is released along with the reasons behind actions rather than having the media finding individual pieces of a whole and speculating to fill the gaps.  A good example would be a collision on 16th January 1966 between a B-52 bomber and a KC-135 tanker while attempting to refuel that destroyed both planes. Accidents happen, and this one cost 11 lives, but could have been much worse as the B-52 had four nuclear bombs on board were not armed and did not detonate. In this case an initial lack of information rapidly turned into a public relations disaster that was stemmed by much more openness by the military and the US Ambassador in Spain. The release of the information reduces the room for the press to fill in the gaps with harmful speculation. [1] In this case there was never much chance of national security implications or a break with Spain as the country was ruled by the dictator Franco, someone who would hardly pay attention to public opinion. But in a democracy a slow and closed response could seriously damage relations.  [1] Stiles, David, ‘A Fusion Bomb over Andalucia: U.S. Information Policy and the 1966 Palomares Incident’, Journal of War Studies, Vol.8, No.1, Winter 2006, pp.49-67, p.65 transparency, public relations, disasters, media freedom, military information, B-52 bomber, KC-135 tanker, collision, nuclear bombs, Andalucia, Palomares Incident, US Ambassador, Spain, Franco, democracy, national security, public opinion, information policy, harmful speculation, open communication, military accidents, crisis management, media speculation, official response, information control, military disasters, nuclear safety, diplomatic relations, public trust, media investigation, information release, press speculation, government transparency, military openness, accident reporting, nuclear incidents, Spain 1966, military public relations, crisis communication, transparency, public relations, disasters, media freedom, military information, B-52 bomber, KC-135 tanker, refueling accident, nuclear bombs, Spain, 1966 Palomares Incident, US Ambassador, David Stiles, Andalucia, national security, democracy, public opinion, Francisco Franco, harmful speculation, information policy, War Studies Journal transparency, public relations, disasters, media freedom, military information, accident, B-52 bomber, KC-135 tanker, nuclear bombs, Spain, Palomares incident, US Ambassador, openness, public opinion, speculation, national security, democracy, damage control, information policy, David Stiles, 1966, Andalucia, Franco transparency, public relations, disasters, media freedom, military information, B-52 bomber, KC-135 tanker, nuclear bombs, Spain, Palomares incident, Franco, democracy, information policy, US Ambassador, public opinion, national security, speculation, accident, military openness, press speculation, damage control, communication strategy, crisis management, nuclear accident, international relations, media relations, government transparency, military disasters, public trust, information release, harmful speculation, democratic governance, authoritarian rule, international diplomacy, military accidents, public affairs, crisis communication, media investigation, military public relations, nuclear safety, diplomatic relations, information Transparency, Public Relations, Disasters, Media Freedom, Military, Information Release, B-52 Bomber, KC-135 Tanker, Nuclear Bombs, Collision, Public Opinion, National Security, Democracy, Palomares Incident, Franco, US Ambassador, Spain, Press Speculation, Information Policy
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con03a	Gains may be reversed; events can’t be foreseen  Africa still has many fragile states. The Institute of Strategic Studies Africa identified 26 ‘fragile’ states (meaning they have weak governance, conflict and violence, inequality and poverty) including DR Congo and Ethiopia and forecasts that there will still be 11 fragile states by 2050. [1] This rather implies that war will not be ended by 2050, let alone 2020.  Even in countries that are considered stable events can quickly spiral into conflict. Mali was considered to be democratic and reasonably stable before a coup in 2012: there were multiparty elections in 1992, it held regular elections that passed international inspections, its first president Konaré willingly stood down, there was comparatively good freedom of speech and media. [2] Yet after a coup in 2012 it went downhill to the point of requiring intervention by French troops in early 2013.  [1] Cilliers, Jakkie, and Sick, Timothy D., ‘Prospects for Africa’s 26 fragile countries’, ISS Africa, p.7,   [2] Whitehouse, Bruce, ‘What went wrong in Mali?’, London Review of Books, Vol.34, No.16, 20 August 2012,  , p.17 Gains, Reversed, Unforeseen Events, Africa, Fragile States, Institute of Strategic Studies Africa, DR Congo, Ethiopia, 2050 Forecast, War, Conflict, Stability, Mali, Coup, 2012, Democratic, Elections, Freedom of Speech, Media, French Intervention, Jakkie Cilliers, Timothy D. Sick, Bruce Whitehouse, London Review of Books Gains, Reversed, Events, Unforeseen, Africa, Fragile, States, Institute, Strategic, Studies, DR, Congo, Ethiopia, Forecast, 2050, War, Ended, Stable, Countries, Conflict, Mali, Democratic, Coup, 2012, French, Troops, Intervention, Freedom, Speech, Media, Elections, President, Konaré, Whitehouse, Bruce, London, Review, Books Gains, reversed, events, unforeseen, Africa, fragile, states, Institute, Strategic, Studies, DR, Congo, Ethiopia, forecast, fragile, states, 2050, war, 2020, stable, events, conflict, Mali, democratic, elections, freedom, speech, media, coup, 2012, French, troops, 2013, Cilliers, Jakkie, Sick, Timothy, D., Prospects, Africa, Whitehouse, Bruce, wrong, London, Review, Books Gains, Reversed, Events, Unforeseen, Africa, Fragile, States, Governance, Conflict, Violence, Inequality, Poverty, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Forecast, 2050, War, Stability, Mali, Coup, 2012, Democracy, Elections, Konaré, Freedom, Speech, Media, French, Troops, Intervention, Cilliers, Jakkie, Sick, Timothy, D., Prospects, Africa, Whitehouse, Bruce, What, Wrong, London, Review, Books Gains, Reversal, Unforeseen Events, Africa, Fragile States, Institute of Strategic Studies Africa, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Forecast, Fragile States 2050, War, Conflict, Stability, Mali, Democracy, Coup, 2012, French Intervention, Jakkie Cilliers, Timothy D. Sick, Bruce Whitehouse, London Review of Books
test-education-pteuhwfphe-con01a	Setting up a graduate tax system would be damagingly expensive  A graduate tax would be a very expensive scheme to put into effect, as it would require high levels of government spending on student grants before the first graduates began to repay anything through taxation. If all the 2011 English applications for university we’re accepted at the new top price of £9,000 it would cost the Government in the first year just over £3 million, and this figure does not take into account all the other grants universities receive and as time goes on and more years enter the system the figure will grow greatly. (Guardian, 2011.) It is likely then to be two decades of investment or more before the system begins properly to pay for itself. Furthermore a costly increase in government bureaucracy would be necessitated by the need to keep track of so many graduates and by the complications the system introduces to the general taxation system. With many Governments taking up austerity measures it is simply impractical to setup a new funding system which is not needed. graduate tax, expensive, government spending, student grants, repayment, taxation, university applications, fees, £9000, English, cost, grants, investment, decades, bureaucracy, track, graduates, taxation system, complications, austerity, impractical, funding system graduate tax, expensive, government spending, student grants, university applications, cost, investment, bureaucracy, taxation system, austerity measures, impractical, funding system graduate tax, government spending, student grants, university applications, tuition fees, financial cost, long-term investment, government bureaucracy, tax system, austerity measures, funding system, impracticality graduate tax, expensive, government spending, student grants, repayment, taxation, university applications, tuition fees, bureaucracy, tracking graduates, general taxation system, austerity measures, impractical, funding system graduate tax, expensive, government spending, student grants, repayment, taxation, university applications, high tuition, fiscal impact, bureaucracy, tracking graduates, taxation system, austerity measures, impractical, funding system
test-economy-bepiehbesa-pro04a	It doesn’t serve its purpose (subsidies to larger farmers)  The CAP as originally proposed was aimed to support small, local, family farmers which have difficulties with sustaining their business in competitive environment. The conference in Stresa in 1958 that helped define CAP’s objectives stated “Given the importance of family structures in European agriculture… all means should be taken in order to strengthen the economic and competitive capacity of the family enterprise.” [1] However, the current model of CAP gives direct payments to farmers according to area of their farms. That means that the major recipients of CAP are actually the biggest players in agricultural industry. According to Economist, 80 % of the subsidies go to 20 % of the richest farmers. [2] Therefore, the money is spent to support large companies and wealthy landowners who could easily compete in EU market even without such abhorrent support from EU taxpayers.  [1] Knudsen, Ann-Christina, ‘Romanticising Europe? Rural Images in European Union Policies’, Kontur, no.12, 2005,  p.52  [2] The Economist, ‘Europe’s farm follies’, 8 December 2005, CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farmers, competitive environment, Stresa conference, 1958, direct payments, farm area, major recipients, agricultural industry, subsidies distribution, 20%, richest farmers, EU market, EU taxpayers, rural images, European Union policies, economic support, landowners, wealth distribution, policy criticism, agricultural support, European agriculture, competitive capacity, family enterprise, European farmers, agricultural subsidies, farm payments, policy objectives, agricultural policy, economic analysis, farm subsidies, EU farm policy, agricultural reform, farmer support, European farming, farming subsidies, wealth inequality CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farmers, competitive environment, Stresa Conference, direct payments, farm area, subsidies distribution, wealthy landowners, EU taxpayers, agricultural industry, European Union policies, rural images, farm support, economic capacity, family enterprise, EU market, The Economist, Europe's farm follies CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farmers, competitive environment, Stresa Conference, direct payments, farm area, subsidies distribution, wealth inequality, EU taxpayers, agricultural industry, European Union policies, rural images, Europe agriculture, farm support, economic capacity, competitive capacity CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farmers, competitive environment, Stresa Conference, direct payments, farm area, wealthiest farmers, EU market, EU taxpayers, European Union policies, rural images, agricultural industry, economic support, farm subsidies, policy objectives, European agriculture CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farmers, competitive environment, Stresa conference, 1958, direct payments, farm area, subsidies distribution, EU market, EU taxpayers, agricultural industry, wealthy landowners, European Union policies, rural images, Europe, farm subsidies, economic support
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-pro02a	Government contracts can change the software industry for the better.  Even when governments do not ultimately select an open source program, by simply including them in the competitive bidding process, they have been able to radically change the approach that Microsoft and other closed source companies take to producing IT solutions.  Under threat from Linux, Microsoft has launched the Open Source Initiative through which it shares elements of some of its programs’ source code with key partners to enable the development of software for platforms like Windows Mobile [i] . More dramatically, in 2002, Real Networks opened up the source code for its world renowned RealPlayer media and music software package and, in 2005, IBM offered 500 key patents (out of 40,000) to the open source community. Sun Microsystems released its Solaris server operating system to the open source community under the Common Development and Distribution licence in 2005. If you accept that the open source software industry is a positive force, then simply by considering open source software, governments are doing well.  [i] Ed Hansberry. “Open Source WebOS: A Win For Windows Phone?” Information Week. 12 December 2011. government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, open source initiative, Linux, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, patents, open source community, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution licence, positive force, Ed Hansberry, Information Week, Windows Phone Government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, Open Source Initiative, source code sharing, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, patents, open source community, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution License, positive force, Windows Mobile, Information Week, Ed Hansberry Government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, closed source, IT solutions, Linux, Open Source Initiative, source code, key partners, Windows Mobile, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, patents, open source community, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution licence, positive force, Ed Hansberry, Information Week Government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, closed source, IT solutions, Linux, Open Source Initiative, source code, key partners, Windows Mobile, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, patents, open source community, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution License, positive force, Ed Hansberry, Information Week Government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, closed source, IT solutions, Linux, Open Source Initiative, source code, Windows Mobile, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, patents, open source community, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution licence, positive force, considering open source
test-international-gsciidffe-con04a	Aggressive foreign policy is not legitimate foreign policy  Foreign policy is legitimate when it is peaceful and based upon mutual respect. It is no surprise that the most controversial foreign policy actions are those that are aggressive whether this is invading another state such as the Iraq war, attempting humanitarian intervention as in Kosovo, or engaging in clandestine actions such as Iran-Contra. This is because there is a powerful norm against aggressive action in international relations in order to maintain stability.  Undermining states by circumventing censorship is simply a new method of engaging in aggressive actions against another state. NATO has accepted that cyber operations can be considered to constitute an armed conflict, [1] so it is increasingly accepted that actions on the internet can be aggressive action. Indeed “If such cyber operations are intended to coerce the government… the operation may constitute a prohibited ‘intervention’”. [2] While no one would argue that this policy will create a war it is not a very big step from considering cyber attacks to be armed conflict to considering undermining states through circumventing censorship to be an aggressive action.  [1] Bowcott, Owen, “Rules of cyberwar: don't target nuclear plants or hospitals, says Nato manual”, The Guardian, 18 March 2013,   [2] Schmitt, Michael N., ed., “The Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare”, Cambridge University Press, 2013, p.17. aggressive foreign policy, legitimate foreign policy, peaceful foreign policy, mutual respect, controversial foreign policy, Iraq war, Kosovo humanitarian intervention, Iran-Contra, international relations, stability, undermining states, circumventing censorship, NATO, cyber operations, armed conflict, cyber attacks, coercion, government intervention, Tallinn Manual, international law, cyber warfare, nuclear plants, hospitals, Owen Bowcott, Michael N. Schmitt, The Guardian, Cambridge University Press aggressive, foreign, policy, legitimacy, peaceful, mutual, respect, controversial, actions, invasion, Iraq, war, humanitarian, intervention, Kosovo, clandestine, Iran-Contra, stability, international, relations, norm, undermining, states, censorship, NATO, cyber, conflict, armed, internet, coercion, prohibited, intervention, Tallinn, Manual, international, law, cyber, warfare, nuclear, plants, hospitals, Bowcott, Owen, The, Guardian, Schmitt, Michael, Cambridge, University, Press aggressive foreign policy, legitimate foreign policy, peaceful foreign policy, mutual respect, controversial foreign policy, Iraq war, Kosovo, Iran-Contra, international relations, stability, aggressive action, undermining states, circumventing censorship, NATO, cyber operations, armed conflict, cyber attacks, coercion, intervention, Tallinn Manual, international law, cyber warfare aggressive foreign policy, legitimacy, peaceful foreign policy, mutual respect, controversial foreign policy, Iraq war, humanitarian intervention, Kosovo, clandestine actions, Iran-Contra, international relations, stability, undermining states, circumventing censorship, cyber operations, armed conflict, NATO, cyber attacks, coercion, prohibited intervention, cyberwarfare, international law, Tallinn Manual aggressive, foreign, policy, legitimacy, peaceful, mutual, respect, controversial, actions, invasion, Iraq, war, humanitarian, intervention, Kosovo, clandestine, Iran-Contra, norm, stability, undermining, states, censorship, cyber, operations, armed, conflict, NATO, coercion, prohibited, intervention, cyberwarfare, international, law, Tallinn, Manual, Schmitt
test-international-sepiahbaaw-con02a	Bring Africa out of poverty  The African continent has the highest rate of poverty in the world, with 40% of sub-Saharan Africans living below the poverty line. Natural resources are a means of increasing the quality of life and the standard of living as long as revenues are reinvested into the poorest areas of society. There are 35 countries in Africa which already conduct direct transfers of resource dividends to the poor through technology or in person [1] . In Malawi, £650,192.22 was given out in dividends to the poorest in society ensuring that they were given $14 a month in 2013 [2] . This ensures that there is a large base of citizens profiting from natural resources which increases their income and, in turn, their Human Development Index scores [3] .  [1] Devarajan, S. ‘How Africa can extract big benefits for everyone from natural resources’ in The Guardian 29/06/13   [2] Dzuwa,J. ‘Malawi: Zomba Rolls out Scial Cash Transfer Programme’ Malawi News Agency 11 June 2013   [3] Ibid Africa, poverty, natural resources, economic development, resource dividends, direct transfers, social cash transfer, Malawi, Human Development Index, sub-Saharan Africa, economic growth, poverty reduction, resource management, sustainable development, financial inclusion, public policy, social welfare, economic policy, international development Africa, poverty, sub-Saharan, natural resources, revenue, reinvestment, development, social transfers, technology, Malawi, cash transfers, Human Development Index, economic growth, resource dividends, poverty reduction, sustainable development, income distribution, social welfare, economic policies Africa, poverty, natural resources, revenue reinvestment, social welfare, direct transfers, resource dividends, technology, Malawi, cash transfer, Human Development Index, Sub-Saharan Africa, economic development, social impact, poverty alleviation, sustainable development, financial assistance, community reinvestment, economic improvement, resource management Africa, poverty, sub-Saharan Africa, natural resources, economic development, resource dividends, direct transfers, technology, Malawi, social cash transfer, Human Development Index, economic benefits, resource management, poverty alleviation, development economics, sustainable development, income distribution, public policy, social welfare Africa, poverty, sub-Saharan, natural resources, revenue reinvestment, direct transfers, resource dividends, Malawi, social cash transfer, Human Development Index, Devarajan, Dzuwa, Zomba, social welfare, economic development, poverty alleviation, resource distribution, income improvement, quality of life, standard of living
test-international-segiahbarr-con03a	The Continent is still vulnerable to natural disasters  A major road block to development and economic growth in Africa is the prevalence of natural disasters. These disasters commonly affect the poorest and most vulnerable in society, as they are often the ones living in the ‘most exposed areas’, thus preventing development [1] . In Somalia, for example, the 2013 cyclone left tens of thousands homeless in an already impoverished area, worsening their economic situation [2] . Dr Tom Mitchell from the Overseas Development Institute has claimed that economic growth cannot occur until disaster risk management becomes central to social and economic policy [3] . Disaster management could cost too much however. In November 2013, a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report demonstrated that 2070 a total $350 billion per annum would be required to deal with the threats presented by clime change such as increased Arid areas and higher risks of flooding [4] .  [1] Decapua, ‘Natural Disasters Worsen Poverty’, 2013  [2] Migiro, ‘Somalia Reels From Cyclone, Floods and Hunger – ICRC’, 2013  [3] Decapua, ‘Natural Disasters Worsen Poverty’, 2013  [4] Rowling, ‘Africa Faces Sharp Rise in Climate Adaption Costs – Unep’, 2013 natural disasters, economic growth, Africa, development, poverty, vulnerable areas, disaster risk management, social policy, economic policy, Somalia, cyclone, United Nations Environment Programme, climate change, Arid areas, flooding, climate adaptation costs natural disasters, Africa, economic growth, development, vulnerability, poverty, exposed areas, Somalia, 2013 cyclone, disaster risk management, social policy, economic policy, cost, United Nations Environment Programme, climate change, arid areas, flooding, adaptation costs natural disasters, Africa, development, economic growth, vulnerability, poverty, exposed areas, Somalia, cyclone, homelessness, economic situation, Dr Tom Mitchell, Overseas Development Institute, disaster risk management, social policy, economic policy, United Nations Environment Programme, climate change, arid areas, flooding, adaptation costs natural disasters, vulnerability, economic growth, Africa, poverty, exposed areas, Somalia, 2013 cyclone, disaster risk management, social policy, economic policy, United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP, climate change, arid areas, flooding, climate adaptation costs natural disasters, development, economic growth, Africa, vulnerability, impoverished areas, Somalia, cyclone, homelessness, economic situation, disaster risk management, social policy, economic policy, cost, United Nations Environment Programme, climate change, arid areas, flooding, climate adaptation, costs
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-con04a	"Individuals have a choice and right to respond to ads and their meaning.  Consumers have a choice to expose themselves to advertising through their own personal behaviour. Advertisements can be ignored by the consumer and deleted at will. Interpretation of the ad depends on the attitudes of the receiver. The purchase and consumption of beauty products is the personal choice of a buyer. How ads attract and influence is determined by individual beliefs and values of the audience member. Some feminists believe that institutional power structures set up a ""victim"" mentality in women and fail to empower them by placing dependence upon power structures to make choices for women.1 If consumers wish to embrace the ideals or values represented in ads, this should be their choice. Therefore the right to self determine one's consumer behaviour should be left to the individual. 1 Thomas, Christine. ""The New Sexism."" Socialism Today, Issue #77. 2003/September consumer choice, advertising response, personal behavior, ad interpretation, individual beliefs, values, beauty products, purchase decision, feminist perspective, institutional power, victim mentality, self-determination, consumer rights, ad influence, personal ideals Individual choice, right to respond, consumer behavior, advertising exposure, ad interpretation, personal attitudes, beauty product consumption, ad influence, individual beliefs, values, feminist perspective, institutional power, victim mentality, consumer empowerment, self-determination, consumer rights consumer choice, advertising influence, personal behavior, ad interpretation, individual rights, beauty products, consumer empowerment, feminist perspective, institutional power, self-determination, consumer behavior, individual beliefs, ad values, Thomas Christine, New Sexism, Socialism Today choice, right, respond, ads, meaning, consumers, personal, behavior, ignore, delete, interpretation, attitudes, receiver, purchase, consumption, beauty, products, buyer, attract, influence, beliefs, values, audience, feminists, institutional, power, structures, victim, mentality, women, empower, dependence, ideals, self-determine, consumer, behavior, individual, Thomas, Christine, New, Sexism, Socialism, Today individual choice, right to respond, consumer behavior, advertising exposure, ad interpretation, purchase decision, beauty products, consumer beliefs, audience values, feminist perspective, institutional power, victim mentality, consumer empowerment, self-determination, consumer rights, Thomas Christine, New Sexism, Socialism Today"
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-con02a	Terrorism creates a negative abusable portrayal  Acts of terror will not lead to a deeper mutual understanding, but to alienation from the international community. People see acts of violence as a threat, and especially in the context of international terrorists attacks, the fear of escalation prevails. Even more, acts of violence are open to multiple interpretations, which can be used in favour of the oppressing state, that has much more resources to spread its message. Not only can it say it uses violence against these terrorists groups to defend itself, but it can also paint an image of the terrorists as irrational, violent creatures. This plays easily into existing stereotypes of non-Westeners as being violent. In order to counter this scenario, it is wiser to resort to non-violent actions. This has the benefit of conveying a very clear message to the outside world that the people protesting are the victims, and not the perpetrators. For instance, the actions of Mahatma Ghandi were known for their civil disobedience and their political messages that went against the norm, but because of the peaceful nature of his protest, he was able to attract a lot of positive attention and followers. [1]  [1] BBC News. (1998, January 29). The life and death of Mahatma Gandhi. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from BBC News: terrorism, negative portrayal, mutual understanding, alienation, international community, violence, threat, escalation, multiple interpretations, oppressing state, resources, message, defence, irrational, stereotypes, non-Westerners, non-violent actions, clear message, victims, perpetrators, peaceful protest, positive attention, followers, Mahatma Gandhi, civil disobedience, political messages terrorism, negative portrayal, mutual understanding, alienation, international community, acts of violence, threat, international terrorist attacks, fear, escalation, multiple interpretations, oppressing state, resources, message, self-defense, irrational, violent, non-Westerners, stereotypes, non-violent actions, clear message, victims, perpetrators, Mahatma Gandhi, civil disobedience, political messages, peaceful protest, positive attention, followers terrorism, negative portrayal, acts of terror, mutual understanding, alienation, international community, violence, threat, international terrorist attacks, fear, escalation, multiple interpretations, oppressing state, resources, message, violence against terrorists, defend, irrational, stereotypes, non-Westerners, non-violent actions, clear message, protesting, victims, perpetrators, civil disobedience, political messages, peaceful protest, positive attention, followers, Mahatma Gandhi, BBC News terrorism, negative portrayal, mutual understanding, international community, alienation, acts of violence, threat, international terrorist attacks, fear, escalation, multiple interpretations, oppressing state, resources, message, violence, defend, irrational, stereotypes, non-Westerners, non-violent actions, clear message, victims, perpetrators, civil disobedience, political messages, peaceful protest, positive attention, followers, Mahatma Gandhi, BBC News, life, death, history, India, British rule, civil rights, protest, social change, violence opposition, peaceful resistance, influence, leadership, moral authority, political strategy, nonviolent resistance, historical context terrorism, negative portrayal, mutual understanding, alienation, international community, acts of violence, threat, fear, escalation, multiple interpretations, oppressing state, resources, spread message, defend, irrational, violent, non-Westerners, stereotypes, non-violent actions, clear message, protesting, victims, perpetrators, civil disobedience, political messages, peaceful protest, positive attention, followers, Mahatma Gandhi, BBC News
test-politics-lghwdecm-con01a	Mayors would result in too much centralisation of power.  An elected mayor would have too much power, making the prospect of its misuse alarming. If the mayor has the power to choose their own cabinet of councillors, this could be as small as three members, all of whom could be sacked at will for opposing the wishes of the mayor. If the mayor has the right to delegate powers to his cabinet members, they equally have the authority to reserve all the real powers to themselves. And those councillors outside the cabinet would have little to do other than to monitor broken streetlights and the standard of refuse collection in their ward. Why would talented and ambitious people stand for council in these circumstances, and what would the absence of such people do for the council’s oversight of the mayor? centralisation, power, elected, mayor, misuse, cabinet, councillors, sacked, delegate, authority, reserve, real, powers, talented, ambitious, council, oversight, broken, streetlights, refuse, collection, ward, stand, circumstances, absence, do, council's, mayor's Mayors, centralisation, power, elected, misuse, cabinet, councillors, sacked, opposition, delegate, authority, reserve, real, powers, talented, ambitious, stand, council, oversight, broken, streetlights, refuse, collection, ward, circumstances, absence, people, impact, governance, democratic, accountability, decision-making, local, government, political, representation, community, engagement, leadership, responsibilities, autonomy, control, municipal, administration, public, service, citizen, participation, transparency, integrity, ethics, authority, decentralisation, balance, representation, diversity, inclusion, equity, democracy, participation, engagement, empowerment centralisation, power, misuse, elected, mayor, cabinet, councillors, sacked, delegate, authority, oversight, talented, ambitious, council, streetlights, refuse, collection, ward Mayors, centralisation, power, elected, misuse, cabinet, councillors, sacked, delegate, authority, reserve, talented, ambitious, council, oversight, broken, streetlights, refuse, collection, ward, stand, absence, do, circumstances Mayors, centralisation, power, elected, misuse, cabinet, councillors, sacked, delegate, authority, reserve, real, powers, talented, ambitious, council, oversight
test-science-ciidfaihwc-pro02a	The government here may legitimately limit ‘free speech’.  We already set boundaries on what constitutes ‘free speech’ within our society. For example, we often endorse a ‘balancing act’ [1] an individual may express their beliefs or opinions, but only up to the point where it does not impede the ‘protection of other human rights’ [2] – other peoples’ right not to be abused. In this case, if an individual expresses abuse towards another – especially racism - they may be deemed to be outside of the boundaries or free speech and can be punished for it. This motion is simply an extension of this principle; the kinds of sites which would be banned are those which perpetuate hatred or attack other groups in society, an so already fall outside of the protection of free speech. The harms that stem from these kinds of sites outweigh any potential harm from limiting speech in a small number of cases.  [1] Hera.org, ‘Freedom of Expression’, Human Rights Education Association,  on 09/09/11  [2] Hera.org, ‘Freedom of Expression’, Human Rights Education Association,  on 09/09/11 government, free speech, boundaries, society, balancing act, individual rights, protection, human rights, abuse, racism, punishment, hatred, attack, groups, harms, limiting speech, Hera.org, Freedom of Expression, Human Rights Education Association government, free speech, boundaries, society, balancing act, individual, beliefs, opinions, protection, human rights, abuse, racism, punishment, principle, sites, hatred, attack, groups, harms, limiting speech, potential harm, human rights education association, freedom of expression government, free speech, boundaries, society, balancing act, individual, beliefs, opinions, protection, human rights, abuse, racism, punishment, principle, websites, hatred, attack, groups, harms, limiting, speech, cases, Freedom of Expression, Human Rights Education Association government, free speech, boundaries, balancing act, protection of human rights, abuse, racism, banning websites, hatred, harm, limitation of speech, human rights education association Government, free speech, boundaries, society, balancing act, individual, beliefs, opinions, protection, human rights, abuse, racism, punishment, sites, perpetuate, hatred, attack, groups, harms, limiting, speech, cases, Hera.org, Freedom of Expression, Human Rights Education Association
test-international-epdlhfcefp-con02a	The previous arrangement of having two foreign policy centers (in the Commission and in the Council) was arguably inefficient, but consolidating these into a single office-holder has created more complexity and at significantly greater expense.  Creating a position of EU High Representative is not objectionable in itself. Previously the EU was in the ludicrous situation of having two foreign affairs spokesmen, one from the Council and the other from the Commission. Rivalry and duplication of efforts, staffs and resources results, and so focusing all the EU’s external affairs work around one person makes some sense. What it does not mean is that the High Representative should lead a drive for a stronger common foreign policy position. Only when member states agree (which may not be often) will he or she have a role. In fact, by weakening the foreign affairs role within the Commission, this development may actually limit the pretensions of Brussels to develop its own agenda and dictate foreign policy to the member states. EU, High Representative, foreign policy, Commission, Council, inefficiency, complexity, expense, duplication, rivalry,资源整合, member states, Brussels, agenda, foreign affairs, spokesman, common position, limitation foreign policy, EU High Representative, Commission, Council, inefficiency, consolidation, complexity, expense, duplication, rivalry, resources, common foreign policy, member states, Brussels, agenda, foreign affairs EU, foreign policy, Commission, Council, High Representative, consolidation, complexity, expense, duplication, rivalry, member states, common foreign policy, Brussels, agenda, external affairs EU, foreign policy, High Representative, Commission, Council, consolidation, complexity, expense, spokesmen, rivalry, duplication, member states, common position, Brussels, agenda, foreign affairs, external relations, institutional reform, diplomacy, EU governance, policy integration EU, foreign policy, Commission, Council, High Representative, consolidation, complexity, expense, duplication, rivalry, member states, common foreign policy, Brussels, agenda
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con04a	The novel crime of aggression leads to the prosecution of those seeking to protect human rights.  The likelihood of political prosecution is only augmented by the creation of the novel crime of 'aggression' under the Rome Statute. Any intervention in a State for the protection of human rights of some or all of its people might constitute a crime. The US or any NATO State could be prosecuted, at the request of the genocidaires, for successfully preventing genocide. Moreover, by a quirk of the drafting of the Statute, States that refuse to accept the jurisdiction of the ICC can nevertheless request the prosecution of individuals of other States for crimes alleged committed on its territory. Thus Milosevic could have demanded the investigation of NATO forces for the events of Operation Allied Force, but have precluded any investigation of the actions of the Bosnian Serb army on the same territory. crime of aggression, prosecution, human rights, political prosecution, Rome Statute, intervention, State, human rights protection, US, NATO, genocide, genocidaires, ICC jurisdiction, Milosevic, NATO forces, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army, investigation, jurisdiction refusal novel crime, aggression, prosecution, human rights, political prosecution, Rome Statute, intervention, State, protection, people, genocide, US, NATO, jurisdiction, ICC, quirk, drafting, Statute, refuse, request, investigation, individuals, crimes, territory, Milosevic, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army crime of aggression, prosecution, human rights, political prosecution, Rome Statute, intervention, state protection, genocide prevention, ICC jurisdiction, NATO, Milosevic, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army, international law, human rights violations, state sovereignty, legal paradox, genocide, war crimes, international criminal court, state referral, prosecution request, legal accountability, humanitarian intervention, international justice, legal implications, state consent, jurisdictional challenges, criminalization of intervention, legal drafting, state actions, international relations, legal framework, crime definition, legal enforcement, genocidaires, legal quirks, prosecution demand, territorial jurisdiction crime of aggression, prosecution, human rights, political prosecution, Rome Statute, intervention, State, protection of human rights, genocide, US, NATO, ICC jurisdiction, Milosevic, NATO forces, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army crime of aggression, prosecution, human rights, political prosecution, Rome Statute, intervention, State, human rights protection, genocide, US, NATO, ICC jurisdiction, Milosevic, NATO forces, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army
test-law-ralhrilglv-con04a	Just hold the trial by videolink  It has already been agreed that defendants can appear at the court by videolink [1] for parts of the trial. This is not problematic, unless the defendants want to start representing themselves.  Bearing in mind that Ruto and Kenyatta have been continuing to co-operate with the trial throughout the process, there is no reason to think that they would flee the international criminal court. Either way, if they change their mind, they could simply not travel to The Hague for the trial.  [1] Corder, Mike, “International court changes trial attendance rule”, The Wichita Eagle, November 28th 2013, videolink, trial, defendants, appearance, court, representing, themselves, Ruto, Kenyatta, co-operate, process, flee, international, criminal, court, Hague, travel, rule, change, mind, attendance, Wichita, Eagle, November, 2013 trial, videolink, defendants, appearance, co-operation, international, criminal, court, flee, Hague, travel, representation, self-representation, Corder, Mike, rule, attendance, change, mind, Wichita, Eagle, November, 2013 trial, videolink, defendants, court, representing, themselves, Ruto, Kenyatta, co-operate, international, criminal, court, flee, Hague, Corder, Mike, attendance, rule, Wichita, Eagle, November, 28th, 2013 trial, videolink, defendants, appearance, representing, themselves, co-operate, flee, international, criminal, court, Hague,attendance, rule, Wichita, Eagle videolink, trial, defendants, appearance, representing, themselves, co-operate, flee, international, criminal, court, travel, The Hague, rule, change
test-economy-thsptr-con02a	Progressive taxes place an unfair and disproportionate burden on the wealthy  The revenues the state acquires through taxation are used to pay for various services and benefices. Lower income individuals consume these services to a disproportionate degree. It is they who require income supplements and child benefits when they lack the wherewithal to provide for themselves, and they avail more readily than the wealthy of such things as public healthcare and transport services. There is thus clearly no correlation between the amount people pays in taxes and amount of benefits they receive from them. [1] The rich make less use of such services, often preferring to use of privately provided services, yet they are expected to pay a greater proportion of their wealth to the public services they do not use under a progressive system of taxation. As a matter of fairness it is only just that everyone contribute to the provision of public services equally, in accordance with their wherewithal to do so. Wealthier people thus can pay more units of wealth to the system than poor people justly, but when they are expected to pay a disproportionate percentage of wealth, through a system that levies contributions according to a progressive rather than proportional scale, they are being used unfairly and being stripped of their rightful possessions to the use of others.  [1] Mayer, David. “Wealthy Americans Deserve Real Tax Relief”. On Principle 7(5). 1999. Available: progressive taxes, wealth, unfair burden, state revenues, public services, lower income, consumption, benefits, income supplements, child benefits, public healthcare, transport services, correlation, tax payments, private services, proportional contribution, fairness, wealthier people, tax relief, rightful possessions, redistribution progressive taxes, unfair burden, wealth distribution, public services, benefits, lower income, child benefits, public healthcare, public transport, private services, tax fairness, proportional taxation, wealthier individuals, tax relief, economic justice, taxation systems, Mayer, On Principle, 1999 Progressive taxes, unfair burden, wealthy, state revenues, public services, lower income, income supplements, child benefits, public healthcare, transport services, tax fairness, private services, proportional contribution, wealth redistribution, tax relief, economic justice progressive taxes, unfair burden, wealthy, state revenues, public services, lower income, income supplements, child benefits, public healthcare, transport services, no correlation, tax contributions, fairness, equal contribution, rightful possessions, tax relief progressive taxes, unfair burden, wealthy, state revenues, public services, lower income individuals, income supplements, child benefits, public healthcare, public transport, tax contribution, proportional taxation, equity, wealth distribution, tax fairness, Mayer, Wealthy Americans, tax relief
test-philosophy-npegiepp-con04a	The international system is characterised by anarchy and the distribution of economic and military capabilities  Stanley Hoffman used a Neo-Realist view of International relations to build the theory of intergovernmentalism. In a neo-realist understanding the international system is characterised by anarchy and the distribution of economic and military capabilities is of primary importance. States will not trust each other but can still reach agreement, but the agreement will be characterised by bargaining and negotiation (not an automatic process!) ‘Nations prefer the certainty, or the self-controlled uncertainty, of national self-reliance, to the uncontrolled uncertainty of the untested blender’. [1]  [1] Wikipedia, ‘Intergovernmentalism’, en.wikipedia.org, international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, Neo-Realist, intergovernmentalism, states, trust, bargaining, negotiation, national self-reliance, uncontrolled uncertainty, international relations, theory, agreement, self-controlled uncertainty, untested blender, Wikipedia, Intergovernmentalism international system, anarchy, distribution, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, Neo-Realist, International relations, intergovernmentalism, states, trust, agreement, bargaining, negotiation, national self-reliance, uncertainty, uncontrolled uncertainty, untested blender international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, Neo-Realism, Intergovernmentalism, state trust, bargaining, negotiation, national self-reliance, uncontrolled uncertainty, international relations theory international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, Neo-Realist, International relations, intergovernmentalism, states, trust, agreement, bargaining, negotiation, national self-reliance, uncontrolled uncertainty, Wikipedia, Intergovernmentalism international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, Neo-Realist, International Relations, intergovernmentalism, state trust, bargaining, negotiation, national self-reliance, uncontrolled uncertainty
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro05a	Public acknowledgement of the right to nuclear deterrence will benefit the public regulation of nuclear weapons generally  When nuclear deterrence is an acknowledged right of states, they will necessarily be less concealing of their capability, as the deterrent effect works only because it is visible and widely known. Knowledge of states’ nuclear capability allows greater regulation and cooperation in development of nuclear programs from developed countries with more advanced nuclear programs. [1] Developed countries can help construct and maintain the nuclear weapons of other countries, helping to guarantee the safety protocols of countries’ programs are suitably robust. This will cause a diminution in clandestine nuclear weapons programs, and will reduce the chances of weapons-grade material falling into the hands of terrorists. Thus, greater openness and freedom in the development of nuclear weapons will increase the security of nuclear stockpiles.  [1] Sagan, Scott D. 1993. The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons. Princeton: Princeton University Press. nuclear deterrence, public regulation, nuclear weapons, state rights, nuclear capability, visibility, international cooperation, developed countries, nuclear programs, safety protocols, clandestine programs, terrorists, security, nuclear stockpiles, Scott D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety public acknowledgement, nuclear deterrence, right, regulation, nuclear weapons, visibility, capability, deterrent effect, greater regulation, cooperation, developed countries, advanced nuclear programs, safety protocols, clandestine programs, weapons-grade material, terrorists, openness, freedom, development, security, nuclear stockpiles, Sagan, Scott D., The Limits of Safety, organizations, accidents, Princeton University Press nuclear deterrence, public regulation, nuclear weapons, state rights, nuclear capability, visibility, international cooperation, nuclear program development, safety protocols, clandestine programs, terrorism, nuclear security, Scott D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety Public acknowledgement, nuclear deterrence, right, public regulation, nuclear weapons, visibility, capability, greater regulation, cooperation, nuclear programs, developed countries, advanced nuclear programs, construction, maintenance, safety protocols, clandestine nuclear programs, reduction, weapons-grade material, terrorism, openness, freedom, security, nuclear stockpiles, Sagan, Scott D, The Limits of Safety, Organizations, Accidents, Nuclear Weapons, Princeton University Press nuclear deterrence, public regulation, nuclear weapons, state rights, nuclear capability, visibility, security, clandestine programs, nuclear safety, international cooperation, terrorist threats, nuclear stockpiles, Scott D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety, nuclear accidents, organizational safety, weapons-grade material
test-politics-ypppdghwid-pro03a	"Promoting democracy promotes peace.  By most accounts, there has not been a war between two democracies in the past 200 years. Immanuel Kant argued in Perpetual Peace (1795) that a) democratic governments are more constrained by their people's opposition to war and b) that a democratic culture of negotiation, as well as the checks and balances inherent in such a system, make war less likely. Thus by promoting democracy through imposing it, we increase the chance of a peaceful world. Furthermore, terrorism may be less likely to arise in democratic countries, where people are allowed to air their views and human rights norms prevent feelings of marginalization. This is good for human rights worldwide, including the rights and safety of individuals in our own country.1  1 ""Do Democracies Fight Each Other?"" BBC. democracy, peace, war, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, 1795, checks and balances, negotiation, terrorism, human rights, marginalization, democratic countries, safety, BBC, democracies, fight, international relations, political science, governance, civic engagement, freedom of speech, security studies, conflict prevention, global stability, humanitarian norms, political philosophy, state sovereignty, public opinion, legislative constraints, executive power, judicial oversight, rule of law, civil liberties, political participation, social contract, international law, peacebuilding, nonviolent conflict resolution, democratic peace theory, empirical evidence, historical analysis, political democracy, peace, war, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, democratic governments, people's opposition, war likelihood, democratic culture, negotiation, checks and balances, promoting democracy, peaceful world, terrorism, democratic countries, human rights, marginalization, human rights norms, rights, safety, BBC, democracies, fight, each other democracy, peace, war, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, 1795, democratic governments, people's opposition, war, democratic culture, negotiation, checks and balances, promoting democracy, peaceful world, terrorism, human rights, marginalization, human rights norms, rights, safety, Do Democracies Fight Each Other, BBC democracy, peace, war, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, democratic governments, people's opposition, negotiation, checks and balances, promoting democracy, peaceful world, terrorism, human rights, marginalization, human rights norms, individual safety, democracies fight, BBC democracy, peace, war, democracies, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, democratic governments, people's opposition, war likelihood, promoting democracy, peaceful world, terrorism, democratic countries, human rights, marginalization, human rights norms, safety, individuals, BBC, democracies fight, international relations, governance, political science, conflict prevention, democratic peace theory"
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-con02a	The bidding process is too long, tying up funds and land  The bidding process takes too long. Bidding officially takes only two years (unless a city fails to make the shortlist), but most cities spend nearly a decade working on their bids. Obviously the bidding process costs money but it also ties up the land needed for any future Olympic Village or stadia from being developed until the bid outcome is known, as well as diverting government funds away from other sporting events and activities. Furthermore, the way the IOC works with each member deciding which city they wish to vote for means that personal relationships and international tension can count for more than the quality of the bid. For example, American foreign policy is thought to be disadvantaging New York in the 2012 bidding process. Given that the Olympics are 'rotated' between continents, if a city fails to be selected it will be 12 years before it has another chance. bidding process, long duration, funds, land, Olympic Village, stadia, government funds, sporting events, IOC, member voting, personal relationships, international tension, bid quality, American foreign policy, New York, 2012 bidding, continental rotation, city selection, disadvantage, chance, future opportunity bidding process, long duration, funds, land, undeveloped, government funds, sporting events, IOC, personal relationships, international tension, New York, 2012 bidding, Olympic rotation, continent, disadvantage, American foreign policy bidding process, long duration, funds tied up, land development restriction, government fund diversion, IOC voting system, personal relationships, international tensions, bid quality, Olympic rotation, city selection, New York 2012 bid, American foreign policy impact bidding process, long duration, funds allocation, land development, Olympic Village, stadia construction, IOC decision-making, personal relationships, international tensions, bid quality, American foreign policy, New York 2012 bid, continent rotation, selection opportunities bidding process, long duration, funds tied up, land development, government funds, sporting events, IOC, member voting, personal relationships, international tensions, bid quality, Olympics rotation, continent, New York, 2012 bid, American foreign policy
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro03a	The right to individual self determination is a fundamental human right, equal to that of life itself  It is a fundamental principle of the human being is that every human is born autonomous. Therefore, we believe that every person has a right to his or her own body and is thus competent to make decisions about it. This is because we recognise that whatever decisions we might make about our bodies, stem from the knowledge that we have about our own preferences. Nobody can tell us how to value different goods and therefore what matters to one person might matter less to another. If we were to undermine this right, nobody would be able to live their life to its fullest as they would be living their life to someone else’s fullest. The extension of this right is that if someone values another person’s life over their own it is their informed decision to sacrifice themselves for that person. It is not for others to decide, and in particular not for the State. self-determination, fundamental-human-right, autonomy, personal-body-rights, decision-making, individual-preferences, personal-values, life-fulfillment, informed-decision, state-non-interference self-determination, human-rights, autonomy, bodily-integrity, personal-choice, informed-decision, state-interference, individual-liberty, moral-agency, personal-values, self-sacrifice, legal-autonomy, intrinsic-worth, existential-freedom self-determination, human-rights, autonomy, bodily-integrity, personal-freedom, informed-decision, state-interference, individual-choice, life-preference, self-sacrifice self-determination, human-right, autonomy, bodily-integrity, personal-choice, informed-decision, state-interference, individual-freedom, life-preference, self-sacrifice self-determination, fundamental-human-right, autonomy, personal-body-rights, decision-making, individual-preferences, value-judgments, personal-liberty, state-non-interference, informed-decision-making, self-sacrifice, personal-values, human-dignity, individual-rights, bodily-integrity, personal-freedom, self-fulfillment, external-control, human-principles, legal-autonomy
test-international-epvhwhranet-con03a	Referendums are more about PR than politics.  Referendum votes always end up being about something other than the issue on the ballot paper. In many referendum campaigns the real issue becomes one of confidence in the government of the day and its management of the economy, law and order, public scandals, etc. So when people vote they are expressing their unhappiness at their national government rather than making a considered judgment about the future of the EU. This is exactly what happened in the French and Dutch votes on the EU Constitution in 2005. When asked what influenced their decision, most voters said that they disliked aspects of EU enlargement, especially the arrival of Eastern European workers who might take local jobs, and the proposed entry negotiations with Turkey – but none of this was anything to do with the Constitution [1]. Furthermore a referendum would be pray to media distortion, which could have swayed the votes with biased coverage. Referendums are too often about government confidence rather than the issue at hand, people may have voted to express other grievances with their current government and not the future of the EU.  [1] The Further Enlargement of the EU: threat or opportunity?’ House of Lords European Union Committee (23 November 2006) viewed on 13 June 2011  , p.10 Referendums, PR, politics, ballot, government confidence, economy, law and order, public scandals, EU, French vote, Dutch vote, EU Constitution, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, Turkey entry, media distortion, biased coverage, grievances, current government, EU future referendums, PR, politics, ballot, government confidence, economy, law and order, public scandals, voter decision, unhappiness, national government, EU, French vote, Dutch vote, EU Constitution, 2005, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, Turkey entry, media distortion, biased coverage, grievances, current government, EU future referendums, PR, politics, ballot, government confidence, economy, law and order, public scandals, EU, French vote, Dutch vote, EU Constitution, 2005, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, Turkey entry, media distortion, biased coverage, voter grievances, current government, EU future referendums, PR, politics, voter behavior, government confidence, economy, law and order, public scandals, EU Constitution, French vote, Dutch vote, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, Turkey entry, media distortion, voter influence, government dissatisfaction, EU future, referendum issues, political grievance expression referendums, PR, politics, voter behavior, government confidence, economy, law and order, public scandals, EU Constitution, French vote, Dutch vote, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, Turkey entry, media distortion, voter influence, political grievances, EU future
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro02a	Protection of Minors  We need to protect minors (those under the age of majority) from exposure to obscene, offensive or potentially damaging materials. While this would be a restriction on the freedom of speech it should be something that the government is responsible for and we would all agree needs some kind of restriction or regulation. protection, minors, age, majority, exposure, obscene, offensive, damaging, materials, freedom, speech, government, responsibility, restriction, regulation Protection, Minors, Age, Majority, Exposure, Obscene, Offensive, Damaging, Materials, Freedom, Speech, Government, Responsibility, Restriction, Regulation Protection of Minors, minors, age of majority, obscene materials, offensive materials, potentially damaging materials, freedom of speech, government responsibility, restriction, regulation Protection of Minors, Child Safety, Freedom of Speech, Government Responsibility, Regulation, censorship, minors' rights, online safety, age-appropriate content, obscenity laws, youth protection policies protection, minors, age, majority, exposure, obscene, offensive, damaging, materials, restriction, freedom, speech, government, responsibility, regulation, censorship, child, safety, online, content, policy, youth, legislation
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-pro02a	The House of Lords has an inbuilt conservative majority.  The traditional provenance of the House of Lords translates to an in-built Conservative majority. Even so called Liberal and Labour peers are usually conservative in their opinions. They represent a social and economic elite and seem to flaunt diversity monitoring in a house with only 181 female peers and a staggeringly low 31 peers from ethnic minorities. [1] This unfair skew in the favour of the conservative has the power to slow down and revise legislation and is a gross misrepresentation of the British population. The House of Lords should be reformed in order to better reflect the British people so that their actions and decisions benefit the whole of society and not just their own.  [1] Smith, Ben, ‘Ethnic Minorities in Politics, Government and Public Life’, House of Commons Library (18 November 2008) and see  viewed 1 June 2011 House of Lords, Conservative majority, Liberal peers, Labour peers, social elite, economic elite, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minorities, legislation revision, British population, political reform, social representation, economic representation, Ben Smith, House of Commons Library, ethnic minorities in politics, government and public life House of Lords, Conservative majority, Liberal peers, Labour peers, social elite, economic elite, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minorities, legislation, British population, reform, representation, public life, political diversity, social representation, economic representation, parliamentary reform, gender representation, ethnic representation House of Lords, Conservative majority, Liberal peers, Labour peers, social elite, economic elite, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minorities, legislation revision, misrepresentation, British population, reform, social reflection, public benefit House of Lords, Conservative majority, Liberal peers, Labour peers, social elite, economic elite, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minorities, legislation revision, British population, political reform, social representation, economic representation, minority representation, Ben Smith, House of Commons Library, political diversity, public life, government diversity House of Lords, Conservative majority, Liberal peers, Labour peers, social elite, economic elite, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minorities, legislation, British population, House of Lords reform, representation, Ben Smith, Ethnic Minorities in Politics, Government and Public Life, House of Commons Library
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-con03a	Universities should exchange ideas not impose them  Of all possible institutions, for a university to suggest that it is not open to defending its ideas rather than insisting that they be artificially imported seems counter-intuitive. As Asian and European intellectual traditions increasingly interact as a result of economic interaction there are going to be clashes between and attempts to integrate the Confucian and Socratic approaches [i] . Part of that is the relationship between academia and the state. Western institutions seeking to establish themselves as a presence in Asia should at least be open to the idea that a different approach may have something to offer. After all a willingness to accept new ideas and attitudes is key to the ethic of any university – the assumption that such an exchange would only flow in one direction is astonishingly arrogant.  [i] This is true at every level, including simple things such as the approach taken by students to their studies. Inevitably, universities have responded to these in different ways in the two traditions.  Paton, Michael, ‘Asian Students, Critical Thinking and English as an Academic Lingua Franca’, Analytic teaching and philosophical praxis, Vol.32, No.1, pp.27-39 p.28 universities, exchange, ideas, impose, open, defend, Confucian, Socratic, approaches, academia, state, Western, institutions, Asia, new, attitudes, critical, thinking, English, academic, lingua franca, students, studies, Paton, Michael, Analytic, teaching, philosophical, praxis universities, exchange ideas, impose ideas, academic freedom, Confucian, Socratic, intellectual traditions, academic state relationship, cultural integration, critical thinking, academic lingua franca, asian students, western institutions, academic traditions, educational approaches, intellectual exchange, academic arrogance, pedagogical methods universities, exchange ideas, impose ideas, academic freedom, Confucian, Socratic, intellectual traditions, economic interaction, academia, state, Western institutions, Asian presence, new ideas, academic ethic, critical thinking, English, academic lingua franca, student approaches, cultural integration, academic traditions universities, exchange, ideas, impose, academic, freedom, Asian, European, intellectual, traditions, Confucian, Socratic, academia, state, Western, institutions, presence, Asia, new, attitudes, critical, thinking, English, academic, lingua, franca, students, studies, Paton, Michael, Analytic, teaching, philosophical, praxis universities, exchange, ideas, impose, academic, freedom, Confucian, Socratic, traditions, integration, cultural, interaction, academia, state, Western, institutions, Asia, critical, thinking, English, lingua franca, students, studies, Paton, Michael, analytic, teaching, philosophical, praxis
test-economy-egiahbwaka-pro02a	Women provide a platform for economic development  Where women in Africa are treated more as equals and are being given political power there are benefits for the economy. Africa is already surging economically with 6 out of the world’s ten fastest growing economies in the past decade being a part of sub-Saharan Africa [1] .  While some of the fastest growing economies are simply as a result of natural resource exploitation some are also countries that have given much more influence to women. 56% of Rwanda’s parliamentarians are women. The country’s economy is growing; its poverty rate has dropped from 59% to 45% in 2011 and economic growth is expected to reach up to 10% by 2018. Women become the driving force of the socio-economic development after the 1994 genocide with many taking on leadership roles in their communities. [2]  In Liberia, since Ellen Johnson Sirleaf took the presidency seat on January 2006, notable reforms have been implemented in the country to boot the economy, and with visible results. Liberia’s GDP has grown from 4.6% in 2009 to 7.7% by the end of 2013.  Men in Africa on the other hand have often lead their countries into war, conflict, discord, and the resulting slower economic growth. Men fight leaving women behind to tend the household and care for the family. Giving women a greater voice helps encourage longer term thinking and discourages conflict, one of the main reasons for Africa’s plight in the second half of the 20th century. The feminisation of politics has been identified by Stephen Pinker as one of the causes for a decline in conflict. [3] When peace brings economic growth women will deserve an outsize share of the credit.  [1] Baobab, ‘Growth and other things’, The Economist, May 1st 2013   [2] Izabiliza, Jeanne, ‘The role of women in reconstruction: Experience of Rwanda’, UNESCO,   [3] Pinker, S., The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, 2011 women, economic development, Africa, political power, equality, sub-Saharan Africa, natural resources, Rwanda, parliamentarians, poverty rate, genocide, leadership, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, GDP, men, war, conflict, long-term thinking, feminisation of politics, peace, Stephen Pinker, violence decline Women, economic development, Africa, political power, equality, sub-Saharan Africa, natural resources, Rwanda, parliamentarians, poverty reduction, socio-economic development, genocide, leadership, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, GDP growth, reforms, war, conflict, peace, feminisation of politics, Stephen Pinker, violence decline women, economic development, Africa, political power, sub-Saharan Africa, natural resources, Rwanda, parliamentarians, poverty, genocide, leadership, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, GDP, men, conflict, feminisation, politics, peace, Stephen Pinker, violence declination women, economic development, Africa, political power, sub-Saharan Africa, natural resources, Rwanda, parliamentarians, poverty rate, genocide, leadership, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, GDP, conflict, Stephen Pinker, feminisation of politics, peace, socioeconomic development women, economic development, Africa, political power, equality, sub-Saharan Africa, natural resources, Rwanda, parliamentarians, poverty reduction, genocide, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, GDP growth, conflict, peace, feminisation of politics, Stephen Pinker, violence decline
test-education-egtuscpih-con03a	Online courses undermine live communication with professors and other students  Online courses impair live communication between students and professors and among students. For instance, Coursera professors ask students not to email them because due to high numbers of students taking the course meaning they cannot reply [22]. Moreover, due to pre-recorded lectures, there is no option of asking professors questions. There are no live class discussions. Sure students could email each other, but it is more difficult to freely communicate with people you do not know and never met. It is also difficult to imagine that, given their numbers, students could get personal feedback on their progress from professors themselves, and not, say, teaching assistants (as Coursera does) or even from computers. Lack of personal feedback and engagement with professors and other students in discussions of the material decreases the quality of education. online courses, live communication, professors, students, Coursera, email, pre-recorded lectures, class discussions, personal feedback, teaching assistants, education quality, engagement, virtual learning, student interaction, academic performance online courses, live communication, professors, students, Coursera, email, pre-recorded lectures, questions, live discussions, personal feedback, teaching assistants, computers, engagement, education quality online courses, live communication, professors, students, Coursera, email, pre-recorded lectures, class discussions, personal feedback, teaching assistants, education quality, engagement, interpersonal interaction, remote learning, academic feedback, student-professor relationship, peer interaction, virtual classrooms, educational technology, learning experience online courses, live communication, professors, students, Coursera, email, pre-recorded lectures, questions, live class discussions, personal feedback, teaching assistants, computers, education quality, engagement, material discussion online courses, live communication, professors, students, Coursera, email, pre-recorded lectures, live discussions, personal feedback, teaching assistants, education quality, engagement, interaction, student communication, professor availability
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro02a	Profit margins are too small  A major problem for Tunisia’s tourism sector is the small profit margin. The industry’s main targets are European, middle class income visitors on package holidays to sea-side resorts. This has resulted in a low per-capita spending rate as food, drink and travel are all usually included in sea-side holiday resorts. Average per-capita spending for tourists in Tunisia amounted to around $385 in 2012 which is low when compared to Egypt’s $890 and Greece’s $10001. This reliance on a low-profit niche in the tourism industry is a systematic flaw which will not provide the economic growth which the country needs.  1) Achy,L. ‘The Tourism Crisis in Tunisia Goes Beyond Security Issues’, Al Monitor, 26 June 2012 profit margins, Tunisia, tourism sector, European visitors, middle class, package holidays, seaside resorts, per-capita spending, low-income tourism, economic growth, tourism crisis, security issues, Achy, Al Monitor profit margins, Tunisia, tourism sector, European visitors, middle class income, package holidays, sea-side resorts, low per-capita spending, food, drink, travel, economic growth, tourism crisis, security issues, Achy, Al Monitor profit margins, Tunisia, tourism sector, European visitors, middle class, package holidays, seaside resorts, low per-capita spending, food, drink, travel, economic growth, systematic flaw, tourism crisis, security issues, Al Monitor profit margins, Tunisia, tourism sector, European visitors, middle class, package holidays, sea-side resorts, low per-capita spending, food, drink, travel, economic growth, systematic flaw, tourism crisis, security issues, Al Monitor profit margins, Tunisia, tourism sector, European visitors, middle class, package holidays, sea-side resorts, low per-capita spending, food, drink, travel, 2012, economic growth, tourism crisis, security issues, Al Monitor, Achy L.
test-philosophy-elhbrd-con04a	"The death of one individual has implications for others, which by definition, do not affect the suicide herself.  Even setting aside the religious concerns of many in this situation [i] , there are solid secular reasons for accepting the sanctity of life. First among them is the impact it has on the survivors. The relative who does not want a loved one to take their own life, or to die in the case of euthanasia. It is simply untrue that others are not affect by the death of the individual – someone needs to support that person emotionally and someone has to administer the injection. Because of the ties of love involved for relatives, they are, in effect, left with no choice but to agree regardless of their own views, the law should respect their position as well.  It further gives protection to doctors and others who would be involved in the procedure. Campaigners are keen to stress that doctors should be involved in the process whilst ignoring that, pretty much whenever they’re asked doctors say they have no desire to have any part of it [ii] . Indeed it would be against the Hippocratic oath which while it is no longer always taken still sums up the duties of a doctor which includes doing no harm and includes ""And I will not give a drug that is deadly to anyone if asked, nor will I suggest the way to such a counsel."" So ruling out euthanasia. [iii] Presumably, the very case that is so keen on the voluntary principle would also observe this compelling rejection by a group critical to the plan.  [i] Joint letter to the Telegraph. The terminally ill need care and protection – not help in committing suicide. The Most Rev Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury. The Most Rev Vincent Nichols, Archbishop of Westminster. Sir Jonathan Sacks, Chief Rabbi.  [ii] Ella Pickover. Doctors Reject Assisted Suicide. The Independent. 28 June 2012 .  [iii] Sokol, Dr Daniel, ‘A guide to the Hippocratic Oath’, BBC News, 26 October 2008 , death, individual, implications, suicide, euthanasia, religious, secular, sanctity, life, survivors, relatives, emotional, impact, administration, injection, choice, views, law, protection, doctors, involvment, Hippocratic, oath, harm, deadly, drugs, voluntary, principle, rejection, terminally, ill, care, protection, assisted, Ella, Pickover, Daniel, Sokol, BBC, news, October, 2008, June, 2012, Archbishop, Canterbury, Westminster, Chief, Rabbi, Telegraph, Jonathan, Sacks, Vincent, Nichols, Rowan death, implications, suicide, euthanasia, survivors, emotional, support, relatives, choice, law, doctors, Hippocratic, oath, voluntary, principle, terminally, ill, care, protection, assisted, rejection, terminally-ill, religious, secular, sanctity, life, campaign, involvement, duties, harm, voluntary, principle, compelling, rejection, critical, plan, religious, concerns, solid, secular, reasons, impact, loved, injection, ties, love, position, protection, doctors, procedure, involved, stress, desire, part, oath, duties, doctors, harm, Hippocratic, euth death, individual, implications, others, suicide, religious, secular, sanctity, life, impact, survivors, relatives, emotional, support, euthanasia, legal, protection, doctors, Hippocratic, oath, duties, harm, assisted, rejection, terminally, ill, care, protection, voluntary, principle, rejection, critical, plan death, individual, implications, others, suicide, euthanasia, secular, sanctity, life, impact, survivors, relatives, choice, law, protection, doctors, involvement, Hippocratic, oath, voluntary, principle, rejection, care, protection, assisted, Independent, BBC, news death, individual, implications, others, suicide, religious, secular, sanctity, life, impact, survivors, relatives, euthanasia, choice, law, doctors, procedure, Hippocratic, oath, voluntary, principle, terminally, ill, care, protection, assisted, rejection, BBC, Independent, Telegraph, Archbishop, Rabbi"
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro05a	Western societies are secularly focused  Many societies are founded on secular values that do not permit the sponsorship of any religion by the state. British society aspires to this and has consciously acted to separate religion from state authority with many organisations such as the National Secular Society encouraging the suppression of any religious expression in public places.1 In this climate it is important that all citizens of the state are seen as equal. If some dress differently to others, deliberately identifying themselves as members of one religion, this can harm the unity and ethos of the state. This holds particularly true for institutions of the state like schools and government offices. In this way, it is possible to deduce that religious symbols are detrimental to the secular and equality focused identity of Western society.  1 'UK: One Law for all and the National Secular Society Back Bill that Aims to Curb Sharia Courts', 11th June 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship, religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, unity, state institutions, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Sharia courts, UK law Western societies, secular values, state-religion separation, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizens equality, religious dress, unity, state institutions, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Sharia courts Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship, religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, state unity, school institutions, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality focus, UK law, Sharia courts Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship, religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, state unity, secular identity, equality, religious symbols, Western identity, Sharia courts, law, UK Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship of religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, state institutions, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Sharia courts, one law for all
test-economy-thsptr-con03a	The ability to orchestrate a progressive taxation regime gives undue and dangerous power to the state  The power to tax is power to destroy. A state with power over a progressive taxation system can put the wealthy in effective thrall, and use them to benefit its own ends. This is exacerbated by such phenomena as the tyranny of the majority which can lead the majority of less wealthy and have-nots to demand more and more services and paying for them by inflicting ever more onerous taxes on the wealthy while diminishing their own burdens. Furthermore, so long as the tax burden is disproportionately leveled on the few, no one can see the growing size of the state. [1] With flat or regressive consumption tax everyone can feel the growth of the state. They can also understand the costs associated with it, driving them to have more realistic preferences and to make more rational demands of the state rather than treating the rich as a perpetual piggy bank.  [1] Dorn, James. “Ending Tax Socialism”. Cato Institute. 1996. Available: progressive taxation, state power, taxation authority, wealth redistribution, tyranny of majority, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, tax burden, state growth, public preference, rational demand, rich as piggy bank, Dorn, Cato Institute, tax socialism progressive taxation, state power, power to tax, power to destroy, wealth distribution, tyranny of the majority, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, tax burden, state growth, realistic preferences, rational demands, tax socialism, Cato Institute progressive taxation, state power, power to tax, power to destroy, wealthy, state control, tyranny of the majority, less wealthy, have-nots, state services, tax burden, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, state growth, public awareness, cost awareness, realistic preferences, rational demands, tax socialism, Cato Institute progressive taxation, state power, tax to destroy, wealth redistribution, tyranny of majority, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, tax burden, state growth, realistic preferences, rational demands, tax socialism, perpetual piggy bank, james dorn, cato institute progressive taxation, state power, tyranny of majority, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, tax burden, wealthy, less wealthy, state growth, rational demands, tax socialism, Cato Institute
test-economy-bepighbdb-con04a	Democratic rule of law is the best ground for political stability and growth  In order for a society to develop economically, it needs a stable political framework and dictatorships are often less stable. A dictator will have to prioritize the retention of power. As repression is inevitable, a dictator will not necessarily be entirely popular. There will regularly be a doubt about the future and sustainability of a dictatorship. Bearing in mind the messy collapses of some dictatorships, a democracy may be a more stable form of government over the long term [1] .  Only democracies can create a stable legal framework. The rule of law ensures all of society has access to justice and the government acts within the law. Free and fair elections act as a bulwark against social unrest and violence. Economic freedoms and human rights protection also have positive effects on economies. Private property rights, for example, encourage productivity and innovation so that one has control of the fruits of their labour.  It has been argued by Acemolgu and Robinson in their book Why Nations Fail? The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty that inclusive political institutions and pluralistic systems that protect individual rights are necessary preconditions for economic development [2] . If these political institutions exist then the economic institutions necessary for growth will be created, as a result economic growth will be more likely.  [1] See for example the work of Huntington, S, P., (1991), The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century, University of Oklahoma Press,   [2] Acemolgu, D., and Robinson, J. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. London: Profile Books. democratic rule of law, political stability, economic growth, stable political framework, dictatorships, stability, power retention, repression, popularity, future sustainability, dictatorship collapses, democracy, stable legal framework, justice, government accountability, free and fair elections, social unrest, violence, economic freedoms, human rights protection, private property rights, productivity, innovation, Acemolgu, Robinson, Why Nations Fail, inclusive political institutions, pluralistic systems, individual rights, economic development, economic institutions, growth, democratization, Huntington, The Third Wave Democratic, rule of law, political stability, economic growth, stable political framework, dictatorships, stability, dictatorship, power retention, repression, popularity, future sustainability, dictatorship collapse, democracy, stable legal framework, free and fair elections, social unrest, violence, economic freedoms, human rights, positive economic effects, private property rights, productivity, innovation, Acemolgu, Robinson, Why Nations Fail, inclusive political institutions, pluralistic systems, individual rights, economic development, economic institutions, Huntington, The third wave, democratization democratic rule of law, political stability, economic growth, stable political framework, dictatorships instability, power retention, repression, social unrest, democracy stability, legal framework, justice access, government accountability, free and fair elections, economic freedoms, human rights protection, private property rights, productivity, innovation, inclusive political institutions, pluralistic systems, individual rights, economic development, economic institutions, Why Nations Fail, Acemolgu, Robinson, Huntington, democratization, third wave democratic rule of law, political stability, economic growth, stable political framework, dictatorships instability, power retention, repression, social unrest, violence, sustainable governance, legal framework, justice access, government accountability, free elections, economic freedoms, human rights protection, private property rights, productivity, innovation, inclusive political institutions, pluralistic systems, individual rights, economic development, economic institutions, democratic governance, Huntington, Acemolgu, Robinson, Why Nations Fail, The Third Wave, democratization, twentieth century, political institutions, prosperity, poverty, power democratic rule of law, political stability, economic growth, stable political framework, dictatorships instability, power retention, repression, social unrest, long-term stability, stable legal framework, access to justice, free and fair elections, economic freedoms, human rights protection, private property rights, productivity, innovation, inclusive political institutions, pluralistic systems, individual rights, economic development, economic institutions, Acemolgu, Robinson, Why Nations Fail, Huntington, The third wave, democratization
test-international-ehbfe-pro01a	"A federal Europe will benefit the citizens of its member states  A federal Europe would build upon the success of the EU and its predecessors in taming the nationalism that caused so much conflict in the twentieth century. The EU is drawing nearer to realising the vision of its founders for an “ever-closer union”. Despite the EU’s relative success in this regard, while national governments still exist they will regard policy-making within Europe as a competitive business, abusing vetoes and damaging the potential prosperity of all of Europe’s citizens. Such is the case with Britain's veto over the carbon tax, which the EU wants to implement - “The British government is ""highly likely"" to block European Commission proposals for a carbon tax contained in a widely-circulated draft version of the Energy Taxation Directive, EU diplomatic sources said yesterday”. [1]  A federal European state can build on the shared history and culture of its members to further the common good, while accommodating regional differences.  [1] EurActiv.com, ‘Britain set to veto EU carbon tax plans’ federal Europe, citizens, member states, EU, nationalism, conflict, twentieth century, ever-closer union, national governments, policy-making, competition, vetoes, prosperity, Britain, carbon tax, Energy Taxation Directive, shared history, culture, common good, regional differences federal Europe, citizens, member states, EU success, nationalism, conflict, twentieth century, ever-closer union, national governments, policy-making, competition, vetoes, prosperity, Britain veto, carbon tax, Energy Taxation Directive, shared history, culture, common good, regional differences federal Europe, citizens, member states, European Union, EU, nationalism, conflict, twentieth century, ever-closer union, national governments, policy-making, competition, vetoes, prosperity, Britain, carbon tax, Energy Taxation Directive, shared history, culture, common good, regional differences federal Europe, citizens, member states, EU success, nationalism, twentieth century conflict, ever-closer union, national governments, policy-making, competition, vetoes, prosperity, Britain veto, carbon tax, Energy Taxation Directive, shared history, culture, common good, regional differences federal Europe, citizens, member states, EU success, taming nationalism, conflict, twentieth century, ever-closer union, national governments, policy-making, competitive, vetoes, prosperity, Britain veto, carbon tax, Energy Taxation Directive, shared history, culture, common good, regional differences"
test-science-dssghsdmd-con01a	Mutually Assured Destruction breaks down when national missile defense systems are introduced, destabilizing world security:  Nuclear weapons create stability, as described in the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). Countries with nuclear weapons have no incentive to engage in open military conflict with one another; all recognize that they will suffer destruction if they choose the path of war (Waltz, 1981). If countries have nuclear weapons, fighting simply becomes too costly. This serves to defuse conflicts, and reduce the likelihood of the outbreak of war. When states have nuclear weapons they cannot fight, making the world a more peaceful place. Furthermore, armed with a nuclear deterrent, all states become equal in terms of ability to do harm to one another (Jervis, 2001). If a large state attempts to intimidate or to invade a smaller neighbor, it will be unable to effectively subdue it, since the small state will have the power to seriously injure, or even destroy, the would-be invader with a few well-placed nuclear missiles (Mearsheimer, 1993). The dynamics created by MAD are entirely lost when national missile defense systems are brought into the equation. Anti-ballistic missile missiles effectively eliminate the surety of MAD; it becomes a gamble of whether one’s nuclear arsenal will be able to penetrate the missile shield of the enemy. This increases the chance of a nuclear war, since an aggressor state can count on its missile shield to deflect the second-strike attempted by its opponent. Furthermore, in the case where both states in a conflict have missile defense arrays, as will likely occur as the technology is disseminated, the outbreak of war is also more likely, since each will try to race the other to the ability to counter each other’s offensive and defensive missiles. Clearly, the technology will only destabilize world relations, not offer greater security. Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, nuclear weapons, stability, world security, national missile defense systems, anti-ballistic missile, missile shield, nuclear arsenal, second-strike, conflict, war, Waltz, Jervis, Mearsheimer, deterrence, disarmament, international relations, defense technology, military strategy, global security, arms race, technological dissemination, deterrence theory, nuclear deterrence, missile defense, strategic stability, security dilemma, Cold War, nuclear strategy, international security, peace, conflict resolution, offense-defense balance, missile technology, nuclear policy, geopolitical stability, arms control, nuclear proliferation, security studies, Mutually Assured Destruction, national missile defense, nuclear weapons, world security, stability, military conflict, nuclear deterrence, anti-ballistic missile, missile shield, second-strike, defensive missiles, offensive missiles, global relations, security destabilization Mutually Assured Destruction, national missile defense, nuclear weapons, world security, nuclear deterrence, anti-ballistic missile, missile shield, nuclear war, global stability, military conflict, Waltz, Jervis, Mearsheimer, second-strike capability, offensive missiles, defensive missiles, technological dissemination, security dynamics, international relations, peace creation, conflict defusion, state equality, deterrence theory, strategic stability, disarmament, arms race, security dilemma, international security, nuclear strategy, defense systems, aggression deterrence, missile technology, strategic defense, geopolitical stability, nuclear proliferation, defense strategy, military technology, strategic balance, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, national missile defense systems, nuclear weapons, world security, nuclear stability, military conflict, nuclear deterrence, anti-ballistic missile, missile shield, nuclear arsenal, second-strike, missile defense arrays, offensive missiles, defensive missiles, world relations, security, international relations, nuclear war, Waltz, Jervis, Mearsheimer Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, nuclear weapons, stability, world security, national missile defense systems, anti-ballistic missile, missile shield, second-strike, conflict, deterrence, military conflict, nuclear deterrence, world peace, state equality, aggression, technology dissemination, defensive missiles, offensive missiles, war likelihood, destabilization, Waltz, Jervis, Mearsheimer
test-politics-ypppdghwid-pro04a	"Because democracy is the best form of government, it is not wrong-- and indeed may even be our obligation-- to bring it to those who do not have it.  Democratic regimes are the best form of government, and it is our obligation to try and provide that to others. Democracy is the only form of government which upholds the value of political self-determination: that each individual has a right to form his/her government, and to vote out governments s/he does not like. To deny this right is to deny the inherent worth and freedom of the individual. Political autonomy also has instrumental value insofar as it allows individuals to check abusive governments which may seek to violate other human rights. Thus it is certainly not wrong -- and may even be our humanitarian obligation -- to bring democracy to those who do not have it, just as we would intervene in other situations in which serious rights were being abused1.  1 Fish, Stanley. ""Why Democracy?"" The New York Times. democracy, best form of government, obligation, political self-determination, individual rights, political autonomy, humanitarian obligation, human rights, abusive governments, intervention, Stanley Fish, The New York Times democracy, best form of government, obligation, political self-determination, individual rights, political autonomy, human rights, humanitarian obligation, democratic regimes, abusive governments, political freedom, self-governance, voting rights, democracy promotion, international intervention, human dignity, Stanley Fish, New York Times democracy, best form of government, obligation, bring democracy, political self-determination, individual rights, political autonomy, check abusive governments, human rights, humanitarian obligation, intervene, serious rights abused, Stanley Fish, Why Democracy, New York Times democracy, best form of government, political self-determination, individual rights, humanitarian obligation, political autonomy, human rights, abusive governments, intervention, Stanley Fish, Why Democracy democracy, form of government, obligation, political self-determination, individual rights, political autonomy, human rights, humanitarian obligation, intervention, Stanley Fish, New York Times"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-pro03a	Defending hip hop artists’ right to free speech  The intervention of the state is necessary in order to ensure that aggressive forms of hip hop remain accessible only to adults, especially in neighbourhoods and home environments that are not part of a cohesive, caring community. Some degree of public control over the content of hip hop will also help to preserve the diversity, accessibility of the genre in the face of commercial dominance by violent forms of rap.  Mainstream success in hip hop has become synonymous with gangsta rap, and with artists who have backgrounds that lend veracity to their lurid verses. However, many of these supposedly “authentic” experiences consist of little more than exaggeration and invented personas. When being interviewed about the controversial content of her son’s single “Fuck tha’ police”, the mother of rapper Ice Cube commented that “I don’t see [him] saying those curse words. I see him like an actor.”  The existence of pornography attests to the market for forms of media that fulfil base and simplistic human fantasies. Much the same can be said for the violent and cynical content of rap singles. Unlike the relationship between cinema and pornography, however, many commentators appear to regard gangsta rap as being synonymous with hip hop – a position as deceptive as a film critic claiming that all movies are inevitably tied to pornography.  The significant public profile and poor regulation of hip hop have meant that gangsta rap fans have become the genre’s dominant class of consumer. The amount of money that fans are willing to spend on singles, albums, concert tickets and associated branded goods means that labels that cultivate relationships with gangsta rappers have become the gatekeepers of the hip hop genre in general. “Conscious” rappers, who do not glorify violence, along with musicians working in other hip hop genres must work with labels that promote acts containing violent lyrics in order to publish their own music.  Either consciously, or by design, the terrain of contemporary hip hop is hostile to musicians who are not prepared to discuss “guns, bitches and bling” in their work. This constitutes a significant barrier to rappers ability to communicate novel messages and listeners’ ability to receive them. It could be called a market failure – the pervasive public presence of gangsta rap has effectively denied an audience to other rappers.  Classification has the potential to maximise the freedom and effectiveness of musical expression by hip hop artists who choose not to trade in brutality and misogyny.  The alternative is to allow hip hop to continue to be dominated by businesses such as Death Row Records, Low Life Records and Machete Music. This will lead to hip hop as a medium becoming inextricably linked with violent lyrics and the dubious businesses practices of gangsta labels’ bosses. Popular disengagement is much more likely under these circumstances, and will actively deny a voice, and opportunities, to musicians with a different perspective on hip hop. hip hop, free speech, state intervention, adult content, community standards, public control, genre diversity, commercial dominance, gangsta rap, mainstream success, authenticity, exaggeration, censorship, pornography, market dynamics, violent content, public profile, poor regulation, record labels, gatekeepers, conscious rap, musical expression, classification, market failure, business practices, popular disengagement, artistic opportunities hip hop, free speech, state intervention, adult content, community standards, public control, commercial dominance, gangsta rap, mainstream success, authenticity, Ice Cube, pornography, media fantasy, violent content, rap singles, cinema, market dynamics, gangsta rap fans, labels, conscious rappers, market failure, musical expression, classification, Death Row Records, Low Life Records, Machete Music, violent lyrics, business practices, popular disengagement, musician opportunities hip hop, free speech, state intervention, adult content, public control, genre diversity, commercial dominance, violent rap, mainstream success, gangsta rap, authenticity, exaggeration, invented personas, pornography, media market, base fantasies, violent content, public profile, poor regulation, music labels, gatekeepers, conscious rappers, market failure, musical expression, classification, business practices, popular disengagement, different perspectives hip hop, free speech, state intervention, adult content, neighborhood, community, public control, diversity, commercial dominance, mainstream success, gangsta rap, artist authenticity, exaggerated personas, Ice Cube, rap content, pornography, media market, violent lyrics, conscious rappers, music labels, market failure, classification, musical expression, Death Row Records, Low Life Records, Machete Music, violent lyrics, business practices, popular disengagement, musician opportunities hip hop, free speech, state intervention, adult content, community standards, public control, genre diversity, commercial dominance, gangsta rap, authentic experiences, Ice Cube, pornography, media market, violent content, gangsta rap fans, music labels, conscious rappers, market failure, musical expression, classification, Death Row Records, Low Life Records, Machete Music, violent lyrics, business practices, popular disengagement, musician opportunities
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-con01a	Hosting only affects one city  In large countries like the United States or China, the benefits of the Olympics are almost entirely focused on the host city. Even in smaller countries, the benefits of a event played outside the host city or a training camp are negligible. Capital cities are often chosen (after failed bids from Birmingham in 1992 and Manchester in 1996 and 2000 the IOC told the United Kingdom that only a bid from London was likely to win), which concentrates growth and development where it is least needed. 90% of the economic impact of London 2012 is expected to come to London1; not surprising given that 'seventy-five pence in every pound on the Games is going towards the regeneration of East London.'2Furthermore, house prices have been seen to rise in host cities like Barcelona and Sydney around the time of their Olympics, without comparable rises elsewhere in Spain and Australia respectively2. As such, hosting only serves to entrench geographical economic divides.  1 Grobel, W. (2010, April 15). What are the London 2012 Olympics 2012 worth? Retrieved May 13, 2011, from Intangible Business:  2 Ormsby, A. (2010, May 21). Benefits of hosting Olympics unproven. Retrieved June 29, 2011 from Reuters: Olympics, host city, large countries, United States, China, benefits, economic impact, capital cities, London, Birmingham, Manchester, IOC, growth, development, East London, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, Spain, Australia, geographical economic divides, London 2012, economic regeneration, intangible business, benefits unproven, Reuters, Ormsby, Grobel Olympics, hosting city, large countries, United States, China, economic benefits, host city focus, smaller countries, capital cities, IOC, United Kingdom, London, Birmingham, Manchester, economic impact, London 2012, East London regeneration, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, geographical economic divides Olympics, host city, large countries, United States, China, benefits, concentration, smaller countries, capital cities, IOC, United Kingdom, London, economic impact, regeneration, East London, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, geographical economic divides, economic development, urban regeneration, Olympic bid, Beijing, Rio, host selection, economic inequality, spatial development, policy implications, sports events, urban policy, IOC bid process, Olympic legacy, economic benefits, tourism, infrastructure, investment, local economy, global events, urban planning, urban studies, sports management, sports economics, regional development, housing market, real estate, Olympic Games, Olympics, hosting, city, economic impact, benefits, host city, large countries, small countries, capital cities, IOC, bids, London, Birmingham, Manchester, United Kingdom, economic divides, regeneration, East London, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, Spain, Australia, economic concentration, growth, development Olympics, host city, economic benefits, large countries, United States, China, smaller countries, capital cities, London, Birmingham, Manchester, IOC, economic impact, London 2012, East London regeneration, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, geographical economic divides
test-international-epvhwhranet-con04a	Voters do not understand or care about EU reforms.  They would have found the legal jargon off-putting and a detailed knowledge of the existing EU Treaties is necessary to understand the amendments proposed 1. They have limited understanding of the current system and therefore cannot evaluate how reform treaties would benefit or harm the EU and their nation's interest. Due to this lack of understanding citizens are too likely to be swayed by media bias and anti Europe campaigners. All this is shown by the low turnout in European parliament elections. Elected representatives on the other hand, do understand the impact of the treaties and therefore can make an informed decision on the behalf of their people and in the nation's interest.  1 'An unloved Parliament', The Economist (7 May 2009), viewed on 13 June 2011 'Elections 2009', eu4journalists viewed on 13 June 2011 voters, EU reforms, legal jargon, EU Treaties, amendments, current system, reform treaties, benefits, harm, EU, national interest, media bias, anti-Europe, campaigners, low turnout, European Parliament elections, elected representatives, impact, treaties, informed decision, people, nation's interest, unloved Parliament, The Economist, Elections 2009, eu4journalists voters, EU reforms, legal jargon, EU Treaties, amendments, current system, benefits, harm, media bias, anti-Europe campaigners, low turnout, European parliament elections, elected representatives, informed decision, nation's interest, An unloved Parliament, The Economist, Elections 2009, eu4journalists voters, EU, reforms, legal jargon, EU Treaties, amendments, current system, benefits, harm, media bias, anti-Europe, low turnout, European Parliament elections, elected representatives, informed decision, nation's interest, The Economist, eu4journalists, 2009 elections voters, EU, reforms, legal jargon, EU Treaties, amendments, current system, benefits, harm, media bias, anti-Europe, low turnout, European parliament elections, elected representatives, informed decision, nation's interest, The Economist, Elections 2009, eu4journalists voters, EU reforms, legal jargon, EU Treaties, amendments, current system, benefits, harm, EU, nation's interest, media bias, anti-Europe campaigners, low turnout, European parliament elections, elected representatives, impact, informed decision, unloved Parliament, The Economist, Elections 2009, eu4journalists
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro03a	It may be necessary in the interests of national security  The Government must protect its citizens from foreign enemies and internal enemies - thus freedom of speech can be acceptably curtailed during times of war in order to prevent propaganda and spying which might undermine the national interest. This has happened in almost all states during times of war, during the second world war the United States even had a government department dedicated to it; The Office of Censorship. [1]  [1] Hanyok, Robert J., ‘Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and The American Press and Radio in World War II’, Studies in Intelligence, Vol 46, No. 3, national security, government protection, citizens, foreign enemies, internal enemies, freedom of speech, times of war, propaganda, spying, national interest, states, World War II, United States, Office of Censorship, Hanyok, Robert J., Secrets of Victory, American Press, radio, censorship national security, government protection, citizens, foreign enemies, internal enemies, freedom of speech, curtailment, times of war, propaganda, spying, national interest, states, World War II, United States, Office of Censorship, Hanyok, Robert J., Secrets of Victory, American Press, radio, Studies in Intelligence national security, government protection, citizens, foreign enemies, internal enemies, freedom of speech, curtailment, times of war, propaganda, spying, national interest, states, World War II, United States, Office of Censorship, Hanyok, Robert J., Secrets of Victory, American Press, Radio, Studies in Intelligence national security, government protection, citizens, foreign enemies, internal enemies, freedom of speech, curtailment, times of war, propaganda, spying, national interest, states, World War II, United States, Office of Censorship, Hanyok, Robert J., Secrets of Victory, American Press, Radio, Studies in Intelligence national security, government protection, citizens, foreign enemies, internal enemies, freedom of speech, times of war, prevent propaganda, spying, national interest, states, World War II, United States, Office of Censorship, Hanyok, Robert J., Secrets of Victory, American Press, Radio, Studies in Intelligence
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-pro01a	The House of Lords is out of touch with the electorate.  The 19th century US President Abraham Lincoln stated that democracy should be ‘Government of the people, by the people, for the people’ [1] Therefore peers who sit in the house based on noble birth right or their membership of the Church of England, that is itself largely ignored by the people, do not represent the people of Britain.  [1] A' Short Definition of Democracy’, Democracy-building.info, 2005, viewed on 1 June 2011 House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, 19th century, Abraham Lincoln, democracy, Government of the people, by the people, for the people, peers, noble birth right, Church of England, represent, people of Britain, Short Definition of Democracy, Democracy-building.info House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, 19th century, Abraham Lincoln, democracy, Government of the people, by the people, for the people, peers, noble birth right, Church of England, representation, people of Britain, democracy-building.info House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, 19th century, Abraham Lincoln, democracy, government of the people, by the people, for the people, peers, noble birth right, Church of England, representation, British people, democracy-building.info House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, 19th century, Abraham Lincoln, democracy, Government of the people, by the people, for the people, peers, noble birth right, Church of England, representation, people of Britain House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, 19th century, Abraham Lincoln, democracy, government of the people, by the people, for the people, peers, noble birth right, Church of England, representation, British people
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro04a	We should preserve the person with greater quality of life  We have to be able to measure quality of life relatively. There might be many cases where a relative is terminally ill, yet not dead yet. This person, with a survival prospect of maybe half a year of suffering and medication, might have a perfectly functional organ. [1] It is very rational, both for this person and for society as a whole to allow him or her to undergo euthanasia at an early stage to save the other person. [2]  Furthermore, a person might sacrifice his or her life to provide an organ for a specific individual, yet their other organs can still be used to save others, of whom the donor might not have been aware. It is sad that a person has to die, but as this is the only option [3] , it is a good thing that several people might live when one sacrifices their life.  [1] Monforte-Royo, C. and M.V. Roqué. “The organ donation process: A humanist perspective based on the experience of nursing care.” Nursing Philosophy 13.4 (2012): 295-301.  [2] Wilkinson, Dominc and Julian Savalescu. “SHOULD WE ALLOW ORGAN DONATION EUTHANASIA? ALTERNATIVES FOR MAXIMIZING THE NUMBER AND QUALITY OF ORGANS FOR TRANSPLANTATION.” Bioethics 26.1 (2012): 32-48.  [3] ibid quality of life, euthanasia, organ donation, terminal illness, survival prospect, suffering, medication, rational decision, societal benefit, organ transplantation, humanist perspective, nursing care, ethical considerations, maximizing organs, transplantation ethics, donor sacrifice, life extension, bioethics, terminal care, medical ethics Euthanasia, Quality of Life, Organ Donation, Terminal Illness, Survival Prospect, Medical Ethics, Bioethics, Organ Transplantation, Humanist Perspective, Nursing Care, Sacrifice, Maximizing Organs, Suffering, Medication, Rational Decision, Social Benefit, Ethical Dilemmas, End of Life Care, Donor Awareness preservation, quality of life, measurement, terminally ill, survival prospect, suffering, medication, functional organ, euthanasia, societal benefit, organ donation, sacrifice, multiple recipients, organ transplantation, ethical considerations, humanist perspective, nursing care, maximizing organs, bioethics quality of life, measurement, euthanasia, organ donation, terminal illness, survival prospect, suffering, medication, rational decision, societal benefit, organ transplantation, sacrifice,最大化器官数量和质量, 生命捐赠安乐死, 人道主义视角, 护理经验, 生命终止选择, 多人获益, 器官捐赠伦理, 生命价值评估, 医学伦理, 生命质量评估标准, 终末期病人护理, 医学决策, 生命终止标准, 器官分配公平性, 生命伦理学讨论, 生命意义与价值, quality of life, euthanasia, organ donation, terminally ill, survival prospects, suffering, medication, rational decision, societal benefit, organ transplantation, humanist perspective, nursing care, maximizing organs, bioethics, donor awareness, life sacrifice, multiple recipients
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-pro01a	A UN Standing Army would solve the problem of American military hegemony.  A strong, effective and impartial United Nations standing army would deny powerful military states the right to bully and blackmail rivals into submission with the threat of military force. A UN army would be able to balance that threat with their own willingness to come to the aid of states under military duress. The United States, unwilling to risk a protracted conflict against a respected, well-trained multi-national force would have to fall back. To use an example, American military intervention in Vietnam, against the wishes of the majority of the population, could have been prevented had a U.N. standing army existed to respond to the wishes of the Vietnamese people and stand against the United States’ intervention. The existence of such a military rival would therefore force the United States to increase its investment in its State Department and diplomatic solutions to political crises. Ultimately, peace would be more effectively maintained. UN Standing Army, American military hegemony, strong impartial UN forces, military state bullying, diplomatic solutions, UN military intervention, Vietnam War prevention, state department investment, peaceful conflict resolution, multinational military force, US military restraint, international peacekeeping UN Standing Army, American Military Hegemony, International Peacekeeping, Military Intervention, Diplomatic Solutions, State Department, Vietnam War, United Nations, Multi-National Force, Protracted Conflict, Military Duress, Peace Maintenance, Impartial Military Force, Powerful Military States, Military Rival, Political Crises, Military Bullying, Preventive Military Force, International Security, Global Diplomacy UN Standing Army, American military hegemony, strong impartial UN forces, military states, bullying, blackmail, military duress, United States, protracted conflict, multinational force, American intervention, Vietnam, Vietnamese people, UN response, State Department, diplomatic solutions, political crises, peace maintenance UN Standing Army, American military hegemony, powerful military states, bully, blackmail, military force, balance threat, multi-national force, protracted conflict, UN army, Vietnamese people, American military intervention, Vietnam, State Department, diplomatic solutions, political crises, peace maintenance UN Standing Army, American Military Hegemony, Balance of Power, Military Intervention, Peacekeeping, Diplomatic Solutions, State Department, International Security, Vietnam War, United Nations, Multi-National Force, Military Duress, Protracted Conflict, Political Crises, Peace Maintenance, Impartial Military Force
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro04a	Nuclear weapons serve to defuse international conflicts and force compromise  Nuclear weapons create stability, described in the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). Countries with nuclear weapons have no incentive to engage in open military conflict with one another; all recognize that they will suffer destruction if they choose the path of war. [1] If countries have nuclear weapons, fighting simply becomes too costly. This serves to defuse conflicts, and reduce the likelihood of the outbreak of war. For example, the conflict between India and Pakistan was defused by the acquisition of nuclear weapons by both sides. Before they obtained nuclear weapons, they fought three wars that claimed millions of lives. Relations between the two states, while still far from cordial, have never descended into open war. The defusing of the immediate tension of war, has given the chance for potential dialogue. [2] A similar dynamic has been played out a number of times in the past, and as of yet there has never been a war between two nuclear powers. When states have nuclear weapons they cannot fight, making the world a more peaceful place.  [1] Waltz, Kenneth. 1981. “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Better”. Adelphi Papers 171. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.  [2] Nizamani, Haider K. 2000. The Roots of Rhetoric: Politics of Nuclear weapons in India and Pakistan. Westport: Praeger. Nuclear weapons, international conflicts, compromise, stability, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, military conflict, destruction, cost of war, defuse conflicts, war likelihood, India, Pakistan, nuclear weapons acquisition, wars, dialogue, peaceful relations, nuclear powers, state behavior, nuclear deterrence, Kenneth Waltz, Haider K. Nizamani Nuclear weapons, international conflicts, compromise, stability, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, military conflict, deterrence, India, Pakistan, war, dialogue, peace, nuclear proliferation, strategic studies, Kenneth Waltz, Haider K. Nizamani, political rhetoric, nuclear disarmament, security studies Nuclear weapons, international conflicts, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, military conflict, nuclear deterrence, India, Pakistan, nuclear powers, peace, war, Kenneth Waltz, Haider K. Nizamani, nuclear proliferation, strategic stability, dialogue, security studies, international relations Nuclear weapons, international conflicts, compromise, stability, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, military conflict, deterrence, India, Pakistan, war, dialogue, peace, Kenneth Waltz, Haider K. Nizamani, nuclear proliferation, conflict resolution, nuclear deterrence, strategic stability Nuclear weapons, international conflicts, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, military conflict, stability, India, Pakistan, nuclear defense, war prevention, dialoguepromotion, Kenneth Waltz, Haider K. Nizamani, nuclear peace, strategic studies, nuclear acquisition, conflict resolution, peace studies, international relations, deterrence theory
test-economy-epehwmrbals-con01a	Universal standards of labour and business are not suited to the race for development  Developing countries are in a race to develop their economies. The prioritisation of countries that are not currently developed is different to the priorities of developed countries as a result of their circumstances and they must be allowed to temporarily push back standards of labour and business until they achieve a level playing field with the rest of the world. This is because economic development is a necessary precondition for many of the kinds of labour standards enjoyed in the west. For there to be high labour standards there clearly needs to be employment to have those standards. Undeveloped countries are reliant upon cheap, flexible, labour to work in factories to create economic growth as happened in China. In such cases the comparative advantage is through their cheap labour. If there had been high levels of government imposed labour standards and working conditions then multinational firms would never have located their factories in the country as the cost of running them would have been too high. [1] Malaysia for example has struggled to contain activity from the Malaysian Trades Union Congress to prevent their jobs moving to China [2] as the competition does not have labour standards so helping keep employment cheap. [3]  [1] Fang, Cai, and Wang, Dewen, ‘Employment growth, labour scarcity and the nature of China’s trade expansion’,  , p.145, 154  [2] Rasiah, Rajah, ‘The Competitive Impact of China on Southeast Asia’s Labor Markets’, Development Research Series, Research Center on Development and International Relations, Working Paper No.114, 2002,  P.32  [3] Bildner, Eli, ‘China’s Uneven Labor Revolution’, The Atlantic, 11 January 2013, universal standards, labour, business, race for development, developing countries, economic development, prioritisation, circumstances, temporary pushback, standards, level playing field, precondition, employment, cheap labour, flexible labour, factories, economic growth, comparative advantage, government imposed standards, working conditions, multinational firms, Malaysia, Malaysian Trades Union Congress, competition, labour standards, employment costs, China, trade expansion, labour scarcity, Southeast Asia, labour markets, uneven labor revolution, The Atlantic, Eli Bildner, Rajah Rasiah, Cai Fang, Dewen Wang Universal standards, labour, business, race for development, developing countries, economic development, priorities, circumstances, temporary standards, level playing field, employment, cheap labour, factories, economic growth, comparative advantage, government imposed standards, working conditions, multinational firms, Malaysia, Malaysian Trades Union Congress, competition, labour markets, China, economic precondition, labour scarcity, trade expansion, China’s Uneven Labor Revolution, The Atlantic, Eli Bildner, Rajah Rasiah, Development Research Series, Research Center on Development and International Relations, Cai Fang, Dewen Wang, employment growth Universal standards, labour, business, development, developing countries, economic development, priorities, circumstances, temporary standards, level playing field, necessary precondition, employment, cheap labour, economic growth, factories, China, Malaysia, Malaysian Trades Union Congress, competition, labour standards, employment costs, trade expansion, labour markets, China's labour revolution, international relations, economic policies, global trade, industrialization, workforce, employment conditions, regulatory environment, economic competitiveness, multinational corporations, outsourcing, industrial development, economic reforms, labour rights, social development, sustainable development, economic inequality, global economics, development economics, labour economics, policy-making, government regulation, economic development, labour standards, developing countries, race for development, cheap labour, flexible labour, employment growth, multinational firms, factory location, cost of labour, Malaysia, Chinese labour market, labour unions, competitive impact, trade expansion, labour scarcity, government imposed standards, working conditions, level playing field, prioritisation of countries, precondition for labour standards, economic precondition, comparative advantage, labour costs, job relocation, Southeast Asia, labour market competition, labour revolution, trade policies, industrialisation strategies, globalisation effects, economic priorities, developmental economics, labour law, international trade, economic growth, employment creation, labour market flexibility, wage levels Universal standards, labour, business, development, developing countries, economic growth, priorities, circumstances, temporary standards, level playing field, precondition, employment, cheap labour, factories, China, Malaysia, Malaysian Trades Union Congress, competitive impact, Southeast Asia, labour markets, uneven labor revolution, flexibile labour, employment growth, labour scarcity, trade expansion, multinational firms, cost, government imposed standards, working conditions
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-con02a	‘Separation of town and gown’  There are two parties involved in this interaction, the state and the university. To pretend that is an entirely one way process is to ignore reality. Contrary to the belief of many Senior Common Rooms, states do not exist for the convenience of universities. Indeed universities quite happily accept the political and economic stability provided by states at exactly the same time as criticising the methods they need to use to maintain it.  However, ultimately universities are service providers from the point of view of the state, training and skilling the workforce. The university provides its expertise in exchange for funding and student fees. Where, exactly, the opinions of the faculty enter into such an equation is not clear and appears to have been assumed by proposition. Of course individual academics and students have the right to their own political views but the idea that a university as an institution has rights distinct from, say, a supermarket chain is impossible to justify. If a supermarket announced that it should be free to ignore local laws and adopt those of its base state instead, that would clearly be rejected. Just as when a food chain invests in a country for, say, beef, the arrangement is predicated on the understanding that both parties benefit and each has a little room for negotiation. [i] The same should apply here. If prop were to argue that Asian nations should relax there approach to cannabis so that it students could enjoy a more genuine ‘Western student experience’ the statement would be the subject of ridicule, so should this be.  [i] Smith, David, ‘Tesco should give us some of these billions’, guardian.co.uk, 15 May 2009, separation, town, gown, state, university, interaction, political, economic, stability, service, providers, workforce, expertise, funding, student, fees, faculty, opinions, academic, political, views, institution, rights, supermarket, chain, laws, beef, investment, benefit, negotiation, asian, nations, cannabis, western, student, experience, ridicule, smith, david, tesco, billions, guardian separation, town, gown, state, university, interaction, political, economic, stability, service, providers, workforce, expertise, funding, student, fees, faculty, opinions, academic, political, views, institution, supermarket, chain, local, laws, base, state, food, chain, country, negotiation, Western, student, experience, cannabis, ridicule, Smith, David, Tesco, billions, guardian.co.uk separation, town, gown, state, university, interaction, reality, Senior Common Rooms, political stability, economic stability, service providers, workforce, expertise, funding, student fees, faculty, opinions, individual academics, political views, university institution, rights, supermarket chain, local laws, base state, food chain, investment, country, beef, arrangement, negotiation, Asian nations, cannabis, Western student experience, ridicule, Smith, David, Tesco, billions, guardian.co.uk separation of town and gown, state-university relationship, political and economic stability, service provision, workforce training, academic freedom, institutional rights, commercial analogy, legal compliance, cultural expectations, Western student experience, societal norms, academic-political interaction, institutional autonomy, state-university partnership, higher education policy, academic governance, institutional role, public-private sector comparison, academic responsibility, university-state dynamics, academic-political interface, institutional obligations, student rights, academic privileges, international university standards, academic-community relations, institutional authority, governance models, academic-community interaction, university-community relations, local laws, institutional compliance, academic independence, higher education governance separation of town and gown, state-university relationship, political and economic stability, service providers, workforce training, faculty political views, university rights, supermarket analogy, local laws, cultural differences, western student experience, economic benefits, negotiation, institutional rights, academic freedom, state interference, educational autonomy, economic dependency, political responsibility, societal role of universities
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro03a	Overseas competition  Tunisia’s tourism industry is at risk from overseas competition. International tourism is a very competitive market, relying on the industry is therefore an illogical policy. Tunisia is already being undercut on prices by other countries despite its low fees. Morocco, Spain and Turkey can afford to charge a lower price for package tours than Tunisia due to better air transportation links1. Even before the Jasmine revolution, Tunisia was starting to lose ground to these countries. The ten years before the removal of Ben Ali saw the number of tourists to Tunisia rise from five to seven million, whilst Morocco rose from five to nine million2. Outside of the Mediterranean, Tunisia must compete with popular tourist destinations such as the Far East, North America and Australasia.  1) African Manager, ‘Tunisia-Tourism: Clear Improvement, but a timid pace!’, data accessed 24 January 2014  2) Achy,L. ‘The Tourism Crisis in Tunisia Goes Beyond Security Issues’, Al Monitor, 26 June 2012 Tunisia, tourism, overseas competition, international tourism, market competition, policy, prices, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, air transportation, Jasmine revolution, Ben Ali, tourists, African Manager, Al Monitor, tourism crisis, security issues, Far East, North America, Australasia overseas competition, Tunisia, tourism industry, international tourism, market competition, policy, low fees, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, package tours, air transportation, Jasmine revolution, Ben Ali, tourist numbers, African Manager, Al Monitor, tourism crisis, security issues, Far East, North America, Australasia Tunisia, tourism, overseas competition, international tourism, market competition, low fees, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, package tours, air transportation, Jasmine revolution, Ben Ali, tourist numbers, Far East, North America, Australasia, African Manager, Al Monitor, tourism crisis, security issues Tunisia, tourism, competition, overseas, international, market, policy, prices, undercut, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, air, transportation, Jasmine, revolution, Ben, Ali, Mediterranean, Far, East, North, America, Australasia, African, Manager, Tourism, Crisis, security, issues, Al, Monitor Tunisia, tourism, competition, overseas, prices, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, Jasmine revolution, Ben Ali, Mediterranean, Far East, North America, Australasia, policy, air transportation, package tours, economic impact, international tourism, industry trends, visitor numbers, destination competitiveness
test-education-egtuscpih-con04a	Online courses undermine society life of the university  University is not just a place for learning. A big part of student life is participating in societies and other activities, such as sports, debating, political, philosophical or other interest groups. These provide them with opportunity to explore their talents, do the things they like and also build connections that could be useful after the university. But you cannot do most of these things online as they, unlike studying, are not based on studying materials you can upload. This is why students with online courses would be deprived of these opportunities to develop themselves, build useful connections and get ideas for their further life. This is important for society too as students historically have often been an important political and social actor (e.g. see 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising etc.). online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, sports, debating, political groups, philosophical groups, interest groups, talent exploration, building connections, post-university life, social development, political activism, student movements, 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, sports, debating, political groups, philosophical groups, interest groups, social development, connection building, talent exploration, online learning limitations, student engagement, social impact, political activism, student role in society, 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, sports, debating, political groups, philosophical groups, interest groups, talent exploration, personal development, social connections, career networking, student activism, historical student movements, 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising, social impact, community engagement, online learning limitations, campus experience online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, sports, debating, political groups, philosophical groups, interest groups, talent exploration, personal development, social connections, professional networks, post-university benefits, student role, societal impact, 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising, student activism, social actors, online learning limitations, campus experience, community building, educational environment, student engagement, social development, political engagement, historical student movements, educational sociology, university culture, online education challenges, student life value, higher education, social interaction, campus activities, online vs offline learning, student development, social online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, sports, debating, political groups, philosophical groups, interest groups, talent exploration, social connections, career networking, personal development, societal impact, student activism, 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising, social actor, political role
test-economy-egiahbwaka-pro01a	Women are the backbone of Africa’s agriculture  It sounds dramatic, but when more than 70% percent of the agricultural labor force of Africa is represented by women, and that sector is a third of GDP, one can say that women really are the backbone of Africa’s economy. But the sector does not reach its full potential. Women do most of the work but hold none of the profit; they cannot innovate and receive salaries up to 50% less than men. This is because they cannot own land [1] , they cannot take loans, and therefore cannot invest to increase profits. [2]  The way to make women key to Africa’s future therefore is to provide them with rights to their land. This will provide women with an asset that can be used to obtain loans to increase productivity. The Food and Agriculture organisation argues “if women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20–30 percent. This could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5–4 percent, which could in turn reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12–17 percent.” [3]  The bottom line is that women work hard but their work is not recognised and potential not realised. What is true in agriculture is even truer in other sectors where women do not make up the majority of workers where the simple lack of female workers demonstrates wasted potential. The inefficient use of resources reduces the growth of the economy.  [1] Oppong-Ansah, Albert, ‘Ghana’s Small Women’s Savings Groups Have Big Impact’, Inter Press Service, 28 February 2014,   [2] Mucavele, Saquina, ‘The Role of Rural Women in Africa’, World Farmers Organisation,   [3] FAO, ‘Gender Equality and Food Security’, fao.org, 2013,  , p.19 Women, Agriculture, Africa, Economy, GDP, Labor Force, Potential, Profit, Land Rights, Loans, Investment, Innovation, Salaries, Productivity, Yields, Food Security, Gender Equality, Rural Women, Development, Hunger, Economic Growth, Resource Allocation, Small Savings Groups, Impact, FAO, Statistical Data, Ownership, Empowerment, Policy Recommendations Women, agriculture, Africa, backbone, GDP, labor force, potential, innovation, salaries, land rights, loans, investment, productivity, Food and Agriculture Organisation, yields, agricultural output, hunger, recognition, economy, growth, resources, female workers, wasted potential, small savings groups, rural women, gender equality, food security Women, Agriculture, Africa, Backbone, Economy, GDP, Labor Force, Profit, Innovation, Salaries, Land Ownership, Loans, Investment, Productivity, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Access, Productive Resources, Yields, Agricultural Output, Hungry People, Recognition, Potential, Economic Growth, Rural Women, Savings Groups, Gender Equality, Food Security Women, Agriculture, Africa, Backbone, Economy, GDP, Labor Force, Potential, Profit, Innovation, Salaries, Land Ownership, Loans, Investment, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Productive Resources, Yields, Agricultural Output, Hunger, Recognition, Wasted Potential, Economic Growth, Rural Women, Savings Groups, Gender Equality, Food Security Women, Agriculture, Africa, Economy, GDP, Labor Force, Potential, Profits, Land Rights, Loans, Investment, Productivity, Food Security, Gender Equality, Rural Women, Salaries, Innovation, Hunger, Economic Growth, Resources, Recognition, Small Savings Groups, Role, FAO, Gender Inequality, Development, Yield Increase, Hunger Reduction, Women's Rights, Asset Ownership, Financial Access, Economic Empowerment, Work Recognition, Wasted Potential
test-international-ehbfe-pro02a	A federal Europe will protect the cultural diversity of its member states  A federal Europe will be more advantageous for individual citizens, since they will be living in a powerful state, yet with respect of their cultural and local situation  Subsidiarity combines maximum effectiveness with maximum accountability, with decisions being made at the lowest appropriate level. Citizens gain the advantages of living in a large, powerful state in terms of international economic, military and political power, all available more cheaply in a state of 450 million people, and through their increased opportunities for work, study, etc. Yet the advantages of living in a smaller state are preserved in terms of connection to the political process, respect for local cultural traditions and responsiveness to differing economic and physical situations. Such checks and balances prevent tyranny and increase willing obedience to laws.  Overall, we now have something resembling parliamentary democracy at the European level. EU political institutions now look more like those of a member state than they do those of an international organisation. The challenge facing the European Union in the future is to fill the gap between itself and the citizen, providing a political connection equal to the social, cultural and sporting connections that the single market has already provided.  Federalism and subsidiarity can allow for regional identities in a way national states cannot – e.g. for Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy. In a Federal Europe such peoples would not feel under threat from a dominant culture and long-running conflicts could be resolved, as issues of sovereignty become less relevant within the new political structures. Federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, individual citizens, powerful state, local situation, subsidiarity, effectiveness, accountability, international economic power, military power, political power, large state, economic benefits, opportunities, smaller state, political process, local cultural traditions, responsiveness, economic situations, physical situations, checks and balances, tyranny, willingness, laws, parliamentary democracy, European level, EU political institutions, international organisation, gap, citizen, political connection, social connections, cultural connections, sporting connections, single market, Federalism, regional identities, national states, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, dominant culture, federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, individual citizens, powerful state, cultural respect, local situation, subsidiarity, effectiveness, accountability, international power, military power, political power, economic power, large state, increased opportunities, smaller state, political process, local traditions, economic situations, tyranny prevention, willing obedience, parliamentary democracy, European level, political institutions, member state, international organisation, citizen connection, social connections, cultural connections, sporting connections, single market, regional identities, national states, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, dominant culture, long-running conflicts, sovereignty issues, new political structures federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, individual citizens, powerful state, cultural respect, local situation, subsidiarity, maximum effectiveness, maximum accountability, international economic power, military power, political power, cheaper state services, increased opportunities, smaller state advantages, political process connection, local cultural traditions, responsiveness, checks and balances, tyranny prevention, willing obedience, parliamentary democracy, European level, political institutions, international organisation, gap between EU and citizens, social connections, cultural connections, sporting connections, single market, regional identities, national states, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, dominant culture, sovereignty issues, political federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, advantages, citizens, powerful state, cultural respect, local situation, subsidiarity, effectiveness, accountability, international power, economic power, military power, political power, opportunities, work, study, large state, smaller state, connection, political process, cultural traditions, responsiveness, economic situations, physical situations, checks and balances, tyranny, willing obedience, laws, parliamentary democracy, European level, political institutions, international organization, gap, citizen, social connections, cultural connections, sporting connections, single market, Federalism, regional identities, national states, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, individual citizens, powerful state, cultural respect, local situation, subsidiarity, effectiveness, accountability, decision-making, international power, economic power, military power, political power, large state, small state, political process, local traditions, economic situations, tyranny prevention, law obedience, parliamentary democracy, EU political institutions, gap between EU and citizen, social connections, cultural connections, sporting connections, single market, regional identities, national states, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, dominant culture, conflict resolution, sovereignty issues, new political structures
test-education-xeegshwfeu-pro03a	Increasing parents' freedom of choice  Different parents have different values and priorities, and it is entirely legitimate for them to wish to pass these on to their children. The state does not know any better than them with which values the ideal life can be lived.  Further, children are individuals who respond in very different ways to different styles of teaching. Parents know their children better than central government possibly could, and so are the best placed to decide what sort of school their child should go to. Currently, there is very little state provision for non-mainstream styles of learning, whereas in the private sector there is a big incentive for educational innovation. parental choice, values, priorities, passing values, children, state role, individual values, life values, teaching styles, child individuality, government knowledge, school selection, state provision, non-mainstream learning, private sector, educational innovation parental choice, diverse values, individual priorities, value transmission, state neutrality, child individuality, teaching styles, parental knowledge, educational innovation, non-mainstream learning, private sector education, state provision limitations parents' freedom, values, priorities, passing values, children, state intervention, individual differences, teaching styles, parental knowledge, school choice, non-mainstream education, private sector, educational innovation parental choice, educational values, individual priorities, state intervention, child development, teaching styles, educational innovation, private sector, non-mainstream learning, government policy, school selection, child-centered education Increasing, parents, freedom, choice, values, priorities, legitimate, pass, children, state, better, values, ideal, life, children, individuals, respond, different, styles, teaching, parents, know, central, government, decide, sort, school, child, state, provision, non-mainstream, learning, private, sector, incentive, educational, innovation
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-pro04a	UK will be disentangled from EU affairs  Leaving the EU would mean that Britain is no longer entangled in foreign policy issues that are of little interest to it and instead could devote itself to other more productive issues. The two main foreign policy crises for the EU at the moment are Ukraine and migration, neither of which concern the UK when not a member of the EU. Migration would be stopped at the channel while Ukraine is at the opposite end of the EU. The EU would essentially become a buffer for the UK. UK, EU, disentangled, foreign policy, productivity, Ukraine, migration, channel, buffer, member, issues, interest, stopped, crises, opposite, end, entangled, devote, productive, Britain, affairs, leaving, means, longer, instead, two, main, policy, concern, not, while, essentially, becomes, for UK, EU, disentangled, foreign policy, productive issues, Ukraine, migration, channel, buffer, Brexit, international relations, European Union, policy issues, Britain, political separation, geopolitical, immigration, border control, diplomatic alignment UK, disentangled, EU, affairs, leaving, Britain, no longer, entangled, foreign policy, issues, uninterested, productive, Ukraine, migration, member, stopped, channel, opposite, buffer UK, EU, disentangled, foreign policy, Brexit, Ukraine, migration, channel, buffer, productive issues UK, EU, disentangled, foreign policy, issues, productive, Ukraine, migration, member, buffer, channel, crises
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-pro03a	Compensation is important to give the communities credit they deserve.  Compensation can be used to level out the playing field of inequality to those who have been oppressed. They help to give communities the recognition they deserve and help to reverse intuitionally reinforced negative stereotypes. The reparations can be used to benefit the community; for example, within the community and externally in order to educate people appropriately about the struggles of a repressed community. It would help fund efforts based on the model of the US Governments of Education and State Boards of Education to develop a 'robust curriculum' involving greater accuracy in black history as well as the involvement of African American figures in history on local, national and global scales [1].  This inequality is why the reform has to be state led; it is up to the state to protect minorities. Professor Matthew Rimmer from the Queensland University of Technology believes that ''At an international level, more should be done to implement the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in respect of Indigenous intellectual property''. This was said after Chanel made a A$2,000 boomerang [2] which would seem to be in opposition to the declaration which Australia has endorsed.  [1] Humphries, Arielle, and Stahly-Butts, Marbre, ‘A Vision for Black Lives’, Centre for Popular Democracy, July 2016,   [2] ‘Chanel’s $2,000 boomerang sparks complaints and confusion from Indigenous Australians’, ABC News, 17th May 2017, compensation, communities, credit, inequality, oppressed, recognition, reverse, stereotypes, reparations, benefit, education, curriculum, accuracy, black history, African American, figures, local, national, global, state led, protect minorities, international, UN Declaration, Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous intellectual property, Chanel, boomerang, Indigenous Australians compensation, communities, credit, inequality, oppressed, recognition, stereotypes, reparations, community, education, struggles, repressed, funding, curriculum, accuracy, black history, African American, minority, state led, protection, international, UN Declaration, Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous intellectual property, Chanel, boomerang, complaints, Indigenous Australians Compensation, Communities, Credit, Inequality, Oppression, Recognition, Stereotypes, Reparations, Community, Education, Curriculum, Accuracy, Black History, African American, Minorities, State Led, International, UN Declaration, Indigenous Peoples, Intellectual Property, Chanel, Boomerang, Indigenous Australians compensation, communities, credit, inequality, oppressed, recognition, stereotypes, reparations, community, education, black history, African American, US Government, Education, State Boards, curriculum, accuracy, local, national, global, state led, minority protection, Professor Matthew Rimmer, Queensland University of Technology, UN Declaration, Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous intellectual property, Chanel, boomerang, Indigenous Australians Compensation, Communities, Credit, Inequality, Oppressed, Recognition, Reverse, Stereotypes, Reparations, Benefit, Community, Education, US, Government, State, Boards, Education, Robust, Curriculum, Accuracy, Black, History, African, American, Figures, Local, National, Global, State, Led, Protection, Minorities, International, UN, Declaration, Rights, Indigenous, Peoples, Intellectual, Property, Chanel, Boomerang, Complaints, Indigenous, Australians
test-politics-cpecfiepg-con01a	Defaulting would cause chaos in Greece  There is no good solution for the crisis Greece finds itself in, only less bad ones. Austerity measures imposed on Greece may currently be causing suffering, but austerity is the least bad option available for the Greek people: default would be considerably worse. Here is what would most likely happen:  The Greek banking sector would collapse [1]. A large portion of the Greek debt is owed to Greek banks and companies, many of which would quickly go bankrupt when the Government defaults. This is also because Greek banks are almost totally reliant on the ECB for liquidity. [2] People would consequently lose their savings, and credit would be close to impossible to find.  The Government would quickly devalue the Drachma by at least 50%. This will lead to imported goods being more expensive and consequently to a huge rise in inflation with the living costs increasing tremendously.[3]  These two events would lead to a severe shortage of credit, making it almost impossible for struggling companies to survive. Unemployment would soar as a result. It will become increasingly difficult to secure supplies of oil, medicine, foodstuffs and other goods. Naturally, those hit worst would be the poor. The Government, in this respect, would be failing on an enormous scale in providing many citizens with the basic needs. [4]  [1] Brzeski, Carsten: “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012,   [2] Ruparel, Raoul and Persson, Mats: “Better off Out? The short-term options for Greece inside and outside of the euro”, June 2012, Open Europe, 2012   [3] ibid  [4] Arghyrou, Michael: “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012, Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banks, bankruptcy, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, unemployment, poverty, imports, medicine, food, euro, exit, Brzeski, Ruparel, Persson, Arghyrou, BBC, Open Europe Greece, default, chaos, crisis, austerity, suffering, least bad option, Greek banking sector, collapse, ECB, liquidity, bankruptcy, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, living costs, unemployment, shortages, oil, medicine, foodstuffs, poor, government failure, basic needs, euro exit, short-term options, Open Europe, BBC News, Arghyrou, Brzeski, Ruparel, Persson Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, unemployment, poverty, basic needs, euro exit, short-term options, economic chaos, government failure, imported goods, living costs, companies, bankruptcy, liquidity, medicine, foodstuffs, oil, Raoul Ruparel, Mats Persson, Carsten Brzeski, Michael Arghyrou, Open Europe, BBC News Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, unemployment, poverty, basic needs, euro exit, economic collapse, financial instability, social impact, international debt, liquidity crisis, economic sanctions, political instability, humanitarian crisis Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, unemployment, poverty, supplies, oil, medicine, food, economic collapse, euro exit, Brzeski, Ruparel, Persson, Arghyrou, BBC News, Open Europe
test-economy-beghwbh-pro02a	The Hyperloop is comparatively cheap  The Hyperloop would be cheap to build. The pods themselves would only cost $1.35million each, the pressurised tube just $650million (or double if wanting vehicles), with only two stations their cost would only be $250million. The biggest cost would be the construction of the pylons carrying the tube which is estimated at $2.55 or $3.15billion. There is an estimated total cost of $4.06billion for the passenger only version or $5.31billion for the vehicle version. [1] This should be compared to the current cost for California’s high speed rail project which is estimated to be $68billion while covering much the same ground. [2]  [1] Musk, Elon, ‘Hyperloop Alpha’, SpaceX, 12 August 2013,  pp.23, 27, 32, 28, 32  [2] Slosson, Mary, ‘California moves forward on $68 billion high-speed rail project’, Reuters, 18 July 2012, Hyperloop, cost, construction, pods, pressurised tube, stations, pylons, total cost, passenger, vehicle, version, California, high speed rail, project, comparison, budget, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Mary Slosson, Reuters Hyperloop, cheap, construction, cost, pods, pressurised tube, stations, pylons, total cost, passenger version, vehicle version, California, high speed rail, comparison, Musk, SpaceX, Slosson, Reuters Hyperloop, cheap, cost, pods, pressurised tube, stations, pylons, construction, total cost, passenger, vehicle, California, high speed rail, project, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Reuters, Slosson, Mary, comparison, budget, infrastructure Hyperloop, cost, cheap, construction, pods, pressurised tube, stations, pylons, total cost, passenger, vehicle, version, California, high speed rail, project, comparison, budget, SpaceX, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, Mary Slosson, Reuters Hyperloop, cost, construction, pods, pressurised tube, pylons, stations, total cost, passenger, vehicle, California, high-speed rail, project, comparison, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Mary Slosson, Reuters
test-economy-egppphbcb-con03a	Socialism is a more secure system than the free market in Capitalism  'Credit bubbles' and resultant credit crunches (financial crisis) are inherent in the capitalist system. The economy undergoes a crisis whenever productive economic sectors begin to undergo a slowdown resulting in falls in profits. The recent crisis was caused due to the fact that there was an inflated investment in real estates. It was invested in with the purpose of keeping up profits which lead to a rise in the price of properties. Because of the increased price in property many people took out loans on their house and bought goods for the credit, thinking they could easily pay back their loans since their house would be more valuable at sale. However, since the rise of price was fabricated and not corresponding to an actual need (it was a bubble), house prices had to invariably go down at some point. When the prices eventually went down people could no longer afford to pay back what they had bought on their loaned houses and the installed payments were the trigger of the financial crisis. It could perhaps be said that the economy was surviving on money which did not exist (thereof the name 'credit bubble'). The result was that there were countless goods which no one could buy because no one could afford to pay for them, in turn this lead to a stagnation in the economy and hence to a crisis. A socialist system would not produce overconsumption since its aim is not profit but human needs, it would not have a reason to fabricate an investment for the sake of keeping up the profits and would therefore not cause a capitalist crisis1.  1 Roberts, M. (2008). The credit crunch - one year on. In Defence of Marxism. Retrieved June 7, 2011 socialism, capitalism, free market, credit bubbles, financial crisis, economic slowdown, profit falls, real estate investment, housing market, credit bubble, loans, property prices, overconsumption, human needs, Marxist economics, credit crunch, economic stagnation, bubble economy, financial markets, economic systems, profit-driven economy, socialist economy, investment bubbles, economic crises, financial instability, market capitalism, credit crisis, housing bubble, economic theory, financial bubbles, economic security, capitalist system, socialist system, economic models, profit motive, financial sector, economic policy, economic bubbles, real estate bubble, economic growth, financial instability, economic justice Socialism, Capitalism, Free Market, Credit Bubbles, Financial Crisis, Economic Slowdown, Profit Falls, Real Estate Investment, Property Price Inflation, Housing Loans, Credit Bubble, Overconsumption, Human Needs, Marxist Theory, Economic Stagnation Socialism, Capitalism, Free Market, Credit Bubbles, Financial Crisis, Economic Slowdown, Profits, Real Estate, Investment, Property Prices, Loans, Credit, Overconsumption, Human Needs, Marxist Economics, Credit Crunch socialism, free market, capitalism, credit bubbles, financial crisis, economic slowdown, profits, real estate, investment, property prices, loans, credit, economic crisis, overconsumption, human needs, Marxist economics, credit crunch, economic stagnation, profit-driven economy, socialist economy Socialism, Capitalism, Free Market, Credit Bubbles, Financial Crisis, Credit Crunch, Economic Slowdown, Profit Falls, Real Estate, Inflated Investment, Property Prices, Loans, Mortgage, Credit, Overconsumption, Human Needs, Marxist Theory, Michael Roberts, In Defence of Marxism, 2008 Financial Crisis, Crisis Trigger, Economic Stagnation, Profit-Driven Economy, Non-Existence Money, Bubble Economy
test-philosophy-npegiepp-con02a	The Founder of Neo-functionalism abandoned his own Theory (Haas).  The Founder of Neo-functionalist theory Ernst B. Haas later abandoned his own theory; According to Tranholm-Mikkelsen (1991)- “By the mid-1970 s, Ernst Haas had effectively abandoned the neo-functionalist theory by assimilating it within general interdependence theories of international relations”. [1] The theory proved a success in the economic realm but a fiasco in high politics; “…at the time of the ‘empty chair’ crisis [see next point] neo-functionalism was considered too incapable of describing the process of integration in general because of its extreme Eurocentric nature. Rosamond states that it is emerged from the process of complex web of actors pursuing their interests within a pluralist political environment.” [2] Neo-functionalism remained a partial theory, good at explaining particular parts of integration but required supplanting by other theories to keep it relevant.  [1] Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe, ‘Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC’, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-22,   [2] ‘European Political Theories: Neo – functionalism’, May 2011, Ernst B. Haas, Neo-functionalism, Abandoned Theory, Interdependence Theories, Economic Realm, High Politics, Empty Chair Crisis, Eurocentric Nature, Complex Web of Actors, Pluralist Political Environment, Partial Theory, Integration Process, Supplemented Theories, Reappraisal, New Dynamism, European Political Theories Neo-functionalism, Ernst B. Haas, abandoned theory, interdependence theories, international relations, economic realm, high politics, empty chair crisis, Eurocentric, complex web, actors, pluralist political environment, partial theory, integration, supplanting theories, Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Millennium Journal, European Political Theories Neo-functionalism, Ernst B. Haas, theory abandonment, interdependence theories, international relations, economic integration, high politics, empty chair crisis, Eurocentric, Rosamond, actor interests, pluralist political environment, partial theory, integration explanation, theoretical supplementation, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Millennium Journal, European political theories, 1970s, EC dynamism, reappraisal, obsolete, obstinate Ernst B. Haas, Neo-functionalism, Abandoned Theory, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Interdependence Theories, International Relations, Economic Success, High Politics Fiasco, Empty Chair Crisis, Eurocentric, Rosamond, Pluralist Political Environment, Partial Theory, Supplanting Theories, EC Dynamism, European Political Theories Ernst B. Haas, Neo-functionalism, Abandoned Theory, Interdependence Theories, International Relations, Economic Success, High Politics Fiasco, Empty Chair Crisis, Eurocentric Nature, Complex Web of Actors, Pluralist Political Environment, Partial Theory, Supplanting Theories, Reappraisal, New Dynamism, European Political Theories
test-economy-epehwmrbals-con03a	Development has many facets of which pure economic growth is a priority, especially in the context of a developing nation  It is a nation’s own sovereign decision to decide its own standards and pace itself. It is a sovereign right of self-determination of a nation to freely comply or refuse to comply with international standards. It is unfair to back a developing nation up against a wall and force them to ratify higher standards in return for aid.  It is notable that the countries that have developed fastest have often been those that have ignored the whims of the aid donors. The Asian tigers (Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, later followed by South East Asia and China) did not receive aid, but preserved authority over their developmental policies. Their success story does not involve the international labour standards and goes against many of the policy prescriptions, such as free trade, of international institutions, such as the World Bank and the ILO [1] . This shows that nations that follow their national interest rather than bending to the whims of donors are the ones that ultimately do best economically. These states only implement labour standards when they become beneficial; when it is necessary to build and maintain an educated labour force.  [1] Chang, Ha-Joon, “Infant Industry Promotion in Historical Perspective – A Rope to Hang Oneself or a Ladder to Climb With?”, a paper for the conference “Development Theory at the Threshold of the Twenty-first Century”, 2001, development, economic growth, developing nation, sovereign decision, self-determination, international standards, aid, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, China, international labour standards, World Bank, ILO, national interest, labour standards, infant industry, historical perspective, Ha-Joon Chang Development, economic growth, developing nation, sovereign decision, self-determination, international standards, aid, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, South East Asia, China, international labour standards, World Bank, ILO, national interest, labour standards, Ha-Joon Chang, Infant Industry Promotion, Development Theory, Twenty-first Century development, economic growth, developing nation, sovereign decision, self-determination, international standards, aid, ratify, higher standards, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, South East Asia, China,international labour standards, World Bank, ILO, infant industry, labour force, Chang Ha-Joon Development, economic growth, developing nation, sovereignty, self-determination, international standards, aid, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, China, national interest, labour standards, World Bank, ILO, infant industry, historical perspective, policy prescriptions, free trade, educated labour force development, economic growth, developing nation, sovereign decision, self-determination, international standards, aid, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, China, international labour standards, World Bank, ILO, national interest, labour standards, infant industry, historical perspective, Ha-Joon Chang
test-economy-bepiehbesa-pro01a	CAP is costly and unfair to other industries  Currently CAP costs the European Union approx. 40% of its whole budget. However, this money is used to provide subsidies for industry that only employs less than 5 % of workforce and creates less than 2 % of GDP. [1] We can easily assume that nearly half of EU’s budget can be used more effectively and can, instead, be used to support other, more potential industries which can boost the currently sluggish economic growth. Moreover, the subsidies for European farmers are so high they can contribute up to 90 % of farmers’ pre-tax income. [2] No other industry has such privileges – when European coal and iron industry became uncompetitive and needed to be slimmed down, the European union did not subsidise the industry to such degree even though such action could have saved thousands of jobs.  [1] Charlemagne, ‘Milking the budget’, The Economist, 22 November 2012,   [2] The Economist, ‘Europe’s farm follies’, 8 December 2005, CAP, costly, unfair, European Union, budget, subsidies, industry, workforce, GDP, economic growth, farmers, pre-tax income, coal, iron, uncompetitive, jobs, Charlemagne, The Economist, farm follies, milk the budget, EU, agriculture policy, financial allocation, economic impact, support, potential industries, fiscal efficiency, subsidy reform CAP, costly, unfair, industries, European, Union, budget, subsidies, workforce, GDP, effective, economic, growth, potential, farmers, pre-tax, income, privileges, coal, iron, competitive, subsidized, jobs CAP, European Union, budget, subsidies, agriculture, GDP, workforce, economic growth, farmers, pre-tax income, coal, iron, industry, uncompetitive, jobs, policy, fiscal, economy, support, inefficiency, funding, allocation, criticism, reform CAP, costly, unfair, industries, European, Union, budget, subsidies, workforce, GDP, economic, growth, farmers, pre-tax, income, coal, iron, uncompetitive, slimmed, down, jobs, Charlemagne, The, Economist, Milking, budget, Europe’s, farm, follies CAP, costly, unfair, industries, European, Union, budget, subsidies, employment, GDP, economic, growth, farmers, pre-tax, income, coal, iron, competitive, jobs, Charlemagne, The, Economist, farm, follies
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-pro02a	Hate speech  The enforcement of the laws proposed in this article will be fraught, complex and difficult. However, the difficulty of administering a law is never a good argument for refusing to enforce it.  The censorship of the written word ended in England with the Lady Chatterley and Oz obscenity trials, but this liberalisation of publication standards has not prevented the state from prosecuting hate speech when it appears in print. It is clear that, although we have more latitude than ever to say or write what we want (no matter how objectionable), standards and taboos continue to exist. We can take it that these taboos are especially important and valuable to the running of a stable society, as they have persisted despite the legal and cultural changes that have taken place over the last fifty years.  Hate speech is prosecuted and censored because of its power to intrude into the lives of individuals who have not consented to receive it. As pointed out in Jeremy Waldron’s response [1] to Timothy Garton Ash’s piece [2] on hate speech, hateful comments are not dangerous because they insight gullible individuals to abandon their inhibitions and engage in race riots. Hate speech is harmful because it recreates- cheaply and in front of a very large audience- an atmosphere in which vulnerable minorities are put in fear of becoming the targets of violence and prejudice. Additionally, hate speech harms by defaming groups, by propagating lies and half-truths about practices and beliefs, with the objective of socially isolating those groups.  Gangsta rap does all of these things, yet legal responses to the publication of songs containing such lyrics as “Rape a pregnant bitch and tell my friends I had a threesome,” have been timid at best. Even if we maintain our liberal approach to taboo breaking forms of expression, we can still link hip hop to many of the harms that hate speech produces.  Gangsta rap gives the impression that African-American and Latin-American neighbourhoods throughout the USA are violent, lawless places. Even if the pronouncements of rappers such as 50 cent and NWA are overblown or fictitious they enforce social division by vividly discouraging people from entering or interacting with poor minority communities. They damage those communities directly by creating a fear of criminality that serves to limit trust and cohesion among individual community members. Finally, violent hip hop is also defamatory. It propagates an image of minority communities that emphasises violence, poverty and nihilism, whilst loudly proclaiming its authenticity. It is completely irrelevant that these images of minority communities are produced by members of those communities.  It is on this basis, however protracted the process of classification must become, that the content of hip hop songs should be assessed and censored. Liberal democracies are prepared to go to great lengths to adjudicate on speech that could potentially promote racial or religious hatred. The same standards should be applied to hip hop music, because it is capable of producing identical harms.  [1] Waldron, J. “The harm of hate speech”. FreeSpeechDebate, 20 March 2012.  [2] Garton-Ash, T. “Living with difference”. FreeSpeechDebate, 22 January 2012. hate speech, enforcement, laws, censorship, written word, Lady Chatterley, Oz obscenity trials, liberalisation, publication standards, taboos, stable society, prosecution, censored, objectionable, individuals, consent, intrusion, vulnerable minorities, violence, prejudice, race riots, defaming, isolating, groups, gangsta rap, legal responses, taboo breaking, expression, hip hop, harms, African-American, Latin-American, neighbourhoods, social division, criminality, trust, cohesion, defamatory, violence, poverty, nihilism, authenticity, classification, liberal democracies, adjudicate, racial, hate speech, enforcement, laws, censorship, written word, obscenity trials, publication standards, taboos, stable society, prosecution, power, intrusion, non-consent, race riots, defamatory, social isolation, gangsta rap, legal responses, taboos, expression, hip hop, harms, social division, trust, cohesion, criminality, defamation, minority communities, classification, racial hatred, religious hatred, freedom of speech, liberal democracies, adjudication, identical harms, authenticity, Livingston, Waldron, Garton-Ash, FreeSpeechDebate hate speech, enforcement, laws, censorship, written word, England, Lady Chatterley, Obscenity trials, liberalisation, publication standards, prosecution, taboos, stability, society, latency, objectionable, power, intrusion, unconsented, atmosphere, violence, prejudice, defaming, lies, half-truths, social isolation, gangsta rap, legal responses, hip hop, harms, African-American, Latin-American, neighbourhoods, social division, discouragement, criminality, trust, cohesion, defamatory, poverty, nihilism, authenticity, liberal democracies, adjudication, racial, religious hate speech, enforcement, laws, censorship, written word, England, Lady Chatterley, Oz obscenity trials, liberalisation, publication standards, prosecution, print, taboos, society, standards, stability, intrusion, consent, individuals, vulnerable minorities, fear, violence, prejudice, defamation, lies, half-truths, social isolation, gangsta rap, legal responses, song lyrics, rap, hip hop, harm, African-American, Latin-American, neighbourhoods, social division, fear, criminality, trust, cohesion, minority communities, authenticity, assessment, censorship, liberal democracies, racial hatred, religious hatred hate speech, enforcement, laws, censorship, written word, England, Lady Chatterley, Oz obscenity trials, liberalisation, publication standards, state prosecution, standards, taboos, stable society, power, intrusion, unconsented, vulnerable minorities, violence, prejudice, defamation, lies, half-truths, social isolation, gangsta rap, legal responses, rap lyrics, hip hop, harms, African-American, Latin-American, neighbourhoods, social division, fear, criminality, trust, cohesion, minority communities, defamatory, violence, poverty, nihilism, authenticity, classification, liberal democracies,
test-society-cpisydfphwj-con01a	Facebook is bad for life satisfaction  Every single day, there are millions of users sharing photographs, messages and comments across Facebook. Unfortunately, this type of “online socialization” that Facebook has initiated is nothing but detrimental to the teenagers, the most frequent users of the platform. The emotion which is most common when staying online is envy. “Endlessly comparing themselves with peers who have doctored their photographs, amplified their achievements and plagiarised their bons mots can leave Facebook’s users more than a little green-eyed.”(1)  Not only do they get envious, but they also lose their self esteem. As a result, they have the tendency to be isolated and find it harder to socialize and make new friends due to the bad impression they have for themselves. In a poll, 53 per cent of the respondents said the launch of social networking sites had changed their behaviour - and of those, 51 per cent said the impact had been negative.(2 ) One study also backs this statistics up by finding that the more the participants used the site, the more their life satisfaction levels declined.(3)  In conclusion, daily use of social networks has a negative effect on the health of all children and teenagers by making them more prone to anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders.(4)  (1) “Facebook is bad for you”, The Economist, Aug 17th 2013   (2) Laura Donnelly “Facebook and Twitter feed anxiety, study finds” The Telegraph, 08 Jul 2012   (3) “Facebook use 'makes people feel worse about themselves' “, BBC News, 15 August 2013   (4) Larry Rose ”Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids“ American Psychological Association August 6, 2011 Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, negative behavior, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networks, health, children, daily use, Laura Donnelly, The Telegraph, The Economist, BBC News, American Psychological Association, Larry Rose Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, negative behavior change, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networks, health impact, Laura Donnelly, The Telegraph, The Economist, BBC News, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, frequent users, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialize, negative impact, behavior change, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networking, health effects, daily use, online comparison, peer pressure, study, statistics, detrimental effects, user experience, psychological well-being, social media impact Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, behavior change, negative impact, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networks, daily use, health effects, children, Laura Donnelly, The Telegraph, The Economist, BBC News, American Psychological Association, Larry Rose Facebook, life satisfaction, teenagers, online socialization, envy, self esteem, isolation, socialization, mental health, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networking, negative impact, health, children, daily use, social media, behavior change, study, statistics, article, The Economist, The Telegraph, BBC News, American Psychological Association
test-society-tsmihwurpp-con03a	Profiling exacerbates terrorism as it reinforces the perception that Muslims and marginalised ethnic groups face prejudice.  The reality is that if a plane can be held up with a box-cutter, a broken glass bottle from duty free or flammable alcohol from the same source could be just as threatening.  However, increased use of air marshals- armed plainclothes police officers who travel secretly on certain flights- means that even these desperate tactics are likely to be ineffectual.  Institutionalising prejudice and assumption will add legitimacy and grativas to terrorist propaganda that seeks to radicalise curious or confused young people.  Not only is profiling ineffectual, it is likely to exacerbate the situation. profiling, exacerbates, terrorism, reinforces, perception, Muslims, marginalised, ethnic, groups, prejudice, plane, security, box-cutter, broken, glass, bottle, duty, free, flammable, alcohol, air, marshals, armed, plainclothes, police, officers, flights, tactics, ineffectual, institutionalising, assumption, legitimacy, radicalise, young, people, ineffectual, situation profiling, exacerbates, terrorism, perception, Muslims, marginalised, ethnic, prejudice, plane, security, box-cutter, duty-free, flammable, alcohol, air, marshals, armed, plainclothes, police, flights, tactics, ineffectual, institutionalising, assumption, legitimacy, propaganda, radicalise, young, people, ineffectual, situation Profiling, terrorism, prejudice, Muslims, ethnic-groups, plane-security, box-cutter, air-marshals, institutionalised-prejudice, terrorist-propaganda, radicalisation, ineffectual, exacerbate, security-measures, airline-safety, passenger-screening, ethno-religious, discrimination, counterterrorism, public-perception, aviation-security, radicalised-youth, policy-critique, profiling-ineffectiveness, security-theatre, civil-liberties, air-travel, safety-protocols, covert-patrol, tactical-ineffectiveness, extremist-recruitment, societal-impact, threat-mit profiling, exacerbates, terrorism, reinforces, perception, Muslims, marginalised, ethnic, groups, prejudice, plane, held, box-cutter, broken, glass, bottle, duty, free, flammable, alcohol, increased, air, marshals, armed, plainclothes, police, officers, travel, secretly, flights, tactics, ineffectual, institutionalising, assumption, adds, legitimacy, terrorist, propaganda, radicalise, curious, young, people, ineffectual, situation profiling, exacerbates, terrorism, perception, prejudice, Muslims, ethnic, groups, plane, security, box-cutter, glass, bottle, flammable, alcohol, air, marshals, armed, plainclothes, police, officers, flights, tactics, ineffectual, institutionalising, assumption, legitimacy, propaganda, radicalise, young, people, ineffectual, situation
test-international-aghwrem-con03a	Re-engagement will weaken the reform movement  International and domestic pressure has forced the military junta to set up a nominal civilian government. It is important to make sure that change goes further and becomes meaningful. This will involve bringing into force a fair constitution, curbing human rights violations and bringing its perpetrators to justice, and creating conditions for legitimate democratic elections to take place. By reengaging at this juncture, the signal the ruling elite in Myanmar will get is that this piecemeal, nominal change is sufficient to hold them in good stead in the international political arena for a longer period. It would also be a betrayal of the pro-democracy supporters in Myanmar, who continue to be cast out of the constitutional process and have little actual political influence under the existing system.1  1 Thanegi, Ma, ‘Burma sanctions: The case against’, BBC news, ‘4 March 2002’. re-engagement, reform movement, international pressure, domestic pressure, military junta, civilian government, meaningful change, fair constitution, human rights violations, justice, democratic elections, ruling elite, Myanmar, pro-democracy supporters, constitutional process, political influence, Burma sanctions, BBC news Re-engagement, reform movement, international pressure, domestic pressure, military junta, civilian government, meaningful change, fair constitution, human rights violations, justice, democratic elections, ruling elite, Myanmar, piecemeal change, pro-democracy supporters, constitutional process, political influence, Burma sanctions, BBC news re-engagement, reform movement, international pressure, domestic pressure, military junta, civilian government, change, meaningful, fair constitution, human rights violations, justice, democratic elections, pro-democracy supporters, constitutional process, political influence, Burma sanctions, BBC news, Ma Thanegi Re-engagement, Reform Movement, International Pressure, Domestic Pressure, Military Junta, Nominal Civilian Government, Meaningful Change, Fair Constitution, Human Rights Violations, Justice, Democratic Elections, Myanmar, Ruling Elite, Pro-Democracy Supporters, Constitutional Process, Political Influence, Burma Sanctions, Ma Thanegi, BBC News, March 2002 Re-engagement, Reform Movement, International Pressure, Domestic Pressure, Military Junta, Nominal Civilian Government, Meaningful Change, Fair Constitution, Human Rights Violations, Justice, Democratic Elections, Ruling Elite, Myanmar, Piecemeal Change, Pro-Democracy Supporters, Constitutional Process, Political Influence, Burma Sanctions, BBC News
test-economy-epehwmrbals-con02a	There is nothing wrong with individualised standards. It is the question on implementing them better and not raising standards  The chances that these international labour standards are even relevant to these developing nations are low. For example, India need not ratify the two core conventions on protecting trade union rights because these are rights that pertain to workers in formal employment. A majority of India’s workforce is not in formal employment, and hence not covered by any legal provisions. Similarly in many developing economies a large portion of the workforce is engaged in subsistence farming, something that labour standards are never going to apply to as those involved will do whatever they need to in order to get by. Therefore, there needs to be a different standard applied to the situation specific problems. What needs to be recognised is how no to low labour standards in developing countries can be a significant improvement over the only alternative that was previously available; subsistence farming. One size fits all does not work in such a diverse global economy and donors should recognise the benefits of helping development to bring people out of subsistence farming. individualised standards, implementing, raising standards, international labour standards, developing nations, India, ratify, core conventions, trade union rights, formal employment, workforce, legal provisions, subsistence farming, labour standards, situation specific, diverse global economy, donors, development, subsistence farming alternatives individualised standards, implementing, raising standards, international labour standards, developing nations, India, ratify, core conventions, trade union rights, formal employment, workforce, legal provisions, subsistence farming, labour standards, situation specific problems, low labour standards, significant improvement, subsistence farming, diverse global economy, donors, development, bring people out, one size fits all individualised standards, implementing, raising standards, international labour standards, developing nations, India, ratify, core conventions, trade union rights, formal employment, legal provisions, subsistence farming, labour standards, situation specific, diverse global economy, donors, development, subsistence farming individualised standards, implementing, raising standards, international labour standards, developing nations, India, core conventions, trade union rights, formal employment, workforce, legal provisions, subsistence farming, labour standards, situation specific problems, no to low labour standards, significant improvement, diverse global economy, donors, development, bring people out of subsistence farming individualised standards, implementation, raising standards, international labour standards, developing nations, India, ratification, core conventions, trade union rights, formal employment, legal provisions, subsistence farming, labour standards, situation specific, diverse global economy, donors, development, improvement, one size fits all
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-con01a	In the current environment, moves to make English the official language are specifically targeted at Hispanic immigrants  Historically, efforts to declare English the official language tend to come up when certain elements in the American body politic become threatened. It became an issue in the First World War, when resentment rose against German immigrants, and the present movement, though nominally not signalling anyone out, is clearly aimed at Hispanics.  This can be inferred from the fact that they are by far the largest non-English linguistic group in the country, and on occasion such views have been let slip, as the leader of one of the largest lobbying groups for a National Language did.[1]  Even if such legislation is not aimed specifically at Hispanics, everyone will assume that it is, and many Hispanics will nevertheless believe that they are the intended targets.  The practical result of this will be the alienation of the Hispanic population as many Hispanics see themselves under attack, which will cause many Hispanics to concentrate together, undermining many of the arguments for assimilation the government has made.  Furthermore, to the extent it stigmatizes Spanish speakers as the ‘other’, it may well encourage bullying against Hispanic students, and discrimination against those who can’t speak English, who are a far larger group than those who chose not to speak it.  [1] ‘English Only Movement FAQ File’, Mass. English Plus, English, official language, Hispanic immigrants, American politics, threat, historical context, First World War, German immigrants, nationalism, discrimination, linguistic groups, Spanish, assimilation, alienation, bullying, student safety, workforce integration, Mass. English Plus, English Only Movement English, official language, Hispanic immigrants, American politics, threatened, First World War, German immigrants, National Language, legislation, Hispanic population, alienation, assimilation, bullying, discrimination, Spanish speakers, English Only Movement English, official language, Hispanic immigrants, American politics, threatened, First World War, German immigrants, National Language, legislation, alienation, Hispanic population, assimilation, government, stigmatization, Spanish speakers, bullying, discrimination, English Only Movement, FAQ File, Mass. English Plus official language, Hispanic immigrants, American body politic, First World War, German immigrants, linguistic group, National Language, legislation, Hispanic population, alienation, assimilation, stigmatization, bullying, discrimination, English Only Movement English, official language, Hispanic immigrants, American body politic, threatened, First World War, German immigrants, non-English linguistic group, National Language, legislation, Hispanic population, alienation, assimilation, stigmatizes, Spanish speakers, bullying, discrimination, English Plus
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro05a	Greater awareness will increase donations  There is a clear need around the world for more donors of organs. In the UK there are about 4000 transplants a year but there are always more waiting, in November 2012 there were 7593 people waiting so on average each will be waiting for almost two years. [1] In Germany there are over 12,000 waiting but only 2777 donations in 2012. [2] The sacrifice of individual relatives who willingly choose death to save their loved ones therefore brings the need for donations into focus. The media are likely to present heart-breaking stories about loving people who made the ultimate sacrifice. As a consequence, more people will be aware of the issue and wish to fill in donor cards so that they might be able to minimise the number of voluntary donations in the event of their death. Thus there will be more naturally donated organs available and more lives will be saved.  [1] NHS Choices, “Introduction”, 19 October 2012,   [2] Lütticke, Marcus, “Germany lags behind in organ donations”, Deutsche Welle, 4 January 2013, organ donation, awareness, donors, transplants, waiting list, media coverage, heart-breaking stories, donor cards, voluntary donations, NHS Choices, Germany, organ shortage, life-saving, health policy, bioethics, donation rates, medical ethics, public education, organ procurement, transplant surgery, altruism, healthcare system, patient care, medical research, organ matching, donation advocacy, mortality rates, critical care, end-of-life decisions, organ distribution, medical law, donor registration, transplant outcomes, healthcare awareness, public health initiatives, organ transplantation, medical ethics committee, informed consent, donation after death, tissue donation, organ trafficking, global organ donations, awareness, transplants, waiting list, UK, Germany, donor cards, media coverage, voluntary donations, life saving, sacrificial acts, healthcare statistics, organ availability, medical ethics, public health initiatives, donation rates, transplantation statistics, advocacy, health policy, organ donor registry awareness, donations, organ, donors, UK, transplants, waiting, Germany, sacrifice, relatives, media, stories, donor, cards, naturally, donated, lives, saved organ donations, awareness, UK, Germany, transplants, waiting lists, donor cards, media influence, saving lives, voluntary donations, NHS Choices, Deutsche Welle organ donations, awareness, transplants, UK, Germany, waiting lists, donor cards, media stories, voluntary donations, lives saved
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro03a	Should not ignore the will of 1.3billion  A small African country should not ignore one sixth of the world’s population. To recognise a tiny country of 23million over one of 1.3billion is being unjust to a huge portion of humanity. When there is such an imbalance in population it is clear that the democratic path is to recognise the side with the greater population. When all the states that have recognised Taiwan finally transfer recognition to the PRC Taiwan may finally recognise that it would be best off returning to China. By changing its recognition São Tomé and other small countries can do their bit to ensure peace in East Asia. Taiwan, PRC, China, population, recognition, São Tomé, Africa, democracy, East Asia, peace, injustice, humanitarian, states, transfer, tiny country, 1.3billion, 23million 1.3billion, African, country, ignore, population, recognition, Taiwan, PRC, São Tomé, East Asia, democracy, peace, humanity, imbalance, states, justice, return, China African country, 1.3billion, population, recognition, Taiwan, PRC, São Tomé, East Asia, democratic path, peace, imbalance, humanity, small countries, states, justice population, recognition, democratic, imbalance, São Tomé, Taiwan, PRC, China, peace, East Asia, small country, 1.3billion, 23million population, recognition, democratic, imbalance, Taiwan, PRC, São Tomé, East Asia, peace, unjust, humanity
test-international-epvhwhranet-con01a	Significant changes in the past have not been put to popular vote.  In the past treaties with more far reaching consequences have been ratified by ruling parliaments without ever going to popular vote. For example the 1986 Act establishing a Single Market and the 1996 Maastricht Treaty. These treaties gave the EU power in economic regulation, immigration and monetary policy and yet were not put to majority voting. It was understood that progress was important and popular voting could halt progress. If these changes were made it is nonsensical that treaties with less significance should use a referendum. significant changes, popular vote, treaties, ruling parliaments, 1986 Act, Single Market, 1996 Maastricht Treaty, EU power, economic regulation, immigration, monetary policy, progress, nonsensical, less significant, referendum significant changes, popular vote, treaties, ruling parliaments, 1986 Act, Single Market, 1996 Maastricht Treaty, EU power, economic regulation, immigration, monetary policy, progress, referendum, less significance significant changes, popular vote, treaties, ruling parliaments, 1986 Act, Single Market, 1996 Maastricht Treaty, EU power, economic regulation, immigration, monetary policy, majority voting, progress, referendum, less significance significant changes, popular vote, treaties, far-reaching consequences, ruling parliaments, 1986 Act, Single Market, 1996 Maastricht Treaty, EU power, economic regulation, immigration, monetary policy, progress, popular voting, halt progress, less significance, referendum treaties, popular vote, ruling parliaments, 1986 Act, Single Market, 1996 Maastricht Treaty, EU power, economic regulation, immigration, monetary policy, progress, referendum, significance, democratic process, legislative history, constitutional changes, public opinion, political decision-making
test-international-iighbopcc-pro03a	It is too late for half measures  Two degrees Celsius has generally been regarded as that safe level which agreements should be aiming for. This agreement does not go so far with it expected to keep the temperature increase to around 2.7 degrees if everyone sticks to their commitments and makes deeper ones after 2030. [1] Unfortunately however the world will still most likely be heading towards a 3.5 degrees rise if no further cuts are made later. [2] Now is the time to be much more ambitious and part of that means binding cuts to prevent backsliding or those agreeing carrying on as usual.  [1] Nuttall, Nick, ‘Global Response to Climate Change Keeps Door Open to 2 Degree C Temperature Limit’, UNFCCC Press Office, 30 October 2015,   [2] Romm, Joe, ‘Misleading U.N. Report Confuses Media on Paris Climate Talks’, thinkprogress.org, 3 November 2015, climate change, 2 degrees Celsius, temperature increase, Paris agreement, 2.7 degrees, 3.5 degrees, ambitious cuts, binding commitments, UNFCCC, thinkprogress.org, Nick Nuttall, Joe Romm, Paris Climate Talks, global response, climate commitments, backsliding, media confusion, temperature limit climate change, two degrees Celsius, safe level, agreements, temperature increase, 2.7 degrees, commitments, 3.5 degrees rise, cuts, Paris Climate Talks, UNFCCC, thinkprogress.org, ambitious, binding cuts, backsliding climate change, global warming, 2 degrees Celsius, Paris agreement, temperature increase, climate commitments, emissions cuts, ambition, backsliding, UNFCCC, Nick Nuttall, Joe Romm, thinkprogress.org, media confusion, 3.5 degrees rise, 2030 targets climate change, 2 degrees Celsius, temperature increase, Paris agreement, emissions cuts, global warming, UNFCCC, media confusion, Nick Nuttall, Joe Romm, ambition, binding commitments, backsliding, 2030 targets, 3.5 degrees rise, climate negotiations, thinkprogress.org climate change, two degrees Celsius, temperature increase, Paris agreement, commitments, 2030, 3.5 degrees, ambitious goals, binding cuts, backsliding, UNFCCC, thinkprogress, media confusion, global response, climate talks
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro04a	Holocaust Denial  Speech acts lead to physical acts. Thus pornography, hate speech and political polemic are causally linked to rape, hate crimes, and insurrection.  Both scientific creationism and Holocaust denial have serious, and dangerous, hidden agendas. Deniers of the Nanjing Massacre believe that the Japanese did nothing wrong in the Second World War and continue to claim that it was a war of liberation against western colonialism - feeding Japanese militarism today. Holocaust deniers, in claiming that a Jewish conspiracy is responsible for the widespread belief that six million Jews were murdered by the Nazis, are closely allied to anti-Semitism and neo-Nazism. We should not allow such views the legitimacy which being debated gives them. Holocaust Denial, Speech Acts, Physical Acts, Pornography, Hate Speech, Political Polemic, Rape, Hate Crimes, Insurrection, Scientific Creationism, Hidden Agendas, Dangerous Agendas, Nanjing Massacre, Japanese Militarism, War Crimes, WWII, Jewish Conspiracy, Anti-Semitism, Neo-Nazism, Legitimacy, Debate Holocaust, Denial, Speech Acts, Physical Acts, Pornography, Hate Speech, Political Polemic, Rape, Hate Crimes, Insurrection, Scientific Creationism, Hidden Agendas, Dangerous, Nanjing Massacre, Japanese, World War II, Liberation, Western Colonialism, Japanese Militarism, Jewish Conspiracy, Anti-Semitism, Neo-Nazism, Legitimacy, Debate Holocaust denial, speech acts, physical acts, pornography, hate speech, political polemic, rape, hate crimes, insurrection, scientific creationism, hidden agendas, Nanjing Massacre, Japanese militarism, Jewish conspiracy, anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism, legitimacy, debated views Holocaust denial, hate speech, pornography, political polemic, rape, hate crimes, insurrection, scientific creationism, Nanjing Massacre, Japanese militarism, anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism, legitimacy, debate, conspiracy theories, Jewish conspiracy, Nazis, World War II, historical revisionism, free speech, ethical responsibility, genocides, denialism, propaganda, social harm, moral implications, public discourse, extremist ideologies, violence, discrimination, human rights violations, war crimes, moral outrage, cultural sensitivity, education, critical thinking, truth, justice, accountability, memory, remembrance, prevention, tolerance, coexistence Holocaust denial, speech acts, physical acts, pornography, hate speech, political polemic, rape, hate crimes, insurrection, scientific creationism, hidden agendas, Nanjing Massacre, Japanese militarism, Jewish conspiracy, anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism, legitimacy, debate
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro03a	Nuclear weapons give states valuable agenda-setting power on the international stage  The issues discussed in international forums are largely set by nuclear powers. The permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council, for example, is composed only of nuclear powers, the same states that had nuclear weapons at the end of World War II. If all countries possess nuclear weapons, they redress the imbalance with regard to international clout, at least to the extent to which military capacity shapes states’ interactions with each other. [1] Furthermore, the current world order is grossly unfair, based on the historical anachronism of the post-World War II era. The nuclear powers, wanting to retain their position of dominance in the wake of the post-war chaos, sought to entrench their position, convincing smaller nations to sign up to non-proliferation agreements and trying to keep the nuclear club exclusive. It is only right, in terms of fairness that states not allow themselves the ability to possess certain arms while denying that right to others. Likewise, it is unfair in that it denies states, particularly those incapable of building large conventional militaries, the ability to defend themselves, relegating them to an inferior status on the world stage. [2] To finally level the international playing field and allow equal treatment to all members of the congress of nations, states must have the right to develop nuclear weapons.  [1] Fearon, James D. 1994. “Signaling Versus the Balance of Power and Interests: An Empirical Test of a Crisis Bargaining Model”. Journal of Conflict Resolution 38(2).  [2] Betts, Richard K. 1987. Nuclear blackmail and nuclear balance. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. Nuclear weapons, international clout, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, post-World War II, non-proliferation agreements, military capacity, fairness, international order, defensive capabilities, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, Betts, Fearon nuclear weapons, international agenda-setting, United Nations Security Council, permanent membership, nuclear powers, World War II, global imbalance, military capacity, international clout, world order, historical anachronism, post-war era, nuclear club, non-proliferation agreements, fairness, states' rights, conventional militaries, international status, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, nuclear blackmail, Richard K. Betts, James D. Fearon nuclear weapons, international stage, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, post-World War II, non-proliferation agreements, military capacity, world order, fairness, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, state interactions, international clout, conventional militaries, global equality, defensive capabilities, nuclear club, historical anachronism, state rights, nuclear development, international playing field, equal treatment, member nations, power dominance, smaller nations, nuclear blackmail, balance of power, crisis management, state relations, international forums, nuclear arms, international justice, security council membership, global security, nuclear proliferation, international norms Nuclear weapons, states, agenda-setting power, international stage, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, non-proliferation agreements, military capacity, international clout, world order, fairness, defense, conventional militaries, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, international playing field, equal treatment, Betts, Fearon nuclear weapons, international agenda, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, post-World War II, non-proliferation agreements, military capacity, international clout, fairness, global imbalance, defensive capability, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, international order, equal treatment, state sovereignty, nuclear rights, world stage, international forums, security council membership, historical anachronism, nuclear club, state interactions, conventional militaries, inferior status, nuclear balance of power, Betts, Fearon
test-economy-bepighbdb-con03a	Political regime has a limited impact on development  It can be argued that a good economic policy, such as China’s economic policies, have helped development. But a free market policy can be done with any form of government, and cannot be exclusively attached to a dictatorship or a democracy. Any political system can use it. Although it has been noted that South Korea was an autocracy during economic ‘takeoff’ its economy has also grown significantly since democratization with GNI per capita growing from $3,320 in 1987 to $22,670 in 2012. [1]  Another example is that Spanish economic growth in the 1950-2000 period. The 1960s economic miracle in Spain was not necessarily caused by Franco’s regime – he controlled the country in the 1950s, when the country did not have such economic success. In 1959, Franco opened up the Spanish economy internationally, ending the isolationist economic policies established following the Civil War so making the country free market bringing dividends. As a result Spain also grew economically after the collapse of the Franco government, continuing on following on from EU membership.  [1] The World Bank, ‘GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)’, data.worldbank.org, Political regime, economic development, China, economic policy, free market, government form, dictatorship, democracy, South Korea, autocracy, economic takeoff, GNI per capita, Spain, economic miracle, Franco, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, GNI Political regime, economic development, China, economic policy, free market, government form, dictatorship, democracy, South Korea, autocracy, economic takeoff, GNI per capita, Spain, 1950-2000 period, 1960s economic miracle, Francisco Franco, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, GNI data Political regime, economic development, economic policy, China, free market, government form, dictatorship, democracy, South Korea, autocracy, economic takeoff, GNI per capita, Spain, 1950-2000 period, economic miracle, Franco, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, GNI per capita data political regime, economic development, China, economic policies, free market, government forms, dictatorship, democracy, South Korea, autocracy, democratization, GNI per capita, Spain, economic growth, 1950-2000 period, Franco, economic miracle, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, GNI data political regime, economic development, China, economic policy, free market, government form, dictatorship, democracy, South Korea, autocracy, economic takeoff, GNI per capita, Spain, 1950-2000 period, Franco, 1960s economic miracle, isolationist policy, EU membership, World Bank, GNI per capita data
test-philosophy-elhbrd-con02a	Once the moral absolute is broken, there is no other credible point before the right to use becomes standardised.  It is easy to say that this social move would not lead to healthy thirty year olds walking into emergency rooms and asking to end it all because they had just broken up with their partner or been sacked. However, it’s rather difficult to see why it should not. Proposition says that all this would do is extend the right to commit suicide to those currently incapable of performing the act themselves but that isn’t so. It also extends the surety of success and of a medically painless procedure that is not available to the teenager with a razorblade or the bankrupt with a bottle of pills and another of vodka. For the sake of exactly the equality of approach, it seems only fair to do so. Proposition are attempting to pick the easy bits of the case but, by doing so, they leave contradictions in their case, why shouldn’t the right to die be universal? They know the reason; society would reject the idea out of hand, regardless of its merits. As a result they draw an arbitrary line simply because it is difficult to argue this right as a response to poverty or grief or addiction. They could argue that all of those things “might” get better. Well similarly a cure for cancer “might” be invented. The only consistent argument is either a universal ban or a universal acceptance. Anything else is an argument about where to draw the line; such approaches tend to lead to a gradual, slippery descent away from the original intentions of legislators. Whatever the initial legislation, it would likely be a matter of days before the court cases started. moral absolutes, right to use, social movement, healthy adults, emergency rooms, suicide, social equality, medical ethics, painless procedure, universal rights, societal rejection, arbitrary legislation, slippery slope, legislative intentions, court cases moral absolute, right to use, standardisation, social move, healthy thirty year olds, emergency rooms, suicide, relationship breakup, job loss, equality, medically assisted suicide, teenager, razorblade, bankrupt, pills, vodka, universal right to die, society rejection, arbitrary line, poverty, grief, addiction, cancer cure, consistent argument, universal ban, universal acceptance, slippery slope, legislation, court cases moral absolutes, right to use, legalized suicide, social implications, emergency rooms, mental health, relationship breakups, job loss, suicide methods, medically assisted death, equality in death, universal right to die, legislative contradictions, arbitrary lines, societal rejection, slippery slope, court cases, legal challenges, ethical considerations, mental health care, suicide prevention, social policies, end of life choices, moral philosophy, legal ethics, public opinion, legislative intent, medical ethics, humanitarian arguments, legal boundaries, social responsibility, individual rights, collective values moral absolutes, right to die, suicide, social implications, euthanasia, equality, medical ethics, slippery slope, arbitrary lines, legal challenges, universal acceptance, universal ban, mental health, terminal illness, legislative intentions moral absolute, right to use, standardisation, social move, healthy thirty year olds, emergency rooms, commit suicide, medically painless procedure, equality of approach, right to die, universal acceptance, arbitrary line, slippery slope, court cases, legislators, initial legislation
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-pro02a	Cultural appropriation is parallel to stolen intellectual property and should be treated in the same way.  There are high standards of global intellectual property laws such as copyright and patenting for things such as medicines, and creative designs. However, these laws only apply to a few areas so this proposal would effectively widen its remit by taking intellectual property as a template for what might be considered ‘cultural property’. Many minority communities, including the Native American Navajo tribe have had their names, designs, and culture stolen or misused and have not received compensation. This highlights the embedded systematic inequalities where justice may not be brought to those of minority cultures. Reparations, monetary or otherwise, should be paid in these cases as other case studies [1].  The closest this has actually come to happening is with the Native American Navajo community. They had their name printed and used on products such as underwear, dresses and hipflasks at the popular retail store Urban Outfitters [2]. There was outrage in the community and a 'cease and desist' notice was filed in court for the products to be recalled. In addition to this the Navajo tribe called for monetary reparations to compensate for the damage done in the name of their community however, this was not granted. As the Navajo name was copyrighted this case was made much simpler before the law – as we propose cultural property theft should be.  It is important to point out that many other communities which have been exploited previously have not copyrighted their name and so do not have this same opportunity [3]. This is important as with many cases, the outcome may have not resulted in anything further.  The practise of reparations should be used universally as it is disrespectful to misuse the names, symbols and property of other cultures without consent.  In a democracy where everybody is equal before the law, communities and individuals should be able to sue those for not giving recognition, or misusing cultural practises that have historic meaning and importance. Culture is embedded in communities with long standing traditions, theories and practises. This is evident as we do not (yet) have a single global culture, even though one might argue there is one slowly emerging.  [1] Schutte, Shane, ‘6 famous copyright cases’, realbusiness, 11th August 2014,   [2] Siek, Stephanie, ‘Navajo Nation sues Urban Outfitters for alleged trademark infringement’, CNN, 2nd March 2012,   [3] Johnson, Maisha J., ‘What is wrong with cultural appropriation; These 9 Answers Reveal Its Harm’, everydayfeminism, 14th June 2015, cultural appropriation, stolen intellectual property, global intellectual property laws, copyright, patenting, medicines, creative designs, minority communities, Native American Navajo tribe, names, designs, culture, stolen, misused, compensation, systematic inequalities, justice, reparations, monetary, case studies, Urban Outfitters, cease and desist, court, products, underwear, dresses, hipflasks, lawsuit, cultural property theft, trademark infringement, democracy, equal before the law, sue, recognition, cultural practices, historic meaning, importance, traditions, theories, single global culture, copyright cases, trademark cases, cultural harm, Maisha J cultural appropriation, intellectual property, global IP laws, copyright, patenting, minority communities, Native American, Navajo tribe, names, designs, culture, stolen, misused, compensation, systematic inequalities, reparations, monetary, Urban Outfitters, cease and desist, trademark infringement, democracy, recognition, cultural practices, historic meaning, global culture, Shane Schutte, Stephanie Siek, Maisha J. Johnson, everydayfeminism, realbusiness, CNN Cultural appropriation, intellectual property, copyright, patenting, medicines, creative designs, minority communities, Native American, Navajo tribe, names, designs, culture, stolen, misuse, compensation, systematic inequalities, justice, reparations, retail, Urban Outfitters, cease and desist, court, trademark infringement, democracy, recognition, cultural practices, traditions, global culture, trademark, lawsuit, Shane Schutte, Stephanie Siek, Maisha J. Johnson, everydayfeminism, realbusiness, CNN Cultural appropriation, intellectual property, global laws, copyright, patenting, medicines, creative designs, minority communities, Native American, Navajo tribe, names, designs, culture, stolen, misused, compensation, systematic inequalities, justice, reparations, case studies, Urban Outfitters, cease and desist, court, products, community, outrage, monetary, damage, trademark, copyrighted, democracy, equal, law, recognition, cultural practices, traditions, theories, global culture, Shane Schutte, Stephanie Siek, Maisha J. 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test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-con03a	Community radio is just a platform, there is nothing innately democratic about it.  To associate a medium with a particular virtue is missing the point. Radio has been used for atrocity and tyranny (Rwanda would be an obvious example) just as much as the promotion and development of democracy. Equally the suggestion that community radio has a more significant role to play in this regard as opposed to, say, the BBC world Service, is ignoring the facts.  Particular media cannot be said to support democratic renewal any more than particular languages can. Equally, the revolutions of 1989 demonstrated the reality that taking control of the national radio station is, in some situations, more important than seizing the Presidential Palace. Neither the ‘community’ element nor the ‘radio’ aspect are innately democratic.  Different media have, undeniably, produced different types of social change – but they all have possibilities for democratic progress [i] .  [i] Sedra, Mark, Revolution 2.0: democracy promotion in the age of social media. The Globe and Mail. 2 February 2011. community radio, democratic virtues, Rwanda, BBC World Service, media neutrality, democratic renewal, languages, 1989 revolutions, national radio station, social change, democratic progress, Sedra, Revolution 2.0, democracy promotion, social media, media impact, presidential palace, media control, social impact, media types, democratic values community radio, democracy, media, Rwanda, BBC World Service, democratic renewal, languages, social change, presidential palace, Sedra, Revolution 2.0, Globe and Mail community radio, democratic virtues, medium bias, radio atrocity, Rwanda genocide, BBC World Service, media role, democratic renewal, language influence, media change, social progress, presidential control, national radio station, media possibilities, democratic potential, Sedra Mark, Revolution 2.0, social media democracy community radio, democratic virtues, Rwanda, BBC World Service, media neutrality, democratic renewal, language neutrality, 1989 revolutions, social media, democratic progress, media impact, social change, presidential palace, media control, Sedra, Mark, Revolution 2.0, The Globe and Mail Community radio, democratic renewal, media, Rwanda, BBC World Service, 1989 revolutions, national radio station, social change, democratic progress, Sedra, Revolution 2.0, democracy promotion, social media
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-con01a	Argument One: Contact leads to the dissemination of values  There is certainly some evidence to suggest the view that trade with a country can benefit human rights as increased wealth provides many with more choice and better standards of living. [i] Certainly that argument has been made by governments and multi-nationals based in the West. It is not unreasonable to suspect that this may relate to academic cooperation as well, as Richard Levin suggests in the introduction. However it seems likely that in this latter case, as in the former, that a gradualist approach is the sensible one to take. We build on existing strengths while agreeing to differ in certain areas. To extend the trade example, China, the US and the EU all manage to trade with each other despite differing approaches to the death penalty. They trust that through cooperation over time, changes can be achieved. This will happen slowly in some instances – as with the ‘drip, drip’ affect in China - or quickly in others as has been the case in Burma [ii] .  On key difference to note with the shift towards establishing elite universities around the world rather than shipping the world’s elite in to attend them in the UK and the US is that it opens opportunities to a much wider social group. For decades a small handful – children of the wealthy and political elite - have had the opportunity to have a Western education before returning home as well-educated tyrants and sycophants. Expanding the learning opportunities to the rest of the nation seems both just and reasonable.  [i] Sirico, Robert A., ‘Free Trade and Human Rights: The Moral Case for Engagement’, CATO Institute, Trade Briefing Paper no.2, 17 July 1998  [ii] Education has long been seen as a critical starting point for the development of human rights in any country as is examined in this UNESCO report . contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, existing strengths, cooperation, changes, elite universities, wider social group, Western education, development, education, human rights, UNESCO contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, elite universities, wider social group, Western education, human rights development, UNESCO, CATO Institute, Sirico, Richard Levin, China, US, EU, Burma, death penalty, moral case for engagement, education, critical starting point, well-educated tyrants, sycophants contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, governments, multi-nationals, West, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, cooperation, changes, elite universities, social group, Western education, human rights development, UNESCO, education, moral case, engagement, CATO Institute, Sirico, Burma, China, US, EU, death penalty, drip effect Contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, governments, multi-nationals, West, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, changes, elite universities, Western education, wealthy, political elite, learning opportunities, social group, justice,合理性, Free Trade, Moral Case, Engagement, Education, Development, UNESCO, Starting Point, Human Rights trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, changes, Burma, elite universities, Western education, social group, just, reasonable, education, development, human rights, UNESCO
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro02a	The people are interested in the health of their leader  The health of the leader of the state is an issue that the people and the media inevitably want to know about. There will always be a lot of interest in it. Occasionally this can be played by the administration as with Kissinger saying he was ill and using time to fly to Beijing to arrange for Nixon’s visit without press attention. But most of the time keeping things from the press is purely negative; it drives rumors.  This was the case of John Atta Mills, people were not allowed to know about his health. The presidential staff and communication members constantly lied about his health but there were two reports that he had died. Mills spent time in a US hospital, on returning to Ghana, he was made to jog around the airport to show the media that he was healthy. 1  1 Committee for Social Advocacy, 'Who and what killed President John Evans Atta Mills?', Modern Ghana, 13 August 2012, health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, presidential, staff, communication, John Atta Mills, rumors, US hospital, Ghana, airport, media attention, political health, transparency, public information, Committee for Social Advocacy, Modern Ghana, presidential health scandals, political secrecy, public figure health concerns health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, Ghana, presidential staff, communication, hospital, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy, death, reports, jog, airport, media attention, transparency, political health, public information, leadership health issues, government secrecy, political transparency, public trust, media manipulation health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, presidential staff, communication, lies, death, US hospital, Ghana, airport, jog, media, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy, John Evans Atta Mills, death causes health, leader, state, media, administration, Kissinger, Beijing, Nixon, John Atta Mills, Ghana, presidential staff, communication, US hospital, airport, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy, rumors, illness, mortality, political health secrecy, public right to know health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, Ghana, presidential staff, communication, hospital, airport, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con05a	Loss of Privacy  It is wrong to state that we only have anything to ‘fear’ if we have done something wrong; a great many people want to keep things private where what they have done is morally perfectly right and justifiable. It is perfectly justified for a married couple to want to keep a video of them having sex private – even if it is sent from one partner to the other by email, or for someone to keep his/her sexual orientation secret even if they have told someone about it. [1] If we want such information to be kept private does the state have any business picking that information up from our emails? It may not go any further than the intelligence agency, it is possible no one there will look at it but it is still an invasion of privacy.  [1] Phillipson, Gavin, ‘Q&A: The right to privacy’, BBC Religion, 14 June 2013, Loss of Privacy, Fear, Morally Right, Justifiable, Married Couple, Private Video, Sexual Orientation, State Surveillance, Intelligence Agency, Invasion of Privacy, BBC Religion, Gavin Phillipson, Right to Privacy loss of privacy, personal information, moral justification, private videos, sexual orientation, state surveillance, email privacy, intelligence agency, invasion of privacy, right to privacy, BBC Religion, Gavin Phillipson privacy, fear, morally, justifiable, married, video, sex, sexual, orientation, secret, state, information, emails, intelligence, agency, invasion, privacy, Phillipson, Gavin, Q&A, right, privacy, BBC, Religion Loss of Privacy, Fear, Innocent Actions, Private Information, Married Couple, Sexual Privacy, Email Privacy, State Surveillance, Intelligence Agency, Invasion of Privacy, Personal Data, Privacy Rights, BBC Religion, Phillipson Gavin Loss of Privacy, Fear, Morally Right, Justifiable, Married Couple, Private Video, Sexual Orientation, State Interference, Intelligence Agency, Invasion of Privacy, Phillipson Gavin, Q&A, Right to Privacy, BBC Religion
test-education-egtuscpih-con05a	Traditional universities are a rite of passage to independent life  For many students leaving for a university is a passage to an independent life, as they often move out out of their parents’ home and even their countries. This means they have to start learning or practically using lots of skills of independent adults, such as financial management, cooking, being crime-aware, networking, and solving communication problems on their own. With online courses students do not leave homes, and essentially do not start using these skills. This takes away an important practice in being an independent adult before the real life, which might leave students less equipped for the real life. traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, students leaving, move out, parents' home, countries, learning skills, independent adults, financial management, cooking, crime-aware, networking, communication problems, online courses, not leaving homes, practice independence, equipped for real life traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, students leaving, move out, parents' home, countries, learning skills, independent adults, financial management, cooking, crime-aware, networking, communication problems, online courses, not leaving homes, important practice, less equipped, real life traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, students leaving, move out, parents' home, countries, learning skills, independent adults, financial management, cooking, crime-aware, networking, communication problems, online courses, do not leave, start using skills, important practice, independent adult, real life, less equipped traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, students leaving, parents' home, countries, skills, independent adults, financial management, cooking, crime-aware, networking, communication problems, online courses, not leaving homes, practice, independent adult, real life, equipped traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, leaving home, financial management, cooking, crime awareness, networking, communication skills, online courses, staying home, less equipped, real life, adult skills, student development, transition to adulthood, practical life skills, residential learning, virtual education, campus experience, personal growth, young adults, educational models, life preparation
test-economy-thsptr-con04a	Progressive systems are invariably highly complex and inefficient in implementation, breeding the knock-on inefficiencies of evasion and avoidance  The modern progressive tax system has created whole industries of firms and specialists geared toward helping people file their taxes and to ensure the system runs smoothly. It has also bred armies of officials who oversee and audit tax issues, costing the United States for example more than $11 billion a year to operate its tax collection and verification systems. [1] People are forced under the progressive system to waste hours filling out returns, to hoard and sift through receipts to be accurate and to maximize their rebates. There is thus a huge efficiency loss in terms of people’s time as they are forced to dedicate effort and resources to the often arduous task of filing taxes in an ever more complicated system, arising from a progressive regime. The extreme complexity of the system has generated further negative incentives, encouraging the wealthy to seek ways around the system, to exploit loopholes in the bloated system for their personal benefit. [2] The very wealthy can thus evade obligations through the manipulation of complex tax codes and loopholes, and can sometimes even lead less scrupulous people to pay less than less wealthy people. Flat and regressive consumption taxes, on the other hand, offer an easier mechanism of taxation that is easier to understand, less time consuming to deal with, and harder to manipulate.  [1] White, James. “Internal Revenue Service: Assessment of the 2008 Budget Request and an Update of 2007 Performance”. United States Government Accountability Office. Available:   [2] Wolk, Martin. “Why the Tax System Keeps Getting More Complex”. MSNBC. 2006. Available: progressive systems, complexity, inefficiency, evasion, avoidance, tax system, industries, specialists, tax filing, officials, audit, tax issues, operation costs, time waste, receipts, rebates, efficiency loss, negative incentives, wealthy, tax codes, loopholes, manipulation, flat taxes, regressive consumption taxes, easier mechanism, time consuming, manipulation Progressive systems, complexity, inefficiency, tax evasion, tax avoidance, tax industry, specialists, tax filing, tax audit, officials, cost, time wastage, receipts, rebates, efficiency loss, negative incentives, wealth manipulation, tax codes, loopholes, tax obligations, wealthy evasion, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, easier taxation, less time consuming, manipulation difficulty Progressive systems, complexity, inefficiency, evasion, avoidance, modern progressive tax, industries, firms, specialists, tax filing, officials, audit, tax issues, cost, United States, tax collection, verification, efficiency loss, time, effort, resources, tax returns, receipts, rebates, negative incentives, wealthy, tax codes, loopholes, tax obligations, manipulation, less wealthy, flat taxes, regressive consumption taxes, easier mechanism, understand, time consuming, manipulate Progressive systems, complexity, inefficiency, evasion, avoidance, tax system, industries, specialists, tax filing, officials, audit, tax collection, verification, efficiency loss, time, effort, resources, complicated system, negative incentives, wealthy, loopholes, personal benefit, tax codes, manipulation, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, easier mechanism, less time consuming, hard to manipulate, IRS, budget, performance, government accountability office, tax complexity, media coverage progressive systems, complexity, inefficiency, evasion, avoidance, modern progressive tax, industries, tax specialists, officials, audits, tax collection, verification, cost, $11 billion, United States, filing taxes, accuracy, rebates, efficiency loss, time waste, arduous task, negative incentives, wealth, tax codes, manipulation, loopholes, personal benefit, wealthy evasion, less scrupulous, flat taxes, regressive consumption taxes, easier mechanism, transparency, less time consuming, harder manipulation
test-international-ehbfe-pro03a	A federal Europe will be a stronger international actor  A federal Europe will be better equipped to promote the interests of its citizens in the world, carrying more influence in the UN, WTO, IMF and other intergovernmental and treaty organisations than its individual states do now. Furthermore, Europe has a lot to contribute to the world in terms of its liberal traditions and political culture, providing both a partner and a necessary balance to the USA in global affairs.  Once unified, Europe will become an (even more) important negotiating and trading partner – one of the biggest economies in the world. It will have a population of 450 million – more than the United States and Russia combined. It will be the world’s biggest trader and generate one quarter of global wealth. It presently gives more aid to poor countries than any other donor. Its currency, the euro, comes second only to the US dollar in international financial markets. France, Germany, Poland - these countries can hardly ever negotiate something with giants such as the US or China. Europe as one country stands a better chance of putting its message across effectively. federal Europe, international actor, promote interests, global influence, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental organizations, treaty organizations, liberal traditions, political culture, global affairs, US balance, unified Europe, negotiating partner, trading partner, biggest economy, global wealth, population size, aid donor, euro, international finance, US dollar, France, Germany, Poland, negotiate, US, China, message, effectiveness federal Europe, stronger international actor, promote citizens' interests, global influence, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental organizations, treaty organizations, liberal traditions, political culture, global affairs, USA, important trading partner, biggest economies, world population, global wealth, aid to poor countries, euro currency, international financial markets, France, Germany, Poland, US, China, unified Europe, effective negotiation federal Europe, stronger international actor, promote interests, global influence, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental organizations, treaty organizations, liberal traditions, political culture, balance to USA, global affairs, unified Europe, negotiating partner, trading partner, biggest economy, world population, global wealth, aid to poor countries, largest donor, euro, international financial markets, Europe negotiation, US, China, European unity, effective messaging federal Europe, international actor, citizens' interests, world influence, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental organizations, treaty organizations, liberal traditions, political culture, global partner, USA balance, unified Europe, negotiating partner, trading partner, biggest economy, global wealth, population size, aid donor, euro currency, international financial markets, US dollar, France, Germany, Poland, US negotiation, China negotiation, European message federal Europe, stronger international actor, promote interests, citizens, world, influence, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental, treaty organisations, liberal traditions, political culture, USA, global affairs, unified Europe, negotiating partner, trading partner, economy, population, 450 million, United States, Russia, world’s biggest trader, global wealth, aid, poor countries, euro, international financial markets, France, Germany, Poland, US, China, Europe as one country, effective message
test-education-xeegshwfeu-pro02a	Improving the quality of state managed education  State schools will, like the private schools, have to offer a high quality service in order that parents do not take their children elsewhere. This incentivises in particular high level management, who, if the school fails, will be out of a job with a blot on their record. education, state schools, quality improvement, private schools, high quality service, parents, children, management, school failure, job security, performance incentives Improving, quality, state-managed, education, state, schools, private, schools, high, quality, service, parents, children, incentivises, high-level, management, school, fails, job, record education, state schools, quality improvement, private schools, parental choice, school management, accountability, job security, performance incentives, educational standards state managed education, quality improvement, state schools, private schools, high quality service, parent choice, school competition, high level management, school performance, job security, management accountability, educational standards, student retention, school reputation, academic success, educational reform, public education, school leadership, teacher quality, learning outcomes, educational policy, school governance, educational excellence, community involvement, educational funding, instructional strategies, student engagement, curriculum development, educational technology, school improvement, parent satisfaction, educational equity, school improvement plans, teacher development, student achievement, educational resources, school environment, educational innovation, assessment methods, school culture, educational partnerships, teaching state managed education, quality improvement, high quality service, parent choice, school competition, private schools, public school management, educational leadership, school accountability, management performance, job security, professional reputation
test-politics-cpecfiepg-con02a	Defaulting would not solve Greece’s problems  The proposition argue that the hardship endured by the default would only be temporary, but an analysis at the particular situation facing Greece indicates the opposite. Greece’s problems arose from a horrifically inefficient public sector embedded within a mentality of corruption and tax evasion. Even if we assume that defaulting would eventually boost Greek exports and help the economy recover, this would not solve the underlying problems that caused the crisis in the first place. By leaving the Eurozone and defaulting, Greece would lose easy access to borrowing, meaning that taxpayers would soon have to face the reality that they would have to pay for the inefficiencies within the public sector and support all the other structures that need reform. [1] Greece must, therefore, address these underlying issues or face the exact same problems in the future. Given that solving these problems necessarily involve austerity measures and job cuts, it makes most sense for Greece to undergo these changes now (as it is with the current austerity measures), under the framework of IMF, ECB and European Commission funding and supervision.  [1] Barrell, Ray: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greece, default, problems, temporary, hardship, inefficient public sector, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economy recovery, Eurozone, borrowing, taxpayers, public sector inefficiencies, austerity measures, job cuts, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, Eurozone crisis, single currency, Ray Barrell, The Guardian, May 2012 Greece, default, problems, Eurozone, inefficiencies, public sector, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economy, recovery, borrowing, taxpayers, reforms, austerity measures, job cuts, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, crisis, currency, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis, single currency, The Guardian Greece, default, Eurozone, economic crisis, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economic recovery, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, borrowing, taxpayer burden, structural reform, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis, single currency, financial supervision, job cuts, funding, economic supervision,希腊,违约,欧元区,经济危机,公共部门效率低下,腐败,逃税,出口,经济复苏,紧缩措施,国际货币基金组织,欧洲央行,欧盟委员会,借贷,纳税人负担,结构改革,巴雷尔,雷,欧元区危机,单一货币, Greece, default, Eurozone, economic crisis, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economic recovery, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, job cuts, fiscal reform, long-term solutions, borrowing access, taxpayer burden, Barrell, Eurozone crisis, single currency, financial supervision, structural reforms, economic supervision, crisis management, fiscal adjustment, economic policy, debt restructuring, economic governance, EU bailout, financial stability, economic adjustment programs, crisis resolution, economic reform, fiscal consolidation, Greek debt, economic challenges, financial assistance, European financial stability, economic and financial challenges, Euro Greece, default, Eurozone, crisis, inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economy, recovery, underlying problems, public sector, borrowing, taxpayers, austerity measures, job cuts, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis, single currency, The Guardian
test-economy-epehwmrbals-con04a	"There is uneven implementation of labour standards even in western countries  Western countries often do embrace high levels of labour standards or do not follow their labour regulations. Germany for example has no minimum wage [1] while the USA has no legal or contractual requirement to provide minimum amounts of leave. [2] Moreover it is the demand for the cheapest possible products that drives down labour standards worldwide. If western nations truly want to change labour standards then the way to do it is with the consumer’s wallet not the aid chequebook. British clothing retailers such as Primark are often shown to be buying their products from sweatshops that use illegal workers, and exploit their labour [3] . If there is to be real lasting change in labour standards western firms need to be the ones pushing high labour standards and consumers would need to not automatically go for the cheapest product available.  [1] Schuseil, Philine, ‘A review on Germany’s minimum wage debate’, bruegel, 7 March 2013,   [2] Stephenson, Wesley, ‘Who works the longest hours?’, BBC News, 23 May 2012,   [3] Dhariwal, Navdip. ""Primark Linked to UK Sweatshops."" BBC News. BBC, 01 Dec. 2009. Web. labour standards, western countries, Germany, minimum wage, USA, leave regulations, consumer demand, cheapest products, labour standards improvement, consumer responsibility, Primark, sweatshops, illegal workers, exploitation, British clothing retailers, aid effectiveness, wage debate, working hours, Navdip Dhariwal, BBC News, bruegel, Philine Schuseil, Wesley Stephenson labour standards, western countries, Germany, minimum wage, USA, leave requirements, consumer demand, cheap products, labour regulations, consumer influence, aid, British retailers, Primark, sweatshops, illegal workers, labour exploitation, high labour standards, consumer choice, lasting change, workers' rights, global labour practices labour standards, western countries, Germany, minimum wage, USA, leave entitlement, consumer behavior, product pricing, sweatshops, Primark, illegal workers, exploitation, high labour standards, consumer awareness, economic drivers, global labour practices, legal regulations, contractual obligations, retail industry, clothing manufacturers, worker rights, ethical consumption, market demand, price competition, sweatshop conditions, economic policy, international labour standards, consumer responsibility, corporate responsibility, labour rights advocacy, worker protection, trade practices, global economy, supply chain management, fair trade, wage legislation, employment laws, work conditions, retail ethics, consumer choice, labour market, economic labour standards, western countries, uneven implementation, high levels, no minimum wage, USA, legal requirement, leave, demand, cheapest products, consumer's wallet, aid, British clothing retailers, Primark, sweatshops, illegal workers, exploitation, lasting change, western firms, high labour standards, consumer choice, Germany, bruegel, BBC News, minimum wage debate, working hours, Navdip Dhariwal, UK sweatshops labour standards, western countries, Germany, minimum wage, USA, leave entitlements, consumer demand, cheap products, labour regulations, Primark, sweatshops, illegal workers, exploitation, consumer responsibility, British retailers, global labour standards, change in labour practices, consumer choice, ethical consumption"
test-economy-egppphbcb-con02a	Socialism provides a more sustainable way of living  Capitalism always acts on the cost of nature and its ecological balance. With its imperative to constantly expand profitability, it exposes ecosystems to destabilizing pollutants, fragments habitats that have evolved over time to allow the flourishing of organisms, squanders resources, and reduces nature to the exchangeability required for the accumulation of capital. Socialism requires self-determination, community, and a meaningful existence. Capital reduces the majority of the world's people to a mere reservoir of labor power while discarding much of the remainder as useless. The present capitalist system cannot regulate, much less overcome, the crises it has set going. It cannot solve the ecological crisis (e.g. global warming) because to do so requires setting limits upon accumulation Socialism, sustainability, living, Capitalism, nature, ecological balance, profitability, expansion, ecosystems, pollutants, habitats, organisms, resources, capital, self-determination, community, meaningful existence, labor power, crises, regulation, ecological crisis, global warming, accumulation socialism, sustainable living, capitalism, ecological balance, profitability, ecosystem destabilization, pollutants, habitat fragmentation, resource squandering, self-determination, community, meaningful existence, labor power, ecological crisis, global warming, accumulation limits Socialism, Capitalism, Sustainability, Ecological Balance, Profitability, Ecosystems, Pollutants, Habitats, Organisms, Resources, Exchangeability, Self-determination, Community, Meaningful Existence, Labor Power, Crises, Accumulation, Global Warming, Regulation, Overcoming, Ecological Crisis Socialism, sustainability, capitalism, ecological balance, profitability, ecosystem, pollutants, habitat fragmentation, resource squandering, self-determination, community, meaningful existence, labor power, crises, global warming, accumulation, regulation, ecological crisis, limits on accumulation socialism, sustainability, capitalism, ecological, balance, profitability, expansion, pollutants, habitats, organisms, resources, exchangeability, accumulation, self-determination, community, meaningful, labor, reservoir, discarded, regulation, crises, global, warming, limits, accumulation
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-con01a	Israel has the right to claim minimal territory to ensure security  Israel has been the victim of multiple major illegal wars of aggression on the part of the Arab world, most notably in 1948 and 1967. These wars invalidate any special claim made by Arabs and Palestinians to pre-1967 territory, and justify Israel in keeping as much territory as is necessary to secure itself against these hostile states. Israel could have gone much further and taken more territory than it did in 1967 (as it was easily winning the war), but instead it restricted itself to only taking the territory that was necessary for it to create security buffer. [1] When peace deals have allowed Israel to improve its security through giving up land historically, it has done so, for example when it returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt in 1982 in exchange for a peace treaty with Egypt, or when Israel returned the small swath of Jordanian territory it held when King Hussain of Jordan wanted to make peace. To date, Israel has withdrawn from approximately 93 percent of the territories it captured. In return for peace with Syria and an end to Palestinian terror, it is prepared to withdraw from most of the remaining 7% in dispute, although not all. Israel remains committed to trading land for peace, and never annexed the West Bank or Gaza Strip because it expected to return part of these territories in negotiations. When the Palestinians finally declared that they would recognize Israel and renounce terrorism, Israel agreed to begin to withdraw. Since 1993, Israel has turned over approximately 80% of the Gaza Strip and more than 40% of the West Bank to the Palestinian Authority. Thus, Israel's objection is not so much against returning any of the land captured in 1967, but against returning absolutely all of it and going back completely to the 1967 borders, as this would mean giving up territories vital for Israel's security. The minimal slivers of territory that Israel it seeks to maintain through a peace settlement (after returning 90% of the pre-1967 territory), is very important to its national security as it offers a buffer against future Arab wars of aggression. This why Ehud Olmert stressed that only most of the occupied territory could be returned. He still argued that some had to be kept for security reasons: “We can never totally return to the indefensible pre-1967 borders, ... We simply cannot afford to make Israel [9 miles] wide again at its center. We can't allow the Palestinians to be a couple [miles] from [Tel Aviv's] Ben Gurion Airport in the age of shoulder-fire missiles with the capacity to shoot down jumbo jets.” [2] Moreover, Israel is in an anomalous situation: It is an embattled democracy that historically has had to defend itself repeatedly against the armies of neighbouring Arab states whose declared goal was nothing less than Israel's eradication. The Israel Defense Forces could not afford to miscalculate. While other nations, like France or Kuwait, have been overrun, occupied, and nonetheless have survived to reconstitute themselves, Israel, in contrast, cannot depend on obtaining a second chance. Miscalculation on its part could have had devastating consequences and, thus, its situation is unique. [3] For this critical purpose of national survival, therefore, the annexed land serves a legally legitimate purpose, especially considering that the Arab wars of aggression were what caused the annexation of the land in the first place. In such circumstances, a nation that won a defensive war has a right to set terms to ensure against future wars of aggression.  [1] Johnson, Paul. “A History of the Jews”. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1987.  [2] Thinkexist.com. “Ehud Olmert Quotes”. Thinkexist.com   [3] Amidror, Maj.-Gen. (res.) Yaakov. “Israel's Requirement for Defensible Borders”. Defensible Borders for a Lasting Peace. 2005. Israel, territory, security, Arab, wars, aggression, 1948, 1967, pre-1967, Sinai, peace treaty, Egypt, Jordan, West Bank, Gaza Strip, Palestinians, terrorism, Ehud Olmert, indefensible borders, national survival, defensible borders, embattled democracy, Israel Defense Forces, Arab states, eradication, legal legitimacy, defensive war, terms, future wars Israel, security, territory, wars, aggression, Arabs, Palestinians, pre-1967, 1948, 1967, buffer, Sinai, Egypt, Jordan, peace, treaties, West Bank, Gaza Strip, annexation, terrorism, negotiations, defensible borders, Ehud Olmert, national survival, Jewish history, defense, international law, embattled democracy, Israel Defense Forces, miscalculation, survival, legitimate purpose, defensive war, terms, future wars Israel, territory, security, Arab, wars, aggression, 1948, 1967, pre-1967, buffer, Sinai, Egypt, peace, treaty, West Bank, Gaza, Palestinian, Authority, land, negotiations, recognition, terrorism, withdrawal, borders, Ehud Olmert, Israel Defense Forces, miscalculation, survival, annexation, defensible, Maj.-Gen. Yaakov Amidror Israel, security, territory, Arab, wars, aggression, 1948, 1967, Sinai, peace, treaties, West Bank, Gaza, Palestinians, terrorism, borders, Ehud Olmert, defensible, embattled democracy, Israel Defense Forces, national survival, annexation, defensive war, defensible borders Israel, territory, security, Arab, wars, aggression, 1948, 1967, pre-1967, peace, negotiations, Sinai, Egypt, Jordan, West Bank, Gaza Strip, Palestinian Authority, terrorism, borders, buffer, national security, Ehud Olmert, Ben Gurion Airport, shoulder-fire missiles, embattled democracy, Israel Defense Forces, miscalculation, survival, annexation, defensive war, defensible borders, Amidror, Yaakov
test-philosophy-npegiepp-con03a	The Empty Chair Crisis 1965  In 1965 during the Empty Chair Crisis brought integration came to a halt and shifted the institutional balance of power away from the commission to the Council of Ministers, it shows that spillover will not always occur. [1] It was caused by President de Gaulle of France being in conflict with other member states, specifically Germany and Italy. France wanted a deal on the Common Agricultural Policy but was unwilling to agree to further integration through creating majority voting in the Council of Ministers. When France took on the Presidency the normal system of mediation was lost. Bonn and Rome were unwilling to give way. [2] De Gaulle pulled his ministers out of the Council of Ministers thus reasserting the power of national governments. This showed that states would not automatically be prepared to give up their national sovereignty and might of helped lead to the abandonment of Neo-functionalism in the 1970s.  [1] Moga, Teodor Lucian, ‘The Contribution of the Neofunctionalist and Intergovernmentalist Theories to the Evolution of the European Integration Process’, Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2009 pp.796-807,  , p.799  [2] Ludlow, N. Piers, ‘De-commissioning the Empty Chair Crisis : the Community institutions and the crisis of 1965-6’, LSE Research Online, 2007, Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, integration halt, institutional balance, Council of Ministers, President de Gaulle, conflict, Germany, Italy, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, mediation system, Bonn, Rome, national sovereignty, Neo-functionalism, abandonment, European Integration Process, LSE Research Online, N. Piers Ludlow, Teodor Lucian Moga, Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences The Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, European integration, institutional balance of power, Council of Ministers, Common Agricultural Policy, Charles de Gaulle, France, Germany, Italy, majority voting, national sovereignty, Neo-functionalism, Intergovernmentalism, European Commission, European Union, mediation, power dynamics, Bonn, Rome, institutional theory, European history, political science, international relations, LSE Research Online, Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, European integration, institutional balance, Council of Ministers, Commission, spillover, Charles de Gaulle, France, Germany, Italy, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, national sovereignty, Neo-functionalism, intergovernmentalism, mediation, European institutions, LSE Research Online, Moga, Ludlow, Bonn, Rome, power reassertion, national governments Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, European integration, Council of Ministers, Commission, Charles de Gaulle, France, Germany, Italy, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, national sovereignty, Neo-functionalism, Intergovernmentalism, power of national governments, mediation, institutional balance, spillover, European Community, LSE Research Online, Teodor Lucian Moga, N. Piers Ludlow Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, European integration, Council of Ministers, Commission, Charles de Gaulle, France, Germany, Italy, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, national sovereignty, Neo-functionalism, Intergovernmentalism, mediation, Bonn, Rome, European institutions, LSE Research Online, Teodor Lucian Moga, N. Piers Ludlow
test-international-aghwrem-con01a	Liberal democracies have a moral obligation to denounce illegitimate regimes  The new civilian government in Myanmar is as illegitimate as the rule of the military junta which led to its creation. The military junta itself was guilty of overruling the democratic verdict in 1990 that gave power to the NLD. Under the new constitution, 25% of all seats in parliament and the most influential governmental posts are reserved for the military, and more than 75% majority is required for amending the constitution. Political prisoners (including Aung San Suu Kyi) were not permitted to participate in the elections. Further, the election process itself has been described as a sham, involving violence and intimidation of democratic activists. The current government is only a tool for the preceding military junta to consolidate its power and provide a safety valve for its leaders through apparently legitimate means. It attempts to use the false democratic process as a veil to resist international criticism. Widespread human rights violations, ethnic violence, and undemocratic curtailment of the freedom of speech have characterised the period of rule of the military junta. By engaging with it at the political or economic level, other countries provide it with a false sense of legitimacy. This is morally at odds with established standards in of human rights and international relations, especially where other illegitimate governments (Syria, Iraq, and North Korea for instance) across the world continually face censure and isolation. Liberal democracies, moral obligation, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, 1990 election, NLD, constitution, military reserved seats, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, sham election, violence, intimidation, democratic activists, international criticism, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, political engagement, economic engagement, international relations, censure, isolation, Syria, Iraq, North Korea Liberal democracies, moral obligation, denounce, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, democratic verdict, NLD, constitution, parliament, governmental posts, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, sham election, violence, intimidation, democratic activists, international criticism, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, political engagement, economic engagement, false legitimacy, international relations, censure, isolation, Syria, Iraq, North Korea Liberal democracies, moral obligation, denounce, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, democratic verdict, NLD, constitution, seats, parliamentary, governmental posts, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, elections, violence, intimidation, democratic activists, sham process, safety valve, power consolidation, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, international criticism, political engagement, economic engagement, false legitimacy, human rights standards, international relations, censure, isolation, Syria, Iraq, North Korea Liberal democracies, moral obligation, denounce, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, democratic verdict, NLD, constitution, parliamentary seats, governmental posts, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, election process, violence, intimidation, democratic activists, sham, consolidate power, safety valve, false democratic process, international criticism, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, political engagement, economic engagement, false legitimacy, human rights standards, international relations, Syria, Iraq, North Korea, censure, isolation Liberal democracies, moral obligation, denounce, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, NLD, constitution, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, sham election, violence, intimidation, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, international criticism, political engagement, economic engagement, false legitimacy, human rights standards, international relations, Syria, Iraq, North Korea, censure, isolation
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-pro01a	Classification, not censorship  We should expect fans of an art form that is subjected to public criticism and vilification to leap to its defence. Some of these aficionados- whether the medium in question is cinema, fine art or pop music- make the case for the value of their favourite mode of expression by overstating its positive effects.  Hip hop has long been the focus of controversies surrounding violent music. Hip hop is closely associated with low-level criminality, as noted above. A number of highly successful hip hop artists have been attacked or killed as a result of feuds within the industry and links between managers, promoters and criminal gangs.  As the academic John McWhorter has pointed out in numerous [1] publications [2] , the positive political and social impact of rap music has been massively overstated, as a result of highly charged media coverage of hip hop-linked violence. As a result, attempts to address some of the hips hops most objectionable content- lyrics that are misogynist and blankly and uncritically violent- have been condemned as unjust assaults on the right to free expression. Attacks on negative content in hip hop have been made all the more emotive, because they appear to be an attempt to restrict the speech of members of vulnerable and marginalised communities.  Side proposition agrees with McWhorter that listening to music that contains violent themes will not, in the absence of other factors, cause individuals to behave in a violent way. However, the content of rap, and its strong links with the youngest inhabitants of marginalised, stigmatised urban areas mean that it damages the developmental opportunities of teenagers and young people, and harms others’ perceptions of the communities they live in.  Hip hop trades on its authenticity – the extent to which it faithfully portrays the lived experience of the inhabitants of deprived inner city areas. The greater the veracity of a hip hop track, the greater its popularity and cache among fans. Musicians have gained public recognition as a result of being directly involved in street crime and gang activities. 50 Cent, a high profile “gansta” artist owes his popularity, in part, to a shooting in 2000 that left him with 9 bullet wounds [3] . This supposed link to reality is the most dangerous aspect of contemporary hip hop culture. Unlike the simplistic make-believe of, say, action films, the “experiences” related by rappers are also their public personas and become the rationale for their success.  Rap, through materialist boasting and sexualised music videos tells vulnerable young men and women from isolated neighbourhoods that their problems can be solved by adopting similarly nihilistic personas. The poverty that affects many of the communities that hip hop artists identify with does more than separate individuals from economic opportunity. It also confines the inhabitants of these communities geographically, politically and culturally. It prevents young men and women from becoming aware of perspectives on the world and society that run contrary to the violence of main stream rap. With television dominated by the gangsta motif, marginalised youngsters are left with little in the way of dissenting voices to convince them that hip hop takes a subjective and commercialised approach to the lives and communities that rappers claim to represent.  In effect, controversial hip hop is capable of sponsoring violent behaviour, when it is marketed as an accurate portrayal of relationships, values and principles. Under these circumstances, adolescents, whose own identity is nascent and malleable can easily be misled into emulating the exploits and attitudes of rappers [4] .  Side proposition advocates the control and classification of controversial forms of music, including but not limited to hip hop. Consistent with principles 1 and 10, classification of this type will follow similar schemes applied to movies and videogames. Assessments of the content of music will be conducted by a politically independent organisation; musicians and record companies will have the ability to appeal the decisions of this body. Crucially, the “ban” on music containing violent lyrics will take the form of a categorisation scheme. Content will not be blocked from sale or censored. Instead, as with the sale of pornographic material in many liberal democratic states, music found to contain especially violent lyrics will be confined to closed off areas in shops, to which only adults (as defined in law) will be admitted. Its performance on television, radio and in cinemas will be banned. Live performances of restricted music will be obliged to enforce strict age monitoring policies. Online distributors of music will be compelled to comply with similar age restrictions and intentionally exposing minors to violent music will be punishable under child protection laws.  This approach has the advantage of limiting access to violent content only to consumers who are judged, in general, to be mature enough to understand that its “message” and the posturing of singers does not equate to permission to engage in deviant behaviour.  [1] McWhorter, J. “How Hip-Hop Holds Blacks Back.” City Journal, Summer 2003. The Manhattan Institute.  [2] McWhorter, J. “All about the Beat: Why Hip-Hop Can’t Save Black America.”  [3] “What’s In a name?” The Economist, 24 November 2005.  [4] Bindel, J. “Who you calling bitch, ho?” Mail & Guardian online, 08 February 2008. Classification, censorship, hip hop, violence, misogyny, free expression, vulnerable communities, marginalised youth, developmental opportunities, public criticism, authenticity, gang culture, media coverage, social impact, political principles, content regulation, age restrictions, mature consumers, deviant behaviour, music industry, cultural influence, urban areas, economic opportunity, social awareness, music classification schemes, record companies, child protection laws, live performances, online distribution, independent organisation, appeals process, restrictive marketing, violent lyrics, sexualised content, commercialised approach, urban communities, social values, identity formation, media portrayal, dissenting voices, cultural confinement, gangsta Classification, censorship, hip hop, violence, misogyny, free expression, marginalised communities, developmental opportunities, authenticity, gangsta motif, materialism, sexualisation, identity formation, age restrictions, content regulation, public criticism, social impact, criminality, music videos, economic opportunity, political independence, child protection laws, performance restrictions, online distribution, mature consumers, deviant behavior, John McWhorter, 50 Cent, gang activities, music marketing, urban areas, stigmatisation, social mobility, cultural isolation, music classification schemes, violent lyrics, restricted content, live performances, appeal processes, media coverage, artistic classification, censorship, hip hop, violence, misogyny, free expression, community impact, youth development, marginalisation, authentic representation, gang culture, media portrayal, social impact, policy, content regulation, age restrictions, music industry, cultural influence, identity formation, public debate, academic perspectives, policy proposals, cultural criticism, social responsibility, artistic freedom, community standards, public safety, youth empowerment, media responsibility, urban issues, social justice, legal frameworks, artistic expression, content rating, consumer protection, societal norms, media regulation, juvenile influence, cultural authenticity, hip hop culture, artistic integrity, social commentary, media impact, youth culture classification, censorship, hip hop, violence, misogyny, free expression, marginalised communities, developmental opportunities, authenticity, gang culture, materialism, sexualisation, youth influence, music regulation, age restrictions, child protection, independent organisation, content assessment, mature consumers, live performances, online distribution, deviant behaviour, John McWhorter, gangsta rap, public criticism, artistic value, social impact, political principles, media coverage, urban areas, economic opportunity, cultural perspective, television, dissenting voices, identity formation, posturing, deviant behavior, media regulation, content categorisation, performance policies, law enforcement, juvenile Hip hop, classification, censorship, violence, lyrics, misogynist, free expression, vulnerable communities, developmental opportunities, authenticity, gangsta, materialism, sexualisation, nihilism, age restrictions, content rating, music regulation, child protection laws, adolescent influence, independent assessment, record companies, appeal process, mature content, rap culture, violent behavior, marginalised youth, social impact, political independence, live performances, online distribution, geographical confinement, cultural isolation, economic opportunity, dissenting voices, commercialisation, gang activities, public personas, side proposition, principles, music videos, subjective portrayal, video games, age monitoring, liberal democratic
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-con03a	Hosting is very expensive  Hosting is very expensive. In recent times the Olympics have never made a direct profit. The bidding process alone for 2012 will cost each bidding city around £20m and whichever is selected will expect to pay at least £6.5bn (Paris). With increased security fears Athens spent $1.5bn on security out of a total of $12bn on the 2004 games. The burden of this cost falls on government (and therefore the taxpayer), companies and individuals. Both Paris and London’s local governments have put aside around £2.4bn which will mean £20 per year extra in tax for every household in the cities. Big projects are notoriously hard to budget for (so much so that London is estimating the total cost may go up by up to 50%) and residents in Los Angeles have only just stopped paying for the over-budget 1984 Olympics through their local taxes. If cities want to regenerate or improve their infrastructure then they should use this money directly on those projects rather than wasting it on subsidising a sporting event. Hosting, expensive, Olympics, direct profit, bidding process, cost, government, taxpayer, security, budget, over-budget, residents, local taxes, infrastructure, sporting event hosting, expensive, Olympics, profit, bidding, cost, security, government, taxpayer, companies, individuals, budget, over-budget, regeneration, infrastructure, sporting, event, London, Paris, Athens, Los Angeles, taxes, 2012, 2004, 1984 Hosting, expensive, Olympics, profit, bidding, cost, security, government, taxpayer, companies, individuals, tax, over-budget, regeneration, infrastructure, sporting event, London, Paris, Los Angeles, Athens Hosting, expensive, Olympics, profit, bidding, costs, security, government, taxpayer, companies, individuals, budget, over-budget, regeneration, infrastructure, sporting event, tax, residents, Los Angeles, 1984 Olympics, London, Paris, 2012 Olympics, Athens, 2004 games Hosting, expensive, Olympics, profit, bidding, cost, security, government, taxpayer, companies, individuals, projects, budget, regeneration, infrastructure, sporting, event, over-budget, taxes
test-law-tahglcphsld-con01a	Drugs are dangerous, and the governement should discourage its use  The government has a responsibility to protect its citizens; if a substance will do people and society significant harm, then that substance should be banned. There is no such thing as a safe form of a drug. Legalization can only make drugs purer, and therefore perhaps more deadly and addictive. Many illegal drugs are closely related to potentially dangerous medicines, whose prescription is tightly restricted to trained professionals, but the proposition would effectively be allowing anyone to take anything they wished regardless of the known medical dangers.  However entrenched in modern culture drugs may be, legalising them will only make them appear more acceptable. The state has a duty to send out the right message, and its health campaigns will be fundamentally undermined by the suggestion that drugs are harmless, which is what will be understood from their legalisation – just like when cannabis was downgraded in the UK. drugs, dangerous, government, discourage, use, responsibility, protect, citizens, substance, harm, banned, safe, legalization, purer, deadly, addictive, illegal, dangerous medicines, prescription, trained professionals, culture, legalising, acceptable, state, duty, health campaigns, harmless, downgraded, UK drugs, dangerous, government, discourage, use, responsibility, protect, citizens, substance, harm, ban, safe, legalization, purer, deadly, addictive, illegal, medicines, prescription, restricted, trained, professionals, proposition, anyone, anything, medical, dangers, entrenched, culture, legalising, acceptable, state, duty, message, health, campaigns, harmless, downgraded, uk drugs, dangerous, government, discourage, use, responsibility, protect, citizens, substance, harm, society, banned, safe, legalization, purer, deadly, addictive, illegal, drugs, dangerous, medicines, prescription, restricted, professionals, proposition, allowing, anyone, anything, medical, dangers, entrenched, culture, legalising, acceptable, state, duty, message, health, campaigns, misunderstood, harmless, cannabis, downgraded, UK drugs,dangerous,government,discourage,use,responsibility,protect,citizens,substance,harm,banned,safe,form,legalization,purer,deadly,addictive,illegal,drugs,medicines,prescription,trained,professionals,entrenched,culture,legalising,acceptable,state,duty,message,health,campaigns,harmless,cannabis,downgraded,UK drugs,dangerous,government,discourage,use,responsibility,protect,citizens,substance,harm,banned,safe,form,legalization,purer,deadly,addictive,illegal,drugs,dangerous,medicines,prescription,trained,professionals,entrenched,culture,legalising,acceptable,state,duty,message,health,campaigns,harmless,legalisation,cannabis,downgraded,UK
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-con02a	It specifically denies a rich cultural heritage which is uniquely American of groups that spoke English but not as a first language  Almost no one in the United States knows English, but then chooses not to use it to make some sort of political statement. The language is far too omnipresent in the economy, culture, and everyday life to make such a choice attractive or even sane.  Nor do people generally choose not to learn English. The advantages and opportunities it opens up, and the stigmas and discrimination facing non-English speakers mean that learning English is one of the first things any immigrant is going to try and do.  In reality therefore we are going to be talking about people who can’t speak English, either because they have not learned it yet, or because they can’t learn it. Perhaps they don’t have the time between working two jobs, or perhaps they find it difficult.  In any case, if this policy is simply symbolic it will stigmatize these people. If it goes further, it will actively make their lives worse, and perhaps make it even harder for them to learn English. rich cultural heritage, uniquely American, English speakers, non-English speakers, political statement, economic necessity, cultural necessity, everyday life, immigrant experience, learning English, opportunities, stigmas, discrimination, symbolic policy, stigmatization, life difficulties, language barriers, working multiple jobs, English learning challenges cultural heritage, American, English, first language, political statement, economy, culture, everyday life, immigrant, opportunities, stigmas, discrimination, learning English, immigrant, time, working, stigmatize, policy, symbolic, lives, harder, learn English American, cultural, heritage, English, language, immigrants, economy, culture, everyday, life, politics, learning, opportunities, discrimination, stigmatization, policy, symbolic, non-English, speakers, working, jobs, time, difficulty, education, integration, society, communication, barriers cultural heritage, American, English, first language, political statement, economy, culture, everyday life, immigrant, opportunities, stigma, discrimination, non-English speakers, symbolic policy, stigmatize, working two jobs, learning difficulty, lives worse, language barrier American, cultural, heritage, English, first, language, United, States, political, statement, omnipresent, economy, culture, everyday, choice, immigrant, opportunities, stigmas, discrimination, learning, time, working, jobs, difficult, policy, symbolic, stigmatize, lives, harder
test-society-tsmihwurpp-con02a	Randomly checking passengers’ identities is much safer than allowing terrorists to know in advance who the authorities are seeking.  Making statements in advance as to who is likely to be stopped at airports is the most dangerous action any government could take. There are innumerable ways in which it would be possible to perform a terrorist act, and random checks mean that all possible routes are equally likely to be apprehended.  By contrast, actively and visibly subjecting members of particular ethnic groups to stricter security checks will enable terrorists to determine where surveillance in airports is at its most lax. The most dangerous terrorist groups operate on an international level, recruiting attackers from a wide range of backgrounds and ethnic groups. It would therefore be comparatively easy for an organisation such as al Qaeda to mount an attack using only individuals who do not conform to the authorities’ profile of a potential terrorist.  More importantly random checks mean that all people, regardless of the background, age or appearance are equally deterred from considering criminal or terrorist acts.  On the basis that it would be impossible to search everyone at a major international airport, the deterrence factor offered by random stops is far more effective than searching a tiny proportion of a designated group. random checks, passenger identity, terrorist prevention, airport safety, ethnic profiling, international terrorism, al Qaeda, deterrence factor, security measures, equal surveillance random checks, terrorist acts, airport security, ethnic profiling, deterrence factor, international terrorists, al Qaeda, security checks, random selection, passenger screening, profiling methods, airport safety, terrorist profiling, pre-announced checks, equal surveillance, international attacks, ethnic diversity, security effectiveness, deterrence strategy random checks, terrorist acts, airport security, ethnic profiling, deterrence factor, authorities, international terrorists, al Qaeda, criminal acts, passenger screening, safety measures, government policies, security checks, public safety, counter-terrorism strategies random checks, passenger identities, terrorist groups, government action, airport security, ethnic profiling, deterrence factor, international recruitment, security effectiveness, non-discriminatory measures, public safety, terrorist profiles,tin proportion, major airports random checks, passenger identity, airport security, terrorist strategy, deterrence factor, ethnic profiling, international terrorism, al Qaeda, security effectiveness, public safety, terrorist recruitment, visible surveillance, safety measures, equal treatment, authority profiling, civilian protection, advanced statements, government action, terrorist acts, major airports
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-con01a	An amnesty policy will serve only to alienate regimes, shutting down the possibility of discourse or reform  It is a natural conclusion that a repressive regime, which operates largely by force and the control of its population, will react rather negatively to an action by the West that appears to be a calculated, public, and on-going subversion of their power in favour of criminal dissidents. The result of such action by Western democracies will not be any positive discourse between the targeted regime and the West, but will rather cause a breakdown in communication. They will be reticent to engage for the very reason that the states seeking to influence them are clearly not interested in dealing on an equal footing, but rather wish to undermine their way of life in favour of asserting their own superiority. The best way to actually get talks about reform started, and to empower those who wish for more democracy and press freedom, is to patiently engage with these regimes, to coax them peaceably toward reform without threatening their core aims. [1] Aggression toward them will generate aggression in return as is shown again and again by North Korea and the responses to its actions by the United States. While incremental change may feel glacial, the long game is the only way to get changes without letting blood flow through the streets. The only possible outcome of this policy would be a harsher crackdown on bloggers by these governments.  [1] Larison, D. “Engagement is Not Appeasement”. The American Conservative. 17 December 2012. amnesty policy, alienate regimes, discourse, reform, repressive regime, force, population control, Western democracies, subversion, power, criminal dissidents, breakdown communication, engagement, equal footing, undermine, way of life, superiority, North Korea, United States, incremental change, patience, peaceful reform, aggression, harsher crackdown, bloggers, long game, changes, bloodshed, Larison, engagement, appeasement, American Conservative amnesty, policy, alienate, regimes, discourse, reform, repressive, force, control, population, negatively, action, West, calculated, public, ongoing, subversion, power, criminal, dissidents, breakdown, communication, reticent, engage, equal, footing, undermine, life, superiority, talks, empower, democracy, press, freedom, patiently, coax, peaceably, threatening, aggression, North, Korea, United, States, responses, actions, incremental, change, long, glacial, outcome, harsher, crackdown, bloggers, governments, Larison, engagement, appeasement, American amnesty, policy, alienate, regimes, discourse, reform, repressive, force, control, population, Western, democracies, subversion, power, criminal, dissidents, breakdown, communication, engagement, coercion, patience, peaceable, incremental, change, North, Korea, United, States, aggression, bloggers, crackdown, streets, long, game, Larison, American, Conservative amnesty, policy, alienate, regimes, discourse, reform, repressive, control, population, negatively, calculated, public, subversion, power, criminal, dissidents, breakdown, communication, reticent, influence, equal, footing, undermine, life, superiority, talks, peaceably, threaten, aggression, North, Korea, United, States, incremental, change, glacial, long, game, harsher, crackdown, bloggers, governments, engagement, appeasement amnesty policy, alienate regimes, discourse, reform, repressive regime, force, population control, Western democracies, subversion, criminal dissidents, breakdown in communication, engagement, equal footing, undermine, way of life, superiority, talks, democracy, press freedom, coercion, peaceable reform, aggression, North Korea, United States, incremental change, long game, bloggers, government crackdown
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro02a	Nuclear weapons give states valuable agenda-setting power on the international stage  The issues discussed in international forums are largely set by nuclear powers. The permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council, for example, is composed only of nuclear powers, the same states that had nuclear weapons at the end of World War II. If all countries possess nuclear weapons, they redress the imbalance with regard to international clout, at least to the extent to which military capacity shapes states’ interactions with each other. [1] Furthermore, the current world order is grossly unfair, based on the historical anachronism of the post-World War II era. The nuclear powers, wanting to retain their position of dominance in the wake of the post-war chaos, sought to entrench their position, convincing smaller nations to sign up to non-proliferation agreements and trying to keep the nuclear club exclusive. It is only right, in terms of fairness that states not allow themselves the ability to possess certain arms while denying that right to others. Likewise, it is unfair in that it denies states, particularly those incapable of building large conventional militaries, the ability to defend themselves, relegating them to an inferior status on the world stage. [2] To finally level the international playing field and allow equal treatment to all members of the congress of nations, states must have the right to develop nuclear weapons.  [1] Fearon, James D. 1994. “Signaling Versus the Balance of Power and Interests: An Empirical Test of a Crisis Bargaining Model”. Journal of Conflict Resolution 38(2).  [2] Betts, Richard K. 1987. Nuclear blackmail and nuclear balance. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. Nuclear weapons, international agenda-setting, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, non-proliferation, global fairness, military capacity, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, state interactions, international clout, defensive capabilities, state rights, nuclear club, historical anachronism, international playing field, equal treatment, global order, post-war chaos, smaller nations, nuclear arms, conventional militaries, inferior status, world stage, entrench dominance, nuclear proliferation, international forums, imbalance, state defense, fairness, nuclear disarmament, global security, international relations, power dynamics, nuclear deterrence, security studies, arms nuclear weapons, international agenda-setting, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, non-proliferation agreements, military capacity, international clout, global fairness, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, Betts, Fearon Nuclear weapons, international stage, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, global imbalance, military capacity, international clout, world order, historical anachronism, post-war chaos, non-proliferation agreements, exclusive nuclear club, fairness, arms possession, conventional militaries, self-defense, inferior status, international playing field, equal treatment, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, nuclear blackmail Nuclear weapons, international stage, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, international clout, military capacity, world order, historical anachronism, non-proliferation agreements, nuclear club, fairness, conventional militaries, self-defense, inferior status, international playing field, equal treatment, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, nuclear blackmail Nuclear weapons, international stage, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, global imbalance, military capacity, world order, historical anachronism, non-proliferation agreements, nuclear club, fairness, states rights, defense capabilities, international clout, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, nuclear blackmail, Richard K. Betts, James D. Fearon
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-con03a	Any body of values that claims to respect the rights of the individual must recognise the right of a woman to choose  Even the doctrines of the Church accepts that pregnancy is not, in and of itself, a virtue – there is no compulsion to maximise the number of pregnancies; there is simply a disagreement about how they should be avoided. The Church recommends that couples may minimise the chance without ever making it impossible through a chemical or physical barrier.  In some parts of the world a pregnancy, even one that is not planned, is seen as a time for joy – a blessing for the family that will lead to a new and happy life bringing pleasure to both parents, their society and the child. That ideal is very far from the experience of much of the world where a child is another mouth to feed on impossibly little income. For all too much of the world, that life will be cruel, nasty and short. In slums, favellas and barren wastes that life is likely to be one marked more by dysentery or diarrhea, malnutrition and misery than by the sanitised, idealised image promoted in the West. That is, of course, not to say that children everywhere cannot be a cause for joy, of course they can. Indeed even within the poorest of situations, a new child can be the focus of great joy in an otherwise hard life.  However, if that is to be the case, that child must be planned and prepared for. Overwhelmingly, the mother is likely to have paramount responsibility for the child; so that planning and preparation needs to be theirs. It is difficult to imagine the scenario that would reach the objective observer to reach the conclusion that the right group of individuals to reach that decision were a group of celibate men who had never met the parents and would take to role in the care or support of the child. Yet that, astonishingly, is what Proposition would like us to believe. reproductive rights, individual rights, women's rights, religious doctrine, Church teachings, family planning, natural family planning, contraception, unintended pregnancy, socioeconomic factors, child welfare, poverty, maternal health, parental responsibility, moral ethics, decision-making, reproductive autonomy, religious authority, gender equality, health outcomes, societal norms, family structure, childbearing choices, institutional influence,-global perspectives, cultural differences, ethical considerations, human rights, public health, social justice values, individual rights, women's choice, Church doctrines, pregnancy, virtue, family, joy, child, poverty, slums, favellas, income, malnutrition, misery, planning, preparation, mother, responsibility, celibate men, parents, care, support, decision-making, Proposition individual rights, women's rights, reproductive rights, Church doctrine, pregnancy, virtue, family planning, contraception, natural family planning, unintended pregnancy, joy, blessing, poverty, malnutrition, childhood mortality, slums, favelas, dysentery, diarrhea, Western idealization, child welfare, parental responsibility, celibate men, decision-making, care support, Proposition argument women's rights, reproductive rights, individual rights, pregnancy, virtue, church doctrines, family planning, contraception, moral纠纷, societal views, child welfare, poverty, slums, malnutrition, child mortality, maternal responsibility, decision-making, celibate men, parental care, support systems, ethical considerations, human rights, global perspectives, unplanned pregnancy, joy, blessing, life quality, social responsibility, religious influence, public policy, gender equality, healthcare access, legal rights, autonomy, dignity, cultural differences, economic factors, education, advocacy, empowerment right to choose, women's rights, Church doctrine, pregnancy, virtue, family planning, contraception, chemical barriers, physical barriers, joy, blessing, poverty, income, child nutrition, child mortality, slums, favellas, dysentery, diarrhea, malnutrition, misery, child welfare, planning, preparation, maternal responsibility, celibate men, parental decision-making, support, care, proposition, debate, ethics, morality, reproductive rights, social responsibility, public health, human rights, sustainable development, gender equality, religious influence, policy, governance, cultural perspectives, global issues, child development, poverty alleviation, healthcare access,
test-society-cpisydfphwj-con02a	Facebook has some dangerous consequences  Facebook is becoming more and more integrated into our lives, but unfortunately the uncertainty of who is at the other end of the computer is proving to be a massive threat to our mental and physical safety.  First of all, undoubtedly, rape is one of the most serious and unforgiveable crimes anyone can commit, as it leaves permanent physical and mental scars on women. Unfortunately, Facebook is used by troubled men to take advantage of naive women. They use Facebook in order to get in touch with their victims (often posing as someone who he is not), and after they get to know each other, after he gained the victims trust he deceives her into meeting him, a mistake she’ll regret forever. As physical integrity is one of the rights most fundamental rights, and as Facebook is facilitating the violation of this right, it is absolutely clear that these social networks are detrimental to the society.(1)(2)  Secondly, another level on which Facebook is harmful is cyber bullying. It affects many adolescents and teens on a daily basis. Cyber bullying involves using technology to bully or harass another person. Sending mean Facebook messages or threats to a person, spreading rumours online or posting hurtful or threatening messages on social networking sites are just a few of the ways in which a lot of children get bullied every single day.  “Despite the potential damage of cyber bullying, it is alarmingly common among adolescents and teens. According to Cyber bullying statistics from the i-SAFE foundation:  Over half of adolescents and teens have been bullied online, and about the same number have engaged in cyber bullying. More than 1 in 3 young people have experienced cyberthreats online.”(3)  (1) Justin Davenport “Hunt for ‘Facebook rapists’ before they can strike again” London Evening Standard, 15 November 2012   (2) “Two men gang-rape girl in Kota after befriending her on Facebook”, Times of India, Aug 21, 2013   (3) Bullying Statistics Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, cyber threats, online predators, social networks, detrimental, society, bullying statistics, technology, harassment, rumors, networking sites, Justin Davenport, London Evening Standard, Times of India, bullying, victims, trust, deception, physical integrity, rights, trouble men, naive women, anonymity, online safety, digital abuse, victimization Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, online bullying, cyber threats, Facebook rapists, social networks, detrimental society, bullying statistics, i-SAFE foundation, online predators, victim trust, harassment, rumours, social networking sites, permanent scars, troubled individuals, naive victims, physical integrity, fundamental rights, technology misuse, online safety, digital security, adolescent safety, teen safety, online predators, cybercrime, online harassment, social media risks, user privacy, identity theft, online deception, social engineering, online grooming, victim manipulation, psychological harm, emotional harm, legal issues, Facebook, consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, crime, victims, deception, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, harassment, rumors, cyberthreats, statistics, social networks, detrimental, society Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, crime, permanent scars, troubled men, naive women, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, technology, harassment, mean messages, threats, rumors, cyber threats, bullying statistics, Facebook rapists, gang-rape, befriending, social networks, detrimental, society, physical integrity, fundamental rights Facebook, dangerous consequences, social integration, uncertainty, online safety, mental health, physical safety, rape, sexual predators, online deception, victims, trust, physical integrity, fundamental rights, social networks, detrimental effects, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, technology misuse, harassment, mean messages, threats, rumors, online bullying, cyber threats, bullying statistics, online predators, sexual crimes, social media risks, digital harassment, online victimization, technology abuse, online security, privacy concerns
test-international-aghwrem-con02a	The international community and political legitimacy  The military-controlled government in Myanmar clearly does not have popular domestic support - otherwise the artificial election process would not have been necessary. Therefore, it derives its strength from the fact that many international players other than the US and the EU have continued to recognise it, while there is historic precedent for concerted international opinion having influenced illegitimate regimes (Haiti and South Africa, for instance). Having a nationalised economy increases the control the military has over trade and investment, while a majority of the country finds itself in poverty. The choice for the international community is between continuing to strengthen the military by engaging with it, or by disengaging (like the EU and the US) until the ruling elite runs out of resources and options. The former option does not give hope to any real democratic reform, while the latter option would take away the legitimacy of the government in the international arena. international community, political legitimacy, Myanmar, military-controlled government, domestic support, artificial election, international recognition, US, EU, historical precedent, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, trade, investment, poverty, disengagement, democratic reform, international arena international community, political legitimacy, military-controlled government, Myanmar, domestic support, artificial election, international players, US, EU, recognition, illegitimate regimes, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, trade, investment, poverty, disengagement, democratic reform, legitimacy, international arena international community, political legitimacy, Myanmar, military-controlled government, domestic support, artificial election, international recognition, US, EU, historic precedent, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, trade, investment, poverty, democratic reform, disengagement, legitimacy, international arena international community, political legitimacy, Myanmar, military-controlled government, domestic support, artificial election, international players, US, EU, recognition, illegitimate regimes, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, trade, investment, poverty, engagement, disengagement, democratic reform, international legitimacy, ruling elite, resources, options Myanmar, military government, political legitimacy, international community, artificial election, domestic support, international recognition, US, EU, historic precedent, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, trade, investment, poverty, democratic reform, disengagement, resources, options, international arena
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro04a	Cannot avoid dealing with a UNSC member  The PRC is a member of the United Nations Security Council and as such is one of the key members of the UN. It is therefore difficult for countries to avoid dealing with it. The Pacific island of Tonga’s switched recognition because it feared the PRC would veto its membership of the UN. [1] São Tomé is already a member but that does not mean the PRC can’t cause problems in the international body; it clearly has the ability to scupper any initiative São Tomé wishes to pursue. Similarly in other international institutions while the PRC does not wield as much power as it does in the UN it still has considerably more influence than Taiwan; this includes over some organisations that provide aid such as the World Bank and IMF. São Tomé therefore must deal with the PRC, this being the case it should not let recognition get in the way.  [1] Fossen, Anthony Van, ‘The Struggle for Recognition: Diplomatic Competition between China and Taiwan in Oceania’, The Journal of Chinese Political Science, Col.12, No.2, 2007,  , p.4 UNSC, PRC, United Nations Security Council, key members, difficult to avoid, Tonga, recognition switch, fear of veto, UN membership, São Tomé, international body, scupper initiatives, other international institutions, World Bank, IMF, aid organizations, considerable influence, Taiwan, diplomatic competition, Oceania, Fossen, The Struggle for Recognition UNSC, PRC, United Nations Security Council, Tonga, São Tomé, UN membership, veto power, international institutions, World Bank, IMF, diplomatic competition, China, Taiwan, Oceania UNSC member, PRC, United Nations Security Council, key member, difficult to avoid, Tonga, recognition switch, fear of veto, UN membership, São Tomé, international body, problems, initiatives, international institutions, World Bank, IMF, influence, Taiwan, diplomatic competition, Oceania, Fossen, The Journal of Chinese Political Science UNSC, PRC, United Nations Security Council, Tonga, São Tomé, UN membership, veto power, international influence, World Bank, IMF, diplomatic recognition, China, Taiwan, Oceania, international relations, aid organizations, political leverage UNSC, PRC, United Nations Security Council, Tonga, São Tomé, UN membership, veto power, international institutions, World Bank, IMF, China, Taiwan, diplomatic relations, aid organizations, international influence, Oceania, recognition
test-international-epvhwhranet-con02a	If all member states held a referendum on all EU treaties nothing would get passed.  The pure size and logistics of the European Union is such that if every member state had to hold a referendum on all EU Treaties, no EU Treaties would get enacted. It is too likely that one of the member states will vote against a motion. The EU should be able to vote on issues without consulting the citizens of all member states, in the UK legislation is voted on in parliament which is made of constituency representatives. The concept for government's voting in representation of their countries within the EU is the same. Furthermore the UK did not hold a referendum on the war with Iraq, so why should a referendum be held for issues of lesser importance. referendum, EU, treaties, member, states, logistics, enactment, representation, parliament, constituency, Iraq, war, importance EU, treaties, referendum, member states, logistics, enactment, representation, parliament, constituency, legislation, war, Iraq, importance, voting, citizens, government EU, treaties, referendum, member states, logistics, voting, parliament, representation, UK, war Iraq, legislation, constituency representatives, lesser importance EU treaties, referendums, member states, logistics, European Union, voting, parliament, constituency representatives, representation, UK, war with Iraq, lesser importance EU treaties, referendum, member states, enactment, logistics, representation, parliament, constituency representatives, war with Iraq, lesser importance
test-economy-beghwbh-pro03a	The Hyperloop will be a low cost system for the user  The Hyperloop would be the cheapest mode of intercity transport possible. “Transporting 7.4million people each way and amortizing the cost of $6 billion over 20 years gives a ticket price of $20 for a one-way trip for the passenger version of Hyperloop.” [1] There are very few additional costs. Usually the main cost for transportation beyond the infrastructure is the energy but the Hyperloop produces more energy than it uses so would make a profit here. There would be additional maintenance costs and some minor staff costs but this is unlikely to add too much to the ticket price. The Hyperloop would therefore be very price competitive compared to the $100 and up for flights.  [1] Musk, Elon, ‘Hyperloop Alpha’, SpaceX, 12 August 2013,  p.56 Hyperloop, low cost, intercity transport, cheapest mode, ticket price, $20, one-way, passenger version, $6 billion, 20 years, energy production, profit, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitive, flights, $100, SpaceX, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha Hyperloop, low cost, cheapest intercity transport, ticket price, $20 one-way, infrastructure cost, $6 billion, amortization, 20 years, energy production, profit, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitive, flight prices, $100 Hyperloop, low cost, intercity transport, cheapest mode, ticket price, $20, one-way trip, infrastructure cost, $6 billion, energy production, profit, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitive, flights, $100 Hyperloop, low cost, cheapest intercity transport, ticket price, $20, one-way trip, $6 billion, 20 years, energy production, profit, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitive, flights, $100, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha, 2013 Hyperloop, low cost, cheapest intercity transport, ticket price, $20, one-way trip, infrastructure cost, $6 billion, energy production, profit, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitive, flights, $100, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-pro01a	Compensation rights a wrong  Compensation is a basic principle of justice in any legal system. By definition it can be given to those who have had harm to reputation or dignity, emotional distress and loss of opportunities, including potential earnings. It is important to give compensation as it provides something for those who have suffered from disadvantages as a result of someone else’s actions, and it therefore helps to level out the playing field. Cultural appropriation causes clear harms – lost business, less awareness of that culture, and a feeling of inferiority. Theoretically, compensation is also beneficial as Rawls believes that it achieves 'some of the intent' of the principle of redress. This is in line with an egalitarian point of view [1]. While individual cases of cultural appropriation may not intend to harm they have an externality of harm by damaging the culture and identity as a while. This is in much the same way that those polluting often don’t intend harm, just to make a profit.  [1] Gaus, Gerald F., ‘Does Compensation Restore Equality’, Compensatory Justice, Vol.33, 1991, pp.45-81, Compensation, Rights, Legal System, Justice, Harm, Reputation, Dignity, Emotional Distress, Loss, Opportunities, Potential Earnings, Disadvantages, Actions, Cultural Appropriation, Business, Awareness, Inferiority, Rawls, Redress, Egalitarian, Externality, Pollution, Profit, Culture, Identity Compensation, Rights, Justice, Legal system, Harm, Reputation, Dignity, Emotional distress, Loss, Opportunities, Earnings, Disadvantages, Cultural appropriation, Business, Awareness, Inferiority, Redress, Egalitarian, Externality, Pollution, Profit, Identity compensation, rights, legal system, harm, reputation, dignity, emotional distress, loss of opportunities, potential earnings, justice, disadvantaged, cultural appropriation, lost business, awareness, cultural identity, inferiority, Rawls, principle of redress, egalitarian, externality, pollution, profit Compensation, rights, legal system, justice, harm, reputation, dignity, emotional distress, loss of opportunities, potential earnings, disadvantages, cultural appropriation, lost business, awareness, inferiority, Rawls, principle of redress, egalitarian, externality, culture, identity, pollution, profit Compensation, Rights, Justice, Legal System, Harm, Reputation, Dignity, Emotional Distress, Loss of Opportunities, Potential Earnings, Disadvantages, Cultural Appropriation, Lost Business, Awareness, Inferiority, Redress, Egalitarian, Externality, Pollution, Profit, Culture, Identity
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-con02a	Radio is yesterday’s technology.  Proposition is right to point out the role that has traditionally been filled by relatively small scale radio – providing a relatively cheap method of getting in touch with anybody willing to listen. However, that has, effectively, been rendered redundant by Internet technology. The power of Facebook, Youtube and other sites to disseminate ideas and information as well as phone texting has not only matched that role but surpassed it.  With no capital costs in an era of internet cafes and omnipresent cell phones, the free exchange of information through digital and portable technology has met exactly the needs and concerns Proposition highlights. [i]  Suggesting that community radio will somehow supplement or enhance that process it taking a step backwards; support for the relatively monolithic radio model runs all of the risks of empowering extremists already mentioned without even equalling the benefits of texting and social media [ii] .  [i] Helling, Alex, ‘This House would use foreign aid funds to research and distribute software that allows bloggers and journalists in non democratic countries to evade censorship and conceal their online activities’, freespeechdebate.idebate.org, 18 May 2012.  [ii] Hood, Michael, NPR CEO: Internet will replace broadcast radio in 5-10 years. Blatherwatch, 3 June 2010. Radio, technology, internet, Facebook, Youtube, phone texting, information dissemination, digital technology, portable technology, community radio, foreign aid, software, bloggers, journalists, censorship, online activities, NPR, broadcast radio, internet replacement, extremism, social media Radio, technology, internet, Facebook, Youtube, phone texting, information dissemination, community radio, digital technology, portable technology, free exchange of information, internet cafes, cell phones, foreign aid, software distribution, bloggers, journalists, censorship, online activities, non-democratic countries, NPR, broadcast radio, internet replacement, extremism, social media radio, technology, internet, social media, Facebook, YouTube, phone texting, information dissemination, digital technology, portable technology, community radio, foreign aid, censorship, bloggers, journalists, non-democratic countries, internet cafes, cell phones, free exchange, information, NPR, broadcast radio, extremists, monolithic radio model Radio, yesterday’s technology, small scale radio, cheap method, communication, Internet technology, Facebook, YouTube, phone texting, information dissemination, internet cafes, omnipresent cell phones, free exchange of information, digital technology, portable technology, community radio, supplement, enhance, process, step backwards, monolithic radio model, empowering extremists, texting, social media, foreign aid, research, distribute software, bloggers, journalists, non-democratic countries, evade censorship, conceal online activities, NPR CEO, Internet, replace broadcast radio, 5-10 years Radio, Yesterday's Technology, Internet Technology, Facebook, Youtube, Phone Texting, Free Information Exchange, Digital Technology, Portable Technology, Community Radio, Supplemental Role, Monolithic Radio Model, Empowering Extremists, Texting, Social Media, Foreign Aid, Software Research, Bloggers, Journalists, Censorship Evasion, Online Activities Concealment, NPR CEO, Internet Replacing Radio
test-economy-bepighbdb-con02a	Development is about more than economic growth  Amartya Sen has argued that “the removal of substantial unfreedoms […] is constitutive of development [in so far as give people] the opportunity of exercising their reasoned agency [1] ”. In a broader sense, democracy is necessary for a developed society because a precondition of a developed society is for that society to be able to decide for itself what its objectives are. It is society as a whole that needs to define what it considers to be development. The Myanmar under the junta may have considered its goals to be a strong military showing that Burma was developed. But without the citizenry agreeing this would not make Burma a strong state. Quite the opposite the lack of freedoms would show the country is not actually developed. Development means more than economic growth, it has to include other indicators as in the Human Development Index, but also things that are not even captured by that measurement such as freedom of speech.  Economic growth and GDP are even worse at demonstrating which countries are developed. Development only occurs when the wealth, and the choices it brings, reaches the people which is why Equatorial Guinea is not a developed nation despite its high income. Even in the economic realm therefore it is not just the absolute growth that matters but how it is distributed. Przeworski and Limongi show that from 1951-1990 dictatorships had higher growth rates than democracies (4.42% against 3.95%) yet the growth rate in GDP per capita was higher in democracies (2.46% against 2%). [2]  [1] Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxfor University Press. p. xii  [2] Przeworski, Adam and Fernando Limongi, 1997a; in M. ANTIĆ: “Democracy versus Dictatorship: The Influence of Political Regime on GDP Per Capita Growth”. EKONOMSKI PREGLED, 55 (9-10) pp. 773-803 (2004) Amartya Sen, development, economic growth, unfreedoms, democracy, society, Myanmar, junta, Human Development Index, freedom of speech, Equatorial Guinea, wealth distribution, Przeworski, Limongi, GDP, GDP per capita, dictatorships, democracies, political regime, EKONOMSKI PREGLED development, economic growth, Amartya Sen, unfreedoms, democracy, human development index, freedom of speech, wealth distribution, Equatorial Guinea, GDP, GDP per capita, dictatorships, democracies, political regime, M. ANTIĆ, EKONOMSKI PREGLED Amartya Sen, development, economic growth, unfreedoms, reasoned agency, democracy, social objectives, Myanmar, military regime, Human Development Index, freedom of speech, wealth distribution, Equatorial Guinea, GDP, Przeworski, Limongi, political regimes, GDP per capita, dictatorship, democracy, economic realm, social development, economic indicators, social indicators, citizen participation, human rights, societal goals, developmental economics, political economy, governance, state development, societal freedom, economic equality, socioeconomic development, political freedom, economic policy, social policy, democratic values, authoritarian regimes, economic performance, social progress, national development development, economic growth, Amartya Sen, unfreedoms, reasoned agency, democracy, developed society, Myanmar, junta, Human Development Index, freedom of speech, Equatorial Guinea, wealth distribution, Przeworski, Limongi, GDP per capita, dictatorships, democracies, political regime, GDP growth Amartya Sen, development, economic growth, unfreedoms, democracy, society, Myanmar, junta, Human Development Index, freedom of speech, Equatorial Guinea, wealth distribution, Przeworski, Limongi, GDP per capita, dictatorships, democracies, political regime, EKONOMSKI PREGLED, M. ANTIĆ
test-economy-egiahbwaka-pro03a	There is greater potential for African women  There is great potential in educating African women. Two out of three illiterate Africans are women. In 1996 the countries with the highest illiteracy rates in women are Burkina Faso with a staggering 91.1%, Sierra Leone with 88.7%, Guinea with 86.6% and Chad with 82.1% of women illiterate [1] . The situation is however improving. Women are starting to reach their educational potential: by 2011 the illiteracy rate among female youth (15-24) had dropped to 52% in Sierra Leone, 22% in Guinea and 42% in Chad. [2]  Women in Africa are becoming much better educated. This means they are much more likely to be able to reach their full potential in the economy. Education provides opportunities as educated women will be better able to work in the manufacturing or services sectors. They will also be much more capable of setting up and running their own businesses or organisations. As a more educated cohort of women enters the workforce they will have a much greater effect on the economy than women have had in the past.  [1] ‘The role of Women in Post-independent Africa’, African Women Culture, 29 April 2011,   [2] UNESCO Institute of Statistics, ‘Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15-24)’, data.worldbank.org, 2009-2013, African women, education, illiteracy rates, potential, improvement, youth, workforce, economy, entrepreneurship, post-independent Africa, UNESCO, World Bank, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad African women, education, illiteracy rates, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, female youth, economic potential, workforce, manufacturing, services sectors, entrepreneurship, post-independent Africa, UNESCO, World Bank, literacy improvement, gender equality, development, Sub-Saharan Africa, female empowerment African women, potential, education, illiteracy, improvement, workforce, economy, entrepreneurship, literacy rates, youth, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, UNESCO, World Bank, post-independent Africa, gender equality, development, empowerment African women, potential, education, illiteracy, improvement, workforce, economy, business, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, UNESCO, statistics, youth, literacy rate, post-independent Africa, opportunities, manufacturing, services sectors, entrepreneurship African women, education, illiteracy rates, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, female youth, economic potential, workforce, manufacturing, services, entrepreneurship, post-independent Africa, UNESCO, World Bank, literacy improvement, gender equality, human capital development, sub-Saharan Africa, female empowerment
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro01a	The head of state/government must be accountable to the people  Secrecy in relation to the leader’s health shows a distrust or distain of the electorate. Not being open about health issues almost invariably means that the administration is lying to those who elected them, those who they are accountable to. A couple of days before John Atta Mills died Nii Lantey Vanderpuye a candidate for Mills’ party stated “He [Mills] is stronger and healthier than any presidential candidate”, information that in retrospect was clearly untrue. 1  1 Takyi-Boadu, Charles, ‘Confusion Hits Mills’, Modern Ghana, 21 July 2012, head of state, government accountability, leader's health, secrecy, distrust, electorate, administration transparency, lying, presidential candidates, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, health misinformation, political ethics, public trust, leadership integrity, electoral responsibility accountability, head of state, government transparency, leader's health, public trust, electoral accountability, secrecy, health issues, presidential candidates, John Atta Mills, political deception, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, Ghana politics, Modern Ghana, Charles Takyi-Boadu accountability, head of state, government transparency, leader's health, public trust, electoral accountability, John Atta Mills, health secrecy, political deceit, presidential candidates, Charles Takyi-Boadu, Modern Ghana head of state, government accountability, leader's health, secrecy, distrust, electorate, transparency, lying, presidential candidates, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, health issues, political ethics, Modern Ghana, Charles Takyi-Boadu head of state, government accountability, leader's health, public trust, electoral transparency, presidential health secrecy, political deceit, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, Mills' health controversy, 2012 Ghana politics, Modern Ghana newspaper
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro01a	Vulnerable to unrest  Relying on tourism ensures that the economy is at the mercy of unrest. The violence and break down in law and order following the Tunisian revolution resulted in a notable decrease in tourists as tourists were unwilling to visit an area which they view as dangerous. This is demonstrated by the footfall of tourists which declined from 6,487,000 in 2010 to 4,456,000 in 2011 1. The increase in attacks by Salafists, a conservative sect of Islam which promotes Sharia law and has attacked tourist destinations, has dissuaded many potential visitors2. This has been exacerbated by government travel information which generally advises against visiting regions during periods of unrest, especially for Westerners who are perceived as profitable targets for ransom3. The resultant decrease in tourists reduces revenue, making tourism an unreliable industry for Tunisia.  1) African Manager, ‘Tunisia-Tourism: Clear Improvement, but a timid pace!’, data accessed 24 January 2014  2) Whewell,T. ‘Justice kiosk: Tunisia’s alternative law enforces’, BBC, 30 July 2013  3) Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ‘Kidnapping threat worldwide’ vulnerable, unrest, tourism, economy, Tunisia, revolution, violence, law, order, tourists, decrease, footfall, attacks, Salafists, Sharia, travel, information, government, Westerners, ransom, revenue, unreliable, industry, African, Manager, BBC, Department, Foreign, Affairs, Trade, kidnapping, threat, worldwide Vulnerable, unrest, tourism, economy, Tunisian revolution, violence, law and order, tourists, decline, Salafists, Sharia law, attacks, tourist destinations, government travel information, unrest periods, Westerners, ransom, decrease, revenue, unreliable, Tunisia, African Manager, BBC, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, kidnapping threat vulnerability, unrest, tourism, economy, Tunisian revolution, violence, law and order, tourists, safety, footfall decline, Salafists, Sharia law, attacks, travel advisories, Westerners, ransom, revenue reduction, unreliable industry, African Manager, BBC, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Vulnerable, Unrest, Tourism, Economy, Tunisian Revolution, Violence, Law and Order, Tourists, Footfall, Decline, Salafists, Sharia Law, Attacks, Travel Information, Government Advisories, Westerners, Ransom, Revenue, Unreliable Industry, Tunisia, African Manager, BBC, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Vulnerable, Unrest, Tourism, Economy, Violence, Law and Order, Tunisian Revolution, Tourists, Footfall, Decrease, Salafists, Sharia Law, Attacks, Government Travel Information, Westerners, Ransom, Revenue, Unreliable, Industry, Tunisia, African Manager, BBC, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Kidnapping Threat
test-philosophy-elhbrd-con03a	There is a risk that even a free choice may have some coercion involved.  By far the biggest worry is that a right to die will create a silent form of coercion that cannot be detected. In the West’s increasingly elderly society the role of older people in that society, their value and their continuing contribution is all too likely to be masked by the issue of the cost placed on those of working age. Even where older people do not face pressure from their families, society needs to be aware of this wider narrative. Such a narrative will slowly create a norm where the elderly feel that they are a burden and it is expected that they will exercise their right to die. The ‘choice’ will remain and they will even think it a choice free of coercion but will exercise their right not because they really want to die but because they feel it is what they ought to do, once the right to die is completely normalised those exercising it may not even consider that what they are doing is not really of their free will. Perceiving oneself as a burden is already a common cause of suicide [i] and would certainly increase if it were to no longer be considered taboo. Not having a right to die will not stop arguments about the burden placed on the working members of society by the elderly but it will stop this going any further towards the creation of a culture where individuals consider it normal that they should die when they feel they are a burden.  [i] Joiner, Thomas E. et al., ‘The Psychology and Neurobiology of Suicidal Behaviour’, Annual Review of Psychology, 10 September 2004, p.304 . right to die, elderly society, coercion, free choice, suicide, burden, working age, cultural norm, psychological impact, neurobiology, taboo, elderly value, societal pressure, normalisation, individual responsibility, end-of-life decisions, ethical concerns, social norms, elderly contribution right to die, elderly society, coercion, free choice, burden, suicide, working age, societal pressure, normalized death, psychological impact, neurobiology, taboo, cultural norms, elderly rights, ethical concerns, societal values, elderly contribution, cost of aging, incapacitated individuals, end-of-life decisions right to die, elderly, coercion, burden, society, free choice, suicide, working age, normalisation, value, contribution, cost, family pressure, taboo, culture, neurobiology, psychology, suicidal behaviour right to die, elderly, coercion, free choice, societal pressure, burden, working age, suicide, cultural norm, psychological impact, neurobiology, societal narrative, ethical concerns, end-of-life decisions, palliative care, mental health, aging population, economic factors, family dynamics, taboo, moral obligations, public policy, autonomy, dignity, quality of life, legal implications,终端安乐死, 社会老龄化, 家庭压力, 经济负担, 心理学, 神经生物学, 自杀倾向, 社会议题, 道德责任, 公共政策, 自 right to die, elderly, coercion, free choice, burden, suicide, societal pressure, working age, elderly contribution, normalized death, taboo, psychology, neurobiology, suicidal behavior, cultural norm, perceived burden, elderly rights, end-of-life decisions, ethical concerns, social dynamics, ageism, healthcare costs, moral obligations, individual autonomy, societal values, demographic changes, policy implications, moral psychology, euthanasia, assisted dying, public health, bioethics, palliative care, quality of life, aging population, intergenerational relations, societal narrative,经济效益, generational burden, legislative considerations, ethical dilemmas, mental
test-economy-thsptr-con05a	The aim of taxation should be to provide equality of opportunity, not of outcom  Taxation should not be about trying to engineer a more equal society. The purpose of taxes is to furnish necessary services people need to become competitive free agents in the economy. Progressive taxes take unduly from some to give to others in the hope of fostering social equality. Yet such efforts can only be harmful, as they breed resentment from rich toward the poor for taking undue amounts of their wealth for their consumption, and feelings of entitlement from poor who feel the wealthy owe them the money they pay, and thus feel happy to levy ever more odious taxes from them. [1] Society is best served by promoting a system of taxation that fosters equality of opportunity, by providing essential services to which everyone contributes in accordance with their ability to pay. This is better serviced through a system of flat-taxes, such as in Russia where there is a flat tax of 13%, [2] that promote a system of proportionality in taxation, rather than progressive taxes that focus unduly upon the contributions of the few to the many.  [1] The Frugal Libertarian. “Immorality of Progressive Income Tax”. Nolan Chart. 2008. Available:   [2] Mardell, Mark, ‘Pros and cons of Rick Perry’s flat tax plan’, BBC News, 26 October 2011, taxation, equality of opportunity, progressive taxes, flat taxes, essential services, social equality, resentment, entitlement, proportionality, economic competitiveness, fiscal policy, libertarian views, Rick Perry, BBC News, Mardell, Nolan Chart, Frugal Libertarian, income tax, immorality, wealth distribution, public services, economic agents, tax system, contribution, payment ability, society, economy, policy, taxation impact, social dynamics, wealth redistribution, tax reform, tax structure, economic philosophy, political economy, tax fairness, tax equity, social impact, economic theory, fiscal responsibility, government revenue, tax burden, individual responsibility, community taxation, equality of opportunity, progressive taxes, flat tax, social equality, resentment, entitlement, necessary services, free agents, proportionality, economy, Russia, 13%, Frugal Libertarian, Immorality of Progressive Income Tax, Nolan Chart, Mark Mardell, Rick Perry, BBC News, pros and cons, flat tax plan taxation, equality of opportunity, progressive taxes, flat taxes, social equality, resentment, entitlement, necessary services, free agents, economy, proportionality, contributions, Russia, 13%, Rick Perry, Pros and cons, BBC News, Nolan Chart, Frugal Libertarian, Immorality of Progressive Income Tax taxation, equality of opportunity, progressive taxes, flat taxes, economic competitiveness, social equality, resentment, entitlement, fiscal policy, libertarianism, income distribution, public services, tax fairness, Russia, Rick Perry, BBC News, Nolan Chart equality of opportunity, progressive taxation, flat tax, social equality, tax fairness, essential services, economic competitiveness, tax resentment, wealth redistribution, entitlement, proportional taxation, Russia flat tax, libertarian views, tax policy, fiscal responsibility, income inequality, tax contribution, economic freedom, tax system reform, Rick Perry flat tax, BBC News
test-society-asfhwapg-pro01a	Genes are intellectual property thus patentable  The patenting office stipulates that a successful patent applicant must have found something in nature, isolated it, and found a way to make something useful with it.The genome research of companies satisfies these criteria, so why should it be any different? The genome companies have invested resources to create intellectual property (patents), which refers to “creations of the mind.” Under US law includes intellectual property inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images, designs, and trade secrets. The law states, that any person who “invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent.” In biomedicine the patentable inventions include materials, such as new drugs or new cell lines, and methods for deriving or growing them, such as extraction or cloning techniques.1  1. Merz J., Mildred K., What are gene patents and Why are people worried about them ?, Community Genetics 2005 Genes, Intellectual Property, Patentable, Patenting Office, Criteria, Genome Research, Companies, Investment, Resources, Creations of the Mind, US Law, Inventions, Literary Works, Artistic Works, Symbols, Names, Images, Designs, Trade Secrets, Biomedicine, Patentable Inventions, Materials, New Drugs, Cell Lines, Methods, Extraction, Cloning Techniques, Gene Patents, Concerns Genes, Intellectual Property, Patentable, Patenting Office, Nature, Isolation, Useful, Genome Research, Companies, Resources, Creations of the Mind, US Law, Inventions, Literary, Artistic Works, Symbols, Names, Images, Designs, Trade Secrets, Biomedicine, Patentable Inventions, Materials, New Drugs, Cell Lines, Methods, Extraction, Cloning Techniques, Gene Patents, Concerns Genes, Intellectual Property, Patentable, Patenting Office, Successful Patent Applicant, Nature, Isolation, Useful Creation, Genome Research, Companies, Invested Resources, Intellectual Property Inventions, US Law, Creations of Mind, Literary Works, Artistic Works, Symbols, Names, Images, Designs, Trade Secrets, Biomedicine, Patentable Inventions, Materials, New Drugs, Cell Lines, Methods, Extraction Techniques, Cloning Techniques, Gene Patents, Concerns, Community Genetics Genes, Intellectual Property, Patentable, Patenting Office, Isolation, Useful Application, Genome Research, Companies, Investment, Intellectual Property Laws, US Law, Inventions, Literary Works, Artistic Works, Symbols, Names, Images, Designs, Trade Secrets, Biomedicine, Patentable Inventions, Materials, Methods, New Drugs, Cell Lines, Extraction, Cloning Techniques, Gene Patents, Concerns, Merz J., Mildred K., Community Genetics 2005 genes, intellectual property, patentable, patenting office, isolation, useful, genome research, companies, invested resources, creations of the mind, US law, inventions, literary works, artistic works, symbols, names, images, designs, trade secrets, biomedicine, new drugs, cell lines, extraction, cloning techniques, gene patents, concerns, Community Genetics, 2005
test-international-siacphbnt-con03a	Technology remains insecure and a security risk.  The internet remains at risk. Cybersecurity is a key concern, and the prevalence of hacking events across Africa identifies the need to promote security for the new digital users. Cyber-crime costs the Kenyan government around Ksh.2 billion (Mutegi, 2013); and affects around 70% of South Africans. In order to encourage more users in technology their safety, against fraud, hacking, and identity theft, needs to be prioritised. Without security technology can’t help entrepreneurs as customer details, business plans etc can’t be kept private. technology, cybersecurity, internet, security, risk, hacking, Africa, digital, users, fraud, identity, theft, Kenya, South Africa, cyber-crime, entrepreneurs, privacy, customer, details, business, plans technology, insecurity, security-risk, internet, cybersecurity, hacking, Africa, digital-users, cyber-crime, Kenya, government-cost, South-Africa, users-safety, fraud, identity-theft, entrepreneurs, privacy, business-security Technology, Insecurity, Security, Risk, Internet, Cybersecurity, Hacking, Africa, Digital, Users, Cybercrime, Kenya, Government, Cost, South Africa, Safety, Fraud, Identity Theft, Entrepreneurs, Privacy, Business Plans, Customer Details Technology, Insecurity, Security Risk, Internet, Cybersecurity, Hacking, Africa, Digital Users, Cyber-crime, Kenya, South Africa, Fraud, Identity Theft, Entrepreneurs, Customer Details, Business Plans, Privacy Technology, Insecurity, Security Risk, Internet, Cybersecurity, Hacking, Africa, Digital Users, Cyber-crime, Kenya, Ksh.2 billion, South Africa, 70%, Safety, Fraud, Identity Theft, Entrepreneurs, Customer Details, Business Plans, Privacy
test-law-ralhrilglv-pro03a	Interferes with a democratic mandate  Unlike many of the other ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto have a democratic mandate from elections that “represented the will of the voters” [1] – electoral mandates given to them after their indictment by the International Criminal Court.  This must be respected by the ICC and the international community as a whole: even though they are suspected of crimes against humanity by a foreign court.  [1] European Union Election Observation Mission To Kenya, General Elections 2013 :Final Report, democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, elections, voters, indictment, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya, General Elections 2013 democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, elections, will of voters, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya, General Elections 2013, final report, electoral mandates, indictment, international community, respect democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, elections, will of voters, electoral mandates, indictment, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, foreign court, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya, General Elections 2013, final report democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, elections, will of the voters, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, foreign court, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya 2013 elections democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, elections, will of voters, indictment, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, foreign court, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya, 2013 elections, electoral mandate, international community, respect
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro04a	Banning partial birth abortions is in line with popular and accepted moral standards  here is a vast amount of support in the United States for a ban on partial-birth abortion. Opinion polls have shown a consistent increase in support for a ban: as high as 70% in favour to 25% against in January 2003. [1] Furthermore, in 1997 the House of Representatives voted 295-136, and the Senate 64-36, in favour of a ban. For President Clinton to veto it was undemocratic; [2] for President Bush not to pass it would have been to break a campaign promise.  [1] Gallup, ‘Abortion’, 30 November 2011,   [2] Craig, Larry E., ‘Clinton Claims on Partial-Birth Abortion Still Not True -- Not Even 'Legally Accurate'’, United States Senate Republican Policy Committee, 15 September 1998, partial birth abortion, moral standards, United States, opinion polls, support increase, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton, veto, undemocratic, President Bush, campaign promise, Gallup, abortion, Craig, Larry E., United States Senate Republican Policy Committee partial birth abortion, moral standards, United States, opinion polls, support, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton, veto, President Bush, campaign promise, Gallup, Craig, United States Senate Republican Policy Committee partial birth abortions, moral standards, United States, opinion polls, support, ban, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton, veto, undemocratic, President Bush, campaign promise, Gallup, abortion, Craig, United States Senate, Republican Policy Committee partial birth abortion, moral standards, United States, opinion polls, support, ban, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton, veto, undemocratic, President Bush, campaign promise, Gallup, Craig, Larry E., United States Senate, Republican Policy Committee partial birth abortion, moral standards, public opinion, United States, support for ban, opinion polls, Congress vote, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton, President Bush, campaign promise, veto, undemocratic, legal accuracy, Gallup, Craig, United States Senate, Republican Policy Committee
test-international-ghbunhf-pro02a	UN ignores or enables human rights abuses.  Despite the development of the concept of human rights in the post-war world, the UN has totally failed to protect the rights of citizens, ethnic minorities, women and children. It has stood by during episodes of genocide in Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo and Yugoslavia among many others [1] , tolerates some of the world’s worst dictatorships as members, and does nothing to improve the situation of women in developing nations. Indeed, where UN peacekeepers have been sent into war-torn countries, they have sometimes been guilty of the most horrendous human rights abuses themselves. [2]  As of 2011, the UN’s Human Rights Council itself is comprised of members such as Saudi Arabia, Cuba and China. [3]  [1] “UN admits Rwanda genocide failure”. BBC website, 15th April 2000.   [2] MacFarquhar, Neil. “Peacekeepers’ Sex Scandals Linger, On-Screen and Off”. New York Times, 7th September 2011.   [3] “Membership of the Human Rights Council”. United Nations website, 2011. UN, human rights abuses, post-war world, citizens, ethnic minorities, women, children, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, dictatorships, developing nations, UN peacekeepers, sex scandals, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, membership, failures, accountability, international law, global governance, humanitarian crises, peacekeeping missions, sexual exploitation, abuse, UN reforms, human rights violations, international community, diplomatic immunity, impunity, advocacy, policy change, ethical standards, humanitarian protection, global justice, democratic values, civil society, international oversight, human rights advocacy, UN missions, sexual misconduct, ethical conduct, UN, human rights abuses, genocide, Rwanda, Cambodia, Congo, Yugoslavia, dictatorships, women's rights, developing nations, UN peacekeepers, sexual abuse, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, post-war world, ethnic minorities, children's rights, international justice, UN failures UN, human rights abuses, post-war, citizens, ethnic minorities, women, children, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, dictatorships, UN peacekeepers, sex scandals, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, 2011 UN, human rights abuses, post-war, rights protection, ethnic minorities, women, children, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, dictatorships, developing nations, UN peacekeepers, sex scandals, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, 2011, membership UN, human rights abuses, post-war world, citizens, ethnic minorities, women, children, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, dictatorships, women's rights, developing nations, UN peacekeepers, war-torn countries, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, sex scandals, peacekeeping failures, Rwanda genocide, membership criticism
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-con01a	The post of a High Representative is merely a shadow of what it should have been, and its failure shows the EU's inability to consolidate foreign policy.  While seemingly groundbreaking, the current agreement on the EU reform treaty was nothing but a lame attempt to salvage a much bolder initiative: an EU Constitution. The rejection of the EU Constitution in the Dutch and French referendums, as well as the extreme difficulty in getting even its watered-down version accepted, shows the extent to which the member states of the EU are not yet ready to think and act in unison. The UK representatives successfully insisted that the language of the reform treaty clearly states that major foreign policy decisions will continue to be taken at the state level. High Representative, EU, foreign policy, failure, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, unity, UK, foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, EU unity, UK representatives, foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU, foreign policy, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, EU reform treaty, member states, UK, foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, unified thinking, UK representatives, foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU, foreign policy, reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, unison, UK representatives, foreign policy decisions, state level
test-international-emephsate-con03a	Turkey must recognize Cyprus.  The biggest problem facing Turkey that will prevent its entry to the European Union is that it does not recognize Cyprus, a state that is already an EU member. It is clear that Cyprus and relations with it are the main sticking point as the EU President Van Rompuy has admitted “Were it not for some challenges from one of the members of the European Union, Cyprus, we would have made more progress when it comes to Turkey, I acknowledge that negotiations on enlargement are stalled for the time being because one of the members of the club has problems with the process.” [1] Negotiations towards reunification of the island have stalled since the EU backed UN peace plan was rejected by the Greek Cypriots in 2004 just before they joined the EU. Neither Cyprus nor Turkey are willing to take any possible steps that would help build confidence and break down the barriers to agreement such as reopening ports and airports. [2]  [1] Neuger, James G., ‘Turkey’s EU Bid Is ‘Stalled,’ Cyprus to Blame, Van Rompuy Says’, Bloomberg, 5 September 2012,   [2] ‘Cyprus: Six Steps towards a Settlement’, International Crisis Group, Europe Briefing No.61, 22 February 2011, Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, recognition, entry, EU membership, Van Rompuy, negotiations, enlargement, Greek Cypriots, UN peace plan, reunification, confidence building, ports, airports, settlement, International Crisis Group, stalled talks, membership challenges, political relations, island dispute Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, EU membership, recognition, Van Rompuy, negotiations, enlargement, Greek Cypriots, UN peace plan, reunification, confidence-building, ports, airports, settlement, International Crisis Group Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, EU, recognition, entry, accession, negotiations, enlargement, stalling, UN peace plan, Greek Cypriots, confidence-building, ports, airports, Van Rompuy, International Crisis Group, settlement, reunification, membership, challenges, progress, barriers, agreement Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, recognition, entry, EU member, EU President Van Rompuy, negotiations, enlargement, challenges, Greek Cypriots, UN peace plan, reunification, confidence, barriers, ports, airports, settlement, International Crisis Group Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, recognition, EU membership, negotiations, enlargement, UN peace plan, Greek Cypriots, confidence-building, ports, airports, Van Rompuy, International Crisis Group
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-con01a	Collective bargaining is a necessary aspect of democracy  Collective bargaining is needed by people in any job. Within any firm there exist feedback structures that enable workers to communicate with managers and executive decision makers. However, there are some issues which affect workers significantly, but run against the principles of profit, or in this case the overall public good that the state seeks to serve.  In this situation, a collection of workers are required. This is primarily because if suggested changes go against public interest then a single worker requesting such a change is likely to be rejected. However, it is the indirect benefit to public interest through a workforce that is treated better that must also be considered. But indirect benefit can only truly occur if there are a large number of workers where said indirect benefit can accrue.  Specifically, indirect benefit includes the happiness of the workforce and thus the creation of a harder working workforce, as well as the prevention of brain drain of the workforce to other professions. When a single person is unhappy for example, the effect is minimal, however if this effect can be proved for a large number of people then an adjustment must be made.  In order for these ideas to be expressed, workers can either engage in a collective bargaining process with their employer, or take more drastic action such as strikes or protests to raise awareness of the problem. Given that the alternate option is vastly more disruptive, it seems prudent to allow people to do collectively bargain.1  “Importance of Collective Bargaining.” Industrial relations. collective bargaining, democracy, worker rights, firm feedback structures, public interest, workforce treatment, public good, indirect benefits, workforce happiness, productivity, brain drain, labor disputes, strikes, protests, industrial relations, employee representation, corporate responsibility, social welfare, economic stability, labor unions, negotiation, labor relations, employment law, worker solidarity, collective agreements, bargaining units, dispute resolution, labor market, job satisfaction, employee engagement, worker empowerment, democratic principles, managerial accountability, organizational justice, employee advocacy, labor standards, workplace democracy, fair wages, working conditions, employee welfare, legal protections, labor policies, human resources, management practices collective bargaining, democracy, job, feedback structures, workers, managers, profit, public good, state, public interest, workforce, happiness, brain drain, strikes, protests, industrial relations, importance, disruptive, adjustment, express, employer, single worker, large number, minimal effect, indirect benefit, harder working, prevention, alternate option, allow, prudent, engage, raise awareness, suggested changes, principles, communication, decision makers, affect, significantly, required, collection, treated better, public benefit, expressed, adjustment, drastic action, adjustment, necessary aspect, indirect benefits, workforce treatment, workforce happiness, workforce improvement, employment relations collective bargaining, democracy, worker rights, job security, feedback structures, management communication, public interest, workforce treatment, indirect benefits, worker happiness, productivity, brain drain, strikes, protests, industrial relations, labor laws, employee representation, unionization, negotiation, dispute resolution, employment conditions, fair treatment, social justice, economic stability, organizational performance, corporate governance, community impact collective bargaining, democracy, job, feedback structures, workers, managers, executive decision makers, profit, public good, state, issues, workers' rights, public interest, workforce, indirect benefit, happiness, hard-working, brain drain, single worker, large number, collective action, strikes, protests, disruption, importance, industrial relations collective bargaining, democracy, feedback structures, worker communication, profit principles, public interest, workforce treatment, indirect benefits, public good, workforce happiness, productivity, brain drain, individual impact, group impact, employer negotiation, strikes, protests, industrial relations, disruption, prudent alternatives
test-science-ciidfaihwc-con02a	The Internet is a free domain and cannot becontrolled by the government.  Given that the Internet is used as an international [1] and public space [2] , the government has no right over the information which may be presented via the Internet. In Western liberal democracies, governments are elected on the basis by which they can serve their own country – how they will create or maintain laws that pertain specifically to that nation, and how they will govern the population. The Internet is not country-specific, but international and free. As such, no individual government should have a right to the information on it. Asserting false authority over the internet would paint the government as dictatorial and a ‘nanny state’ [3] , demonstrating a lack of respect for its citizens by assuming that they cannot protect themselves or recognise the nature of extremist or potentially harmful sites and take the individual decision to distance themselves from such sites.  [1] Babel, ‘Towards communicating on the Internet in any language’,   [2] Papacharissi, Zizi, ‘The virtual sphere’, New Media & Society, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp 9-27, February 2002,  on 09/09/11  [3] BBC. ‘A Point of View: In defence of the nanny state’. Published 04/02/2011. Accessed from  on Internet, free domain, government control, international space, public space, Western democracies, elected governments, country-specific laws, international freedom, individual government rights, false authority, dictatorial, nanny state, citizen respect, self-protection, extremist sites, harmful content, Babel, Papacharissi, BBC, A Point of View, defence of nanny state, virtual sphere, communicating in any language, New Media & Society, media studies, political science, digital governance, information rights, cyber policy, online freedom Internet, free domain, government control, international space, public space, Western liberal democracies, elected governments, country-specific laws, international freedom, individual government rights, information authority, dictatorial government, nanny state, citizen respect, self-protection, extremist sites, harmful content, Babel, Papacharissi, BBC, Point of View, defence of nanny state Internet, freedom, government control, international, public space, Western liberal democracies, elected governments, country-specific laws, internet information, individual government rights, dictatorial, nanny state, citizen respect, self-protection, extremist sites, harmful sites, Babel, Papacharissi, BBC, A Point of View, defence of nanny state Internet, free domain, government control, international public space, Western liberal democracies, country-specific laws, international freedom, individual government rights, information authority, dictatorial, nanny state, citizen respect, extremist sites, harmful content, self-protection, individual decision, Babel, Papacharissi, virtual sphere, BBC, Point of View, defence of nanny state Internet, freedom, government control, international public space, Western liberal democracies, country-specific laws, global information, individual government rights, dictatorial, nanny state, citizen protection, extremist sites, harmful content, self-protection, individual decision-making, Babel, Papacharissi, BBC, virtual sphere, communication, language, New Media & Society, defense of nanny state
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro01a	"The current patent system is unjust and creates perverse incentives that benefit large pharmaceutical companies at the expense of ordinary citizens  The current drug patent regime is largely designed to benefit and shield the profits of large pharmaceutical companies. This is due to the fact that most of the laws on drug patents were written by lobbyists and voted upon by politicians in the pay of those firms. The pharmaceutical industry is simply massive and has one of the most powerful lobbies in most democratic states, particularly the United States. The laws are orchestrated to contain special loopholes, which these firms can exploit in order to maximize profits at the expense of the taxpayer and of justice. For example, through a process called ""evergreening"", drug firms essentially re-patent drugs when they near expiration by patenting certain compounds or variations of the drug1. This can extend the life of some patents indefinitely ensuring firms can milk customers at monopoly prices long after any possible costs of research or discovery are recouped. A harm that arises from this is the enervating effect that patents can generate in firms. When the incentive is to simply rest on one's patents, waiting for them to expire before doing anything else, societal progress is slowed. In the absence of such patents, firms are necessarily forced to keep innovating to stay ahead, to keep looking for profitable products and ideas. The free flow of ideas generated by the abolition of drug patents will invigorate economic dynamism.  1 Faunce, Thomas. 2004. ""The Awful Truth About Evergreening"". The Age. Available: patent system, unjust, perverse incentives, large pharmaceutical companies, ordinary citizens, drug patent regime, profits, lobbyists, politicians, powerful lobbies, United States, special loopholes, maximize profits, evergreening, re-patent, extend patents, monopoly prices, research costs, societal progress, economic dynamism, abolish drug patents, free flow ideas, innovation, Faunce, 2004, The Age patent system, unjust, perverse incentives, large pharmaceutical companies, ordinary citizens, drug patent regime, profits, lobbyists, politicians, powerful lobbies, United States, special loopholes, maximize profits, evergreening, re-patent, monopoly prices, research costs, societal progress, economic dynamism, free flow of ideas, abolition of drug patents, Faunce, Thomas, The Awful Truth About Evergreening, The Age patent system, pharmaceutical companies, ordinary citizens, drug patent regime, profits, lobbyists, politicians, powerful lobbies, United States, special loopholes, evergreening, monopoly prices, societal progress, innovation, abolition of drug patents, economic dynamism patent system, unjust, perverse incentives, large pharmaceutical companies, ordinary citizens, drug patent regime, profits, lobbyists, politicians, pay, powerful lobbies, democratic states, United States, laws, loopholes, maximize profits, taxpayer, justice, evergreening, re-patent, drug expiration, monopoly prices, research costs, societal progress, innovation, economic dynamism, free flow of ideas, abolition of drug patents patent system, injustice, pharmaceutical companies, ordinary citizens, drug patent regime, profits, lobbyists, politicians, powerful lobbies, United States, patent laws, loopholes, maximize profits, evergreening, patent expiration, monopoly prices, research costs, societal progress, innovation, economic dynamism, free flow of ideas, abolition of drug patents"
test-politics-eppghwlrba-pro04a	Gun ownership increases the risk of suicide  There is a correlation between the laxity of a country’s gun laws and its suicide rate – not because gun owners are more depressive, but because the means of quick and effective suicide is easily to hand. As many unsuccessful suicides are later glad that they failed in their attempt, the state should discourage and restrict the ownership of something that wastes so many human lives. gun ownership, suicide risk, correlation, gun laws, suicide rate, means, quick suicide, effective suicide, unsuccessful suicides, human lives, state regulation, gun restriction gun ownership, suicide risk, correlation, lax gun laws, suicide rate, means of suicide, quick suicide, effective suicide, unsuccessful suicides, human lives, gun restriction, state policy, depression, suicide prevention gun ownership, suicide risk, correlation, gun laws, suicide rate, depressive, means availability, quick suicide, effective suicide, unsuccessful suicides, regret, state intervention, human lives, firearms regulation, mental health, public policy gun ownership, suicide risk, correlation, gun laws, suicide rate, means of suicide, quick suicide, effective suicide, unsuccessful suicides, human lives, gun restriction, public health, firearm policy, mental health, depression, lethality of methods, suicide prevention, societal impact, legal restrictions, accessibility of firearms gun ownership, suicide risk, correlation, gun laws, suicide rate, means availability, quick suicide, effective suicide, unsuccessful suicides, depression, human lives, state intervention, gun restriction, public health, firearm regulation, suicide prevention
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-pro02a	We have a duty to protect individuals from the worst reactions to art  Those who see the artwork, or hear of it, must be considered. Often, social disgust stems from the violation of those values that are most central to an individual.  An individual’s right not to have their most central values abused or ridiculed is surely of more importance than the desire of an artist to be entirely unrestricted in their work: the harm caused to individuals by the continuing acceptance by society, (and consequent exposure) of art they find disgusting, can be great, and the reasonable modern society recognises such harms and does not impose them unnecessarily.  For example, the case of the Chapman brothers’ repeated use of Hitler and Nazi imagery: for the Chapmans the horror of WW2 might be distant and historical, and therefore for them the time may have come for Hitler to simply be mocked; however, for others that horror is altogether more current. Other people may feel a greater connection, for example, because of the impact on their close family, which cannot simply be ignored. In a situation like this, clearly the impact is infinitely more negative for that individual whose trauma is, in effect, being highlighted as now acceptable for comic material, than the positive gain is for the Chapmans: if restricted, they are simply caused to move on to other subjects. art, protection, individual, social, disgust, values, abuse, ridicule, artist, unrestricted, harm, society, imposition, unnecessary, Chapman, brothers, Hitler, Nazi, imagery, WW2, historical, trauma, family, comic, material, negative, impact, positive, gain, restriction, subjects art, protection, individual, values, social, disgust, harm, society, restrictions, artist, unrestricted, chapman, brothers, hitler, nazi, ww2, trauma, comic, material, family, connection, positive, gain, subjects, impacts, modern, unnecessary, exposure, ridicule, central, historical, current, mocking, highlight, acceptable duty, protection, individuals, reactions, art, social, disgust, values, individual, rights, abuse, ridicule, artist, unrestricted, harm, society, exposure, modern, recognition, harms, imposition, unnecessary, Chapman, brothers, Hitler, Nazi, imagery, WW2, historical, mocked, impact, close, family, trauma, negative, positive, gain, restricted, subjects art, protection, individuals, reactions, social, disgust, values, rights, artist, unrestricted, harm, society, imposition, Chapman, brothers, Hitler, Nazi, imagery, WWII, trauma, comic, material, restriction, subjects, impact, family, connection, negative, positive, gain art, protection, individual, values, social, disgust, artist, unrestricted, harm, society, imposition, Chapman, brothers, Hitler, Nazi, WW2, trauma, comic, material, censorship, impact, family, historical, connection, positive, gain, subjects, exposure, recognition, unnecessary
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-pro01a	Individuals Should Not Have the Right to Bear Arms in DC  Under the status quo the state exists to protect the security of its citizens. It does so by maintaining a monopoly of violence with the consent of its citizens. US citizens have been allowed to bear small arms as a symbolic representation of their ability to rise up against state oppression should it ever occur. That is, to keep a check and balance upon the monopoly of violence that the state has.  It is important to note that the state has the monopoly of violence such that it can protect its citizens in the best possible way. In the same way, the right to bear arms exists such that citizens can protect themselves and prevent harm. This means that should the state visit harm upon the citizens of the state then its right to claim a monopoly on violence is revoked and the citizens can fight against the state.  In a similar fashion to the above, should the citizens of the state use their right to bear arms to visit harm upon one another, it seems reasonable that in the same way that the state’s monopoly on violence is revoked, the citizens should have their right to bear arms revoked.  Given that this does not occur in every single part of the U.S. it also seems reasonable to isolate the ban to areas where the spirit of the right to bear arms is being significantly violated. In this case the ban is limited to DC however it could potentially extend to other areas in the U.S. which suffer similar problems.2 Individuals, Right, Bear Arms, DC, Status Quo, State, Security, Citizens, Monopoly, Violence, Consent, US Citizens, Symbolic Representation, Rise, State Oppression, Check, Balance, Protect, Prevent Harm, Harm, Revoke, Right, Ban, Areas, Spirit, Violated, Extend, Problems right to bear arms, DC, state monopoly of violence, citizen security, gun control, self-protection, harm prevention, state oppression, citizen rights, constitutional rights, public safety, urban areas, gun violence, Second Amendment, local laws, federal regulations, gun ownership, monopoly revocation, civic responsibility, regional policies, harm reduction, legal restrictions, constitutional interpretation, political rights, individual liberties, societal impact, law enforcement, community safety, preventive measures, government authority, citizen empowerment, legislative action, constitutional law, public policy, social contract, violent crime, urban governance, policy reform, citizen-state relationship, regional gun laws, gun right to bear arms, DC, state monopoly of violence, citizen security, self-protection, state oppression, harm prevention, citizen rights, gun control, urban violence, constitutional rights, second amendment, public safety, law enforcement, crime rates, community health, firearms regulation, legal precedent, local governance, policy enforcement, societal norms, moral responsibility, individual liberty, collective security right to bear arms, DC, state monopoly of violence, citizen security, symbolic representation, state oppression, check and balance, citizen self-protection, revoke monopoly, citizen harm, isolated ban, U.S. gun laws, area-specific gun control, constitutional rights, public safety, law enforcement, urban gun violence, Second Amendment, firearm regulations, district policies right to bear arms, DC, state monopoly of violence, citizen security, state oppression, self-protection, harm prevention, citizen rights, gun control, constitutional rights, Second Amendment, firearms, public safety, urban gun violence, legal monopoly, civil liberties, state-citizen relationship, symbolic resistance, regional gun policy, Washington DC, firearms legislation, gun rights, armed self-defense, state authority, citizen uprising, societal harm, gun ban, policy justification, constitutional checks, armed citizenry, legal framework, urban safety, community protection, weapon regulation, local governance, federal vs state rights, gun ownership, public health, societal norms,
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-pro02a	Many people find the views expressed by much of the church offensive, those views are given airtime, a public service broadcaster should provide a level playing field for ideas.  The role of a public service broadcaster, especially one of the stature of the BBC, is to provide a portal for ideas from all perspectives. There are many who take either irritation or offence at the idea that the Corporation devotes a disproportionate time and resources to what, in modern Britain, is a strictly minority interest [i] with fewer than seven per cent of people regularly attending religious worship.  Many perceive commonly held positions in the mainstream churches – let alone more extreme sects – to be offensive or reactionary and, in some cases, a cover for homophobic, illiberal or sexist opinions.  If religious opinion is to be granted this airtime for the benefit of a small, if vocal, minority then it seems both unfair and unprofessional for that broadcaster to be constrained by that groups views in relation to the rest of its output.  The BBC, like most major broadcasters, meets the challenge of divergent or conflicting views by providing some output that is considered likely to be of interest to each viewpoint.  [i] National Secular Society. Press Release: “BBC Must Not Become the Evangelical Wing of the Church of England.” 9 February 2010. BBC, public service broadcaster, religious views, minority interest, offensive content, level playing field, secular society, airtime, modern Britain, religious worship, homogeneous views, divergent opinions, broadcaster constraints, media ethics, representation, secularism, religious sects, homophobic, illiberal, sexist, national secular society, press release, evangelical wing, church of england, media diversity, public service broadcasting, audience perspectives, religious programming, media representation, broadcasting standards public service broadcaster, BBC, religious views, minority interest, offensive content, airtime allocation, level playing field, diverse perspectives, secularism, national secular society, church views, modern Britain, religious worship, homophobic opinions, illiberal views, sexist opinions, broadcaster constraints, fair representation, viewer irritation, equal treatment, media diversity, religious programming, public broadcasting standards views, offensive, church, public service broadcaster, BBC, level playing field, ideas, minority interest, religious worship, modern Britain, irritation, offensive opinions, reactionary, homophobic, illiberal, sexist, airtime, fairness, professional, divergent views, conflicting views, National Secular Society, Evangelical Wing, Church of England views, offensive, church, airtime, public service broadcaster, BBC, level playing field, ideas, perspectives, minority interest, religious worship, irritation, offence, mainstream churches, extreme sects, homophobic, illiberal, sexist, opinions, unprofessional, divergent views, conflicting views, National Secular Society, Press Release, Evangelical Wing, Church of England views, offensive, church, airtime, public service broadcaster, BBC, level playing field, ideas, portal, perspectives, irritation, modern Britain, minority interest, religious worship, mainstream churches, offensive opinions, reactionary, homophobic, illiberal, sexist, unprofessional, divergent views, conflicting views, National Secular Society, Press Release, Evangelical Wing, Church of England
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro01a	Being a performer limits a child’s formal education  Spending so much time either performing or training limits the amount of formal education the child can receive. For example, in the UK and other countries, child performers are only required to be educated for three hours each day. [1]  Additionally, the focus on the specialised skill of the child (e.g., acting, dancing, etc.) may detract from their family’s or their own interest in formal education.  [1] The Children’s Legal Centre, ‘What are the hours that a child performer may work?’ child performers, formal education, training, specialized skills, legal regulations, education hours, acting, dancing, Child’s Legal Centre, UK, work hours, family interest, educational impact child performer, formal education, training, time limitation, specialised skill, family interest, legal regulations, UK child performer, formal education, training, specialised skill, acting, dancing, UK, legal requirements, Children's Legal Centre, work hours, education duration, family interest, education impact child performer, formal education, training, acting, dancing, specialized skill, family interest, legal requirements, work hours, UK regulations, educational hours, Children's Legal Centre performer, child, formal education, time, training, UK, legal requirements, specialised skill, family interest, education hours, child performer, legal centre, acting, dancing, detract, focus
test-economy-egiahbwaka-con03a	Africa's greatest needs are for infrastructure and education  Africa’s greatest needs for development are infrastructure and education. Neither of these needs implies that women are about to become key to the African economy.  Africa is severely deficient in infrastructure; Sub Saharan Africa generates the same amount of electricity as Spain, a country with one seventeenth the population. The World Bank suggests “if all African countries were to catch up with Mauritius in infrastructure, per capita economic growth in the region could increase by 2.2 percentage points. Catching up with Korea’s level would increase economic growth per capita by up to 2.6 percent per year.” [1]  There are numerous projects to alleviate this deficit such as immense projects like the Grand Inga Dam in the Democratic Republic of Congo which could power not just the country but its neighbours too. [2] However if construction is the key to the future then this implies men are going to continue to have more impact as the construction industry is traditionally dominated by men.  Africa has been making strides in education for women. Yet there still remains a gap. To take a few examples the youth female literacy rates in Angola 66%, Central African Republic 59%, Ghana 83% and Sierra Leone 52% is still lower than youth male literacy rates or 80%, 72%, 88%, and 70%. [3] And the gap often increases with further education. To take Senegal as an example there are actually more girls than boys enrolled in primary education, a ratio of 1.06 but for secondary this drops to 0.77 and to 0.6 for tertiary. The situation is the same in other countries; Mauritania 1.06, 0.86, 0.42, Mozambique, 0.95, 0.96, 0.63, and Ghana 0.98, 0.92, 0.63. [4]  With women not breaking through to the highest level in education it is unlikely that they will be the main driver of the economy in the future. Their influence may increase as a result of increasing education at lower levels but without equality at the highest level they are unlikely to become key to their countries economic future as the highest skilled jobs and the roles of directing the economy will still be carried out primarily by men.  [1] ‘Fact Sheet: Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa’, The World Bank,   [2] See the Debatabase debate ‘ This House would build the Grand Inga Dam’  [3] UNESCO Institute for Statistics, ‘Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15-24)’, data.worldbank.org, 2009-2013,   [4] Schwab Klaus et al., The Global Gender Gap Report 2013, World Economic Forum, 2013,  , pp.328, 276, 288, 208 (in order of mentioning, examples taken pretty much at random – though there are one or two where the ratios actually don’t change much such as Mauritius, but that is against the trend) Africa, infrastructure, education, development, women, economy, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, Democratic Republic of Congo, youth literacy, gender gap, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, skilled jobs, economic growth, UNESCO, Global Gender Gap Report Africa, infrastructure, education, development, women, economy, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, Democratic Republic of Congo, female literacy, youth literacy, gender gap, economic growth, construction industry, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, skilled jobs, global gender gap, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, World Economic Forum, Mauritius, Senegal, Mozambique, Ghana, Angola, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, Spain, Korea, Mauritania Africa, infrastructure, education, development, women, economy, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, construction, gender gap, literacy rates, youth, female, male, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, skilled jobs, economic future, UNESCO, Global Gender Gap Report, Klaus Schwab Africa, infrastructure, education, development, women, economy, construction, electricity, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, literacy rates, gender gap, economic growth, youth, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, skilled jobs, Sub-Saharan Africa, Spain, Mauritius, Korea, Senegal, Angola, Central African Republic, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Mauritania, Mozambique, The Global Gender Gap Report, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, The World Bank, Fact Sheet: Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa Africa, infrastructure, education, development, women, economy, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity, World Bank, per capita growth, Grand Inga Dam, Democratic Republic of Congo, youth literacy, gender gap, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, Senegal, Mauritania, Mozambique, Ghana, UNESCO, Global Gender Gap Report
test-international-gmehwasr-con04a	Possibility of being drawn into a long drawn out conflict  Even just providing the rebels with arms risks drawing the powers that supply those arms into the conflict. [1] This is because it gives the intervening power a stake in the conflict. Once weapons have been supplied allowing the Syrian government to reassert control would be a large foreign policy reversal and would damage relations with the Syrian government for years to come.  We need only look at the Vietnam conflict to know that what starts out as a very small commitment can rapidly escalate when the government decides it cannot afford to back down. What starts as just arming the rebels could quickly lead to troops on the ground. Indeed it might require men on the ground right from the start as if we were to be providing heavy weapons the rebels would need training in how to use those weapons if they are to seriously be considered an equaliser.  [1] Byman, Daniel, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 long drawn out conflict, arming rebels, risks, stakes in conflict, foreign policy reversal, Vietnam conflict, small commitment, escalation, troops on ground, heavy weapons, training, equaliser, Daniel Byman, Foreign Policy, arming Syrian rebels long conflict, supplying arms, rebel support, intervention risks, stake in conflict, foreign policy reversal, escalation, Vietnam conflict, arming rebels, troops on ground, heavy weapons, training, equaliser, Daniel Byman, Foreign Policy long conflict, arms supply, rebellion, foreign intervention, stake in conflict, foreign policy reversal, Vietnam conflict, escalating commitment, troop deployment, weapons training, arming rebels, international relations, Syria, government control, Daniel Byman, Foreign Policy Long-term conflict, arms supply, rebel support, intervention risk, foreign policy reversal, Vietnam conflict, escalation, troops deployment, weapons training, arming rebels, Daniel Byman, Foreign Policy, Syria, government control, international relations, military commitment, policy stake, conflict intervention, heavy weapons, rebel training,Equaliser weapons long conflict, arming rebels, foreign intervention, stake in conflict, foreign policy reversal, Vietnam conflict, escalation, troops on ground, heavy weapons, training, equaliser, Syrian government, control, international relations, military aid, intervention consequences, policy commitment, conflict dynamics, rebel support, geopolitical implications
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-pro02a	Providing attention simply encourages the regime  North Korea has an attention seeking cycle on the go that was used by Kim Jong Il and now seems to be used by his son Kim Jong Un. Essentially North Korea takes a provocative action (as big or small as it thinks necessary – this may be a missile launch, right up to some kind of military attack) in order to grab the world’s attention. There is then a period where there are condemnations and threats to increase sanctions that usually don’t get anywhere as they are blocked by China. The North Korean regime will then proclaim a willingness to do business and negotiate giving minor concessions on the issue of the provocation in return for aid or whatever the regime happens to want at the time. Of course whatever concession it gives is easily reversible so setting up another round. [1] This is a good deal for North Korea as it essentially gets aid in return for bad behaviour, it is therefore not surprising that the North is willing to continue engaging in bad behaviour.  [1] Hong, Adrian, ‘How to Free North Korea’, Foreign Policy, 19 December 2011, North Korea, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, attention seeking, provocative actions, missile launch, military attack, world attention, condemnations, sanctions, China, negotiations, concessions, aid, bad behaviour, reversible concessions, Adrian Hong, Foreign Policy attention, regime, North Korea, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, provocative action, missile launch, military attack, world’s attention, condemnations, threats, sanctions, China, willingness, negotiate, concessions, provocation, aid, bad behaviour, Hong Adrian, Free North Korea, Foreign Policy North Korea, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, attention seeking, provocative actions, missile launch, military attack, world attention, condemnations, sanctions, China, negotiations, minor concessions, aid, bad behaviour, Adrian Hong, Foreign Policy North Korea, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, attention-seeking, provocative actions, missile launch, military attack, world attention, condemnations, sanctions, China, negotiations, concessions, aid, reversible concessions, bad behaviour, Adrian Hong, Foreign Policy North Korea, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, attention-seeking, regime, provocative actions, missile launch, military attack, world attention, condemnations, sanctions, China, negotiations, concessions, aid, reversible concessions, bad behaviour, Adrian Hong, Foreign Policy
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-pro02a	Risk of a two-tier Internet  As things stand there are relatively flat rate services. The concern is that ISP would charge higher rates for full Internet access or act to ensure that their own content arrived seamlessly and smoothly, while that of competitors was delayed or poorer quality or that higher bandwidth applications end up with a higher price-tag [i] .  This is of concern both to end users and to the producers of content. There are very real concerns here, as a result, about the impact this has on freedom of expression. The best way to avoid censorship – either commercial or political – is to ensure that it remains impossible to achieve in the first place.  Once it becomes possible to give preference to some forms of content or points of origin, then commercial censorship at least becomes a great deal easier.  [i] BBC News Website. “BT Content Connect service faces ‘two-tier net’ claims. 4 January 2011. two-tier Internet, flat rate services, ISP, full Internet access, content delay, poorer quality, higher bandwidth, higher price, end users, content producers, freedom of expression, commercial censorship, political censorship, content preference, points of origin, BT Content Connect, two-tier net claims Risk, two-tier, internet, flat-rate, services, ISP, full-access, higher-rates, content-delivery, seamless, smoothly, delayed, quality, bandwidth, pricing, end-users, content-producers, freedom-of-expression, censorship, commercial, political, preference, content-origin, commercial-censorship, BT-Content-Connect, BBC-News, two-tier-net-claims Risk, Two-tier, Internet, Flat-rate, Services, ISP, Higher-rates, Full-access, Content, Seamless, Smooth, Delayed, Poor-quality, Higher-bandwidth, Price-tag, End-users, Content-producers, Freedom-expression, Censorship, Commercial, Political, Preference, Content-origin, Commercial-censorship, BT-Content-Connect, Two-tier-net, BBC-News, January-2011 Risk,two-tier,Internet,flat-rate,ISP,higher-rates,full-access,own-content,seamlessly,smoothly,competitors,poorer-quality,higher-bandwidth,applications,concern,end-users,content-producers,freedom-of-expression,censorship,commercial-political,content-preference,points-of-origin,commercial-censorship,BT-Content-Connect,two-tier-net,claims Risk, Two-tier, Internet, Flat-rate, ISP, Higher-rates, Full-access, Own-content, Seamless, Smoothly, Competitors, Delayed, Quality, Bandwidth, Price-tag, End-users, Content-producers, Freedom-of-expression, Censorship, Commercial, Political, Preference, Content, Origin, BT-Content-Connect, Two-tier-net, BBC-News
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-con03a	Migrants will simply return to the countries they have been sent from  Moving migrants to developing countries in return for quantities of aid is simply not a sustainable policy. Migrants fleeing conflict looking for safety may accept any safe country but the migrant problems affecting rich countries are in large part economic migration. These people are looking to get to a developed country to earn more and have better prospects than they could at home so are unlikely to accept a country at a similar (or potentially lower) level of development as a good alternative. They are therefore likely to simply tray again to make their way to a developed country when they can. There have been examples of migrants such as Rachid from Algeria who has tried to get into Europe three times already and is waiting for a ship to try again, [1] it is unclear how this proposal would alter this problem.  [1] Ash, Lucy, ‘Risking death at sea to escape boredom’, BBC News, 20 August 2015, migrants, return, countries, aid, sustainable, policy, conflict, safety, rich, economic, migration, developed, prospects, level, development, Rachid, Algeria, Europe, death, sea, boredom, BBC, News migrants, return, countries, sent, moving, developing, countries, aid, sustainable, policy, fleeing, conflict, safety, rich, countries, economic, migration, developed, country, earn, better, prospects, home, similar, level, development, tried, Rachid, Algeria, Europe, ship, risk, death, sea, escape, boredom, BBC, News migrants, return, countries, sent, moving, developing, countries, aid, sustainable, policy, fleeing, conflict, safety, economic, migration, developed, country, earn, better, prospects, home, similar, level, development, try, developed, country, Rachid, Algeria, Europe, ship, proposal, problem, Lucy, Ash, BBC, News, risk, death, sea, escape, boredom migrants, return, countries, sent, moving, developing, countries, aid, policy, unsustainable, fleeing, conflict, safety, migrant, problems, rich, countries, economic, migration, developed, country, better, prospects, home, level, development, unlikely, accept, try, again, Rachid, Algeria, Europe, ship, proposal, problem, BBC, News, 2015 migrants, return, countries, aid, sustainability, conflict, safety, economic, migration, developed, prospects, undeveloped, attempt, Europe, Algeria, ship, BBC, news, 2015, policy, alternative, death, sea, escape, boredom
test-science-ciidfaihwc-con01a	Censorship is fundamentally incompatible with the notion of free speech.  Censoring particular material essentially blinds the public to a complete world view by asserting the patronising view that ordinary citizens simply cannot read extreme material without recognising the flaws in it. This motion assumes that those who have access to material such as religious opinion sites will be influenced by it, rather than realising that it is morally dubious and denouncing it. The best way to combat prejudice is to expose it as a farce; this cannot be done if it is automatically and unthinkingly censored. Meanwhile, it is paradoxical for a government to assert the general benefits of free speech and then act in a contradictory and hypocritical manner by banning certain areas of the Internet. Free speech should not be limited; even if it is an expression of negativity, it should be publicly debated and logically criticised, rather than hidden altogether. censorship, free speech, public view, patronising, extreme material, flaws, religious opinion, influence, morally dubious, prejudice, farce, government, free speech benefits, contradictory, hypocritical, internet banning, negativity, public debate, logical criticism censorship, free speech, public view, complete worldview, patronising view, ordinary citizens, extreme material, flaws recognition, religious opinion, moral influence, prejudice combat, free speech benefits, government contradiction, internet censorship, public debate, logical criticism, negativity expression censorship, free speech, public view, government role, internet control, moral judgment, societal influence, logical criticism, expression freedom, debate necessity censorship, free speech, public, world view, patronising, citizens, extreme material, flaws, influence, religious opinion, morally dubious, prejudice, farce, government, free speech benefits, contradictory, hypocritical, internet, negativity, debated, logically criticised, hidden censorship, free speech, public, world view, patronising, citizens, extreme material, flaws, influence, religious opinion, morally dubious, prejudice, farce, government, free speech benefits, contradictions, hypocrisy, internet, negativity, debate, logical criticism, hidden
test-society-tsmihwurpp-con01a	Profiling is simply institutionalizing racism an reduces minorities to the status of second class citizens  Profiling is, in the end, simply wrong. Britain suffered for decades from the ‘innocent until proven Irish’ attitude of their security forces, which did nothing but engender resentment among Irish individuals who were trying to live and work in the United Kingdom. For western nations to make the same mistake in their approach to Muslims would be the gravest folly.  Aviation authorities are, ultimately, under the control of the state, and if a government announces that they consider all members of a group to be potential criminals, it sends out a very provocative message. Profiling, institutionalizing racism, minorities, second class citizens, wrong, Britain, innocent until proven Irish, security forces, resentment, Irish, United Kingdom, mistake, approach, Muslims, aviation authorities, state control, government, potential criminals, provocative message profiling, institutionalizing racism, minorities, second-class citizens, ethics, Britain, ‘innocent until proven Irish’, security forces, resentment, Irish, United Kingdom, Muslims, aviation authorities, government, potential criminals, provocative message, discrimination, social injustice, law enforcement, civil rights, equality, prejudice, security policy, public trust, community relations, legal reform, human rights, minority groups, racial profiling, ethnographic profiling, institutional bias, societal impact, policy implications, historical context, contemporary issues, international relations, cultural sensitivity, equity, justice, social equity, minority rights, systemic discrimination, socioeconomic factors, political influence, profiling, institutionalizing, racism, minorities, second-class, citizens, wrong, Britain, Irish, security, forces, resentment, Irish, individuals, United, Kingdom, mistake, Muslims, aviation, authorities, government, potential, criminals, provocative, message, western, nations, folly profiling, institutionalizing racism, minorities, second-class citizens, wrong, Britain, innocent until proven Irish, security forces, resentment, Irish, United Kingdom, mistake, approach, Muslims, aviation authorities, state control, government, potential criminals, provocative message profiling, institutionalizing, racism, minorities, second-class, citizens, wrong, Britain, innocent-until-proven-Irish, security-forces, resentment, Irish, western-nations, mistake, approach, Muslims, aviation-authorities, government, potential-criminals, provocative-message
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con01a	Transparency can result in normalisation  While something is secret it is clearly not a normal every day part of government, it is deniable and the assumption is that when it comes to light it has probably been wound up long ago. However making something transparent without winding it up can be a bad thing as it makes it normal which ultimately makes a bad policy much harder to end.  The use of drones by the CIA may turn out to be an example of this. At the moment we are told almost nothing about drones, not even how many strikes there are or how many are killed. There have however been recent suggestions that the drone program could be transferred to the Department of Defence. This would then make the targeted killing that is carried out seem a normal part of military conflict, somehting it clearly is not. [1] And the public reacts differently to covert and military action; already more Americans support military drones doing targeted killing (75%) than CIA ones (65%). [2]  [1] Waxman, Matthew, ‘Going Clear’, Foreign Policy, 20 March 2013  [2] Zenko, Micah, ‘U.S. Public Opinion on Drone Strikes’, Council on Foreign Relations, 18 March 2013 transparency, normalization, secrecy, government, deniability, policy, drones, CIA, Department of Defence, targeted killing, military conflict, public opinion, covert action, military action, support, Waxman, Matthew, Foreign Policy, Zenko, Micah, Council on Foreign Relations Transparency, normalisation, government, secrecy, deniability, policy, drones, CIA, Department of Defence, targeted killing, military conflict, public opinion, covert action, military action, support, drone strikes, Waxman, Matthew, Zenko, Micah, Council on Foreign Relations, Foreign Policy transparency, normalization, government, secrecy, deniability, policy, drones, CIA, Department of Defence, targeted killing, military conflict, public opinion, covert action, military action, support, FOREIGN POLICY, Council on Foreign Relations transparency, normalization, government, secrecy, deniability, policy, drones, CIA, Department of Defence, targeted killing, military conflict, public opinion, covert action, military action, support, Waxman, Zenko, Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations transparency, normalisation, secrecy, deniability, government, policy, drones, CIA, Department of Defence, targeted killing, military conflict, public opinion, covert action, military action, support, Matthew Waxman, Micah Zenko, Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations
test-economy-epiasghbf-con03a	Who are the women?  Women are a diverse group, and the feminisation of labour has incorporated a range of women of different ages, race, socioeconomic backgrounds and education. Such intersectionalities are important to recognise, as not all women are empowered and the empowerment is not equal.  For example, a study by Atieno (2006) revealed female participation in the labour market was influenced by education. Human capital influenced the transition into work: who was able to access labour opportunities, and which ones. Therefore inequalities among women determine the degrees, and capability, of empowerment it is therefore not labour force participation that empowers but education. women, diverse, feminisation, labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, socioeconomic, race, age, Atieno, 2006, capability, opportunities women, diverse, feminisation, labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, Atieno, 2006, socioeconomic backgrounds, race, age women, diverse, feminisation, labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, socioeconomic backgrounds, race, age, capability women, diverse, feminisation, labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, socioeconomic, background, race, age, Atieno, 2006, transition, work, opportunities, capability women, diverse, feminisation, labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, socioeconomic, race, age, Atieno, 2006, opportunities, capability, degrees, empowerment, work, access
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con04a	The imposition of democracy violates national sovereignty  Countries have a right to choose the form of government they want, and we do not have the right to violate this right by imposing the form of government we think is best. Nations may want to be ruled by, for example, religious or tribal law, or a Communist system which aims to remove government altogether. We can encourage nations to adopt democracy if we think it is better, but ultimately nations are self-directing entities which can only be interfered with in extreme situations. The United Nations has states as equals no matter their government and only authorises force in the case of an act of aggression towards another state1.  1 United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 1945, imposition, democracy, national sovereignty, right to choose, government form, religious law, tribal law, communist system, encourage, self-directing, United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, state equality, force authorization, aggression democracy, national sovereignty, government choice, imposed government, religious law, tribal law, communist system, self-directing nations, United Nations, state equality, aggression, force authorization imposition, democracy, national sovereignty, right to choose, government form, religious law, tribal law, communist system, encourage, nations, self-directing, United Nations, Charter, equality, force, aggression, state rights, international relations, sovereignty violation, democratic promotion, non-interference principle democracy, national sovereignty, government choice, self-determination, religious law, tribal law, communist system, United Nations, state equality, international interference, aggression, Charter of the United Nations imposition, democracy, national sovereignty, self-determination, government forms, religious law, tribal law, communism, United Nations, state equality, aggression, intervention, democracy promotion, international law, sovereignty violations, self-governance, political systems, non-interference, diplomatic relations, global governance, state rights
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-con03a	Attempting to ban it would only cause further problems  There is no guarantee that a ban on pornography would improve gender stereotypes: in fact, it seems to be quite the opposite. Pornography is a flourishing industry with incredibly high demand, and much like with prohibition in the past, it is naïve to believe a ban can make a difference. It is actually even harder with pornography, because of the ease through which it can be distributed through the net. Rather, a ban would expand the black market with all the problems that come with it today: child and non-consensual pornography, violence, unhealthy conditions, and a general lack of regulations. Furthermore, the extent that a ban could ever limit pornography, this would lead to further problems. On one hand, the feminist movement sends a worrying message that sex is harmful to women, and by extension that sex is for the benefit of men. Restoring a taboo on sexuality actively confines women to being dominated in bed, and in society in general.  Secondly, if pornography is limited, the vessels through which men can satisfy their sexual urges are also restricted. This can lead, at best, to greater sexual harassment, greater pressure on women to provide sexual services, and to more infidelity. At worst, and most probably, it leads to higher levels of rape. pornography, gender stereotypes, ban, prohibition, black market, child pornography, non-consensual pornography, violence, unhealthy conditions, lack of regulations, feminist movement, sex, harmful, women, dominated, sexual harassment, pressure, sexual services, infidelity, rape pornography, ban, gender stereotypes, flourishing industry, high demand, prohibition, internet distribution, black market, child pornography, non-consensual pornography, violence, unhealthy conditions, lack of regulations, feminist movement, sex, harmful to women, sexual harassment, sexual services, infidelity, rape pornography, ban, gender stereotypes, flourishing industry, prohibition, black market, child pornography, non-consensual pornography, violence, unhealthy conditions, lack of regulations, feminist movement, sex, harmful, women, dominated, sexual urges, sexual harassment, pressure, sexual services, infidelity, rape pornography, ban, gender stereotypes, flourishing industry, high demand, prohibition, black market, child pornography, non-consensual pornography, violence, unhealthy conditions, lack of regulations, feminist movement, sex, harmful, women, sexual urges, sexual harassment, pressure, sexual services, infidelity, rape pornography, ban, gender stereotypes, flourishing industry, demand, prohibition, black market, child pornography, non-consensual pornography, violence, unhealthy conditions, lack of regulations, feminist movement, sex, women, dominated, sexual urges, sexual harassment, pressure, infidelity, rape
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con03a	Abuse of information and power by intelligence agencies  Even when the government does not intend harm there are still cases where direct harms can occur as a result of surveillance. The most worrying are where the state abuses the information it holds. Abuse of power and of the information held by government is perhaps the main reason why it is difficult to trust in intelligence agencies. In one historical example from the 1950s FBI agents interviewed a Brooklyn liquor importer for repeating a rumor that the FBI Director J Edgar Hoover might be a “queer”. This clearly necessitated a reminder through questioning that Hoover’s “personal conduct is beyond reproach,” leading to the man quickly agreeing that “he thinks Mr. Hoover has done a wonderful job.” [1] Did this have anything to do with national security? No. Was it an abuse of power and surveillance? Yes. So far as we are aware the intelligence agencies don’t do things quite like this anymore but the revelations like PRISM, or the waterboarding a decade ago, show they are still happy to abuse their position from time to time. This is hardly a good way to build trust.  [1] Gage, Beverly, ‘It’s Not About Your Cat Photos’, Slate, 10 June 2013, abuse, information, power, intelligence, agencies, government, harm, surveillance, state, trust, FBI, J Edgar Hoover, Brooklyn, liquor, importer, rumor, personal, conduct, questioning, national, security, PRISM, waterboarding, position, build, trust, historical, example, Beverly Gage, Slate Abuse, Information, Power, Intelligence, Agencies, Government, Harm, Surveillance, State, Trust, FBI, J.Edgar.Hoover, 1950s, Brooklyn, Liquor, Importer, Rumor, Queer, National, Security, PRISM, Waterboarding, Revelations, Position, Build, Trust, Privacy, Rights, Civic, Liberties, Misuse, Authority, Historical, Examples, Misconduct, Ethics, Oversight, Accountability Abuse of power, Intelligence agencies, Surveillance, Government trust, FBI, J Edgar Hoover, PRISM, Waterboarding, National security, Historical examples, Privacy violation, Misuse of information, State abuse, Public distrust abuse, information, power, intelligence, agencies, government, surveillance, harm, state, trust, historical, example, 1950s, FBI, Brooklyn, liquor, importer, rumor, J, Edgar, Hoover, queer, personal, conduct, questioning, national, security, PRISM, waterboarding, position, build, Gage, Beverly, Slate, 2013 Abuse, Information, Power, Intelligence, Agencies, Government, Harm, Surveillance, State, Trust, FBI, J Edgar Hoover, Rumor, Personal Conduct, Brooklyn, Liquor, Importer, National Security, PRISM, Waterboarding, Revelations, Position, Build, Trust
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con05a	"Lifting the ban will damage relations with the U.S.  Even if it was in Europe's interest to sell arms to China, the damage from upsetting the United States by lifting the arms ban would be much greater. This is partly because America takes the human rights situation in China more seriously, but mostly because the USA has a major commitment to the freedom of Taiwan. If China did attack the island, America would almost certainly intervene. As the US State Department has said in relation to lifting the ban, ""We don't want to see a situation where American forces face European technologies."" [1] Congress has already threatened to restrict technology transfers to Europe if the ban is removed. [2] For fear of this, BAE Systems, one of Europe's largest defence firms, has said that it would not sell to China even if the ban was lifted. [3]  [1] Brinkley, Joel, ‘Rice Sounds a Theme in Visit to Beijing Protestant Church’, 2005.   [2] Archick, Kristin, et al., ‘European Union’s Arms Embargo on China’, 2005, p34-5.   [3] Evans, Michael et al., ‘British arms firms will spurn China if embargo ends’, 2005. Lifting ban, U.S. relations, Europe, sell arms, China, damage, human rights, Taiwan, American intervention, US State Department, technology transfers, BAE Systems, Congress, threat, European technologies, Protestant church, Kristin Archick, British arms firms, embargo ends Lifting ban, relations, U.S., Europe, sell arms, China, damage, upsetting, United States, human rights, commitment, freedom, Taiwan, attack, American forces, American technologies, American forces, Congress, restrict, technology transfers, Europe, BAE Systems, not sell, embargo lifted Lifting ban, US relations, Europe, arms sales, China, human rights, Taiwan, military intervention, US State Department, technology transfers, BAE Systems, arms embargo, European Union, Congress, defense firms, international conflicts, political tensions, military technology, geopolitical strategies lifting ban, damage relations, U.S., Europe, sell arms, China, human rights, freedom Taiwan, American intervention, US State Department, technology transfers, BAE Systems, arms embargo, European Union, Congress, British arms firms, embargo ends, protestant church, Kristin Archick, Michael Evans Lifting ban, damage relations, U.S., Europe, sell arms, China, human rights, freedom Taiwan, American intervention, U.S. State Department, technology transfers, BAE Systems, European defence, arms embargo, Kristin Archick, Michael Evans, Joel Brinkley"
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-pro03a	"Quotas encourage women to pursue education and professional job positions  Quotas attempting to maximise the number of educated and skilled women in executive positions could improve corporate performance and help raise national productivity. But doing so will depend on keeping ambitious, well-qualified women moving up the management ranks. Gender quotas will encourage more women to pursue education and career options leading to the top of executive positions. Quotas create incentives for women to adapt their job preferences to the more accessible boardroom positions and develop necessary skills which would reduce the need for positive discrimination in the future. Encouraged to develop relevant skills, women will contribute to the long-term talent pool and the economy. According to McKinsey report, women’s interest in being leaders increases as they progress from entry level to middle management [1] which is exactly what the principle behind quotas aims to encourage - more women following professional career development. This is very important in the short run during which, according to research, women who have high position stimulate other women’s interest in traditionally male-dominated sectors and encourage them to pursue similar career paths. [2]  [1] Barsh, Joanna, and Lareina Yee. ""Unlocking the Full Potential of Women in the US Economy."" McKinsey & Company. N.p., 2011. Web .  [2] Australian Human Rights Commission, “Women in leadership” quotas, women, education, professional, job, positions, executive, corporate, performance, national, productivity, ambitious, qualified, management, gender, incentives, job, preferences, boardroom, skills, positive, discrimination, talent, pool, economy, McKinsey, report, leadership, progress, middle, management, research, high, position, stimulate, interest, sectors, career, paths, Australian, Human, Rights, Commission Quotas, women, education, professional, job, positions, executive, corporate, performance, national, productivity, ambitious, well-qualified, management, gender, incentives, job, preferences, boardroom, skills, positive, discrimination, talent, pool, economy, McKinsey, report, leadership, progress, entry, level, middle, management, research, high, position, stimulate, interest, male-dominated, sectors, career, paths, Australian, Human, Rights, Commission Quotas, Women, Education, Professional, Job, Positions, Corporate, Performance, National, Productivity, Ambitious, Well-qualified, Management, Gender, Incentives, Job, Preferences, Boardroom, Skills, Positive, Discrimination, Talent, Pool, Economy, McKinsey, Report, Leaders, Entry, Level, Middle, Management, Research, High, Position, Stimulate, Interest, Male-dominated, Sectors, Career, Paths, Leadership, Australian, Human, Rights, Commission Quotas, women, education, professional, job, positions, corporate, performance, national, productivity, ambitious, well-qualified, management, ranks, gender, incentives, job, preferences, boardroom, skills, positive, discrimination, talent, pool, economy, McKinsey, report, leaders, entry, level, middle, management, research, high, position, stimulate, interest, male-dominated, sectors, career, paths, Australian, Human, Rights, Commission, leadership Quotas, women, education, professional, job, positions, corporate, performance, national, productivity, management, gender, incentives, skills, positive, discrimination, talent, pool, economy, leadership, McKinsey, report, interest, progress, entry, level, middle, management, research, stimulate, career, paths, male-dominated, sectors, Australian, Human, Rights, Commission"
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-pro04a	Effect on the structure of the main political parties  Divided Government creates an imperative for compromise, encouraging the parties to work together for the best outcomes. This can help to undermine the more visceral aspects of debate, with the contest for election being left behind in order to focus on governing for the good of all Americans. As a result the greatest American achievements have come when there has been broad bipartisan consensus. [1]  There is also a Partisan consideration to seeking divided Government. The more successful two-term Presidents of recent times, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton, governed with Congress partly or completely controlled by the opposition party. [2] They were able to work with the opposition to pursue the best policy, aiding their re-election hopes by pitching themselves as seeking to compromise, in line with the aspirations of voters, who on the whole prefer divided government in order to promote mature co-operation between the parties.  [1] McCarty, Nolan, ‘The Policy Consequences of Partisan Polarization in the United States’, bcep.haas.berkeley.edu/papers/McCarty.doc  [2] ‘Divided Government’ Wikipedia,  accessed 30/1/12 divided government, bipartisan consensus, political compromise, party cooperation, presidential success, re-election strategies, voter preferences, mature cooperation, partisan polarization, policy consequences, political parties, governance, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, opposition party, legislative cooperation, electoral politics, American political system, political science, government studies Divided Government, Compromise, Bipartisan Consensus, Partisan Consideration, Two-term Presidents, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, Congress, Opposition Party, Policy, Voter Aspirations, Mature Co-operation, Partisan Polarization, Political Parties, Structure, Election, Governing, American Achievements, Re-election, Voters, United States, Wikipedia, McCarty, Berkeley, Policy Consequences Divided Government, Compromise, Bipartisan Consensus, Political Parties, Governance, Policy Making, Partisan Polarization, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, Congressional Control, Opposition Party, Voter Preferences, Re-election, Mature Co-operation, Structural Effects, American Political System, Legislative Process, Executive-Legislative Relations, Policy Outcomes, Historical Context, Political Science, U.S. Government, Political Dynamics, Bipartisanship, Political Compromise, Legislative Achievements, Government Effectiveness, Political Stability, Policy Success, Political Strategy, American Democracy, Democratic Processes, Government Functionality, Polarization Impact, Political Reform, Governance Models, Divided Government, compromise, bipartisan consensus, political parties, governance, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, re-election, voter preferences, mature cooperation, partisan polarization, policy consequences, Congressional control, opposition party, election outcomes, governing structure, American achievements, policy pursuit, political aspirations, co-governance dynamics. Effect, structure, political parties, Divided Government, compromise, bipartisanship, governance, American achievements, Partisan consideration, two-term Presidents, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, Congress, opposition party, policy, re-election, voter aspirations, mature cooperation, Partisan Polarization, United States, Wikipedia
test-international-siacphbnt-con02a	The technological revolution has been hyped.  Debates may be raised as to whether the technological revolution is actually a reality across Africa [1] . Have expectations been too high; the benefits exclusive; and the reality over-exaggerated?  On the one hand, the type of technology raises significant questions. Although the population with access to a mobile phone has risen, the quality of the phones indicates a hyped-reality. Although technology has become easily accessible, the quality of such technologies puts constraints on what it can be used for. A vast majority of mobile phones are imported from China - at low-cost but also poor quality. Quality testing on imports, and locally produced products, is needed to approve market devices.  On another hand, the reality of internet connectivity is not high-speed, and therefore of limited use. Better connectivity emerges in certain geographical locations, to those who can afford higher prices, and within temporary fluxes.  [1] See further readings: BBC World Service, 2013. technological revolution, Africa, expectations, benefits, reality, technology, mobile phones, quality, accessibility, China, low-cost, poor quality, quality testing, internet connectivity, high-speed, geographical locations, affordability, temporary fluxes, BBC World Service, 2013 technological revolution, Africa, expectations, benefits, reality, mobile phones, technology quality, low-cost, poor quality, quality testing, imports, locally produced, internet connectivity, high-speed, geographical locations, affordability, temporary fluxes, BBC World Service, 2013 technological revolution, Africa, hyped reality, mobile phones, technology access, quality constraints, low-cost imports, poor quality, quality testing, internet connectivity, high-speed limitations, geographical disparities, affordability, temporary connectivity fluxes technological revolution, Africa, expectations, reality, mobile phones, technology quality, low-cost, poor quality, China, quality testing, internet connectivity, high-speed, geographical locations, affordability, temporary fluxes, BBC World Service, 2013 technological revolution, Africa, expectations, benefits, reality, hyped, mobile phones, technology access, quality, low-cost, China, quality testing, internet connectivity, high-speed, geographical locations, affordability, temporary fluxes, BBC World Service, 2013
test-politics-glghssi-con01a	Deliberately turning away from the international clout the UK brings to play on the global scene is simply odd  The UK acts as a big player on the international scene sitting at the top table of most international institutions. It is questionable as to whether the remaining part of the UK would continue to sit on the UN Security Council; one thing that is certain is that Scotland would not. Equally they would have little clout on European bodies, damaging their influence on key Scottish interests such as fisheries policy.  It would also lose the advantage that many companies see Edinburgh as a convenient base within the UK but would be unlikely to see much benefit to it as a base in an independent Scotland [i] .  [i] David Sinclair. “Issues surrounding Scottish independence.” September 1999. Published by the Constitution Unit, Tavistock House. UK, international clout, global scene, big player, international institutions, UN Security Council, Scottish independence, European bodies, fisheries policy, companies, Edinburgh, base, Constitution Unit, David Sinclair, 1999 UK, international clout, global scene, big player, international institutions, UN Security Council, Scottish interests, fisheries policy, Edinburgh, business base, Scottish independence, Constitution Unit, Tavistock House UK, international clout, global scene, big player, international institutions, UN Security Council, Scotland, independence, European bodies, fisheries policy, companies, Edinburgh, base, Constitution Unit, David Sinclair, Scottish independence, issues, 1999, Tavistock House UK, international clout, global scene, big player, international institutions, UN Security Council, Scottish independence, European bodies, fisheries policy, Edinburgh, companies, base, Scotland, Constitution Unit, David Sinclair, issues, 1999, Tavistock House UK, international influence, UN Security Council, European bodies, Scottish interests, fisheries policy, Edinburgh, business base, Scottish independence, Constitution Unit
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro03a	Abortion is wrong per se when there are alternatives such as adoption  Tragically, some babies are unwanted, but this does not mean that we should kill them. There are plenty of other options, notably adoption. If anything, the case for adoption is more compelling in the third trimester, because the pregnancy is nearer to its natural end and there is less time, only about ten weeks, for the mother to have to put up with it. [1] Unwanted pregnancy and adoption may be psychologically harmful, but in many cases so is abortion, particularly at a late stage of pregnancy when the mother can see that the dead foetus is recognisably a baby - the guilt feelings associated with feeling that one is responsible for murdering a child can be unbearable.  [1] Bupa, ‘Stages of pregnancy’, April 2010, abortion, alternatives, adoption, unwanted, babies, kill, options, third trimester, pregnancy, psychological harm, guilt, foetus, recognisable, baby, murder, Bupa, stages of pregnancy abortion, wrong, alternatives, adoption, unwanted, babies, pregnancy, third trimester, psychological harm, guilt, murdering, foetus, recognisable baby, Bupa, stages of pregnancy abortion, wrong, alternatives, adoption, unwanted, babies, kill, options, compelling, third trimester, pregnancy, natural end, time, mother, put up with, psychologically harmful, guilt feelings, murdering, child, unbearable, Bupa, stages of pregnancy abortion, alternatives, adoption, unwanted, babies, pregnancy, third trimester, psychological harm, guilt, foetus, recognisably baby, murdering, child, Bupa, stages of pregnancy abortion, adoption, unwanted, pregnancy, third trimester, psychological harm, guilt, foetus, baby, murder, alternatives, pregnancy stages, Bupa
test-international-ghbunhf-pro03a	UN decision-making procedures are very inefficient.  The UN displays all the worst traits of bureaucracies the world over. The General Assembly is little more than a forum for world leaders and ambassadors to lambast each other. The Security Council is systemically unable to take decisive action in many of the world’s trouble-spots due to its outdated permanent membership structure, which gives five nations a totally disproportionate power to prevent the world body from acting against their interests. In the UN’s 65 years, the veto has been used nearly 300 times. [1]  [1] “General Analysis on the Security Council Veto”, Global Policy Forum website. UN, decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, permanent membership, veto power, decisive action, world leaders, ambassadors, criticism, reform, international relations, global governance, diplomatic forum, obstruction, power imbalance, historical analysis, policy discussion UN decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, veto power, permanent membership, decisive action, world leaders, ambassadors, forum, lambast, trouble-spots, disproportionate power, prevent action, 65 years, nearly 300 vetos, Global Policy Forum, analysis UN, decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, permanent membership, veto power, world leaders, ambassadors, lambasting, trouble-spots, inaction, disproportionate power, global policy, analysis UN decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, permanent membership, veto power, world leaders,ambassadors, conflict resolution, global governance, international relations, diplomatic forum, criticism of UN, Security Council reform, disproportionate power, veto usage, international peace, security issues, global policy forum, historical analysis, UN effectiveness, decision paralysis, diplomatic criticism, international cooperation, global decision-making, representative democracy, institutional critique, multilateralism challenges, international law, UN charter, global politics, systemic issues, veto statistics, reform advocacy, diplomatic practices, UN structure, international community, global challenges, veto impact, UN reforms UN, decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, permanent membership, veto power, reform, international relations, diplomacy, global governance, criticism, world leaders, ambassadors, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, power imbalance, historical context, policy analysis, global policy forum, institutional critique,.saxophone
test-law-ralhrilglv-pro02a	Head of state immunity  Traditionally, heads of state have had immunity in foreign courts. This is for the normal functioning of diplomacy – so heads of state can engage in business at other states and travel to summits without the risk of harassment by vexatious claims in foreign courts, or foreign governments trying to attack the decisions of other governments in their own courts.  The ICC trying sitting heads of state would set a terrible precedent of a method of regime change – not even by foreign militaries, but by the ICC prosecutor. Regimes should change according to democratic mandate not foreign courts. head of state, immunity, foreign courts, diplomacy, travel, summits, harassment, vexatious claims, foreign governments, ICC, sitting heads of state, regime change, democratic mandate, foreign courts head of state, immunity, foreign courts, diplomacy, international relations, ICC, regime change, democratic mandate, legal precedent, vexatious claims, summit, travel, foreign governments, court jurisdiction, prosecutor, state decisions, harassment, accountability, sovereignty head of state, immunity, foreign courts, diplomacy, vexatious claims, ICC, regime change, democratic mandate Head of state, immunity, foreign courts, diplomacy, travel, summits, harassment, vexatious claims, foreign governments, decisions, ICC, sitting heads of state, precedent, regime change, foreign militaries, ICC prosecutor, democratic mandate, foreign courts, international law, diplomatic protection, state sovereignty head of state, immunity, foreign courts, diplomacy, vexatious claims, ICC, regime change, democratic mandate, foreign governments, court precedent, international law, prosecutor, summit, travel, decision attack, state engagement, business, summit attendance, harassment risk, normal functioning, state decisions, method, foreign militaries, state sovereignty, judicial interference, political prosecution, state sovereignty protection, international relations, legal protection, head of government, state representation, legal immunity, diplomatic immunity, international court, state accountability, judicial autonomy, political intervention, legal precedent, diplomatic protection, international justice, state authority, international governance, legal challenges, foreign
test-science-cpisydfphwj-con03a	Facebook has a negative impact on learning  For many students, the constant flow of news, status updates, pictures and comments which comes through Facebook every single hour is proving to be a very distracting, which not surprisingly affects their educational progress. It negatively impacts learning. Studies show that students who checked in on social networks while studying had grades that were 20% lower than the grades of those who didn’t.(1)  A 20% difference in grades can be the difference from being awarded a scholarship at a prestigious university at being obliged to enrol in the community college, or very easily between passing and failing. Education is one of the most important things in anybody’s life as it greatly affects future prospects. Of course socialising is important as well but we should try to avoid one negatively affecting the other.  (1) Julie D. Andrews “Is Facebook Good Or Bad For Students? Debate Roils On” April 28, 2011   (2) Larry Rose ”Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids“ American Psychological Association August 6, 2011 Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, lower, scholarship, university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, avoidance, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, social networking, kids Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, lower grades, scholarship, university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, social networks, studying, constant flow, news, status updates, pictures, comments, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, social networking, kids Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, lower performance, scholarship, university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, social networks, studying, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, social networks, studying, scholarship, university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, social networks, studying, scholarship, university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, Julie D. Andrews, Debate Roils On
test-international-gsciidffe-pro04a	It is legitimate to enable freedom  Circumventing censorship is a cost effective method of promoting freedom. When a country has refused to recognise the right to freedom of expression of its own people and indeed is actively stopping them from exercising this right then it is legitimate for other countries to step in to act as an enabler of those rights. By circumventing censorship so the freedom of expression is returned to those that have had their voice stripped from them. Doing this costs the state that is acting almost nothing; thus Britain’s Foreign Office is devoting a mere £1.5million to promoting expression online, [1] and yet the benefits for those who it helps can be considerable by helping them to publicise and organise themselves by providing a platform. The small cost should be compared to the benefit of keeping activists one step ahead of the authorities by, for example providing software that helps make sure online communication is anonymous, which can save lives.  [1] “William Hague promises £1.5m to promote freedom of expression online”, BBC News, 30 April 2012, legitimate, freedom, circumventing, censorship, cost-effective, promoting, freedom-of-expression, right, countries, intervene, enabler, right, freedom-of-expression, voice, state, acting, minimal-cost, benefits, activists, publicise, organise, platform, small-cost, significant-benefit, online-expression, anonymity, security, William-Hague, UK-Foreign-Office, funding, online-freedom, BBC-News legitimate, freedom, circumventing, censorship, cost-effective, promoting, freedom-of-expression, country, refused, right, people, exercising, other-countries, step-in, enabler, rights, voice, state, acting, benefit, activists, publicise, organise, platform, small-cost, compared, benefit, keeping, activists, step-ahead, authorities, software, anonymous, communication, save-lives, William-Hague, promises, £1.5m, BBC-News, 30-April-2012 legitimacy, freedom, censorship, cost-effective, promotion, rights, country, recognition, expression, intervention, enabler, voice, state, benefits, activists, platform, organisation, anonymity, communication, software, lives, William Hague, BBC News, freedom of expression, online, foreign office, UK, activist safety legitimate, freedom, censorship, cost-effective, freedom-of-expression, recognition, right, state-intervention, enabling-rights, voice-stripped, state-action, minimal-cost, significant-benefit, online-expression, activists, publicise, organise, platform, communication-anonymity, life-saving, software, foreign-office, funding, william-hague, bbc-news, 2012 legitimate, freedom, circumventing, censorship, cost-effective, promoting, freedom-of-expression, refused, right, stopping, exercising, countries, step-in, enabler, rights, voice, stripped, Britain, Foreign-Office, promoting-expression, online, benefits, activists, publicise, organise, platform, small-cost, considerable-benefit, authorities, software, anonymous, communication, lives, William-Hague, promises, BBC-News
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-pro01a	South Korea can handle the situation itself  The two Koreas should be able to solve the situation themselves without recourse to all the neighbouring powers – whose interest does not seem to have spurred a solution to the frozen conflict anyway. With the Cold War over South Korea is more than capable of handling its own security. South Korea is economically far ahead of the North with its economy thirty seven times bigger. [1] Its military is also more capable than the North’s as the International Institute for Strategic Studies argues “As measured by static equipment indices, South Korea’s conventional forces would appear superior to North Korea’s. When morale, training, equipment maintenance, logistics, and reconnaissance and communications capabilities are factored in, this qualitative advantage increases.” [2] So should be able to deter aggression on its own and pull its own weight in negotiations without the need of a multilateral process. Moreover no one would argue that an invasion should be ignored however the South should be the one who responds to North Korean actions on its own.  [1] Oh Young-Jin, ‘South Korean economy 37 times bigger than NK’s’, The Korea Times, 5 January 2011,   [2] ‘The Conventional Military Balance on the Korean Peninsula’, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2012, South Korea, North Korea, conflict resolution, self-reliance, economic superiority, military capability, Cold War, bilateral relations, security, deterrence, qualitative advantage, negotiations, multilateral process, invasion response, Korea Times, International Institute for Strategic Studies South Korea, North Korea, conflict, economic superiority, military capability, self-reliance, security, deterrence, Cold War, International Institute for Strategic Studies, frozen conflict, neighboring powers, multilateral process, invasion response, qualitative advantage, equipment indices, morale, training, logistics, reconnaissance, communications capabilities South Korea, North Korea, conflict resolution, self-sufficiency, economic superiority, military capability, deterrence, Cold War, international relations, bilateral negotiations, security, qualitative advantage, equipment indices, morale, training, logistics, reconnaissance, communications, invasion response, multilateral process, Korea Times, International Institute for Strategic Studies South Korea, North Korea, conflict resolution, neighboring powers, Cold War, economic disparity, military capability, security, deterrence, qualitative advantage, reconnaissance, communications, negotiation, multilateral process, invasion response, self-sufficiency, international relations, strategic studies, economy, military balance, Korean Peninsula, static equipment indices, morale, training, equipment maintenance, logistics, reconnaissance capabilities, communications capabilities South Korea, North Korea, conflict resolution, economic disparity, military capability, self-sufficiency, security, deterrence, negotiations, bilateral relations, Cold War, economic strength, military forces, qualitative advantage, invasion response, multilateral process, regional powers, international relations, strategic studies, Korea Times, International Institute for Strategic Studies
test-science-ciidfaihwc-con03a	People often react poorly to being censored by their governments.  In countries that do currently practice censorship of Internet information, their citizens often interpret this as suspicious and dictatorial behaviour. For example, in China growing discontent with the government’s constant censorship has led to public outrage [1] , and political satire which heavily criticises the government [2] . Censorship can easily be used malevolently and is not always in public interest; this motion supports the ignorance of the population by hiding information and the reality of the situation. Therefore the cost of suspicion by the population of the state makes censorship of any kind less than worthwhile and it is better to allow individuals to make their own choices.  [1] Bennett, Isabella, ‘Media Censorship in China’, Council on Foreign Relations, 7 March 2011,  on 09/09/11  [2] Bennett, Isabella, ‘Media Censorship in China’, Council on Foreign Relations, 7 March 2011,  on 09/09/11. censorship, government, internet, information, public, outrage, political, satire, China, suspicion, state, media, foreign, relations, choices, population, malevolently, public interest, reality, situation, worthwhile censorship, government, internet, information, citizen reaction, suspicion, dictatorship, China, public outrage, political satire, malevolent use, public interest, ignorance, population choice, media censorship, Isabella Bennett, Council on Foreign Relations censorship, government, internet, information, public, suspicion, dictatorial, China, discontent, outrage, political, satire, criticism, malevolent, public interest, ignorance, reality, worthwhile, individual choice censorship, government, internet, information, suspicion, dictatorial, China, public outrage, political satire, malevolent, public interest, ignorance, population, state, worthwhile, individual choices censorship, government, internet, information, public, reaction, suspicion, dictatorial, China, discontent, outrage, political, satire, criticism, malevolent, public interest, ignorance, population, reality, situation, individual, choice, media, council, foreign, relations, Bennett, Isabella
test-politics-eppghwlrba-pro03a	Sports shooting desensitizes people to the lethal nature of firearms  Shooting as a sport desensitises people to the lethal nature of all firearms, creating a gun culture that glamorises and legitimises unnecessary gun ownership. It remains the interest of a minority, who should not be allowed to block the interests of society as a whole in gun control. Compensation can be given to individual gun owners, gun clubs and the retail firearms trade, in recognition of their economic loss if a ban is implemented. sports shooting, desensitization, lethal nature, firearms, gun culture, glamorisation, legitimisation, gun ownership, minority interest, gun control, compensation, gun owners, gun clubs, retail firearms trade, economic loss, ban implementation sports shooting, desensitization, lethal nature, firearms, gun culture, glamorisation, legitimisation, unnecessary gun ownership, minority interest, gun control, compensation, economic loss, ban implementation sports shooting, desensitization, lethal nature, firearms, gun culture, glamorisation, legitimisation, unnecessary gun ownership, minority interest, societal interest, gun control, compensation, gun owners, gun clubs, retail firearms trade, economic loss, ban implementation sports shooting, desensitization, lethal nature, firearms, gun culture, glamorisation, legitimisation, unnecessary gun ownership, minority interest, gun control, compensation, gun owners, gun clubs, retail firearms trade, economic loss, ban implementation sports shooting, desensitization, lethal nature, firearms, gun culture, glamorisation, legitimisation, unnecessary gun ownership, gun control, minority interest, societal interest, compensation, gun owners, gun clubs, retail firearms trade, economic loss, ban implementation
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-pro01a	This was a piece of art, advertised and described as such, those likely to be offended were quite welcome not to watch it.  The allegation made by those who objected to the airing of this show was that it was blasphemous. There were also objections to the graphic nature of the language and sexual reference. It seems staggeringly unlikely that 55,000 [i] people had accidently been watching opera on BBC 2 having failed to watch any of the warnings in advance or the fairly extensive media discussion in advance of the broadcast.  Therefore, those who watched it made a choice to do so – and it seems reasonable to consider that an informed choice. A free society is predicated on the fact that adults have the right to make choices. In turn that is based on the shared understanding that those choices have consequences; which may, potentially, cause some degree of harm to the person making that choice. Having been warned that watching the broadcast may cause them offence, viewers still chose to and some, it seems, were duly offended.  It seems reasonable, therefore, to assume that the shock was either feigned or a matter of pretence. Which leaves the matter of blasphemy; an offence against a belief system. There was no secret that religious issues were likely to feature in the broadcast and no secret was made of the fact that those views were likely to be both critical and forthright. Tuning in, specifically to be offended by something that the viewer had been warned they might find offensive seems perverse.  By contrast, art lovers who wished to see the production - which had received four Lawrence Olivier Awards among other tributes – had the opportunity to experience a theatrical work they would have had a limited opportunity to witness had it not been broadcast nationally.  It would be bizarre to disadvantage those who wanted to – and actually did – see the performance (about 1.7 million [ii] )because of the views of those who neither wanted to see it or refused to do so  [i] Wikipedia entry: “Jerry Springer: The Opera”  [ii] BBC News Website. “Group to Act Over singer Opera.” 10 January 2005. art, advertisement, warned, offended, choice, free society, consequences, harm, viewers, blasphemy, belief system, religious, critical, forthright, art lovers, theatre, Lawrence Olivier Awards, national broadcast, disadvantaging, views, performance, viewership, complaints, Jerry Springer: The Opera, BBC 2, media discussion, graphic language, sexual references, staggering, accidental viewing art, advertisement, warned, offended, choice, free society, consequences, harm, blasphemy, religious, critical, forthright, art lovers, Lawrence Olivier Awards, theatrical, national broadcast, viewers, performance, disadvantage, views art, advertisement, warning, blasphemy, language, sexual, choice, free society, consequences, harm, offence, feigned, pretence, religion, critical, forthright, art lovers, Lawrence Olivier Awards, national broadcast, viewers, performance, disadvantage,Jerry Springer: The Opera, BBC 2, media discussion, graphic, objection, 55,000, 1.7 million, opera, BBC News art, advertisement, offense, blasphemy, graphic, language, sexual, warnings, media, discussion, free, society, choice, consequences, harm, shock, feigned, pretence, religious, belief, critical, forthright, art, lovers, theatrical, performance, Lawrence, Olivier, Awards, broadcast, nationally, disadvantage, viewers, group, action, singer, opera, BBC, news, January, 2005 art, opera, blasphemy, offensive, warnings, media, discussion, broadcast, free, society, choices, consequences, harm, shock, feigned, pretence, religious, belief, system, secret, critical, forthright, tuned, offended, art, lovers, theatrical, work, opportunity, national, disadvantage, views, performance, viewers, Jerry, Springer, The, Opera, BBC, Lawrence, Olivier, Awards
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-pro03a	The power of the visual  Art differs from other forms of media with regard to the expression of ideas. Unlike other methods of conveying ideas, art has a visceral impact that is instant and has a lasting effect.  In a discussion, for example, there are often clues that ideas that might make people feel uncomfortable are about to arise. Thus, people are in a better position to consent to the sorts of challenges controversy within a conversation may pose (similarly, we tend to look more positively on taboo subjects raised within a conversational context than we do when they are, for example, shouted about in the street).  In the case of art, particularly that which is displayed in public spaces (like squares, parks and museums) people are unable to consent in this way, but rather, may be confronted suddenly by something that they find disgusting, because it has forced them to confront something they find horrific or traumatic, in a manner which has a great impact, and that, because of the power of the visual, they find difficult to forget. visual art, expressive power, visceral impact, lasting effect, public spaces, confrontation, discomfort, taboo subjects, consent, controversial art, emotional response, traumatic imagery, societal reactions, art perception visual art, media comparison, expression of ideas, visceral impact, lasting effect, consent to challenges, uncomfortable ideas, taboo subjects, conversational context, public spaces, sudden confrontation, disgusting content, horrific or traumatic, impactful visuals, difficult to forget visual art, media forms, idea expression, visceral impact, lasting effect, discomfort cues, consent, controversy, conversation, taboo subjects, public spaces, sudden confrontation, disgust, horrific, traumatic, impact, unforgettable visual art, expression of ideas, visceral impact, lasting effect, conversational context, consent, public spaces, confrontation, discomfort, taboo subjects, impact, unforgettable, trauma, horror visual art, media forms, idea expression, visceral impact, lasting effect, discomfort, consent, controversy, conversation, taboo subjects, public spaces, confrontation, disgust, horrific, traumatic, impactful, unforgettable
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-pro02a	Handguns are uniquely dangerous when compared with other weapons  Handguns are specifically worse than most other weapons. They are weapons which are both concealable and portable. Shotguns and Rifles can easily be identified from a long distance making it easier to avoid those who are carrying them or conversely for the authorities check their motives for carrying arms. Handguns, being ranged weapons (as opposed to knives), prevent people from opting to run away if they are confronted by an attacker and being concealable prevent any attempt at avoiding those carrying them.  Because of these unique capabilities they make excellent weapons for gang members who wish to remain inconspicuous to avoid being searched by the police. Further, they are also uniquely useful for other criminal actors such as drug dealers who need to be able to protect themselves, but also need to appear unassuming for clients.  As such, handguns, where they are freely available, are often used by most criminals for these purposes. Given that handguns are also more likely to cause accidental injuries- as a result of incompetence or recklessness- than a knife, it seems logical that handguns cause a much larger harm to citizens in places where they are freely available.4 handguns, dangerous, weapons, concealable, portable, shotguns, rifles, identifiable, long-distance, authorities, motives, ranged-weapons, knives, gang-members, inconspicuous, police, drug-dealers, unassuming, clients, criminal-actors, freely-available, accidental-injuries, incompetence, recklessness, citizens, harm handguns, dangerous, weapons, concealable, portable, shotguns, rifles, identifiable, ranged, knives, gang, members, inconspicuous, police, drug, dealers, criminal, actors, accidental, injuries, incompetence, recklessness, citizens, harm, freely, available handguns, dangerous, weapons, concealable, portable, shotguns, rifles, identifiable, long-distance, authorities, motives, ranged-weapons, knives, confrontation, gang-members, inconspicuous, police, drug-dealers, unassuming, criminal-actors, accidental-injuries, incompetence, recklessness, citizens, freely-available, harm handguns, dangerous, weapons, concealable, portable, shotguns, rifles, identifiable, distance, authorities, motives, ranged, knives, gang, members, inconspicuous, police, drug, dealers, unassuming, clients, freely, available, criminals, accidental, injuries, incompetence, recklessness, citizens, harm handguns, dangerous, weapons, concealable, portable, shotguns, rifles, identifiable, distance, avoid, authorities, ranged, knives, gang, members, inconspicuous, police, searched, drug, dealers, unassuming, criminal, actors, accidental, injuries, incompetence, recklessness, citizens, freely, available
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con02a	Provides information to competitors  Where there is international competition transparency can be a problem if there is not transparency on both sides as one side is essentially giving its opponent an advantage. This is ultimately why countries keep national security secrets; they are in competition with other nations and the best way to ensure an advantage over those states is to keep capabilities secret. One side having information while the other does not allows the actor that has the information to act differently in response to that knowledge. Keeping things secret can therefore provide an advantage when making a decision, as the one with most information is most likely to react best. [1] Currently there is information asymmetry between the United States and China to the point where some analysts consider that the United States provides more authoritative information on China’s military than China itself does. [2]  [1] National Security Forum, No More Secrets, American Bar Association, March 2011, p.7  [2] Erickson, Andrew S., ‘Pentagon Report Reveals Chinese Military Developments’, The Diplomat, 8 May 2013 information asymmetry, international competition, transparency issues, national security secrets, decision-making advantage, United States, China, military information, authoritative sources, Pentagon report, Chinese military developments information asymmetry, international competition, transparency, national security secrets, decision making, United States, China, military information, authoritative information, Pentagon report, Chinese military developments information asymmetry, international competition, transparency, national security secrets, decision-making advantage, United States, China, military information, authoritative information, Pentagon report, Chinese military developments information asymmetry, competitors, international competition, transparency, national security secrets, United States, China, military information, decision making, strategic advantage, authoritative information, Pentagon report, Chinese military developments information, competitors, international, transparency, security, secrets, national, advantage, capabilities, decision, asymmetry, United States, China, military, reports, developments, diplomacy, advantage, Erickson, Pentagon
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro02a	performers are at risk of exploitation  Children are generally considered to be too young to make important decisions for themselves, and so decision-making falls to parents, teachers, etc. For child performers, there are additional decision-makers: their agents. Since agents benefit financially from the child’s getting a role or doing well in a sporting event, there is a definite risk of exploitation. Exploitation can also come from parents, as in the famous case of American television child stars Jackie Coogan and Gary Coleman, who both sued their parents for spending the money they had earned as children [1] [2] or of Macaulay Culkin, who blocked his parents from having access to his earnings.  [1] AP, ‘The Kid’ To Get $126,000 For His Share’  [2] The Deseret News, ‘Former Child Star Wins $1.3 Million Judgment’ child performers, risk, exploitation, agents, parents, financial benefit, decision-making, legal cases, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, earnings, lawsuits child performers, exploitation, agents, parents, decision-making, financial benefit, legal cases, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, earnings, lawsuits, child stars, television, sports, roles, financial management, child protection, entertainment industry, young actors, performers' rights child performers, exploitation, decision-making, parents, agents, financial benefit, risk, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, lawsuits, earnings, protection child performers, exploitation, parents, agents, financial benefit, decision-making, legal cases, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, earnings, lawsuits, television stars, young actors, sports events, child labor, guardians, legal judgments, financial management, child welfare child performers, exploitation, agents, parents, decision-making, financial benefit, legal cases, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, earnings, lawsuits, child stars, television, sports
test-society-epiasghbf-con01a	The double burden  Despite a feminising labour market there has been no convergence, or equalisation, in unpaid domestic and care work. Women still play key roles in working the reproductive sphere and family care; therefore labour-force participation increases the overall burden placed on women. The burden is placed on time, physical, and mental demands.  We need to recognise the anxieties and burdens women face of being the bread-winner, as survival is becoming ‘feminised’ (Sassen, 2002). Additionally, women have always accounted for a significant proportion of the labour market - although their work has not been recognised. Therefore to what extent can we claim increased labour force participation is empowering when it is only just being recognised? double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women empowerment double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, survival feminised, labour market recognition, women empowerment double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, empowerment, gender equality, work-life balance, societal expectations, women's roles, economic participation, gendered分工, domestic responsibilities, professional responsibilities, gender roles, social norms, empowerment debate, Sassen 2002, gendered labor division, female workforce, unpaid labor recognition, gender empowerment, dual responsibility, labor market dynamics, feminist economics, gendered impact, labor force trends, women's empowerment double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women empowerment, gender equality, Sassen 2002 double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women's empowerment, gender equality, work-life balance, social reproduction, occupational segregation, gender roles, economic participation, gender pay gap, occupational mobility, career advancement, policy interventions, societal norms, cultural expectations, gender disparity, economic empowerment, women's rights, feminist economics, Sassen 2002
test-international-gmehwasr-con05a	"Would it work?  The most fundamental question for any policy is whether it would actually work if implemented? In this case it seems to be doubtful that in practice arming the rebels would be enough to allow them to prevail. It will simply be helping to even the odds; providing enough arms to prevail over a fully equipped army that is supplied by Iran and Russia would require a truly colossal effort. No one is seriously going to consider providing M1 Abrams tanks to overcome Syrian armour when there are even concerns about providing anti-aircraft missiles. Even supporters of arming the rebels such as Senator John McCain say ""this alone will not be decisive"". All arming the rebels does then is make the government appear to be doing something (in a bad way since it is an unpopular policy), and stick a toe in the water (also bad as that may lead to escalating commitments), and another decision point six months down the line. [1]  [1] Lynch, Marc, ‘Shopping Option C for Syria’, Foreign Policy, 14 February 2013 policy effectiveness, arming rebels, practical feasibility, military intervention, Syrian conflict, Iran, Russia, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, John McCain, decision escalation, public opinion, intervention consequences, Syria arms supply, international relations, conflict resolution, strategy evaluation, political commitment, military support, humanitarian aid, diplomatic options policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syrian conflict, military intervention, Iran support, Russia support, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, John McCain, political decision-making, escalating commitments, Foreign Policy, Marc Lynch policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syrian conflict, practicality, military support, international involvement, armed intervention, political strategy, Senator John McCain, decision making, escalation, commitment, Foreign Policy, Marc Lynch, Option C, Syria, Iran, Russia, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, public opinion, government actions, consequences, future decisions policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syrian conflict, military aid, Iran support, Russia support, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, John McCain, decision escalation, Foreign Policy, Marc Lynch, Syria intervention, political strategy, military strategy, international relations policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syrian conflict, military intervention, Iran support, Russia support, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, John McCain, decision escalation, Foreign Policy, Marc Lynch"
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-pro01a	Privacy  This was the clinching argument in the Dutch example. Labour MP Martijn van Dam, one of the bill’s co-authors said that Dutch ISP KPN was similar to “a postal worker who delivers a letter, looks to see what’s in it and then claims he hasn’t read it. It is simply a basic principle of the Internet that for it to continue working as it does now, all data needs to be treated the same otherwise judgements will be formed on ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ data [i] .  The principle here is that the data being used is simply none of the ISPs business. Their job is simply to provide an agreed bandwidth, at an agreed price to the end user. How the end user makes use of that band width is up to them. If, for example, they’re choosing to Skype from a mobile device – one of the points of contention – it’s hard to see what that has to do with the ISP.  [i] PCWorld. Matthew Honan, MacWorld. “Inside Net Neutrality: Privacy and BitTorrent. 14 February 2008. Privacy, Dutch, ISP, KPN, Net Neutrality, Data Treatment, Bandwidth, End User, Skype, Mobile Device, Matthew Honan, PCWorld, MacWorld, BitTorrent privacy, Dutch, example, Labour, MP, Martijn, van, Dam, ISP, KPN, postal, worker, Internet, principle, data, treated, neutrality, bandwidth, price, end, user, Skype, mobile, device, contention, PCWorld, Matthew, Honan, MacWorld, Inside, Net, Neutrality, BitTorrent, February, 2008 privacy, Dutch, ISP, KPN, net neutrality, data treatment, bandwidth, end user, Skype, mobile device, internet principle, postal worker analogy, Matthew Honan, PCWorld, MacWorld, BitTorrent, privacy argument, Martijn van Dam, Labour MP, data judgement Privacy, Dutch, ISP, KPN, Net Neutrality, Data Treatment, Bandwidth, Skype, Mobile Device, Net Neutrality Privacy, BitTorrent, Matthew Honan, MacWorld, PCWorld Privacy, Dutch, example, Labour, MP, Martijn, van, Dam, ISP, KPN, postal, worker, letter, internet, principle, data, treated, equal, judgement, right, wrong, bandwidth, price, end, user, use, Skype, mobile, device, Net, Neutrality, BitTorrent, PCWorld, Matthew, Honan, MacWorld, February, 2008
test-international-gsciidffe-pro03a	It is domestic not international legitimacy that matters  What matters for a state when it comes to foreign policy, and therefore with helping to circumvent censorship, is whether the policy is considered legitimate domestically. Since a government's legitimacy is domestically derived from the support of its people if they support the policy then it is legitimate. While it is often not considered a top priority people in democracies usually support promoting human rights and spreading democracy around the world. [1]  [1] Stevenson, Kirsten, “Strong support for democracy promotion in national opinion ballot”, Foreign Policy Association, 23 October 2012, domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, foreign policy, censorship, government support, policy legitimacy, democracy promotion, human rights, national opinion, democracies, Stevenson, Foreign Policy Association domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, foreign policy, censorship, government support, people's support, policy legitimacy, democracy promotion, human rights, national opinion, democracies, Stevenson, Foreign Policy Association domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, foreign policy, censorship, government support, people's support, policy legitimacy, democracy promotion, human rights, national opinion, democracies, Stevenson, Foreign Policy Association domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, foreign policy, censorship, government support, people support, policy legitimacy, democracy promotion, human rights, national opinion, democracies, Stevenson, Foreign Policy Association domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, foreign policy, censorship, government support, policy legitimacy, democracy promotion, human rights, national opinion, democracies, Stevenson, Foreign Policy Association
test-culture-ascidfakhba-pro04a	The costs of monitoring copyright by states, artists, and lawyers far outweigh the benefits, and is often simply ineffective  The state incurs huge costs in monitoring for copyright infringement, in arresting suspected perpetrators, in imprisonment of those found guilty, even though in reality nothing was stolen but an idea that, once released to it, belonged to the public domain more or less. [1] Furthermore, the deterrent effect to copyright piracy generated by all the efforts of the state and firms has proven generally minimal. In fact, the level of internet piracy of books, music, and films has increased dramatically year on year for several years, increasing by 30% in 2011 alone. [2] This is because in many cases copyright laws are next to unenforceable, as the music and movie industries have learned to their annoyance in recent years, for example ninety percent of DVDs sold in China are bootlegs while even western consumers are increasingly bypassing copyright by using peer to peer networks. [3] Only a tiny fraction of perpetrators are ever caught, and though they are often punished severely in an attempt to deter future crime, it has done little to stop their incidence. Copyright, in many cases, does not work in practice plain and simple. Releasing works under a creative commons licensing scheme does a great deal to cope with these pressures. In the first instance it is a less draconian regime, so individuals are more willing to buy into it as a legitimate claim by artists rather than an onerous stranglehold on work. This increases compliance with the relaxed law. Secondly, the compliance means that artists are given the vocal crediting under the license rules that gives them more public exposure than clandestine copying could not. Ultimately this adaptation of current copyright law would benefit the artist and the consumer mutually.  [1] World Intellectual Property Organization. “Emerging Issues in Intellectual Property”. 2011   [2] Hartopo, A. “The Past, Present and Future of Internet Piracy”. Jakarta Globe. 26 July 2011.   [3] Quirk, M., “The Movie Pirates”, The Atlantic, 19 November 2009, costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, outweigh, benefits, ineffective, state, incurs, huge, costs, monitoring, copyright, infringement, arresting, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, nothing, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, increased, dramatically, years, 30%, 2011, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, learned, annoyance, ninety, percent, DVDs, sold, China, bootlegs, western, consumers, bypassing, copyright, peer, peer, networks costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, copyright infringement, arresting, imprisonment, public domain, deterrent effect, copyright piracy, internet piracy, books, music, films, unenforceable, music industry, movie industry, bootlegs, peer to peer networks, perpetrators, punished, creative commons, licensing, compliance, public exposure, adaptation, copyright law, mutual benefit costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, huge, costs, copyright, infringement, arresting, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, increased, dramatically, year, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, annoyance, DVDs, China, bootlegs, western, consumers, bypassing, copyright, peer, peer, networks, perpetrators, caught, punished, severely, deter, future, crime, copyright, practice, plain, simple, creative, commons, costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, huge, costs, monitoring, copyright, infringement, arresting, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, increased, 30%, 2011, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, annoyance, bootlegs, China, western, consumers, bypassing, copyright, peer, peer, networks, perpetrators, caught, punished, severely, deter, future, crime, incidence, practice, creative, costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, huge, costs, infringement, arresting, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, increased, dramatically, years, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, annoyance, DVDs, bootlegs, western, consumers, bypassing, peer, networks, fraction, caught, punished, severely, deter, future, crime, incidence, practice, plain, simple, creative, commons, licensing, scheme, cope, pressures, draconian
test-international-emephsate-con02a	Turkey is not yet up to European standards of human rights.  Turkey is a democracy but it is not yet up to the standards necessary for membership in the European Union. Turkey has numerous problems with the autocracy of its leaders, the suppressed human rights of the Kurdish and the other minorities. The State Department Human Rights Report condemns for example arbitrary arrest and says “Police detained more than 1,000 members of the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) on various occasions” during 2011. Kurds and other minorities are “prohibited from fully exercising their linguistic, religious, and cultural rights” and are harassed when attempting to assert their identity. [1] There is little freedom of the press in Turkey, most of the media are state-controlled resulting in turkey ranking 148th on Reporters without borders press freedom index whereas the lowest EU country is Greece ranked 70th. [2] While some countries in the EU, such as France, have criminalized the denial of the Armenian genocide [3] Turkey on the other hand hasn’t even recognized that it ever happened. It is clear that while this disparity exists and human rights violations continue Turkey cannot join the EU.  [1] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, ‘Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011 Turkey’, U.S. Department of State,   [2] ‘Press Freedom Index 2011-2012’, Reporters Without Borders,   [3] De Montjoye, Clementine, ‘France’s Armenian genocide law’, Free SpeechDebate, 29 June 2012, Turkey, European standards, human rights, democracy, European Union, autocracy, Kurdish minorities, State Department, Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, Peace and Democracy Party, BDP, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, freedom of press, state-controlled media, Reporters without Borders, press freedom index, Armenian genocide, denial criminalization, France, human rights violations, EU membership Turkey, European standards, human rights, democracy, European Union, autocracy, Kurdish minorities, State Department Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, Peace and Democracy Party, BDP, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, freedom of press, state-controlled media, Reporters Without Borders, press freedom index, Armenia, Armenian genocide, France, criminalization, human rights violations, membership EU, disparity, EU standards, minority rights, media freedom, press freedom, political rights, civil liberties, Kurdish identity, linguistic prohibition, religious prohibition, cultural prohibition, human rights abuses, political prisoners, EU membership criteria, democracy standards, European values, Turkey, European standards, human rights, democracy, European Union, autocracy, Kurdish minorities, State Department Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, Peace and Democracy Party, BDP, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, freedom of press, state-controlled media, Reporters Without Borders, press freedom index, Armenian genocide, France, human rights violations, EU membership Turkey, European standards, human rights, European Union, democracy, autocracy, Kurdish minorities, State Department Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, Peace and Democracy Party, BDP, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, freedom of press, state-controlled media, Reporters without Borders, press freedom index, Armenia, genocide denial, human rights violations, EU membership, political prisoners, ethnic minorities, press censorship, international law, democracy quality, constitutional rights, civic freedoms, governmental transparency, electoral integrity, rule of law, judicial independence, political pluralism, civil society, minority protections, freedom of assembly, freedom of expression, political opposition Turkey, European standards, human rights, democracy, European Union, autocracy, Kurdish minorities, State Department Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, Peace and Democracy Party, freedom of press, media control, Reporters without borders, press freedom index, Armenian genocide, human rights violations, EU membership
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-con02a	The previous arrangement of having two foreign policy centers (in the Commission and in the Council) was arguably inefficient, but consolidating these into a single office-holder has created more complexity and at significantly greater expense.  Creating a position of EU High Representative is not objectionable in itself. Previously the EU was in the ludicrous situation of having two foreign affairs spokesmen, one from the Council and the other from the Commission. Rivalry and duplication of efforts, staffs and resources results, and so focusing all the EU’s external affairs work around one person makes some sense. What it does not mean is that the High Representative should lead a drive for a stronger common foreign policy position. Only when member states agree (which may not be often) will he or she have a role. In fact, by weakening the foreign affairs role within the Commission, this development may actually limit the pretensions of Brussels to develop its own agenda and dictate foreign policy to the member states. EU, foreign policy, High Representative, Commission, Council, consolidation, complexity, expense, common foreign policy, member states, Brussels, agenda, duplication, rivalry, resources, external affairs, spokesmen EU, High Representative, foreign policy, Commission, Council, inefficiency, consolidation, complexity, expense, spokesmen, rivalry, duplication, resources, member states, agreement, Brussels, agenda, dictatorship, policy development EU, High Representative, foreign policy, Commission, Council, consolidation, complexity, expense, spokesmen, rivalry, duplication, member states, agreement, common position, Brussels, agenda, dictation EU, foreign policy, Commission, Council, consolidation, complexity, expense, High Representative, external affairs, rivalry, duplication, member states, common foreign policy, Brussels, agenda, pretensions, dictatorship, foreign affairs spokesmen EU, foreign policy, High Representative, Commission, Council, consolidation, complexity, expense, duplication, member states, Brussels, common foreign policy, agenda, spokesmen, rivalry, resources, external affairs, pretensions, dictate
test-international-atiahblit-pro04a	Social Policy for satisfied teachers  The creation of national social policies which provide secure, and stable, wages for teachers is fundamental. Social policy can make satisfied teachers. A key concern amongst teachers is finance - inadequate wages and insurance. Teacher wages is considerably lower than other formal professions - combining to enforce low morale and occupational motivation as pay is too low to sustain individuals and households (Bennell, 2004). In South Africa an average teaching salary is 19,535 ZAR in contrast to the 28,235 ZAR average granted in all jobs in South Africa (Salary Explorer, 2013).  Further, social policy is required to introduce teacher pension schemes. Pension schemes are provided for workers within the formal employment sector, by various public organisations - including the government and GEPF [1] . However, some national pension schemes are more developed than others and teachers need to be ensured the profession can provide investments for future security. An ageing population only reinforces its importance.  [1] See further readings: GEPF, 2013. social policy, teacher satisfaction, secure wages, stable wages, finance, inadequate wages, insurance, teacher wages, low morale, occupational motivation, South Africa, average teaching salary, pension schemes, formal employment sector, government, GEPF, future security, ageing population Social policy, teacher satisfaction, secure wages, stable wages, finance, inadequate wages, insurance, teacher morale, occupational motivation, low pay, household sustainability, South Africa, average teaching salary, national average salary, pension schemes, formal employment sector, government, GEPF, future security, ageing population Social Policy, Teacher Satisfaction, Secure Wages, Stable Wages, Teacher Finance, Inadequate Wages, Insurance, Teacher Morale, Occupational Motivation, Teacher Wages, Formal Professions, South Africa, Teaching Salary, Average Salary, Pension Schemes, Formal Employment, Public Organisations, Government, GEPF, Future Security, Ageing Population Social Policy, Teacher Satisfaction, Secure Wages, Stable Wages, Teacher Morale, Occupational Motivation, Teacher Wages, Formal Professions, Finance Concerns, Inadequate Wages, Insurance, South Africa, Teaching Salary, Average Salary, Pension Schemes, Formal Employment Sector, Public Organisations, Government, GEPF, Future Security, Ageing Population Social Policy, Teacher Satisfaction, Secure Wages, Stable Wages, Teacher Wages, Finance Concerns, Inadequate Wages, Insurance, Occupational Motivation, Low Morale, Pay Sustainability, South Africa, Teaching Salary, Average Salary, Job Comparison, Salary Explorer, Pension Schemes, Formal Employment Sector, Public Organisations, Government, GEPF, Future Security, Ageing Population
test-international-ghbunhf-pro04a	Many UN bodies are corrupt or compromised.  As mentioned above, the Human Rights Council consists of some the worst human rights abusers in the world. The NGO UN Watch has accused the HRC focusing almost exclusively on alleged human rights abuses by Israel to the exclusion of almost every other country. [1]  There have been widespread allegations of corruption in UN bodies. [2] It is for these reasons that the US long refused to pay its full dues to the United Nations and threatens to do so again in future, as well as withholding funding from UNESCO in 2011 after it voted to recognise Palestine as an independent state. [3]  [1] “Anti-Israel Resolutions at the HRC”, UN Watch 2011.   [2] “Corruption at the Heart of the United Nations”, The Economist, 9th August 2005.   [3] “US cuts UNESCO funds over vote for Palestinian seat“. BBC website. 31st October 2011. UN bodies, corruption, compromised, Human Rights Council, worst human rights abusers, UN Watch, HRC, alleged human rights abuses, Israel, US, UN dues, UNESCO, Palestine, independent state, Anti-Israel Resolutions, The Economist, BBC, UN funding, Palestinian seat UN, corruption, Human Rights Council, abuses, UN Watch, Israel, US, dues, UNESCO, Palestine, funding, allegations, Economist, BBC, anti-Israel, resolutions, international, governance, transparency, reform UN, corruption, compromised, Human Rights Council, worst human rights abusers, UN Watch, allegations, abuse, Israel, US, dues, UNESCO, Palestine, The Economist, BBC, funding, withholding, membership, international organizations, scandal, accountability UN bodies, corruption, compromised, Human Rights Council, worst human rights abusers, UN Watch, anti-Israel, allegations, widespread, US, dues, threats, UNESCO, Palestine, recognition, funding cuts, The Economist, BBC, 2011 UN bodies, corruption, compromised, Human Rights Council, worst human rights abusers, UN Watch, alleged human rights abuses, Israel, widespread allegations, US, refused to pay, full dues, United Nations, threats, withholding funding, UNESCO, 2011, Palestine, independent state, Anti-Israel Resolutions, The Economist, US cuts, UNESCO funds, Palestinian seat, BBC
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-con04a	The feminist movement cannot afford to alienate itself from society  The term ‘feminism’ is often associated with men-hating and the radical view that women are superior to men as opposed to gender equality. This happens because extreme feminists who uphold such opinions are consistently given greater media coverage by virtue of having the loudest voices and creating headlines that sell. As a result, the feminist movement is currently lacking the support it deserves and even those who take feminist positions often don’t want to call themselves feminists. (Scharff) [1]  It would be a bad move for it to further radicalise itself and attempt to ban something as present in society as pornography. It will never work, and it will merely make women and men more reluctant to espouse feminist ideologies for fear of being associated with a ‘hate group’.  [1] Scharff, Christina, “Myths of man-hating feminists make feminism unpopular”, Economic & Social Research Council, 7 March 2013, feminist movement, alienation, society, feminism, men-hating, radical views, gender equality, media coverage, extreme feminists, support, feminist positions, radicalisation, pornography, women, men, reluctance, feminist ideologies, hate group, Scharff, myths, unpopularity, Economic & Social Research Council feminist movement, alienation, society, feminism, men-hating, radical views, gender equality, media coverage, extreme feminists, support, feminist positions, radicalisation, pornography, ideologies, hate group, myths, unpopularity, Christina Scharff, Economic & Social Research Council feminist movement, alienation, society, feminism, men-hating, radical feminism, gender equality, media coverage, extreme feminists, headlines, support, self-identification, radicalisation, pornography, ideologies, hate group, Scharff, myths, unpopularity feminism, feminist movement, gender equality, media coverage, radical feminism, pornography, societal support, man-hating, feminist ideologies, publicity, extremism, social acceptance, Christina Scharff, Economic & Social Research Council feminism, feminist movement, gender equality, men-hating, radical feminism, media coverage, societal support, pornography ban, feminist ideologies, hate group, Scharff, Economic & Social Research Council
test-society-simhbrasnba-pro01a	The Whole System is broken  It is not clear that the system works at all. The majority of those who apply for asylum are working-age males, [1] which implies that there is a strong economic angle. And worse still, even if countries decide that an applicant has no basis to their claim they are frequently unable to deport them because they often go missing, as 75,000 in Britain have, [2] or because, perversely, they may be punished on return to their country for having sought refuge. So essentially the asylum system provides a loophole for unrestricted immigration, which is both expensive, and dangerous for states. In the age of global terrorism it is a huge risk to allow undocumented individuals to enter and roam freely within any country.  [1] Blinder, Scott, ‘Migration to the UK: Asylum’, The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford, 23 March 2011.  [2] Whitehead, Tom, ’75,000 asylum seekers have gone missing in past 20 years’, The Telegraph, 6 April 2011. asylum, system, broken, unclear, effectiveness, working-age, males, economic, angle, deportation, missing, undocumented, individuals, unrestricted, immigration, expensive, dangerous, global, terrorism, risk, states, refuge, basis, claim, punishment, return, countries, loophole, Migration, Observatory, Oxford, Blinder, Scott, UK, seekers, Whitehead, Tom, Telegraph, years asylum system, broken, unclear effectiveness, working-age males, economic motivation, deportation challenges, missing asylum seekers, deportation risks, unrestricted immigration, financial burden, security risks, global terrorism, undocumented individuals, state safety, migration policies, asylum claims, refugee crisis, legal loopholes, immigration control, public safety concerns asylum system, broken, economic angle, working-age males, deportation issues, undocumented individuals, global terrorism, security risk, unrestricted immigration, financial burden, asylum seekers, missing applicants, return punishment, Migration Observatory, The Telegraph, Blinder, Whitehead asylum system, broken, unclear, effectiveness, majority, working-age males, economic angle, deportation issues, missing applicants, undocumented individuals, immigration loophole, financial burden, security risk, global terrorism, state vulnerability, asylum seekers, migration, policy failure, Britain, Scott Blinder, The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford, Tom Whitehead, The Telegraph asylum, broken system, working-age males, economic motivation, deportation issues, missing asylum seekers, unrestricted immigration, financial burden, security risks, global terrorism, undocumented individuals, policy failure, migration observatory, telegraph report, asylum seekers statistics
test-economy-epiasghbf-con04a	Where are the men?  Is the feminisation of labour emerging with a de-masculinisation of jobs? If so, how do women cope in the work environment? Are methods being integrated to ensure a just work environment is maintained?  Overa’s (2007) study on gender relations within the informal economy indicates how tensions emerge with women and men being forced into similar occupations. The informal economy of retail trade in Ghana is becoming overcrowded as men enter into female jobs; competition is causing reductions in returns, and further, frustrations are rising against the state. Therefore if more women are entering male jobs, what are the reactions? feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, women in work environment, just work environment, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, competition, job returns, state policies, women entering male jobs, gender reactions, Overa 2007 gender relations, feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, women in work environment, just work environment, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, competition, job returns, state tensions, women entering male jobs, reactions feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, women in work environment, just work environment, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade in Ghana, gender competition, reductions in returns, state role, women entering male jobs, gender reactions feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation, women in work environment, just work environment, gender relations, informal economy, tensions in gender roles, competition in retail trade, Ghana, male jobs, female jobs, state policies, gender reactions, occupational shifts, economic overcrowding, reductions in returns, social frustrations men, feminisation, labour, de-masculinisation, women, coping, work environment, just environment, Overa, 2007, gender relations, informal economy, tensions, occupations, retail trade, Ghana, competition, reductions, returns, frustrations, state, reactions, male jobs
test-education-egscphsrdt-pro03a	No harm to non-drug users  Random drug tests will pose no harm to students who do not use illegal drugs, as they have nothing to fear from this fact being certified. If anything it serves as a vindication of their law-abidance and good character.  Random drug tests will only catch those who are actively taking drugs, as tests can be used which are unlikely to make a 'positive' reading from secondary exposure (for example, being near someone else smoking cannabis).  Those actively taking drugs need help in getting off drugs far more urgently than they need their right to 'privacy', as addiction at a young age could have a significant negative impact upon the remainder of their time in education. Therefore, non-drug users have nothing to fear from testing. As a result random checks are in the best interests of drug users. non-drug users, random drug tests, harm, law-abidance, good character, vindication, privacy, addiction, education, young age, drug users, secondary exposure, cannabis, positive reading, urgent help, random checks, best interests non-drug users, random drug tests, harm, law-abidance, good character, active drug users, privacy, addiction, young age, education, random checks, best interests, secondary exposure, cannabis, positive reading non-drug users, random drug tests, harm, law-abidance, good character, vindication, positive reading, secondary exposure, cannabis, active drug use, addiction, young age, education, privacy, random checks, best interests, drug users non-drug users, random drug tests, no harm, law-abidance, good character, active drug users, secondary exposure, cannabis, need help, addiction, young age, negative impact, education, best interests, privacy rights non-drug users, random drug tests, harm, law-abidance, good character, privacy, addiction, education, youth, drug-users, vindication, secondary exposure, drug testing, privacy rights, young age, impact on education, random checks, best interests, help for drug users
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con04a	The use of meta data causes unintentional harm  The other possible harm is unintentional. The amount of data involved is huge and too much even for a vast organization like the NSA to actually physically look at. Instead it uses data mining. This is why the NSA wants data that may seem useless to others. The records of which phone numbers are phoning who, as the NSA was obtaining of Verizon, might seem useless but can tell them who you are contacting, and how much contact time they have. In turn they could look at who your contacts have been talking to and if it turns out that several of them talk regularly to suspected terrorists then even if you are innocent a finger of suspicion might be pointed. There has even been a study showing that individuals can be identified from just the time of call and nearest cell phone tower after just four calls. [1] PRISM gives the NSA even more ‘useless’ data to play with. The results of this data mining may usually be accurate but will not always be so and the result of being flagged like this can be problematic for individuals. It may mean additional airport security, having problems getting a visa, [2] or in the worst case finding its way onto a no fly list.  [1] De Montjoye, Yves-Alexandre, et al., ‘Unique in the Crowd: The privacy bounds of human mobility’, Scientific Reports, 3, 25 March 2013,   [2] Brown, Ian, ‘Yes, NSA surveillance should worry the law-abiding’, guardian.co.uk, 10 June 2013, meta data, unintentional harm, data mining, NSA, Verizon, phone numbers, contact time, PRISM, airport security, visa problems, no fly list, privacy, human mobility, Ian Brown, Yves-Alexandre De Montjoye meta data, unintentional harm, data mining, NSA, vast organization, phone numbers, contacts, suspected terrorists, PRISM, useless data, accurate results, airport security, visa problems, no fly list, privacy, human mobility, law-abiding, surveillance, Ian Brown, Yves-Alexandre De Montjoye meta data, unintentional harm, data mining, NSA, PRISM, Verizon, phone records, privacy, human mobility, airport security, no fly list, visa problems, surveillance, law-abiding, suspicion, contacts, terrorists, call time, cell phone tower meta data, unintentional harm, data mining, NSA, PRISM, Verizon, phone records, terrorist contacts, suspicion, privacy, human mobility, airport security, visa problems, no fly list meta data, unintentional harm, data mining, NSA, PRISM, phone records, privacy, surveillance, individual identification, cell phone tower, call time, flagged individuals, airport security, visa problems, no fly list, human mobility, privacy bounds, vast organization, useless data, suspected terrorists, contact time, data accuracy, problematic outcomes, law-abiding citizens, study, scientific reports, guardian, Ian Brown, Yves-Alexandre De Montjoye
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con03a	"The desire for, and fight for, democracy must come from within or else democratic government will not be sustainable.  Unless the people within a country want democracy, they will not respect it. Unlike military dictatorships, democratic governments do not rely solely -- or even mainly-- on force to enforce the law. Rather, most people obey the law at least in part because they believe those laws are legitimate, as the result of free and fair elections. If citizens do not want such an electoral system, then there is no reason for them to obey the law, pay taxes etc. and the government will be unable to maintain order. Indeed, foreign-imposed democracies often slide back into authoritarian regimes because they find that they cannot uphold the law (at least without foreign support). Enterline and Greig found in a 2007 empirical study that half of imposed democracies fail within 30 years, and that this failure reduces the likelihood of democracy being successfully established in the future1/2.  1 Enterline, Andrew J. and Greig, J. Michael. ""Against All Odds? Historical Trends in Imposed Democracy & the Future of Iraq &Afghanistan.""  2 Doyle, Michael. ""Promoting Democracy is Not Imposing Democracy."" The Huffington Post. democracy, sustainable, internal desire, citizen respect, law obedience, legitimacy, free elections, imposed democracies, authoritarian regression, foreign support, empirical study, failure rate, future prospects, promotion vs imposition, Michael Doyle, Andrew Enterline, J. Michael Greig, Iraq, Afghanistan democracy, internal desire, sustainability, respect for law, legitimacy, free elections, obedience, tax compliance, order maintenance, foreign-imposed, authoritarian regression, empirical study, failure rate, future prospects, imposed vs organic, political legitimacy, civilian participation, governance stability, electoral systems, international intervention, self-sustaining democracy, law enforcement, societal consent, democratic values, political culture, institutional strength, external influence, internal resistance, democratic transition, political reform, public support, democratic institutions, rule of law, civil society, political engagement, electoral processes, democratic consolidation, authoritarianism, governance, political systems, democratization, state legitimacy democracy, sustainability, internal desire, foreign imposition, authoritarianism, legitimacy, electoral systems, law enforcement, citizen obedience, taxes, order maintenance, empirical studies, imposed democracies, failure rates, future prospects, historical trends, Iraq, Afghanistan, promotion, imposition democracy, internal desire, sustainability, citizen respect, legitimacy, free elections, law enforcement, military dictatorship, foreign-imposed, authoritarianism, electoral system, tax compliance, order maintenance, empirical study, imposed democracies, failure rate, historical trends, Iraq, Afghanistan, promoting democracy, not imposing democracy democracy, sustainable, internal desire, citizen respect, military dictatorship, law enforcement, legitimacy, free elections, tax compliance, order maintenance, foreign-imposed, authoritarian regression, empirical study, failure rate, future prospects, Iraq, Afghanistan, promotion, imposition"
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-pro02a	More women in the labour market leads to higher GDP  By introducing gender quotas to ensure gender equality, one could not only increase the labour force by bringing more women but also enhance the labour productivity and the available talent pool in a country. This would stimulate businesses to expand, innovate, and compete. This process has an effect of raising tax revenue and social security payments. The overall effect is the positive growth of the economy.  Therefore, addressing social injustice and higher economic returns are mutually supportive goals.  This argument is particularly relevant for qualified women who could be hired at executive positions, but are prevented from doing so due to cultural beliefs, societal practices, and lack of economic and institutional support. A study by Asa Löfström on the links between economic growth and productivity in the labour market argues that if women’s productivity level rises to the level of men’s, Europe’s GDP could grow 27% which makes women’s participation is of crucial importance to Europe’s economy. [1] Quotas would allow for a better utilisation of the talent pool; as currently, 59% of the students graduating from Europe’s higher educational institutes are women. [2] With the current access to education and the introduction of quotas against barriers of existing prejudices, women will have incentives and support to increase their productivity  In the case of Norway, the quota law requires all public, state-owned , municipal, inter-municipal and cooperative companies to appoint at least 40% women on their boards per 2008. The law led to a fast increase from 6% women on boards of public limited companies in 2002 to  36% in 2008. [3]  [1] Löfström, Asa. Gender Equality, Economic Growth and Employment. Swedish Presidency of the European Union, 2009. Web.  [2] European Parliament, “Gender Quotas in Management Boards”, 2012  [3] Working Paper: “The Quota-instrument: Different Approaches across Europe”. N.p.: European Commission’s Network to Promote Women in Decision-making in Politics and the Economy, 2011. Web. women, labour market, GDP, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force, labour productivity, talent pool, economy, tax revenue, social security, businesses, innovation, competition, social injustice, economic returns, executive positions, cultural beliefs, societal practices, institutional support, Asa Löfström, economic growth, productivity, Europe, education, Norway, quota law, public companies, state-owned companies, municipal companies, cooperative companies, board representation, European Union, management boards, decision-making, politics, economy, prejudices, productivity increase, gender diversity, corporate governance, gender parity, female leadership, workforce participation, economic impact, policy women, labour market, GDP, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force, labour productivity, talent pool, economy, tax revenue, social security, social injustice, economic returns, executive positions, cultural beliefs, societal practices, institutional support, Asa Löfström, Europe, productivity, education, Norway, board representation, public companies, state-owned companies, municipal companies, cooperative companies, quota law, management boards, European Parliament, decision-making, politics, economy, European Commission, gender balance, business expansion, innovation, competition, economic growth, employment, social equity, inclusive policies, workforce diversity women, labour market, GDP, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force, labour productivity, talent pool, economic growth, tax revenue, social security, social injustice, executive positions, cultural beliefs, societal practices, institutional support, Asa Löfström, Europe, productivity, students, education, Norway, quota law, board positions, public companies, state-owned companies, municipal companies, cooperative companies, European Parliament, decision-making, politics, economy, European Commission women, labour market, GDP, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force, labour productivity, talent pool, economic growth, tax revenue, social security, social injustice, economic returns, executive positions, cultural beliefs, societal practices, institutional support, Asa Löfström, productivity level, Europe, education, quota law, Norway, public companies, boards, European Union, management boards, decision-making, politics, economy women, labour market, GDP, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force, labour productivity, talent pool, economic growth, social justice, executive positions, cultural beliefs, societal practices, institutional support, Asa Löfström, Europe, students, education, Norway, board, quota law, public companies, state-owned companies, municipal companies, cooperative companies, European Parliament, decision-making, politics, economy, European Commission
test-politics-glghssi-con02a	The union has worked for over three hundred years and most people feel comfortable with the joint Scots/British identity  For over three centuries the two nations have cooperated much to their mutual advantage. The majority of Scots are happy with their British-ness.  In terms of culture and art the two nations have maintained distinctive traditions but ones which have been enhanced by their interaction. There are many people who have relatives from Scotland and another of the Home Nations for whom British is the more obvious identity. [i]  After centuries of fighting with each other the Union brought peace and mutual benefit.  [i] Mitchell, David, ‘If Scotland does secede, I won’t be alone in mourning for my country’, The Observer, 15 May 2011, Union, three hundred years, Scots, British identity, cooperation, mutual advantage, Scottish culture, British culture, interaction, relatives, Home Nations, British identity, peace, mutual benefit, Scotland, secession, mourning, country, Mitchell, David, The Observer, 2011 Union, three hundred years, Scots, British identity, cooperation, mutual advantage, Scottish culture, British culture, interaction, relatives, Home Nations, British identity, peace, mutual benefit, Scotland, secession, mourning, country, Mitchell, David, The Observer Union, Scots, British, identity, cooperation, mutual advantage, Scottish culture, British culture, Home Nations, British identity, peace, mutual benefit, Scottish secession, mourning, country, David Mitchell, The Observer union, three hundred years, Scots, British identity, cooperation, mutual advantage, Scottish culture, British culture, interaction, relatives, Home Nations, British identity, peace, mutual benefit, secession, mourning, country, The Observer, David Mitchell union, three hundred years, Scots, British identity, cooperation, mutual advantage, Scottish culture, British culture, interaction, relatives, Home Nations, British identity, peace, mutual benefit, Scotland, secession, mourning, country, David Mitchell, The Observer
test-science-dssghsdmd-con02a	The political consequences of the system make the world less safe  Many countries look upon the national missile defense program of the United States as a serious threat to their security. Russia stands at the forefront of this group, and has for several years actively opposed the development of an anti-ballistic missile technology. If the program is a success and only the United States and its close strategic allies possess the ability to develop such defenses, they will have a marked advantage over all other countries in terms of fighting ability, as the United States would be able to use its own ballistic missiles to intimidate and attack its opponents while being effectively immune to retaliation. Fears over the development of the system have led Russia to make extremely threatening postures on its European border; when the United States planned to deploy a battery of interceptor missiles in Poland in 2008, Russia responded by increasing troop numbers along its European borders and even threatened to deploy its own battery of short-range nuclear missiles on the border (Harding, 2007). This sort of conflict is extremely dangerous, and raises the chance of international conflict escalating into war. Such an outcome is extremely undesirable, and the defensive capabilities of a missile shield are not enough to warrant such risks. Furthermore, the United Nations has sought to end research into anti-ballistic missile technology, and has on several occasions called on the United States to stop its testing (Reuters, 1999). Much of the international community fears the instability that might arise from the breaking down of the current world order of nuclear deterrence between states. political consequences, national missile defense, United States, threat to security, Russia, opposition, anti-ballistic missile technology, strategic advantage, ballistic missiles, international conflict, war, United Nations, research halt, nuclear deterrence, world order, international community, instability, Poland, interceptor missiles, troop deployment, short-range nuclear missiles, European border, risk, defensive capabilities political consequences, national missile defense, strategic threat, Russia opposition, anti-ballistic missile technology, United States allies, fighting advantage, ballistic missiles, Russian military response, European border tensions, international conflict, war risks, United Nations intervention, nuclear deterrence, global security, missile shield controversy, international relations, US defense policy, strategic stability political consequences, national missile defense, United States, threat to security, Russia, anti-ballistic missile, strategic allies, marked advantage, fighting ability, ballistic missiles, retaliation, threatening postures, European border, Poland, short-range nuclear missiles, international conflict, war, United Nations, research, anti-ballistic missile technology, testing, international community, nuclear deterrence, world order, instability political consequences, system, world safety, national missile defense, United States, threat, security, Russia, opposition, anti-ballistic missile technology, strategic allies, fighting ability, intimidation, attack, immunity, retaliation, European border, Poland, interceptor missiles, short-range nuclear missiles, conflict, international conflict, war, United Nations, research, anti-ballistic missile, testing, international community, nuclear deterrence, world order, instability political consequences, national missile defense, United States, security threat, Russia, anti-ballistic missile, strategic advantage, international conflict, missile shield, United Nations, nuclear deterrence, global instability, troop movements, Poland, deployment, short-range nuclear missiles, international opposition, defensive capabilities, world order, postures, European border, retaliation, war, undesirable outcome, research halt, testing cessation, strategic allies, marked advantage, fighting ability, ballistic missiles, intimidation, attacks, threatening, extremely dangerous, escalation, risks, defensive technology, international community, fears, breaking down, nuclear deterrence, states, order, stability, peace, security
test-law-ralhrilglv-pro01a	A delay is necessary for national security  Kenya is at risk of terrorist attack. Al-Shabab, a group linked to Al Qaeda have launched a number of attacks against Kenya. In addition to the Westgate massacre, there have been grenade attacks on bus terminals [1] and suicide bombings in refugee camps [2] .  Kenya’s waters are also used by Somali based pirates as a ground for attacks on international shipping, including possibly targeting ships travelling towards the port of Mombasa.  It is more important to the international community to have credible action taken in order to protect the Kenyan people from terrorism. This needs a strong Kenyan government – which means that there cannot be a change due to an international trial.  [1] Associated Press, “Two grenade blasts rattle Nairobi; 1 dead”, USA Today, 25/10/2011   [2] Ombati, Cyrus, “Terror suspects die after bombs explode on them”, Standard Digital News, national security, Kenya, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Somali pirates, international shipping, port of Mombasa, international community, credible action, Kenyan government, international trial national security, Kenya, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Somali pirates, international shipping, port of Mombasa, international community, credible action, Kenyan government, international trial delay, national security, Kenya, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Kenyan waters, Somali pirates, international shipping, port of Mombasa, international community, credible action, Kenyan people, terrorism, strong Kenyan government, international trial, Associated Press, USA Today, Cyrus Ombati, Standard Digital News delay, national security, Kenya, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Kenyan waters, Somali pirates, international shipping, port of Mombasa, international community, credible action, Kenyan people, terrorism, strong Kenyan government, international trial, Associated Press, USA Today, Standard Digital News delay, national security, Kenya, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, waters, Somali, pirates, international shipping, port of Mombasa, international community, credible action, Kenyan people, terrorism, strong Kenyan government, international trial
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro01a	As a matter of principle, every country, including the United States, has the right to defend itself to the best of its technological and economic ability  The nation-state is the fundamental building block of the international system, and is recognized as such in all international treaties and organizations (Mearsheimer, 1993). States are recognized as having the right to defend themselves, and this right must extend to the possession of a strategic national missile defense system. The United States has every right to develop such a system if it will furnish a greater measure of defense for its citizens and interests. US military technology is the most advanced and prodigiously financed in the world, which is why it is generally the United States that stands at the forefront of new defense and combat systems. The National Missile Defense program is simply the newest tool in the arsenal of the world’s greatest military, whose purpose is entirely defensive. To shield itself from potential ballistic missile, and even nuclear, attack the United States has the right to build a missile shield to defend itself and its allies under its aegis. There is no principled justification for a country to not pursue defense initiatives that benefit itself and that it wishes to pursue. country, United States, right, defend, technological, economic, nation-state, international system, treaties, organizations, Mearsheimer, 1993, defend, possession, strategic national missile defense, citizens, interests, military technology, advanced, financed, National Missile Defense, arsenal, world’s greatest military, defensive, ballistic missile, nuclear, attack, missile shield, allies, aegis, principled justification, defense initiatives, benefit country, United States, right, defend, technological, economic, nation-state, international system, treaties, organizations, Mearsheimer, states, defense, strategic, national missile, citizens, military technology, advanced, financed, new defense, combat systems, National Missile Defense, arsenal, world’s greatest military, defensive, ballistic missile, nuclear, attack, missile shield, allies, aegis, principled justification, defense initiatives, benefit, pursue country, United States, defend, technological, economic, nation-state, international system, treaties, organizations, right, defend, strategic, national missile defense, citizens, interests, military technology, advanced, financed, defense, combat systems, National Missile Defense, newest tool, arsenal, world’s greatest military, shield, ballistic missile, nuclear, attack, allies, aegis, principled justification, defense initiatives, benefit country, United States, right, defend, technological, economic, nation-state, international system, treaties, organizations, Mearsheimer, 1993, states, defense, strategic national missile defense, citizens, interests, military technology, advanced, financed, new defense, combat systems, National Missile Defense, arsenal, world’s greatest military, defensive, shield, ballistic missile, nuclear, attack, allies, aegis, principled justification, defense initiatives, benefit nation-state, international system, self-defense, technological ability, economic ability, United States, national missile defense, Mearsheimer, international treaties, international organizations, defensive rights, military technology, National Missile Defense program, ballistic missile defense, nuclear attack, allies, principled justification, defense initiatives
test-politics-ypppdghwid-pro01a	"Interventions can be successful given the right conditions.  Certain factors may increase the chance of success: for example imposing democracy on a nation with which there were once colonial relationships increases the expected lifespan of the democracy. Democratic transitions in general also tend to be more successful if economic conditions are better. Obviously we are not advocating imposing democracy on every country which does not have it, but if there are strong enough institutions and conditions, imposition can work and there have been past successes like Germany and Japan post WWII that show the worth of imposing democracy1/2.  1 Enterline, Andrew J. and Greig, J. Michael.""Against All Odds? Historical Trends in Imposed Democracy & the Future of Iraq & Afghanistan.""  2 Przeworski et al ""What Makes Democracies Endure?"" Journal of Democracy. interventions, success, conditions, democracy, colonial, relationships, economic, institutions, imposed, Germany, Japan, post-WWII, Enterline, Greig, Przeworski, democracy-endurance, Iraq, Afghanistan interventions, success, conditions, imposing, democracy, colonial, relationships, lifespan, economic, transitions, institutions, Germany, Japan, post-WWII, Enterline, Greig, Przeworski, democracies, endure Interventions, success, conditions, democracy, colonial relationships, economic conditions, democratic transitions, institutions, imposition, Germany, Japan, post WWII, Enterline, Greig, Przeworski, democracies, endurance, Iraq, Afghanistan interventions, success, conditions, democracy, colonial, relationships, economic, transitions, institutions, imposition, Germany, Japan, post-WWII, Enterline, Greig, Przeworski, democracies, endurance, Iraq, Afghanistan interventions, success, conditions, imposing democracy, colonial relationships, economic conditions, democratic transitions, institutions, post WWII, Germany, Japan, Enterline, Greig, Przeworski, democracies endure, Iraq, Afghanistan"
test-science-cpisydfphwj-con02a	Facebook has some dangerous consequences  Facebook is becoming more and more integrated into our lives, but unfortunately the uncertainty of who is at the other end of the computer is proving to be a massive threat to our mental and physical safety.  First of all, undoubtedly, rape is one of the most serious and unforgiveable crimes anyone can commit, as it leaves permanent physical and mental scars on women. Unfortunately, Facebook is used by troubled men to take advantage of naive women. They use Facebook in order to get in touch with their victims (often posing as someone who he is not), and after they get to know each other, after he gained the victims trust he deceives her into meeting him, a mistake she’ll regret forever. As physical integrity is one of the rights most fundamental rights, and as Facebook is facilitating the violation of this right, it is absolutely clear that these social networks are detrimental to the society.(1)(2)  Secondly, another level on which Facebook is harmful is cyber bullying. It affects many adolescents and teens on a daily basis. Cyber bullying involves using technology to bully or harass another person. Sending mean Facebook messages or threats to a person, spreading rumours online or posting hurtful or threatening messages on social networking sites are just a few of the ways in which a lot of children get bullied every single day.  “Despite the potential damage of cyber bullying, it is alarmingly common among adolescents and teens. According to Cyber bullying statistics from the i-SAFE foundation:  Over half of adolescents and teens have been bullied online, and about the same number have engaged in cyber bullying. More than 1 in 3 young people have experienced cyberthreats online.”(3)  (1) Justin Davenport “Hunt for ‘Facebook rapists’ before they can strike again” London Evening Standard, 15 November 2012   (2) “Two men gang-rape girl in Kota after befriending her on Facebook”, Times of India, Aug 21, 2013   (3) Bullying Statistics Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, technology, harassment, social networks, bullying statistics, online threats, victim, trust, social media, crime, security, violence, digital safety, online predators, mental health, physical integrity, fundamental rights, societal impact, cyber threats, online bullying, rumors, harm, threat, technology abuse, internet safety, digital footprints, stalking, privacy invasion, user protection, online security measures, social media responsibility, safe internet practices, cyber security, awareness, prevention, digital literacy, mental scars, physical scars, stalking, harassment, user verification Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, online bullying, harassment, cyberthreats, Facebook rapists, gang-rape, befriending, social networks, detrimental, society, permanent scars, technology, mean messages, threats, rumours, social networking sites, bullying statistics, i-SAFE foundation Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, cyberthreats, social networks, harm, society, bullying statistics, i-SAFE foundation, Facebook rapists, online predators, technology abuse, harassment, rumour spreading, online threats, victim trust, physical integrity, fundamental rights, naive women, troubled men, deceptive practices, online safety, digital abuse Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, cyber threats, online predators, social networks, harassment, technology misuse, bullying statistics, online security, digital safety, privacy concerns, victim deception, trust exploitation Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, cyber threats, social networks, societal impact, online predators, bullying statistics, technology misuse, victim trust, deception, harassment, online rumors, i-SAFE foundation, FB rapists, gang rape, Kota, London Evening Standard, Times of India, bullying prevention, online safety
test-health-dhpelhbass-con02a	"If someone is threatening to kill themselves it is your moral duty to try to stop them  Those who commit suicide are not evil, and those who attempt to take their own lives are not prosecuted. However, it is your moral duty to try and prevent people from committing suicide. You would not, for example, simply ignore a man standing on a ledge and threatening to jump simply because it is his choice; and you would definitely not assist in his suicide by pushing him. In the same way, you should try to help a person with a terminal illness, not help them to die. With the exception of the libertarian position that each person has a right against others that they not interfere with her suicidal intentions. Little justification is necessary for actions that aim to prevent another's suicide but are non-coercive. Pleading with a suicidal individual, trying to convince her of the value of continued life, recommending counseling, etc. are morally unproblematic, since they do not interfere with the individual's conduct or plans except by engaging her rational capacities (Cosculluela 1994, 35; Cholbi 2002, 252). [1] The impulse toward suicide is often short-lived, ambivalent, and influenced by mental illnesses such as depression. While these facts together do not appear to justify intervening in others' suicidal intentions, they are indicators that the suicide may be undertaken with less than full rationality. Yet given the added fact that death is irreversible, when these factors are present, they justify intervention in others' suicidal plans on the grounds that suicide is not in the individual's interests as they would rationally conceive those interests. We might call this the ‘no regrets' or ‘err on the side of life’ approach to suicide intervention (Martin 1980; Pabst Battin 1996, 141; Cholbi 2002). [2]  [1] Cholbi, Michael, ""Suicide"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),  #DutTowSui (accessed 7/6/2011)  [2] Cholbi, Michael, ""Suicide"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),  #DutTowSui (accessed 7/6/2011) suicide prevention, moral duty, suicide intervention, non-coercive actions, rational capacities, mental illness, depression, terminal illness, libertarian position, no regrets, err on the side of life, irreversible death, suicidal intentions, ethical considerations, suicide assistance, moral obligation, societal norms, compassionate response, public health, psychological support, lifeline services, suicidehotline, mental health awareness, crisis intervention, ethical philosophy, moral reasoning, voluntary euthanasia, autonomy, human rights, ethical dilemmas, Cholbi, Cosculluela, Martin, Pabst Battin, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy moral duty, suicide prevention, non-coercive intervention, rational capacities, mental illness, depression, irreversible death, err on the side of life, libertarian position, suicidal intentions, terminal illness, counseling, value of life, short-lived impulse, ambivalence, rational interests, ethical responsibility, non-interference, moral justification, suicidal plans, Cholbi, Cosculluela, Pabst Battin, Martin, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy suicide, moral duty, prevention, intervention, non-coercive actions, rational capacities, mental illness, depression, terminal illness, libertarian position, ethical considerations, reversible, no regrets, err on the side of life, suicidal intentions, value of life, counseling, rationality, irreversible, Cholbi, Cosculluela, Martin, Pabst Battin, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy suicide, moral duty, prevention, non-coercive intervention, rationality, mental illness, depression, terminal illness, libertarian position, no regrets, err on the side of life, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Cholbi, ethical considerations, suicidal intentions, public health, legal implications, coercive measures, persuasive dialogue, counseling, life value, irreversible death, moral philosophy, human rights, autonomy, well-being, public policy, suicide prevention strategies, ethical debates, intervention ethics, suicide risk factors, mental health support, societal responsibilities, individual freedoms, moral obligations, ethical principles, proactive measures, supportive care, legal frameworks, suicide, moral duty, prevention, non-coercive intervention, rationality, mental illness, depression, terminal illness, libertarian position, no regrets, err on the side of life, ethical considerations, suicidal intentions, counseling, value of life, reversible, irreversible, impulse, ambivalence, Cholbi, Cosculluela, Pabst Battin, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
test-health-dhpelhbass-con03a	Only God can give and take away life  Life is Sacred so no one has the right to take a life, this includes ones own. As a result both suicide and assisted suicide are wrong. There are many passages within the bible that speak of the idea that God has appointed a time for all to die, 'Hebrews 9:27, “And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgement:” Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, “To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven: A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted;” Ecclesiastes 7:17, “Be not over much wicked, neither be thou foolish: why shouldest thou die before thy time?” [1] In addition to this, physicians are nowhere in Scripture given authority to take someone's life. Apart from the government in the case of capital punishment, all other human beings are given the commandment “Thou shalt not kill,” Exodus 20:13 and “Thou shalt do no murder,” Matthew 19:18. [2]  [1] Pastor Art Kohl, 'The Bible Speaks on Euthanasia', Political Science and the Bible, 2002  (accessed 6/6/2011)  [2] Pastor Art Kohl, 'The Bible Speaks on Euthanasia', Political Science and the Bible, 2002  (accessed 6/6/2011) God, life, sacred, suicide, assisted suicide, Bible, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, physicians, authority, commandment, Exodus 20:13, Matthew 19:18, capital punishment, Pastor Art Kohl, euthanasia, Political Science and the Bible God, life, sacred, suicide, assisted suicide, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, Bible, euthanasia, physicians, commandment, Exodus 20:13, Matthew 19:18, capital punishment, Pastor Art Kohl, Political Science and the Bible God, life, sacred, suicide, assisted-suicide, Bible, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, physicians, Scripture, commandment, Exodus 20:13, Matthew 19:18, Pastor Art Kohl, euthanasia, Political Science and the Bible God, life, sacred, suicide, assisted suicide, Bible, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, commandment, kill, murder, Exodus 20:13, Matthew 19:18, Physician, authority, capital punishment, Pastor Art Kohl, euthanasia, Political Science and the Bible God, life, Sacred, suicide, assisted suicide, Bible, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, physicians, Scripture, commandment, Exodus 20:13, Matthew 19:18, Pastor Art Kohl, Euthanasia, Political Science and the Bible
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-pro04a	The current House of Lords is undemocratic  The House of Lords is undemocratic. Currently the members of the House of Lords consist of hereditary peers, senior members of the Church of England and those appointed by political parties. Whether or not there is an abuse of power or the outcome of the House of Lords is beside the point – its very existence in its current state is undemocratic and as such it should be reformed. It seems nonsensical that a country that lectures to the rest of the world the importance of democracy, to the point of war, should overlook such a grievance in their own society. House of Lords, undemocratic, hereditary peers, Church of England, political appointments, reform, democracy, political controversy, UK politics, legislative body, democratic principles, societal standards, international hypocrisy, governance issues undemocratic, House of Lords, hereditary peers, Church of England, political appointments, reform, democracy, societal grievance, lectures democracy, war for democracy House of Lords, undemocratic, hereditary peers, Church of England, political appointments, democracy, reform, UK politics, legislative body, parliamentary system, democratic principles, government structure, British constitution, political representation, democratic deficit, national governance, institutional critique, political reform, civic education, public policy, legislative process, democratic accountability, political theory, democratic governance, parliamentary reform, democratization, political legitimacy, governance standards, international comparison, constitutional monarchy, legislative checks and balances, political science, civil rights, political engagement, democratic values, societal critique, political debate House of Lords, undemocratic, hereditary peers, Church of England, political appointments, democracy, reform, governance, political system, British politics, parliamentary system, democratic principles, criticism, political debate, institutional change, constitutional reform undemocratic, House of Lords, hereditary peers, Church of England, political appointments, reform, democracy, societal grievance, international hypocrisy
test-society-epiasghbf-con02a	Women need alternatives for empowerment  Empowerment cannot be gained for women through employment, alternatives are required. A gender lens needs to be applied to women’s life course from the start. To tackle the discriminatory causes of gender inequality access to sexual and reproductive health rights is required for women. Access to such rights ensures women in Africa will be able to control their body, go to school, and choose the type of employment they wish to enter into.  The importance of enabling sexual and reproductive health rights for women is being put on the agenda for Africa [1] . There is a lot to be done beyond workforce participation - ending violence against women, promoting equal access to resources, opportunities and participation. Such features will reinforce women’s labour market participation, but in the jobs they want.  [1] See further readings: Chissano, 2013; Puri, 2013. women, empowerment, alternatives, gender, lens, life, course, gender, inequality, sexual, reproductive, health, rights, women, Africa, body, control, education, employment, violence, women, equal, access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour, market, jobs, readings, Chissano, 2013, Puri, 2013 women empowerment, alternatives, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual health rights, reproductive health rights, women in Africa, body control, education, employment choice, ending violence, equal access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour market, job preference, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013 women, empowerment, alternatives, gender, inequality, sexual, reproductive, health, rights, Africa, body, school, employment, violence, resources, opportunities, participation, labour, market, jobs, Chissano, 2013, Puri, 2013 women, empowerment, alternatives, gender, lens, life, course, sexual, reproductive, health, rights, Africa, body, school, employment, violence, equal, access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour, market, jobs, Chissano, 2013, Puri, 2013 women, empowerment, alternatives, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, women in Africa, body control, education, employment choice, ending violence against women, equal access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour market participation, Chissano, 2013, Puri, 2013
test-economy-egiahbwaka-con01a	Natural resources are key  Africa has a very significant amount of resources that have not yet been exploited and put to good use. The continent has 12% of the world's oil reserves, 40% of its gold, and 80% to 90% of its chromium and platinum. Moreover, it is home to 60% of the world’s underutilized arable land and has vast timber resources. [1]  Given the economic changes, and the recent continent’s economical upraise, Africa has now a real opportunity to capitalize on their resource endowments and high international commodity prices. [2] The major point is that Africa’s resources fuel the world. Commodities from laptops to cell phones, cars or airplanes, all are made from using minerals that come from Africa. For example, catalytic converters are fitted to cars in order to reduce air pollution. Platinum and rhodium are the key components, both resources found in abundance in Africa. Cell phones or laptops use parts made out of tantalum, which is exported from African countries such as Mozambique or Rwanda, and so on. [3]  Africa is also the continent, excluding Antarctica, which is least explored so has most potential growth in raw materials. New explorations reveal much larger reserves than previously known. If these resources and wealth are well managed, in an efficient and equitable way, it could boost Africa’s economy, helping all categories of people, from women to children, offering jobs and generally raising the level of life on the continent.  [1] Lopes, Carlos, and Tony Elumelu, ‘How Africa’s natural resources can drive industrial revolution’, CNN, 20 November 2013,   [2] Economic Commission for Africa, ‘Making the Most of Africa’s Commodities: Industrializing for Growth, Jobs and Economic Transformation’, uneca.org, 2013,   [3] Tutton, Mark, and Milena Veselinovic, ‘How Africa’s resources fuel the world’, CNN, 25 July 2013, Natural resources, Africa, unexploited resources, oil reserves, gold, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber, economic changes, commodity prices, resource endowments, minerals, catalytic converters, platinum, rhodium, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, raw materials, exploration, wealth management, industrial revolution, economic transformation, jobs, life improvement, women, children, CNN, Lopes, Elumelu, Economic Commission for Africa, Tutton, Veselinovic Africa, natural resources, oil reserves, gold, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber resources, economic uprise, resource endowments, commodity prices, minerals, catalytic converters, platinum, rhodium, cell phones, laptops, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, industrial revolution, economic transformation, raw materials, resource management, job creation, life improvement, women, children Natural resources, Africa, economic potential, oil reserves, gold, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber, economic growth, commodity prices, resource management, industrial revolution, economic transformation, mineral exports, catalytic converters, tantalum, raw materials, exploration, wealth distribution, job creation, life improvement, women empowerment, child welfare Natural resources, Africa, unexploited resources, oil reserves, gold, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber resources, economic changes, economical upraise, resource endowments, international commodity prices, commodities, laptops, cell phones, cars, airplanes, minerals, catalytic converters, platinum, rhodium, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, continents, exploration, raw materials, potential growth, resource management, industrial revolution, economic boost, jobs, life improvement, women, children, economic transformation, CNN, Lopes, Elumelu, Economic Commission for Africa, Tutton, Veselinovic Natural resources, Africa, unexploited, oil reserves, gold, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber, economic changes, commodity prices, resource endowments, catalytic converters, platinum, rhodium, cell phones, laptops, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, industrial revolution, wealth management, economic growth, jobs, life improvement, women, children, raw materials, exploration, potential growth
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con03a	China is a threat to regional stability  China poses a threat to regional and international peace and should not be encouraged and helped by European arms sales. It has territorial disputes with most of its neighbours, particularly over oil and gas reserves in the South China Sea. The regime has also encouraged an assertive nationalism, damaging relations with Japan, for example with protests over the Japanese detention of a Chinese fisherman who rammed a Japanese coast guard boat. [1] Most seriously, China claims ownership over Taiwan, [2] a pro-Western Chinese democracy, and is rapidly building up the kinds of military forces it would need for an assault on that island, which it is now believed could be taken in as little as three days, [3] as well as staging exercises designed to intimidate its people. In 2005 the Chinese parliament passed a law that force should be used against Taiwan if it declared formal independence. [4] Quite apart from the principle of backing a repressive state against a democratic one, it is not in the EU's interests to make a war between two of its major trading partners more likely, especially as other powers such as the USA, as has happened in the past in 1995-6, [5] and perhaps Japan are then very likely to be drawn into the conflict.  [1] Banyan, ‘Doth we protest too much’, 2010.   [2] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, ‘What is meant by the Taiwan question?’, 2000.   [3] Miks, Jason, ‘Taiwan War Games’, 2010.   [4] People Daily, ‘China’s parliament adopts Anti-Secession Law’, 2005.   [5] Ross, Robert S., ‘The 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Confrontation’, 2000. China, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, assertive nationalism, Japan, Taiwan, military forces, Chinese democracy, military assault, military exercises, Chinese parliament, Anti-Secession Law, EU interests, major trading partners, USA, Japan, Taiwan Strait Confrontation, 1995-1996 China, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, nationalism, Japan, Taiwan, military forces, military assault, intimidation, Anti-Secession Law, EU, major trading partners, USA, Japan, conflict, 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Confrontation, pro-Western democracy, repression, trade, war China, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, assertive nationalism, Japan, Chinese fisherman, coast guard boat, Taiwan, pro-Western democracy, military forces, military assault, military exercises, intimidation, Chinese parliament, Anti-Secession Law, formal independence, EU interests, major trading partners, USA, Japan, Taiwan Strait Confrontation, 1995-1996 China, threat, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, assertive nationalism, Japan, protests, Japanese coast guard, Taiwan, pro-Western democracy, military forces, military assault, intimidation, Chinese parliament, Anti-Secession Law, EU interests, major trading partners, USA, Japan, conflict, 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Confrontation China, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, assertive nationalism, Japan, Chinese fisherman, Japanese coast guard, Taiwan, pro-Western democracy, military forces, military assault, intimidation, 2005 Anti-Secession Law, EU interests, major trading partners, USA, Japan, 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Confrontation
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-con01a	The Settlements are justified based on the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands after 1967  Settlement construction, and in fact the whole settlement of Jews in the West Bank has to be viewed in the wider context of the Middle East conflict as a whole.  Jews lived in the West Bank for thousands of years before the creation of Israel, and it was only after the 1948 war when Jews were fully ethnically cleansed from the region. While a Diaspora took place among the Arabs of Israel it was neither as deliberate nor as thorough – a large Arab population remained. No Jews remained in the West Bank under Jordanian rule.  As such many of these settlements are not artificial constructions but built on the ruins of pre-1948 Jewish communities.  Furthermore, the same 1967 War that brought on the Israeli conquest of the West Bank was also followed by a new round of pogroms against the nearly 800,000 Jews living in Arab countries more than 95% of which were driven into exile in Israel. [1] Israel has not responded by expelling or compensating them at the expense of their own Arabs, as they would be morally justified in doing, but rather has settled them on empty land in the West Bank. Any claim that the Palestinians have an inherent right to property which they do not explicitly own must also take into account Israel’s need to compensate these refugees.  [1] Aharoni, Ada, ‘The Forced Migration of Jews From Arab Countries and Peace’, August 2002, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt, Settlements, Justification, Expulsion, Jews, Arab Lands, 1967, Construction, West Bank, Middle East Conflict, Historical Context, Jewish Presence, 1948 War, Ethnic Cleansing, Jordanian Rule, Pre-1948 Communities, 1967 War, Pogroms, Jewish Refugees, Arab Countries, Diaspora, Compensation, Israeli Arabs, Property Rights, Palestinians, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt, Ada Aharoni Settlements, West Bank, Jews, Arab lands, 1967 War, expulsion, Diaspora, ethnic cleansing, Jordanian rule, pre-1948 communities, pogroms, refugees, compensation, Palestinians, property rights, Aharoni, Forced Migration, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt Settlements, West Bank, Jewish communities, 1967 War, expulsion, Jews, Arab lands, ethnic cleansing, Middle East conflict, Jordanian rule, 1948 war, Diaspora, Arab population, pogroms, refugees, compensation, Palestinians, property rights, Aharoni, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt Settlements, expulsion, Jews, Arab lands, 1967, construction, West Bank, Middle East conflict, historical context, 1948 war, ethnic cleansing, Diaspora, Jordanian rule, ruins, pre-1948 communities, pogroms, refugees, compensation, inherent right, property, Palestinians, Israel, Arab population, moral justification, Aharoni, Forced Migration, Jews from Arab Countries, peace, Historical Society, Jews from Egypt Settlements, West Bank, Jews, Arab lands, 1967 War, expulsion, Diaspora, ethnic cleansing, Jordanian rule, pre-1948 communities, pogroms, Jewish refugees, Arab countries, compensation, Palestinian property rights, Israel, historical context, Middle East conflict, Aharoni, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt
test-science-cpisydfphwj-con01a	Facebook is bad for life satisfaction  Every single day, there are millions of users sharing photographs, messages and comments across Facebook. Unfortunately, this type of “online socialization” that Facebook has initiated is nothing but detrimental to the teenagers, the most frequent users of the platform. The emotion which is most common when staying online is envy. “Endlessly comparing themselves with peers who have doctored their photographs, amplified their achievements and plagiarised their bons mots can leave Facebook’s users more than a little green-eyed.”(1)  Not only do they get envious, but they also lose their self esteem. As a result, they have the tendency to be isolated and find it harder to socialize and make new friends due to the bad impression they have for themselves. In a poll, 53 per cent of the respondents said the launch of social networking sites had changed their behaviour - and of those, 51 per cent said the impact had been negative.(2 ) One study also backs this statistics up by finding that the more the participants used the site, the more their life satisfaction levels declined.(3)  In conclusion, daily use of social networks has a negative effect on the health of all children and teenagers by making them more prone to anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders.(4)  (1) “Facebook is bad for you”, The Economist, Aug 17th 2013   (2) Laura Donnelly “Facebook and Twitter feed anxiety, study finds” The Telegraph, 08 Jul 2012   (3) “Facebook use 'makes people feel worse about themselves' “, BBC News, 15 August 2013   (4) Larry Rose ”Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids“ American Psychological Association August 6, 2011 Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, negative impact, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networks, health, children, study, The Economist, The Telegraph, BBC News, American Psychological Association Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, detrimental, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networking, behavior change, negative impact, Laura Donnelly, The Telegraph, The Economist, BBC News, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socializing, behavior change, negative impact, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networks, health, Laura Donnelly, The Telegraph, The Economist, BBC News, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networking, behavior change, negative impact, daily use, health effects, children, social media, The Economist, The Telegraph, BBC News, American Psychological Association Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, detrimental, teenagers, frequent users, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, negative impact, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networks, health, children, daily use, life satisfaction decline, online behavior, social media effects, mental health, peer comparison, social networking sites, user behavior, technology impact, digital well-being, youth mental health, social media research, psychological impact, online presence, social interaction, digital age challenges, online achievements, social comparison, green-eyed, self-image, social skills, online communication, youth development, digital psychology, social media studies, mental health
test-international-gsciidffe-pro02a	It is legitimate to undermine illegitimate governments to promote human rights  Autocratic governments that breach their people’s human rights have no legitimacy domestically as they do not represent the people or protect their interests. They also have no international legitimacy, as they are violating their obligations that they have signed up to through various international agreements such as the universal declaration of human rights [1] and the international covenant on civil and political rights [2] which oblige states to respect their citizen’s human rights. Other states therefore are legitimate in acting for the people of the repressed state to undermine their government and take up their cause. By imposing censorship the government is violating its people's freedom of expression which that government has promised to uphold therefore it is right that other governments should endeavour to uphold that standard. It was therefore right for the west to undermine the USSR and the communist governments of Eastern Europe through radio broadcasts such as Voice of America and Radio Free Europe, they gained immense audiences, a third of urban adults in the USSR and almost half of East Europeans with these sources often being considered more credible. [3]  [1] UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III),   [2] UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171,   [3] Johnson, A. Ross, and Parta, R. Eugene, “Cold War International Broadcasting: Lessons Learned”, Briefing to the Rancho Mirage Seminar,  p.54 legitimacy, undermining, illegitimate, governments, human, rights, autocratic, breach, domestic, international, obligations, universal, declaration, civil, political, censorship, freedom, expression, west, undermine, USSR, communist, radio, broadcasts, Voice, America, Free, Europe, audiences, credible, Cold, War, international, broadcasting, lessons, learned legitimacy, undermining, illegitimate, governments, human, rights, autocratic, breach, domestic, international, obligations, universal, declaration, civil, political, censorship, freedom, expression, USSR, communist, Eastern, Europe, radio, broadcasts, Voice, America, Free, Europe, Cold, War, international, broadcasting, lessons, learned legitimacy, undermining, illegitimate, governments, human, rights, autocratic, breaches, domestic, international, obligations, universal, declaration, civil, political, censorship, freedom, expression, USSR, communist, Eastern, Europe, Voice, America, Radio, Free, broadcasts, audiences, credibility, Cold, War, international, broadcasting, lessons, learned legitimacy, undermine, illegitimate, governments, human rights, autocratic, domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, state obligations, universal declaration of human rights, international covenant on civil and political rights, freedom of expression, censorship, USSR, communist governments, Eastern Europe, Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, Cold War, international broadcasting, freedom promotion, state responsibilities, civil rights, political rights, international agreements, moral duty, intervention, propaganda, information dissemination, democratic values, repressed state, credible sources, audience impact, Western efforts, ethical justification, human rights violations, state sovereignty, international law, freedom fighters, resistance movements, legitimacy, undermining, illegitimate, governments, human, rights, autocratic, domestic, international, universal, declaration, civil, political, censorship, freedom, expression, west, USSR, communist, radio, broadcasts, voice, america, free, europe, cold, war, international, broadcasting, lessons, learned
test-culture-ascidfakhba-pro03a	The creative commons is a more effective means for artists to build and expand their reach and markets than traditional copyright licensing arrangements  The nature of the internet and mass media on the 21st century is such that many artists can benefit from the freedom and flexibility that creative commons licenses furnish to them. Wider use by other artists and laymen alike helps artistic works “go viral” and to gain major impact that allow the artist to generate a name for his or herself and to attain the levels of earnings conventional copyrights are meant to help artists generate but that ultimately hamstring them. A major example of this is the band Nine Inch Nails, which opted in 2008 to begin releasing its albums through the creative commons. [1] Creative commons licenses are so remarkable because they can be deployed by artists to expand their markets, and to profit even more from their greater recognition. After all, the artists still retain control of the commercial uses of their work and are guaranteed under creative commons licensing regulations to be credited by users of their content. [2] Giving undue artistic and distribution control to the artists through constricting and outmoded copyright may mean less significant reach and impact of the work. The state should thus facilitate the sharing by mandating the distribution of art of all kinds under creative commons licenses.  [1] Anderson, N., “Free Nine Inch Nails albums top 2008 Amazon MP3 sales charts”, arstechnica, 7 January 2009,   [2] Creative Commons. “About the Licenses”. 2010. creative commons, artists, reach, markets, traditional copyright, internet, mass media, 21st century, flexibility, viral, impact, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, commercial uses, recognition, control, distribution, state, sharing, licenses, arstechnica, Amazon MP3, sales, 2008, 2010 creative commons, artists, reach, markets, traditional copyright, licensing, internet, mass media, 21st century, freedom, flexibility, viral, impact, name recognition, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, 2008, albums, Amazon MP3, sales, control, commercial uses, credit, users, content, state, facilitate, sharing, mandating, distribution, art Creative Commons, copyright, artists, markets, reach, internet, mass media, 21st century, flexibility, viral, impact, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, albums, release, control, commercial uses, recognition, profit, distribution, state, sharing, mandating, art, licenses creative commons, traditional copyright, artists, markets, reach, internet, mass media, 21st century, freedom, flexibility, viral, impact, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, 2008, albums, Amazon MP3, sales, commercial uses, control, distribution, significance, state, sharing, licensing, regulations, credits, outmoded, constricting, artistic, work, mandate, art types Creative Commons, traditional copyright, artists, market expansion, internet, mass media, 21st century, viral, recognition, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, control, commercial use, attribution, sharing, distribution, state mandate, art, licensing regulations
test-international-gmehwasr-con02a	Arming the rebels would be unpopular  Ten years after the Iraq war interventions in the Middle East are no more popular than they were back in 2003. Getting involved in Syria would not be popular no matter how small the commitment. In the United States voters oppose the idea of supplying arms to Syrian rebels by 45% against to only 16% in favour, in the United Kingdom opinion is even more opposed; while there are still 16% in favour there are 57% opposed. [1] Clearly arming the rebels would not be popular with voters - there can therefore be no domestic reason for this policy.  [1] Clark, Tom, ‘US and UK public reject stronger military support for Syrian rebels’, guardian.co.uk, 22 March 2013 arming rebels, unpopular, Iraq war, interventions, Middle East, Syria, United States, voters, supplying arms, Syrian rebels, public opinion, UK, domestic policy, military support, Tom Clark, guardian.co.uk Arming rebels, Unpopular, Iraq war, Middle East interventions, Syria, US voter opposition, UK public opinion, Military support, Syrian conflict, International relations, Public policy, Political science, Conflict studies, International intervention, Voter attitudes, Military commitment, Foreign policy, Political opposition, Public sentiment, Defense policy arming rebels, unpopularity, Iraq war, Middle East interventions, Syria involvement, US voter opposition, UK public opinion, military support rejection, domestic policy impact arming rebels, Iraq war, interventions, Middle East, Syrian intervention, US voter opposition, UK voter opposition, military support, Syrian conflict, public opinion, foreign policy, domestic politics, international relations, voter disapproval, military commitment, political unpopularity, Syria, Iraq, military intervention, public rejection, political analysis arming rebels, Iraq war, Middle East interventions, Syria, United States, United Kingdom, public opinion, supplying arms, voter opposition, domestic policy, military support, Syrian conflict, international relations, political polls, public sentiment, foreign policy
test-international-gmehwasr-pro01a	Syria clearly meets the standards for intervention  The Assad regime has clearly lost its legitimacy and has precipitated a humanitarian crisis in Syria. The February estimate of 70000 killed [1] is up from an estimate of 60000 only a month before, [2] so clearly the violence is escalating. The conflict is also affecting neighbours; refugees have flooded into Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey, and Israel is already believed to have attacked a convoy or research facility involved in chemical and biological weapons development. [3] Clearly the presence of these weapons show how much worse the situation could get if Assad is not overthrown. Not intervening risks the whole region being slowly destabilised and drawn in to the conflict. [4]  [1] Nichols, Michelle, ‘Syria death toll likely near 70,000, says U.N. rights chief’, Reuters, 12 Feb 2012  [2] ‘Data suggests Syria death toll could be more than 60,000, says UN human rights office’, UN News Centre, 2 January 2013  [3] ‘Q&A: Israeli ‘strike’ on Syria’, BBC News, 3 February 2013  [4] Byman, Daniel, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, violence escalation, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, regional instability, conflict spread, UN, death toll, arming rebels, foreign policy Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, violence escalation, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, regional destabilization, conflict spread, death toll, UN rights chief, arming rebels, Foreign Policy Syria, intervention, Assad, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, violence escalation, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, regional destabilization, conflict, UN, death toll, arming rebels, foreign policy Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, violence escalation, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel attack, chemical weapons, biological weapons, regional destabilization, conflict, U.N. rights chief, UN News Centre, Israeli strike, arming rebels, Foreign Policy Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, violence escalation, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, regional destabilisation, conflict spread, UN, death toll, arming rebels, international response
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-pro03a	A handgun ban reduces crime and deaths  Aside from the fact that handguns are uniquely dangerous weapons, when the handgun ban was in place in DC, there was a reported decrease in crime in the area. In 1977 the year immediately following the ban the U.S. Conference of Mayors reported robberies, assaults and homicides using handguns had fallen in DC sharply. Further, in 1991 the University of Maryland published a study in the New England journal of Medicine suggesting the gun ban had saved lives in the decade before 1991, claiming that the ban had prevented 47 deaths in DC per year.5  It is theorised that the handgun ban does this because it makes other police tactics, such as stop and search, significantly more effective. If criminals wish to get the tactical advantage of power that opposition mention then they have to carry hand guns in order to do it. However, it means that if they are caught with a gun they become very easily identifiable and can easily be arrested to prevent harm coming to the populace of large. Specifically, the handgun ban means that the police have a much lower burden required in order to arrest suspects and given that a lot of the time the police have a strong idea of who the criminals are, but simply can’t pin them for arrest, such a tactical advantage helps them get dangerous people off the street. handgun ban, crime reduction, deaths prevention, uniquely dangerous weapons, DC crime decrease, U.S. Conference of Mayors, robberies decline, assaults reduction, homicides decrease, University of Maryland study, New England journal of Medicine, lives saved, annual deaths prevented, stop and search effectiveness, police tactics improvement, criminal identification, easy arrest, tactical advantage, police burden reduction, suspect arrest, dangerous people removal handgun ban, crime reduction, deaths prevention, uniquely dangerous weapons, DC crime statistics, U.S. Conference of Mayors, University of Maryland study, New England journal of Medicine, annual deaths prevented, police tactics, stop and search, tactical advantage, criminal identification, arrest facilitation, police burden reduction, suspect arrest, dangerous individuals removal handgun ban, crime reduction, deaths prevention, DC crime statistics, U.S. Conference of Mayors, University of Maryland study, New England journal of Medicine, gun control effectiveness, police tactics, stop and search, criminal identification, arrest rates, public safety, tactical advantage, dangerous criminals handgun ban, crime reduction, deaths prevention, DC policy, 1977 statistics, U.S. Conference of Mayors, University of Maryland study, New England journal of Medicine, annual death prevention, police tactics, stop and search, criminal identification, arrest prevention, public safety, police effectiveness, criminal deterrence handgun ban, reduces crime, decreases deaths, uniquely dangerous weapons, DC crime reduction, U.S. Conference of Mayors, robberies decline, assaults reduction, homicides decrease, University of Maryland study, New England Journal of Medicine, prevented deaths, stop and search, police tactics, criminal identification, arrest suspects, lower police burden, dangerous people removal
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-con03a	Wikileaks is not a news organisation, it exists exclusively to disseminate classified information, no genuine news organisation has such an agenda.  News organisations provide a variety of functions, from reporting the weather to breaking news. Even the most hardened investigative outlet does not dedicate itself exclusively to revealing classified information. It appears to have no interest in what that information is or whether its disclosure causes more harm than good, the sole interest is that it is classified.  That isn’t journalism, at best it’s prurience and, at worst, egocentricity – ‘I know something you don’t know’. The fallout for people’s jobs, liberty and safety appears not to interest those involved.  Their own ‘About Us’ section makes a point of stating that “We accept (but do not solicit) anonymous sources of information [1] .” Interestingly, the whole of the rest of the page talks about maintaining anonymity for both readers and sources and little else. It provides screeds of text about themselves, a free press and the importance of releasing classified information. Unusually for a media organisation, there are no details about how to complain if a reader feels they or someone else has been misrepresented. This means that Wikileaks is denying someone’s freedom of speech by not giving them a right to reply and have corrections published.  In an age where even the most stentorian paper of record enshrines such rights, one might assume that such devout proclaimers of free speech would shout it from their mast head. Instead, their Chat page is mostly full of dire warnings that security forces are watching the reader’s every keystroke. Hardly encouraging for the little guy wishing to clear their name.  [1] The link to the page is here . Wikileaks, news organisation, classified information, journalism, prurience, egocentricity, anonymity, free press, right to reply, freedom of speech, security warnings, media ethics, investigative outlet, public safety, editorial responsibility, complaint mechanisms, classified disclosure, whistleblower protection, media watchdog, information dissemination, news functions, harm assessment, editorial standards, press freedom, reprisal risks, source confidentiality, reader rights, journalistic integrity, media transparency, accountability, digital surveillance, First Amendment, media laws, ethical journalism, whistleblowing, misinformation, truth-telling, public interest, media criticism, editorial policies, news ethics, information Wikileaks, news organisation, classified information, journalism, prurience, egocentricity, anonymity, free press, right to reply, security warnings, media ethics, investigative reporting, public safety, whistleblower, transparency, freedom of speech, complaining process, disclosure harms, editorial responsibility, media scrutiny Wikileaks, news organisation, classified information, journalism, prurience, egocentricity, anonymity, free press, right to reply, freedom of speech, security warnings, media ethics, complaints process, investigative outlet, public safety, harm assessment, transparency, editorial standards, press rights, disclosure impact, reader representation Wikileaks, news organisation, classified information, journalism, prurience, egocentricity, anonymity, free press, readers' rights, complaints, Corrections, security warnings, freedom of speech Wikileaks, news organisation, classified information, journalism, prurience, egocentricity, anonymity, free press, right to reply, freedom of speech, complaints, security, transparency
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-con01a	Developed countries have a greater responsibility to take in migrants  Developed countries have a responsibility to take in large numbers of migrants. There are several reasons for this. First they have a historical responsibility resulting from a legacy of colonialism, imperialism, and industrialisation that benefited the developed world at the expense of the developing world. This helped create the inequalities in the world that drive migration so developed countries should accept that a greater responsibility for migrants is the price.  Second developed countries have a much greater capacity to absorb migrants than developing countries. Developed countries have more jobs, and the ability to create more through using the state’s financial resources to increase investment. They already have the legal framework for large numbers of migrants; laws that ensure equality and fair treatment regardless of religion or ethnicity. And in many cases they already have sizeable migrant communities (with some exceptions such as Japan) that help create a culture of tolerance that embraces the diversity migrants bring. developed countries, responsibility, migrants, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, inequality, capacity, absorb, jobs, state financial resources, legal framework, equality, fair treatment, migrant communities, tolerance, diversity developed countries, responsibility, migrants, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, inequality, migration, capacity, absorb migrants, jobs, financial resources, investment, legal framework, equality, fair treatment, religion, ethnicity, migrant communities, culture of tolerance, diversity developed countries, responsibility, migrants, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, inequalities, capacity, absorb, jobs, financial resources, legal framework, equality, fair treatment, tolerance, diversity, migration, drive, exceptions, Japan developed countries, responsibility, migrants, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, inequality, capacity, absorb migrants, jobs, financial resources, legal framework, equality, fair treatment, migrant communities, tolerance, diversity developed countries, responsibility, migrants, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, inequality, capacity, absorption, jobs, financial resources, legal framework, equality, fair treatment, religion, ethnicity, migrant communities, tolerance, diversity
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-pro01a	It is just to redistribute migrants  It is an accident of geography, or history, simple bad luck that has resulted in some countries getting large numbers of immigrants while many others get none. The first developed country on migrant routes get large numbers as those wishing to seek asylum have to apply in the first safe country. Similarly those countries next to conflict zones, or places affected by natural disasters, get very large influxes of migrants who hope to return home as soon as possible; there are more than 1.1 million refugees from Syria in Lebanon [1] a country of less than 6million. It is right that there should be a mechanism to help even out the burden of migrants and that rich developed countries should be those who pay that cost.  [1] ‘Syria Regional Refugee Response’, data.unhcr.org,  , accessed 19th August 2015 migrants, redistribution, geography, history, bad luck, countries, immigrants, developed, migrant routes, asylum, safe country, conflict zones, natural disasters, refugees, Syria, Lebanon, burden, rich, developed, cost, Syria Regional Refugee Response, UNHCR, data, August 2015 migrants, refugee distribution, geographical factors, historical factors, immigration patterns, asylum seekers, developed countries, migrant routes, first safe country, conflict zones, natural disasters, refugee burden, Lebanon, Syria, UNHCR, international responsibility, equitable sharing, developed nation obligations migrants, redistribution, geography, history, luck, immigrant, asylum, safe country, conflict zones, natural disasters, refugees, Syria, Lebanon, burden, rich countries, developed countries, payment, cost, refugee response, UNHCR migrants, redistribution, geography, history, luck, immigrant numbers, developed countries, migrant routes, asylum seekers, conflict zones, natural disasters, refugees, Syria, Lebanon, refugee response, burden sharing, rich countries, cost distribution migrants, redistribution, geography, history, luck, immigrant, asylum, safe country, conflict zones, natural disasters, refugees, Syria, Lebanon, rich countries, burden, cost
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con01a	A threat to democracy  Yes the NSA is unlikely to look at individual’s personal information if the person in question is nobody of interest yet there are people who may be of interest to the state who are essentially innocent of anything except annoying the state. The ability for almost anyone in the intelligence apparatus to look up personal information has to worry anyone who might otherwise dissent, investigate the government, or turn whistleblower. Intelligence officials can hold the information as a weapon to ensure compliance and ruin careers if they don’t get their way. [1] This has happened before. In the US when diplomat Joseph C. Wilson published about the manipulation of intelligence on uranium from Niger being used as part of the justification for the invasion of Iraq his wife had her cover blown and career destroyed by people within the Department of Defense. [2] When we know that the Obama administration has been more determined than ever to prevent leaks and prosecute perpetrators can it really be said there is no damage to democracy if these courageous people are not coming forward?  [1] Walt, Stephen M., ‘The real threat behind the NSA surveillance programs’, Foreign Policy, 10 June 2013,   [2] Wilson, Joseph C., ‘What I Didn’t Find in Africa’, The New York Times, 6 July 2003,   Lewis, Neil A., ‘Source of C.I.A. Leak Said to Admit Role’, The New York Times, 30 August 2006, NSA, surveillance, privacy, democracy, dissent, whistleblowers, government accountability, intelligence apparatus, personal information, Joseph C. Wilson, Valerie Plame, Iraq War, uranium, Niger, leak prosecution, Obama administration, free speech, political retaliation, career destruction, national security, civil liberties NSA, surveillance, democracy, personal information, intelligence apparatus, dissent, government investigation, whistleblower, career destruction, Joseph C. Wilson, uranium Niger, Iraq invasion, Obama administration, leak prosecution, courage, compliance, intelligence officials, manipulation, C.I.A. leak, Foreign Policy, The New York Times NSA, surveillance, privacy, democracy, whistleblower, government oversight, Joseph C. Wilson, Valerie Plame, Iraq war, uranium, Niger, leaks, prosecution, intelligence abuse, dissent, First Amendment, civil liberties, Obama administration, Foreign Policy, New York Times, CIA, national security, manipulation of intelligence, political retaliation, career destruction, investigative journalism, public interest, freedom of information, state power, individual rights, security vs privacy, democratic accountability, whistleblower protection, intelligence community, authoritarianism, transparency, surveillance state, digital privacy, legal prosecution, political dissent, government transparency, security reform, accountability in government, intelligence oversight NSA, surveillance, privacy, democracy, whistleblowing, intelligence, dissent, government oversight, Joseph Wilson, Valerie Plame, leaks, prosecution, Obama administration, uranium, Niger, Iraq invasion, Foreign Policy, New York Times, C.I.A. leak, Neil A. Lewis, Stephen M. Walt NSA, surveillance, privacy, democracy, dissent, whistleblowers, government oversight, intelligence abuse, Joseph Wilson, Valerie Plame, leak prosecutions, First Amendment, civil liberties, political retaliation, national security, transparency, Obama administration, uranium Niger, Iraq invasion justification, Foreign Policy, The New York Times
test-education-egtuscpih-con01a	Financial model of online courses is unsustainable  At the moment some MOOC platforms are non-profit, while even for-profit ones do not pay universities, nor do universities pay MOOC platforms, they might only divide revenue if a revenue stream appears [18]. This essentially means that MOOCs have to rely on traditional financial models of universities to survive – they need the universities to provide materials and the academics and traditional models that are based on the fact that lots of students do not take online courses. However, MOOCs might undermine traditional university funding. For instance, Princeton professor Mitchell Duneier withdrew from Coursera claiming that states use MOOCs as a justification to withdraw state funding from universities [19]. Moreover, some MOOCs consider providing chargeable courses for credit but for a substantially lower price (around 100 dollars for a course), which might draw students away from traditional universities further undermining their existence [20]. This means a depletion of universities financial sources that MOOCs themselves rely on. At the moment there is no way for MOOCs to replace traditional university learning. financial model, MOOCs, online courses, non-profit, for-profit, universities, revenue stream, traditional financial models, university funding, state funding, chargeable courses, credit, traditional universities, financial sources, replacement, traditional learning financial model, online courses, MOOC platforms, non-profit, for-profit, universities, revenue stream, traditional financial models, academic materials, traditional models, student behavior, MOOC impact, university funding, state funding, chargeable courses, credit options, course pricing, student migration, financial sustainability, educational disruption, traditional universities, MOOC reliance, financial depletion MOOC, financial model, online courses, non-profit, for-profit, revenue, universities, traditional models, student enrollment, online learning, Princeton, Mitchell Duneier, state funding, chargeable courses, credit, tuition, depletion, academic resources, education sustainability financial model, online courses, MOOC platforms, non-profit, for-profit, revenue stream, universities, traditional financial models, student enrollment, traditional universities, MOOC impact, university funding, state funding, chargeable courses, credit, lower price, financial sustainability, academic materials, academics, online learning, traditional learning, MOOC university relationship, financial sources, educational models, financial depletion, MOOC development, educational funding MOOCs, financial model, online courses, sustainability, non-profit, for-profit, revenue stream, universities, traditional models, state funding, chargeable courses, credit, student enrollment, academic materials, financial sources, traditional university learning
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-pro04a	It is simply impractical for a major international broadcaster to hand out powers of veto to small sectional interests.  The BBC would quickly be left with a content either devoid of interest or of content were it to allow such a veto to become normative. Especially were it, as appears to be the case here, to offer such a veto to people who didn’t watch the programme.  As a result, although some of the responsibility for avoiding offence lies with the broadcaster at least an equal share must lie with the viewer. Even at the more basic level of ‘will I like this’, responsibility lies with both parties. The BBC undertakes to provide a diverse range of programming so that there is a reasonable chance that the overwhelming majority should be able to find something of interest but does so on the assumption that people will watch what they find interesting.  Likewise, it is reasonable to assume that people will not go out of their way to watch things that they already expect to find offensive. impractical, international broadcaster, veto, small sectional interests, BBC, content, interest, normative, responsibility, avoid offence, broadcaster, viewer, diverse programming, majority, assumption, watch, offensive broadcasting, veto, sectional interests, content, offensive, responsibility, viewer, programmer, BBC, diversity, programming, offence, interest broadcasting, international, BBC, veto, sectional, interests, content, normative, responsibility, offence, viewer, programmer, diverse, programming, majority, interest, assumption, offensive international broadcaster, BBC, veto, sectional interests, content, offence, viewer responsibility, programming diversity, audience expectations, offensive content broadcasting, censorship, content, diversity, international, media, offences, programming, responsibility, veto, viewer, BBC
test-politics-cpecfiepg-pro03a	A Greek default would increase stability for the rest of the Eurozone  A Greek exit from the ‘Eurozone does not mean the end of the euro. It will, instead, mark a new beginning. Germany has a long and proud tradition of currency strength, but it could not cope with going back to the deutschmark because it would rocket in value and destroy the country's competitiveness. Some 97% of the Eurozone's population will continue to use the single currency and their leaders will circle the policy wagons to protect what is left.’ [`] A Greek default and departure from the Eurozone would decrease uncertainty and fear within the rest of the Eurozone. This, in turn is likely to attract higher levels of investment and transactions across Eurozone members.  [1] Parsons, Nick: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Euro end, new beginning, Germany, currency strength, deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, uncertainty reduction, investment increase, Eurozone transactions, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, single currency, Nick Parsons, The Guardian Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Euro survival, new beginning, German currency strength, Deutschmark return, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, decreased uncertainty, investment increase, Eurozone transactions, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, single currency, The Guardian, Nick Parsons Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Euro continuation, new beginning, Germany, currency strength, deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, uncertainty reduction, investment increase, Eurozone transactions, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, single currency impact Greek default, Eurozone stability, Eurozone exit, Euro end, new beginning, currency strength, deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, uncertainty reduction, investment attraction, Eurozone transactions, Parsons, Nick, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, single currency, The Guardian, 2012 Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Eurozone continuation, new beginning, Germany, currency strength, Deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, uncertainty reduction, Eurozone investment, transactions increase, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, single currency, Nick Parsons, The Guardian, 2012
test-international-ghbunhf-pro01a	: Main purpose of UN, to prevent war, has clearly not been achieved.  The UN was set up with the express purpose of preventing global wars, yet it has done absolutely nothing to prevent them. Indeed, the UN has often served merely as a forum for countries to abuse and criticise each other, rather than resolve disputes peacefully.  In some cases, such as the 2003 invasion of Iraq, UN resolutions have arguably been used as a justification for wars, rather than to prevent them. Research shows that the number of armed conflicts in the world rose steadily in the years after 1945 and has only begun to plateau or fall since the end of the Cold War. [1]  [1] Harrison, Mark & Wolf, Nikolaus. “The Frequency of Wars”. University of Warwick, 10th March 2011. UN, prevent war, global wars, forum, abuse, criticize, resolve disputes, 2003 invasion Iraq, UN resolutions, justification wars, armed conflicts, post-1945, Cold War, research, frequency wars, University Warwick, Mark Harrison, Nikolaus Wolf UN, main purpose, prevent war, global wars, resolve disputes, peaceful resolution, forum, abuse, criticism, 2003 invasion of Iraq, UN resolutions, justification for war, armed conflicts, post-1945, Cold War, research, Mark Harrison, Nikolaus Wolf, University of Warwick, frequency of wars UN, prevent war, global wars, forum, abuse, criticize, disputes, peaceful resolution, 2003 invasion of Iraq, UN resolutions, armed conflicts, post-1945, Cold War, research, Mark Harrison, Nikolaus Wolf, University of Warwick UN, prevent war, global wars, forum, abuse, criticism, resolve disputes, peaceful, 2003 invasion Iraq, UN resolutions, justification, armed conflicts, post-1945, Cold War, research, Mark Harrison, Nikolaus Wolf, University of Warwick UN, prevent war, global wars, conflict resolution, abuse, criticism, UN resolutions, 2003 invasion of Iraq, armed conflicts, post-1945, Cold War, frequency of wars, research, University of Warwick, Mark Harrison, Nikolaus Wolf
test-international-siacphbnt-con04a	Technology has only benefited private companies.  Ultimately, technology, its provision, distribution, and function, is based on a business model. Profits are sought and losers emerge. The technology hype has attracted global technology giants, ranging from IBM to Google – a key issue as to whether entrepreneurialism can emerge amongst youths and technology used sustainably. The monopolisation of technology markets by multinational companies puts constraints on the ability for small businesses to break through. Any profits created are not recirculated in their locality, or Africa, but return to the country of origin.  For entrepreneurialism to be gained, and youth jobs emerge, the technological giants investing in Africa’s rising future need to partner with communities and small businesses. Technology, private companies, business model, profits, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youths, sustainable technology, monopolisation, technology markets, multinational companies, small businesses, profits recirculation, locality, Africa, technological giants, community partnership, youth jobs Technology, private companies, business model, profits, losers, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youths, sustainable technology, monopolisation, technology markets, multinational companies, small businesses, profits recirculation, Africa, technological giants, community partnerships, youth jobs, investment in Africa Technology, private companies, business model, profits, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youths, sustainability, monopolisation, technology markets, multinational companies, small businesses, profits, recirculation, locality, Africa, partnerships, communities, youth jobs, technological giants, investment, Africa's future Technology, Private Companies, Business Model, Profits, Losers, Global Technology Giants, IBM, Google, Entrepreneurialism, Youths, Sustainable Technology, Monopolisation, Multinational Companies, Small Businesses, Breakthrough, Profits, Recirculation, Africa, Technological Giants, Community Partnerships, Youth Jobs Technology, private companies, business model, profits, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youths, sustainable technology, monopolisation, multinational companies, small businesses, profit recirculation, Africa, technological giants, community partnership
test-science-dssghsdmd-con03a	The system is an incredibly expensive venture that may not even work  Research and development of effective strategic defense systems has been ongoing since the Reagan administration, to little lasting benefit. The US government has spent hundreds of billions of dollars in the past two decades on developing missile defense technology, including nearly $60 billion in the past five years, and still it is incomplete and its effectiveness questionable. Many scientists have attested to the ineffectiveness of missile defense, as it currently stands. It is very difficult to hit a flying missile with another missile, and test-runs of the technology have been patchy at best (Sessler et. al., 2000). The dream of an effective missile defense shield that can successfully intercept enemy intercontinental ballistic missiles has yet to come to fruition. It would be better to stop throwing good money after bad and to fold up the project entirely. missile defense, ineffective, expensive, research and development, Reagan administration, US government, billions, technology, scientists, ineffectiveness, test-runs, patchy, intercontinental ballistic missiles, project, fold up, good money after bad missile defense, research and development, Reagan administration, US government spending, effectiveness, scientists, ineffectiveness, interception, intercontinental ballistic missiles, project continuation, fiscal responsibility missile defense, strategic defense, research and development, Reagan administration, US government spending, technology effectiveness, scientists' concerns, test-runs, intercontinental ballistic missiles, project evaluation, fiscal responsibility missile defense, effectiveness, cost, research and development, US government spending, technology, ineffectiveness, scientists, test-runs, intercontinental ballistic missiles, fund allocation, project continuation missile defense, research and development, Reagan administration, US government spending, effectiveness, scientists, ineffectiveness, intercept, intercontinental ballistic missiles, test-runs, patchy, fold up project, good money after bad
test-politics-ypppdghwid-pro02a	"Imposing democracy can be a way to support individuals unable to fight for democracy themselves.  If the people within a nation want democracy, it is not wrong -- indeed it may even be morally required -- for us to assist them by imposing democracy against the will of the governing class. Often internal movements lack resources, weapons, or organization, making the fight for democracy very difficult. When individuals seek to defend their rights against an oppressive regime, other nations do them a disservice by allowing evil to win out. Thus NATO's intervention in Libya was in support of rebels often seen as part of the 'Arab spring' wave of democratization but the internal movement even if it had large amounts of support was being suppressed and would have been destroyed without outside intervention1.  1 Traub, James. ""Stepping In"", Foreign Policy imposing democracy, support individuals, fight for democracy, morally required, assist nations, governing class, internal movements, resources, weapons, organization, defend rights, oppressive regime, NATO intervention, Libya, Arab spring, democratization, external intervention, suppressed movements, James Traub, Foreign Policy imposing democracy, supporting individuals, moral obligation, assisting nations, internal movements, resources, weapons, organization, oppressive regime, NATO intervention, Libya, Arab spring, democratization, suppression, outside intervention, Traub, Foreign Policy imposing democracy, support individuals, fight for democracy, morally required, assist, governing class, internal movements, resources, weapons, organization, defend rights, oppressive regime, NATO intervention, Libya, Arab spring, democratization, suppressed, outside intervention, James Traub, Foreign Policy imposing democracy, support individuals, fight for democracy, morally required, assist nations, internal movements, lack resources, weapons, organization, defend rights, oppressive regime, NATO intervention, Libya, Arab spring, democratization, external intervention, suppressed movements, destroyed without intervention, James Traub, Foreign Policy imposing democracy, support individuals, fight for democracy, morally required, assist nations, imposing democracy, against will, governing class, internal movements, lack resources, weapons, organization, defend rights, oppressive regime, disservice, allow evil, NATO intervention, Libya, support rebels, Arab spring, democratization, internal movement, suppressed, destroyed, outside intervention, Traub, James, Stepping In, Foreign Policy"
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro02a	A strategic missile defense shield will be an effective defense against ballistic missile attacks targeted at the United States and its allies  The missile defense shield the United States intends to build is the most effective and complete ballistic missile shield ever devised. When fully armed with a complement of anti-ballistic missiles both within the United States itself, and in allied nations in Europe, the shield will be virtually impregnable to external missile attack. This means the chance of a nuclear attack succeeding against it will be very unlikely, reducing the chance not only of a full-scale nuclear war between the United States and another nuclear power, but also against missiles fired by rogue states or terrorists, the biggest threats in terms of actual use of nuclear weapons (The Economist, 2009). Technologically speaking, anti-ballistic missile missiles have developed by leaps and bounds in recent years. The current system being put into operation by the United States is the Aegis combat system, designed for deployment on US Naval vessels. This new development has served to sidestep the problems associated with ground and space-based missile defense arrays, due to the slow response time of ground missiles, and the still unfeasible orbital deployment. The sea-based defense array, furthermore, lacks the problem of the land-based system in that it does not need to be placed in countries other than the United States in order to be effective (thus avoiding the political problems of the past). Technology and diplomacy have clearly made a national missile defense system highly desirable. strategic missile defense, ballistic missile attacks, United States, allies, effective defense, anti-ballistic missiles, Europe, impregnable defense, nuclear attack, rogue states, terrorists, nuclear weapons, Aegis combat system, US Naval vessels, sea-based defense, land-based system, political problems, missile defense technology, diplomacy, national missile defense system strategic missile defense, ballistic missile attacks, United States, allies, anti-ballistic missiles, Europe, nuclear attack, nuclear war, rogue states, terrorists, Aegis combat system, sea-based defense, land-based system, technology, diplomacy, national missile defense system strategic missile defense, ballistic missile attacks, United States, allies, anti-ballistic missiles, Europe, nuclear attack, rogue states, terrorists, Aegis combat system, US Naval vessels, ground-based missile defense, space-based missile defense, political problems, national missile defense system, technology, diplomacy strategic missile defense, ballistic missile attacks, United States, allies, effective defense, anti-ballistic missiles, virtually impregnable, nuclear attack, nuclear war, rogue states, terrorists, nuclear weapons, Aegis combat system, US Naval vessels, sea-based defense, land-based system, political problems, technology, diplomacy, national missile defense system strategic missile defense, ballistic missile attacks, United States, allies, anti-ballistic missiles, Europe, nuclear attack, rogue states, terrorists, Aegis combat system, US Naval vessels, ground-based missile defense, space-based missile defense, sea-based defense, political problems, technology, diplomacy, national missile defense system
test-international-siacphbnt-pro01a	Technology will lead job growth for youths.  The rate of unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa remains above the global average, at 7.55% in 2011, with 77% of the population in vulnerable employment [1] . Economic growth has not been inclusive and jobs are scarce. In particular, rates of youth unemployment, and underemployment, remain a concern [2] . On average, the underutilisation of youths in the labour market across Sub-Saharan Africa stood at 67% in 2012 (Work4Youth, 2013). Therefore 67% of youths are either unemployed, inactive, or in irregular employment. The rate of unemployment varies geographically and across gender [3] .  There remains a high percentage of youths within informal employment. Technology can introduce a new dynamic within the job market and access to safer employment.  Secure, high quality jobs, and more jobs, are essential for youths. Access to technology is the only way to meet such demands. Technology will enable youths to create new employment opportunities and markets; but also employment through managing, and selling, the technology available.  [1] ILO, 2013.  [2] Definitions: Unemployment is defined as the amount of people who are out of work despite being available, and seeking, work. Underemployment defines a situation whereby the productive capacity of an employed person is underutilised. Informal employment defines individuals working in waged and/or self employment informally (see further readings).  [3] Work4Youth (2013) show, on average, Madagascar has the lowest rate of unemployment (2.2%) while Tanzania has the highest (42%); and the average rate of female unemployment stands higher at 25.3%, in contrast to men (20.2%). Technology, Job Growth, Youth Unemployment, Sub-Saharan Africa, Vulnerable Employment, Economic Growth, Inclusivity, Youth Employment, Underemployment, Labour Market, Informal Employment, Secure Jobs, High Quality Jobs, Technology Access, Employment Opportunities, Market Creation, Gender Disparity, Geographic Variation, Female Unemployment, Male Unemployment, Madagascar, Tanzania Technology, Job growth, Youth, Unemployment, Sub-Saharan Africa, Economic growth, Youth unemployment, Underemployment, Labour market, Informal employment, Secure jobs, High quality jobs, Employment opportunities, Markets, Gender differences, Madagascar, Tanzania, Female unemployment, Male unemployment Technology, Job Growth, Youths, Unemployment, Sub-Saharan Africa, Economic Growth, Inclusive, Youth Unemployment, Underemployment, Labour Market, Informal Employment, Secure Jobs, High Quality Jobs, Employment Opportunities, Market Creation, Technology Access, Gender, Madagascar, Tanzania, Female Unemployment, Male Unemployment Technology, Job Growth, Youths, Unemployment, Sub-Saharan Africa, Vulnerable Employment, Economic Growth, Inclusive, Youth Unemployment, Underemployment, Labour Market, Informal Employment, Secure Jobs, High Quality Jobs, Employment Opportunities, Markets, Technology Management, Technology Selling, Gender, Madagascar, Tanzania, Female Unemployment, Male Unemployment Technology, Job Growth, Youths, Unemployment, Sub-Saharan Africa, Economic Growth, Inclusive, Youth Unemployment, Underemployment, Labour Market, Informal Employment, Secure Jobs, High Quality Jobs, Employment Opportunities, Market Creation, Technology Access, Unemployment Rate, Geographic Variation, Gender Disparity, Madagascar, Tanzania, Female Unemployment, Male Unemployment
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro04a	Bilingual education hurts students  Bilingual education segregates students in its system from those outside it. This limits the opportunities for interaction.  This is harmful in a number of ways. For one thing, it limits their interaction with peers who will speak English. While it’s possible they may practice English with their friends in a bilingual school, it seems unlikely, as it would be easier to talk in the existing language.  Furthermore, it also limits the exposure of English-speaking students to immigrants who don’t speak English, allowing negative stereotypes to arise out of ignorance that then can influence governmental policy through the ballot box.  Finally, this segregation may extend to within bilingual schools themselves, since not everyone seeking bilingual education has the same non-English language. The result might well be that students would group socially into groups based on country of origin, and due to simple demographics this would place the Spanish-speaking students at a significant advantage as there are nearly 30 million of them in the country. This polarization in turn could lead to splits between minority language groups that could reduce their overall social capital. bilingual education, students, segregation, interaction, English, peers, practice, existing language, exposure, English-speaking students, immigrants, negative stereotypes, ignorance, governmental policy, ballot box, within bilingual schools, country of origin, Spanish-speaking students, demographics, social capital, minority language groups, polarization, splits, advantage, harm, opportunities, social grouping bilingual education, student interaction, language barriers, English practice, negative stereotypes, governmental policy, social segregation, minority languages, Spanish speakers, social capital bilingual education, student harm, segregation, interaction limits, English practice, negative stereotypes, governmental policy, ballot influence, social grouping, country origin, Spanish advantage, demographic impact, social capital reduction, minority language groups, polarization bilingual education, student harm, segregation, interaction limits, english language practice, negative stereotypes, governmental policy, voter influence, language diversity, social grouping, spanish speaking advantage, social capital reduction, minority language groups, polarization bilingual education, student segregation, limited interaction, English practice, negative stereotypes, governmental policy, social grouping, language demographics, Spanish speakers, social capital, minority languages, educational impact, language barriers, peer interaction, cultural polarization
test-politics-glghssi-con03a	Scotland needs English economic muscle as through the Barnett formula England, especially the Southeast effectively subsidizes the rest of the UK in general and Scotland in particular  The Barnett established the model by which money is divided up within the regions and nations of the UK. The formula works greatly to Scotland’s advantage with a net flow of funding heading north.  The English taxpayer subsidizes Scots to the tune of £19bn a year (2009-10). [i] Without that subsidy The Scottish government would not have been able to give away the many benefits that have been handed out by the devolved authorities.  Scotland needs English support financially just as she does in terms of diplomatic representation or political muscle.  [i] McLaren, John et al., ‘Financial Implications of Different Fiscal Arrangements For Scotland’, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, June 2011, Scotland, English economic muscle, Barnett formula,补贴, England, Southeast, UK, financial support, Scottish government, benefits, devolved authorities, English taxpayer, diplomatic representation, political muscle, financial implications, fiscal arrangements, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, John McLaren Scotland, English economic muscle, Barnett formula, England, Southeast, subsidy, UK, Scotland, funding, net flow, English taxpayer, Scots, £19bn, 2009-10, Scottish government, devolved authorities, financial support, diplomatic representation, political muscle, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, June 2011 Scotland, English economic muscle, Barnett formula, England, Southeast, UK, subsidy, Scottish government, financial support, diplomatic representation, political muscle, net funding, fiscal arrangements, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, John McLaren, financial implications, devolved authorities, benefits, taxpayer, 2009-10, £19bn Scotland, English economic muscle, Barnett formula, England, Southeast, subsidizes, UK, Scotland, funding, English taxpayer, subsidy, Scottish government, benefits, devolved authorities, financial support, diplomatic representation, political muscle, fiscal arrangements, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, John McLaren Scotland, English economic support, Barnett formula, UK regional funding, Scottish subsidies, English taxpayer, Scottish government, devolved authorities, financial benefits, diplomatic representation, political support, fiscal arrangements, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions
test-health-dhpelhbass-con01a	It is vital that a doctor's role not be confused  The guiding principle of medical ethics is to do no harm: a physician must not be involved in deliberately harming their patient. Without this principle, the medical profession would lose a great deal of trust; and admitting that killing is an acceptable part of a doctor’s role would likely increase the danger of involuntary euthanasia, not reduce it. Legalising assisted suicide also places an unreasonable burden on doctors. The daily decisions made in order to preserve life can be difficult enough; to require them to also carry the immense moral responsibility of deciding who can and cannot die, and the further responsibility of actually killing patients, is unacceptable. This is why the vast majority of medical professionals oppose the legalisation of assisted suicide: ending the life of a patient goes against all they stand for. The Hippocratic Oath that doctors use as a guide states 'I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect.' [1]  [1] Medical Opinion, religiouseducation.co.uk  (accessed on 4/6/2011) doctor's role, medical ethics, do no harm, trust, involuntary euthanasia, legalising assisted suicide, unreasonable burden, preserving life, moral responsibility, medical professionals, Hippocratic Oath, deadly drug, suggesting death medical ethics, do no harm, physician, patient trust, involuntary euthanasia, assisted suicide, moral responsibility, Hippocratic Oath, legalisation, medical professionals, deadly drug doctor's role, medical ethics, do no harm, trust, involuntary euthanasia, assisted suicide, legalisation, burden, preserve life, moral responsibility, Hippocratic Oath, deadly drug, medical professionals, religiouseducation.co.uk medical ethics, do no harm, physician responsibility, patient trust, involuntary euthanasia, legalising assisted suicide, unreasonable burden, preserving life, moral responsibility, medical professionals, Hippocratic Oath, deadly drug, religiouseducation.co.uk doctor's role, medical ethics, do no harm, trust, involuntary euthanasia, legalising assisted suicide, unreasonable burden, preserving life, moral responsibility, killing patients, medical professionals, Hippocratic Oath, deadly drug, suggestion
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-pro03a	Reform would strengthen the House of Lords  Reform of the House of Lords would strengthen the legitimacy of the house and therefore improve its functions. By electing the second chamber they would gain the legitimacy to not simply stall bills but reject them all together or drafts bills of their own, thus facilitating a more dynamic government, able to change. Using a different electoral technique, for example Proportional Representation with members sitting for longer periods would allow them to still be of a different composition to the House of Commons and not sway to short-term political popularity. Electing different portions at different times would also guard against a freak landslide result affecting the house’s balance. By creating a worthy opposition to the House of Commons all issues would be debated and decided upon more fairly and government would be more closely monitored. Reform, House of Lords, strengthen, legitimacy, functions, elect, second chamber, reject bills, draft bills, dynamic government, change, Proportional Representation, longer periods, different composition, House of Commons, short-term political popularity, electing portions, landslide result, opposition, debate, fairness, government monitoring Reform, House of Lords, Legitimacy, Functions, Electing, Second Chamber, Reject Bills, Draft Bills, Dynamic Government, Proportional Representation, Longer Periods, Different Composition, Short-Term Popularity, Electing Portions, Guard Against, Freak Landslide, Balanced, Worthy Opposition, Debate, Fair Decisions, Government Monitoring Reform, House of Lords, legitimacy, functions, electing, second chamber, reject bills, draft bills, dynamic government, Proportional Representation, long-term members, different composition, short-term popularity, electing portions, landslide result, opposition, House of Commons, debate, fairness, government monitoring House of Lords, reform, strengthen, legitimacy, improve functions, elect, second chamber, reject bills, draft bills, dynamic government, Proportional Representation, longer periods, different composition, short-term popularity, electing portions, freak landslide, balance, worthy opposition, debate, fair decisions, monitor government Reform, House of Lords, strengthen, legitimacy, functions, electing, second chamber, reject bills, draft bills, dynamic government, change, electoral technique, Proportional Representation, members, longer periods, different composition, House of Commons, short-term political popularity, electing portions, different times, freak landslide, balance, worthy opposition, debate, decide, fairly, monitor government
test-society-epiasghbf-con03a	Who are the women?  Women are a diverse group, and the feminisation of labour has incorporated a range of women of different ages, race, socioeconomic backgrounds and education. Such intersectionalities are important to recognise, as not all women are empowered and the empowerment is not equal.  For example, a study by Atieno (2006) revealed female participation in the labour market was influenced by education. Human capital influenced the transition into work: who was able to access labour opportunities, and which ones. Therefore inequalities among women determine the degrees, and capability, of empowerment it is therefore not labour force participation that empowers but education. women, diverse, feminisation, labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, socioeconomic backgrounds, race, age, Atieno, 2006, study, transition, opportunities, capabilities women, diverse, feminisation, labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, capability, study, Atieno, 2006 women, diverse, feminisation, labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, socioeconomic, race, age, Atieno, 2006, transition, opportunities, capability women, feminisation of labour, diversity, intersectionality, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, opportunity, socioeconomic backgrounds, race, age, Atieno 2006 women, diverse, feminisation, labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, socioeconomic, race, age, capability
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con05a	A UN standing army is unnecessary  A UN standing army is unnecessary; in many cases UN missions are very successful. In Guatemala for example, a UN peacekeeping mission was essential in enabling the conclusion of a decades-long civil war in 1997. When there are problems these are more to do with lengthy and difficult Security Council deliberations, inadequate mandates, etc. rather than how long it took to gather a force together. In Srebrenica for example, where thousands of Bosnian men and boys were slaughtered by Serbian troops, the problem was not the absence of peacekeepers on the ground, but an inadequate mandate to use force. The UN would be much better spending its efforts on setting up a proper peacekeeping department, and streamlining the UN as a whole. UN standing army, UN missions, success, Guatemala, peacekeeping, civil war, Security Council, inadequate mandates, Srebrenica, Bosnian men, boys, Serbian troops, absence peacekeepers, force use, peacekeeping department, streamlining UN UN standing army, unnecessary, UN missions, success, Guatemala, peacekeeping mission, civil war, Security Council, inadequate mandates, Srebrenica, Bosnian men, Serbian troops, absence of peacekeepers, proper peacekeeping department, streamline UN UN standing army, unnecessary, UN missions, successful, Guatemala, peacekeeping mission, civil war, Security Council deliberations, inadequate mandates, Srebrenica, Bosnian men, Serbian troops, absence of peacekeepers, inadequate mandate, use of force, proper peacekeeping department, streamlining the UN UN standing army, unnecessary, UN missions, success, Guatemala, civil war, 1997, peacekeeping mission, Security Council deliberations, inadequate mandates, Srebrenica, Bosnian men, boys, slaughtered, Serbian troops, absence peacekeepers, inadequate mandate, use force, proper peacekeeping department, streamlining UN, UN effectiveness UN standing army, unnecessary, UN missions, successful, Guatemala, peacekeeping mission, civil war, Security Council deliberations, inadequate mandates, Srebrenica, Bosnian men and boys, Serbian troops, absence of peacekeepers, inadequate mandate, use of force, peacekeeping department, streamlining UN
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con04a	"There is no reason to strengthen China militarily  Lifting the arms ban will strengthen China militarily. The US fears less the Chinese purchase of EU weaponry and armour, than that the regime will get hold of advanced communications and control systems, as well as high-technology guidance systems, night-vision equipment, etc. [1] - all of which would make its existing military far more effective. Even if the EU is reluctant to sell such material to China, the possibility will give the Chinese leverage in negotiations with existing suppliers like Israel and Russia, who will feel under more pressure to sell China their most modern technology. In time, China's ability to ""reverse engineer"" high-technology equipment will also boost their own military research and development programmes. [2]  [1] Archick, Kristin, et al., ‘European Union’s Arms Embargo on China’, 2005, p16.   [2] Page, Jeremy, ‘China Clones, Sells Russian Fighter Jets’, 2010. China, military, strengthening, arms ban, EU, US fears, advanced communications, control systems, high-technology guidance, night-vision, military effectiveness, weaponry, armour, leverage, negotiations, suppliers, Israel, Russia, modern technology, reverse engineering, military research, development, European Union, arms embargo, Chinese military, technology transfer, strategic implications, international relations, defense industry, technological advancement, security studies military strengthening, China, arms ban, EU weaponry, advanced communications systems, control systems, high-technology guidance, night-vision equipment, military effectiveness, technology transfer, negotiations, existing suppliers, Israel, Russia, modern technology, reverse engineering, military research, development programs, European Union, arms embargo, Chinese military, US concerns, strategic leverage, technological boost, fighter jets, cloning, selling, international arms trade, security studies, defense policy China, militarily, strengthen, arms, ban, US, fears, EU, weaponry, armour, advanced, communications, control, systems, high-technology, guidance, night-vision, equipment, effective, reluctance, suppliers, Israel, Russia, pressure, technology, modern, ability, reverse, engineer, research, development, Archick, Kristin, European, Union, 2005, Page, Jeremy, clones, sells, Russian, fighter, jets, 2010 China, militarily, arms, ban, EU, US, fears, advanced, communications, control, systems, high-technology, guidance, night-vision, weaponry, armour, negotiations, suppliers, Israel, Russia, pressure, modern, technology, reverse, engineering, research, development, military, programmes, clones, sells, Russian, fighter, jets China, militarily, strengthen, arms, ban, US, fears, EU, weaponry, advanced, communications, control, systems, high-technology, guidance, night-vision, leverage, negotiations, suppliers, Israel, Russia, pressure, technology, reverse, engineer, research, development, European, Union, Archick, Kristin, Page, Jeremy, Russian, fighter, jets"
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-pro01a	Just shock-tactics, at the cost of better art  Sometimes artists go too far in a bid to get their message across. Simply grabbing the headlines with shock tactics does not constitute art of the sort that should be receiving either public support or attention. It is important to recognise that public displays and funding of art are limited commodities, so every time one piece is chosen for an exhibition, or an artist is given money, this comes at the cost of other possible pieces of art. It is surely better to support those artists who have chosen to express their ideas and messages in a way that does not rely on simple attention-grabbing horror: it is surely more artistically meritorious to create a work that conveys its message in a way that rewards close attention and careful study, with layers of meaning and technique. shock-tactics, public-support, artistic-merit, attention-grabbing, limited-commodities, layers-meaning, careful-study, horror-art, funding-priorities, message-conveyance shock-tactics, art, public support, attention-grabbing, horror, artistically meritorious, layers of meaning, technique, close attention, careful study, public displays, funding, limited commodities, message conveyance, artist selection, exhibition, artistic merit, sensationalism, thoughtful expression shock-tactics, public support, attention-grabbing, artistic merit, layers of meaning, careful study, funding, exhibition, limited resources, message conveyance, artistic expression, horror, headlines, better art, artist choice shock-tactics, public support, art funding, attention-grabbing, artistic merit, layers of meaning, careful study, exhibition choices, limited resources, message conveyance, thoughtful expression, horror元素, media headlines, better art, artistic technique, deep interpretation, public displays, art selection, creative merit, nuanced messaging, impactful art shock-tactics, better-art, artists, message, public-support, attention, public-displays, funding, limited-commodities, exhibition, artistically-meritorious, close-attention, careful-study, layers-meaning, technique
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-con03a	The government has no right to prevent children from doing what they enjoy and are good at  Many child performers would undoubtedly protest if their right to perform were taken away from them, and justly so. This can be seen in quotes from the likes of Roddy McDowall, who said in an interview in 1963 that he “had a particularly wonderful time” as a child actor, [1] and would presumably have been quite upset had a ban been enforced in his lifetime. It is beyond the rights of the government to make illegal an opportunity that allows those talented on the stage, in front of a camera, on the pitch, etc. (who might well not be so strong in other, e.g., academic, areas) to make a living from doing what they do best.  Some child performers have also proved to be extremely business savvy – the ‘Olsen Twins’ have built a massive industry off of their Disney stardom.  [1] BBC News. ‘Actor McDowall dies aged 7 0 government rights, child performers, Roddy McDowall, Olsen Twins, child actors, talent, performance rights, children's rights, entertainment industry, child labor laws, minors in entertainment, young performers, child stardom, business savvy children, academic vs performance skills, prohibition of child performance, legal restrictions on child actors government, children, rights, performance, child performers, protest, Roddy McDowall, interview, 1963, wonderful time, child actor, ban, illegal, opportunity, talented, stage, camera, pitch, academic, living, business savvy, Olsen Twins, Disney, stardom, BBC News, Actor McDowall, dies, aged 70 government, children, rights, perform, prevention, child performers, Roddy McDowall, quotes, 1963, interview, wonderful time, upset, ban, illegal, opportunity, talented, stage, camera, pitch, areas, academic, living, business savvy, Olsen Twins, Disney stardom, BBC News, Actor McDowall, dies, aged 70 government, children, rights, child performers, protest, Roddy McDowall, interview, 1963, wonderful time, ban, illegal, opportunity, talented, stage, camera, pitch, living, academic, Olsen Twins, Disney, stardom, industry, business savvy government rights, children activities, child performers, Roddy McDowall, Olsen Twins, child actors, performance rights, child talent, child labor, young actors, child entertainment, legal restrictions, child employment, child stardom, business savvy children, child rights, talent expression, performance opportunities, government intervention, child welfare
test-economy-egiahbwaka-con02a	Women are not the future for Africa’s economy  In the short to medium term women are unlikely to be the key to Africa’s economic future. Even in western economies, there is still a gap between genders at the workplace. Women are still paid less than men, there are more men CEO’s than women and so forth. This is likely to remain replicated in Africa for decades after there has been full acceptance that women should be treated equally as has happened in the west.  In some parts of Africa there are cultural reasons why women are unlikely to obtain a key role in the near future. In Egypt for example, where 90% of the populations is Muslim, women account for 24% of the labour force, even though they have the right to education. This is true across North Africa where women amount for less than 25% of the work force. [1] Just because there is clearly a large amount of potential being wasted here does not mean that is going to change. Women often have few political or legal rights and so are unlikely to be able to work as equals except in a very few professions such as nursing or teaching.  [1] International Labour Organisation, ‘Labour force, female (% of total labor force)’, data.worldbank.org, 2009-2013, Women, Africa, economy, short-term, medium-term, gender gap, workplace, western economies, CEO, cultural reasons, Muslim, Egypt, North Africa, labour force, political rights, legal rights, professions, nursing, teaching, potential, International Labour Organisation, data.worldbank.org Women, Africa, economy, future, gender gap, workplace, equality, cultural reasons, North Africa, labour force, political rights, legal rights, professions, nursing, teaching, International Labour Organisation, data.worldbank.org women, Africa, economy, short-term, medium-term, gender gap, workplace, CEO, cultural reasons, North Africa, Muslim, labour force, political rights, legal rights, professions, nursing, teaching, International Labour Organisation, data.worldbank.org Women, Africa, economy, short-term, medium-term, gender gap, workplace, pay inequality, CEOs, cultural reasons, North Africa, Muslim, labor force, political rights, legal rights, professions, nursing, teaching, International Labour Organisation, data.worldbank.org Women, Africa, economy, short-term, medium-term, gender gap, workplace, CEO, cultural reasons, Muslim, education, political rights, legal rights, professions, nursing, teaching, International Labour Organisation, Labour force, data.worldbank.org
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-con02a	Large influxes of migrants will create conflict in unprepared countries  It is regrettable that difference is a major source of conflict among humans with differences in religion and ethnicity having regularly been the source of conflicts household human history. While many countries have traditions of accepting migrants others don't and even those that are tolerant may not be prepared for a large influx of migrants.  This policy would bring about such an influx in those countries that take up the offer of aid for taking in migrants. A new community is likely to be labelled the ‘other’ by the natives of that country and be blamed for taking jobs and putting pressure on services. This happens because the newcomers are easy to blame and have few influential voices in the country to speak out in their defence.  Places with existing large migrant communities are less likely to experience anti immigrant hostility. Thus in India Delhi with 38.4% of the population immigrants (not just international) has less conflict thant Mumbai with 26.5%, and in the US New Mexico with a 45% Hispanic population has less anti-Hispanic sentiment than Florida with 21%. [1]  [1] ‘Causes of Conflict’, University of North Carolina, accessed 20 August 2015, migrants, conflict, unprepared countries, difference, religion, ethnicity, traditions, large influx, policy, new community, other, natives, jobs, services, migrant communities, anti-immigrant hostility, Delhi, Mumbai, New Mexico, Florida, Hispanic, causes of conflict, University of North Carolina migrants, conflict, unprepared countries, difference, religion, ethnicity, policy, large influx, community, natives, jobs, services, newcomer, influential voices, migrant communities, anti-immigrant hostility, India, Delhi, Mumbai, US, New Mexico, Florida, Hispanic, sentiment, causes of conflict, University of North Carolina migrants, conflict, unprepared countries, difference, religion, ethnicity, history, accepting migrants, large influx, community, other, natives, jobs, services, newcomers, influential voices, migrant communities, anti-immigrant hostility, India, Delhi, Mumbai, US, New Mexico, Hispanic, Florida, causes of conflict, University of North Carolina migrants, conflict, unprepared countries, difference, religion, ethnicity, traditions, large influx, policy, new community, other, natives, jobs, services, newcomers, influential voices, migrant communities, anti-immigrant hostility, India, Delhi, Mumbai, US, New Mexico, Florida, Hispanic, sentiment, causes of conflict, University of North Carolina migrants, conflict, unprepared countries, difference, religion, ethnicity, traditions, large influx, policy, community, other, natives, jobs, services, newcomers, influential voices, immigrants, hostility, population, Delhi, Mumbai, New Mexico, Florida, Hispanic, sentiment, causes, University of North Carolina
test-culture-ascidfakhba-pro02a	The default of total copyright is harmful to the spreading of information and experience  Current copyright law assigns too many rights, automatically, to the creator. Law gives the generator of a work full copyright protection that is extremely restrictive of that works reuse, except when strictly agreed in contracts and agreements. Making Creative Commons licenses the standard for publicly-funded works generates a powerful normalizing force toward a general alteration of people’s defaults on what copyright and creator protections should actually be like. The creative commons guarantees attribution to the creator and they retain the power to set up other for-profit deals with distributors. [1] At base the default setting of somehow having absolute control means creators of work often do not even consider the reuse by others in the commons. The result is creation and then stagnation, as others do not expend the time and energy to seek special permissions from the creator. Mandating that art in all its forms be released under a creative commons licensing scheme means greater access to more works, for the enrichment of all. This is particular true in the case of “orphan works”, works of unknown ownership. Fears over copyright infringement has led these works, which by some estimates account for 40% of all books, have led to huge amounts of knowledge and creative output languishing beyond anyone’s reach. A mix of confusion over copyright ownership and unwillingness of owners to release their works, often because it would not be commercially viable to do so, means that only 2% of all works currently protected by copyright are commercially available. [2] Releasing these works under creative commons licenses will spawn a deluge of enriching knowledge and creative output spilling onto the market of ideas. It would mark a critical advancement in the democratization and globalization of knowledge akin to the invention of the printing press.  [1] Creative Commons. “About the Licenses”. 2010.   [2] Keegan, V. “Shorter Copyright Would Free Creativity”. The Guardian. 7 October 2009. copyright, Creative Commons, public domain, orphan works, copyright law, attribution, commercial viability, democratization of knowledge, globalization of knowledge, printing press, information spreading, creator protections, reuse rights, default licensing, cultural enrichment, knowledge access, copyright infringement, legal reform, intellectual property, creative output default copyright, harmful spreading information, automatic rights creation, full copyright protection, restrictive reuse, creative commons licenses, publicly-funded works, normalizing force, attribution creators, for-profit deals, absolute control, creation stagnation, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge languishing, commercially viable, democratization knowledge, globalization knowledge, printing press analogy, shorter copyright, free creativity default copyright, harmful spreading information, automatic rights creation, full copyright protection, restrictive reuse, creative commons licenses, publicly-funded works, powerful normalizing force, attribution creator, for-profit deals, absolute control, creation stagnation, orphan works, copyright infringement, unknown ownership, knowledge languishing, confusion copyright ownership, commercial viability, creative output, democratization globalization knowledge, printing press analogy, shorter copyright, free creativity, The Guardian, Keegan Copyright, Creative Commons, information spread, default rights, creator protection, public funding, reuse, stagnation, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge enrichment, democratization, globalization, printing press, commercial viability, copyright law, attribution, non-commercial use, legal reform, intellectual property, public domain, cultural heritage, digital age, access to information, innovation, creativity, legal barriers, remix culture, fair use, author rights, user rights, cultural works, legal uncertainty, historical documents, digital libraries, open access, educational resources, creative expression, artistic freedom, legal flexibility, societal benefit, technological advancement, information freedom, Creative Commons licenses Default copyright, harmful spreading, information experience, automatic rights, creator full protection, restrictive reuse, Creative Commons licenses, public-funded works, normalization, copyright alteration, creator protections, attribution, for-profit deals, stagnation, reuse permissions, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge languishing, commercial viability, democratization globalization knowledge, printing press analogy, shorter copyright, creativity freedom
test-international-gmehwasr-con03a	Unforeseeable consequences  We do not know where arming the rebels will lead. The most obvious parallel has to be Afghanistan in the 1980s where the United States armed the mujahideen and succeeded in their objective of damaging the USSR through a war of attrition much as the US had suffered in Vietnam. Afghanistan became an albatross around the Soviet Union’s neck. [1] But the US did not win the peace, Afghanistan descended into civil conflict which had a Taliban victory that sheltered Osama bin Laden; US arms in Afghanistan unintentionally lead more than a decade later to September 11. In this case we would be arming a movement that has many jihadi elements that could end up with the weaponry. Other countries such as Turkey are also worried about where powerful weapons such as anti aircraft missiles could end up if provided to the rebels. They fear they could easily find their way across the border to militant Kurds. [2] Other paths that this could lead to are just as bad; for example helping the Libyan rebels lead to the conflict in Mali. [3] In this case the short term consequences could be just as bad. Arming the Sunnis could provoke retaliation from either Iran or Hezbollah who could feel undermined by the move, in the worst case scenario they could even attack western assets in the area. [4]  [1] Hoffman, David E., The Dead Hand: Reagan, Gorbachev and the Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race, Icon Books Ltd, 2011, p.211  [2] Hokayem, Emile, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013  [3] Jones, Owen, ‘The war in Libya was seen as a success, now here we are engaging with the blowback in Mali’, The Independent, 13 January 2013  [4] Yacoubian, Mona, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan, 1980s, United States, mujahideen, USSR, Vietnam, civil conflict, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, Turkey, anti-aircraft missiles, militant Kurds, Libya, Mali, Sunnis, Iran, Hezbollah, western assets, Cold War arms race, Syria, blowback, Mona Yacoubian, Emile Hokayem, Owen Jones, David E. Hoffman Unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan 1980s, US policy, mujahideen, USSR, Vietnam, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, weaponry, Turkey, anti-aircraft missiles, militant Kurds, Libya, Mali, conflict, short-term consequences, Iran, Hezbollah, western assets, Cold War, arms race, blowback, Mona Yacoubian, Emile Hokayem, Owen Jones, David E. Hoffman, The Dead Hand, Roundtable, Foreign Policy, The Independent Unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan 1980s, US mujahideen, Soviet Union, Vietnam, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, weaponry, Turkey, anti-aircraft missiles, militant Kurds, Libya, Mali, arming Sunnis, Iran, Hezbollah, western assets, Cold War arms race, Reagan, Gorbachev, Hokayem, Syrian rebels, Owen Jones, Mona Yacoubian Unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan, 1980s, United States, mujahideen, USSR, Vietnam, albatross, Soviet Union, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, Turkey, anti-aircraft missiles, militant Kurds, Libya, Mali, short-term consequences, Iran, Hezbollah, western assets, Cold War, arms race, Syrian rebels, blowback, engagement, Mona Yacoubian, Emile Hokayem, David E. Hoffman, Owen Jones Unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan 1980s, US mujahideen support, Soviet Union, Vietnam, Taliban victory, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, Turkey, anti-aircraft missiles, militant Kurds, Libya, Mali conflict, Sunni arming, Iran retaliation, Hezbollah, western assets, Cold War arms race, Syrian rebels, blowback, Mona Yacoubian, Emile Hokayem, Owen Jones, David E. Hoffman
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-con02a	"It is a basic principle of journalism that sources should be checked and verified by another, independent, source.  British Foreign Secretary William Hague has pointed out that the actions of Wikileaks put British lives at risk. [1] Congressman Peter King described the mass leaking of documents as “Worse even than a physical attack” on America and Assange as “an enemy combatant”. [2] Vice-President Joe Biden refers to him as a “High-tech terrorist.” [3]  He has condemned governments, endangered operations and undermined diplomatic activities, all without knowing the identity or motives of his sources. For all we know the information could be quite false or released only in part by someone with an axe to grind. Those parties who are damned by the revelations are hardly in a position to say, “No that isn’t one of our cables and here’s the real one to prove it.""  Furthermore, as the site itself proudly proclaims, it has no way of knowing who the source is and, therefore, no way of knowing the accuracy of the information published beyond the educated guesswork of their editorial staff [4] . Who is it making these guesses? It is impossible to say as only Assange’s name is associated with the site.  It’s an interesting exercise – how many other Editors-in-Chief could you name? How many star reporters can you name? Wikileaks must be the only media organisation – or such is its claim – where the only name that is widely known is that of the publisher.  It is a fairly basic principle of journalism that not only should more than one person know the identity of the source but that the information should be possible to ratify. To prove the confidence that journalist has in the source, they are prepared to put their name to it.  Assange cannot say whether he has confidence in the sources because he has no way of telling whether that is really a person with access to information or whether it is the agent of and unfriendly power, a disaffected employee or is simply making the whole thing up  [1] BBC News, 'Julian Assange ready to meet police says his lawyer', 7 December 2010,   [2] James, Frank, 'Wikileaks Is A Terror Outfit: Rep. Peter King', NPR, 29 November 2010,   [3] The Sydney Morning Herald, 'Joe Biden calls Julian Assange a 'hi-tech terrorist', 20 December 2010,   [4] The Slate. “The Wikileaks Paradox: Is Radical Transparency Compatible with Total Anonymity?” Farhad Manjoo. 28 July 2010, journalism, sources, verified, independent, William Hague, British lives, Wikileaks, Congressman Peter King, physical attack, America, Julian Assange, enemy combatant, Vice-President Joe Biden, high-tech terrorist, condemned governments, endangered operations, undermined diplomacy, identity, motives, educated guesswork, editorial staff, Editors-in-Chief, star reporters, basic principle, ratify, confidence, journalist, unfriendly power, disaffected employee, making up, BBC News, Julian Assange, police, lawyer, NPR, Wikileaks terror outfit, The Sydney Morning Herald, The Slate, Farhad Manjoo, radical transparency, total anonymity journalism, sources, verified, independent, British, Foreign, Secretary, William, Hague, Wikileaks, British, lives, risk, Congressman, Peter, King, leaking, documents, physical, attack, America, Assange, enemy, combatant, Vice-President, Joe, Biden, high-tech, terrorist, condemned, governments, endangered, operations, undermined, diplomatic, activities, identity, motives, false, axe, grind, site, proclaim, source, accuracy, information, published, editorial, staff, editors-in-chief, star, reporters, media, organization, publisher, principle, confidence, journalist, name, agent, unf journalism, source verification, British Foreign Secretary, William Hague, Wikileaks, British lives, Congressman Peter King, physical attack, America, Julian Assange, enemy combatant, Vice-President Joe Biden, high-tech terrorist, condemned governments, undermined diplomacy, source identity, information accuracy, editorial staff, Editors-in-Chief, journalists, source confidence, agent, disaffected employee, radical transparency, total anonymity, Farhad Manjoo, Slate, Wikileaks Paradox journalism, sources, verification, independent, British, Foreign, Secretary, William, Hague, Wikileaks, British, lives, risk, Congressman, Peter, King, leaking, documents, physical, attack, America, Assange, enemy, combatant, Joe, Biden, high-tech, terrorist, condemned, governments, endangered, operations, undermined, diplomatic, activities, identity, motives, accurate, information, educated, guesswork, editorial, staff, editors-in-chief, star, reporters, media, organization, publisher, principle, confidence, source, agent, unfriendly, power, disaffected, employee, making, up, BBC journalism, sources, verified, independent, British, Foreign, Secretary, William, Hague, Wikileaks, British, lives, risk, Congressman, Peter, King, worse, physical, attack, America, Assange, enemy, combatant, Vice-President, Joe, Biden, high-tech, terrorist, governments, endangered, operations, undermined, diplomatic, activities, identity, motives, false, released, part, axe, grind, site, source, accuracy, information, published, editorial, staff, Editors-in-Chief, star, reporters, media, organization, publisher, basic, principle, person, ratify, confidence, journalist"
test-international-gsciidffe-pro01a	Advancing national interests  A nation’s foreign policy should be primarily concerned with advancing the national interest. By the national interest we mean promoting the interest of the nation as a whole rather than any of its subnational groups; whether this is building up the state's military power to protect its citizens through alliances or military bases, benefiting the nation's economy through trade deals, or encouraging the creation of friendly governments around the globe. [1] Circumventing censorship helps obtain this last objective for democracies by encouraging peoples in autocracies to find their own voice and push for democracy; a system of government that is more compatible to other democracies. Ultimately this will also provide other benefits; friendly governments with similar political systems are more likely to create trade agreements with each other so providing economic benefits, in the 1990s the volume of trade between a democracy and autocracy was on average 40% less than two democracies. [2] Equally importantly democracies do not fight other democracies so helping to create stability. [3]  [1] Realism emphasises the alliances bit, Liberalism the economic self interest, and constructivists spreading values. Walt, Stephen M, “International Relations: One World, Many Theories”, Foreign Policy, Spring 1998,   [2] Mansfield, Edward D., et al., “Free to Trade: Democracies, Autocracies, and International Trade”, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 94, No. 2,  p.318  [3] Rousseau, David L., et al., “Assessing the Dayadic Nature of the Democratic Peace, 1918-88”, The American Political Science Review, Vol.90, No.3,  p.515 national interests, foreign policy, military alliances, economic trade, democratic governance, circumventing censorship, promoting democracy, international relations, realism, liberalism, constructivism, trade agreements, democratic peace, political stability, autocracies, democracies, military power, subnational groups, global politics, economic benefits, international security, political systems, government types, global trade, peace studies, political science, security studies, international alliances, state interests, democratic values, economic self-interest, spreading values, global cooperation, international conflict, state security, global economy, international politics, democratic nations, autocratic nations, trade volume, policy analysis, international agreements national interests, foreign policy, state's military power, economic benefits, trade deals, friendly governments, circumventing censorship, promoting democracy, political stability, realism, liberalism, constructivism, international relations, democratic peace, autocracies, democracies, military alliances, economic self-interest, spreading values, trade volume, political systems, non-aggression, international trade, global politics, security studies, political science, democratic governance, international cooperation, diplomatic relations, state sovereignty, national security, economic development, global governance, international conflict, peace research, international economics, political theory, foreign relations, strategic interests, international organizations, democracy promotion, human national interests, foreign policy, state's military power, economic benefits, trade deals, friendly governments, democracies, autocracies, censorship, political systems, realism, liberalism, constructivism, democratic peace, international trade, alliances, military bases, economic self-interest, spreading values, stability, trade agreements, political stability, democratic governance, international relations, theoretical approaches, diplomatic strategies, global politics, state security, economic development, governance models, international cooperation, political alignment, security alliances, trade partnerships, democratic values, autocratic regimes, peace theories, international political economy, security studies, political philosophy, foreign affairs, strategic alliances, global national interests, foreign policy, military power, trade deals, friendly governments, circumventing censorship, promoting democracy, economic benefits, democratic peace, political stability, realism, liberalism, constructivism, international relations, alliances, military bases, subnational groups, autocracies, democracies, trade agreements, historical data, political systems, global stability national interests, foreign policy, state military power, economic benefits, trade deals, friendly governments, democracy promotion, autocracies, political stability, democratic peace, realism, liberalism, constructivism, alliances, military bases, censorship circumvention, economic self-interest, spreading values, international relations theories, democracies trade, peace among democracies
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con02a	Lack of trust  The problem is that when it comes to privacy it is not really our personal physical security that we are worried about. Part of the problem is that we value our right to a private life and that we should have control over that to the extent of being able to decide how much information others know about us. To a large extent this is an issue of trust; we (sometimes wrongly) trust our friends and others with information about us. We often trust faceless entities; companies and governments too though usually to less of an extent. But a lot of that trust is as a result of their willingness to tell us what they know about us, to provide information in return, or to provide methods for us to restrict what they know. In cases like this that trust has not been earned; we were not asked, and not obviously given anything back, and there seems little change of us changing the terms of the relationship. privacy, personal, physical, security, private, life, control, information, trust, friends, entities, companies, governments, willingness, share, restrict, earned, asked, given, relationship, terms, change privacy, personal security, private life, control, information, trust, friends, entities, companies, governments, willingness, transparency, methods, restrictions, consent, value, relationship, terms, change, data protection, personal data, digital privacy, information sharing, user rights, data control, data transparency, trust erosion, digital trust, privacy concerns, data privacy laws, personal information management, informational self-determination, privacy policies, user consent, data usage rights, digital footprint, online privacy, user empowerment, data governance, privacy regulations, data sovereignty, data subject rights, informed consent, data minimization, privacy by design, data protection lack of trust, privacy, personal physical security, right to private life, control over information, trust in friends, trust in faceless entities, companies, governments, willingness to share information, methods to restrict information, trust not earned, not asked, no reciprocation, changing relationship terms lack of trust, privacy, personal physical security, right to private life, control over information, trust in friends, trust in entities, companies, governments, willingness to share information, trust not earned, not asked, no reciprocation, changing relationship terms privacy, personal security, private life, information control, trust, friends, faceless entities, companies, governments, information transparency, trustworthiness, consent, relationship terms, data privacy, personal information, digital trust, informational self-determination, privacy concerns, trust issues
test-education-egtuscpih-con02a	Online courses make it impossible to ensure academic honesty  With online courses, unlike with actual tests and lectures, there is no way to ensure the person is not cheating on the other side of the screen. There is no way to ensure that essays and papers are written by people who will be getting degrees, and especially that tests and examinations are taken by the people who will be getting the degrees. But even if they are the same people, there is no way to prevent cheating during tests and examinations, as people can just have the cheat sheets in front of them and there are no supervisors to stop them from doing so. The crucial point about university degrees is that they ensure that the person is the professional. With online courses, that is not possible, which undermines the whole idea of the university degree. online courses, academic honesty, cheating, supervision, exams, tests, essays, papers, university degrees, professional integrity, online education, academic integrity, remote learning, test security, degree authenticity online courses, academic honesty, cheating, supervision, examinations, essays, papers, university degrees, professional integrity, remote learning, test integrity, credentialing, academic fraud, online supervision, honor code, plagiarism, authentication, proctoring, academic standards, educational value online courses, academic honesty, cheating, supervision, university degrees, integrity, authentication, examinations, surveillance, professional standards, degree value, remote learning, academic integrity, test security, plagiarism detection, honor codes online courses, academic honesty, cheating, supervision, integrity, examinations, essays, papers, university degrees, professionalism, credibility, remote learning, test security, educational assessment Online courses, academic honesty, cheating, remote learning, supervision, integrity, university degrees, authentication, examination integrity, virtual classrooms, educational technology, academic standards, professional qualifications, test security, plagiarism, honor code, online proctoring, academic fraud, degree validity
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con05a	"Attempting to impose democracy may escalate conflict.  Intervening in a country, and attempting to impose a different government, is likely to a) result in backlash and b) destabilize the country by destroying infrastructure and disrupting services. Both these things make it far more likely that violent conflict will emerge, either between the country and the imposers, or within the country, as rival factions are forced to compete for scarce resources and rights protection. Iraq is a prime example of intervention causing a civil war. The previous gulf war combined with sanctions and weeks of bombing destroyed Iraq's infrastructure resulting in what General Odierno called 'societal devastation'1 and the disbanding of the army and debaathification forced the experienced administrators who ran the country out of their jobs.(Kane, 'Don't repeat the mistakes of Iraq in Libya', 2011) The result was the attempt to impose democracy was bloody and only partially successful.  1 Parrish, Karen, ""Odierno, Crocker: Iraq's Future Still Hinges on U.S. Support"", American Forces Press Service, November 15, 2010,  2 Kane, Sean., 'Don't repeat the mistakes of Iraq in Libya', ForeignPolicy.com, April 27, 2011, democracy, conflict, intervention, government, backlash, destabilization, infrastructure, services, violent conflict, civil war, Iraq, societal devastation, sanctions, bombing, disbanding army, debaathification, experienced administrators, partial success, Libya, mistakes, U.S. support, Odierno, Crocker, Parrish, Foreign Policy, Sean Kane, 2011, 2010 imposing democracy, conflict escalation, intervention, government change, backlash, country destabilization, infrastructure destruction, service disruption, violent conflict, civil war, Iraq, societal devastation, disbanding army, debaathification, experienced administrators, democracy imposition, partial success, Libya, foreign policy, U.S. support, Karen Parrish, General Odierno, Sean Kane democracy, conflict, intervention, government, backlash, destabilization, infrastructure, services, violent conflict, civil war, Iraq, societal devastation, sanctions, bombing, disbanding army, debaathification, experienced administrators, bloody, partially successful, foreign policy, Libya, mistakes, U.S. support, Odierno, Crocker, Parrish, Karen, Sean Kane, ForeignPolicy.com, American Forces Press Service democracy, conflict, imposing, government, backlash, destabilize, infrastructure, services, violent, civil war, Iraq, intervention, gulf war, sanctions, bombing, societal devastation, disbanding, army, debaathification, administrators, partially successful, mistakes, Libya democracy, conflict, imposition, government, backlash, destabilization, infrastructure, services, violent conflict, civil war, Iraq, intervention, sanctions, bombing, societal devastation, disbanding army, debaathification, experienced administrators, partial success, Libya, mistakes, U.S. support, foreign policy"
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-pro03a	There is a duty for a broadcaster that is not dependent on either commercial or state funding to give a platform to controversial works of art.  The BBC is in an unusual position, simply because of its funding structure, to promote new or challenging works of art. The licence fee means that it is freed of many of the pressures brought to bear by either commercial or political masters. Although it has never taken that to mean it has a carte blanche, it does allow for opportunities simply not available to many broadcasters in terms showcasing new works of art and encouraging creative development.  The BBC’s global audience in 2007 was 233 million [i] . That audience provides some context for the 1,500 who actively protested this particular broadcast.  It seems reasonable to suggest that many of those millions follow the BBC because they trust the Corporation’s approach of providing the widest possible range of output and opinion. For such an organisation to capitulate to a prudish group – who were outside BBC venues at the time so couldn’t have seen the broadcast – would be a huge betrayal of that trust.  [i] BBC News Website. “BBC Global Audience Hits New High”. 21 May 2007. BBC, broadcaster, licence fee, funding structure, controversial art, new works, creative development, global audience, protest, trust, opinion, prudish group, censorship, artistic freedom, public service, broadcasting regulations, artistic range, viewer expectations, media pressure, political masters, commercial pressures, broadcasting ethics, public trust, media protest, art broadcasting, media impact, audience reach, broadcasting standards, artistic integrity, public broadcaster, media controversy, censorship resistance, viewer demographics, artistic content, media criticism, broadcasting philosophy, public service broadcasting, media trust, artistic diversity, media influence, art promotion, broadcaster responsibility, media engagement, audience reaction BBC, broadcaster, funding, controversial, art, licence fee, commercial, state, freedom, pressure, new, challenging, works, creative, development, global audience, protest, trust, output, opinion, prudish, capitulate, betrayal duty, broadcaster, commercial, state, funding, platform, controversial, works, art, BBC, unusual, position, funding, structure, promote, new, challenging, works, licence, fee, pressures, commercial, political, masters, opportunities, showcasing, encouraging, creative, development, global, audience, protested, broadcast, trust, Corporation, approach, range, output, opinion, capitulate, prudish, group, betrayal, trust, BBC, News, Website, global, audience, high duty, broadcaster, non-commercial, non-state, funding, platform, controversial, art, BBC, unique, funding-structure, promote, new, challenging, works, art, licence-fee, freedom, pressure, commercial, political, masters, opportunities, showcase, encourage, creative-development, global-audience, 2007, 233-million, protest, trust, wide-range, output, opinion, organisation, capitulate, prudish, group, betrayal BBC, broadcaster, funding, commercial, state, controversial, art, licence fee, pressure, commercial, political, new, challenging, works, art, creative development, global audience, protest, trust, output, opinion, prudish, group, capitulate, betrayal
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-pro04a	"Quota-led gender equality in executive boards will help shape a gender sensitive and highly performing business environment.  There are many reports showing that there is a positive correlation between the number of women on high positions and the companies’ performance. A report from The McKinsey Organizational Health Index (OHI) argues that companies with three or more women in top positions (executive committee and higher) scored higher than their peers. Companies that score highly on all the OHI measures have also shown superior financial performance. [1]  This is often related to the high overall education level of women on boards. In Norway, there has been some advancement in firms’ human capital as a result of the quotas, [2] which may result in increased profits in the future due to the increasing number of well educated women.  Female managers tend to promote a communal and collaborative style of leadership that can improve a company’s performance and work culture. Organizations with women in top leadership positions are also more likely to provide work-life assistance to all employees. [3] Norwegian scholars have found that the increased number of women on boards has led to more focused and strategic decision-making, increased communication, and decreased conflict. [4] In fact, many successful business women, such as Sheryl Sandberg, also argue that more women in business could change business ethics and the male-associated image of successful business model that will bring competitive advantages to companies and thus, to the EU economies. [5]  [1] Barsh, Joanna, and Lareina Yee. ""Unlocking the Full Potential of Women in the US Economy."" McKinsey & Company. N.p., 2011. Web .  [2] Sandberg, Sheryl, Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, New York, 2013  [3] Matos, Kenneth, and Galinsky, Ellen, “2012 National Study of Employers”, Families and Work Institute, 2012, p.45  [4] Sweigart, Anne. ""Women on Board for Change: The Norway Model of Boardroom Quotas As a Tool For Progress in the United States and Canada."" Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 32.4, 2012  [5] Sandberg, Sheryl, Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, New York, 2013 Quota-led, gender equality, executive boards, business environment, women, high positions, companies’ performance, McKinsey Organizational Health Index, women in top positions, superior financial performance, education level, women on boards, increased profits, female managers, communal leadership, collaborative style, work-life assistance, focused decision-making, strategic decision-making, decreased conflict, business ethics, competitive advantages, EU economies, Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In, Norway, boardroom quotas, progress, United States, Canada gender equality, executive boards, quotas, business performance, women leadership, McKinsey Organizational Health Index, financial performance, education level, human capital, collaborative leadership, work-life balance, strategic decision-making, business ethics, competitive advantages, EU economies, Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In, Norway model, boardroom quotas Quota-led, gender equality, executive boards, business environment, women, high positions, company performance, McKinsey Organizational Health Index, OHI, top positions, financial performance, women on boards, human capital, female managers, leadership style, work-life balance, strategic decision-making, communication, conflict resolution, business ethics, competitive advantages, EU economies, Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In, Norway model, boardroom quotas, progress, United States, Canada Quota-led gender equality, executive boards, gender-sensitive business environment, women in high positions, company performance, McKinsey Organizational Health Index, well-educated women, Norway quotas, human capital, female managers, communal leadership, work-life balance, strategic decision-making, decreased conflict, business ethics, competitive advantages, EU economies, Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In quota-led, gender equality, executive boards, business environment, women, high positions, company performance, McKinsey Organizational Health Index, female managers, leadership style, work-life balance, human capital, Norway, quotas, educational level, strategic decision-making, communication, conflict resolution, business ethics, competitive advantages, EU economies, Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In, work-life assistance, successful business women, male-associated image, top leadership positions, organizational health, financial performance, women on boards, Norway model, boardroom quotas, United States, Canada, gender-sensitive, collaborative leadership, employee performance, strategic management, female representation, corporate governance"
test-politics-cpecfiepg-pro02a	Defaulting would be the quickest route to economic recovery  Under the status quo, the Greek economy is only headed in one direction: deeper recession. There are no signs of the situation changing any time soon. Were the Greek Government to default on its debts, after a period of recession, conditions would quickly be favourable for economic growth once more. This is what was observed when Argentina and other nations [1] recently defaulted and can be explained by many factors. Firstly, defaulting and exiting the Eurozone would allow Greece to conduct monetary policy more freely: they would be able to quickly devalue their currency in order to make Greek goods and services more competitive on the international market. This would increase exports and attract investment, as well as tourists looking for cheaper holidays – all of which would contribute towards the rebuilding of the Greek economy. [2] Moreover, were Greece to default, it would put an end to the huge degree of unpredictability and uncertainty about the Greek economy. At the moment, nobody knows if the banks are safe, if the government will default etc. The constant chopping and changing of current austerity measures such as increases in varieties of corporate tax and changes in regulations also contribute to the huge degree of uncertainty in the Greek economy. Uncertainty breeds risk and risk breeds fear: a recipe that drives away foreign investors and makes it difficult for local businesses to start up. Were Greece to default, however, such elements of uncertainty would be seriously diminished, and conditions would be ripe for investment from abroad and locally. Greek would be able to start afresh.  [1] Pettifor, Ann: “Greece: The upside of default”, 23 May 2012, BBC News,   [2] Lapavitsas, Costas: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, default, economic recovery, Greece, recession, debt, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, risk, foreign investors, local businesses, austerity measures, corporate tax, regulations, Ann Pettifor, Costas Lapavitsas, euro, Greek economy, economic growth,预测, 风险, 恐惧, 新开始, 国际市场, 企业税, 规则变化, 经济不确定性, 投资环境, 货币政策自由, 贬值, 竞争力, 经济重建, default, economic recovery, Greece, recession, debt, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, risk, foreign investors, local businesses, economic growth, Argentina, Pettifor, Lapavitsas, Eurozone crisis, currency exit Greece, default, economic recovery, recession, Eurozone, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, risk, foreign investors, local businesses, austerity measures, monetary policy, Pettifor, Lapavitsas, Eurozone crisis, Greek economy defaulting, economic recovery, Greek economy, recession, debt, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, competitiveness, exports, investment, tourism, unpredictability, uncertainty, risk, foreign investors, local businesses, austerity measures, corporate tax, regulations, financial stability, economic growth, Argentina, economic history, fiscal policy, international market, economic restructuring, Costas Lapavitsas, Ann Pettifor, Eurozone crisis, single currency, Greece exit, economic policy, financial crisis, economic analysis, BBC News, The Guardian Default, economic recovery, Greece, recession, status quo, debt, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, risk, foreign investors, local businesses, austerity measures, corporate tax, regulations, Pettifor, Lapavitsas, Eurozone crisis, single currency
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro05a	You cannot own an idea, and thus cannot hold patents, especially to vital drugs  An individual's idea, so long as it rests solely in his mind or is kept safely hidden, belongs to him. When he disseminates it to everyone and makes it public, it becomes part of the public domain, and belongs to anyone who can use it. If individuals or firms want to keep something a secret, like a production method, then they should keep it to themselves and be careful with how they disseminate their product. One should not, however, expect some sort of ownership to inhere in an idea one has, since no such ownership right exists1. No one can own an idea. Thus recognizing something like a property right over something like a drug formula is contrary to reason, since doing so gives monopoly power to individuals who may not make efficient or equitable use of their asset. Physical property is a tangible asset, and thus can be protected by tangible safeguards. Ideas do not share this right to protection, because an idea, once spoken, enters the public domain and belongs to everyone. This should apply all the more with vital drugs that are fundamentally for the public good by improving health.  1Fitzgerald, Brian and Anne Fitzgerald. 2004. Intellectual Property: In Principle. Melbourne: Lawbook Company. idea, patent, vital drugs, public domain, ownership, dissemination, property right, monopoly, efficient use, equitable use, physical property, tangible asset, safeguards, public good, health, intellectual property patents, vital drugs, intellectual property, public domain, ownership, ideas, dissemination, monopoly power, equitable use, tangible assets, protection, public good, health improvement, Brian Fitzgerald, Anne Fitzgerald, Intellectual Property: In Principle idea ownership, patent rights, public domain, intellectual property, vital drugs, monopoly power, equitable use, physical property, intangible assets, public good, health improvement, dissemination, Fitzgerald, intellectual property principles patents, ideas, public domain, ownership, intellectual property, vital drugs, monopoly, equity, tangible assets, public good, health, dissemination, protection, production methods, secrets idea ownership, patent limitations, public domain, intellectual property, vital drugs, monopoly power, equitable use, physical property, intangible assets, health improvement, public good, patent rights, Brian Fitzgerald, Anne Fitzgerald, Intellectual Property: In Principle, Lawbook Company, 2004
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro03a	Jurors are already aware of information which might ‘bias’ their verdict.  Jurors are frequently affected by media coverage of particular cases, which makes it almost impossible for them to remain impartial in the idealistic way which opposition naively believes possible. This creates a situation where the jury may be more affected by information which they have found out elsewhere – for example on the news or in newspapers – than the information which is presented to them in court. There have been some cases where jurors search the internet to find the backgrounds to their cases, despite the fact that this is not allowed [1] . This evidently reflects that jurors feel that they have not been adequately informed and so seek facts elsewhere. Given that this need has been reflected by the jurors themselves, the court should give jurors all possible information and bring previous convictions into the open to ensure that they can base their verdict on reliable fact presented in court rather than resorting to sensationalist media.  [1] Attorney General’s Office, ‘Juror convicted for internet research’, 23 January 2012. jurors, bias, verdict, media, coverage, impartiality, internet, research, background, cases, court, information, reliable, facts, previous, convictions, sensationalist, media, Attorney, General’s, Office, juror, convicted, 2012 jurors, bias, verdict, media, coverage, impartial, opposition, naively, court, information, news, newspapers, internet, search, backgrounds, cases, not, allowed, inadequately, informed, facts, reliable, presented, previous, convictions, open, sensationalist jurors, bias, verdict, media coverage, impartial, opposition, internet research, court information, previous convictions, reliable facts, sensationalist media, juror misconduct, legal proceedings, judicial process, informed decision-making jurors, bias, verdict, media, coverage, impartiality, internet, research, previous, convictions, reliable, facts, court, sensationalist, information, informed, cases, verdicts, trials, legal, system, justice, jury, duty, evidence, law, prosecution, defense, judgement, sentencing, trial, procedure, courtroom, judicial, process, witness, testimony, argument, deliberation, verdict, punishment, crime, criminal, law, enforcement, societal, norms, ethics, professional, conduct, standards, legal, education, training, judicial, discretion, judicial, review, appellate, court, appeals, precedent jurors, bias, verdict, media coverage, impartiality, internet research, previous convictions, reliable information, court proceedings, sensationalism, legal ethics, jury duty, judicial process, case backgrounds, juror misconduct, Attorney General’s Office, legal transparency
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-pro02a	Avoids the costs and uncertainty of elections  It is hard to see what the benefit of an election that can change nothing is, but there are certainly all the costs associated with a normal election. Elections can be costly in financial terms, the United States elections cost several billion dollars but even much smaller and less extravagant elections need financing. Zimbabwe’s elections in 2013 forced the government to ask its neighbours for $85 million to carry out the polls, for a nation that is essentially bankrupt this is a lot of money. [1]  Another cost is uncertainty. In fully democratic elections the uncertainty is with what the policies will be when the government changes. With sham elections the uncertainty is whether the elections will be a focus for violence. Sometimes this is during campaigning itself as with Zimbabwe in 2008 where up to 200 people were killed. [2] Otherwise violence occurs when there is a perception that an election has been stolen so the Green Movement in Iran took to the streets and was met with a violent crackdown in 2009. [3]  [1] VOA News, ‘Zimbabwe Seeks Help to Cover Election Costs’, Voice of America, 10 July 2013,   [2] ‘Zimbabwe: No Justice for Rampant Killings, Torture’, Human Rights Watch, 8 March 2011,   [3] AFP, ‘Iran opposition says 72 killed in vote protests’, Google, 3 September 2009, costs, uncertainty, elections, financial, United States, Zimbabwe, Iran, financing, violence, Green Movement, sham elections, policies, government change, election costs, political instability, protest, crackdown, election financing, international aid costs, uncertainty, elections, financial, United States, Zimbabwe, funding, violence, sham elections, policies, government change, Green Movement, Iran, protests, election financing, international aid, political violence, human rights, electoral processes, democracy election costs, financial costs, uncertainty, policy changes, government change, sham elections, election violence, election fraud, Zimbabwe elections, US elections, Iran protests, Green Movement, political violence, election financing, international aid, election observation, democratic process, political stability, electoral integrity, voter turnout, political campaigns, campaign finance, election day, electoral violence, pre-election tension, post-election unrest, human rights violations, political reform, democratic transition, election monitoring, international support, electoral systems, constitutional reform, political participation, voter education, election administration, electoral law, political parties, electoral fraud, ballot security, electoral justice, political instability, avoid, costs, uncertainty, elections, benefits, financial, United States, Zimbabwe, election financing, violence, sham elections, campaigning, Green Movement, Iran, protests, crackdown election costs, financial burden, election uncertainty, democratic elections, sham elections, election violence, policy uncertainty, government change, United States elections, Zimbabwe elections, Iran election protests, election financing, electoral violence, political instability, election-related killings, election fraud, Green Movement, Human Rights Watch, Voice of America, AFP news
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro04a	Historically the donor of Foreign Aid has always set down pre-requisites  When a donor nation parts with foreign aid for development to a nation, it must always choose who it prefers to give it to as there is a limited pot of money to donate there needs to be a way of allocating it. It is not surprising therefore that countries with shared colonial histories tend to dominate aid flows, thus Britain has historically given most aid to countries that were its colonies; in 1960 Malta and Cyprus received most, while India was the biggest recipient for much of the rest of the 20th Century. [1] Further, often countries offering aid, such as the US, the UK, and the EU, require the pre-requisite of democracy or the start of a democratisation process. Therefore, it is justified to add a pre-requisite for better standards of business and labour as it helps implementation, and principally meets the goals of the developmental aid itself. [2]  [1] Provost, Claire, ‘UK aid: where does it o and how has it changed since 1960?’, Datablog guardian.co.uk, 14 April 2011,   [2] Dollar, David and Alesina, Alberto. “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?” Journal of Economic Growth, Volume 5, No. 1(Mar., 2000). Foreign Aid, Donor, Pre-requisites, Colonial Histories, Aid Flows, Democracy, Democratisation, Business Standards, Labour Standards, Developmental Aid, UK Aid, US Aid, EU Aid, Aid Allocation, Colonial Legacy, Recipient Countries, Malta, Cyprus, India, Economic Growth, Alberto Alesina, David Dollar Foreign Aid, Donor Nations, Pre-requisites, Colonial Histories, Aid Allocation, Democracy, Democratisation, Business Standards, Labour Standards, Developmental Aid, UK Aid, Historical Trends, Aid Recipients, Malta, Cyprus, India, US Aid, EU Aid, Economic Growth, Aid Distribution, Policy Requirements, International Development, Global Aid Policies, Development Economics Foreign Aid, Donor Nation, Pre-requisites, Colonial History, Aid Allocation, Democracy, Democratisation Process, Developmental Aid, Business Standards, Labour Standards, UK Aid, USAID, EU Aid, Colonial Legacy, Aid Recipients, Malta, Cyprus, India, Economic Growth, International Development, Aid Effectiveness, Policy Conditions, Development Assistance, Historical Aid Patterns, Aid Distribution, Recipient Countries, Donor Preferences, Conditional Aid, Global Development, International Relations, Development Policy, Aid Architecture, Colonialism Impact, Post-Colonial Aid, Development Studies, International Aid, Bilateral Aid, Multilateral Aid, Development Cooperation, Foreign Aid, Donor Nations, Pre-requisites, Colonial Histories, Aid Flows, Democracy, Democratisation, Business Standards, Labour Standards, Developmental Aid, UK Aid, US Aid, EU Aid, Colonial Legacy, Aid Allocation, Economic Growth, International Development, Policy Requirements, Recipient Countries, Historical Donors, Aid Distribution, Conditional Aid, Policy Reform, Colonial Ties, Development Assistance, International Relations, Foreign Policy, Aid Effectiveness, Development Goals, Governance Standards Foreign Aid, Donor Nations, Pre-requisites, Allocation, Shared Colonial Histories, Britain, Colonies, Malta, Cyprus, India, Democracy, Democratisation, Business Standards, Labour Standards, Developmental Aid, UK Aid, Datablog, Guardian, Journal of Economic Growth, Alesina, Dollar
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-pro01a	Checks and balances  By having both parties in charge of different parts of the Government, there can be a greater degree of scrutiny over policy as the opposition party will force the president to justify his policies.  Under single-party rule, there is a risk of a President being able to push through his/her agenda with little oversight from a legislative branch that is largely in agreement with the policy. One need only look to authoritarian governments the world over to see that governments with too much power are likely to abuse that power.  Divided Government provides a check on the executive, preventing agendas to be pushed through, allowing for compromise to be made between the two major parties, ensuring that the best possible policy for Americans is enacted. As Benjamin Franklin wrote “It is not enough that your Legislature should be numerous; it should also be divided.” [1]  [1] Franklin, Benjamin, Writings, ‘III. On the Legislative Branch.’ 10:55 – 60, 1789, checks and balances, divided government, legislative scrutiny, opposition party, presidential agenda, single-party rule, policy oversight, authoritarian governments, executive power, legislative compromise, Benjamin Franklin, legislative branch, American policy, government abuse, legislative division checks and balances, divided government, opposition party, presidential oversight, legislative scrutiny, single-party rule, policy justification, executive constraint, political compromise, best policy, authoritarian governments, power abuse, Benjamin Franklin, legislative division, numerous legislature checks and balances, divided government, legislative scrutiny, policy justification, single-party rule, executive oversight, legislative compromise, authoritarian governments, power abuse, best policy, American politics, Benjamin Franklin, legislative division, legislative numeracy Checks and balances, divided government, legislative scrutiny, policy justification, single-party rule, executive oversight, legislative compromise, authoritarian governments, power abuse, Benjamin Franklin, legislative division, American policy-making checks and balances, divided government, scrutiny, opposition party, presidential agenda, oversight, single-party rule, legislative branch, authoritarian governments, power abuse, compromise, best policy, Benjamin Franklin, legislative division, numerous legislature
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-pro03a	Pornography fuels unreachable ideals  Pornography presents a distorted perception of people, sexuality, and relationships, which has a further effect on a broader societal level. It promotes unreachable ideals of how both women and men should be in bed, and pushes both in the direction of what is idealised in pornography. This may push men to be more dominating than otherwise and women to suffer from anorexia, low self-esteem, and promiscuity. We can expect women to be the most affected by this, simply because the porn industry is owned almost entirely by men, and because there are pre-existing patriarchal structures in society ready to promote the idea that women are there to serve men.  Altogether, pornography merely promotes a new stereotype: that women are generally happy to have sex at any time, that they will respond positively to any man’s advances, and if a woman does not, there is something wrong with her. Pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal level, men, women, bed, dominating, anorexia, low self-esteem, promiscuity, affected, porn industry, men ownership, patriarchal structures, stereotype, sex, man’s advances, women’s responses pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal impact, gender stereotypes, male dominance, female subordination, anorexia, low self-esteem, promiscuity, patriarchal structures, women's rights, sexual objectification, consent issues, sexual health, mental health, gender equality, media influence, social norms, body image, sexual behavior, relationship dynamics, pornography industry, gender roles, sexual expectations, sexual autonomy Pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal effects, men dominance, women anorexia, low self-esteem, promiscuity, patriarchal structures, serving men, sexual stereotypes, women's consent, harmful impacts, gender roles, unrealistic expectations, sexual behavior, media influence, body image, mental health, sexual autonomy pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal impact, gender roles, male dominance, female subordination, anorexia, low self-esteem, promiscuity, patriarchy, sex stereotypes, women's sexuality, men's behavior, sexual expectations, media influence, body image, consent, victim blaming, gender inequality pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, gender roles, men, women, bed behavior, dominance, anorexia, low self-esteem, promiscuity, patriarchal structures, stereotype, sexual availability, advances, societal impact
test-international-siacphbnt-pro02a	Technology has driven youths to identify new markets  A key technology for youths are mobile phones and devices. Across West and East Africa the possession of mobile phones has enabled citizens to network and form solutions to social problems. By 2015, there are expected to be 1 billion mobile cellular subscriptions in Sub-Saharan Africa (Sambira, 2013). This is the first African generation directly accessing high-technology, although uncertainty remains in the amount of youths having access to technology. Through mobile phones new business opportunities, and flows of money, are being created. Furthermore, mobile phones are providing innovative solutions to health care treatment, ensuring better health for future entrepreneurs and youths.  SlimTrader is a positive example [1] . SlimTrader uses mobile phones to provide a range of vital services - from airplane and bus tickets to medicine. The innovative e-commerce provides a space to advertise skills, products, and opportunities - to, on the one hand, identify new consumer demands; and on another hand, create notices to exchange goods.  Mobile technology is making it faster, quicker, and simpler to tap into new markets [2] .  [1] See further readings: SlimTrader, 2013; Ummeli, 2013.  [2] See further readings: Nsehe, 2013. Inspite of challenges Patrick Ngowi has earned millions through the construction of Helvetic Solar Contractors. Technology, Youth, Markets, Mobile Phones, Devices, West Africa, East Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mobile Subscriptions, High-Technology, Business Opportunities, Money Flows, Health Care, Treatment, Entrepreneurs, SlimTrader, E-Commerce, Services, Airplane Tickets, Bus Tickets, Medicine, Advertising, Skills, Products, Consumer Demands, Exchange Goods, Mobile Technology, New Markets, Challenges, Patrick Ngowi, Helvetic Solar Contractors Technology, youth, markets, mobile phones, devices, West Africa, East Africa, social problems, subscriptions, Sub-Saharan Africa, high-technology, business opportunities, money, health care, entrepreneurs, SlimTrader, e-commerce, services, airplane tickets, bus tickets, medicine, advertising, consumer demands, exchange goods, new markets, challenges, Patrick Ngowi, Helvetic Solar Contractors, solar energy, innovation, technology access, digital divide, economic development, entrepreneurship, mobile technology, social innovation, healthcare solutions, e-commerce platforms, business solutions, market identification, technological advancement, Africa's tech landscape, youth empowerment, economic opportunities, Technology, Youths, Markets, Mobile Phones, Devices, West Africa, East Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Cellular Subscriptions, High-technology, Business Opportunities, Money Flows, Health Care, SlimTrader, E-commerce, Advertising, Consumer Demands, Exchange Goods, Mobile Technology, Challenges, Patrick Ngowi, Helvetic Solar Contractors Technology, youth, markets, mobile phones, devices, West Africa, East Africa, networking, social problems, subscriptions, Sub-Saharan Africa, high-technology, business opportunities, money, health care, entrepreneurs, SlimTrader, e-commerce, airplane tickets, bus tickets, medicine, advertising, skills, products, consumer demands, exchange goods, mobile technology, challenges, Patrick Ngowi, Helvetic Solar Contractors technology, youth, mobile phones, devices, West Africa, East Africa, social problems, Sub-Saharan Africa, cellular subscriptions, business opportunities, money flows, health care, entrepreneurs, SlimTrader, e-commerce, consumer demands, new markets, challenges, Patrick Ngowi, Helvetic Solar Contractors
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro03a	Avoids self-segregation  In a time when the US has begun to overcome racial segregation, and legal discrimination in other fields, one of the great challenges it faces is self-segregation.  Linguistic diversity worsens these problems because it inevitably leads to self-segregation. All things being equal, and even if they are not, people like to be around people they can communicate with.  This was not a huge problem in years past when most immigrant groups were small enough to be easily swallowed, and too small to maintain their linguistic unity, but the Hispanic population in the United States has grown at such a rate, that it is possible to get by with Spanish in many major US cities. Restaurants, businesses and services all exist which cater to it, and there is an entire industry of Spanish language television available.  This in turn makes the risk of social balkanization much stronger. While a small minority of people may learn new languages because they want to, the vast majority learn them when they have to – and if individuals can get by without doing so, it’s likely that they will not. Rather than assimilation, you will have a divergence between the linguistic minority and the majority. self-segregation, racial segregation, legal discrimination, linguistic diversity, communication barriers, immigrant groups, Hispanic population, Spanish language, social balkanization, assimilation, linguistic minority, majority language, cultural integration, language acquisition, societal challenges, demographic changes, linguistic communities, ethnic enclaves, cultural isolation, multilingualism self-segregation, racial segregation, legal discrimination, linguistic diversity, communication barriers, immigrant assimilation, Hispanic population growth, Spanish language prevalence, social balkanization, language learning, cultural integration, linguistic minority, majority culture, divergence, assimilation self-segregation, racial-segregation, legal-discrimination, linguistic-diversity, communication-barriers, immigrant-groups, Hispanic-population, Spanish-language, social-balkanization, assimilation, linguistic-minority, majority-assimilation, language-learning, cultural-isolation self-segregation, racial segregation, legal discrimination, linguistic diversity, communication, immigrant groups, Hispanic population, Spanish language, assimilation, social balkanization, linguistic minority, majority, language learning, cultural integration, US cities, ethnic enclaves, media influence, multiculturalism, policy, social cohesion self-segregation, racial-segregation, linguistic-diversity, social-balkanization, immigrant-groups, Hispanic-population, language-assimilation, communication-barriers, cultural-divergence, linguistic-minority, majority-assimilation, ethnic-enclaves, social-integration, multilingual-societies, language-policy, language-acquisition, immigrant-integration, urban-segregation, cultural-isolation, sociolinguistics
test-law-lghwpcctcc-con03a	Televising court cases undermines the right to privacy for the victim and the defendant’s family  Court proceedings can be extremely stressful for the families of the accused, and publicising them in this way only makes this worse. Again, a good example of this is the Milly Dowler case, when her father’s pornographic magazines were used as evidence against him [1] . Not only did he then have to try and come to terms with his daughter’s disappearance, but also the knowledge that the media – and his family – now knew intensely personal details about him which were not even relevant to the case, but used to try and condemn him anyway. Meanwhile, although the family members have done nothing wrong, they are forced to listen to critical evidence of another family member which is suddenly now broadcast into peoples’ homes directly from the court. Their public and private lives would be irrevocably transformed by this experience. Secondly, because the defence must try to protect the defendant, these vilifying tactics can also be used against the victim – which could then lead to fewer people being prepared to testify. There is already a problem in society where not all crimes are even reported, sometimes because the victims are afraid of how people will then think of them [2] [3] . The knowledge that the defence will try to expose them as a fraud, or deny that the offence took place – in front of millions of people watching the case on television – suddenly becomes a much bigger obstacle for victims, especially if they are emotionally shaken by their experience [4] , to come forward and help a criminal to be convicted.  [1]  , accessed 19/08/11  [2]  , accessed 19/08/11  [3]  , accessed 19/08/11  [4] Support group for women who have been victims of rape; helping them to testify in court  , accessed 19/08/11 televising court cases, right to privacy, victim, defendant’s family, court proceedings, stress, Milly Dowler case, media exposure, irrelevant evidence, family trauma, public scrutiny, victim testimony, crime reporting, societal attitudes, emotional impact, criminal conviction, support groups, rape victims, testifying in court Televising court cases, right to privacy, victim, defendant’s family, stress, Milly Dowler case, media exposure, irrelevant evidence, public condemnation, private life, defence tactics, victim shaming, crime reporting, societal stigma, emotional trauma, testimonial reluctance, criminal conviction, rape victims, court testimony support Televising court cases, right to privacy, victim, defendant’s family, court proceedings, stress, Milly Dowler case, media, personal details, irrelevant evidence, family, critical evidence, public broadcasting, defence tactics, vilifying victims, crime reporting, societal issues, emotional impact, testifying, criminal conviction, support groups, rape victims Televising court cases, right to privacy, victim, defendant’s family, stress, publicizing, Milly Dowler case, personal details, irrelevant evidence, media impact, private life, court proceedings, defence tactics, victim vilification, reporting crimes, victim fear, emotional trauma, public testimony, criminal conviction, rape victims, support groups Televising,court,cases,undermines,right,privacy,victim,defendant,family,stressful,publicising,media,example,Milly,Dowler,disappearance,condemn,irrelevant,evidence,broadcast,public,private,lives,transform,defence,vilifying,tactics,testify,crimes,reported,victims,afraid,expose,fraud,convicted,emotional,shaken,rape,support,testify,court,media,impact,family,member,privacy,publicity,courtroom,televised,criminal,justice,system,victimization,
test-international-segiahbarr-pro01a	Africa’s Economies are growing rapidly  Africa has recently experienced some of the most significant economic growth in the world. Amongst the top ten growing economies in the world are five African countries; The Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, and South Sudan [1] . The latter, South Sudan, witnessed GDP growth of 32% in 2013. Other economies in Africa are also doing exceptionally well, such as Ethiopia and Ghana. As ever, natural resources are a key export for these countries. Recent investments from China in exchange for Africa’s abundant natural resources have enabled many African countries to develop at a significantly faster rate, with trade between the continent and China increasing by $155 billion [2] . All of this has contributed to an average GDP growth of 4.8% in the past ten years. There is a rapidly expanding middle-class and it is predicted that by 2015 there will be over 100 million Africans living on $3,000 a year [3] , showing an increasingly positive future for Africa.  [1] Maps of World, ‘Top Ten Countries with Fastest Growing Economies’, 2013  [2] The Economist, ‘Africa Rising’, 2013  [3] The Economist, ‘The hopeful continent’, 2011 Africa, economic growth, top ten economies, Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, GDP, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, China investment, trade, middle-class, future prospects, average GDP growth, Maps of World, The Economist, Africa Rising, The hopeful continent Africa, economies, rapid growth, top ten growing economies, The Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, GDP, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, China, investment, trade, average GDP growth, middle-class, future prospects, Maps of World, The Economist Africa, economic growth, fastest growing economies, Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, GDP growth, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, China investments, trade, average GDP growth, middle-class expansion, future prospects, Maps of World, The Economist, Africa Rising, The hopeful continent Africa, economies, rapid growth, top ten growing economies, Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, GDP growth, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, China investments, trade, China, average GDP growth, middle-class expansion, hopeful continent, Africa rising Africa, economic growth, GDP, The Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, China, trade, middle-class, future prospects, Maps of World, The Economist, Africa Rising, The hopeful continent
test-health-dhghhbampt-pro03a	Overwhelmingly alternative therapies are used in conjunction with established remedies - oddly the latter tends not to get the credit for the miracle cure  Thankfully only 4.4% of the 60million or so Americans who say they use alternative therapies rely on them exclusively. It is odd that in the cases of anecdotal accounts of the success of alternative medicines this statistic is rarely mentioned [i] .  Equally, the impact of other treatment which may have been used by patients eager to credit complementary and alternative medicines with curing their conditions, tend not to get a look in, neither do the relative successes of conventional medicine.  This is probably why in every trial alternative medicine has a success rate of between 0% and 0%. By contrast there needs only be one instance of harm caused to demonstrate that this motion must stand. Interestingly, although conventional medicine publishes its mistakes in an effort to correct them, nothing similar exists for alternatives. Moreover, there are many accounts of fatalities caused by alternatives – both directly and indirectly through delaying accurate diagnosis as seen above (Oh, the same applies to animals too [ii] ).  The food supplements industry alone is worth $250 a year worldwide, with little examination of the medical impact of merrily shoving things into your system that were bought at WalMart or Tesco.  [i] JA Astin “Why patients use alternative medicine: results of a national survey” Journal of the American Medical Association 279 (19) 1548-53. May 1998.  [ii] alternative therapies, established remedies, miracle cure, anecdotal accounts, complementary medicines, conventional medicine, success rate, harm, fatalities, food supplements, WalMart, Tesco, medical impact, national survey, alternative medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, fatalities in animals, delaying diagnosis, medical mistakes, treatment combination, credit for cure, statistical mention, therapy reliance, trial outcomes, publishing errors, industry value, unregulated supplements, direct harm, indirect harm, healthcare practices, placebo effect, evidence-based medicine, patient choice, healthcare regulation, public health, medical ethics, therapeutic efficacy, safety standards, alternative health, conventional treatments, medical alternative therapies, established remedies, credit, miracle cure, Americans, exclusive use, anecdotal accounts, success, alternative medicines, patients, conventional medicine, treatment, success rate, harm, fatalities, diagnosis, food supplements industry, medical impact, Walmart, Tesco alternative therapies, established remedies, anecdotal accounts, conventional medicine, complementary medicine, success rate, harm, fatalities, diagnosis, food supplements, industry value, medical impact alternative therapies, established remedies, credit, miracle cure, usage statistics, Americans, exclusive reliance, anecdotal accounts, success rates, conventional medicine, clinical trials, harm, fatalities, delayed diagnosis, food supplements industry, Walmart, Tesco, medical impact, publication of mistakes,动物疗法 alternative therapies, established remedies, miracle cure, American users, exclusive reliance, anecdotal success, complementary medicine, alternative medicine, success rate, conventional medicine, medical mistakes, harm, fatalities, diagnosis delay, food supplements, industry value, medical impact, self-treatment, WalMart, Tesco, national survey, JA Astin, Journal of the American Medical Association
test-international-gmehwasr-pro03a	The Free Syrian Army is outgunned  The Syrian army is one of the biggest armies in the world; it is nothing like the poorly equipped Libyan army that was beaten by western backed rebels in 2011. The government has aircraft, and helicopters that are used to bomb the rebels, and heavy Russian built tanks that are impervious to most of the small arms the free Syrian army has. Providing arms would quickly even the odds; light anti-tank weapons would be effective against Syrian armoured vehicles repeating the success with which Hezbollah employed them when they knocked out sixty Israeli armoured vehicles in 2006, [1] while man portable air defence systems would quickly make the skies too dangerous for the Syrian airforce so protecting free Syrian controlled areas from the threat of attack from the air. [2]  [1] Cordesman, Anthony H., ‘Preliminary “Lessons” of the Israeli-Hezbollah War’, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 17 August 2006, P.18  [2] Doran, Michael, and Shaikh, Salman, ‘Arm the Syrian Rebels. Now’. Foreign Policy, 8 February 2013 Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, Libyan army, western backed rebels, aircraft, helicopters, Russian tanks, small arms, anti-tank weapons, man portable air defence systems, Hezbollah, Israeli-Hezbollah War, Syrian airforce, protected areas, arms supply, military balance, conflict resolution, international intervention Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, outgunned, equipment, Libyan army, western backed rebels, aircraft, helicopters, bombing, heavy Russian tanks, small arms, providing arms, even the odds, anti-tank weapons, MANPADS, Syrian airforce, air defense, Israeli-Hezbollah War, Hezbollah, Israeli armoured vehicles, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, Foreign Policy Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, Libya, Libyan army, Western backed rebels, Aircraft, Helicopters, Russian tanks, Small arms, Light anti-tank weapons, Man portable air defense systems, Israeli-Hezbollah War, Hezbollah, Israeli armoured vehicles, Syrian airforce, Syrian controlled areas, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, Arm the Syrian Rebels, Foreign Policy Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, outgunned, Libyan army, western backed rebels, aircraft, helicopters, Russian built tanks, small arms, light anti-tank weapons, man portable air defence systems, Syrian airforce, Hezbollah, Israeli armoured vehicles, Cordesman, Anthony H., Doran, Michael, Shaikh, Salman, Foreign Policy Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, Libyan army, western backed rebels, aircraft, helicopters, Russian built tanks, small arms, light anti-tank weapons, man portable air defence systems, Hezbollah, Israeli armoured vehicles, Syrian airforce, Free Syrian controlled areas, Anthony H. Cordesman, Israeli-Hezbollah War, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, Foreign Policy
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con04a	A U.N. standing army renders the United Nations a de facto state, but without a territory or a population.  Essentially only governments have standing armies, so this plan would inevitably make the UN more like a world government – and one which is not democratic and where, in China, a totalitarian state has veto power over key decision-making. This means a standing army may actually be counter-productive, impairing current perceptions of the UN’s selfless neutrality, undermining its moral authority and its ability to broker peace agreements. If the UN becomes an institution with its own voice, the fears that the UN would lose its role as the honest broker in international affairs would come to fruition 1.  1.Miller, 1992-3, p.787 U.N. standing army, de facto state, governments, standing armies, world government, non-democratic, totalitarian state, veto power, China, UN neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, honest broker, international affairs, Miller 1992-3 U.N. standing army, United Nations, de facto state, governments, standing armies, world government, undemocratic, totalitarian state, veto power, China, UN neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, honest broker, international affairs, Miller 1992-3 UN, standing army, de facto state, territory, population, governments, world government, democratic, totalitarian state, veto power, China, counter-productive, UN neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, honest broker, international affairs, Miller, 1992-3 U.N. standing army, United Nations, de facto state, governments, standing armies, world government, non-democratic, totalitarian state, veto power, China, UN neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, honest broker, international affairs, Miller 1992-3 U.N. standing army, de facto state, territory, population, governments, standing armies, world government, democratic, totalitarian state, veto power, China, counter-productive, UN neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, institution, honest broker, international affairs, Miller, 1992-3, p.787
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con01a	The arms ban is still necessary  The European Union should stick to its principles. The arms ban was imposed for a reason - the massacre of students demonstrating for democracy and openness in 1989. Nothing China has done since shows it regrets its savage actions in Tiananmen Square - indeed many of the demonstrators are still in prison today. [1] If the ban is lifted, the EU will be implying that it should never have placed the ban on arms sales in the first place, and signalling that China can do what it likes to its own people without fear of EU objections. Indeed if there is an end to the arms ban, the next time that peaceful demonstrators are attacked by the armed forces in China, they may be able to do it with European weapons. Overall, China's human rights record is still very bad. It still hasn't ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and is regularly criticised by Amnesty International [2] and Human Rights Watch [3] for imprisoning political and religious activists without trial. This is not a state that should be rewarded with EU favours.  [1] Jiang, Shao, ‘List of “June Fourth Tiananmen Prisoners” still held in custody and their backgrounds’, 2010.   [2] Amnesty International, ‘Annual Report 2011 China’, 2011.   [3] Human Rights Watch, ‘China’ arms ban, European Union, principles, Tiananmen Square, massacre, democracy, human rights, China, imprisonment, political activists, religious activists, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, EU objections, weapons sales, peaceful demonstrators arms ban, European Union, principles, 1989 massacre, Tiananmen Square, human rights, China, political prisoners, democracy, international criticism, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, arms sales, EU objections, civil and political rights, religious activists, state favor arms ban, European Union, principles, massacre, students, democracy, openness, Tiananmen Square, prisoners, human rights record, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, political activists, religious activists, trial, EU favours arms ban, European Union, principles, massacre, students, democracy, Tiananmen Square, regrets, actions, lifting ban, EU objections, peaceful demonstrators, European weapons, human rights record, International Covenant, Civil and Political Rights, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, political activists, religious activists, imprisonment, trial, EU favours arms ban, European Union, principles, massacre, students, democracy, Tiananmen Square, prisoners, human rights, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, political activists, religious activists, covenant, civil rights, political repression, international relations, China, EU sanctions, weapon sales, peaceful demonstrations
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-con03a	The Palestinians were full participants in the 1948 War against Israel  Before the discussion of the Palestinians as the innocent victims of Israeli oppression can be established, it should be noted that the Palestinian leadership were full participants in rejecting the 1948 partition plan and the war that followed. The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem rejected any form of compromise, and urged the removal of the region’s Jewish population, while massacres of Jewish settlers at Palestinian hands and the complete elimination of the Jewish presence in the areas of Palestine that the Israelis did not secure in 1948 speaks to a certain degree of popular enthusiasm. [1]  Following 1948, Israeli law provided for compensation or the return of land for any exiled Palestinians who returned to Israel proper and took an oath to the state.  This does not justify the actions of Israel in their entirety, but the tragedy of the Palestinian people is partially of their own making, and if one accepts the principles of the right of return, then the creation of Israeli settlements furthers this on the Israeli side.  Furthermore, it calls into question what, if any legal claim the Palestinians can have to any land on the basis of a UN partition plan they rejected, and on the basis of principles and practices they themselves have subverted.  [1] Dershowitz, Alan, ‘Has Israel’s Victimization of the Palestinians Been the Primary Cause of the Arab-Israeli Conflict?’, The Case for Israel, Chapter 10, 2003, Palestinians, 1948 War, Israel, participants, 1948 partition plan, rejection, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, massacres, Jewish settlers, compensation, land return, exiled Palestinians, Israeli law, right of return, Israeli settlements, UN partition plan, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Alan Dershowitz, The Case for Israel 1948 War, Israel, Palestinians, partition plan, Grand Mufti, rejection, compensation, right of return, Israeli settlements, Arab-Israeli conflict, Alan Dershowitz, legal claim, United Nations 1948 War, Israel, Palestinians, partition plan, Grand Mufti, Jewish population, massacres, Jewish settlers, compensation, Israeli law, right of return, Israeli settlements, UN partition plan, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Alan Dershowitz, The Case for Israel, victimization, legal claim 1948 War, Palestinians, Israel, partition plan, Grand Mufti, Jewish settlers, massacres, compensation, Israeli law, right of return, Israeli settlements, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Dershowitz, Alan, The Case for Israel Palestinians, 1948 War, Israel, partition plan, Grand Mufti, rejection, massacres, Jewish settlers, compensation, Israeli law, exiled Palestinians, right of return, Israeli settlements, UN partition plan, legal claim, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Alan Dershowitz, The Case for Israel
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con01a	The threat of terrorism and security risks are overstated.  The threat of terrorism is greatly over exaggerated. Western governments all over the world are effectively selling the threat of terrorism to their citizens in order to increase their powers of control. The threat, however, has to be exaggerated in order for the electorate to believe that the security measures are needed. The motives of governments doing this vary; some just want the new security measures to make their jobs easier; others however, see it as an opportunity to increase state control and power over the average citizen. There is not enough evidence to show that terrorism has evolved into something more threatening since than it had been for several decades. For example there was the bombing of Pan Am 103 in 1988 killing 270 people or the 1983 bombing of the US embassy in Beirut which killed 63. [1] While the scale is smaller than the 9/11 attacks they are just as terrible and were met with a much more measured response that did not involve infringing civil liberties. Governments are likely to take advantage of anti-terrorist mania and seize the moment to strengthen their regimes. Modern government bodies fighting terrorism are sophisticated enough to counteract terrorism with little use of 'draconian' measures. It is not acceptable to curb citizen rights because of isolated events.  [1] PBS Frontline, ‘terrorist attacks on americans, 1979-1988’,  , accessed 9 September 2011 terrorism, security risks, overstatement, government control, civil liberties, 9/11, Pan Am 103, Beirut bombing, anti-terror measures, infringement rights, government motives, exaggerated threat, sophisticated counter-terrorism, isolated events, state power, mania, measured response,PBS Frontline terrorism, security risks, overstatement, government control, civil liberties, 9/11, Pan Am 103, Beirut bombing, anti-terror measures, state power, public manipulation, evidence, historical comparison, civil rights, isolated events, sophisticated counter-terrorism terrorism, security risks, overstatement, exaggeration, western governments, control, power, civil liberties, evidence, evolution, threat, historical attacks, Pan Am 103, Beirut bombing, 9/11, measured response, anti-terrorist mania, sophisticated measures, draconian, citizen rights, isolated events, government motives, state control, security measures, infringement, public belief, terrorism management, policy justification terrorism, security risks, overstated threat, western governments, exaggerated threat, control measures, state control, civil liberties, historical attacks, Pan Am 103, Beirut bombing, 9/11, measured response, anti-terrorist mania, sophisticated counter-terrorism, draconian measures, citizen rights, isolated events, government power, security measures, public fear, terrorist evolution, evidence, terrorism history, state power, public control, infringement, rights, terrorism scale, measured government response, securityvsliberty, terrorism impact, government motives, terrorist events, public perception, security versus freedom, government strategy, terror management, terrorism, security risks, overstated, exaggerated, western governments, control, civil liberties, evidence, evolution, threat level, historical attacks, measured response, infringement, anti-terrorist measures, sophisticated, draconian, citizen rights, isolated events, government power, state control, 9/11, Pan Am 103, US embassy Beirut, PBS Frontline
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-pro01a	The appropriate setting for sexual relations is within marriage, contraception encourages pre-marital sex  The population of the Philippines are overwhelmingly Catholic, it seems reasonable to accept that many, if not most, accept the teaching of the Church that safe sex is married sex. Appropriate sexual relations between husband and wife can lead to a fulfilling family life including children.  However, freely available contraception leads to a rise in premarital sex with the rises in unwanted pregnancies that go along with that. In the US, women having premarital sex increased from 2% in 1920 to 75% in 1999, a period that saw a massive increase in the availability of contraception [i] .. This runs against the teaching of the Church, which, itself, is one of the cornerstones of Filipino culture.  The first Mass was celebrated in 1521 and by the early 1600s, Catholicism was unquestionably the countries’ dominant creed [ii] . The teaching of the Church on this issue is absolutely clear – and for four centuries those have been the values of the Filipino people. This bill undermines that understanding, it will lead to an increase in pre-marital sex with devastating consequences for, particularly, the young people of the archipelago [iii] . There is a reason why the Church argues against contraception and those values – that sex should take place within marriage, are deeply ingrained in the Filipino way of life.  [i] Greenwood, Jeremy and Nezih Guner “Social Change: The Sexual Revolution.” Population Studies Center PSC Working Paper Series University of Pennsylvania.2009   [ii] Wikipedia. Roman Catholicism in the Philippines.  [iii] Bishop Filomeno Bactol, ‘Naval diocese continues fight against RH’,. CBCP News., 23 December 2012, sexual relations, marriage, contraception, pre-marital sex, Catholic, Philippines, Church teaching, family life, children, unwanted pregnancies, US premarital sex statistics, Filipino culture, Catholicism history, Filipino values, RH bill, social consequences, youth, sexual revolution, Bishop Filomeno Bactol sexual relations, marriage, contraception, pre-marital sex, Catholic, Philippines, Church teaching, family life, children, unwanted pregnancies, US statistics, Filipino culture, Catholicism history, sexual values, RH bill, social impact, young people, Bishop Filomeno Bactol sexual relations, marriage, contraception, pre-marital sex, Philippines, Catholic, Church teaching, family life, children, unwanted pregnancies, US statistics, premarital sex increase, contraception availability, Filipino culture, Catholicism, sexual revolution, social change, RH bill, Bishop Filomeno Bactol, CBCP News, sexual morality, Filipino values, Catholic values, sexual ethics, contraception impact, teenage pregnancies, moral teachings, religious influence, sexual behavior, population studies, social trends, sexual health, contraceptive use, sexual norms, cultural values, religious opposition, sexual revolution effects, Filipino society, religious beliefs, sexual practice, pre sexual relations, marriage, contraception, pre-marital sex, Catholic, Philippines, Church teaching, family life, children, unwanted pregnancies, US statistics, Filipino culture, historical context, Catholicism, sexual values, RH bill, social impact, youth, sexual revolution, religious authority sexual relations, marriage, contraception, pre-marital sex, Philippines, Catholic, Church teaching, population, fulfilling family life, children, unwanted pregnancies, US statistics, premarital sex increase, contraception availability, Filipino culture, Catholicism history, 1521, first Mass, 1600s, Church values, RH bill, young people, sexual revolution, social change, Bishop Filomeno Bactol, CBCP News
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-con02a	If child performers were banned, many children would find a way to perform illegally, now without legal protection.  While being a child performer is legal, these children’s working circumstances are under the protection of the law and monitored by government departments such as the Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, etc. Were child performers to be banned, it is certain that some children would still perform, but would not be thus protected. This has already happened in certain professional sports where athletes can benefit by lying about their age. For example, it is easier for Latin American baseball players to sign with U.S. Major League teams if the teams think they are young. As a result, countless players have lied about their age, including a number of high-profile cases, such as Miguel Tejada who was named Most Valuable Player in 2002. [1] Many of these young players, however, have been less successful. There are too many unfortunate examples of players who came to the United States at a young age and, under the increased pressure, fell victim to serious drug problems, often resulting in overdose and death. [2] [3] A ban would not prevent children from performing; it would actually further expose them to whatever risks may be involved.  [1] Schmidt and Schwartz. “Baseball’s Use of DNA Raises Questions.”  [2] Zirin, “Can’t Knock the Hassle: Chavez Challenges Baseball.”  [3] Helfgott, “The international game.” child performers, legal protection, government departments, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, professional sports, age lying, Latin American baseball players, U.S. Major League teams, Miguel Tejada, Most Valuable Player, drug problems, overdose, death, ban, risks, international game, baseball DNA, Chavez challenges baseball, Helfgott, Zirin, Schmidt, Schwartz child performers, illegal performances, legal protection, government departments, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, professional sports, age lying, Latin American baseball players, U.S. Major League teams, Miguel Tejada, drug problems, overdose, death, ban, performance risks, international athletes, young players, sports ethics, legal restrictions, child labor, performance safety, youth sports, professional athletics, age verification, legal regulation, sports industry, athlete welfare, sports management, youth protection, sports legislation, performance monitoring, international sports, athlete development, sports governance, child rights, sports integrity, sports safety, youth sports safety, sports law, child performers, legal protection, government departments, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, professional sports, lying about age, Latin American baseball players, U.S. Major League teams, Miguel Tejada, drug problems, overdose, death, ban, risks, performance, youth athletes, international sports, underage athletes, exploitation, child labor, sports industry, legal framework, working conditions, safety regulations, age verification, athlete welfare, sports governance, international baseball, youth sports, performance pressure, physical health, mental health, legal guardians, sports contracts, underage signing, sports ethics, fair play, sports integrity, athlete development, sport management, child performers, legal protection, government departments, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, professional sports, Latin American baseball players, U.S. Major League teams, lying about age, Miguel Tejada, Most Valuable Player, drug problems, overdose, death, ban effects, performance risks, international players, youth in sports, legal vs illegal performance, child labor laws, athlete welfare child performers, illegal performance, legal protection, government departments, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, professional sports, age lying, Latin American baseball players, U.S. Major League teams, Miguel Tejada, drug problems, overdose, death, ban risks, performance risks
test-international-ipecfiepg-pro02a	Defaulting would be the quickest route to economic recovery  Under the status quo, the Greek economy is only headed in one direction: deeper recession. There are no signs of the situation changing any time soon. Were the Greek Government to default on its debts, after a period of recession, conditions would quickly be favourable for economic growth once more. This is what was observed when Argentina and other nations [1] recently defaulted and can be explained by many factors. Firstly, defaulting and exiting the Eurozone would allow Greece to conduct monetary policy more freely: they would be able to quickly devalue their currency in order to make Greek goods and services more competitive on the international market. This would increase exports and attract investment, as well as tourists looking for cheaper holidays – all of which would contribute towards the rebuilding of the Greek economy. [2] Moreover, were Greece to default, it would put an end to the huge degree of unpredictability and uncertainty about the Greek economy. At the moment, nobody knows if the banks are safe, if the government will default etc. The constant chopping and changing of current austerity measures such as increases in varieties of corporate tax and changes in regulations also contribute to the huge degree of uncertainty in the Greek economy. Uncertainty breeds risk and risk breeds fear: a recipe that drives away foreign investors and makes it difficult for local businesses to start up. Were Greece to default, however, such elements of uncertainty would be seriously diminished, and conditions would be ripe for investment from abroad and locally. Greek would be able to start afresh.  [1] Pettifor, Ann: “Greece: The upside of default”, 23 May 2012, BBC News,   [2] Lapavitsas, Costas: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Default, Economic Recovery, Recession, Greek Economy, Government Default, Debts, Eurozone, Monetary Policy, Currency Devaluation, Competitiveness, Exports, Investment, Tourism, Uncertainty, Bank Safety, Austerity Measures, Corporate Tax, Regulations, Foreign Investors, Local Businesses, Fresh Start, Pettifor, Lapavitsas, Eurozone Crisis Default, economic recovery, Greek economy, recession, debt, defaulting, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, risk, foreign investors, local businesses, austerity measures, corporate tax, regulations, investment attractiveness, economic growth, international market, economic stability, financial crisis, economic policy, economic strategy, Greece, Argentina, Pettifor, Lapavitsas, Eurozone crisis, single currency, economic fresh start Default, economic recovery, Greek economy, recession, debt, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, unpredictability, uncertainty, foreign investors, local businesses, austerity measures, eurozone crisis, default benefits, economic growth, euro exit, risk reduction, fresh start, international competitiveness, economic stability, policy flexibility, fiscal independence, financial crisis solutions, economic strategy, recovery plan, eurozone alternatives, economic renaissance, debt restructuring, financial unpredictability, policy change impacts, market confidence, economic health indicators, currency control, international market position, tourist attraction, economic revitalization, business environment, investor confidence, local entrepreneurship economic recovery, default, Greek economy, recession, defaulting, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, competitiveness, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, austerity measures, corporate tax, local businesses, foreign investors, fresh start, Ann Pettifor, Costas Lapavitsas Greece, default, economic recovery, recession, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, risk, foreign investors, local businesses, economic growth, Argentina, Costas Lapavitsas, Ann Pettifor, euro, austerity measures
test-culture-ascidfakhba-pro01a	Intellectual property is a legal fiction created for convenience in some instances, but copyright should cease to be protected under this doctrine  An individual’s idea only truly belongs solely to them so long as it rests in their mind alone. When they disseminate their ideas to the world they put them in the public domain, and should become the purview of everyone to use. Artists and creators more generally, should not expect some sort of ownership to inhere in an idea they happen to have, since no such ownership right exists in reality. [1] No one can own an idea. Thus recognizing something like a property right over intangible assets is contrary to reason, since doing so gives monopoly power to individuals who may not make efficient or equitable use of their inventions or products. Physical property is a tangible asset, and thus can be protected by tangible safeguards. Ideas do not share the same order of protection even now because they exist in a different order to physical reality. However, some intellectual property is useful in encouraging investment and invention, allowing people to engage their profit motives to the betterment of society as a whole. To an extent one can also sympathize with the notion that creators deserve to accrue some additional profit for the labour of the creative process, but this can be catered for through Creative Commons non-commercial licenses which reserve commercial rights. [2] These protections should not extend to non-commercial use of the various forms of arts. This is because art is a social good of a unique order, with its purpose not purely functional, but creative. It only has value in being experienced, and thus releasing these works through creative commons licenses allows the process of artistic experience and sharing proceeds unhindered by outmoded notions of copyright. The right to reap some financial gain still remains for the artists, as their rights still hold over all commercial use of their work. This seems like a fair compromise of the artist’s right to profit from their work and society right to experience and grow from those works.  [1] Fitzgerald, Brian and Anne Fitzgerald. Intellectual Property: In Principle. Melbourne: Lawbook Company. 2004.  [2] Walsh, K., “Commercial Rights Reserved proposal outcome: no change”, Creative Commons, 14 February 2013, intellectual property, copyright, legal fiction, public domain, ownership, ideas, monopoly power, tangible assets, intangible assets, investment, invention, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, commercial use, financial gain, society, sharing, outmoded notions, fair compromise, creative works, legal protection, economic incentives, artistic expression, innovation, cultural exchange, digital age, patent, trademark, fair use, remix culture, open access, creative rights, moral rights, derivative works, author's rights, technology, information, dissemination, public interest, copyright law, legal doctrine, intangible property, property rights Intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, tangible assets, intangible assets, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, financial gain, commercial use, society rights, creative sharing, outmoded copyright, artists' rights, Brian Fitzgerald, Anne Fitzgerald, K. Walsh, Creative Commons proposal Intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, tangible assets, intangible assets, innovation encouragement, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, financial gain, commercial use, society benefit, legal protection, monopoly rights, tangible safeguards, outmoded notions, artistic value, sharing, creative process, creators' rights, social good, equitable use, invention investment, fair compromise, artistic works, legal doctrine, proprietary rights, cultural enrichment, intellectual property law, legal justification, economic incentives, creative freedom, public access, fair use, legal reform, intellectual property rights, property law intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, ideas ownership, tangible assets, intangible assets, monopoly power, physical property, creative commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, commercial use, financial gain, creative process, society benefit, patent, trademark, innovation encouragement, profit motives, equitable use, legal protection, artistic creation, sharing, non-commercial use, commercial rights, creative commons licenses, artists rights, societal good, fair compromise, copyright reform, innovation, dissemination, creative works, intellectual property law, legal doctrine, artistic value, property rights, legal safeguards, outmoded notions, artistic expression, equitable distribution, Intellectual property, copyright, legal fiction, public domain, creative commons, non-commercial licenses, monopoly power, tangible assets, intangible assets, art, social good, profit motives, financial gain, creators, inventions, products, equitable use, efficient use, disseminate ideas, ownership right, profit, labor, creative process, commercial use, artistic experience, sharing, outmoded notions, society, fairness, compromise
test-international-atiahblit-pro01a	Social Policy: encouraging teaching careers  UNESCO (2013) report the need for 6.8mn teachers by 2015 for the right to primary education to be achieved. The teaching workforce requires includes both replacements and additional teachers. Africa has a reality of low teacher-student ratios. In 2012, 80 students were reported per teacher in the Central African Republic (World Bank, 2013). Positive schemes are needed to incentivise potential teachers to enter the profession and meet demand.  Careers can be encouraged through multiple paths. For example, providing incentives to study teaching as a profession. Tanzania’s Ministry of Education provides grants to students entering University to study teaching. Social Policy, Teaching Careers, UNESCO, Teacher Shortage, Right to Primary Education, Teaching Workforce, Replacements, Additional Teachers, Africa, Low Teacher-Student Ratios, Central African Republic, Incentives, Potential Teachers, Demand, Careers, Multiple Paths, Incentives to Study Teaching, Tanzania, Ministry of Education, Grants, University, Teaching Profession Social Policy, Teaching Careers, UNESCO, Teacher Demand, Primary Education, Teaching Workforce, Replacements, Additional Teachers, Africa, Low Teacher-Student Ratios, Central African Republic, Positive Schemes, Incentivise Teachers, Tanzania Ministry of Education, Grants, University, Teaching Profession social policy, teaching careers, UNESCO, teacher shortage, primary education, teaching workforce, replacements, additional teachers, Africa, low teacher-student ratios, Central African Republic, World Bank, incentives, potential teachers, demand, careers, multiple paths, incentives, study teaching, Tanzania, Ministry of Education, grants, University, teaching profession Social Policy, Teaching Careers, UNESCO, Teacher Shortage, Primary Education, Teaching Workforce, Replacements, Additional Teachers, Africa, Teacher-Student Ratios, Central African Republic, World Bank, Incentives, Potential Teachers, Demand, Careers, Multiple Paths, Incentives to Study, Teaching Profession, Tanzania, Ministry of Education, Grants, University, Study Teaching Social Policy, Teaching Careers, UNESCO, Teacher Demand, Primary Education, Teaching Workforce, Replacements, Additional Teachers, Africa, Teacher-Student Ratios, Central African Republic, World Bank, Incentives, Potential Teachers, Meet Demand, Career Encouragement, Multiple Paths, Study Incentives, Tanzania, Ministry of Education, University Grants
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro02a	Bilingual Education is expensive and encourages balkanization  One of the goals of the government in providing education is to prepare students for success in the work place, and therefore the government has an obligation to spend its money in the most efficient way possible to accomplish this.  This is relevant because Bilingual education is expensive, requiring the hiring of bilingual teachers, the organization of bilingual classes, and the acquisition of bilingual curriculum materials. [1]  These costs might be justified if they actually helped students. But the reality is that they do not. For one thing, they allow students to get by without learning English. One of the great obstacles to learning a new language is the fact that parents of students may well speak another language at home. If students suddenly use that language at school as well, they will spend the vast majority of their day speaking a language other than English, with the consequence that they may not pick it up at all, and find themselves at a large disadvantage when they attempt to join the workforce.  As a consequence, it seems likely that the money could be better used subsidizing tutoring for students learning English than running an entirely separate and parallel educational system.  [1] Rossell, Christine, ‘Does Bilingual Education Work? The Case of Texas’, Texas Public Policy Foundation, September 2009, Bilingual Education, Expense, Balkanization, Government Obligation, Efficiency, Bilingual Teachers, Bilingual Classes, Bilingual Curriculum, Cost Justification, Learning English, Language Barrier, Parental Influence, Workplace Success, Tutoring, Separate Educational System, Christine Rossell, Texas Public Policy Foundation bilingual education, expensive, balkanization, government obligation, efficient spending, bilingual teachers, bilingual classes, bilingual curriculum, learning English, language barrier, workforce preparation, tutoring, parallel educational system, Texas, Christine Rossell Bilingual Education, Expense, Balkanization, Government Obligation, Efficient Spending, Bilingual Teachers, Bilingual Classes, Bilingual Curriculum, Student Success, Language Learning, Parental Influence, English Proficiency, Workforce Preparation, Tutoring, Educational Effectiveness, Separate Educational System, Rossell, Texas Public Policy Foundation Bilingual Education, Expense, Balkanization, Government Obligation, Efficient Spending, Bilingual Teachers, Bilingual Classes, Bilingual Curriculum, Student Success, Workforce Preparation, Language Learning, English Acquisition, Parental Influence, Tutoring, Separate Educational System, Texas Case Study, Rossell Christine Bilingual Education, Expense, Balkanization, Government Obligation, Efficiency, Bilingual Teachers, Bilingual Classes, Bilingual Curriculum, Cost Justification, Language Learning, English Acquisition, Parental Influence, Workforce Success, Tutoring, Separate Educational System, Rossell, Texas Public Policy Foundation
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-con01a	Assange is mostly interested in self-promotion, not being a serious journalist.  Journalists are judged by far more than their ability to acquire and disseminate knowledge or information. The quality of their writing, the skills and contacts developed to acquire it, the training used to enter the trade (which incidentally would have included the difference between the legitimate use of privileged information and espionage) and many other characteristics.  Assange doesn’t seem to have taken any interest in any of this. He undertook no formal training – he studied but did not graduate in Physics – and worked as a computer programmer and hacker before founding Wikileaks. His interest in data seems to do with the technological side of the process rather than the ideas.  Were a printer in the same situation to attempt the same defence, it would be ignored. Assange is an irresponsible geek, self-proclaimed hacker and someone who clearly has no interest in, or understanding of, the notion that there are occasions when a responsible journalist does not release information, frequently out of concern for those whose lives it might engender.  His entire background has been in hacking, he is described as a cryptographer in articles written by or about him before the launch of Wikileaks. This sudden commitment to journalism seems awfully convenient in the event of the threat of a trial. Assange, self-promotion, journalist, writing quality, training, privileged information, espionage, formal education, physics, computer programmer, hacker, Wikileaks, data, technology, printer, defence, irresponsible, geek, cryptographer, hacking, journalism, information release, trial Assange, self-promotion, journalism, writing quality, information acquisition, formal training, physics, computer programmer, hacker, Wikileaks, data, technology, ideas, printer, defence, irresponsible, geek, hacker, cryptographer, responsible journalism, information release, trial Assange, self-promotion, journalism, dissemination, knowledge, information, writing, skills, contacts, training, privileged information, espionage, formal education, physics, computer programmer, hacker, WikiLeaks, technology, ideas, printer, defense, irresponsible, geek, cryptographer, trial, responsible journalism, withholding information, public concern, hacking background, convenient commitment Assange, self-promotion, journalist, writing quality, contacts, training, privileged information, espionage, formal training, physics, computer programmer, hacker, Wikileaks, technological, ideas, printer, defence, irresponsible, geek, cryptographer, hacking, journalism, trial Assange, self-promotion, journalism, information, writing, skills, contacts, training, privileged information, espionage, physics, computer programmer, hacker, wikileaks, technology, ideas, printer, defence, irresponsible, geek, cryptographer, trial, responsibility, withholding information
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro05a	Allowing children to perform pushes them to grow up too soon  Child performers are exposed to a much higher level of responsibility than their peers, without the maturity to deal with it. They may be exposed to sex, drugs, or alcohol, in a context too far removed from a normal life that they don’t learn adequate coping mechanisms. It is no surprise that many child performers “burn out” by the time they reach adulthood, often experiencing problems long before, as in the case of actress Drew Barrymore, who entered rehab at the age of 13. [1] Children should not be encouraged to enter into these adult worlds of acting, modeling, dancing, etc. Michael Jackson attributed his obsession with children and childhood as a consequence of having missed out on a childhood himself.  [1] Barrymore, Little Girl Lost child performers, grow up too soon, responsibility, maturity, exposure, sex, drugs, alcohol, coping mechanisms, burn out, adulthood, problems, Drew Barrymore, rehab, Michael Jackson, obsession, childhood, acting, modeling, dancing children, performers, responsibility, maturity, coping, mechanisms, burn, out, adulthood, problems, Drew, Barrymore, rehab, Michael, Jackson, obsession, childhood, acting, modeling, dancing, exposure, drugs, alcohol, sex, normal, life, encouragement, adult, worlds, missed, out child performers, grow up too soon, higher responsibility, maturity issues, exposure to adult content, sex, drugs, alcohol, inadequate coping mechanisms, burn out, adult worlds, acting, modeling, dancing, Drew Barrymore, rehab, Michael Jackson, missed childhood, childhood obsession, Little Girl Lost child performers, premature adulthood, responsibility, maturity, exposure, sex, drugs, alcohol, coping mechanisms, burn out, adulthood problems, Drew Barrymore, rehab, Michael Jackson, missed childhood, acting, modeling, dancing, Little Girl Lost child performers, grow up too soon, responsibility, maturity, exposure, sex, drugs, alcohol, coping mechanisms, burn out, adulthood, problems, Drew Barrymore, rehab, age 13, Michael Jackson, obsession, childhood, missed out, acting, modeling, dancing
test-society-epiasghbf-con04a	Where are the men?  Is the feminisation of labour emerging with a de-masculinisation of jobs? If so, how do women cope in the work environment? Are methods being integrated to ensure a just work environment is maintained?  Overa’s (2007) study on gender relations within the informal economy indicates how tensions emerge with women and men being forced into similar occupations. The informal economy of retail trade in Ghana is becoming overcrowded as men enter into female jobs; competition is causing reductions in returns, and further, frustrations are rising against the state. Therefore if more women are entering male jobs, what are the reactions? men, feminisation, labour, de-masculinisation, women, work, environment, just, Overa, 2007, gender, relations, informal, economy, retail, trade, Ghana, competition, returns, frustrations, state, reactions, male, jobs feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, women in workforce, just work environment, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, job competition, state response, gender roles, workforce integration, economic tensions, male jobs, female jobs, occupational overlap, economic returns, job frustrations, gender dynamics, work environment adaptation feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation, job roles, women in workforce, coping mechanisms, just work environment, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, occupational competition, economic returns, state policies, gender integration, male jobs, female jobs, societal reactions feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, women in work environment, just work environment, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade in Ghana, men entering female jobs, competition in informal sector, reductions in returns, frustrations against state, women entering male jobs, reactions to gender shift men, feminisation, labour, de-masculinisation, jobs, women, work, environment, just, Overa, 2007, gender, relations, informal, economy, tensions, occupations, retail, trade, Ghana, competition, reductions, returns, frustrations, state, reactions, integration, methods
test-science-ciidfaihwc-pro01a	Governments have a moral duty to protect its citizens from harmful sites.  In recent years, supposedly innocent sites such as social networking sites have been purposely used to harm others. Victims of cyber bullying have even led victims to commit suicide in extreme cases [1] [2] . Given that both physical [3] and psychological [4] damage have occurred through the use of social networking sites, such sites represent a danger to society as a whole. They have become a medium through which others express prejudice, including racism, towards groups and towards individuals [5] . Similarly, if a particularly country has a clear religious or cultural majority, it is fair to censor those sites which seek to undermine these principles and can be damaging to a large portion of the population. If we fail to take the measures required to remove these sites, which would be achieved through censorship, the government essentially fails to act on its principles by allowing such sites to exist. The government has a duty of care to its citizens [6] and must ensure their safety; censoring such sites is the best way to achieve this.  [1] Moore, Victoria, ‘The fake world of Facebook and Bebo: How suicide and cyber bullying lurk behind the facade of “harmless fun”’, MailOnline, 4 August 2009,  on 16/09/11  [2] Good Morning America, ‘Parents: Cyber Bullying Led to Teen’s Suicide’, ABC News, 19 November 2007,  on 16/09/11  [3] BBC News, ‘England riots: Two jailed for using Facebook to incite disorder’, 16 August 2011,  on 16/09/11.  [4] Good Morning America, ‘Parents: Cyber Bullying Led to Teen’s Suicide’, ABC News, 19 November 2007,  on 16/09/11  [5] Counihan, Bella, ‘White power likes this – racist Facebook groups’, The Age, 3 February 2010,  on 16/09/11  [6] Brownejacobson, ‘Councils owe vulnerable citizens duty of care’, 18 June 2008,  09/09/11 government duty, citizen protection, harmful sites, social networking, cyber bullying, suicide, physical damage, psychological damage, prejudice, racism, religious majority, cultural majority, censorship, duty of care, online safety, cyber harm, digital wellness, mental health, online harassment, hate speech, societal norms, legal responsibility, moral obligation, internet regulation, digital citizenship, harm prevention, societal protection, ethical governance, youth protection, online ethics, cyber crime, legal intervention, public safety, digital inclusion, cultural sensitivity, religious sensitivity, government intervention, online security, digital health, online violence, hate content, digital citizenship education, internet safety policies, government duty, citizen protection, harmful sites, social networking, cyber bullying, suicide, physical damage, psychological damage, prejudice, racism, cultural majority, religious principles, censorship, duty of care, site removal, safety measures, Facebook, Bebo, England riots, racist Facebook groups, vulnerable citizens government duty, citizen protection, harmful sites, social networking, cyber bullying, suicide, physical damage, psychological harm, prejudice, racism, cultural values, religious principles, censorship, duty of care, safety measures, online safety, digital governance, content regulation, public welfare, societal harm, online violence, hate speech, online harassment, legal responsibility, state intervention, digital ethics, online integrity, community standards, online behavior, mental health, internet safety, digital citizenship, online environment, government intervention, online regulation, digital policy, cyber governance, digital rights, online health, online security, digital well-being, online governance, digital law, internet government, moral duty, protect citizens, harmful sites, social networking, cyber bullying, suicide, physical damage, psychological damage, prejudice, racism, cultural majority, censorship, duty of care, safety, Facebook, Bebo, England riots, white power, racist groups, vulnerable citizens, legal principles, online harassment, digital safety, internet governance, free speech, ethical responsibilities, public health, societal norms, law enforcement, mental health, online communities, digital citizenship, youth protection, internet policies, content moderation, cyber security, digital well-being government, moral duty, protect citizens, harmful sites, social networking, cyber bullying, suicide, physical damage, psychological damage, prejudice, racism, religious majority, cultural majority, censorship, duty of care, safety, Facebook, Bebo, England riots, white power, racist groups, vulnerable citizens
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con04a	Effective gun control is not achievable in democratic states with a tradition of civilian gun ownership  Much like the failure of the prohibition era to stop alcohol consumption, trying to restrict the use of guns that are already widely owned and prevalent in a society is an impossible task. [1]  The people who intend to use guns for illegitimate purposes are obviously unconcerned with the fact that it is illegal to acquire the guns in the first place in countries where this is already the case such as in the UK . [2] [3]  [1] Kates, Don B. ‘Why a Civil Libertarian Opposes Gun Control’. The Civil Liberties Review. June/July 1976   [2] The Independent. ‘Up to 4m guns in UK and police are losing the battle’. 4th September 2005.   [3] The Guardian. ‘Firearms: cheap, easy to get and on a street near you’ 30th August 2008. gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition era, alcohol consumption, illegal gun acquisition, civil libertarian, UK gun crime, firearm prevalence, easy access to firearms gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition era, alcohol consumption, illegal gun acquisition, civil libertarian, gun prevalence, UK gun issues, firearms availability, societal gun restriction gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition era, alcohol consumption, illegal gun acquisition, civil libertarian, UK gun laws, firearm prevalence, societal gun culture, gun legislation, law enforcement challenges, illegal firearms, gun policy, Second Amendment, constitutional rights, public safety, crime prevention, regulatory measures, legislative effectiveness gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition era, alcohol consumption, illegal gun acquisition, civil libertarian, UK gun laws, police challenges, firearm prevalence, societal impact, legal restrictions, criminal behavior, gun legislation, public policy, historical parallels gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition era, alcohol consumption, illegal gun acquisition, civil libertarian, UK gun laws, police effectiveness, firearms prevalence, societal gun restriction, illegal firearms, gun ownership statistics, gun policy debate, legislative challenges, public safety, crime prevention, Second Amendment, constitutional rights, firearm regulation, enforcement difficulties, underground market, law-abiding citizens, criminal behavior, societal norms, gun culture, policy implementation, legal frameworks, international comparisons, historical perspectives, legislative history, political science, criminology, public policy, social issues, civic engagement, citizen rights, legal restrictions, enforcement strategies, crime rates
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro04a	"When generic drugs are legalized firms and individuals no longer feel the incentive to misallocate resources to the race to patent new drugs and to monitor existing patents, or to spend resources stealing from one another  Patent regimes cause firms to inefficiently allocate resources. One such inefficiency arises from the duplication of effort by firms seeking to develop the same or very similar drugs, though only the first to do so may profit from it due to the winner-takes-all patent system. This leads to brutal races and excessive expenditure of resources to be first over the line and to monopolize the production, at least for a time. These races can thus lead to efforts by firms to steal research from one another, thus resulting in further wastes of resources in engaging and attempting to prevent corporate espionage. Another serious inefficiency arises in the production of similar products to existing ones, seeking to get around existing patents. Such has been the case for years in the pharmaceutical industry, which has succeeded, for example, in curing erectile dysfunction dozens of times. An overemphasis on such spinning off of similar products is the result of patent-generated inefficiency 1. The inefficiency does not end with production, however, as firms likewise devote great amounts of resources and effort to the development of non-duplicable products, in monitoring for infringement, and in prosecuting offenders, all of which generates huge costs and little or no return 2. Furthermore, the deterrent effect to patent piracy generated by all the efforts of the state and firms has proven generally minimal. Clearly, in the absence of patent protection for pharmaceuticals, markets and firms will behave more efficiently. This is shown by the introduction of generic antiretroviral drugs for treating AIDS where the introduction of generic drugs forced the price of the branded drugs down from $10439 to $931 in September/October 2000 3.  1 Gabb, Sean. 2005. ""Market Failure and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Proposal for Reform"". National Health Federation. Available: 2 World Intellectual Property Organization. 2011. ""Emerging Issues in Intellectual Property"". Available: 3 Avert.org, ""AIDS, Drug Prices and Generic Drugs"", generic drugs, legalization, patent system, resource allocation, inefficiency, duplication of effort, pharmaceutical industry, patent infringement, corporate espionage, drug pricing, market efficiency, antiretroviral drugs, AIDS treatment, patent reform, market failure, intellectual property, economic inefficiency, research and development, drug patents, monopolization, competition, drug development, cost reduction, patent piracy, legal costs, enforcement, healthcare economics, pharmaceutical economics, drug markets, innovation incentives, public health, policy reform, economic analysis, patent law, generic competition, branded drugs, drug pricing policies, healthcare policy, medication costs, treatment accessibility generic drugs, patent regimes, resource allocation, patent inefficiency, duplication of effort, corporate espionage, erectile dysfunction, non-duplicable products, patent infringement, pharmaceutical industry, drug prices, generic antiretroviral drugs, AIDS, market efficiency, patent protection, branded drugs, patent piracy, state enforcement, pharmaceutical reform generic drugs, patent regimes, resource misallocation, pharmaceutical industry, duplication of effort, winner-takes-all, corporate espionage, patent infringement, non-duplicable products, patent piracy, market efficiency, generic antiretroviral drugs, drug pricing, AIDS treatment generic drugs, patent regimes, resource misallocation, patent races, corporate espionage, inefficiency, pharmaceutical industry, patent infringement, prosecution costs, market efficiency, generic antiretroviral drugs, drug pricing, AIDS treatment, patent reform generic drugs, legalization, patent race, resource misallocation, corporate espionage, patent infringement, monitoring, prosecution, market efficiency, antiretroviral drugs, drug pricing, AIDS treatment, pharmaceutical industry, patent reform, intellectual property, market failure, non-duplicable products, pharmaceutical patents, patent-generated inefficiency, state intervention, patent piracy deterrent"
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro02a	Juries need to have all the information possible in order to reach a fair verdict.  It is nonsensical to withhold evidence from a jury that might be necessary for them to reach an accurate verdict. Just because their verdict might be more prone to conviction rather than acquittal does not necessarily mean that this is an unfair or even inaccurate conclusion; given that violent offenders are likely to re-offend [1] , it may illuminate the truth rather than confuse it. Jurors should be allowed to weigh the relevance of previous convictions and compare them with the accusations of the trail at hand. A criminal justice system which currently relies on the ability of the jury to make a decision [2] cannot legitimately choose to withhold evidence from them without innately biasing the trial itself. As the UK Government’s White Paper states, ‘we want less evidence to be withheld from the courts, on the principle that relevant evidence should be admissible . . . magistrates, judges and juries have the common sense to evaluate relevant evidence and should be trusted to do so’ [3] . If we cannot trust juries to decide which evidence is relevant to the verdict and which is not, then the entire use of juries in the criminal justice system should be reconsidered.  [1] CBC News, ‘Getting out of prison’, March 2008.  [2] Direct Gov, ‘Jury service – what happens in court and after the trial’, 10 October 2011.  [3] CPS, ‘Justice for all’, The Stationary Office, July 2002. Juries, information, fair verdict, evidence, conviction, acquittal, violent offenders, re-offend, previous convictions, criminal justice system, bias, trial, admissible evidence, relevant evidence, evaluate, trust, reconsider, CBC News, Direct Gov, CPS, Justice for all, UK Government, White Paper Juries, information, fair verdict, evidence, conviction, acquittal, violent offenders, re-offend, previous convictions, criminal justice system, bias, UK Government, White Paper, relevant evidence, admissible, magistrates, judges, common sense, evaluate, reconsider, CBC News, Direct Gov, CPS, Justice for all Juries, information, fair verdict, evidence, conviction, acquittal, violent offenders, re-offend, previous convictions, criminal justice system, bias, trial, UK Government, White Paper, admissible evidence, magistrates, judges, common sense, relevant evidence, Jury service, justice for all, Stationary Office, CBC News, Direct Gov Juries, information, fair verdict, withhold evidence, accurate conclusion, violent offenders, re-offend, previous convictions, criminal justice system, bias, UK Government, White Paper, relevant evidence, admissible, magistrates, judges, common sense, evaluate, reconsider, prison, Jury service, court, trial, CPS, Justice for all, Stationary Office Juries, information, fair verdict, evidence, conviction, acquittal, violent offenders, re-offend, previous convictions, criminal justice system, trial, Bias, UK Government, White Paper, admissible evidence, magistrates, judges, common sense, relevant evidence, Jury service, court, reconsideration, CBC News, Direct Gov, CPS, Justice for all, The Stationary Office
test-politics-cpecfiepg-pro01a	The current austerity measures are not working  The Austerity measures put in place by the ECB, IMF and European Commission have led to nothing but misery for the Greek people. They have failed to cut down the total debt % GDP ratio and have also failed to increase the competitiveness of the Greek economy. This is because raising taxes and slashing the minimum wage has sent the economy deeper and deeper into recession. Unemployment is at a record high of 21% and there is a severe shortage of credit leading to severe difficulties in companies financing their day to day projects. What’s more, the country itself is plunged into depression. Escalated (inevitably) by the local and international media, the climate is one of despair and investment is at the bottom of anyone’s priorities. This further perpetuates the cycles of recession and prevents any of the austerity measures having their desired effect. Additionally, the drastic fall in GDP every quarter means that cuts in government spending are also not having their desired effect on reducing the budget deficit % GDP ratio. Worst of all, the economic hardships have drawn many people to despair and the suicide rates in Greece have dramatically risen over the last year and access to healthcare has drastically declined. [1] In this manner, the government is failing in fulfilling its most basic duties of safeguarding the lives and wellbeing of its citizens. If the current measures are not working then a new approach is needed. A default would alleviate much of the suffering caused by austerity.  [1] Armitsead, Louise: “Why Greece should default and exit the euro” 23 February 2012, The Telegraph, austerity, measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greece, debt, GDP, competitiveness, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit, investment, media, depression, suicide, healthcare, government, budget deficit, default, euro, economic hardships, citizens, wellbeing austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek economy, debt, GDP, competitiveness, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, depression, media, investment, recession cycles, budget deficit, GDP cuts, government spending, suicide rates, healthcare, default, euro exit, economic hardships, citizen wellbeing austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek economy, debt GDP ratio, competitiveness, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, economic depression, media influence, investment decline, recession cycles, GDP fall, government spending cuts, budget deficit, economic hardships, suicide rates, healthcare access, citizen wellbeing, default, euro exit, Greece, economic policy, financial crisis, social impact, political measures, economic reform, financial aid, international debt, economic recovery, fiscal policies, unemployment rates, social services, public spending, economic growth, financial stability, economic indicators, government duties, economic analysis, financial strategies, economic austerity, measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greece, debt, GDP, competitiveness, recession, unemployment, credit, investment, depression, media, budget deficit, suicide rates, healthcare, default, euro, economic hardships, government duties, citizens, new approach austerity, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greece, debt, GDP, competitiveness, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, depression, media, investment, recession cycles, budget deficit, suicide rates, healthcare, default, euro exit, economic hardships, government duties, citizen wellbeing, Louise Armitstead, The Telegraph
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-pro03a	Allows the ruler to make necessary but unpopular decisions  Democracy and elections are about popularity but popular decisions are not always the right ones. Even mature democracies have sometimes seen their government’s make use of the levers of government to boost their electoral chances; for example Margaret Thatcher’s government stoked the economy in the Lawson boom in 1987 which just happened to be an election year. [1] Governments without elections can engage in long term planning and make unpopular decisions without fear of the consequences. Thus for example Saudi Arabia is willing to pump less oil (and so get less money in the short term at least) in order to create stability in the oil market by having enough excess capacity to prevent price spikes.  [1] Congdon, Tim, Keynes, the Keynesians and Monetarism, 2007, p.73 ruler, unpopular decisions, democracy, elections, popularity, right decisions, mature democracies, government levers, electoral chances, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, 1987, long term planning, Saudi Arabia, oil market, stability, excess capacity, price spikes, Tim Congdon, Keynes, Keynesians, Monetarism ruler, unpopular decisions, democracy, elections, popularity, mature democracies, government levers, electoral chances, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, 1987, long-term planning, Saudi Arabia, oil market, price spikes, Congdon, Tim, Keynes, Keynesians, Monetarism ruler, unpopular decisions, democracy, elections, popularity, right decisions, mature democracies, government levers, electoral chances, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, 1987, governments without elections, long term planning, Saudi Arabia, oil market, stability, excess capacity, price spikes, Congdon, Tim, Keynes, Keynesians, Monetarism ruler, unpopular decisions, democracy, elections, popularity, right decisions, mature democracies, government levers, electoral chances, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, 1987, elections, long-term planning, Saudi Arabia, oil market, stability, excess capacity, price spikes, Congdon, Tim, Keynes, Keynesians, Monetarism ruler, unpopular decisions, democracy, elections, popularity, right decisions, mature democracies, government levers, electoral chances, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, 1987, governments without elections, long term planning, Saudi Arabia, oil market, stability, excess capacity, price spikes, Congdon Tim, Keynes, Keynesians, Monetarism
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro03a	Increasing a standard, even if not as high as the donor would want, increases the standard of the present situation  Increasing the required standard of business and labour will result in increases to the current standard labour and business standards even before aid is entirely tied as countries implement changes to ensure they get the most possible aid. Simply setting an expected level of labour and business standards will therefore create improvement in those standards. In the case of the Decent Work Country Programme for Bangladesh 2006-2009 Bangladesh has been implementing the program due to its positive benefit towards achieving the millennium development goals. This is despite challenges such as the lack of employment opportunities in the country. The programme has been successful in improving social protection, working conditions and rights for female, male, and children workers in a few sectors and areas [1] .  [1] International Labour Organization, Bangladesh: Decent Work Country Programme 2012-2015, 2012 increasing, standard, donor, improvement, business, labour, aid, implementation, changes, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, 2006-2009, millennium development goals, employment, social protection, working conditions, rights, female, male, children, workers, sectors, areas, International Labour Organization, 2012-2015 increasing standards, donor expectations, business standards, labour standards, aid effectiveness, implementation changes, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, millennium development goals, social protection, working conditions, workers' rights, employment challenges, international labour organization increasing standards, donor expectations, business standards, labour standards, aid effectiveness, implementation changes, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, millennium development goals, social protection, working conditions, workers' rights, employment challenges, ILO, 2006-2009, 2012-2015 increasing standards, donor expectations, business standards, labour standards, aid effectiveness, implementation of changes, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, millennium development goals, social protection, working conditions, workers' rights, employment opportunities, international labour organization, programme success, female workers, male workers, child workers, sector improvements, area improvements increasing standard, donor expectations, business standards, labour standards, aid, implementation changes, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, millennium development goals, employment opportunities, social protection, working conditions, workers rights, female workers, male workers, children workers, International Labour Organization
test-international-siacphbnt-pro03a	Technology is building a platform for sharing ideas.  Entrepreneurialism can be encouraged through an awareness, and sharing, of new ideas. The technological revolution has provided a platform for personal expression, delivery of up-to-date news, and the vital sharing of local ideas and thoughts. In Nigeria the Co-Creation Hub has emerged, encouraging an entrepreneurial spirit. Further, Umuntu and Mimiboards’ are connecting individual communities to the web by encouraging local content creation [1] .  Such platforms are enabling the transfer of knowledge and innovative ideas. Innovative solutions are being introduced to routine problems, such as ‘Mafuta Go’ an app to find the best price for petrol (Christine Ampaire).  [1] See further readings: Co-Creation Hub Nigeria, 2013 Technology, platform, sharing ideas, entrepreneurialism, awareness, new ideas, technological revolution, personal expression, up-to-date news, local ideas, thoughts, Nigeria, Co-Creation Hub, Umuntu, Mimiboards, local content creation, knowledge transfer, innovative ideas, Mafuta Go, petrol price, Christine Ampaire, Co-Creation Hub Nigeria, 2013 Technology, Platform, Sharing, Ideas, Entrepreneurialism, Awareness, Technological Revolution, Personal Expression, News Delivery, Local Ideas, Thoughts, Nigeria, Co-Creation Hub, Umuntu, Mimiboards, Local Content Creation, Knowledge Transfer, Innovative Solutions, Routine Problems, Mafuta Go, App, Petrol Price, Christine Ampaire, Co-Creation Hub Nigeria, 2013 Technology, Platform, Sharing Ideas, Entrepreneurialism, Awareness, New Ideas, Technological Revolution, Personal Expression, Up-to-Date News, Local Ideas, Thoughts, Nigeria, Co-Creation Hub, Umuntu, Mimiboards, Local Content Creation, Transfer of Knowledge, Innovative Ideas, Innovative Solutions, Routine Problems, Mafuta Go, App, Petrol Prices, Christine Ampaire, Co-Creation Hub Nigeria, 2013 Technology, Platform, Sharing, Ideas, Entrepreneurialism, Awareness, Technological Revolution, Personal Expression, News Delivery, Local Ideas, Nigeria, Co-Creation Hub, Umuntu, Mimiboards, Web, Local Content Creation, Knowledge Transfer, Innovative Solutions, Routine Problems, Mafuta Go, Petrol Price, Christine Ampaire, Co-Creation Hub Nigeria Technology, platform, sharing ideas, entrepreneurialism, awareness, new ideas, technological revolution, personal expression, up-to-date news, local ideas, thoughts, Nigeria, Co-Creation Hub, Umuntu, Mimiboards, local content creation, knowledge transfer, innovative ideas, Mafuta Go, petrol price, Christine Ampaire, Co-Creation Hub Nigeria, 2013
test-law-lghwpcctcc-con02a	Invoking public reaction can damage the lives of those concerned in the court case.  Proposition may well argue that televising court cases gains a sense of ‘sympathy’ and justice for the victims of the case. However, this is double-edged. Firstly, particularly emotive and controversial court cases concerning crimes such as sexual assault could blind the public (or ‘audience’) to any untruthfulness from the ‘victim’, by virtue of being perceived as vulnerable and wronged. Secondly, any sympathy which is gained for one person often arises out of increased hatred or outrage against another – namely the defendant. This could lead to public condemnation of an individual who is never actually convicted of a crime; they will be exposed to public reaction that might be wholly unjustified if he is subsequently acquitted. One example of this is when Milly Dowler’s father was questioned in court as a suspect of his daughter’s death and his personal, pornographic magazines were used as evidence against him [1] . Although he was completely innocent, the prosecution’s job was to explore any possibility of perversion or dangerous character. This is an infringement upon that individual’s rights, as being publicly portrayed as a villain could go on to affect their future private life, such as their chances of future employment or anonymity.  [1]  , accessed 19/08/11 public reaction, court case, televising trials, sympathy, justice, victims, public opinion, sexual assault, truthfulness, vulnerability, public condemnation, defendants, acquittal, unjustified, Milly Dowler, pornography, innocence, prosecution, character, privacy rights, employment, anonymity public reaction, court case, televising, sympathy, justice, victims, emotive, controversial, sexual assault, untruthfulness, audience, vulnerability, public condemnation, defendant, acquitted, unjustified, rights infringement, private life, employment, anonymity, Milly Dowler, prosecution, perversion, dangerous character, pornography public reaction, court case, televising court cases, sympathy, justice, victims, emotive cases, controversial cases, sexual assault, public untruthfulness, audience perception, public condemnation, defendant, acquittal, unjustified reaction, infringement of rights, private life, employment, anonymity, Milly Dowler, father, pornographic magazines, prosecution, perversion, dangerous character public reaction, court cases, televising trials, sympathy, justice, victims, emotive cases, sexual assault, public condemnation, unconvicted, acquittal, Milly Dowler, pornographic magazines, rights infringement, employment, anonymity, media influence, trial by media, public opinion, legal ethics, defendant rights, judicial fairness, media coverage, crime, legal system, public scrutiny, privacy, innocence, prosecution, evidence, character assassination public reaction, court case, sympathy, justice, victims, double-edged, emotive, controversial, sexual assault, public blindness, untruthfulness, public condemnation, defendant, acquitted, unjustified, Milly Dowler, father, pornographic magazines, innocence, prosecution, perversion, dangerous character, rights infringement, private life, employment, anonymity
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-pro02a	Porn is inherently dehumanising  Pornography necessarily objectifies people: it presents a sexual desire, an urge, which is immediately attended by another person, often performing acts which we would find demeaning, until the original urge is satisfied. The use of others for pleasure treats them as means to one’s own ends, and denies them any value as rational subjects with a will of their own. This affects, naturally, the participants in pornography, but also their viewers who adopt corrupted notions of what to value in others, and furthermore other women who are later affected by men using the same metric to interact with them. Porn, Dehumanising, Objectification, Sexual Desire, Urge, Demeaning Acts, Rational Subjects, Self-Worth, Viewer Impact, Corrupted Values, Interpersonal Relations, Women, Men, Societal Effects, Moral Arguments, Ethical Considerations Porn, dehumanising, objectification, sexual, desire, urge, demeaning, acts, pleasure, means, ends, rational, subjects, will, viewers, corrupted, notions, value, women, men, metric, interaction Porn, dehumanising, objectification, sexual desire, urge, demeaning acts, pleasure, means to an end, rational subjects, will, corrupted values, viewers, interaction, women, men, metric, pornography effects, moral arguments, ethical concerns, sexual ethics, human dignity, exploitation, consent, media influence, social impact, gender relations pornography, dehumanising, objectification, sexual desire, demeaning acts, use of others, pleasure, rational subjects, corrupted notions, viewers, women, men, metric, interaction, moral ethics, sexual ethics, gender issues, social impact, consent, dignity, exploitation, power dynamics, cultural norms, sexual autonomy, respect, agency, sexual violence, intimacy, human rights, feminist theory, media influence, sexual health, emotional well-being, societal values, relationships, sexual education, legal perspectives, psychological effects, objectification theory, sexual norms, media representation, sexual agency, sexual expression, ethical considerations, moral philosophy, sexual Porn, dehumanising, objectification, sexual, desire, demeaning, pleasure, rational, subjects, will, viewers, corrupted, notions, women, men, metric, interaction
test-international-segiahbarr-pro02a	Human development indicators have significantly improved in recent years.  Human development index (HDI) indicators are used to assess levels of life expectancy, education and income indices throughout the world. The majority of African states have seen an improvement in these scores since 2001, and are predicted to continue this trend. Some African states, such Seychelles, Libya and Tunisia, are in the ‘High Human Development’ category and are positioned in the top 100 for HDI indicators, an improvement from 1990 [1] . Life expectancy has increased by 10% on the continent and infant mortality has decreased as well, thanks to the greater availability of mosquito nets and the attention given to HIV/AIDS [2] . Education is seen as a cornerstone to growth as it allows the quicker attainment of the skills required for knowledge-intensive industries (such as agriculture and services), which will in turn lead to greater development [3] . The level of literacy in Africa has seen an increase in reports on human development from 2001 [4] and 2011 [5] . Finally, levels of poverty throughout Africa have generally decreased, including in notable countries such as Ghana and Zimbabwe.  [1] Watkins, ‘Human Development Report’, 2005, p.219  [2] The Economist, ‘Africa Rising’, 2013  [3] Haddad, ‘Education and Development’, 1990  [4] Fukuda-Parr, ‘Human Development Report’, 2011  [5] ‘United Nations Human Development statistical annex’, 2011, pp.159-161 Human development indicators, Human Development Index (HDI), life expectancy, education indices, income indices, African states, improvement, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, High Human Development, life expectancy increase, infant mortality decrease, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, education, skills, knowledge-intensive industries, literacy increase, poverty decrease, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Watkins, The Economist, Haddad, Fukuda-Parr, United Nations Human Development, statistical annex Human development indicators, HDI, life expectancy, education, income indices, African states, improvement, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, High Human Development, life expectancy increase, infant mortality decrease, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, education growth, skills, knowledge-intensive industries, agriculture, services, literacy increase, poverty decrease, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Human Development Report, Africa Rising, Education and Development, United Nations Human Development statistical annex Human development indicators, HDI, life expectancy, education indices, income indices, African states, improvement, trend, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, High Human Development, life expectancy increase, infant mortality decrease, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, education, growth, skills, knowledge-intensive industries, agriculture, services, development, literacy, poverty reduction, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Human Development Report, Africa Rising, Education and Development, United Nations Human Development statistical annex Human development indicators, HDI, life expectancy, education, income indices, African states, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, High Human Development, life expectancy increase, infant mortality decrease, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, education growth, knowledge-intensive industries, literacy increase, poverty decrease, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Human Development Report, United Nations, statistical annex Human development indicators, HDI, life expectancy, education, income indices, African states, improvement, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, High Human Development, life expectancy increase, infant mortality decrease, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, education cornerstone, growth, skills, knowledge-intensive industries, agriculture, services, literacy increase, poverty decrease, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Human Development Report, Africa Rising, Education and Development, United Nations Human Development, statistical annex
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-con01a	Child performers are necessary for roles in some films, television shows, etc., and for the survival of some sports  In some films or television shows, child actors are absolutely necessary in order to realistically portray society and the roles children play. The incredibly popular Harry Potter films, for example, would not have been half as convincing without the large cast of actors under the age of 18 playing the schoolchildren. Child actors are also necessary in the advertising industry, in order to make products appealing to a younger audience. Some sports, too, would be endangered if children were not allowed to compete. Ice skaters and dancers, for example, benefit greatly from training starting at an early age. [1]  [1] Sagolla, ‘Dance Training for Children and Teens’ child performers, films, television shows, survival, sports, Harry Potter, realism, society, child roles, advertising industry, younger audience, ice skating, dance, early training, child actors, necessity, Sagolla, Dance Training for Children and Teens child performers, films, television shows, sports survival, realistic portrayal, society roles, children roles, Harry Potter films, convincing performance, advertising industry, younger audience appeal, child actors necessity, ice skating, dance, early training, Sagolla, Dance Training for Children and Teens child performers, roles, films, television shows, survival, sports, realistic portrayal, society, Harry Potter, convincing, child actors, advertising industry, younger audience, endangered, children competing, ice skaters, dancers, training, early age, Dance Training for Children and Teens, Sagolla child performers, roles, films, television shows, survival, sports, Harry Potter, child actors, society, realistic portrayal, advertising industry, younger audience, ice skaters, dancers, early training child performers, roles, films, television shows, survival, sports, Harry Potter, realistic portrayal, society, child actors, advertising industry, younger audience, ice skaters, dancers, early training, competition, child actors necessity, youth in media, child sports participation
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con02a	Prevents a competitor from building a high tech military  The arms ban is very effective in preventing the Chinese military gaining access to the best modern technologies. A convincing code of conduct has yet to be drawn up, but even if it looks very tight, it has a major flaw. Individual EU member states will be able to judge for themselves whether a proposed arms sale breaks the code. Past experience suggests that when exports are at stake, perhaps with the risk of job losses in an election year, then politicians interpret codes like this very loosely, so for example despite this code UK arms exports may have been used in the conflict against the Tamils in Sri Lanka. [1] This will be made worse by the thought of an EU state that if it refuses a particular military sale to China, then another member state will be more flexible. This means that each individual member will make decisions based upon what is best for it individually and not think of what is best for the Union as a whole – such as providing high tech weapons that bring in export dollars but helps undermine security.  [1] Prince, Rosa, ‘UK arms used against civilians in Sri Lanka and Gaza’, 2009. arms ban, Chinese military, modern technologies, code of conduct, EU member states, arms sale, exports, job losses, election year, UK arms exports, conflict, Tamils, Sri Lanka, EU state, military sale, security, Union, high tech weapons, export dollars, civilians, Gaza arms ban, Chinese military, high tech technologies, code of conduct, EU member states, arms sale, political interpretation, job losses, election year, UK arms exports, conflict, Tamils, Sri Lanka, security, Union, export dollars, weapons, civilians, Gaza, policy flaws, international relations, defense technology, military sales, European Union, technology transfer, arms control, political economy, defense industry, export policies, international security, arms trade, military technology, strategic interests, economic interests, ethical concerns, global arms market, defense cooperation, regional security, international law, military assistance, technological access, arms embargo, defense exports, arms ban, Chinese military, high tech technologies, code of conduct, EU member states, arms sale, job losses, election year, UK arms exports, conflict, Tamils, Sri Lanka, EU state, military sale, security, export dollars, Union, individual decisions arms ban, Chinese military, modern technologies, code of conduct, EU member states, arms sale, UK arms exports, Tamil conflict, election year, job losses, security, Union, high tech weapons, export dollars, civilian use, Sri Lanka, Gaza arms ban, Chinese military, high tech technologies, code of conduct, EU member states, arms sales, UK arms exports, conflict, Tamil, Sri Lanka, election year, job losses, security, Union, export dollars, high tech weapons, undermining security, individual decision making, collective interest
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-con02a	Settlements provide economic investment in the Occupied Territories  The fundamental fact is that the West Bank, whatever its status, is not an economically viable entity on its own. It produces few goods, while Gaza produces next to none, and independence without a major influx of capital will not change this situation.  The best source for a supply of capitol in the region lies in Israel, which has an enormous demand for a low-wage work-force. Millions of Palestinians worked in Israel until after 2000, and with travel into Israel proper restricted, settlement construction and cultivation provide economic development opportunities for the region and create jobs for Palestinians. [1] This is an important prospect when the unemployment figures for the Palestinians are at nearly 30%. [2]  Furthermore the very need for such labor is likely to further incentivise Israel to loosen restrictions on Palestinian workers in the West Bank and Gaza.  [1] Hass, Amira, ‘Israel to lift restrictions on Palestinian Jordan Valley travel’, Haaretz.com, 26 April 2007,   [2] ‘Palestinian unemployment shows gradual decline’, Jmcc, 21 February 2010, Settlements, economic investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, economic viability, goods production, independence, capital influx, Israel, low-wage workforce, Palestinian employment, settlement construction, economic development, unemployment, Palestinian workers, travel restrictions, economic incentives, labor demand, Haaretz, JMCC Settlements, Economic Investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, Economic Viability, Goods Production, Independence, Capital Influx, Israel, Low-wage Workforce, Palestinian Workers, Settlement Construction, Cultivation, Economic Development, Job Creation, Unemployment, Palestinian Unemployment, Travel Restrictions, Labor Demand, Restrictions Loosening, Jordan Valley Travel, Palestinian Unemployment Decline economic investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, economic viability, goods production, independence, capital influx, Israel, low-wage workforce, Palestinian workers, settlement construction, cultivation, economic development, job creation, unemployment, labor demand, travel restrictions, incentives, Palestinian Jordan Valley, unemployment decline Settlements, Economic Investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, Economic Viability, Goods Production, Independence, Capital Influx, Israel, Low-Wage Workforce, Palestinian Workers, Travel Restrictions, Settlement Construction, Cultivation, Economic Development, Job Creation, Unemployment, Palestinian Unemployment, Labor Demand, Restrictions Loosening Settlements, economic investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, economic viability, capital influx, Israel, low-wage workforce, Palestinian employment, unemployment, economic development, travel restrictions, Jordan Valley, Palestinian unemployment, labor demand, workforce opportunities, economic prospects, regional cooperation, economic incentives
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-pro02a	Poor families would be helped far more by investment in education and healthcare  This has been an urban and political obsession from the outset. The idea that the hungry and homeless need condoms more than food and shelter is clearly absurd. The poor would be better helped through “accessible education, better hospitals and lesser government corruption.” [i] Rather than interfering in the moral life of the nation, parliamentarians would be better exercised in tackling these concerns.  This issue has consumed political energy for over a decade and received massive national and international attention and yet there are far more pressing concerns for the nation – and its political leaders.  Instead this bill, which carries the marks of both political and moral corruption has been the main focus of the president and congress. At the very least this suggests a questionable sense of priority, at worst a gross lack of interest in the welfare of the Filipino people.  [i] Villegas, Socrates B., ‘Contraception is Corruption!’, CBCP News, 15 December 2012, education, healthcare, investment, poor families, urban obsession, political focus, hunger, homelessness, condoms, food, shelter, accessible education, better hospitals, government corruption, moral life, political energy, national attention, pressing concerns, political leaders, Filipino welfare, contraception, corruption, CBCP News, Socrates B. Villegas poor families, investment, education, healthcare, urban obsession, political obsession, hungry, homeless, condoms, food, shelter, accessible education, better hospitals, government corruption, parliamentarians, moral life, nation, political energy, national attention, international attention, pressing concerns, political leaders, bill, political corruption, moral corruption, priority, welfare, Filipino people, contraception, corruption, CBCP News, Socrates B. Villegas poor families, investment, education, healthcare, urban, political obsession, hungry, homeless, condoms, food, shelter, accessible education, better hospitals, government corruption, parliamentarians, moral life, political energy, national attention, pressing concerns, Filipino people, contraception, corruption, CBCP News, Socrates B. Villegas poor families, investment, education, healthcare, urban obsession, political obsession, hungry, homeless, condoms, food, shelter, accessible education, better hospitals, government corruption, moral life, political energy, national attention, pressing concerns, political leaders, bill, political corruption, moral corruption, priority, welfare, Filipino people, contraception, corruption, CBCP News, Socrates B. Villegas poor families, investment, education, healthcare, urban, political obsession, hungry, homeless, condoms, food, shelter, accessible education, better hospitals, government corruption, moral life, parliamentarians, political energy, national attention, pressing concerns, political leaders, bill, political corruption, moral corruption, priority, welfare, Filipino people, contraception, corruption
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-con03a	Realistic costs for users and providers of bandwidth and phones  The example of mobile devices is, perhaps the most clear-cut. Manufacturers of mobile devices expect to make their money back and make a profit. They need to do this to pay salaries, invest in the next project and keep their shareholders happy. To do that they make a calculation based on the price of the original product and what additional revenue they are likely to make over the lifetime of that product’s use.  Phone companies in particular have complained that major content providers are simply not paying a fair share of the costs with the VP of Verizon, for example, accusing Google of getting “a free lunch” at the expense of network providers [i] .  Net neutrality compels some companies to ignore basic financial realities [ii] . For all that Proposition – and others such as politicians in Amsterdam and Santiago – may think that changing the basic rules of economics is a good idea, they have yet to explain how this Socialist utopia will work.  [i] Washington Post. Ashad Mohammed. “Verizon Executive Calls for End to Google’s ‘Free Lunch”. 7 February 2006.  [ii] The Economist. “The Difference Engine: Download Dilemma”. 6 May 2011. Realistic costs, users, providers, bandwidth, phones, mobile devices, manufacturers, profit, salaries, investment, shareholders, calculation, original product, additional revenue, lifetime, phone companies, content providers, fair share, costs, VP, Verizon, Google, free lunch, network providers, net neutrality, financial realities, companies, Proposition, politicians, Amsterdam, Santiago, economics, Socialist utopia, Washington Post, Ashad Mohammed, Verizon Executive, The Economist, The Difference Engine, Download Dilemma Realistic costs, users, providers, bandwidth, phones, mobile devices, manufacturers, profit, salaries, investment, shareholders, calculation, price, product, lifetime, revenue, phone companies, content providers, fair share, costs, VP, Verizon, Google, free lunch, network providers, net neutrality, financial realities, companies, basic rules, economics, Proposition, politicians, Amsterdam, Santiago, Socialist utopia, economics, Washington Post, Ashad Mohammed, The Economist, Difference Engine, Download Dilemma realistic costs, users, providers, bandwidth, phones, mobile devices, manufacturers, profit, salaries, investment, shareholders, revenue, phone companies, content providers, fair share, costs, VP Verizon, Google, free lunch, network providers, net neutrality, financial realities, economics, Proposition, politicians, Amsterdam, Santiago, Socialist utopia, Washington Post, Ashad Mohammed, The Economist, Difference Engine, Download Dilemma realistic costs, users, providers, bandwidth, phones, mobile devices, manufacturers, profit, salaries, investment, shareholders, revenue, lifetime use, phone companies, content providers, fair share, costs, Verizon, Google, free lunch, network providers, net neutrality, financial realities, economics, socialist utopia, Washington Post, Ashad Mohammed, The Economist, Difference Engine, Download Dilemma Realistic costs, users, providers, bandwidth, phones, mobile devices, manufacturers, profit, salaries, investments, shareholders, revenue, lifetime use, phone companies, content providers, fair share, costs, VP Verizon, Google, free lunch, network providers, Net neutrality, financial realities, economics, Proposition, politicians, Amsterdam, Santiago, Socialist utopia, Washington Post, Ashad Mohammed, The Economist, Difference Engine, Download Dilemma
test-health-dhpelhbass-con04a	It would have a damaging effect on society  Some people who do not agree with voluntary euthanasia argue that if it was legalised, it would damage the moral and social foundation of society by removing the traditional principle that man should not kill, and reduce the respect for human life. It might also be the case that once voluntary euthanasia has been legalised, this might lead to cases of involuntary euthanasia being carried out. With people deciding that someone else's life such as the elderly or the terminally ill is not worth living and therefore performing euthanasia without their consent. [1] A recent study discovered that some sufferers of locked-in syndrome – as many as three out of four of the main sample – were happy and did not want to die. [2]  [1] The case against, religiouseducation.co.uik  (accessed 4/6/2011).  [2] Barbara Ellen, Who is to judge which lives are worth living?, guardian.co.uk, 17 April 2011  (accessed 6/6/2011) voluntary euthanasia, moral foundation, social foundation, man should not kill, respect for human life, involuntary euthanasia, terminally ill, elderly, locked-in syndrome, lives worth living, religious education, guardian, ethics, end-of-life decisions, patient autonomy, quality of life, medical ethics, legalisation of euthanasia, societal impact, bioethics, patient rights, compassionate killing, palliative care, moral slippery slope, public health, human dignity, healthcare policy, end-of-life care, legislative implications, assisted dying, moral arguments, social arguments, ethical considerations, medical law, patient consent, disability rights voluntary euthanasia, moral foundation, social foundation, man should not kill, respect for human life, involuntary euthanasia, terminally ill, elderly, locked-in syndrome, lives worth living, religious education, Barbara Ellen, guardian, ethical concerns, societal impact, legalisation consequences voluntary euthanasia, legalisation, moral foundations, social foundations, principle of not killing, respect for human life, involuntary euthanasia, elderly, terminally ill, consent, locked-in syndrome, quality of life, worth of life, ethical concerns, societal impact, Barbara Ellen, religiouseducation.co.uk, guardian.co.uk voluntary euthanasia, legalisation, moral foundation, social foundation, man should not kill, respect for human life, involuntary euthanasia, elderly, terminally ill, locked-in syndrome, quality of life, right to die, ethical concerns, religious perspectives, medical ethics, patient autonomy, dignity in dying, end-of-life decisions, compassionate killing, palliative care, suffering, autonomy, decision-making, consent, bioethics, human rights, societal values, cultural norms, legal implications, medical law, ethical dilemmas, moral philosophy, life worth living, patient advocacy, healthcare policy, end-of-life care, moral relativ voluntary euthanasia, legalisation, moral foundation, social foundation, man should not kill, respect for human life, involuntary euthanasia, elderly, terminally ill, locked-in syndrome, quality of life, moral objections, social impact, ethical concerns, patient autonomy, end-of-life decisions, religious perspectives, legal ethics, medical ethics, human dignity, right to die, assisted dying, euthanasia debate, society's values, compassionate care, palliative care, mental well-being, happiness, life worth living, patient consent, decision-making capacity, vulnerable populations, ethic of care, bioethics, healthcare policy, legal
test-international-gmehwasr-pro02a	It is in the national interest for democracies to support those seeking to oust dictators  Democracies should support moderate groups seeking to oust dictators because the result will hopefully be a moderate, democratic state. This would then be a reliable partner for the future that would be more willing to help engage and resolve the region's problems. But this is not all about being high minded and wanting to promote democracy in the Middle East, arms need to be provided in order to ensure future influence in Syria. We already know that there are jihadis operating in Syria so it is plain that this is a conflict that will eventually have wider implications for the west. If we want to have influence in Syria after Assad is overthrown then we need to begin helping opposition groups. It is in our interest to build up the moderate groups so as to deny support to the extremists; once this is over we would be in a much better position if we have grateful friends on the ground rather than groups who are resentful that we provided fine words but no real help. We don't want to find ourselves having to root out terrorists from the air using UAVs. [1]  [1] Hokayem, Emile, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 democracy, dictators, moderate groups, democratic state, reliable partner, region's problems, promote democracy, Middle East, arms provision, future influence, Syria, jihadis, conflict implications, west, influence post-Assad, build moderate groups, deny extremist support, grateful friends, resentful groups, root out terrorists, UAVs, Hokayem, Emile, arming Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy national interest, democracies, support, oust dictators, moderate groups, democratic state, reliable partner, future, resolve, region's problems, promote democracy, Middle East, provide arms, ensure influence, Syria, jihadis, conflict, wider implications, west, influence Syria, Assad overthrown, build moderate groups, deny support extremists, grateful friends, resentful, root out terrorists, UAVs, Hokayem, Emile, Roundtable, arming Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy, 2013 national interest, democracies, support, moderate groups, oust dictators, democratic state, reliable partner, future engagement, regional problems, promote democracy, Middle East, arms provision, future influence, Syria, jihadis, conflict implications, western interests, influence post-Assad, moderate groups strength, deny extremist support, grateful allies, avoid terrorist intervention, UAVs national interest, democracies, support, oust dictators, moderate groups, democratic state, reliable partner, future, resolve problems, Middle East, arms, future influence, Syria, jihadis, conflict, wider implications, west, influence, opposition groups, interest, build moderate groups, deny support, extremists, grateful friends, resentful, real help, root out terrorists, UAVs, Hokayem, Emile, Roundtable, arming Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy, 2013 National interest, democracies, support, oust dictators, moderate groups, democratic state, reliable partner, future influence, Syria, conflict, wider implications, west, influence, opposition groups, moderate groups, deny support, extremists, grateful friends, terrorists, UAVs, Emile Hokayem, arming Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy
test-international-ipecfiepg-pro01a	The current austerity measures are not working  The Austerity measures put in place by the ECB, IMF and European Commission have led to nothing but misery for the Greek people. They have failed to cut down the total debt % GDP ratio and have also failed to increase the competitiveness of the Greek economy. This is because raising taxes and slashing the minimum wage has sent the economy deeper and deeper into recession. Unemployment is at a record high of 21% and there is a severe shortage of credit leading to severe difficulties in companies financing their day to day projects. What’s more, the country itself is plunged into depression. Escalated (inevitably) by the local and international media, the climate is one of despair and investment is at the bottom of anyone’s priorities. This further perpetuates the cycles of recession and prevents any of the austerity measures having their desired effect. Additionally, the drastic fall in GDP every quarter means that cuts in government spending are also not having their desired effect on reducing the budget deficit % GDP ratio. Worst of all, the economic hardships have drawn many people to despair and the suicide rates in Greece have dramatically risen over the last year and access to healthcare has drastically declined. [1] In this manner, the government is failing in fulfilling its most basic duties of safeguarding the lives and wellbeing of its citizens. If the current measures are not working then a new approach is needed. A default would alleviate much of the suffering caused by austerity.  [1] Armitsead, Louise: “Why Greece should default and exit the euro” 23 February 2012, The Telegraph, austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek economy, debt ratio, GDP, economic competitiveness, tax increases, minimum wage reduction, economic recession, unemployment, credit shortage, business financing, economic depression, media influence, investment decline, budget deficit, government spending cuts, economic hardships, suicide rates, healthcare access, citizen wellbeing, economic default, euro exit, Louise Armitstead, The Telegraph austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek people, debt GDP ratio, economic competitiveness, tax increases, minimum wage cuts, economic recession, unemployment, credit shortage, business financing, economic depression, media influence, investment decline, recession cycles, GDP fall, government spending cuts, budget deficit, economic hardships, suicide rates, healthcare access, government duties, citizen wellbeing, default, euro exit, economic relief austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek people, debt GDP ratio, economic competitiveness, tax increases, minimum wage cuts, economic recession, unemployment, credit shortage, economic depression, media influence, investment decline, budget deficit, GDP fall, government spending cuts, suicide rates, healthcare access, citizen wellbeing, economic default, euro exit austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek economy, debt, GDP, competitiveness, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit, investment, depression, media, government spending, budget deficit, economic hardships, suicide rates, healthcare, default, euro, Greece, citizens, wellbeing, Louise Armitstead, The Telegraph austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek people, debt % GDP, economic competitiveness, tax increases, minimum wage cuts, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, economic depression, media impact, investment decline, budget deficit, GDP decline, suicide rates, healthcare access, government duties, default, euro exit
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro01a	"The Identity and History of the United States are intrinsically linked to the English Language  From its very founding, English was the common language of the United States, and full participation in the national life was dependent on the ability to speak it. Theodore Roosevelt himself once noted that ""We have one language here, and that is the English language, and we intend to see that the [assimilation] crucible turns our people out as Americans ” [1]  Declaring English as the official language will give legal force to this history, and help provide unity to Americans at a time when many come from different backgrounds and hold different political views.  Furthermore, it will help immigrants with the process of assimilation. Rather than simply learning English for pragmatic reasons, the act of learning English will tie immigrants into a political and historical tradition going back to Thomas Jefferson.  [1] Opposing Views, ‘Linguistic Unity Is Critical in an Increasingly Diverse Society’, 2010, Identity, History, United States, English Language, Founding, National Life, Theodore Roosevelt, Assimilation, Official Language, Legal Force, Unity, Americans, Backgrounds, Political Views, Immigrants, Pragmatic Reasons, Political Tradition, Thomas Jefferson, Linguistic Unity, Diverse Society Identity, United States, English Language, History, Theodore Roosevelt, Assimilation, Official Language, Unity, Immigrants, Thomas Jefferson, Linguistic Unity, Diverse Society Identity, History, United States, English Language, Founding, National Life, Theodore Roosevelt, Official Language, Legal Force, Unity, Americans, Backgrounds, Political Views, Assimilation, Thomas Jefferson, Linguistic Unity, Diverse Society Identity, History, United States, English Language, Founding, National Life, Theodore Roosevelt, Official Language, Legal Force, Unity, Americans, Backgrounds, Political Views, Immigrants, Assimilation, Thomas Jefferson, Linguistic Unity, Diverse Society Identity, History, United States, English Language, Founding, National Life, Theodore Roosevelt, Assimilation, Official Language, Legal Force, Unity, Americans, Different Backgrounds, Political Views, Immigrants, Pragmatic Reasons, Political Tradition, Historical Tradition, Thomas Jefferson, Linguistic Unity, Diverse Society"
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro06a	Just as the state creates laws to protect child performers it could ban child performers  Child performers are currently protected by laws about all sorts of things from the minimum amount of education they may get to their pay and how many hours they can work. Many of these laws would be much more difficult to enforce than a blanket ban. It would be simple to enforce as child performers would in most cases be easy to spot – as they are performing for the public. The government could then bring charges against those who are employing the child and fine them. child performers, laws, protection, education, pay, working hours, enforcement, blanket ban, public performance, government, charges, fines child performers, laws, protection, education, pay, working hours, enforcement, blanket ban, public performance, government, charges, fines child performers, laws, protection, education, pay, work hours, enforcement, ban, public performance, government, charges, fines child performers, laws, protection, education, pay, working hours, enforcement, blanket ban, public performance, government, charges, fines child performers, laws, protection, education, pay, work hours, enforcement, blanket ban, public performance, government charges, fines
test-international-gmehwasr-con01a	"Sovereignty and non intervention in internal affairs  It is a clear international rule that nations are sovereign and other states are simply not allowed to be making interventions into another country’s domestic affairs. The UN Charter emphasises “Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state”. [1] Within a state only the government is legitimate as the supreme authority within its territory. [2] This is to prevent the bigger and richer powers from doing exactly this sort of thing to obtain the result they want inside another country. This is why Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov stated ""International law does not permit the supply of arms to non-governmental actors and our point of view is that it is a violation of international law,"" in response to suggestions that the UK would arm the Syrian rebels. [3]  [1] UN General Assembly, Article 2, Charter of the United Nations, 26 June 1945  [2] Philpott, Dan, ""Sovereignty"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)  [3] Abbas, Mohammed, ‘Russia says arming Syrian opposition would be illegal’, Reuters, 13 March 2013 sovereignty, non-intervention, internal affairs, international rule, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, supreme authority, territorial integrity, international law, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, supply of arms, non-governmental actors, UK, Syrian rebels, illegal, arming opposition, UN General Assembly, Philpott, Dan, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohammed Abbas, Reuters sovereignty, non-intervention, international rule, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, government authority, international law, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, supply of arms, non-governmental actors, UK, Syrian rebels, illegal, philpott, stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, UN General Assembly, article 2, charter of the united nations, mohammed abbas, reuters, 13 march 2013 sovereignty, non-intervention, international rule, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, state authority, international law, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, arming rebels, Syrian conflict, UK intervention, legality, foreign policy, state sovereignty, international relations, UN principles, domestic affairs, external interference, international ethics Sovereignty, Non-intervention, Internal Affairs, International Rule, UN Charter, Domestic Jurisdiction, State Authority, Foreign Intervention, International Law, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, Supply of Arms, Non-governmental Actors, UK, Syrian Rebels, UN General Assembly, Article 2, Charter of the United Nations, Philpott, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohammed Abbas, Reuters sovereignty, non-intervention, internal affairs, international rule, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, supreme authority, territorial integrity, international law, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, supply of arms, non-governmental actors, UK, Syrian rebels, Mohammed Abbas, Reuters, illegal intervention, state sovereignty, external interference"
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con03a	There are better alternatives to solving the problems of contemporary warfare.  If it is granted that the UN currently reacts too slowly to crises, alternatives for an improved response could be implemented without resorting to a standing army. A Rapid Reaction Force made up of fast-response units from member states with elite military capability, pledged in advance for UN operations, would build upon the best features of the current system. Security Council reform to remove the veto powers from the Permanent 5 members would allow deadlocks in decision-making to be rapidly broken and avoid the compromises which produce weak mission mandates. An improved prediction capability through better intelligence and analysis, and central logistical planning at UN headquarters would allow forces to be assembled and mandates drafted before problems became full-blown crises. Security Council rules could be changed so that resolutions requiring force could not be passed until troops have been pledged in advance. UN, rapid reaction force, security council reform, veto powers, military capability, elite units, intelligence, logistical planning, crisis response, standing army, peacekeeping, international security, conflict resolution, mandate drafting, troop pledging, decision-making deadlocks, emergency response, global governance, proactive measures contemporary warfare, UN response, Rapid Reaction Force, elite military units, Security Council reform, veto powers, decision-making deadlocks, improved prediction, intelligence analysis, central logistical planning, pre-pledged troops, resolution passing, force mandates, crisis prevention contemporary warfare, UN response, crisis management, Rapid Reaction Force, elite military units, Security Council reform, veto power, decision-making deadlock, intelligence analysis, logistical planning, mission mandates, preemptive force deployment, Security Council rules, troop pledging, resolution Passing contemporary warfare, UN response, Rapid Reaction Force, elite military units, Security Council reform, veto powers, decision-making, improved intelligence, central logistical planning, mission mandates, crisis prevention, troop pledges, resolution process contemporary warfare, UN response, Rapid Reaction Force, elite military units, Security Council reform, veto power removal, improved intelligence, logistical planning, UN operations, mandate drafting, troop pre-pledging, resolution passing, crisis prevention, fast-response units, decision-making deadlock, weak mission mandates, predictive capability, member states contributions
test-international-siacphbnt-pro04a	Changing education systems and democracy.  Technology has enabled access to e-books and resources for students and teachers [1] . Such changes have enabled improved efficiency in teaching, with the availability of up-to-date resources and awareness of relevant theories. Furthermore, the ease by which students are able to access multiple resources and buy books online is expanding their intellectual curiosity and library.  In addition to raising new students, technology can be seen as a tool for democracy. Technology provides a tool for government accountability, transparency in information, and for good governance. Organisations, such as Ushahidi (Crowdmapping) following Kenya’s 2007 post-election violence; and mySociety which updates citizens on parliamentary proceedings in South Africa, show how technology is feeding democratisation for youths [2] .  [1] See further readings: Turcano, 2013.  [2] See further readings: Treisman, 2013; Usahidi, 2013. education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, resources, students, teachers, efficiency, teaching, up-to-date resources, theories, intellectual curiosity, library, government accountability, transparency, good governance, Ushahidi, Crowdmapping, post-election violence, mySociety, parliamentary proceedings, South Africa, democratisation, youths education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, resources, students, teachers, efficiency, teaching, up-to-date resources, theories, intellectual curiosity, library, government accountability, transparency, information, good governance, Ushahidi, Crowdmapping, Kenya, post-election violence, mySociety, parliamentary proceedings, South Africa, democratisation, youths changing education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, resources, students, teachers, efficiency, teaching, up-to-date resources, theories, intellectual curiosity, library, government accountability, transparency, information, good governance, Ushahidi, Crowdmapping, Kenya, post-election violence, mySociety, parliamentary proceedings, South Africa, democratisation, youths education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, resources, students, teachers, efficiency, teaching, up-to-date resources, theories, intellectual curiosity, library, government accountability, transparency, information, good governance, Ushahidi, Crowdmapping, post-election violence, mySociety, parliamentary proceedings, democratisation, youths education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, resources, students, teachers, efficiency, teaching, up-to-date resources, theories, intellectual curiosity, library, government accountability, transparency, information, good governance, Ushahidi, Crowdmapping, post-election violence, mySociety, parliamentary proceedings, South Africa, democratisation, youths
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro03a	The increasing effectiveness of the African Union  The African Union has been taking a much more active stance in preventing and resolving conflict. Since 2003 responsibility for peace in Africa has been with the Peace and Security Council. This body has authorised AU interventions in Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, and the Central African Republic. [1] The African Union is not the only organisation engaged in peacekeeping; the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has also been actively engaged in peacekeeping, having been deployed in numerous conflicts since the 1990s, most recently in Mali where they took part alongside French forces in defeating an Islamist insurgency. [2]  The AU is also boosting its collective capacity to respond to crises creating the African Standby Force made up of five regional brigades of 4000 soldiers. This force, when complete, will enable rapid deployment anywhere in Africa so helping to prevent crises becoming full scale wars. [3]  [1] ‘Peace and Security Council’, peaceau.org, 23 July 2013,   [2] News24, ‘Ecowas urges members to send troops to Mail’, 23 October 2013,   [3] Cilliers, Jakkie, ‘The African Standby Force An update on progress’, Institute of Strategic Studies, March 2008, African Union, Peace and Security Council, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, AU interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, Mali, French forces, Islamist insurgency, African Standby Force, regional brigades, rapid deployment, crisis prevention, Cilliers Jakkie, Institute of Strategic Studies African Union, Peace and Security Council, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, AU interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, Mali, French forces, Islamist insurgency, African Standby Force, regional brigades, rapid deployment, crisis prevention, Jakkie Cilliers, Institute of Strategic Studies African Union, Peace and Security Council, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, AU interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, West African States, Mali, French forces, Islamist insurgency, African Standby Force, regional brigades, crisis response, rapid deployment, wars prevention African Union, Peace and Security Council, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, AU interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, Mali, French forces, Islamist insurgency, African Standby Force, regional brigades, crisis response, rapid deployment, Cilliers Jakkie, Institute of Strategic Studies African Union, Peace and Security Council, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, AU interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, Mali, French forces, Islamist insurgency, African Standby Force, regional brigades, rapid deployment, crisis prevention
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-pro04a	Forces the ruler to find another way to placate the people  Not having any elections – or only elections for a powerless advisory parliament – may actually have a benefit in putting responsibility squarely on the shoulders of the rulers. Only a country that is comparatively well governed, or successful, can manage without a democratic safety valve. It is notable that the remaining absolute monarchies or those where the King rules as well as reigns are mostly very wealthy petro states. Several of the remaining communist regimes, China and Vietnam, rely on rapid economic growth to cement their legitimacy combined with meritocracy in their selection of leaders. In both cases there is an incentive for good governance by those in power as they are in for the long term. The leaders know they are not going to be elected out of office so have the motivation to reduce corruption and create long term growth through investment in infrastructure because this will benefit them in the future. [1]  [1] Feldman, Noah, ‘Feldman examines corruption and political legitimacy in China’, Harvard Law School, 11 March 2013, absolute monarchy, petro states, democratic safety valve, good governance, rapid economic growth, meritocracy, long-term investment, infrastructure, corruption reduction, political legitimacy, China, Vietnam, Feldman, Harvard Law School absolute monarchies, petro states, communist regimes, China, Vietnam, rapid economic growth, meritocracy, good governance, long-term motivation, infrastructure investment, corruption reduction, democratic safety valve, ruler responsibility, people placation, powerless advisory parliament, legitimacy, Feldman, Harvard Law School absolute monarchy, petro states, communist regimes, China, Vietnam, rapid economic growth, meritocracy, good governance, corruption reduction, long-term growth, infrastructure investment, democratic safety valve, rulers responsibility, legitimacy, elections, advisory parliament absolute monarchies, petro states, communist regimes, China, Vietnam, economic growth, meritocracy, good governance, long-term leadership, corruption reduction, infrastructure investment, democratic safety valve, political legitimacy, Noah Feldman, Harvard Law School absolute monarchy, petro states, communist regimes, China, Vietnam, economic growth, meritocracy, good governance, corruption reduction, long-term growth, infrastructure investment, democratic safety valve, responsibility of rulers, advisory parliament, legitimacy, Feldman, Harvard Law School
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-pro03a	How Congress Works  Congress is a bicameral body, with its constituent parts, the House of Representatives and Senate, working largely independent of each other to create bills. However necessary for both the house and Senate to pass laws in identical form in order for it to become law. [1] A period of ‘Reconciliation’ is usually required to find a compromise between two different versions of the same bill in order to maintain and improve what is best about proposed reforms and eliminate flaws before it becomes law. [2]  This independence between the two chambers, with Reconciliation being one of the few areas where the two meet can allow for division in Congress between the two major parties. Indeed this can be seen as beneficial, as the broadest ideological range will be considered when making a policy work by reconciling two bills, making sure that centrist policy is enacted, preventing an ideological swing against the wishes of the people.  [1] Goldman et al., The Challenge of Democracy, Brief ed., Fourth ed., New York 2001, p.196  [2] United States Senate, ‘reconciliation process’, Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bills, laws, Reconciliation, compromise, policy, centrist, ideological, Goldman, Challenge of Democracy, United States Senate, reconciliation process Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bills, laws, Reconciliation, compromise, policy, centrist, ideological, Goldman, United States Senate, reconciliation process Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bills, laws, Reconciliation, compromise, policy, centrist, ideological, Goldman, Challenge of Democracy, United States Senate, reconciliation process Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bills, legislation, lawmaking, Reconciliation, compromise, policy, centrist, ideological, Goldman, United States Senate, reconciliation process Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bills, laws, Reconciliation, compromise, policy, centrist, ideological, Goldman, Challenge of Democracy, United States Senate, reconciliation process
test-international-siacphbnt-con01a	Technology will not result in entrepreneurialism without providing a foundational basis.  The key constraint for entrepreneurship is the lack of access to finance, credit, and basic infrastructure - whether a computer or technical skills on how to use different systems. Limited accessibility acts as an obstacle to entrepreneurialism.  In order to encourage an inclusive capability for youths to get involved in entrepreneurial ideas, technology training and equal start-up credit is required. Furthermore, dangers arise where credit has become easily accessible - putting individuals at risk of debt where a lack of protection and payment planning is provided.  Kenya’s Uwezo Fund provides a positive example, whereby action has been taken to provide youths with safe credit. The government collaboration is calling for youths to apply for grants and loans in a bid to encourage entrepreneurial activity for all. Loans are interest-free. Technology, Entrepreneurialism, Foundation, Finance, Credit, Infrastructure, Accessibility, Obstacle, Youth, Training, Equal, Start-up, Risk, Debt, Protection, Payment Planning, Kenya, Uwezo Fund, Government, Collaboration, Grants, Interest-Free, Loans Technology, Entrepreneurship, Finance, Credit, Infrastructure, Accessibility, Training, Start-up, Youth, Inclusion, Debt, Protection, Payment Planning, Kenya, Uwezo Fund, Government, Grants, Loans, Interest-free technology, entrepreneurship, foundational basis, access to finance, credit, basic infrastructure, computer, technical skills, limited accessibility, technology training, equal start-up credit, debt, protection, payment planning, Kenya, Uwezo Fund, government collaboration, interest-free loans, grants, youth empowerment, entrepreneurial activity technology, entrepreneurialism, foundation, finance, credit, infrastructure, accessibility, obstacle, technology training, start-up credit, debt, protection, payment planning, Kenya, Uwezo Fund, government collaboration, grants, loans, interest-free, youth entrepreneurship technology, entrepreneurship, finance, credit, infrastructure, computer, technical skills, accessibility, youth, training, start-up, debt, protection, payment planning, Uwezo Fund, Kenya, government, grants, interest-free loans
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro03a	"Production of generic drugs reduce medical costs by allowing increased production and the development of superior production methods, increasing market efficiency  The sale of generic drugs invariably reduces costs to consumers. This is due to two reasons. It may be the case that an individual or firm with a patent, essentially a monopoly right to the production of something, may not have the ability to efficiently go about meeting demand for it. Patents slow, or even stop the dissemination of the production methods, especially when a patent-holder is unwilling to license production to others1. Such an outcome is deleterious to society, as with no restrictions on drug production an efficient producer, or producers, will emerge to meet the needs of the public, producing an amount of drugs commensurate with demand, and thus equilibrating market price with that demand2. This market equilibration is impossible under conventional patent laws, as it is in the interest of firms to withhold production and to engage in monopolist rent-seeking from consumers3. This leads firms to deliberately under-produce, which they have been shown to do in many cases, as for example the case of Miacalcic, a drug used to treat Paget's Disease, in which its producer deliberately kept production down in order to keep prices high4. When a firm is given monopoly power over a drug it has the ability to abuse it, and history shows that is what they are wont to do. By allowing the production of generic drugs, this monopoly power is broken and people can get the drugs they need at costs that are not marked far above their free market value.  1 Kinsella, Stephan. 2010. ""Patents Kill: Compulsory Licenses and Genzyme's Life-Saving Drug"". Mises Institute. Available: 2Stim, Rishand. 2006. Profit from Your Idea: How to Make Smart Licensing Decisions. Berkeley: Nolo. 3 Lee, Timothy. 2007. ""Patent Rent-Seeking"". Cato at Liberty. Available: 4 Flanders Today. 2010. ""Big Pharma Denies Strategic Shortages"". Flanders Today. generic drugs, medical costs, production methods, market efficiency, consumer costs, patent, monopoly, production dissemination, efficient producer, market equilibration, patent laws, monopolist rent-seeking, under-production, Miacalcic, Paget's Disease, monopoly power, free market value, Kinsella, Patents Kill, compulsory licenses, Stim, Profit from Your Idea, Lee, Patent Rent-Seeking, Flanders Today, Big Pharma, strategic shortages production, generic drugs, medical costs, market efficiency, consumer costs, patent, monopoly, production methods, dissemination, efficient producer, market equilibration, patent laws, rent-seeking, under-produce, Miacalcic, Paget's Disease, compulsory licenses, free market value, licensing, profit, strategic shortages, big pharma, society, demand, supply, drug production, pharmaceutical industry, competition, innovation, regulation, health economics, intellectual property, public health, drug pricing, market dynamics, economics, monopoly power, drug access, societal impact, pharmaceutical patents, ethical considerations, market intervention, economic theory, healthcare policy, generic drugs, medical costs, production methods, market efficiency, consumer costs, patent monopoly, production dissemination, efficient producers, market equilibration, patent laws, monopolist rent-seeking, under-production, Miacalcic, Paget's Disease, monopoly abuse, free market value, compulsory licenses, profit licensing, pharmaceutical shortages production, generic drugs, medical costs, market efficiency, patent, monopoly, dissemination, production methods, efficient producer, market price, demand, patent laws, rent-seeking, under-produce, Miacalcic, Paget's Disease, free market, compulsory licenses, Genzyme, Big Pharma, strategic shortages, society, public needs, drug production, consumers, costs, history, abuse monopoly power production, generic drugs, medical costs, market efficiency, patent, monopoly, cost reduction, consumer benefits, dissemination, production methods, efficient producer, market equilibration, patent laws, rent-seeking, under-produce, Miacalcic, Paget's Disease, compulsory licenses, free market value, Big Pharma, strategic shortages"
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro05a	Occasional disclosure of convictions leads to an inconsistent justice system.  At present in Britain, some previous convictions may be disclosed if they bear a striking resemblance to the case at trial, if the defendant falsely claims to be of good character, or if they attack the character of a prosecution witness [1] . However, different judges invariable interpret these criteria in different ways, which leads to a wavering standard of trail where previous convictions may or may not be revealed. It would be much more efficient and transparent to allow this motion and make court procedures more accessible.  [1] The Economist, ‘Tilting the balance’, 2 January 2003. Occasional disclosure, convictions, inconsistent justice system, Britain, previous convictions, disclosed, striking resemblance, case at trial, defendant, good character, attack, character, prosecution witness, judges, interpret, criteria, different ways, wavering standard, trial, revealed, efficient, transparent, court procedures, accessible, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003 Occasional disclosure, convictions, inconsistent justice system, Britain, previous convictions, disclosed, striking resemblance, case at trial, defendant, good character, attack, character, prosecution witness, judges, interpret, criteria, different ways, wavering standard, revealed, efficient, transparent, court procedures, accessible, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003 Occasional disclosure, convictions, inconsistent justice system, Britain, previous convictions, disclosed, striking resemblance, case at trial, defendant, good character, attack, character, prosecution witness, judges, interpret, criteria, different ways, wavering standard, revealed, efficient, transparent, court procedures, accessible, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003 Occasional disclosure, convictions, inconsistent justice system, Britain, previous convictions, disclosed, striking resemblance, case at trial, defendant, good character, attack, character, prosecution witness, judges, criteria, different ways, wavering standard, trial, revealed, efficient, transparent, motion, court procedures, accessible, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003 Occasional disclosure, convictions, inconsistent justice system, Britain, previous convictions, disclosed, case at trial, defendant, good character, prosecution witness, judges, interpret, criteria, different ways, wavering standard, trial, revealed, efficient, transparent, court procedures, accessible, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro01a	Natural habitats being are destroyed  A tougher approach to the protection of animals is needed to prevent their natural habitats from being destroyed by locals. As humans expand their agricultural activity in Africa they are destroying the environments of endangered animals and pushing others towards being endangered. Due to an increase in large scale cotton plantations and food crops, the West African lion has seen a marked decrease in population; numbering less than 400 in early 2014 [1] . Tougher protection, such as fencing off areas from human activity, has been suggested and has seen success in South Africa [2] .  [1] BBC, “Lions ‘facing extinction in West Africa’”  [2] Morelle,R. “Fencing off wild lions from humans ‘could save them’” Natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, conservation, human expansion, agricultural activity, Africa, endangered species, West African lion, population decline, large scale farming, cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, human activity, South Africa, wildlife conservation, extinction risk, environmental impact, lion preservation natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered species, West African lion, population decrease, fencing, human activity, conservation, South Africa, extinction, wildlife management, environmental impact, crop cultivation, cotton plantations, food crops, rural development, land use, biodiversity natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered species, West African lion, population decline, conservation measures, fencing, human-wildlife conflict, South Africa, environmental impact, habitat preservation, wildlife management Natural habitats, protection of animals, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered species, West African lion, population decrease, fencing, human activity, conservation, South Africa, wildlife preservation, environmental destruction, cotton plantations, food crops, habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, lion conservation, extinction risk, BBC, fencing success, Morelle R. Natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, locals, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decrease, cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, human activity, South Africa, conservation, wildlife, habitat loss, environmental impact, lion conservation, human-wildlife conflict
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro02a	International labour and business standards go hand in hand with development standards and will de facto increase implementation levels  What are international labour and business standards? They are globally acceptable methods of doing business and employing labour. These include Conventions Against Forced Labour [1] , Discrimination [2] and Child Labour [3] . These also form guideline structures for social policy such as labour dispute resolution bodies, employment services and good industrial relations. Therefore, this goes hand in hand with reducing poverty and increasing the standard of living of the employees, and hence the standard is a facet of development in itself. This helps in achieving the goals of a stable long term plan for economic growth as well paid workers are necessary for consumer spending. Employing higher standards would be a way to tackle the problems with distribution of aid at the grassroots and increase efficiency within the system organically. [4]  The poorest countries invariably have the lowest standards of labour and business. It is essential to raise these standards to an international level, implementing standards against practices like child labour. If this is done then the purpose of development aid, which is to increase the day to day standard of living of the people, will improve. In an absence of such a pre-requisite, a developing country will be free to employ standards that do not reflect the same principles of the donor nation. Thus, to avoid a hypocritical scenario, this pre-requisite is necessary.  [1] C029 - Forced Labour Convention, Adoption: Geneva, 14th ILC session, 28 June 1930,   [2] International Labour Office, ‘Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention’, International Labour Organisation, 1958 No.111,   [3] ‘ILO Conventions and Recommendations on child labour’, International Labour Organisation,   [4] ‘How International Labour Standards are used’, International Labour Organisation, International labour standards, business standards, development standards, poverty reduction, economic growth, consumer spending, labour dispute resolution, employment services, industrial relations, Forced Labour Convention, Discrimination Convention, Child Labour Conventions, development aid, grassroots efficiency, international level implementation, donor nation principles, pre-requisite standards, stable long term plan, standard of living, global acceptable methods, social policy, distribution of aid, hypocritical scenario, ILO Conventions, international standards, global labour practices International labour standards, business standards, development standards, implementation levels, Conventions Against Forced Labour, Discrimination, Child Labour, social policy, labour dispute resolution, employment services, industrial relations, poverty reduction, standard of living, economic growth, consumer spending, distribution of aid, efficiency, grassroots, poorest countries, international level, development aid, donor nation, hypocritical scenario, ILO Conventions, ILO Recommendations, Geneva, International Labour Organisation, ILC session, 1958 No.111 International labour standards, business standards, development standards, Conventions Against Forced Labour, Discrimination, Child Labour, social policy, labour dispute resolution, employment services, industrial relations, poverty reduction, standard of living, economic growth, consumer spending, aid distribution, grassroots, efficiency, poorest countries, donor nation, hypocritical scenario, ILO Conventions, ILO Recommendations, International Labour Organisation International labour standards, business standards, development, poverty reduction, standard of living, economic growth, consumer spending, aid distribution, grassroots efficiency, child labour, forced labour, discrimination, labour conventions, ILO, industrial relations, social policy, labour dispute resolution, employment services, pre-requisite standards, donor nation principles, developing countries, international level implementation, hypocritical scenario, day-to-day living standards International labour standards, business standards, development standards, implementation levels, globally acceptable methods, Conventions Against Forced Labour, Discrimination, Child Labour, social policy, labour dispute resolution, employment services, industrial relations, poverty reduction, standard of living, economic growth, consumer spending, distribution of aid, grassroots efficiency, poorest countries, labour standards, business standards, development aid, day-to-day living, donor nation principles, hypocritical scenario, ILO Conventions, International Labour Organisation
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro01a	"Neo-functionalism explains the cause of integration  Spill-over is the following concept – in order to enjoy the full benefits of integration of the first sector you need to integrate the related sectors. An example of this is the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) evolving into other energy sectors and forming Euratom. There are three types of spill-over – functional spill-over, political spill-over and cultivated spill-over. Firstly, functional spill-over, which regards spill-over in an economic context. For example, this might involve integrating coal and steel, then integrating transport systems so that coal and steel are moved around more easily. Secondly, there is Political spill-over, where political actors shift their allegiance to a new centre, for example from the national parliament to Brussels. Thirdly, there is cultivated spill-over, which is the idea that institutions drive further integration by being in practice; for example the European Commission’s growing autonomy. [1]  [1] Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe ""Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-22, Neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, ECSC, Euratom, functional spill-over, economic context, political spill-over, political actors, cultivated spill-over, European Commission, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe, New Dynamism, EC Millennium, Journal of International Studies Neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, ECSC, Euratom, functional spill-over, economic context, political spill-over, allegiance shift, Brussels, cultivated spill-over, institutional drive, European Commission, autonomy, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, reappraisal, EC Millennium Neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, ECSC, Euratom, functional spill-over, political spill-over, cultivated spill-over, economic context, political actors, Brussels, European Commission, autonomy, Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Journal of International Studies, EC Millennium Neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, ECSC, Euratom, functional spill-over, political spill-over, cultivated spill-over, economic context, political actors, European Commission, autonomy, Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Journal of International Studies, EC Millennium Neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, ECSC, Euratom, functional spill-over, political spill-over, cultivated spill-over, economic context, political actors, Brussels, European Commission, autonomy, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, reappraisal, EC Millennium, Journal of International Studies"
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro02a	If personhood accrues at birth, then abortion after inducing birth is wrong  If birth is the crucial dividing-line we use to decide when legal personhood begins, then we should not be allowed to induce birth and then deliberately kill a foetus during that process - this is different from early abortion in which birth is induced and the foetus dies naturally. Partial-birth abortion is murder, even on the pro-choice understanding of personhood. personhood, birth, abortion, induced-birth, foetus, legal-personhood, partial-birth-abortion, pro-choice, murder, ethical-dilemma, moral-status, neonatal, viability, deliberate-killing, natural-death, prenatal-rights, postnatal-rights, medical-ethics personhood, birth, abortion, induced birth, deliberate killing, foetus, legal personhood, dividing-line, early abortion, natural death, partial-birth abortion, pro-choice, murder personhood, birth, abortion, legal personhood, inducing birth, foetus, early abortion, partial-birth abortion, murder, pro-choice, ethics, moral Philosophy, fetal rights, reproductive rights personhood, birth, abortion, legal, personhood-birth, induce-birth, kill-foetus, early-abortion, natural-death, partial-birth-abortion, murder, pro-choice, ethics, morality, fetal-rights, induced-birth, deliberate-killing, moral-dividing-line personhood, birth, abortion, inducing birth, foetus, legal personhood, crucial dividing-line, early abortion, partial-birth abortion, pro-choice, murder
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-pro01a	The feminist movement should not allow women to sell themselves  In most cases, pornography is not entered into willingly. Similarly to prostitution, the sale of one’s own body and one’s dignity is so drastic that consent is often not sufficiently informed to be legitimate. There are patriarchal structures in society that force women into these industries, particularly when they are vulnerable and this seems to be a good last resort. This leads to a loss of integrity, a strong stigma in society, and most importantly, abusive conditions in the production process. As well as high risks of unwanted pregnancies or sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices and abusive conditions after filming often occur (Lubben). [1]  Furthermore, the harms of pornography do not exclusively affect the consenting participants. Other women across the world who are not supporting this industry are equal victims of society and the norms promoted by pornography of how women should be, and how it is acceptable to treat them. These people have not consented.  [1] Lubben, Shelley. “Ex-Porn Star Tells the Truth About the Porn Industry.” Covenant Eyes. 28 October 2008. feminist movement, women, sell themselves, pornography, not entered willingly, prostitution, body, dignity, patriarchal structures, vulnerable, last resort, loss of integrity, stigma, society, abusive conditions, production process, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices, harmful effects, non-participants, societal norms, women, treatment, consent, Shelley Lubben, ex-porn star, truth, porn industry feminist movement, women, pornography, prostitution, consent, patriarchal structures, vulnerability, integrity, stigma, abusive conditions, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices, societal norms, victimization, non-consenting women, exploitation, pornography industry, ex-porn stars, testimonies, covenant eyes, shelley lubben feminist movement, women's rights, pornography, prostitution, informed consent, patriarchal structures, societal stigma, loss of integrity, abusive conditions, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices, exploitation, sex industry, female exploitation, societal norms, harmful impact, non-consenting victims, pornography industry, ex-porn star testimony feminist movement, women, sell themselves, pornography, not willingly, prostitution, sale of body, dignity, informed consent, patriarchal structures, vulnerable women, last resort, loss of integrity, stigma, abusive conditions, production process, high risks, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices, after filming, harms of pornography, non-consenting participants, societal norms, treatment of women, ex-porn star, truth about porn industry, Shelley Lubben feminist movement, women, selling selves, pornography, prostitution, patriarchal structures, vulnerability, last resort, loss of integrity, stigma, abusive conditions, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices, societal norms, victimization, non-consenting participants, Shelley Lubben, ex-porn star,truth about porn industry
test-law-lghwpcctcc-con01a	This turns court cases into entertainment, rather than legitimate legal proceedings.  Several television shows, such as ‘Judge Judy’, assert the style of a legal courtroom [1] . These shows are based on entertainment value from scrutinising the accused and defendant; it would be dangerous to remove a barrier which currently separates genuine legal proceedings from entertainment by televising them. The risk that the public would see them as one and the same is increased by an incident where a man really did believe that the Judge Judy trial was a real trial [2] . The trial of Casey Anthony in Florida, where cameras are allowed, escalated into a media frenzy where legal justice became unimportant in comparison to television ratings [3] . Court cases, then, are at risk of not being taken seriously and used instead for the public to satisfy their curiosity into other peoples’ lives. Televising court cases also immediately undermines some fundamental principles of the justice system, such as rehabilitation. If somebody is convicted of a crime on national television, his or her anonymity or chance of future employment is severely compromised. The rights of the victims, their families, and the defendants should be placed ahead society’s assumed ‘right’ to sensationalist portrayals of the courtroom.  [1]  , accessed 18/08/11  [2]  , accessed 18/08/11  [3]  , accessed 19/08/11 court cases, entertainment, Judge Judy, legal proceedings, media frenzy, Casey Anthony, televising trials, public curiosity, legal justice, television ratings, rehabilitation, anonymity, future employment, victims' rights, defendants' rights, sensationalist portrayals, courtroom ethics, justice system principles court cases, entertainment, Judge Judy, legal proceedings, television shows, public scrutiny, genuine legal proceedings, media frenzy, legal justice, television ratings, serious court cases, public curiosity, televising court cases, justice system principles, rehabilitation, national television, anonymity, future employment, victims rights, defendants rights, sensationalist portrayals, courtroom television, media impact, legal system integrity court cases, entertainment, Judge Judy, legal proceedings, media frenzy, Casey Anthony, television ratings, public curiosity, legal justice, televising trials, rehabilitation, anonymity, future employment, victim rights, defendant rights, sensationalism, justice system, public interest, media influence, legal principles, televised trials, courtroom shows, legal courtroom, public scrutiny, legal barriers, media coverage, legal ethics, judicial integrity, media trials, real trials, legal entertainment, justice perception, public opinion, legal proceedings televised, media impact, courtroom entertainment, legal system, public curiosity, sensationalist portrayals court cases, entertainment, legal proceedings, Judge Judy, television shows, media scrutiny, public perception, Casey Anthony, media frenzy, legal justice, televising trials, public curiosity, fundamental principles, justice system, rehabilitation, national television, anonymity, future employment, victims' rights, defendants' rights, sensationalism court cases, entertainment, Judge Judy, legal proceedings, media scrutiny, television shows, public perception, legal justice, television ratings, media frenzy, Casey Anthony, trial, public curiosity, fundamental principles, justice system, rehabilitation, anonymity, future employment, victims' rights, defendants' rights, sensationalism
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con01a	Nutrition is the parents responsibility  Parents are responsible for their children, and this includes responsibility for their meals. The parent has had to provide meals up until the start of school. They know their own child’s preferences there is little reason for this to change. Splitting responsibility between parents and schools means the burden of responsibility will no longer be clearly don't placed. nutrition, parents, responsibility, children, meals, school, preferences, burden, split responsibility nutrition, parent responsibility, children, meals, school, preferences, shared responsibility, burden, clarity nutrition, parents, responsibility, children, meals, school, preferences, burden, splitting, clearly, placed nutrition, parents, responsibility, children, meals, school, preferences, burden, clarity, split responsibility nutrition, parents, responsibility, children, meals, school, preferences, burden, clearly, placed
test-international-segiahbarr-pro03a	Foreign Direct Investment to the continent has increased  Foreign investment into Africa has seen a large increase in recent years, which has enabled Africa to invest significant amounts of funding in to infrastructure, jobs creation and acquisition of technology [1] . In Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, foreign businesses account for a much larger percentage of employment than any domestic firm, hence increasing the standard of living for a greater number of people [2] . FDI has gone from $15 billion in 2002 to $37 billion in 2006 and $46 billion in 2012. The vast majority of this investment is based on extractive industries such as agriculture and raw resources. However, Africa has recently seen an increase in FDI for manufacturing and services as well [3] . Central Africa alone received $10 billion in 2012-3, due to an increased interest in the DRC’s copper-cobalt mines. The sources of this FDI vary, but China has become the major investor in the region, with investment rising from $11 billion to $166 billion in the past decade. China has helped build vast infrastructure projects in return for natural resources and food for its growing population.  [1] Moss, ‘Is Africa’s Skepticism of Foreign Capital Justified?’, 2004, p.2  [2] Moss, ‘Is Africa’s Skepticism of Foreign Capital Justified?’, 2004, p.19  [3] UNCTAD, ‘Foreign Direct Investment to Africa increases’, 2013 Foreign Direct Investment, Africa, infrastructure, jobs creation, technology acquisition, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, standard of living, FDI growth, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper-cobalt mines, China, investor, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food security, Moss, UNCTAD, economic development, investment trends, international capital, skepticism, capital flow justification Foreign Direct Investment, Africa, infrastructure, jobs creation, technology acquisition, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, standard of living, investment growth, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper-cobalt mines, China, investor, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food security, skepticism, capital, UNCTAD, Moss Foreign Direct Investment, Africa, economic growth, infrastructure, jobs creation, technology acquisition, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, standard of living, investment trends, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper-cobalt mines, China, investor, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food security, UNCTAD, Moss, capital flow, skepticism, justification Foreign Direct Investment, Africa, infrastructure, jobs creation, technology, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, standard of living, investment growth, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, copper-cobalt mines, China, major investor, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food security, Moss, UNCTAD Foreign Direct Investment, Africa, infrastructure, jobs creation, technology acquisition, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, standard of living, FDI growth, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper-cobalt mines, China, major investor, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food population, UNCTAD, Moss, skepticism, foreign capital
test-health-dhghhbampt-pro01a	Many alternative remedies, such as homeopathy, offer nothing but a false hope and can discourage patients from consulting a doctor with what may be serious symptoms  There are good reasons why new therapies are tested in scientific trials first, rather than just released on the public that it might work. The first is to weed out side-effects but the other is that if you give most people a medicine they will, not unreasonably, expect it to make them better.  An entire industry has grown out of alternative medicines. No doubt many alternative practitioners are well meaning, but this does not change the fact that people are making money out of something that, as far as anyone can determine, is basically snake oil.  Although many people take both alternative and established treatments, there are a growing number of patients who reject conventional medical wisdom ( there’s an account of one such case here [i] ) in cases that prove fatal the availability of alternative medicines raises serious ethical and legal concerns, and also undermines the stringent regimes of monitoring and supervision that qualified medical professionals are subjected to..  [i] David Gorski. “Death by ‘Alternative Medicine”: Who’s to blame?”. Science-Based Medicine 2008. alternative remedies, homeopathy, false hope, discourage patients, serious symptoms, scientific trials, side-effects, placebo effect, alternative medicine industry, well-meaning practitioners, making money, snake oil, reject conventional medical wisdom, fatal cases, ethical concerns, legal concerns, monitoring, supervision, qualified medical professionals, David Gorski, Science-Based Medicine alternative remedies, homeopathy, false hope, discourage patients, serious symptoms, scientific trials, side-effects, placebo effect, alternative medicine industry, well-meaning practitioners, making money, snake oil, conventional medical wisdom, reject conventional treatment, fatal cases, ethical concerns, legal concerns, monitoring, supervision, qualified medical professionals, David Gorski, Science-Based Medicine alternative remedies, homeopathy, false hope, discourage patients, serious symptoms, scientific trials, side-effects, placebo effect, alternative medicine industry, well-meaning practitioners, making money, snake oil, conventional medical wisdom, reject conventional treatment, fatal cases, ethical concerns, legal concerns, monitoring, supervision, qualified medical professionals, David Gorski, Death by Alternative Medicine, Science-Based Medicine alternative remedies, homeopathy, false hope, discourage, serious symptoms, scientific trials, side-effects, placebo effect, industry, practitioners, snake oil, conventional medical wisdom, reject, fatal cases, ethical concerns, legal concerns, monitoring, supervision, medical professionals, David Gorski, Science-Based Medicine alternative remedies, homeopathy, false hope, discourage patients, serious symptoms, scientific trials, side-effects, placebo effect, industry, alternative medicines, well-meaning practitioners, snake oil, reject conventional medicine, fatal cases, ethical concerns, legal concerns, monitoring, supervision, qualified medical professionals, David Gorski, Science-Based Medicine
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con05a	Birth control within monogamous relationships.  Contraception is not just used in casual sex but within monogamous couples who want to control when they have children. The reason for this could be so they ensure that they don’t have more children than they can afford to reasonably look after.  Contraception can help monogamous couples to give more to the children they do decide to have and to the community, since less of their time and money will be used in maintaining a family which is larger than they can reasonably afford to control. The current cost of raising a child in Britain is calculated to be over £210,000, a very substantial sum that any responsible parent must think about before having more children 1.  Since, in this case, contraception promotes a good in the community, as well as more responsible reproduction, the Catholic Church is unjustified in its blanket ban over barrier contraception.  1. Insley 2011 birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, family planning, responsible reproduction, financial considerations, child-rearing costs, community impact, Catholic Church, barrier contraception, moral objections, family size, economic responsibility, Insley 2011 birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, family planning, responsible parenting, financial considerations, child-rearing costs, community impact, Catholic Church, barrier contraception, ethical considerations, reproductive rights, family size, affordability, child welfare, societal benefits, religious perspectives, contraception access, reproductive health, long-term planning birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, family planning, child rearing costs, responsible reproduction, Catholic Church, barrier contraception, community impact, financial responsibility, family size, child welfare birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, family planning, responsible reproduction, financial considerations, child-rearing costs, community impact, Catholic Church, barrier contraception, ethical considerations, reproductive rights, family size, economic planning, sexual health, moral arguments, religious views, contraception benefits, parenting responsibilities birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, casual sex, controlling children, financial affordability, child-rearing costs, community benefit, Catholic Church, barrier contraception, responsible reproduction, Insley 2011
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-con01a	Sexist advertising is profitable  Business has a compelling self interest to make a profit and advertising is integral to that endeavour. The profit from business allows for economic growth without which individual states and the world's economy could not survive. Competition drives the marketplace of products and ideas. And, advertising is the primary method through which those products, services and ideas are made known to the public. When banning is placed upon advertising, the ability to compete and survive in the economic marketplace is threatened. Therefore, the compelling need to make a profit is legitimizes the need for advertising. sexist advertising, profitability, business interests, economic growth, market competition, advertising necessity, profit motivation, banning advertising, economic survival, marketplace dynamics sexist advertising, profitability, business self-interest, economic growth, marketplace competition, advertising importance, banning impact, profit legitimacy, public awareness, economic survival sexist advertising, profitability, business interests, economic growth, market competition, advertising necessity, profit legitimacy, market survival, banning advertising, economic impact sexist advertising, profitability, business interests, economic growth, competition, marketplace, products, services, ideas, public awareness, banning advertising, economic survival, profit legitimacy sexist advertising, profitability, business interests, economic growth, market competition, product promotion, advertising necessity, profit legitimization, market survival, banning advertising
test-international-gmehwasr-pro05a	Diplomacy is not going anywhere  The best solution would be a ceasefire between the two sides in the Syrian civil war and a negotiated settlement, but it is clear we are long past the point where this approach stood a chance of success. The United Nations peace effort under Kofi Annan failed in the middle of last year [1] and there has been no progress since. Similarly all attempts to bring pressure to bear throughout the security council have failed as a result of Russia supporting Assad's regime. This leaves the unilateral initiatives to help the rebels. No state wants full intervention as France did in Mali [2] so the only alternative is simply to help the Free Syrian Army. To do so means providing what they need to win the conflict; primarily arms that can defeat the Syrian army. This need not be considered to be exclusive with diplomacy; the intervening state should continue to try to find a diplomatic solution just as before the Dayton accords NATO helped the Croats militarily while at the same time looking to diplomacy to provide an overall solution to the conflict. [3]  [1] Plett, Barbara, ‘Syria crisis: Kofi Annan quits as UN-Arab League envoy’, BBC News, 2 August 2012  [2] See the debatabase debate ‘ This House believes France is right to intervene in Mali ’.  [3] Hokayem, Emile, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 Diplomacy, Ceasefire, Syrian Civil War, Negotiated Settlement, United Nations, Kofi Annan, Security Council, Russia, Assad's Regime, Unilateral Initiatives, Free Syrian Army, Full Intervention, France, Mali, Arms, NATO, Croats, Dayton Accords, Emile Hokayem, Arming Syrian Rebels, Foreign Policy Diplomacy, Ceasefire, Syrian Civil War, Negotiated Settlement, United Nations, Kofi Annan, Security Council, Russia, Assad's Regime, Unilateral Initiatives, Free Syrian Army, Full Intervention, France, Mali, NATO, Croats, Dayton Accords, Arming Rebels, Military Support, Diplomatic Solution, International Intervention, Conflict Resolution, Foreign Policy Diplomacy, ceasefire, Syrian civil war, negotiated settlement, United Nations, Kofi Annan, peace effort, security council, Russia, Assad's regime, unilateral initiatives, Free Syrian Army, intervention, France, Mali, arms, Syrian army, NATO, Croats, Dayton accords, Emile Hokayem, arming rebels, Foreign Policy Diplomacy, Ceasefire, Negotiated Settlement, Syrian Civil War, United Nations, Kofi Annan, Security Council, Russia, Assad, Unilateral Initiatives, Free Syrian Army, Full Intervention, France, Mali, NATO, Croats, Dayton Accords, Arming Rebels, Emile Hokayem, Foreign Policy Diplomacy, Ceasefire, Negotiated Settlement, Syrian Civil War, United Nations, Kofi Annan, Peace Effort, Security Council, Russia, Assad's Regime, Unilateral Initiatives, Free Syrian Army, Military Intervention, France, Mali, Arms Supply, NATO, Dayton Accords, Emile Hokayem, Arming Rebels, Foreign Policy
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro02a	Citizens have a right to know what is done in their name  The nation exits for its citizens; it depends on their consent to maintain order and to raise finances. The main purpose of the state is law and order, and national defence, both of which are covered by security. As an area that is so central to the role of the government it is vital that the stakeholders in that government, its citizens, know what it is the state is doing in their name for their security.  The Obama administration for example refuses to acknowledge that it is carrying out a campaign using drones while at the same time saying it is “the only game in town in terms of confronting and trying to disrupt the al-Qaeda leadership.” [1] If the US government is bombing another country then the US people have a right to know with much less ambiguity what exactly is being done, who is being hit, when and where. They also need to be informed of any possible consequences.  [1] Kaufman, Brett, ‘In Court Today: Fighting the CIA’s Secrecy Claims on Drones’, ACLU, 20 September 2012 right to know, government transparency, citizen rights, national security, state accountability, government consent, financial responsibility, law and order, national defense, security measures, state operations, government stakeholders, drone campaigns, CIA secrecy, US government bombing, informed citizens, public awareness, possible consequences, Obama administration, ACLU, Brett Kaufman citizen rights, government transparency, national security, state responsibility, public consent, law and order, national defence, government accountability, drone strikes, US policy, CIA secrecy, al-Qaeda, military operations, informed citizenship, ethical governance, democratic principles, privacy rights, state actions, public information, transparency in security, covert operations, US citizens, international law, executive power, constitutional rights, intelligence activities, oversight, accountability in warfare, drone warfare ethics, governmental secrecy, public discourse, democratic values, civil liberties, governmental actions, legal challenges, ACLU, judicial review, executive branch, legislative oversight, security policies, informed public, citizen awareness Citizen rights, government transparency, national security, state responsibilities, public consent, law and order, national defence, government accountability, drone strikes, US foreign policy, al-Qaeda, CIA secrecy, ACLU, Brett Kaufman, Obama administration citizens, right, knowledge, government, state, law, order, national, defence, security, stakeholders, consent, finances, Obama, administration, drones, al-Qaeda, bombing, US, people, CIA, secrecy, ACLU, consequences, transparency, accountability, public, information, democracy, privacy, surveillance, ethics, policy, military, operations, foreign, affairs, international, law, human, rights, judicial, review, covert, actions, whistleblowing, press, freedom, speech, protest, activism, civic, engagement, social, justice, governance, power, oversight, intelligence, community, accountability, legal, challenges Citizens, right, transparency, government, accountability, law, order, national, defence, security, stakeholders, administration, Obama, drones, campaign, CIA, secrecy, ACLU, al-Qaeda, bombing, consequences, informed, ambiguous, disruption
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro03a	It is unethical to expose children to the pressures of performing  Even experienced adults can find it difficult to deal with stage fright or performance anxiety. Children, more emotionally vulnerable than adults by nature, should not be exposed to this sort of pressure. This is especially true in situations where the child is being paid for their performance, since the added necessity to perform well can lead to even more pressure. Although suicide among children is rare, it is believed often to occur as a result of the child feeling like she is under too much pressure, or failing to meet the expectations of others. [1]  There are also consequences that continue long past the child has stopped performing; former child actors often have the problem as young adults as feeling as having already ‘peaked’ and find themselves without a sense of drive or ambition or a coherent adult identity, consequentially they often suffer from substance abuse and addiction  [1] Lipsett, ‘Stress driving pupils to suicide, says union’ child performance, stage fright, performance anxiety, emotional vulnerability, pressure, paid performances, childhood suicide, pressure-related suicide, long-term effects, former child actors, identity issues, substance abuse, addiction, Lipsett, stress, pupils, suicide, union statement unethical, children, performance, pressure, stage fright, emotional vulnerability, paid performances, pressure, expectations, suicide, rare, consequences, long-term, former child actors, young adults, peaked, drive, ambition, adult identity, substance abuse, addiction, stress, pupils, union unethical, children, performance, pressure, stage, fright, anxiety, emotionally, vulnerable, adults, paid, suicide, expectations, consequences, long-term, former, child, actors, young, adults, drive, ambition, identity, substance, abuse, addiction, stress, pupils, union unethical, children, performance pressures, stage fright, emotional vulnerability, paid performances, performance anxiety, suicide, pressure, expectations, former child actors, substance abuse, addiction, adult identity, Lipsett, stress, pupils, union unethical, children, pressures, performing, stage, fright, performance, anxiety, emotionally, vulnerable, adults, paid, expectations, suicide, rare, pressure, consequences, long-term, former, child, actors, young, adults, peaked, drive, ambition, identity, substance, abuse, addiction, stress, pupils, union
test-international-emephsate-con01a	Turkey is not enough economically developed to join the EU.  Turkey has many economic problems ranging from high inflation, high regional disparities, high wealth disparity, unemployment, bad infrastructure and poverty among others. The country must solely focus itself onto improving those problems, before obtaining EU-membership. Not resolving economic problems before joining the EU can lead to problems as exemplified by Greece, Portugal and Italy, countries which had their big economic problems that were overlooked upon joining the Eurozone. Turkey’s GDP per capita is less than half the average of the EU [1] and as a large country with more than seventy million people it would pose an immense strain on the rest of the Union.  The effect of this economic disparity is likely to lead to a massive influx of immigrants from Turkey to the rest of the EU, because they will take advantage of free movement of people in the European Union and these immigrants. This immigration is likely to have the effect of forcing down the wages of workers in the existing EU nations as the Turks will be willing to work for less. [2]  [1] ‘Turkey’, The World Factbook, 24 August 2012,  ‘European Union’, The World Factbook, 24 August 2012,   [2] Turkey is part of Europe. Fear keeps it out of the EU. The Guardian. August 6 2009.  Accessed on: September 3, 2012. Turkey, EU, economic development, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, infrastructure, poverty, GDP per capita, economic problems, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, immigration, free movement, wages, workforce, European Union, The World Factbook, The Guardian Turkey, EU, economic development, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, infrastructure, poverty, GDP per capita, immigration, free movement, wage competition, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, economic problems, strain on EU, population size, economic disparity, Turks, workers, existing EU nations, The World Factbook, The Guardian Turkey, EU, economic development, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, bad infrastructure, poverty, GDP per capita, economic problems, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, economic disparity, immigration, free movement, wage competition, European Union, Turkey EU membership, economic strain, population, The World Factbook, The Guardian, fear, Europe Turkey, EU, economic development, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, bad infrastructure, poverty, GDP per capita, economic problems, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, economic disparity, immigration, free movement, workers, wages, European Union, The World Factbook, The Guardian Turkey, EU, economic development, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, bad infrastructure, poverty, economic problems, GDP per capita, population, immigration, free movement, wage impact, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, economic strain, membership, economic criteria, Turkey-EU relations, European Union policies, immigration pressure, economic disparity, labor market, social integration, economic stability, financial burden, political consideration, economic growth, fiscal policies, economic reform, social issues, international relations, economic conditions, regional economy, economic indicators, economic challenges, economic integration, political economy, economic performance, economic analysis, economic impact
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con02a	A UN standing army is simply impossible to form.  A standing army for the United Nations has an existing legal framework; it has never been attempted in practice because it would be impossible to create. Article 43 of the original UN Charter specifies that all member states are expected, upon the signing of a future UN agreement, to provide ‘forces, assistance and facilities’ for the maintenance of international peace and security 1. That it is has never been attempted is the direct result of its sheer impracticality; who would contribute the troops? How would they be trained, and ensure that troops trained in one state would not be asked to thereafter fire on their own colleagues? Furthermore, where would the U.N. standing army be located, for the United Nations has no land, and the United States would not take kindly to a reprisal attack on the UN Army at the United Nations Headquarters. And who would fund this army? The United States hasn’t paid its bills to the United Nations in years due to their opposition to some of its actions/ What is there in place to prevent that continuing? Lastly, and most importantly, whose will would they be implementing, for the United Nations is not a single voice but the aggregated noise of its member states? The Security Council, which currently dictates the form that U.N. peacekeeping operations take, are not a group to whom impartiality can be attributed. A U.N standing army at the behest of the Security Council would be used sparingly at best and only in regions and conflicts for whom all the P5 had a vested interest in the maintenance of peace. Any impartiality that the U.N. standing army had in theory would be lost in practice.  1. U.N. Charter, (1945) UN standing army, legal framework, Article 43, UN Charter, member states, international peace, security, impracticality, troop contribution, training, location, funding, United States, UN Headquarters, Security Council, P5, impartiality, peacekeeping operations, vested interest UN standing army, legal framework, Article 43, UN Charter, international peace, security, member states, troops, training, location, funding, United States, Security Council, peacekeeping operations, impartiality, P5, vested interest, regional conflicts, practicality, impossibility UN standing army, legal framework, Article 43, UN Charter, international peace, security, member states, forces, assistance, facilities, impracticality, troop contribution, training, state conflict, location, funding, United States, UN bills, Security Council, peacekeeping operations, impartiality, P5, vested interest, regional conflicts, theoretical impartiality, practical loss UN standing army, legal framework, Article 43, UN Charter, international peace, security, impracticality, troop contribution, training, UN location, funding, United States, unpaid bills, Security Council, impartiality, P5, vested interest, peacekeeping operations, theoretical impartiality, practical loss UN standing army, legal framework, Article 43, UN Charter, member states, forces, assistance, facilities, international peace, security, impracticality, troop contribution, training, location, funding, United States, UN Headquarters, peacekeeping operations, Security Council, impartiality, P5, vested interest, regions, conflicts, peace maintenance, theoretical impartiality, practical loss
test-international-siacphbnt-pro05a	Technology has enabled Africa’s cultural industries to grow.  Technology has enabled the development of entrepreneurial ideas for business, but also within Africa’s cultural industry. Access to video recording mobile phones, the internet, and televised publications has created a new culture of expression for African youths. Cultural industries are raising critical questions for politics, and empowering youth to tell their stories. The use of journalism has become mobilised by youths - as seen in initiatives such as, African Slum Voices, of which are encouraging youths to pro-actively raise their opinions and voices on issues occurring within their communities.  Furthermore, the music and film industry in Africa has arisen as a result of access to new technologies at a lower-cost. Two key components responsible for the growth of Nollywood (Nigeria’s Film Industry) include access to digital technology and entrepreneurship. Youths have become vital within Nollywood, as actors, producers and editors. Today Nollywood’s low-budget films have inspired the growth of regional film industries across Africa and contributed to its status as the third largest film industry. Nollywood’s revenue stand’s at around $200mn a year [1] .  [1] See further readings: ABN, 2013. Technology, Africa, cultural industries, entrepreneurship, video recording, mobile phones, internet, televised publications, expression, African youths, politics, empowerment, journalism, African Slum Voices, youth opinions, music industry, film industry, Nollywood, Nigeria, digital technology, low-budget films, regional film industries, revenue Technology, Africa, Cultural Industries, Entrepreneurship, Video Recording, Mobile Phones, Internet, Televised Publications, Expression, African Youths, Politics, Journalism, African Slum Voices, Music Industry, Film Industry, Nollywood, Digital Technology, Low-Budget Films, Regional Film Industries, Revenue Technology, Africa, Cultural industries, Entrepreneurship, Video recording, Mobile phones, Internet, Televised publications, Expression, African youths, Politics, Journalism, African Slum Voices, Music industry, Film industry, Nollywood, Digital technology, Low-budget films, Regional film industries, Revenue Technology, Africa, Cultural Industries, Entrepreneurship, Video Recording, Mobile Phones, Internet, Televised Publications, Expression, African Youths, Politics, Journalism, African Slum Voices, Music Industry, Film Industry, Nollywood, Nigeria, Digital Technology, Actors, Producers, Editors, Regional Film Industries, Revenue, ABN 2013 Technology, Africa, Cultural industries, Entrepreneurship, Video recording, Mobile phones, Internet, Televised publications, Expression, African youths, Politics, Journalism, African Slum Voices, Youth empowerment, Music industry, Film industry, Nollywood, Nigeria, Digital technology, Low-budget films, Regional film industries, Revenue, Economic growth
test-international-ghbunhf-pro05a	Most international co-operation can takes place outside UN framework.  The major economic, political and trade issues around the world are almost all dealt with either through bilateral agreements between nations or by specialised bodies set up for that purpose – the World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO and so on. In all of these fields the UN is little more than an irrelevance. Even where the UN does get involved in international affairs – such as in the Libyan crisis of 2011 – it is other bodies, in that case NATO, which serve as the vehicle for international cooperation. [1]  [1] . Bolopion, Philippe. “After Libya, the question: To Protect or Depose?”. Los Angeles Times.25th August 2011. international co-operation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, specialized bodies, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, UN irrelevance, international affairs, Libyan crisis 2011, NATO involvement, international cooperation, Philippe Bolopion, Los Angeles Times international co-operation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, UN irrelevance, international affairs, Libyan crisis 2011, NATO intervention, Philippe Bolopion, Los Angeles Times international cooperation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, specialized bodies, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, UN irrelevance, Libyan crisis 2011, Philippe Bolopion, Los Angeles Times international co-operation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, major economic issues, political issues, trade issues, UN irrelevance, Libyan crisis 2011, international affairs, Philippe Bolopion, Los Angeles Times, To Protect or Depose international cooperation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, specialized bodies, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, UN irrelevance, Libyan crisis 2011, international affairs, Philippe Bolopion, Los Angeles Times
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con01a	The ICC generates crippling expenses.  Cautious estimates suggest an operating budget of $100 million per year1. The costs of the ICTY and ICTR have already spiralled out of control, and the latter tribunal has a legacy of maladministration and internal corruption. The US contributes 25% of the budget for both the tribunals, which amounted to $58 million in the fiscal year 20002. It is dubious whether the ICC could survive without US financial support. The UN as a whole is obligated only to fund investigations and prosecutions initiated at the request of the Security Council. Every other investigation must be funded by assessed contributions from the States that have ratified the Rome Statute. Although the UN could authorise the transfer of additional funds, the procedure would require a UN Security Council resolution that would of course be subject to the US veto. Alternatively, it is accepted that State Parties to the Statute could directly contribute funds or personnel to the ICC. However, the possibility of partiality or even corruption is manifest where States with their individual political interests are deploying and directing their own staff within the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC.  1 Irwin, R. (2010, January 8). ICC Trials Hit by Budget Cuts. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from Institute for War & Peace Reporting:  2 Scharf, M. P. (2000, October). The Special Court for Sierra Leone. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from American Society of International Law: ICC, operating budget, costs, ICTY, ICTR, US financial support, UN funding, Security Council, State Parties, Rome Statute, corruption, political interests, Office of the Prosecutor, budget cuts, Special Court for Sierra Leone ICC, expenses, operating budget, ICTY, ICTR, maladministration, corruption, US financial support, UN funding, Security Council, State Parties, Rome Statute, partiality, corruption, Office of the Prosecutor, budget cuts, Special Court for Sierra Leone, international law, assessed contributions, veto power ICC, expenses, budget, ICTY, ICTR, costs, maladministration, corruption, US, financial support, UN, Security Council, Rome Statute, investigations, prosecutions, veto, State Parties, Prosecutor, partiality, political interests ICC, expenses, operating budget, ICTY, ICTR, maladministration, corruption, US financial support, UN, Security Council, Rome Statute, assessed contributions, UN veto, State Parties, Office of the Prosecutor, partiality, political interests ICC, expenses, operating budget, ICTY, ICTR, maladministration, corruption, US financial support, UN, Security Council, Rome Statute, assessed contributions, UN Security Council resolution, US veto, State Parties, political interests, Office of the Prosecutor, partiality, corruption
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-con03a	"There have been tests on the EU's ability to create a common foreign policy that it has failed.  The War in Iraq, along with previous notable failures to deal with the breakup of former Yugoslavia, has been an excellent test for the extent to which the EU can claim to have a common approach to world politics and foreign policy in particular. It has clearly pointed out a whole range of diverse and often opposed national interests, and national publics that were unwilling to make compromises along EU lines of commitment. It has also showed that the economic power of the EU is not enough to turn it into a major player on the international scene: the lack in military power and presence speaks for itself. The EU still lies very much under the umbrella of NATO and US military power and as long as this military dependency continues, the EU will not be able to have its own independent voice in world politics. 1  1.  ""> EU, foreign policy, common approach, world politics, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, public opinion, economic power, international influence, military power, NATO, US military, independence, political voice EU, foreign policy, common approach, world politics, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, public opinion, economic power, international player, military power, NATO, US military, independent voice, political dependence, military dependency, international relations, European Union, foreign affairs, political integration, military capability, international influence, diplomatic power, security policy, defense policy, international security, strategic autonomy, geopolitical influence, transatlantic relations, European security, political cooperation, military intervention, global politics, international politics, political autonomy, military autonomy, policy autonomy, strategic independence, international governance, global governance, European governance, political governance, military governance EU, foreign policy, common approach, international politics, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, economic power, military power, NATO, US military, independence, world politics, compromises, international scene, military dependency EU, foreign policy, common approach, world politics, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, economic power, international scene, military power, NATO, US military, independence, political influence, military dependency, compromises, national publics, political commitment EU, foreign policy, common approach, world politics, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, public opinion, economic power, international influence, military power, NATO, US military, independence, political influence, international relations, diplomatic capability, security dependence, European integration, political cohesion"
test-international-atiahblit-pro03a	Incentivising movement so there are teachers where they are needed  Although the extent of rural-urban disparities remains debatable, geographical disparities in living standards and education are articulated across Africa. The location, and provision, of teachers does not always match need.  In Uganda, the universalisation of education has been met with inequities, regionally and across socioeconomic groups, in the quality of education (Hedger et al, 2010). Incentives are required to deploy teachers to districts according to need; and encourage teachers to relocate. For example, awards need to be provided for teachers to move to rural areas, and the development of teacher housing schemes - providing teachers with houses in new locations. Incentivising, movement, teachers, rural-urban, disparities, geographical, living, standards, education, Africa, location, provision, Uganda, universalisation, inequities, regional, socioeconomic, quality, deployment, districts, relocation, awards, rural, housing, schemes, development, teacher, houses incentivising, movement, teachers, rural-urban, disparities, geographical, education, Africa, location, provision, Uganda, universalisation, inequities, regional, socioeconomic, quality, deployment, relocation, awards, rural, housing, schemes, teacher, houses incentivising, movement, teachers, rural-urban, disparities, Africa, location, provision, Uganda, universalisation, education, inequities, socioeconomic, regional, quality, deployment, relocation, awards, rural, housing, schemes, teacher, houses incentivising,movement,teachers,needed,rural-urban,disparities,geographical,education,Africa,location,provision,mismatch,inequities,quality,education,Uganda,regional,socioeconomic,deployment,relocation,awards,rural,teacher,housing,schemes teacher deployment, rural-urban disparities, education equity, teacher incentives, rural education, teacher relocation, teacher housing, educational policy, Uganda education, regional education inequities, socioeconomic education gaps, teacher awards, universal education challenges, geographical disparities, living standards disparities, Africa education/context, teacher provision mismatch, incentive programs for teachers
test-society-simhbrasnba-pro02a	States must be responsible to their own citizens first  There will always be trafficking as long as there aren't open borders. And we should maintain strict controls on both immigration and asylum. States must focus on the needs of their people first, and the reaction of citizens in accepting countries is quite rightly the feeling that their hospitality and good intentions are being abused at the moment. The social harms that these feelings cause - suspicion, xenophobia, racism and disruption of social harmony and tolerance [1] - are too large and too damaging to the actual citizens of states to justify the maintenance of a failing system that may help some few outsiders. The responsibilities of governments to their own citizens must come first.  [1] Lægaard, Sune, ‘Immigration, Social Cohesion, and Naturalisation’, Centre for the Study of Equality and Multiculturalism, p.2 states, citizens, responsible, trafficking, open borders, immigration controls, asylum, citizen needs, social harms, suspicion, xenophobia, racism, social harmony, tolerance, government responsibilities, citizen welfare, failing system, outsiders, Lægaard, social cohesion, naturalisation, equality, multiculturalism States, citizens, responsibility, trafficking, open borders, immigration controls, asylum, social needs, citizen reaction, hospitality, intentions, abuse, social harms, suspicion, xenophobia, racism, social harmony, tolerance, government responsibilities, failing system, outsiders, Sune Lægaard, Immigration, Social Cohesion, Naturalisation, Centre for the Study of Equality and Multiculturalism States, citizens, responsibility, trafficking, open borders, immigration controls, asylum, social needs, citizens' reaction, hospitality, good intentions, abuse, social harms, suspicion, xenophobia, racism, social harmony, tolerance, government responsibilities, failing system, outsiders, social cohesion, naturalisation States, citizens, responsibility, trafficking, open borders, immigration controls, asylum, social needs, citizen reaction, hospitality, good intentions, social harms, suspicion, xenophobia, racism, social harmony, tolerance, government responsibilities, failing system, outsiders, naturalisation, social cohesion, equality, multiculturalism states, citizens, trafficking, open borders, immigration, asylum, social harms, suspicion, xenophobia, racism, social harmony, tolerance, government responsibilities, naturalisation, social cohesion, multiculturalism
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con02a	Gun ownership increases national security within democratic states  “A well-regulated Militia, being necessary top the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” – 2nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. [1] Any country is much more able to defend itself from aggression if many of its citizens are able to use guns, keeping them for leisure and sporting use. Some countries actively require adult citizens to maintain weapons in their house, and periodically to train in their use. The high levels of firearm availability in Iraq and Afghanistan have been significant contributory factors in allowing for a viable insurrection to form which has the potential to generate the political pressure necessary to cause the withdrawal of foreign occupiers.  Of course, such widespread ownership of weapons is also a safeguard against domestic tyranny.  [1] See also DIstricxt of Columbia v Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008) gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, well-regulated Militia, firearm availability, Iraq, Afghanistan, insurrection, foreign occupiers, political pressure, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v Heller gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, well-regulated militia, security of free state, firearm availability, citizen weapon training, leisure use, sporting use, insurrection, foreign occupiers, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008) gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, well-regulated Militia, firearm availability, Iraq, Afghanistan, insurrection, foreign occupiers, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v Heller gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, well-regulated Militia, security of a free State, right to bear arms, leisure use, sporting use, firearm availability, Iraq, Afghanistan, insurrection, political pressure, withdrawal of foreign occupiers, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v Heller gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, well-regulated Militia, firearm availability, citizen armament, leisure use, sporting use, mandatory weapon possession, citizen training, insurrection, foreign occupation, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008)
test-education-egscphsrdt-pro02a	School's duty of care  Peer pressure drives most drug use among children and teenagers. [1] The fact that the state requires all children to be engaged in education means that most of them will be gathered into large groups in schools for most of the day, five days a week, essentially creating the necessary conditions for peer pressure to take place and be powerful. This occurs as some children face ostracism or exclusion from their peers in the social environment that the state compels them to be in if they refuse to take illegal drugs, if drug use is deemed necessary to be 'cool' or 'popular'.  It is, generally, the state that operates a western liberal democracy’s education system. Under circumstances in which children are placed into the care of the state, and are made vulnerable to peer pressure the state has a duty to ensure that children are not coerced into using drugs. This means that concerns of 'privacy' are secondary to protecting the choice not to take drugs, as ensuring the 'privacy' of all students by not having random drug tests empowers some students to socially coerce other students into using drugs when they otherwise would not.  Random drug tests help prevent cultures or norms of drug-taking (by which it can become the 'cool' thing to do) by ensuring that most drug users will be caught and helped to quit, thus protecting the choice of others not to be pressured into drug use.  [1] Rosenbaum, Marsha. “Safety First: A Reality-Based Approach to Teens and Drugs”. Drug Policy Alliance. January 1, 2007 School, duty of care, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, education, state, western liberal democracy, ostracism, exclusion, privacy, random drug tests, drug culture, norms, quitting, safety first, Marsha Rosenbaum, Drug Policy Alliance school duty of care, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, education, state requirement, large groups, social environment, ostracism, exclusion, illegal drugs, state-operated education, western liberal democracy, vulnerability, privacy, random drug tests, drug culture, norms, drug-taking, caught, help, quit, protection, choice, Marsha Rosenbaum, Safety First, Drug Policy Alliance School, duty of care, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, state education, social environment, ostracism, illegal drugs, western liberal democracy, privacy, random drug tests, drug-taking cultures, norm prevention, Marsha Rosenbaum, Safety First, Drug Policy Alliance School, duty of care, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, state, education, social environment, ostracism, exclusion, privacy, random drug tests, drug culture, norms, safety first, reality-based approach, teens, drugs, Drug Policy Alliance school duty of care, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, education system, state responsibility, privacy, random drug tests, drug prevention, social coercion, teen drug policies, school safety, youth protection, drug culture, teen health, educational environment, student welfare, Marsha Rosenbaum, Safety First
test-society-asfhwapg-pro02a	"Patenting enables knowledge sharing  Patents are typically granted for twenty years only. After this period the monopoly ends. All companies ask is that for a limited time they are able to benefit from their investments, and that in that period if another company wishes to pursue a project in their area then they should have to give their permission for the use of the patent. Patenting does not mean withholding information in secrecy.  On the contrary, patents actively encourage openness in science, because if you were not able to disclose your findings without fear of exploitation, then you would keep your findings secret. This would be to the detriment of medical advancement.  For example the Human Genome Sciences’ patented their discovery of the CCR5 receptor gene, which was then discovered by other scientists at the National Institutes of Health, that the small number of people missing the receptor appear to be immune to HIV 1. This could be done because Human Genome Sciences has a policy that ""we do not use our patents to prevent anyone in academics or the nonprofit world from using these materials for whatever they want, so long as it is not commercial.2""  Patenting makes sure that the information is registered and shared. The other option, whereby companies do not patent the information and keep it as a “trade secret”, hurts everybody much more and slows down the rate of scientific progress.  1. Dutfield G., DNA patenting: implications for public health research, WHO  2. Chartrand, Sabra, ""Human Gene Patented as Potential Fighter Against AIDS"" The New York Times, 6 March 2000, patenting, knowledge sharing, patents, twenty years, monopoly, companies, benefit, investments, permission, withholding information, secrecy, openness, science, disclosure, findings, fear, exploitation, medical advancement, Human Genome Sciences, CCR5 receptor gene, National Institutes of Health, immune, HIV, policy, patents, academic, nonprofit, commercial, trade secret, scientific progress, DNA patenting, public health research, AIDS Patenting, knowledge sharing, patents, twenty years, monopoly, companies, investments, permission, patent use, withholding information, secrecy, openness, science, medical advancement, Human Genome Sciences, CCR5 receptor gene, National Institutes of Health, HIV immunity, patent policy, academic use, nonprofit use, commercial use, trade secret, scientific progress, DNA patenting, public health research Patenting, knowledge sharing, patents, twenty years, monopoly, investments, permission, information secrecy, science openness, medical advancement, Human Genome Sciences, CCR5 receptor gene, National Institutes of Health, HIV immunity, patent policies, academic use, nonprofit, commercial, trade secret, scientific progress, public health research, DNA patenting, AIDS fighter, Sabra Chartrand, The New York Times patenting, knowledge sharing, patents, twenty years, monopoly, companies, investments, permission, withholding information, secrecy, openness, science, medical advancement, Human Genome Sciences, CCR5 receptor gene, National Institutes of Health, HIV, policy, public health research, trade secret, scientific progress, DNA patenting, AIDS, Sabra Chartrand, The New York Times Patenting, knowledge sharing, monopoly, twenty years, investments, permission, information disclosure, secrecy, medical advancement, Human Genome Sciences, CCR5 receptor gene, HIV, National Institutes of Health, policy, patents, academic use, nonprofit, trade secret, scientific progress, DNA patenting, public health research, AIDS"
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro04a	Not all conflict is war  What is War? The AU’s declaration does not define it. Ending all conflict is ambitious, ending only inter state war in Africa on the other hand is not. The vast majority of conflicts in Africa have been internal. The only true inter state conflicts have been the wars between Israel and Egypt, the Eritrean-Ethiopian war, the Uganda-Tunisia war, and the Second Congo War. [1] None of these are ongoing. The only conflicts that might count as inter-state that might be considered ongoing are the situation in Western Sahara and border clashes between the Sudans. Western Sahara might be considered to be frozen with very few deaths as a result of it and the Sudan conflict is in large part a result of the border being new.  [1] Wikipedia, ‘List of conflicts in Africa’, accessed 10 January 2014, conflict, war, AU, declaration, ambitious, inter-state, Africa, internal, Israel, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tunisia, Second Congo War, Western Sahara, Sudan, frozen, border clashes conflict, war, AU, declaration, inter-state, Africa, internal, Israel, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tunisia, Second Congo War, Western Sahara, Sudan, border clashes, frozen, deaths conflict, war, AU, declaration, inter-state, Africa, internal, Israel, Egypt, Eritrean-Ethiopian, Uganda-Tunisia, Second Congo War, Western Sahara, Sudans, frozen, border clashes Conflict, War, AU, Declaration, Inter-state, Africa, Internal, Israel, Egypt, Eritrean-Ethiopian, Uganda-Tunisia, Second Congo War, Western Sahara, Sudan, Border Clashes, Frozen Conflict, Wikipedia, List of conflicts in Africa conflict, war, AU, declaration, inter-state, Africa, internal, Israel, Egypt, Eritrean-Ethiopian, Uganda-Tunisia, Second Congo War, Western Sahara, Sudans, frozen, border clashes
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro02a	"Allowing production of generic drugs saves lives, particularly in the developing world  Many developing countries are fraught with terrible disease. Much of Africa and Asia are devastated by malaria, and in many parts of Africa AIDS is a horrendous scourge, infecting large percentages of many countries populations. For example, in Swaziland, 26% of the adult population is infected with the virus1. In light of these obscenely high infection rates, African governments have sought to find means of acquiring enough drugs to treat their ailing populations. The producers of the major AIDS medications do donate substantial amounts of drugs to stricken countries, yet at the same time they charge ruinously high prices for that which they do sell, leading to serious shortages in countries that cannot afford them. The denial of the right to produce or acquire generic drugs is effectively a death sentence to people in these countries. With generic drugs freely available on the market, the access to such drugs would be facilitated far more readily and cheaply; prices would be pushed down to market levels and African governments would be able to stand a chance of providing the requisite care to their people2. Under the current system attempts by governments to access generic drugs can be met by denials of free treatments, leading to even further suffering. There is no ethical justification to allow pharmaceutical companies to charge artificially high prices for drugs that save lives. Furthermore, many firms that develop and patent drugs do not share them, nor do they act upon them themselves due to their unprofitability. This has been the case with various treatments for malaria, which affects the developing world almost exclusively, thus limiting the market to customers with little money to pay for the drugs3. The result is patents and viable treatments sitting on shelves, effectively gathering dust within company records, when they could be used to save lives. But when there is no profit there is no production. Allowing the production of generic drugs is to allow justice to be done in the developing world, saving lives and ending human suffering.  1 United Nations. 2006. ""Country Program Outline for Swaziland, 2006-2010"". United Nations Development Program. Available: 2 Mercer, Illana. 2001. ""Patent Wrongs"". Mises Daily. Available: 3 Boseley, Sarah. 2006. ""Rich Countries 'Blocking Cheap Drugs for Developing World'"". The Guardian. Available: generic drugs, developing world, malaria, AIDS, Swaziland, infection rates, drug prices, drug shortages, African governments, free treatments, ethical justification, pharmaceutical companies, patent rights, drug production, market profitability, human suffering, patent wrongs, cheap drugs, rich countries, drug access generic drugs, developing world, malaria, AIDS, Africa, Asia, Swaziland, infection rates, drug prices, shortages, generic drug production, ethical justification, pharmaceutical companies, high prices, life-saving drugs, market access, patent laws, unprofitable treatments, drug patents, justice, human suffering, United Nations, UNDP, Patent Wrongs, Rich Countries, Blocking Cheap Drugs generic drugs, developing world, disease, Africa, Asia, malaria, AIDS, infection rates, African governments, drug acquisition, drug prices, drug shortages, drug donation, right to produce, ethical justification, pharmaceutical companies, artificial prices, drug patents, malaria treatments, market profitability, drug production, justice, human suffering, United Nations, Swaziland, Illana Mercer, Sarah Boseley, Rich Countries, Cheap Drugs generic drugs, developing world, malaria, AIDS, Swaziland, African governments, drug prices, patent rights, pharmaceutical companies, drug access, health care, market prices, ethical justification, drug patents, human suffering, UNDP, Mises Daily, The Guardian, drug production, vaccine distribution generic drugs, developing world, malaria, AIDS, Africa, Asia, Swaziland, HIV, drug prices, pharmaceutical companies, patents, drug production, market access, healthcare, ethics, patent laws, treatment availability, humanitarian aid, drug affordability, global health, disease treatment, drug donations, unprofitable drugs, market dynamics, patent restrictions, life-saving medicines, public health, drug patents, generic drug production, health inequality, international law, medicinal access, healthcare systems, profit-driven healthcare, drug scarcity, economic barriers, health justice, affordable medicines, health policy, drug pricing policies, humanitarianism, medical ethics, pharmaceutical industry,"
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro04a	Defendants who are innocent will be protected  This motion could allow innocent defendants to mount a stronger case. This is because, if allowed, the previous convictions of prosecution witnesses would be admitted as evidence. In this case, if a prosecution witness falsely claims good character in opposition to the defendant, any falsity could be more easily seen and weighed by the jury. This solves a problem under that status quo where ‘the threat of introducing his [the defendant’s] previous convictions will frequently inhibit him from introducing character evidence about the prosecution witness’ [1] ; fear that the defendant’s convictions may weigh against them where the prosecution witness remains untouchable creates a discrepancy in the justice system. However, if convictions on both sides were to be revealed anyway, then neither can falsely claim the character of the other and attempt to convince the jury of false information on this front.  [1] CPS, ‘Justice for all’, The Stationary Office, July 2002. innocent defendants, protection, stronger case, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence admission, falsity detection, jury weighing, status quo, character evidence, discrepancy, justice system, convictions disclosure, false claims, jury information, CPS, Justice for all, The Stationary Office, July 2002 Innocent defendants, stronger case, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence, falsity, jury, status quo, character evidence, discrepancy, justice system, CPS, Justice for all, Stationary Office, July 2002 innocent defendants, protection, stronger case, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence admission, falsity detection, jury weighing, status quo problem, character evidence, discrepancy resolution, justice system, CPS, Justice for all, Stationary Office, 2002 innocent defendants, protection, motion, stronger case, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence, falsity, jury, status quo, character evidence, discrepancy, justice system, CPS, Justice for all, Stationary Office, July 2002 innocent defendants, protection, motion, stronger case, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence, false claims, good character, jury, status quo, discrepancy, justice system, character evidence, convictions, untouchable, false information
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-pro02a	Constitutional imperative  The Constitution of the United States is designed to prevent power from being concentrated in one place, with each of the three branches (executive, legislative and judicial) placing checks and balances upon each other. As James Madison wrote “It is of great importance in a republic not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part.” [1]  This principle ensures that power is divided, facilitating greater dialogue between the branches and between the two houses of Congress which seeks to compromise with each other to provide the best possible expression of Congress’ will.  Such a need for compromise between the branches lends itself to having control of the two elected branches being spilt between two parties necessitating compromise as opposed to single party control of both houses, where compromise can be pre-arranged to fit the aims of the executive. Therefore, Divided Government is an extra requirement to government, ensuring that powers are not concentrated to the detriment of Americans.  [1] Madison, James, ‘The Federalist No.51 The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments’, Independent Journal, 6 February 1788, Constitution, United States, checks and balances, executive, legislative, judicial, James Madison, Federalist No. 51, oppression, rulers, society, injustice, dialogue, Congress, compromise, Divided Government, single party control, power concentration, American politics, republican government Constitution, United States, power concentration, branches, checks and balances, James Madison, oppression, rulers, injustice, society, divided power, dialogue, compromise, Congress, single party control, Divided Government, extra requirement, Americans, power concentration, detriment, Federalist No.51, Independent Journal, 6 February 1788 Constitutional imperative, checks and balances, three branches, James Madison, Federalist No. 51, divided government, power concentration, republican society, oppression prevention, inter-branch dialogue, legislative compromise, political parties, single party control, governmental requirements, American governance Constitutional imperative, checks and balances, United States Constitution, three branches, executive, legislative, judicial, James Madison, Federalist No.51, oppression, rulers, injustice, divided government, single party control, compromise, power concentration, American governance, republic, societal protection, branch dialogue, Congress, legislative process, political parties, governance structure, power division Constitutional imperative, United States Constitution, separation of powers, checks and balances, executive branch, legislative branch, judicial branch, James Madison, Federalist No. 51, republic, oppression prevention, societal injustice, power division, dialogue facilitation, Congressional compromise, divided government, single party control, power concentration, American governance
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro02a	Neo-functionalism proposes a purpose to EU integration.  Neo-functionalism proposed building a community Europe, through the concept of spillover the theory proposes economic determinism. Spill-over will eventually lead to a completely integrated Europe with a strong central government. This has not yet been proved true, as EU integration has become a long and difficult process. This is understandable since it is not exactly easy to integrate together all those policies, economies and people. However this would most probably be the eventual result, which is already visible: The experience of the European Union (EU) is widely perceived as not just an example, but the model for regional integration. In recent years, the EU has also been pursuing an increasing number of trade agreements which may in turn lead to spillover. [1] Furthermore the recent enlargements of the EU in Eastern Europe, as well as the ongoing negotiations with Croatia and Turkey have renewed the academic and political interest in the effects of European Economic integration. [2]  One of the theory’s strengths is to predict the outcome of integration and an eventual conclusion to the process, allowing for political and economic aims to be made and realised. For example ‘Larger companies have been acting on the assumption that the internal market will eventually be established’. [3]  [1] Bilal, Sanoussi, ‘Can the EU Be a Model of Regional Integration?’, Paper to be presented at the CODESRIA - Globalisation Studies Network (GSN), 29-31 August 2005,   [2] Lafourcade, Miren, and Paluzie, Elisenda, ‘European Integration, FDI and the Internal Geography of Trade: Evidence from Western-European Border Regions’, 23 December 2004, www.cepr.org/RESEARCH/Networks/TID/Paluzie.pdf  [3] Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe, ‘Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC’, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-22, Neo-functionalism, EU integration, spillover, economic determinism, European Union, regional integration, trade agreements, European Economic integration, political interest, academic interest, larger companies, internal market, Bilal, Sanoussi, CODESRIA, Globalisation Studies Network, Lafourcade, Miren, Paluzie, Elisenda, FDI, internal geography, trade, Western-European border regions, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe, Millennium, Journal of International Studies, new dynamism, EC, Obstinate, Obsolete Neo-functionalism, EU integration, economic determinism, spillover, regional integration, trade agreements, European Economic integration, political and economic aims, internal market, European Union, enlargement, academic interest, political interest, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, Bilal Sanoussi, European integration, FDI, internal geography of trade, Western-European border regions, Tranholm-Mikkelsen Jeppe, new dynamism, EC, Millennium Journal of International Studies Neo-functionalism, EU, European Union, integration, spillover, economic determinism, central government, regional integration, trade agreements, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, European Economic integration, political interest, Larger companies, internal market, Bilal, Sanoussi, Lafourcade, Miren, Paluzie, Elisenda, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe, Millennium, Journal of International Studies, EC, reappraisal, new dynamism Neo-functionalism, EU integration, community Europe, spillover, economic determinism, integrated Europe, central government, regional integration, trade agreements, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, European Economic integration, political interest, outcome prediction, internal market, Larger companies, Bilal Sanoussi, European Union, regional integration model, Lafourcade Miren, Paluzie Elisenda, FDI, internal geography trade, Western-European border regions, Tranholm-Mikkelsen Jeppe, new dynamism EC Neo-functionalism, EU integration, community Europe, spillover, economic determinism, integrated Europe, central government, policy integration, economic integration, regional integration, trade agreements, EU enlargements, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, European Economic integration, integration process, political aims, economic aims, internal market, Bilal Sanoussi, CODESRIA, Globalisation Studies Network, Miren Lafourcade, Elisenda Paluzie, FDI, internal geography of trade, Western-European border regions, Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Millennium Journal, EC, new dynamism
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-con01a	The sale of personal data makes for better advertising that benefits consumers  By targeting demographics and personal profiles by way of acquiring and utilizing personal data, businesses are able to put forward their services in a more targeted fashion in order to reach their target markets and to more effectively understand the broader market more generally. The limited budgets that constrain all companies has traditionally forced producers in the mass market to advertise to broad demographics and majority markets, resulting in a relative dearth of niche markets and breadth of services available in the mass market. Utilizing personal data effectively allows firms to enrich the lives of all consumers by expanding the range of marketable products and the furnishing of services to more eclectic tastes. [1] The vast numbers of websites and services proliferating online makes it much harder for people to find what they are looking for, but more importantly what they are not looking for but would want if they knew it existed. Data-mining allows for the channels of information to flow more effectively to consumers (Columbus, 2012). On the individual level companies are able to create individual profiles from information, so they can target them directly with things that might interest them. This strategy is used on Facebook, for example, users are shown ads that most fit their profiles giving them access to services they might not have ever found without the service.  [1] Deighton, J. and J. Quelch, “Economic Value of the Advertising-Supported Internet Ecosystem”. IAB Report. 2009, personal data, advertising, consumer benefits, demographics, personal profiles, target markets, market understanding, limited budgets, mass market, niche markets, service breadth, data utilization, market expansion, consumer enrichment, product variety, eclectic tastes, online services, information discovery, data mining, information flow, individual profiles, targeted advertising, Facebook, ads personalization, IAB Report, economic value, internet ecosystem personal data, advertising, consumer benefits, demographics, personal profiles, market targeting, business services, market understanding, company budgets, mass market, niche markets, service breadth, data utilization, online services, information channels, data mining, individual profiles, targeted ads, Facebook, ad ecosystem, economic value, IAB report personal data, advertising, consumer benefits, targeted demographics, personal profiles, market targeting, budget constraints, niche markets, service expansion, consumer enrichment, online proliferation, information flow, individual profiles, data mining, Facebook ads, targeted advertising, economic value, internet ecosystem personal data, advertising, consumer benefits, demographics, personal profiles, businesses, target markets, market understanding, limited budgets, mass market, niche markets, services expansion, marketable products, eclectic tastes, online proliferation, information discovery, data mining, information flow, individual profiles, targeted ads, Facebook, ad personalization, IAB Report, economic value, internet ecosystem personal data, targeted advertising, consumer benefits, demographics, personal profiles, market targeting, niche markets, service expansion, data mining, online services, information channels, individual profiles, Facebook ads, economic value, IAB Report, advertising ecosystem
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro01a	Labour standards are necessary to protect basic human rights  Labour and business standards are a cornerstone of agreement on universal human rights between various international actors and so it is right that they should be linked to aid. In 1998 the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work were adopted and are considered binding on all members regardless of whether they have ratified the conventions. [1] The business and labour regulations protect the basic worker rights and improve job security through demanding the elimination of discrimination and empower workers through the recognition of “freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining” [2] like in those in developed western countries. This then provides a minimum standard and aid should only be given to those that ensure those minimum standards they have signed up. It would also help compliance to prioritise those who go further in their protections of labour when it comes to receiving aid. It should be remembered that there has been general acceptance of international labour standards not just for human rights reasons but also because having minimum standards is beneficial economically – for example a 40 hour working week is more productive per hour than a 60 hour week. [3]  [1] the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, ‘About the Declaration’, International Labour Organisation,   [2] ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up, Adopted by the International Labour Conference at its Eighty-sixth Session, Geneva, 18 June 1998 (Annex revised 15 June 2010),   [3] Robinson, Sara, ‘Bring back the 40-hour work week’, Salon, 14 March 2012, labour standards, human rights, business standards, international actors, aid, ILO Declaration, Fundamental Principles, Rights at Work, worker rights, job security, discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, developed western countries, minimum standards, compliance, economic benefits, 40-hour work week, productivity, 60-hour work week labour standards, human rights, business standards, international actors, aid, ILO Declaration, fundamental principles, rights at work, worker rights, job security, discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, developed western countries, minimum standards, compliance, productivity, 40-hour work week, 60-hour work week, economic benefits, international labour standards labour standards, human rights, business standards, international actors, aid, ILO Declaration, Fundamental Principles, Rights at Work, binding, member states, conventions, worker rights, job security, discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, developed countries, minimum standards, compliance, international labour standards, economic benefits, productivity, 40-hour work week, 60-hour work week labour standards, human rights, international actors, ILO Declaration, Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, business standards, worker rights, job security, discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, developed western countries, minimum standards, aid, compliance, international labour standards, economic benefits, 40 hour work week, productivity labour standards, human rights, business standards, international actors, ILO Declaration, Fundamental Principles, Rights at Work, worker rights, job security, discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, aid, compliance, minimum standards, economic benefits, 40-hour work week, productivity
test-economy-epiasghbf-con01a	The double burden  Despite a feminising labour market there has been no convergence, or equalisation, in unpaid domestic and care work. Women still play key roles in working the reproductive sphere and family care; therefore labour-force participation increases the overall burden placed on women. The burden is placed on time, physical, and mental demands.  We need to recognise the anxieties and burdens women face of being the bread-winner, as survival is becoming ‘feminised’ (Sassen, 2002). Additionally, women have always accounted for a significant proportion of the labour market - although their work has not been recognised. Therefore to what extent can we claim increased labour force participation is empowering when it is only just being recognised? double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time burden, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women's empowerment, gender equality, work-life balance, Sassen 2002 double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women empowerment, gender equality, work-life balance double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women empowerment, Sassen 2002, gender equality, work-life balance, societal expectations, women's roles, economic participation, gendered division of labor double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminisation of survival, labour market recognition, female empowerment, gender equality, work-life balance, Sassen 2002, women's roles, economic participation, social recognition, gender empowerment paradox double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women's empowerment, gender equality, Sassen 2002
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro01a	The foetus feels pain  Partial-birth abortion is disgusting. Like all abortions, it involves the killing of an unborn child, but unlike first trimester abortions there is no doubt that the foetus can feel pain by the third trimester. [1] The procedure involves sticking a pair of scissors into a baby’s brain, enlarging the hole, sucking the brain out with a catheter and then crushing the skull. It is entirely unacceptable to do this to a living human being. Psychological damage to the mother as a result of rape or teenage pregnancy or depression is in the end less significant than the physical damage - death - caused to the child.  [1] Lee, Susan J., et al., ‘Fetal Pain, A Systematic Multidisciplinary Review of the Evidence’, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol 294 (8), 2005, foetus pain, partial-birth abortion, third trimester, unborn child, scissors brain, catheter, skull crushing, unacceptable, living human, psychological damage, rape, teenage pregnancy, depression, physical damage, death, fetal pain, systematic review, American Medical Association foetus, pain, partial-birth, abortion, killing, unborn, child, third, trimester, scissors, brain, catheter, skull, unacceptable, living, human, psychological, damage, mother, rape, teenage, pregnancy, depression, physical, death, Lee, Susan, J., fetal, systematic, multidisciplinary, review, evidence, American, Medical, Association, 2005 foetus, pain, partial-birth, abortion, unborn, child, third, trimester, scissors, brain, catheter, skull, unacceptable, living, human, psychological, damage, mother, rape, teenage, pregnancy, depression, physical, death, Lee, Susan, J., fetal, pain, systematic, multidisciplinary, review, evidence, Journal, American, Medical, Association foetus, pain, partial-birth, abortion, unborn, child, third, trimester, scissors, brain, catheter, skull, living, human, psychological, damage, mother, rape, teenage, pregnancy, depression, physical, death, Lee, Susan, J, fetal, systematic, multidisciplinary, review, evidence, Journal, American, Medical, Association foetus, pain, partial-birth, abortion, unborn, child, third, trimester, scissors, brain, catheter, skull, unacceptable, living, human, psychological, damage, mother, rape, teenage, pregnancy, depression, physical, death, Lee, Susan, J., fetal, pain, multidisciplinary, review, evidence, JAMA, 2005
test-international-segiahbarr-pro04a	Greater Access to Technology  Proponents of this view claim that the traditional image of ‘Dark Africa’ is becoming outdated in the light of greater access to technology. Due to poor infrastructure, mobile communications have had a transformative impact on African life. In the past decade there has been a notable increase in mobile phone ownership, with the trend set to continue. There are over 600 million mobile phone users in Africa, which is more than in North America and Europe [1] . Mobile phones allow the use of services such as agro-info and mobile banking to further their businesses. It is thought that by 2017, 30% of households will have a television in their house. Household technologies becoming more available have gone hand in hand with the development of more sophisticated farming and industrial techniques. A recent Pan-African project designed at improving legume technology and enrich low-nitrogen soils has made it possible for farmers to increase their yields and has reached 250,000 smallholder farmers so far [2] .  [1] The Economist, ‘The hopeful continent’, 2011  [2] Abuje, ‘Putting biological nitrogen fixation to work for smallholder farmers’, 2011 Greater Access to Technology, Dark Africa, Outdated View, Mobile Communications, Transformative Impact, African Life, Mobile Phone Ownership, Agro-Info, Mobile Banking, Television Ownership, Household Technologies, Sophisticated Farming, Industrial Techniques, Pan-African Project, Legume Technology, Low-Nitrogen Soils, Yield Increase, Smallholder Farmers Greater Access, Technology, Dark Africa, Outdated, Mobile Communications, Transformative Impact, African Life, Mobile Phone Ownership, Increasing Trend, 600 Million Users, North America, Europe, Mobile Phones, Agro-Info, Mobile Banking, Business Development, Television Ownership, Household Technologies, Sophisticated Farming, Industrial Techniques, Pan-African Project, Legume Technology, Low-Nitrogen Soils, Increased Yields, Smallholder Farmers, The Economist, Hopeful Continent, Abuje, Biological Nitrogen Fixation technology, Africa, mobile communications, infrastructure, mobile phone ownership, agro-info, mobile banking, television, household technologies, farming techniques, industrial techniques, legume technology, biological nitrogen fixation, smallholder farmers, Pan-African project, yields, development, transformative impact, Dark Africa, outdated, The Economist, Abuje Greater Access, Technology, Dark Africa, Outdated, Poor Infrastructure, Mobile Communications, Transformative Impact, African Life, Mobile Phone Ownership, Trend Continuation, 600 Million Users, North America, Europe, Agro-Info, Mobile Banking, Business Expansion, 2017, 30% Households, Television, Household Technologies, Sophisticated Farming, Industrial Techniques, Pan-African Project, Legume Technology, Low-Nitrogen Soils, Increase Yields, Smallholder Farmers, The Economist, Hopeful Continent, Abuje, Biological Nitrogen Fixation Greater Access, Technology, Dark Africa, Outdated, Poor Infrastructure, Mobile Communications, Transformative Impact, African Life, Mobile Phone Ownership, Trend, 600 Million, Mobile Phone Users, North America, Europe, Services, Agro-info, Mobile Banking, Businesses, 2017, Television, Households, Household Technologies, Sophisticated Farming, Industrial Techniques, Pan-African Project, Legume Technology, Low-Nitrogen Soils, Increase Yields, Smallholder Farmers, The Economist, Hopeful Continent, Abuje, Biological Nitrogen Fixation
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con02a	Government should focus on the most needy  A primary responsibility of the government is for reducing inequality and ensuring that everyone has a basic living standard. A basic living standard includes food. As a result providing breakfasts should be for those who are most in need of a helping hand from government. Those who are wealthier and can afford their own breakfast do not need this help so any such breakfast policy should be means tested to only apply to those who need it. This is the case with the United States School Breakfast Program. government, needy, inequality, basic living standard, food, breakfasts, helping hand, means tested, United States School Breakfast Program government, focus, needy, responsibility, reducing, inequality, ensuring, everyone, basic, living, standard, food, providing, breakfasts, helping, hand, wealthier, afford, means, tested, policy, United, States, School, Breakfast, Program government, focus, needy, primary, responsibility, reducing, inequality, basic, living, standard, food, providing, breakfasts, wealthier, afford, help, means, tested, policy, United, States, School, Breakfast, Program government, needy, inequality, basic, living, standard, food, breakfast, policy, means, tested, united, states, school, program government, focus, needy, responsibility, reducing, inequality, ensuring, basic, living, standard, food, providing, breakfasts, helping, hand, wealthier, afford, means, tested, policy, United, States, School, Breakfast, Program
test-health-dhghhbampt-pro02a	Although there are many accounts of the efficacy of alternative cancer treatments, not one has been demonstrated to work in a clinical trial  The National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines has spent over $2.5bn on research since 1992. The Dutch government funded research between 1996 and 2003. Alternative therapies have been tested in mainstream medical journals and elsewhere. Not only have thousands of research exercises failed to prove the medical benefit ”alternative” treatments for severe and terminal diseases, serious peer-reviewed studies have routinely disproved them.  It’s all well and good to pick at mistakes in individual studies. Indeed, this tactic often forms the mainstay of pleas for legitimacy made by members of the alternative medical community. However, the odds against such consistently negative results would be extraordinary.  By contrast, conventional medicine only prescribes medicines and treatments that are proven, and vigorously proven, to work. alternative cancer treatments, clinical trials, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, Dutch government research, mainstream medical journals, peer-reviewed studies, conventional medicine, treatment efficacy, research funding, medical legitimacy, negative results, treatment proofs alternative cancer treatments, clinical trials, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, Dutch government funding, research, mainstream medical journals, peer-reviewed studies, disproved, severe and terminal diseases, conventional medicine, proven treatments, legitimacy pleas, research exercises, medical benefit, negative results, odds, alternative medical community, mistakes in studies alternative cancer treatments, clinical trials, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, Dutch government research, mainstream medical journals, peer-reviewed studies, research exercises, medical benefit, severe and terminal diseases, alternative medical community, conventional medicine, proven treatments alternative cancer treatments, clinical trials, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, research funding, Dutch government, mainstream medical journals, peer-reviewed studies, medical benefits, terminal diseases, conventional medicine, treatment efficacy, scientific proof, legitimacy, individual studies, consistently negative results, proven treatments alternative cancer treatments, clinical trials, efficacy, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, Dutch government, research funding, mainstream medical journals, peer-reviewed studies, disproved, conventional medicine, proven treatments, legitimacy, negative results, research exercises, medical benefit, severe and terminal diseases, alternative therapies, mistakes in studies, odds against results, vigorous proof, prescribed medicines
test-international-gmehwasr-pro04a	Would balance the support for Syrian government  Syria's government has been receiving outside support from a variety of sources; Russia and Iran being the most prominent. Iran has been training the Jaysh al- Shabi, a Syrian government-controlled force modelled on Iran's Basij militia. Far from just providing weapons, both Iran and Hezbollah from Lebanon have been sending fighters to support the Syrian government. [1] The rebels have received some support for Qatar and Saudi Arabia but not to the extent the Syrian government has. Anyone with an interest in the free Syrian cause should realise that they cannot do so simply by sitting on their hands expecting a victory when those doing the fighting are only provided diplomatic support.  [1] Doran, Michael, and Shaikh, Salman, ‘Arm the Syrian Rebels. Now’. Foreign Policy, 8 February 2013 Syria, government, support, Russia, Iran, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij, Hezbollah, Lebanon, rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic, Free Syrian, conflict, foreign policy, military aid, intervention, arms, international relations Syria, government, support, Russia, Iran, Jaysh al-Shabi, militia, Basij, Hezbollah, Lebanon, fighters, weapons, rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic, Free Syrian cause, conflict, intervention, Doran, Michael, Shaikh, Salman, Foreign Policy, 2013 Syria, government, support, Russia, Iran, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij, Hezbollah, Lebanon, fighters, rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic, free Syrian cause, Doran, Shaikh, Foreign Policy, arm, rebels, conflict, international involvement, military aid Syria, government, support, Russia, Iran, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij, Hezbollah, Lebanon, rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic, free Syrian cause, conflict, military aid, international relations, Middle East, warfare, strategy, foreign policy Syrian government, Russia, Iran, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij militia, Hezbollah, Lebanon, fighters, rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic support, Free Syrian cause, arm the Syrian rebels
test-international-ipecfiepg-pro03a	"A Greek default would increase stability for the rest of the Eurozone  A Greek exit from the ‘Eurozone does not mean the end of the euro. It will, instead, mark a new beginning. Germany has a long and proud tradition of currency strength, but it could not cope with going back to the deutschmark because it would rocket in value and destroy the country's competitiveness. Some 97% of the Eurozone's population will continue to use the single currency and their leaders will circle the policy wagons to protect what is left.’ [`] A Greek default and departure from the Eurozone would decrease uncertainty and fear within the rest of the Eurozone. This, in turn is likely to attract higher levels of investment and transactions across Eurozone members.  [1] Parsons, Nick: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Eurozone future, euro currency, Germany, deutschmark, Eurozone competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, Eurozone leaders, policy protection, Eurozone uncertainty, investment attraction, Eurozone transactions, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, Nick Parsons, The Guardian Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Eurozone future, euro currency, new beginning, Germany, currency strength, deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, uncertainty reduction, investment increase, Eurozone transactions, Parsons Nick, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, single currency离开, 2012年5月14日, Guardian报纸  Note: The last two keywords ""single currency离开"" and ""2012年5月14日, Guardian报纸"" were translated incorrectly. The correct keywords should be ""Greece leaves single currency"" and ""May 14 Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Euro survival, new beginning, German currency strength, Deutschmark valuation, competitiveness impact, Eurozone population, single currency usage, policy protection, decreased uncertainty, Eurozone investment, transactions increase, Parsons Nick, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, single currency, The Guardian Greek default, Eurozone stability, Eurozone exit, Euro continuation, Germany currency, Deutschmark value, Eurozone competitiveness, Eurozone investment, Eurozone transactions, Eurozone uncertainty, Eurozone fear, Eurozone crisis, Greece leave single currency, Nick Parsons, The Guardian, 2012 Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Eurozone end, new beginning, Germany, currency strength, deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, default decrease uncertainty, investment increase, Eurozone transactions, Parsons Nick, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves currency"
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro04a	Being a performer can make the child physically vulnerable  Children involved at a professional level in sports are at a higher risk than their peers of physical problems like breaking bones. In some cases, these physical problems can be fatal; e.g., Julissa Gomez, who died from complications of a vaulting injury contracted when she was 15 in warm-ups for a gymnastics competition. [1]  Even in careers like acting and dancing there are risks for child performers. Actors and dancers are usually encouraged to stay thin, often to an unhealthy degree. Because children are particularly vulnerable, they are more susceptible to the perils of over-exercising for athletes and eating disorders for performers. It has been found, for example, that girls who dance in their childhood are more likely than their peers to develop anorexia nervosa in later life. [2] Lena Zavaroni, the childhood winner of ‘opportunity knocks’ in the 1970’s, struggled with eating disorders for all of her life and died aged 34.  With the damage eating disorders can do to a person’s body, it should be illegal to expose children to such risks.  [1] Hoffman, ‘Obituaries’  [2] BBC News, ‘Anorexia linked to child dancers’ child performers, physical vulnerability, sports injuries, fatal injuries, Julissa Gomez, gymnastics, acting, dancing, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, Lena Zavaroni, over-exercising, unhealthy weight, child safety, legal regulations, performance risks, childhood careers, anorexia in dancers, opportunity knocks, health risks, child exploitation, performer health, youth sports, professional child athletes, performer health risks, child protection laws performer, child, vulnerability, physical, sports, professional, risk, injuries, fatal, Julissa Gomez, gymnastics, acting, dancing, thin, unhealthy, over-exercising, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, Lena Zavaroni, opportunity knocks, body damage, illegal, exposure, risks child performers, physical vulnerability, sports injuries, fatal injuries, gymnastics, Julissa Gomez, acting, dancing, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, over-exercising, Lena Zavaroni, childhood performers, illegal exposure, health risks performer, child, vulnerability, physical, risks, sports, injuries, fatal, gymnastics, Julissa Gomez, acting, dancing, thin, unhealthy, over-exercising, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, Lena Zavaroni, opportunity knocks, body damage, illegal, exposure, risks, BBC News, Hoffman Obituaries performer, child, physically vulnerable, professional sports, physical problems, breaking bones, fatal, Julissa Gomez, vaulting injury, acting, dancing, risks, child performers, encouraged, thin, unhealthy, over-exercising, athletes, eating disorders, performers, girls, dance, childhood, anorexia nervosa, Lena Zavaroni, opportunity knocks, 1970s, struggled, died, age 34, body, illegal, expose, risks
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con01a	A UN standing army would not be cost-effective.  The cost of such an army would be very high, especially if it were to include purchase of air and sea transport to reach theatres of operation, added to the high costs of permanent establishment and training, and equipping the force for every possible type of terrain. State armed forces have the advantage of preparing for specific battles with specific enemies. Any UN standing force would be forced by its very nature to prepare for every enemy, in every environment. Such a scope is neither desirable nor easy to overcome without great expense and large numbers. At present, the UN model is preferable; it can draw upon different kind of troops for different kinds of missions from whatever member states feel best equipped to deal with a particular situation. UN standing army, cost-effectiveness, air transport, sea transport, permanent establishment, training, equipping force, specific battles, specific enemies, every enemy, every environment, great expense, large numbers, UN model, different troops, different missions, member states, particular situation UN standing army, cost-effectiveness, air and sea transport, permanent establishment, training, equipping force, terrain adaptability, state armed forces, specific battles, specific enemies, every enemy, every environment, expense, large numbers, UN model, different troops, different missions, member states, best equipped UN standing army, cost-effectiveness, air transport, sea transport, permanent establishment, training, equipping, specific battles, specific enemies, every enemy, every environment, great expense, large numbers, UN model, different troops, different missions, member states, particular situation UN, standing army, cost-effective, high cost, air transport, sea transport, permanent establishment, training, equipping, terrain, state armed forces, specific battles, specific enemies, every enemy, every environment, large numbers, UN model, different troops, member states, particular situation UN, standing army, cost-effective, air transport, sea transport, permanent establishment, training, equipping, terrain, state armed forces, specific battles, specific enemies, prepare, every enemy, every environment, expense, large numbers, UN model, draw troops, member states, missions, equipped, situation
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro01a	Transparency is a good in and of itself  The most essential commodity within a state is trust. Trust is essential in all sorts of aspect of our lives; we trust that the paper money we have is actually worth more than a scrap of paper, that doctors performing surgery know what they are doing, that we won't be attacked in the street, and that the government is looking after our interests. In order to create that trust there needs to be transparency so that we know that our institutions are trustworthy. It is the ability to check the facts and the accountability that comes with transparency that creates trust. And this in turn is what makes them legitimate. [1]  The need for trust applies just as much to security as any other walk of life. Citizens need to trust that the security services really are keeping them safe, are spending taxpayers’ money wisely, and are acting in a fashion that is a credit to the country. Unfortunately if there is not transparency there is no way of knowing if this is the case and so often the intelligence services have turned out to be an embarrassment. As has been the case with the CIA and it’s the use of torture following 9/11, for which there are still calls for transparency on past actions. [2]  [1] Ankersmit, Laurens, ‘The Irony of the international relations exception in the transparency regulation’, European Law Blog, 20 March 2013  [2] Traub, James, ‘Out With It’, Foreign Policy, 10 May 2013 Transparency, Trust, State, Institutions, Accountability, Security, Intelligence, CIA, Torture, Taxpayers, Legitimacy, Ankersmit, Traub, Foreign Policy, European Law Blog, International Relations, 9/11 transparency, trust, state, institutions, accountability, security, intelligence, services, taxpayers, money, doctors, surgery, government, legitimacy, irony, international, relations, CIA, torture, 9/11, Foreign Policy, European Law Blog transparency, trust, state, institutions, accountability, security, citizens, intelligence, services, taxpayers, legitimacy, irony, international, relations, exception, regulation, CIA, torture, 9/11, embarrassment, calls, actions, European, Law, Blog, Foreign, Policy, Ankersmit, Laurens, Traub, James transparency, trust, state, accountability, legitimacy, security, intelligence, services, taxpayers, money, healthcare, safety, government, interests, facts, embarrassment, CIA, torture, 9/11, international, relations, regulation, European, law, foreign, policy transparency, trust, state, institutions, accountability, legitimacy, security, intelligence, services, taxpayers, CIA, torture, 9/11, embarrassment, Foreign Policy, European Law Blog, Ankersmit, Traub
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-pro03a	"Rounds of sanctions and engagement does not bring a solution any closer  The responses to North Korean provocations do not bring a solution any closer. North Korea has yet to sign a peace treaty with the South and the United States. It is however particularly interested in signing a treaty with the United States rather than the South. In 2010 the North Korean foreign ministry proposed that ""If confidence is to be built between [North Korea] and the US, it is essential to conclude a peace treaty for terminating the state of war, a root cause of the hostile relations, to begin with"". [1] The North wants a peace treaty with the US so as to drive a wedge between the USA and South Korea to prevent US support for the South in the event of war. [2] Ignoring such efforts at negotiating with the USA without South Korea in the room, and indeed all advances and provocations would force the North to accept that it has to negotiate with the south or with no one. Ignoring North Korean actions and reducing the number of allies negotiating while maintaining security guarantees prevents any chance of the North dividing the USA and South Korea.  [1] Walker, Peter, ‘North Korea calls for peace treaty with US’, guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2010,   [2] Cheon, Seongwhun, ‘Negotiating with South Korea and the I.S.: North Korea’s Strategy and Objectives’, International Journal for Korean Studies, Vol XVI No 1, Spring 2012,  p.153 sanctions, engagement, North Korean provocations, peace treaty, South Korea, United States, confidence-building, state of war, hostile relations, USA-South Korea alliance, negotiation strategy, security guarantees, international relations, Korean peninsula, diplomatic negotiations sanctions, engagement, North Korean provocations, peace treaty, South Korea, United States, confidence building, state of war, hostile relations, US support, negotiations, security guarantees, dividing allies, North Korea strategy, negotiation objectives sanctions, engagement, North Korean provocations, peace treaty, South Korea, United States, confidence building, state of war, hostile relations, USA-South Korea alliance, negotiating strategy, security guarantees, North Korea's objectives, international relations, diplomatic negotiations sanctions, engagement, North Korea, provocations, peace treaty, United States, South Korea, negotiation, confidence building, hostile relations, security guarantees, ally division, international relations, diplomatic strategy sanctions, engagement, North Korean provocations, peace treaty, South Korea, United States, confidence building, state of war, hostile relations, negotiating, security guarantees, alliance division, diplomatic strategy, international relations, Korean peninsula, nuclear disarmament, bilateral negotiations, multilateral talks, geopolitical tensions, regional security"
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-con04a	There is nothing legal or sacred about the West Bank’s borders – it was an ad-hoc armistice line never recognized internationally  The West Bank is not some sort of recognized entity with legally or internationally recognized boundaries. Its borders were the 1948 cease-fire line between Israeli and Jordanian forces, and Jordan’s annexation of the region, and hence the borders were only recognized by two countries – the United Kingdom and Pakistan. [1]  This is important, because the entire challenge to the legality of the settlements, i.e. Why they are unacceptable in Hebron but not in the Negev, is due to the belief that Israel is somehow annexing Palestinian territory. While some of the West Bank was intended to be part of a Palestinian state in 1948, and some will be incorporated into a new one in the future, Israel is under no responsibility to the international community or any comprehension of International law to recognize boundaries that have no legal force and do not legally exist.  [1] ‘Jordan Renounced Claims to West Bank, 1988’, Palestine Facts, West Bank, borders, legal, international, recognition, 1948, cease-fire, Israel, Jordan, annexation, United Kingdom, Pakistan, settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian state, International law, Jordan Renounced Claims, Palestine Facts West Bank, borders, legal, internationally recognized, 1948 cease-fire, Jordan, annexation, settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian state, International law, Jordan renounced claims, 1988, Palestine Facts West Bank, borders, legal, international recognition, 1948 cease-fire, Jordan, annexation, United Kingdom, Pakistan, settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian territory, 1948, Palestinian state, Israel, international law, Jordan Renounced Claims, Palestine Facts West Bank, borders, international law, legality, settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian state, Jordan, annexation, United Kingdom, Pakistan, 1948 cease-fire, Palestine Facts, Israel, responsibility, international community, armistice line West Bank, borders, legal, international, recognition, 1948, cease-fire, Israeli, Jordanian, forces, Jordan, annexation, United Kingdom, Pakistan, settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian, territory, International Law, 1988, Palestine Facts, challenge, legality, Palestinian state
test-economy-epiasghbf-con02a	Women need alternatives for empowerment  Empowerment cannot be gained for women through employment, alternatives are required. A gender lens needs to be applied to women’s life course from the start. To tackle the discriminatory causes of gender inequality access to sexual and reproductive health rights is required for women. Access to such rights ensures women in Africa will be able to control their body, go to school, and choose the type of employment they wish to enter into.  The importance of enabling sexual and reproductive health rights for women is being put on the agenda for Africa [1] . There is a lot to be done beyond workforce participation - ending violence against women, promoting equal access to resources, opportunities and participation. Such features will reinforce women’s labour market participation, but in the jobs they want.  [1] See further readings: Chissano, 2013; Puri, 2013. women, empowerment, alternatives, gender, lens, life, course, gender, inequality, sexual, reproductive, health, rights, control, body, education, employment, Africa, violence, resources, opportunities, participation, labour, market, jobs, Chissano, 2013, Puri, 2013 women, empowerment, alternatives, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, Africa, body control, education, employment choice, violence against women, equal access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour market, job preference, Chissano, Puri women empowerment, gender equality, sexual reproductive health rights, Africa, violence against women, equal access resources, workforce participation, gender lens, life course, employment alternatives, reproductive rights, education, job choice, labor market, gender discrimination, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013 women empowerment, alternatives, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, body control, education, employment choice, Africa, violence against women, equal access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour market, job preference women, empowerment, alternatives, gender, inequality, sexual, reproductive, health, rights, Africa, control, body, education, employment, violence, resources, opportunities, participation, labor, market, jobs, Chissano, 2013, Puri, 2013
test-international-atiahblit-pro02a	Teacher training  Investment is required in teacher training to ensure quality control. Teachers need to be provided with qualifications and effective training both technical and theoretical. Teachers need to be introduced to methods on how to interact with students, provoke student debates, and manage large classes. In-service training and pre-teaching training are key.  Countries such as Uganda and Angola [1] have utilised on the job training for teachers, with positive results for teaching quality. In Uganda initiatives, such as INSSTEP [2] , provided capacity training to teachers and headteachers. 14,000 secondary school teachers participated between 1994-1999, followed by school inspections to monitor capacity. The ‘mobile-caravan’ approach is making it easier, more feasible, and flexible, to provide training [3] .  Additionally, investors and national governments need to provide Model schools, indicating what responsibilities teachers have and enabling knowledge transfer. Model schools can assist in alleviating work pressures for teachers by showing their terms of contract, duties and obligations. Increasingly teachers are expected to fulfil the role of carer, counsellor, and advisers on HIV/AIDs without relevant training.  [1] See further readings: World Bank, 2013.  [2] In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project.  [3] See further readings: World Bank, 2013. teacher training, investment, quality control, qualifications, technical training, theoretical training, student interaction, student debates, class management, in-service training, pre-teaching training, on-the-job training, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, capacity training, headteachers, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, model schools, knowledge transfer, work pressures, teacher responsibilities, carer role, counsellor role, HIV/AIDS training, World Bank, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project teacher training, investment, quality control, qualifications, technical training, theoretical training, student interaction, student debates, class management, in-service training, pre-service training, on-the-job training, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, capacity building, secondary school teachers, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, model schools, teacher responsibilities, knowledge transfer, work pressures, teacher roles, carer, counsellor, HIV/AIDS, World Bank, 2013, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project teacher training, investment, quality control, qualifications, technical training, theoretical training, student interaction, student debates, class management, in-service training, pre-teaching training, on-the-job training, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, capacity building, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, model schools, knowledge transfer, work pressures, teachers' responsibilities, carer role, counsellor role, HIV/AIDS education, World Bank, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project teacher training, investment, quality control, qualifications, technical training, theoretical training, interaction methods, student debates, class management, in-service training, pre-teaching training, on-the-job training, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, capacity training, headteachers, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, model schools, responsibilities, knowledge transfer, work pressures, carer role, counsellor role, HIV/AIDS advisers, World Bank, 2013, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project teacher training, investment, quality control, qualifications, technical training, theoretical training, student interaction, student debates, class management, in-service training, pre-teaching training, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, capacity training, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, model schools, knowledge transfer, teacher responsibilities, work pressures, carer role, counsellor role, HIV/AIDS training, World Bank, 2013, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project
test-society-simhbrasnba-pro03a	The system is open to abuse  It is extremely difficult to tell if someone is a genuine asylum seeker or not; for obvious reasons many will have little or no documentation, and all the evidence that they have suffered persecution may be in a faraway country and impossible to obtain. In many cases it may be impossible to prove that the person claiming asylum is even from the country that they claim to be from.  Asylum decisions are therefore based largely on a judgement call by the investigating officer on whether they thing the person in front of them is being truthful or not – that leaves the system open to motivated people who are economic migrants or may even pose a security threat. asylum, abuse, documentation, persecution, evidence, judgement, economic migrants, security threat, investigating officer, truthfulness, system vulnerability, migration policy, refugee status, credibility assessment asylum, abuse, system, documentation, persecution, evidence, country, judgement, officer, truthfulness, economic, migrants, security, threat asylum, abuse, genuine, seeker, documentation, persecution, evidence, country, prove, identity, decision, judgement, officer, truthful, economic, migrant, security, threat, investigation, migration, refugee, falsification, vulnerability asylum, abuse, documentation, persecution, evidence, judgement, economic, migrants, security, threat, genuine, seeker, decision, officer, truthful, system, open, difficult, faraway, country, impossible, prove, claiming, nationality asylum, abuse, documentation, persecution, evidence, judgement, economic migrants, security threat, investigating officer, genuine seeker, open system, decision-making, legal framework, migration policy, humanitarian protection, refugee status, international law, border control, immigration, resettlement
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con03a	Sports shooting is a safe activity  Shooting is sport enjoyed by many law-abiding people, both in gun clubs with purpose-built ranges and as a field sport. These people have the right to continue with their chosen leisure pursuit, on which they have spent large amounts of money – an investment the government would effectively be confiscating if their guns were confiscated. sports shooting, safe activity, law-abiding people, gun clubs, purpose-built ranges, field sport, leisure pursuit, investment, government confiscation, right to continue sports shooting, safe activity, law-abiding people, gun clubs, purpose-built ranges, field sport, leisure pursuit, financial investment, government confiscation, right to continue sports shooting, safe activity, law-abiding people, gun clubs, purpose-built ranges, field sport, leisure pursuit, investment, government confiscation, firearms regulation, shooting rights, recreational shooting, sport shooting safety, gun ownership, shooting sports, legal gun use, range shooting, field shooting,射击运动, 安全活动, 合法持枪者, 枪械俱乐部, 专用射击场, 野外射击, 休闲活动, 投入, 政府没收, 枪支管理, 射击权利, 休闲射击, 射击运动安全, 持枪权, sports shooting, safe activity, law-abiding people, gun clubs, purpose-built ranges, field sport, leisure pursuit, investment, government confiscation, gun rights sports shooting, safe activity, law-abiding people, gun clubs, purpose-built ranges, field sport, leisure pursuit, investment, government confiscation, guns
test-education-egscphsrdt-pro01a	Prevent drug use  There is a clear and present problem with drug use among children and teenagers in many countries. According to the UK Department of Health, in 2002-2003 38% of 15 year olds had used illegal drugs, as had 8% of 11 year olds [1] . The fact that all of these children would have been in schools at the age of 15 shows that current policies of targeting the supply train of drugs (for example by arresting drug dealers and intercepting drug shipments) is failing to protect children. Therefore a more direct approach that intervenes at the point of consumption is needed, most crucially for children and teenagers, as their years in education are crucial for both their personal development and their realization of their future education and employment potential.  Drug use at a young age may lead to lifelong use and addiction. Random drug testing in schools will allow for vulnerable children's drug problems to be discovered, and assist the state in getting them the help they need to get off drugs. Random testing is especially valuable in this scenario because many infant and teenage drug users will try to disguise their drug use from parents and teachers and so avoid detection through avoiding suspicion, a tactic which will prove of no use against random drug tests which will likely affect all students at one point or another. It should also deter many students from starting taking drugs in the first place as the prospect of them being caught becomes far more likely, as they know disguising their drug use will be of no use.  [1] Department of Health. “Statistics on young people and drug misuse: England, 2003”. drug use, prevention, children, teenagers, schools, random drug testing, addiction, policy, intervention, education, employment, health statistics, drug misuse, deterrence, detection, parental involvement, teacher involvement, youth health, public health, substance abuse, intervention programs, drug supply reduction drug use, prevention, children, teenagers, education, policy, supply reduction, consumption intervention, random drug testing, schools, addiction, personal development, employment potential, detection, deterrence, parental awareness, teacher awareness, statistics, UK Department of Health, young people, drug misuse prevent drug use, drug use children, teenagers drug use, UK Department of Health, illegal drugs, school policies, drug dealers, drug shipments, personal development, future education, employment potential, lifelong addiction, random drug testing, vulnerable children, drug problems, parents, teachers, disguise drug use, deter students, drug misuse statistics, England preventing drug use, children, teenagers, drug misuse, UK Department of Health, illegal drugs, drug policies, drug testing in schools, intervention, personal development, education potential, employment potential, drug addiction, random drug testing, detection, deterrence, parental awareness, teacher awareness, drug dealers, supply train interception prevent drug use, children, teenagers, UK Department of Health, illegal drugs, school policies, drug dealers, drug shipments, consumption intervention, personal development, future education, employment potential, lifelong addiction, random drug testing, vulnerable children, drug problems, detection, parent avoidance, teacher avoidance, suspicion, deterrence, drug misuse statistics, England
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro03a	Endangered animals are a source of pride for African countries  Endangered animals warrant a tougher degree of protection in Africa as they have notable cultural significance. Some groups believe that African elephants have mystic powers attached to them and have coveted them for centuries. [1] African lions have been depicted on the coat of arms for states and institutions both past and present. [2] They are intrinsically linked with Africa’s past and its identity. The extinction of these animals, therefore, would have a negative cultural impact and should be prevented.  [1] University of California, Los Angeles, ‘Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture’  [2] Coleman, Q. ‘The importance of African lions’ endangered animals, African pride, cultural significance, protection, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa's past, identity, extinction, cultural impact, UCLA, elephant ivory, African culture, Q. Coleman endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, negative cultural impact, UCLA, elephant ivory, African culture, Q. Coleman African animals, endangered species, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, African identity, extinction prevention, wildlife protection, UCLA, African culture, ivory, Q. Coleman, animal symbolism Endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, cultural impact, extinction prevention, UCLA, elephant ivory, African culture, Q. Coleman, African lions importance Endangered animals, African countries, pride, cultural significance, mystic powers, African elephants, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, prevention, UCLA, elephant ivory, African culture, Q. Coleman
test-education-tuhwastua-pro04a	Standardized tests exaggerate small differences in performance  Most tests were designed in an earlier era when far fewer students took them. The large number of students who now take tests like the SATs results in a situation in which the scoring scale magnifies small differences in performance into large differences in scores. Two questions wrong out of 80 on the math section of the SAT may well produce a score of 760 while three questions wrong will result in a 720. 40 points can mean difference between admission and rejection for many candidates, while telling us nothing about the different abilities of the students involved. Indeed on average for 88% of applicants their SAT score will predict their final college grade rank no more accurately than a pair of dice. [1]  [1] Elert, Glenn, ‘The SAT Aptitude of Demographics?’, 5 May 1992, standardized tests, SAT, performance differences, scoring scale, admission, rejection, college grade rank, prediction accuracy, Elert Glenn, SAT aptitude, demographics standardized tests, SAT, score differences, performance differences, test design, student population, college admission, score prediction, college grades, Elert Glenn, SAT criticism, test accuracy, demographic impact, educational assessment, scoring scale impact standardized tests, SAT, performance differences, scoring scale, magnification, small differences, large differences, admission rejection, college grade rank, prediction accuracy, dice analogy, demographics, Elert Glenn, 1992 standardized tests, SAT, performance differences, scoring scale, magnification effect, admission rejection, college grades, prediction accuracy, demographic aptitude, Elert Glenn standardized tests, SAT, performance differences, score magnification, admission criteria, college grades, prediction accuracy, Elert study, demographic factors, test design limitations
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con04a	Allowing this motion would lead to a miscarriage of justice.  This motion removes the incentive for police to conduct vigorous investigations. Given the increasing pressure on policemen and women to gain convictions [1] , this motion will mean that their best chance of obtaining those convictions is simply to accuse those whose backgrounds could feasibly lead a jury to believe that they are not only capable of crime, but have committed the crime in question. Subsequently, the real culprits may be left to go free as suspicion is routinely pointed towards those who already have a criminal record. Given that poor police investigation [2] and poor case preparation by the prosecution [3] are currently a large source of dissatisfaction with the justice system, it is important to prevent either police or the prosecution from becoming dependent on the negative records of the defendants rather than properly fulfilling their roles.  [1] Bushywood, ‘CPS - Crown Persecution Service’.  [2] The Guardian, ‘The cost of poor policing’. 11 October 2010  [3] Human Rights Watch, ‘Justice at Risk: War Crimes Trials in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia and Montenegro’, 14 October 2004, D1607. miscarriage of justice, police investigations, convictions, criminal record, poor policing, prosecution failures, justice system dissatisfaction, crown prosecution service, human rights watch, war crimes trials miscarriage of justice, police investigations, pressure on police, convictions, criminal background, jury bias, real culprits, poor police investigation, poor case preparation, prosecution, defendant records, role fulfillment, justice system dissatisfaction, Crown Prosecution Service, cost of poor policing, human rights watch, war crimes trials, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro miscarriage of justice, police investigations, conviction pressure, accusations, criminal background, jury bias, real culprits, poor investigation, prosecution dissatisfaction, crown prosecution service, cost of poor policing, human rights watch, justice at risk, war crimes trials, croatia, bosnia and herzegovina, serbia and montenegro miscarriage of justice, police investigations, conviction pressure, criminal background, jury bias, real culprits, poor policing, case preparation, prosecution inadequacies, justice system dissatisfaction, human rights, war crimes trials, legal reform motion, miscarriage of justice, police investigations, pressure on police, convictions, criminal background, jury, real culprits, poor police investigation, poor case preparation, prosecution, negative records, defendants, Crown Prosecution Service, cost of poor policing, Human Rights Watch, justice system, war crimes trials, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro
test-politics-dhwem-pro04a	PMCs attract less attention and suspicion and can carry out their role more effectively.  Mercenaries often arouse less hostility amongst civilians than soldiers fighting for national armies. In ethnic conflict they are perceived as less partisan. The fact that civilians to some extent do not connect mercenaries with a particular ideological cause, invasion or civil war makes them ideal for protecting safe areas and policing reconstruction projects. For example, PMC Global Risk Strategies successfully guarded the Green Zone in Baghdad, the sealed off section inhabited by coalition staff. As they are mercenaries they can be fighting for the national or local government of where their mission even if they have a different paymaster. PMCs, mercenaries, less suspicion, ethnic conflict, non-partisan, safe areas, policing, reconstruction, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition staff, national government, local government, different paymaster PMCs, mercenaries, attention, suspicion, effectiveness, civilian hostility, national armies, ethnic conflict, partisanship, ideological cause, safe areas, reconstruction projects, Global Risk Strategies, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition staff, different paymaster PMCs, mercenaries, attention, suspicion, role, effectiveness, civilian hostility, soldiers, national armies, ethnic conflict, partisanship, ideological cause, invasion, civil war, safe areas, policing, reconstruction projects, Global Risk Strategies, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition staff, fighting, national government, local government, paymaster PMCs, mercenaries, attention, suspicion, role effectiveness, civilian hostility, ethnic conflict, partisan perception, ideological cause, invasion, civil war, safe areas, policing, reconstruction projects, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition staff, national government, local government, paymaster PMCs, mercenaries, attention, suspicion, effectiveness, civilian hostility, ethnic conflict, partisanship, safe areas, reconstruction projects, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition staff, national government, local government, paymaster
test-philosophy-elkosmj-pro03a	Killing one person is the rational choice  The philosopher John Rawls came up with a thought experiment to discover the right way to organize a society. When people talk about how society should be organized they generally take their own situation and interests into account. Rawls asked us to imagine a situation in which we do not know anything at all about our own lives and then try to organize society? Without knowing anything about our wealth, intelligence, personality, race, gender, religion etc., we would create the fairest society. This is because without knowing who we are we have no idea where we will be in society once it has been organized. So, in order to make sure we have the best chance to be treated fairly we create a society in which all people are treated fairly. The same experiment can be applied to the train problem. If we do not know anything about who we are in the experiment we would chose to kill the one person. This is because there is a greater chance of us being one of the five people and so killing the one person gives us the best chance to survive. Killing, one, person, rational, choice, John, Rawls, thought, experiment, society, organization, fairness, unknown, identity, wealth, intelligence, personality, race, gender, religion, train, problem, survival, ethics, moral, dilemma, philosophy, justice, impartiality, utilitarianism Killing, Rational Choice, John Rawls, Thought Experiment, Organize Society, Fairness, Unknown Identity, Train Problem, Survival Probability, Ethical Dilemma, Utilitarianism, Moral Philosophy, Self-Interest, impartiality, Social Contract, Justice, Risk, Decision Making, Ethics, Trolley Problem Killing, Rational Choice, John Rawls, Thought Experiment, Fair Society, Unknown Lives, Wealth, Intelligence, Personality, Race, Gender, Religion, Train Problem, Survival Probability Killing, rational choice, John Rawls, thought experiment, organize society, fairness, unknown identity, train problem, survival, ethics, moral philosophy, utilitarianism, justice, impartiality, societal structure, hypothetical scenarios, decision making, risk assessment, human value, ethical dilemmas Killing, Rational Choice, John Rawls, Thought Experiment, Organize Society, Fair Society, Unknown Circumstances, Train Problem, Survival, Ethical Dilemma, Moral Philosophy, Utilitarianism, Self-Interest, Fairness, Justice
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro03a	Neo-functionalism - liberal theory of regional integration  Neo-functionalism is an example of a liberal theory of regional integration. Its focus is on human welfare needs, not political conflict and law. Its focus is on individuals aggregated into interest groups as the main actors in integration, so the focus is on low politics and the areas which become integrated in the European Union reflect that. As such there has been much more progress on economic integration than there has on creating a common foreign and security policy. [1]  It also accepts the independent role of international organisations and that the transformation of the international regional system towards a better order is feasible so making the European Union a project worth investing effort in.  [1] Center for European studies, ‘European Union –Common Foreign and Security Policy’, unc.edu, Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, interest groups, low politics, economic integration, common foreign policy, security policy, international organisations, European Union, regional system, better order, political conflict, law Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, political conflict, international law, interest groups, low politics, economic integration, common foreign policy, security policy, international organisations, regional system, European Union, Center for European Studies, UNC.edu Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, political conflict, interest groups, low politics, economic integration, common foreign and security policy, international organisations, European Union, regional system, better order, Center for European Studies, UNC edu Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, interest groups, economic integration, European Union, common foreign and security policy, international organisations, international regional system, Center for European studies, UNC.edu Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, interest groups, low politics, economic integration, European Union, common foreign and security policy, international organisations, regional system transformation
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con03a	A school breakfast for all is a greater cost on schools  Everything costs. Providing free school to all breakfasts will cost the government money for ingredients, cafeteria staff, administration, even possibly new facilities. In the USA the Breakfast Program costs $3.3 billion to provide free or reduced price breakfasts to 10.1 million students. [1] There is a limited total amount of money so the cost will mean there is something else the government will not be able to do. This proposal may mean, for example, that the government cannot afford to hire more teachers to reduce class sizes.  [1] Food and Nutrition Service, ‘The School Breakfast Program’, September 2013 school breakfast, government cost, ingredients, cafeteria staff, administration, facilities, USA Breakfast Program, $3.3 billion, 10.1 million students, limited funds, hire teachers, reduce class sizes school breakfast, government cost, free breakfasts, cafeteria expenses, program funding, USA Breakfast Program, student nutrition, fiscal impact, administrative costs, reduced price meals, food service, educational budget, class size reduction, teacher hiring, public expenditure, school facilities, nutritional support, economic considerations, school meal programs, budget allocation school breakfast, government cost, ingredients, cafeteria staff, administration, facilities, USA, Breakfast Program, $3.3 billion, 10.1 million students, limited funding, hire teachers, reduce class sizes school breakfast, government cost, cafeteria staff, administration expenses, facilities, USA Breakfast Program, free breakfasts, reduced price, ingredients cost, fiscal constraints, educational funding, teacher hiring, class size reduction, budget allocation, nutritional support, student welfare, economic impact, public policy, funding priorities school breakfast, government cost, ingredients, cafeteria staff, administration, facilities, USA, Breakfast Program, $3.3 billion, 10.1 million students, limited budget, hire teachers, reduce class sizes
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con03a	Barrier contraception can protect women from husbands with AIDS/HIV.  There are many cases, particularly in South America and Africa, of men contracting HIV from sexual partners outside their marriage, be it from before they were married or from an extramarital affair and passing it on to their wives. In cases such as these, the wife may follow all of the teachings of the Catholic Church and still contract HIV. If the Church did not forbid the use of barrier contraception then the frequency of occurrences such as these would be severely limited. Since, as discussed above, the Catholic Church, has a responsibility to promote life in its people, their ban of barrier contraception is unjustified. Barrier contraception, AIDS, HIV, South America, Africa, men, extramarital affairs, wives, Catholic Church, teachings, life promotion, unjustified ban, sexual health, moral responsibility, public health, religious doctrine, contraception access, HIV prevention Barrier contraception, HIV, AIDS, South America, Africa, extramarital affairs, Catholic Church, promote life, unjustified ban, sexual health, religious teachings, contraception use, spousal infection, preventative measures, moral responsibility Barrier contraception, HIV/AIDS, men, extramarital affairs, South America, Africa, Catholic Church, teachings, life promotion, unjustified ban Barrier contraception, HIV, AIDS, South America, Africa, Catholic Church, extramarital affairs, sexual health, religion and contraception, life promotion, unjustified ban, sexual partners, marital fidelity, public health, ethical responsibility Barrier contraception, HIV, AIDS, South America, Africa, extramarital affairs, Catholic Church, promote life, unjustified ban, sexual health, reproductive rights, religious doctrine, public health, prevention, condom use
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con03a	It is a disincentive to get tested in the first place  The requirement to disclose their condition if known would be a disincentive to get tested in the first place. This is especially the case for many people in places like sub-Saharan Africa, but also applies widely elsewhere. Their job is so important to them (since there’s no safety net to speak of if they lose it) that they’d prefer to go in ignorance of their HIV status than find out and risk being fired for it. The medical repercussions of that are obvious. disincentive, tested, disclose, condition, sub-Saharan Africa, job security, safety net, HIV status, medical repercussions, stigma, employment discrimination, public health, confidentiality, health policy disincentive, tested, disclose, condition, sub-Saharan Africa, job, safety net, HIV, fired, medical repercussions disincentive, tested, disclose, condition, sub-Saharan Africa, job, safety net, HIV, fired, medical repercussions disincentive, tested, disclose, condition, sub-Saharan Africa, job, safety net, HIV, status, fired, medical repercussions disincentive, tested, disclose, condition, sub-Saharan Africa, job, safety net, HIV status, fired, medical repercussions
test-international-iiahwagit-pro05a	The justice system does not currently work  A major failing in current anti-poaching operations is that the poachers are rarely prosecuted. African legal systems rarely prioritise poaching as a serious crime, with offenders usually receiving trivial fines1. One of the major reasons for the Western black rhinoceros’ extinction in 2011 was the complete lack of sentencing for any of the poachers who were captured. [1] The system also fails to prosecute the brains behind many of the operations due to poor investigative methods. This creates an impression in the minds of the poachers that they can operate with impunity. [2]  [1] Mathur, A. ‘Western Black Rhino Poached Out of Existence; Declared Extinct, Slack Anti-Poaching Efforts Responsible’  [2] Welz, A. ‘The War on African Poaching: Is Militarization Fated to Fail?’ justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, poachers, African legal systems, serious crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, poor investigative methods, impunity, militarization, failure justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, African legal systems, serious crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, 2011, sentencing, poachers, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, failure justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, African legal systems, poaching crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, poachers, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, poaching operations, wildlife conservation, legal enforcement, environmental crime, rhino poaching, wildlife trafficking justice system, anti-poaching operations, prosecution, African legal systems, poaching, serious crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, poachers, captured, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, failure justice system, anti-poaching operations, prosecution, poachers, African legal systems, serious crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, poaching, conservation, wildlife crime, legal reform, enforcement, wildlife protection
test-education-egscphsrdt-con01a	Right to privacy  Even if a right to privacy (which would prevent random drug testing with no reason for suspicion) does not exist in law in every country, many students being affected by drugs tests will perceive that the notional right to privacy which they believe they possess is being violated. Because they would perceive this violation as a harm, it should not be imposed without good reason. This problematizes the nature of 'random' testing, which by definition means forcing drug tests on individuals on whom there is no reasonable suspicion of drug use.  Firstly, the majority of those being tested will most likely test negative (as the previously cited statistics suggest) and so a majority will be harmed for no fault of their own, but rather as a consequence of the crimes of others. This may be seen as the equivalent of searching all homes in a neighbourhood for an illegal weapon on the suspicion that one of them was hiding it -an action which would be illegal in almost every western liberal democracy.  Further, however, even if students do engage in illegal drug use, random drug tests will additionally catch only those on whom there was previously no suspicion against (as students who show signs of drug use are already usually tested). In order to not already be under suspicion, these drug-using students would have to be engaging in their education, not disrupting the education of others, and not displaying erratic or harmful behaviour. As they are not actively harming others, these students should be subject only to the same standards as individuals in other areas of society: to only have their privacy violated by drugs tests if their behaviour actively brings them under suspicion. Right to privacy, Random drug testing, No reasonable suspicion, Perceived violation, Harm without fault, Majority negative tests, Equivalent home searches, Illegal weapon, Western liberal democracy, Education disruption, Erratic behaviour, Privacy standards, Society individuals, Active suspicion Right to privacy, random drug testing, no suspicion, violation of privacy, harm, majority negative, innocent majority, illegal weapon search, western liberal democracy, drug-using students, no previous suspicion, education disruption, erratic behaviour, active harm, societal standards, suspicion-based testing right to privacy, random drug testing, no reasonable suspicion, student drug use, harm without fault, majority negative tests, illegal search, western liberal democracy, education disruption, erratic behaviour, privacy violation, individual rights, societal standards, suspicion-based testing Right to privacy, random drug testing, no reasonable suspicion, perception of harm, majority testing negative, harm without fault, illegal drug use, education disruption, erratic behavior, privacy violation, students under suspicion, western liberal democracy, individual rights, societal standards, drug testing policies, legal precedent, educational environment, student rights, drug use detection, behavioral indicators, privacy ethics right to privacy, random drug testing, no suspicion, students, perceived violation, harm, majority negative, no fault, equivalent of searching homes, illegal weapon, western liberal democracy, illegal drug use, no prior suspicion, education, not disrupting, erratic behaviour, same standards, society, active suspicion
test-education-ughbuesbf-con04a	Free university education unjustly benefits one subset of society at the expense of everyone  The state funds essential services, but higher education is not such a service. The specific subset free university education tends to benefit not the disadvantaged, but rather the middle and upper classes who would have paid fees, but are now relieved of this burden. This pattern has been seen in Ireland where poorer communities still view higher education as something for the rich even though it is free. These groups continue to enter the workforce in similar numbers as they had before the ending of fees, and they still tend to prefer trade schools to universities if they do seek qualifications beyond the secondary level. [1]  [1] Brady, Hugh. 2008. “We Must Invest Now in Our Universities or Pay Later”. University College Dublin News. Available:  ​ 14 Government of Ireland. 1997. “Universities Act, 1997”. Available: free university education, unjust benefits, middle and upper classes, state funds, essential services, higher education, disadvantaged, Ireland, poorer communities, workforce, trade schools, qualifications, secondary level, investment, universities, government policy, social equity, educational policy, economic burden, public funding, higher education accessibility, societal impact, educational reform, university fees, taxpayer burden, economic discrimination, educational opportunity, socio-economic status, education benefits, public services, government support, educational preferences, policy analysis, higher education funding, social class, educational attainment, economic disparity, policy implications, educational equity, public investment, higher education reform, societal benefits, cost free university education, societal benefit, state funding, essential services, higher education, middle class, upper class, fee relief, Ireland, poorer communities, higher education perception, workforce entry, trade schools, University College Dublin, government policy, Universities Act 1997 Free university education, societal benefit, state funding, essential services, higher education, middle class, upper class, fee relief, Ireland, poorer communities, workforce entry, trade schools, qualifications, secondary level, universities act, government policy, education equity, social mobility, public investment, long-term impact free university education, unjust benefits, middle and upper classes, state funds, essential services, higher education, disadvantaged groups, Ireland, poorer communities, workforce entry, trade schools, universities act, government policy, educational inequality, public funding, social stratification, higher education access, workforce preferences, educational qualifications, economic burden free university education, unjust benefits, middle class, upper class, state funding, essential services, higher education, Ireland, poorer communities, workforce, trade schools, qualifications, secondary level, Universities Act 1997, government policy, social equity, educational access
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-con01a	globalisation and multiculturalism.  Cultural appropriation prevents assimilation between members of society and creates further divisions based on arbitrary features of one’s ancestry or appearance. If reparations (through the use of compensation) were to occur in addition to this, it would create a more polarised and divided society as an 'us and them' culture is created.  A consequence of globalisation is the movement of people and the diffusion of knowledge [1]. This happens on a mass scale where it is possible for a person from India to travel across the globe to the United Kingdom (UK) and get there within 24 hours of booking their flight. With this, the spread of technology and knowledge it is inevitable that culture and identity does not remain fixed either. It also means that an increasing amount of people have more than one culture. A direct consequence of increased migration is that migrants are likely to bring with them their cultural customs. An example of this can be seen in the UK. As the UK faced more migrants from the Sub-continent of India, the popularity of different curries increased, and not just among those of Indian decent. In such circumstances cultures begin to merge as the traditional 'Chicken Tikka' recipe was adapted into a localised version called 'Chicken Tikka Masala' and was, in 2001, declared the UK's national dish.  Without globalisation, Britain's £3.6bn Indian restaurant industry would not exist and it would fail to employ approximately 100,000 people [2]. Any reparations would be paltry compared to the jobs that this industry has created over decades.  This is a positive thing; it brings cultures together, encourages understanding, innovation and cooperation. Forcing people to compensate for the appropriation of a culture may mean that there is less social harmony as divisions are forced between cultures. For the following generations of migrants will be forced to choose a culture as cultural appropriation encourages division between the two.  [1] Stief, Colin, ‘Globalization’, ThoughtCo., 3rd March 2017,   [2] Wintor, Patrick, ‘Chicken tikka Britain is new Cook recipe’, The Guardian, 19 April 2001, globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, society divisions, reparations, compensation, polarization, migration, cultural diffusion, technology spread, identity, cultural customs, Chicken Tikka Masala, UK national dish, Indian restaurant industry, employment, social harmony, cultural division, migrant generations globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, society, division, ancestry, appearance, reparations, compensation, polarisation, us and them, movement of people, diffusion of knowledge, technology, identity, migration, cultural customs, cultural merge, Chicken Tikka Masala, Indian restaurant industry, jobs, social harmony, cultural division, migration generations, Colin Stief, Patrick Wintor, ThoughtCo, The Guardian globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, societal divisions, ancestry, appearance, reparations, compensation, polarisation, divided society, us and them culture, migration, diffusion of knowledge, technology, cultural identity, merged cultures, Indian cuisine, Chicken Tikka Masala, UK national dish, Indian restaurant industry, jobs, social harmony, migrant generations, cultural division globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, society divisions, reparations, compensation, polarised society, migration, diffusion of knowledge, technology spread, cultural identity, mixed cultures, cultural customs, UK, Indian migrants, curries, cultural merging, Chicken Tikka Masala, British Indian restaurant industry, employment, social harmony, cultural division, generational impact, Colin Stief, Patrick Wintor globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, society division, reparations, compensation, polarization, us and them culture, migration, cultural diffusion, technology spread, cultural identity, cultural customs, Indian diaspora, Chicken Tikka Masala, cultural fusion, Indian restaurant industry, job creation, social harmony, migrant generations, cultural choice, Colin Stief, Patrick Wintor, ThoughtCo, The Guardian
test-international-atiahblit-con03a	The complex controls over enrolment  Suggesting investments are required in teachers limits a recognition of the multiple forces creating barriers to achieve a right to education. Universal education is constrained by political, socio-cultural, and economic, structures.  Firstly, gender inequalities in education raise cultural norms of the role of girls in society, and within the domestic-sphere at home. Religious and cultural beliefs mean girls account for 70% of children not attending school. Across Sub-Saharan Africa the economics of child marriage often mean girls leave school or become reluctant to go to school. A positive correlation is found between low education and countries with high rates of child marriage [1] . Niger has the highest rate of child marriage.  Secondly, poverty and hunger act as key restraints in achieving the target. As Mkandawire (2010) argues, development needs to be brought back onto the ‘pro-poor’ agenda. Human capital cannot be developed without a broader focus on social and economic policies that enable development first.  [1] See further readings: Education for Girls, 2013. enrolment, investments, teachers, barriers, right to education, universal education, political structures, socio-cultural structures, economic structures, gender inequalities, education, cultural norms, girls, domestic-sphere, religious beliefs, cultural beliefs, Sub-Saharan Africa, child marriage, low education, high rates of child marriage, Niger, poverty, hunger, restraints, pro-poor agenda, human capital, social policies, economic policies, development, Education for Girls enrolment, investments, teachers, barriers, right to education, universal education, political structures, socio-cultural structures, economic structures, gender inequalities, cultural norms, domestic-sphere, religious beliefs, girls education, Sub-Saharan Africa, child marriage, poverty, hunger, pro-poor agenda, human capital, social policies, economic policies, development, Education for Girls enrolment, investments, teachers, barriers, education, political, socio-cultural, economic, structures, gender, inequalities, cultural norms, domestic-sphere, religious beliefs, girls, not attending school, Sub-Saharan Africa, economics, child marriage, positive correlation, low education, high rates, Niger, poverty, hunger, restraints, pro-poor, agenda, human capital, social policies, economic policies, development, Education for Girls, 2013 complex controls, enrolment, investments, teachers, multiple forces, barriers, right to education, universal education, political structures, socio-cultural structures, economic structures, gender inequalities, cultural norms, girls, domestic-sphere, religious beliefs, child marriage, Sub-Saharan Africa, education, Niger, poverty, hunger, restraints, pro-poor agenda, human capital, social policies, economic policies, development, Education for Girls complex controls, enrolment, investments, teachers, recognition, multiple forces, barriers, right to education, universal education, political structures, socio-cultural structures, economic structures, gender inequalities, education, cultural norms, girls, domestic-sphere, religious beliefs, cultural beliefs, child marriage, Sub-Saharan Africa, low education, high rates, Niger, poverty, hunger, restraints, pro-poor agenda, human capital, development, social policies, economic policies
test-law-lghwpcctcc-pro02a	Video footage of a court case would provide valuable information for both defendant and judiciary.  If the defendant is convicted of a crime, they have a right to appeal in the UK [1] and US [2] . However, this is made difficult for another court to re-assess the conviction if they cannot know how reliable evidence was in the first trial. Without film recordings of court trials, judges who have the duty to re-examine the case are unable to see witness testimonies; though new evidence does sometimes come to light during the course of an appeal [3] , it would be easier to assess this new evidence if the judges also had knowledge of how the first trial went. If the judges could watch a video of the first trial, they could judge the demeanour, body language and general impression given by each witness in the first trial. Body language can affect a court’s perception of a witness [4] , but this information could not be gained by a transcript. However, this evidence may be important for a new verdict to be reached.  [1]  , accessed 18/08/11  [2]  , accessed 18/08/11  [3]  , accessed 18/08/11  [4]  , accessed 18/08/11 video footage, court case, valuable information, defendant, judiciary, conviction, right to appeal, UK, US, re-assess, reliability, evidence, film recordings, court trials, witness testimonies, judges, re-examine, new evidence, witness demeanour, body language, court perception, transcript, new verdict video footage, court case, valuable information, defendant, judiciary, conviction, right to appeal, UK, US, re-assess conviction, film recordings, court trials, witness testimonies, new evidence, appeal process, judges, re-examine case, demeanour, body language, court perception, witness, transcript, new verdict video, footage, court, case, trial, defendant, judiciary, conviction, right, appeal, UK, US, re-assess, conviction, evidence, witness, testimonies, judges, first, trial, new, verdict, demeanour, body, language, perception, transcript, important video footage, court case, valuable information, defendant, judiciary, convicted crime, right to appeal, UK, US, re-assess conviction, film recordings, court trials, witness testimonies, judges, re-examine case, new evidence, appeal, trial process, demeanour, body language, court perception, witness, transcript, new verdict court case, video footage, trial, defendant, judiciary, appeal, UK, US, conviction, evidence, witness testimonies, film recordings, judges, re-examine, new evidence, transcript, body language, demeanour, perception, verdict
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-pro02a	The Settlements commit future Israeli governments to a harder stand in future negotiations  Whether deliberate or not, the settlements are changing the “facts on the ground” by changing the political calculus for future Israeli governments.  While most Israeli politicians accept the need to abandon some smaller settlements, the vast majority are unlikely to be evacuated. It was politically divisive to the point of breaking the Likud party in two when Ariel Sharon, a man with more credit than anyone else on the Israeli right pulled out of Gaza in 2005, and there were only a little over 7000 Israeli settlers there. By contrast there are now more than 300,000 settlers in the West Bank, and this number is rising fast. [1] There were less than 200,000 in 2000. [2]  Of these settlers, many are religious and vote for the Haridam (Orthodox) parties like the National Religious Party . [3] Because the party has served in governments of both the Left and the Right in recent years, in practice they and the ultra-nationalist Israel Beitinu tend to hold the balance of power in the Israeli Knesset.  Therefore every time Israel expands settlements, they are reducing their room to manoeuvre in future Peace Negotiations, and forcing themselves to take a harder stance. This means that Peace will either become less likely (because Israel will set more extreme terms) or that Israel will face more internal divisions in order to offer it. In either case, as the settlements expand  [1] Levinson, Chaim, ‘IDF: More than 300, 000 settlers live in West Bank’, Haaretz.com, 27 July 2009,   [2] Wikipedia, ‘Population statistics for Israeli West Bank settlements’, en.wikipedia.org,  , accessed 20 January 2012  [3] Etkes, Dror, ‘The Ultra-Orthodox Jews in the West Bank’, Peace Now, October 2005, Settlements, Israeli government, negotiations, facts on the ground, political calculus, Israeli politicians, Likud party, Ariel Sharon, Gaza, settlers, West Bank, Haridim, Orthodox parties, National Religious Party, ultra-nationalist, Israel Beitinu, Knesset, Peace Negotiations, internal divisions, IDF, Chaim Levinson, Haaretz, Dror Etkes, Peace Now Israeli settlements, West Bank, political calculus, Israeli government, Likud party, Ariel Sharon, Gaza withdrawal, settler population, religious settlers, Haridim, National Religious Party, Israel Beitinu, Knesset, peace negotiations, internal divisions, IDF, Dror Etkes, Peace Now, population statistics, ultra-Orthodox Jews Israeli settlements, West Bank, peace negotiations, Israeli government, political calculus, Likud party, Ariel Sharon, Gaza, settlers, religious settlers, Haridim, National Religious Party, Israel Beitinu, Knesset, political power, internal divisions, IDF, population statistics, Ultra-Orthodox Jews, Peace Now, Dror Etkes, Chaim Levinson, Haaretz Israeli settlements, West Bank, peace negotiations, Israeli government, political calculus, Likud party, Ariel Sharon, Gaza, settlers, religious voters, Haridim, National Religious Party, Israel Beitinu, Knesset, internal divisions, ultra-Orthodox Jews, population statistics, Peace Now, Dror Etkes, IDF, Haaretz, Wikipedia Israeli settlements, West Bank, negotiations, political calculus, Israeli government, Likud party, Ariel Sharon, Gaza, settlers, religious settlers, Haridim, National Religious Party, Israel Beitinu, Knesset, Peace Negotiations, IDF, population statistics, Ultra-Orthodox Jews, Peace Now, Dror Etkes, Chaim Levinson, Haaretz
test-law-umtlilhotac-pro03a	Unruly defendants can play up to the cameras  Televising the trial can create extra incentives for defendants to attempt to disrupt the process. During his trial, Saddam Hussein regularly made outbursts and went on political rants – based on Iraqi law, he was able to examine witnesses after his lawyer. This was not new – Slobodan Milosevic tried various antics in front of the (televised) ICTY [1] , and Ratko Mladic used those tactics post-Hussein [2] . Milosevic’s approval ratings grew, and he even won a seat in the Serbian parliament while on trial.  A televised trial creates more of a risk of a political hijacking of the trial – something that has been shown to be a successful tactic by Milosevic. This both potentially damages the successor government by giving those on trial a platform and the court itself.  [1] Scharf, Michael P., Chaos in the Courtroom: Controlling disruptive defendants and contumacious counsel in war crimes trials’, University of Galway  [2] Biles, Peter, ‘Mladic’s courtroom antics’, BBC News, 4 July 2011, Unruly defendants, televised trials, disruption, political hijacking, Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milosevic, Ratko Mladic, approval ratings, courtroom antics, war crimes trials, successor government, court integrity, legal process, media influence, Iraqi law, ICTY, Serbian parliament, trial platform, judicial disruptions unruly defendants, play cameras, televising trials, disrupt process, Saddam Hussein, outbursts, political rants, Iraqi law, examine witnesses, Slobodan Milosevic, antics, ICTY, Ratko Mladic, tactics, approval ratings, Serbian parliament, political hijacking, successor government, damage, court platform, chaos courtroom, disruptive defendants, contumacious counsel, war crimes trials, Mladic courtroom antics, BBC News Unruly defendants, Televised trials, Trial disruption, Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milosevic, Ratko Mladic, Political rants, Courtroom antics, Iraqi law, ICTY, Approval ratings, Serbian parliament, Political hijacking, Successor government, Court legitimacy, Disruptive behavior, War crimes trials, Controlling defendants, Legal tactics unruly defendants, cameras, televising trials, disruption, Saddam Hussein, outbursts, political rants, Iraqi law, Slobodan Milosevic, ICTY, antics, Ratko Mladic, approval ratings, political hijacking, successor government, court platform, chaos in courtroom, war crimes trials, BBC News, courtroom behavior, legal proceedings, media impact, judicial integrity Unruly defendants, Televised trials, Disruptive behavior, Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milosevic, Ratko Mladic, Political rants, Courtroom antics, Iraqi law, ICTY, Approval ratings, Serbian parliament, Political hijacking, Successor government, Court credibility, Chaos in the courtroom, Contumacious counsel, War crimes trials, BBC News
test-international-aglhrilhb-pro03a	International prosecution encourages domestic justice  By introducing internationally based prosecution, the laws are able to effectively filter down into the domestic system. The international system takes care of powerful offenders who might otherwise not receive a fair trial or be brought to justice. This then allows domestic courts to prosecute those involved in the crimes at a lower level. This has worked in Ivory coast where the former leader was brought to face charges committed at home and also helped stabilize the situation in the country [1].  [1] Smith, David, ‘Laurent Gbagbo appears before international criminal court’, thegurdian.com, 5 December 2011, international prosecution, domestic justice, law enforcement, powerful offenders, fair trial, international criminal court, domestic courts, crime prosecution, ivory coast, laurent gbagbo, conflict resolution, stabilization, legal system, international law, human rights, judicial system, crime prevention, political stability, legal accountability, judicial reform International prosecution, domestic justice, law enforcement, powerful offenders, fair trial, domestic courts, lower-level crimes, Ivory Coast, Laurent Gbagbo, international criminal court, stabilization, legal system, governance, human rights international prosecution, domestic justice, fair trial, powerful offenders, lower level crimes, Ivory Coast, Laurent Gbagbo, international criminal court, stabilization, David Smith, thegurdian.com international prosecution, domestic justice, internationally based prosecution, domestic system, powerful offenders, fair trial, domestic courts, lower level crimes, Ivory Coast, former leader, charges, stabilize situation, David Smith, Laurent Gbagbo, International Criminal Court, thegurdian.com international prosecution, domestic justice, legal systems, fair trial, powerful offenders, domestic courts, lower-level crimes, Ivory Coast, Laurent Gbagbo, international criminal court, legal stabilization, crime prosecution, international law, domestic law, legal enforcement, judicial integrity
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-pro01a	The academic tradition of the West  The growth of universities as beacons of free speech has been a fundamental part of their history in the West; notably during the renaissance, reformation and enlightenment. The democratisation of that process with the expansion of the university sector in recent decades is merely the latest stage in an ongoing process.  However, that entire process has been driven (along with the artistic, cultural and scientific changes they have inculcated) on the basis that universities allow for the free exchange of ideas and flourish in environments where that approach is standardised throughout society [i] . Marxist scholars have gone further in calling for a critical pedagogy in which perspectives other than academic orthodoxy are normalised within universities.  Such institutions produce the best graduates because they have the best academics and the best academics will stay where they are free to publish whatever their research is and express their own views. For example in the 1990s 55.7% of those who had immigrated to the USA from the USSR described themselves as academics, scientists, professional or technical workers. [ii] Those academics in turn respect the intellectual tradition of dissent and critical scrutiny of which they are the inheritors. To take something else and slap the name ‘Yale’– or for that matter Oxford, Harvard or ETH Zurich – on it and pretend that nothing has changed devalues the qualification. Without the intellectual dissent and freedom of academic inquiry it is intellectually dishonest to call the degree the same thing.  [i] The Nebraskan. Doug Anderson. Learning depends on the free exchange of ideas, Nebraskan says.  [ii] Harvard, ‘Russians and East Europeans in America’ academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research freedom, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, degree qualitification, intellectual dishonesty, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Russians, East Europeans, USA, USSR, Harvard, immigration, academics, scientists, professional workers academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, best graduates, best academics, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, intellectual dishonesty, degree devaluation, Russians, East Europeans, USA, immigrants, USSR, scientists, technical workers academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, Marxist scholars, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research freedom, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, intellectual dishonesty, degree devaluation, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Russians, East Europeans, USA, USSR, Harvard, immigration, professionals, technical workers academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, free to publish, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, intellectual dishonesty, qualification, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Russians, East Europeans, America academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, qualification, intellectual honesty, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Russians, East Europeans, USA, USSR, immigrants, scientists, professional workers
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-con03a	Even a sham election demonstrates what the people want  In an election the people show what their policy preferences will be. Even if the government is engaging in vote rigging or voter intimidation they will still know how the people voted or wanted to vote (if they stuffed the ballot they will know how many extra votes they added) so will have some guidance as to the policies that the people wish implemented. If there are multiple different parties competing in the elections then it will be possible to tell which party platforms are the most popular and so which to take ideas from.  If there are elections then there are opposition parties and independent MPs who are given much more space than they would be without elections. Being MPs gives the opposition some status and gives them a controlled setting in which to criticise the government. This provides the opposition with the chance to channel the voice of the people and encourage change from the governing party. sham election, policy preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, government guidance, popular party platforms, opposition parties, independent MPs, status, criticize government, people's voice, encourage change, governing party sham election, people's preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, policy guidance, multiple parties, popular platforms, opposition parties, independent MPs, government criticism, voice of the people, encourage change sham election, voter preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, policy guidance, party platforms, opposition parties, independent MPs, government criticism, controlled opposition, public voice, encouraging change, electoral competition, democratic elements, government accountability sham election, people's preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, policy guidance, government insight, election platforms, opposition parties, independent MPs, criticism channel, public voice, governance influence sham election, policy preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, ballot stuffing, party platforms, opposition parties, independent MPs, government criticism, voice of the people, encouraging change, governing party
test-education-tuhwastua-pro03a	Standardized tests discriminate against minorities  Minority students perform less well on tests like the SAT, even when correction is made for income. The test with its reading comprehension test and being done in English is obviously biased against students from households where English is not the dominant language as they are much less likely to understand the questions.  Even when English language skills are not a problem the question choice can contain a cultural bias. One analogy question on the 2003 SAT used the word “regatta” which minority students were unlikely to be familiar with. Having this kind of bias is obviously unfair and can never be fully accounted for in a diverse country such as the United States of America where those who set the wording of the questions will never know all possible perspectives. standardized tests, discrimination, minorities, minority students, SAT, income correction, reading comprehension, English language, cultural bias, regatta, analogy questions, diversity, United States, test fairness, language barriers, question wording, perspectives, educational equity standardized tests, discrimination, minorities, SAT, income correction, English language, reading comprehension, cultural bias, regatta, analogy questions, diversity, United States, test fairness standardized tests, discrimination, minorities, SAT performance, income adjustment, English proficiency, reading comprehension, cultural bias, regatta analogy, diverse perspectives, test fairness, USA education system standardized tests, discrimination, minorities, minority students, SAT, income correction, English proficiency, language barrier, cultural bias, regatta analogy, unfairness, diversity, question setters, perspectives standardized tests, discrimination, minorities, SAT performance, income adjustment, English language, reading comprehension, cultural bias, regatta analogy, test fairness, diverse country, question setters, perspective diversity
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con05a	In the public’s eyes, the government seems to suspect everyone.  Although the anti-terrorist measures are supposed to be trying to catch certain people, it is the whole of the public who have to suffer on a daily basis: an abundance of security cameras, security checks, and anti-privacy measures continually invade innocent people’s lives and yet it is supposed to be the terrorists who are being punished. The issue of justice, and whether it is actually being done, has to be fully looked at properly. These measures are not solving the problem of terrorism as it does not address the core grievances. Instead other ways such as negotiation to address grievances is necessary, as happened in Northern Ireland [1] .  [1] Bowcott, Owen, ‘Northern Ireland’, The Guardian, 11 May 2007,  , accessed 9 September 2011 government suspicion, public perception, anti-terrorist measures, security cameras, security checks, anti-privacy, public inconvenience, justice, terrorism, core grievances, negotiation, Northern Ireland, Owen Bowcott, The Guardian government suspicion, public perception, anti-terrorist measures, daily inconvenience, security cameras, security checks, anti-privacy measures, innocent people, justice issues, terrorism problem, core grievances, negotiation, Northern Ireland, terrorism solutions, public suffering, Bowcott, Owen, The Guardian public perception, government suspicion, anti-terrorist measures, public suffering, security cameras, security checks, anti-privacy measures, innocent people, terrorism, justice, core grievances, negotiation, Northern Ireland, Bowcott Owen, The Guardian government suspicion, public perception, anti-terrorist measures, daily inconvenience, security cameras, security checks, anti-privacy, justice, terrorism, core grievances, negotiation, Northern Ireland, The Guardian, Owen Bowcott government suspicion, public suffering, security measures, anti-privacy, terrorism, justice, core grievances, negotiation, Northern Ireland, anti-terrorist policies, civic freedoms, public opinion, invasive surveillance, terrorist punishment, policy effectiveness, societal impact, civil liberties, government accountability, public safety, terrorism prevention, societal trust, policy alternatives, conflict resolution, political violence, governance, public security, privacy rights, civil rights, societal harmony, legal measures, social cohesion, government measures, terrorist activities, public scrutiny, societal response, terrorism impact, government response, social issues, human rights, societal challenges, governance issues, social justice, political solutions
test-politics-glghssi-pro03a	An independent Scotland has enormous economic potential to join other small European nations, especially as a leader in technology and renewable energy  Many of Scotland’s problems are grounded in the fact that its potential has consistently been held back. Because the focus for economic development from a Westminster perspective has focused for generations on North Sea oil and the coal fields of Lanarkshire, huge opportunities were missed and the best and the brightest tended be dragged down south for jobs worthy of their skills.  Even with the limited powers allowed by devolution a burgeoning life-sciences sector, a growing IT sector in silicon glen are adding to the traditional industries. Since 2003 Scotland has generally had faster economic growth than the UK with 13% during the period from 2003-2007 compared to the UK’s 11.4%. [i] Independence would stretch people still further.  [i] CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, ‘The changing pattern of Scotland’s economic growth since Devolution’, CPPR Briefing Note, June 2011, independent Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology leader, renewable energy, Westminster policies, North Sea oil, Lanarkshire coal fields, economic development, devolution, life-sciences sector, silicon glen, IT sector, economic growth, UK comparison, CPPR Centre, public policy, regional growth, independence benefits independent Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology, renewable energy, Westminster perspective, North Sea oil, coal fields, Lanarkshire, economic development, life-sciences sector, IT sector, Silicon Glen, traditional industries, devolution, faster economic growth, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, economic growth since devolution, independence, economic opportunities, Scotland's potential, skilled jobs, southward migration independent Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology, renewable energy, Westminster perspective, North Sea oil, coal fields, Lanarkshire, economic development, devolution, life-sciences sector, IT sector, Silicon Glen, traditional industries, faster economic growth, UK, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, economic growth since Devolution, independence, economic challenges, Scotland's potential, job opportunities, skilled workers, southward migration, economic statistics, regional development, public policy, Scotland-UK comparison independence, Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology leader, renewable energy, economic development, Westminster perspective, North Sea oil, coal fields, Lanarkshire, economic opportunities, brain drain, devolution, life-sciences sector, IT sector, Silicon Glen, traditional industries, economic growth, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, Scotland's economy, post-devolution growth, independence benefits independent Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology, renewable energy, economic development, Westminster, North Sea oil, coal fields, Lanarkshire, job opportunities, life sciences, IT sector, silicon glen, traditional industries, devolution, economic growth, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, independence, Faster growth, UK comparison
test-education-tuhwastua-pro05a	Standardized tests result in teachers “teaching the test”  The importance attached to such tests leads to teachers actively “teaching the test.” The result is that many teachers, rather than instilling useful skills or providing a balanced curriculum, end up trying to focus on things that occur on given tests. While this is not a huge problem with the SAT itself, it is a serious problem with subject tests like the SAT 2s, AP Exams, and the British A-Levels. This undermines the provision of education in the country. standardized tests, teaching the test, importance of tests, teachers, useful skills, balanced curriculum, SAT, SAT 2s, AP Exams, British A-Levels, education provision, test preparation, curriculum focus, educational outcomes standardized tests, teaching the test, teachers, test preparation, curriculum, useful skills, balanced education, SAT, SAT 2s, AP Exams, British A-Levels, education quality, educational outcomes, test impact, subject tests, educational policy, learning vs testing standardized tests, teaching the test, useful skills, balanced curriculum, SAT, SAT 2s, AP Exams, British A-Levels, education quality, curriculum narrowing, test preparation, educational outcomes, learning objectives, assessment impact, teacher practices, educational policy, test-centric education, skill development, subject tests, high-stakes testing Standardized tests, teaching the test, curriculum, useful skills, SAT, SAT 2s, AP Exams, British A-Levels, education quality, educational outcomes, teacher behavior, test preparation, academic focus, subject tests, educational policy, learning objectives, assessment impact, pedagogical practices, standardized testing consequences, exam culture standardized tests, teaching the test, education quality, curriculum balance, SAT, SAT 2, AP Exams, British A-Levels, educational outcomes, teacher focus, test preparation, skill development, academic integrity, educational policy
test-politics-dhwem-pro03a	"PMCs have an equally strong incentive to perform.  PMCs must perform carefully and effectively to secure future contracts. It is therefore in their interests to ensure their employees are well- trained and well-equipped and perform to the highest standard. Most PMCs recruit ex-service personnel as a way to ensure the quality of their force. In 2004 more SAS soldiers worked privately in Iraq than served in the army. Additionally, governments increasingly recognise the quality of mercenaries. PMCs and regular militaries cross over on occasion: An American PMC -Military Professional Resources Inc - trains the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) on behalf of the US Government (Lock, 2011). The British Ministry of Defence now allows soldiers yearlong sabbaticals to work as mercenaries in the hope they will return having earned more in the private sector. This official recognition suggests that mercenaries have shed their “dogs of war” image. They are no longer disreputable maverick figures operating in failed states but highly trained professionals endorsed by national governments PMCs, performance, future contracts, well-trained, well-equipped, ex-service personnel, SAS soldiers, Iraq, government recognition, quality, mercenaries, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC, British Ministry of Defence, sabbaticals, professional image, national governments PMCs, performance, future contracts, well-trained, well-equipped, highest standard, ex-service personnel, SAS soldiers, Iraq, government recognition, quality, mercenaries, regular militaries, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC, British Ministry of Defence, sabbaticals, private sector, dogs of war, highly trained professionals, national governments PMCs, performance, contracts, training, equipment, ex-service personnel, SAS, Iraq, government recognition, mercenaries, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC, British Ministry of Defence, sabbaticals, professional image, dogs of war, highly trained professionals, national governments PMCs, performance, future contracts, well-trained, well-equipped, ex-service personnel, SAS soldiers, Iraq, government recognition, quality, mercenaries, regular militaries, crossover, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC, British Ministry of Defence, sabbaticals, private sector, ""dogs of war"" image, highly trained professionals, national governments PMCs, performance, future contracts, well-trained, well-equipped, highest standard, ex-service personnel, SAS soldiers, Iraq, quality, mercenaries, regular militaries, crossover, training, Reserve Officer Training Corps, ROTC, American PMC, Military Professional Resources Inc, British Ministry of Defence, sabbaticals, private sector, image, dogs of war, highly trained professionals, national governments"
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro02a	Poaching is becoming more advanced  A stronger, militarised approach is needed as poaching is becoming far more advanced. Poachers now operate with high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers and use helicopters to hunt their prey. [1] These methods are used particularly against rhinoceroses in South Africa, whose horns have become extremely valuable on the Asian market for their supposed medical properties. [2] In response to this, South African rangers are being given specialised training and use their own aerial surveillance to track poachers down with success, [3] supporting the argument for a militarised response to protect endangered animals.  [1] WWF, ‘African rhino poaching crisis’  [2] Zapwing, ‘The Rhino Poaching Crisis’  [3] ibid Poaching, militarised approach, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South Africa, Asian market, medical properties, rangers, specialised training, aerial surveillance, endangered animals, WWF, African rhino poaching crisis, Zapwing, Rhino Poaching Crisis poaching, militarised, advanced, high-calibre, rifles, night, vision, scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South, Africa, horns, Asian, market, medical, properties, rangers, specialised, training, aerial, surveillance, endangered, animals, WWF, crisis, Zapwing poaching, militarised, advanced, high-calibre, rifles, night, vision, scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South, Africa, horns, Asian, market, medical, properties, rangers, specialised, training, aerial, surveillance, endangered, animals, WWF, African, crisis, Zapwing, response poaching, militarised, advanced, high-calibre rifles, night vision, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South Africa, Asian market, medical properties, rangers, specialised training, aerial surveillance, endangered animals, WWF, African rhino poaching, crisis, Zapwing, rhino poaching poaching, advanced, militarised, approach, high-calibre, rifles, night, vision, scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South, Africa, horns, Asian, market, medical, properties, rangers, specialised, training, aerial, surveillance, track, endangered, animals, WWF, African, rhino, crisis, Zapwing, response
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro04a	"Neo-functionalism provides a good starting point for EU analysis.  Neo-functionalism is an accessible theory which provides a good starting point for analysis. As a theory it has the advantages of being able to predict the outcome of integration and clearly explains which actors must be studied in order to explain integration. Haas and Lindberg’s “main thesis was that sectorial integration was inherently expansive - integration of some functional tasks would tend to spill over into  integration of other tasks(…) In the basis of this analysis, Haas argued that an acceleration of the  integration process could be 'safely predicted' and that it might lead to a 'political community of Europe' within a decade”. [1]  [1] Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe ""Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-22, Neo-functionalism, EU analysis, accessible theory, integration prediction, actors in integration, sectorial integration, spill-over effect, political community of Europe, Haas, Lindberg, EC Millennium, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, reevaluation, theoretical advantages, integration tasks, predictive capacity, European integration, functional tasks, dynamism, community of Europe, integration actors, spill-over theory, sectoral integration, European Community, theoretical framework, integration process acceleration Neo-functionalism, EU analysis, accessible theory, integration prediction, actors study, sectorial integration, expansion, Haas, Lindberg, integration tasks, political community, Europe, EC Millennium, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, reappraisal, dynamism Neo-functionalism, EU analysis, accessible theory, prediction, integration outcomes, actors, sectorial integration, spillover effect, Haas, Lindberg, political community of Europe, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, reappraisal, EC Millennium, international studies Neo-functionalism, EU analysis, accessible theory, prediction, integration, actors, sectorial integration, spill-over, acceleration, political community, Europe, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, reappraisal, EC Millennium, international studies Neo-functionalism, EU analysis, accessible theory, integration prediction, actors in integration, sectorial integration, spill-over effect, political community of Europe, Haas, Lindberg, EC Millennium, Tranholm-Mikkelsen"
test-philosophy-elkosmj-pro02a	More ‘good’ is produced by saving five lives than saving one  When any life is removed so too is the future good that life may produce; all of the good that person would have experienced as well as all of the good they could have brought to other people’s lives will no longer occur. It is difficult to say precisely how much good a person may bring. However, it is fair to assume that saving five people brings with it a greater chance of higher levels of ‘good’. Considering the fact that one does not know anything about the people on the tracks one must assume that there will be five times more ‘good’ produced by saving their lives than if the one person is saved. saving lives, utilitarianism, moral philosophy, ethical decision-making, good produced, future good, potential benefit, five lives, one life, tracks, trolley problem, assumptions, outcomes, moral calculus, ethical reasoning, consequentialism, human value, life value, altruism, self-sacrifice, beneficence, moral dilemmas good, saving lives, five lives, one life, future good, person, people's lives, potential good, tracks, assumption, morality, ethics, utilitarianism, greater good, value of life, life value, hypothetical scenario, decision making, moral dilemma, consequences, impact assessment good, saving lives, moral philosophy, utilitarianism, future good, potential impact, ethical decision-making, greater good, unknown outcomes, quantifying good, moral value, life value, consequentialism, ethical theories, five lives, one life, track scenario, trolley problem utilitarianism, ethics, moral philosophy, life value, consequentialism, good production, saving lives, future potential, moral decision making, trolley problem, ethical dilemmas, human value, societal benefit, maximization of good, unknown variables, life quality, potential impact, benefit analysis, ethical frameworks, moral reasoning moral philosophy, utilitarianism, ethical decision-making, life value, potential good, future good, saving lives, five lives, one life, consequentialism, ethics, trolley problem, moral psychology, person's impact, good production, human worth, ethical dilemmas, moral reasoning, altruism, greater good
test-international-iwiaghbss-pro04a	Other nations have an obligation to help  The President of Vanuatu has noted “If such a tragedy [the disappearance of a state] should happen, then the United Nations and its members will have failed in their first and most basic duty to a Member and its innocent people, as stated in Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations.” [1] As long ago as 1992 developed nations accepted “the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit to sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command” and that “polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution”. [2] There is also a Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness in which article 10 demands that any redrawing of borders must not render a person stateless, the principle behind which would equally apply to a disappearing state. [3] The small island states are losing their countries through no fault of their own it is therefore the responsibility of other states to provide them with alternatives; be this land or the resources to purchase land.  [1] McAdam, ‘’Disappearing states’, statelessness and the boundaries of international law’, UNSW Law Research Paper, 2010,  , p.4  [2] The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, ‘Rio Declaration on Environment and Development’, unep.org, 14 June 1992,   [3] United Nations, ‘Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness’, unhcr.org, 1961, international obligation, president vanuatu, united nations, article 1 charter, developed nations responsibility, sustainable development, polluter pays principle, convention reduction statelessness, disappearing states, small island states, statelessness, environmental justice, climate change adaptation, international law, human rights, global governance, international cooperation, legal responsibility, climate refugees, international support, environmental refugees obligation, President, Vanuatu, United Nations, Member, duty, Article 1, Charter, tragedy, disappearance, state, failed, 1992, developed nations, responsibility, international, sustainable development, global environment, technologies, financial resources, polluter, cost, pollution, Convention, Reduction, Statelessness, redrawing, borders, stateless, disappearing, small island states, countries, alternatives, land, resources, purchase, statelessness, international law, UNSW Law Research Paper, Rio Declaration, Environment, Development, unep.org, unhcr.org obligation, help, President, Vanuatu, United Nations, duty, Member, people, Charter, tragedy, disappearing state, developed nations, responsibility, sustainable development, global environment, technologies, financial resources, polluter, cost, pollution, Convention, Reduction, Statelessness, redrawing borders, stateless, small island states, countries, alternatives, land, resources, purchase, statelessness, international law, Rio Declaration, Environment, Development, 1992, 1961 obligation, help, President, Vanuatu, United Nations, duty, Member, innocent people, Article 1, Charter, tragedy, disappearance, state, developed nations, responsibility, international pursuit, sustainable development, global environment, technologies, financial resources, polluter, cost, pollution, Convention, Reduction, Statelessness, redrawing, borders, stateless, small island states, countries, alternatives, land, resources, purchase, statelessness, international law, UNSW Law, Research Paper, Rio Declaration, Environment, Development, 1992, unep.org, unhcr.org, 1961 obligation, Vanuatu, United Nations, Charter, Article 1, tragedy, disappearance, state, member, people, 1992, developed nations, responsibility, international pursuit, sustainable development, global environment, technologies, financial resources, polluter pays principle, Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, statelessness, borders, disappearing state, small island states, alternatives, land, resources, purchase, McAdam, Disappearing states, statelessness, international law, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, unep, unhcr
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con04a	Can we be sure a school meal will be healthy?  Even if the schools provide breakfast can we be sure that it will be healthy, and even if it is will the students eat it? Without individual supervision that having breakfast with parents provides it is difficult to ensure that the children are eating what they should be rather than throwing away the bits they like. In the UK there has been a campaign against the poor quality of school meals. [1] In the US there has been concern at the amounts of fresh fruit and vegtables being thrown away from school means. One study by the University of Vermont found food waste increased 56%. [2]  [1] Evening Standard, ‘Unhealthy school meals are on the menu for over a million children’, 12 January 2013,   [2] Welch, Ashley, ‘School lunch fruits and veggies often tossed in trash study finds’, CBSnews, 25 August 2015, school meals, healthy eating, breakfast provision, student nutrition, food waste, parental supervision, UK campaign, US concern, fresh fruit, vegetables, University of Vermont study, food disposal, childhood health, school food quality, meal supervision, nutritional value, student eating habits, health campaigns, breakfast importance, nutritional policy school meals, healthy, breakfast, supervision, parents, UK, campaign, poor quality, US, concern, fresh fruit, vegetables, waste, University of Vermont, study, increase, trash school meals, healthy eating, breakfast programs, food waste, student nutrition, parental supervision, UK school meals, US school meals, fresh fruit, vegetables, University of Vermont study, campaign against poor quality meals, evening standard, CBSnews, Ashley Welch, unhealthy school meals, menu for children, increased food waste school meals, healthy, breakfast, supervision, parents, UK, campaign, poor quality, US, fresh fruit, vegetables, food waste, University of Vermont, study, trash school meals, healthy, breakfast, students, eating habits, food waste, supervision, parents, UK campaign, poor quality, US concern, fresh fruit, vegetables, University of Vermont, study, food waste increase, CBSnews
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con04a	Promotes image of Catholic Church as uncaring and stubborn.  Organised religious groups, such as the Catholic Church, around the world, regardless of faith and denomination, change their official stances in an effort to keep up with a changing world. For example, the Church of England allowing women to become bishops. In doing this, these groups show that they are able to be reactive and can fit into a world that changes every day. Even the Catholic church has begun to realise that by stubbornly refusing to change its stance, the Catholic Church presents itself as unable to adapt and stuck in its ways 1. As a result, it finds that it will lose a lot of its influence and, by extension, its propensity to do good. Since its stance on contraception limits the Church's ability to do good, then it is clearly a stance that generally causes harm and, therefore, is an unjustified one.  1.Wynne-Jones 2010 Catholic Church, image, uncaring, stubborn, religious groups, world, faith, denomination, changing stances, adaptation, Church of England, women bishops, reactive, changing world, influence, contraception, harm, unjustified stance, Wynne-Jones 2010 Catholic Church, uncaring, stubborn, religious groups, changing stances, adaptation, world changes, Church of England, women bishops, reactive, influence, contraception, harm, unjustified stance, Wynne-Jones 2010 Catholic Church, uncaring, stubborn, religious groups, changing world, Church of England, women bishops, reactive, adaptable, influence, contraception, harm, unjustified stance, Wynne-Jones 2010 Catholic Church, uncaring, stubborn, religious groups, changing world, Church of England, women bishops, adaptability, influence, contraception, harm, unjustified stance, Wynne-Jones 2010 Catholic Church, image, uncaring, stubborn, religious groups, changing world, Church of England, women bishops, adaptability, influence, contraception, harm, unjustified stance, Wynne-Jones 2010
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro02a	The apparent loss of liberty is overstated.  Negative cases of security abuse are few and have been greatly exaggerated by an emphatic civil rights lobby that has no empathy for the victims of terrorism. Of course, with any wide-scale attempt to fight terrorism there are bound to be a few cases of abuse of security measures. For example in the UK terrorism suspects were originally detained without charge under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act however the detention was declared unlawful by the law lords in 2005 so the government introduced new scaled back policies such as ‘control orders’. [1] Therefore government has always been willing to scale back its security legislation when the courts believe it goes too far. Nonetheless it is not a good idea to shut down all security measures under a pretext that they violate rights [2] . The majority of the measures are intended to safeguard those civil liberties instead of abusing them.  [1] Hewitt, Steve, THE BRITISH WAR ON TERROR TIMELINE, Libertas, 2007,  , accessed 9 September 2011  [2] Stratton, Allegra and Wintour, Patrick, ‘Nick Clegg goes to war with Labour over civil liberties’, guardian.co.uk, 13 April 2010,  , accessed 9 September 2011 liberty, security, abuse, civil rights, terrorism, victims, Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act, detention, unlawful, control orders, government, legislation, courts, measures, civil liberties, safeguard, Nick Clegg, Labour, Stratton, Wintour, Hewitt, Libertas, guardian.co.uk liberty, security, abuse, civil rights, terrorism, victims, UK, Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act, detention, law lords, control orders, government, security measures, courts, legislation, civil liberties, Nick Clegg, Labour, Stratton, Wintour, Hewitt, Libertas, guardian.co.uk liberty, security, abuse, terrorism, civil rights, victims, Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act, unlawful detention, control orders, government policies, courts, legislation, civil liberties, safeguards, Nick Clegg, Labour, civil liberties debate apparent loss, liberty, overstated, negative cases, security abuse, exaggerated, civil rights, empathy, victims, terrorism, wide-scale, attempt, fight terrorism, few cases, abuse, security measures, UK, terrorism suspects, detained, charge, Anti-Terrorism, Crime, Security Act, unlawful, law lords, 2005, government, new policies, control orders, willing, scale back, security legislation, courts, shut down, pretext, violate rights, majority, measures, safeguard, civil liberties, Hewitt, Steve, British War, Terror Timeline, Libertas, 2007, Strat liberty, security, terrorism, abuse, civil rights, victims, anti-terrorism, crime, detention, control orders, government, legislation, courts, measures, safeguards, civil liberties, UK, law lords, Nick Clegg, Labour
test-education-egscphsrdt-con02a	Keeping teenagers in education  Studies in Michigan in the USA have found that random drug tests in schools do not deter drug use, as schools with and without random tests have similar levels of drug use among their pupils. [1]  It seems unlikely that random drug tests will, in fact, deter students from taking drugs. What such tests will result in, however, is a greater number of exclusions and disciplinary actions resulting from catching student drug users, which as the studies have shown has no guarantee of lowering drug use overall.  Faced with a situation of continuing to be caught and reprimanded for drug use in school due to random drug tests, many older teenagers who reach the age whereby they may choose to leave school may choose to do so in greater numbers. This may well be compounded by an adolescent desire to rebel and reject authority when it tries to prevent them doing what they want, and so a greater number of teenage students may drop out of school so as to allow themselves to continue doing what they want more easily – that is, taking drugs. Leaving school at such an age for no other reason than to pursue a drug-using lifestyle is almost certainly more harmful than the worst-case alternative, whereby they at least remain in education even if they continue to use illegal drugs, comparatively improving their future career and education choices. Simply driving teenagers out of education with random drug tests benefits no-one.  [1] Grim, Ryan. “Blowing Smoke: Why random drug testing doesn't reduce student drug use”. Slate. March 21, 2006. teenagers, education, random drug tests, Michigan, USA, studies, drug use, schools, deterrence, exclusions, disciplinary actions, dropping out, adolescent rebellion, authority, future career, education choices, harm reduction, policy effectiveness keeping teenagers education, studies Michigan USA, random drug tests schools, drug use deterrence, school exclusions disciplinary actions, adolescent rebellion, authority rejection, dropping out school, pursuing drug use, future career education choices, driving out education, random drug testing effects drug tests, teenagers, education, Michigan, USA, deterrence, drug use, schools, random tests, exclusions, disciplinary actions, dropping out, rebellion, adolescent, authority, career choices, harm reduction, benefits, Slate, Ryan Grim, Blowing Smoke teenagers, education, studies, Michigan, USA, random, drug, tests, deter, schools, pupils, levels, use, students, exclusions, disciplinary, actions, older, age, leave, school, choose, numbers, adolescent, desire, rebel, authority, prevent, reject, drop, out, continue, pursue, lifestyle, leaving, worse-case, remain, future, career, choices, driving, benefits, no-one drug tests, teenagers, education, school, Michigan, USA, deter drug use, random tests, exclusions, disciplinary actions, drop out, rebel, authority, future career, education choices, harm reduction, Blowing Smoke, Ryan Grim, Slate, March 21, 2006
test-international-atiahblit-con02a	Colonial legacies: the issue of language  A fundamental restriction to achieving universal education in several African countries is not teachers, as a resource, but rather the lack of a national language. Colonialism enforced national boundaries, of which remain mismatched to ethnicity and language. African nations remain some of the most diverse in the world. With the exception of Tanzania, whereby Julius Nyerere used policy to create a sense of national unity and language, many African nations placed minimal focus on nationalisation. Around 46 languages are spoken in Zambia.  Such language diversities make universal education difficult. Therefore, presidents such as Paul Kagame, have the right approach of enforcing a national language. Colonial legacies, language, universal education, African countries, national language, colonialism, national boundaries, ethnicity, language diversity, African nations, Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, national unity, policy, Zambia, Paul Kagame, national language enforcement Colonial legacies, language, universal education, African countries, national language, Colonialism, national boundaries, ethnicity, language diversity, African nations, Julius Nyerere, policy, national unity, Zambia, Paul Kagame, national language enforcement Colonial legacies, language, universal education, African countries, national language, Colonialism, national boundaries, ethnicity, language diversity, African nations, policy, national unity, Julius Nyerere, Tanzania, Zambia, Paul Kagame, national language enforcement Colonial legacies, language, universal education, African countries, national language, Colonialism, national boundaries, ethnicity, language diversity, African nations, Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, national unity, policy, Zambia, Paul Kagame, national language enforcement Colonial legacies, language, universal education, African countries, national language, colonialism, national boundaries, ethnicity, language diversity, African nations, Julius Nyerere, Tanzania, policy, national unity, Zambia, 46 languages, Paul Kagame, national language enforcement
test-international-aghwrem-pro01a	States should not be isolated on political grounds  The isolation of Myanmar by some of the developed Western powers is arbitrary and marked by hypocrisy. The real reasons for the stance taken by these countries are political. There is little consistency in the attitude taken towards other governments and dictatorships across the world that also have questionable human rights records (Saudi Arabia and Egypt, to name a few), but either offer other strategic and economic benefits, or are much more influential in international affairs than Myanmar. Myanmar is only part of a group of countries (also including Cuba and North Korea) whose economic and political policies have remained relatively opaque to arm-twisting by the US and the EU. It is unfair to impose sanctions on and isolate Myanmar on this basis, especially in an emerging multi-polar international environment. Myanmar, isolation, political grounds, Western powers, hypocrisy, human rights, consistency, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, dictatorships, strategic benefits, economic benefits, international affairs, sanctions, multi-polar, emerging environment, Cuba, North Korea, arm-twisting, US, EU, opaque policies Myanmar, isolation, political grounds, hypocrisy, developed Western powers, human rights records, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, strategic benefits, economic benefits, international affairs, sanctions, multi-polar world, Cuba, North Korea, US, EU, arm-twisting, economic policies, political policies Myanmar, isolation, political grounds, hypocrisy, Western powers, consistency, human rights, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, strategic benefits, economic benefits, international affairs, sanctions, multi-polar, emerging environment, dictatorships, opacity, arm-twisting, US, EU, Cuba, North Korea Myanmar, isolation, political grounds, Western powers, hypocrisy, human rights, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, dictatorships, strategic benefits, economic benefits, international affairs, sanctions, multi-polar world, Cuba, North Korea, arm-twisting, US, EU, opaque policies Myanmar, isolation, Western powers, hypocrisy, political reasons, consistency, governments, dictatorships, human rights, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, strategic benefits, economic benefits, influence, international affairs, sanctions, multi-polar environment, Cuba, North Korea, economic policies, political policies, arm-twisting, US, EU, unfairness
test-politics-lghwdecm-pro01a	Electing a Mayor will revitalise local democracy  An elected mayor would revitalise local democracy. At present many people have no idea who their local councillors are, or who leads their council, perhaps because collective decision-making is generally unexciting. It is not surprising then that turnout is only around 30% and in some urban areas in Britain fewer than 1 in 4 adults bother to vote in local elections – the worst turnout in the EU. [1] An elected mayor would act as a focus for local people, both symbolically and as someone with real power to improve their lives. Local elections would gain more coverage and more people’s attention as they are voting for one recognisable figure rather than a number of councillors. This in turn would turn attention to local democracy and increase turnout in elections.  [1] Shakespeare, Tom, ‘For Good Measure Devolving Accountability for Performance and Assessment to Local Areas’, Localis, 2010, p.17 Electing, Mayor, Revitalise, Local, Democracy, Elected, Focus, Symbolically, Real, Power, Improve, Lives, Local, Elections, Coverage, Attention, Recognisable, Figure, Councillors, Turnout, Voting, Devolving, Accountability, Performance, Assessment, Areas, Shakespeare, Tom, Localis, 2010 Mayor, local democracy, elected, revitalise, councillors, leadership, collective decision-making, turnout, local elections, urban areas, Britain, EU, symbolically, power, improve lives, media coverage, attention, local democracy, increase, voter participation, accountability, performance, assessment, Localis, Tom Shakespeare, devolution Electing, Mayor, revitalise, local, democracy, councillors, collective, decision-making, turnout, urban, Britain, elected, symbolically, power, lives, coverage, attention, recognisable, figure, increase, elections, accountability, performance, assessment, Localis, Shakespeare, Tom, Good, Measure, Devolving Electing, Mayor, Revitalise, Local, Democracy, Councillors, Council, Decision-making, Turnout, Urban, Britain, Adults, Vote, Local, Elections, Symbolically, Power, Coverage, Attention, Recognisable, Figure, Devolving, Accountability, Performance, Assessment, Localis, Shakespeare, Tom, 2010, p17 mayor, local democracy, elected, revitalise, councillors, leadership, decision-making, turnout, voting, local elections, urban areas, Britain, EU, focus, symbol, power, lives, coverage, attention, recognisable, figure, devolving, accountability, performance, assessment, local areas, Shakespeare, Localis, 2010
test-education-ughbuesbf-con03a	The quality of education suffers when university education is free  Without university fees, universities become dependent on the state for funding. This leads to larger class­sizes and less spending per student. [1] Yet with fees, the quality of universities increases for three reasons. First, funding improves, as university may charge in accordance with need. Second, quality of teaching is improved. Because a university wants people to attend and to pay fees, the programs and degrees they offer have to be good signals of quality requiring hiring the best lecturers. Third, the average quality of students attending university will improve. This is because students feel they need to get the most from their investment in education. An example of higher quality education from fee­paying is that of the United States, which has eighteen of the top fifty ranked universities in the world. [2] Quality is clearly improved when university is not free.  [1] Brady, Hugh. 2008. “We Must Invest Now in Our Universities or Pay Later”. University College Dublin News Available:  ents.html​  [2] QS World University Rankings 2015/16, QS, quality, education, university, free, fees, funding, state, class-sizes, spending, student, improvement, teaching, lecturers, investment, ranking, United States, top universities, investment, Hugh Brady, QS World University Rankings quality, education, free, university, fees, state, funding, class-sizes, spending, students, improvement, teaching, lecturers, investment, ranks, United States, top universities, investment, QS World University Rankings quality education, university fees, state funding, class sizes, spending per student, funding improvement, teaching quality, best lecturers, student quality, educational investment, United States, top universities, QS World University Rankings quality, education, university, fees, state, funding, class-size, spending, student, improvement, teaching, lecturers, investment, top-ranked, United-States, QS, World, University, Rankings, investment, Hugh, Brady, 2008, University, College, Dublin, News quality of education, free university education, university fees, state funding, larger class sizes, spending per student, funding improvement, quality of teaching, hiring best lecturers, student quality, investment in education, top ranked universities, United States universities, QS World University Rankings, university investment, Hugh Brady, UCD News, 2015/16 QS Rankings
test-law-lghwpcctcc-pro03a	Cameras encourage efficiency and high standards.  Placing cameras into courtrooms encourages the judiciary and lawyers to increase their efficiency and have high standards of behaviour, because they are aware that it will be carried outside of the courtroom by public viewing. The introductions of cameras to the Houses of Parliament in the UK resulted in significantly improved standards of debate, greater punctuality, and greater attendance of MPs [1] . We can expect this same principle to continue in courtrooms when cameras are put in place.  [1]  , accessed 06/08/11 cameras, efficiency, high standards, courtrooms, judiciary, lawyers, public viewing, Houses of Parliament, UK, improved standards, debate, punctuality, attendance, MPs, principle, accountability, transparency, legal system, judicial conduct, courtroom behavior cameras, efficiency, high standards, courtrooms, judiciary, lawyers, public viewing, Houses of Parliament, UK, improved standards, debate, punctuality, attendance, MPs, principle, legal transparency, accountability, courtroom behavior cameras, courtrooms, efficiency, high standards, judiciary, lawyers, public viewing, Houses of Parliament, UK, improved standards, debate, punctuality, attendance, MPs cameras, efficiency, high standards, courtrooms, judiciary, lawyers, public viewing, Houses of Parliament, UK, improved standards, debate, punctuality, attendance, MPs, principle, courtrooms cameras cameras, efficiency, high standards, courtrooms, judiciary, lawyers, public viewing, Houses of Parliament, UK, improved standards, debate, punctuality, attendance, MPs, principle, legal system, transparency, accountability
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con04a	It impedes economic progress.  Extra-security measures only impede, or halt the flow of trade [1] , make the country harder to deal with - less internationally ‘friendly’, and disrupt communities. Security states almost always have slower growth than freer states because there is extra red tape, transport networks are slowed down, for example airport check ins take much longer. The U.S. Travel Association, says on average, in the United States as a result of the airport security measures each person avoids two to three trips a year because of the hassles of airport-security screening. That amounts to an estimated $85 billion in lost business for hotels, restaurants, airlines and other travel suppliers. [2] And this is even before the losses caused by unproductive hours, and deterred investment. All these things will decrease incomes and GDP growth.  [1] Verrue, Robert, ‘Tighter Security Must Not Slow Down World Trade’, The European institute, Spring 2004,   [2] McCartney, Scott, ‘Aiming to Balance Security and Convenience’, Wall Street Journal, 1 September 2011,  , accessed 9 September 2011 economic progress, extra-security measures, impede trade, international unfriendly, security states, slower growth, red tape, transport networks, airport check-ins, U.S. Travel Association, avoided trips, lost business, hotels, restaurants, airlines, travel suppliers, unproductive hours, deterred investment, decreased incomes, GDP growth, tighter security, world trade, balance security convenience economic progress, extra-security measures, impede trade, international unfriendliness, disrupt communities, security states, slower growth, red tape, transport networks, airport check-ins, U.S. Travel Association, avoid trips, lost business, hotels, restaurants, airlines, travel suppliers, unproductive hours, deterred investment, decrease incomes, GDP growth, tighter security, world trade, balance security, convenience economic progress, extra-security measures, impede trade, international unfriendliness, disrupt communities, security states, slower growth, freer states, red tape, transport networks, airport check-ins, U.S. Travel Association, avoided trips, lost business, hotels, restaurants, airlines, travel suppliers, unproductive hours, deterred investment, decreased incomes, GDP growth, tighter security, world trade, security screening, balance security convenience economic progress, extra-security measures, impede trade, international unfriendliness, security states, slower growth, red tape, transport networks, airport check-ins, U.S. Travel Association, travel avoidance, lost business, hotels, restaurants, airlines, travel suppliers, unproductive hours, deterred investment, decreased incomes, GDP growth, tighter security, world trade, security screening, Scott McCartney, Wall Street Journal, Robert Verrue, The European Institute economic progress, extra-security measures, impede, halt trade, country unfriendly, disrupt communities, security states, slower growth, freer states, red tape, transport networks, airport check-ins, U.S. Travel Association, avoid trips, airport security measures, lost business, hotels, restaurants, airlines, travel suppliers, unproductive hours, deterred investment, decrease incomes, GDP growth, Verrue Robert, Tighter Security Must Not Slow Down World Trade, The European Institute, McCartney Scott, Aiming to Balance Security and Convenience, Wall Street Journal
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-con02a	Reparations and the use of the term 'cultural appropriation' is a mask for more deep-rooted issues of racism in society.  The use of compensation as a means of redress for cultural appropriation doesn’t tackle the root problems that are expressed. The problems given as examples of cultural appropriation, like a Caucasian person wearing their hair in dreadlocks- a style that has meaning and historic prejudice to the afro-Caribbean community is redirecting attention and division. The individuals wearing their hair in this fashion however are not the problem. Demanding compensation from them 'does not challenge racism in any meaningful way' [1]. Instead targeting and punishing those who actively discriminate against those with the dreadlock style of hair is more effective and encourages equality.  [1] Malik, Kenan, ‘The Bane of Cultural Appropriation’, AlJazeera, 14th April 2016, Reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, society, compensation, redress, root problems, dreadlocks, Caucasian, afro-Caribbean, historic prejudice, attention, division, discrimination, equality, Kenan Malik, AlJazeera reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, society, compensation, redress, root problems, dreadlocks, Caucasian, afro-Caribbean, historic prejudice, attention, division, discrimination, equality, Kenan Malik, AlJazeera reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, compensation, redress, dreadlocks, afro-Caribbean, Caucasian, historic prejudice, attention, division, discrimination, equality, Kenan Malik, AlJazeera reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, society, compensation, redress, dreadlocks, afro-Caribbean, Caucasian, attention, division, discrimination, equality, Kenan Malik, AlJazeera reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, society, compensation, redress, root problems, examples, Caucasian, dreadlocks, afro-Caribbean, prejudice, attention, division, individuals, problem, discrimination, equality, Kenan Malik, AlJazeera
test-law-umtlilhotac-pro02a	Witnesses might be identified and placed in danger  Televising criminal trials may cause a number of problems with witnesses. It may make individuals less likely to give evidence, make them more likely to play to the television audience, or make the already intimidating process of giving evidence in court more so. Also, television broadcasts make it more likely that the identities of anonymized witnesses would leak out – something that has already happened at the ICC in the Ruto-Sang case [1] .  The ICC already has problems with witnesses, including allegations of bribing and intimidating prosecution witnesses in the Ruto case [2] , which has led to Walter Barasa, a Kenyan Journalist, being subject to an arrest warrant [3] . Ending the televising of trials may go some way to remedy those problems.  [1] Lattus, Asumpta, ‘Evenson: ‘First time arrest warrant has been issued in Kenya case’, Deutsche Welle, 2 October 2013,   [2] Stewart, Catrina, ‘ICC on trials along with Kenya’s elite amid claims of bribery and intimidation’, The Guardian, 1 October 2013,   [3] ‘ICC seeks Walter Barasa arrest for Kenya ‘witness tampering’, BBC News, 2 October 2013, witnesses, danger, televising, criminal trials, problems, evidence, intimidation, television audience, court, anonymized witnesses, ICC, Ruto-Sang case, witness tampering, bribery, Walter Barasa, arrest warrant, Kenya, intimidation, prosecution witnesses, judicial process, media impact, legal system, trial transparency, public opinion, judicial integrity witnesses, danger, televising, criminal trials, evidence, intimidation, television audience, anonymized witnesses, ICC, Ruto-Sang case, witness tampering, bribing, Walter Barasa, Kenyan Journalist, arrest warrant, Kenya case, bribery, intimidation, prosecution witnesses witnesses, danger, televising, criminal trials, problems, evidence, television audience, intimidating, identities, anonymized, leak, ICC, Ruto-Sang case, bribing, intimidating, prosecution, Ruto case, Walter Barasa, arrest warrant, Kenya, witness tampering, BBC, The Guardian, Deutsche Welle witnesses, danger, televising, criminal, trials, problems, evidence, audience, intimidating, anonymized, identities, leak, ICC, Ruto-Sang, case, bribing, intimidating, prosecution, Walter, Barasa, Kenyan, journalist, arrest, warrant, remedy, issues, courtroom, media, testimony, safety, confidentiality, legal, procedure, judicial, process, public, broadcasting, security, witness, tampering, justice, system, high-profile, cases, Court, international, crime, law, corruption, interference witnesses, danger, televising, criminal trials, problems, evidence, audience, intimidating, identities, anonymized, leak, ICC, Ruto-Sang case, allegations, bribing, intimidating, prosecution, Walter Barasa, arrest warrant, Kenya, witness tampering, BBC News, Deutsche Welle, The Guardian
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro01a	National security is something that must be protected even at the cost of  Terrorism is part of the modern world and is inextricably linked with the rise of modern communications, the internet, and a global community. This is an age in which space and time are bending to the tune of new media – information at your fingertips may sound nice, but for those who want to destroy, it only makes their object easier to attain. And so more strict national security measures must be employed in order to keep up with the enemy. Escalation is the name of the game imposed on governments around the world by terrorists for example the Mumbai terrorists used GPS systems to guide them into Mumbai, attacks were coordinated on cell and satellite phones and Blackberrys were used to monitor the international reaction [1] . In order to keep up states need new powers to stop, deter, and prevent terrorism. The government needs to secure state-security first; only then can the debate on civil liberties begin, and only then.  [1] Shachtman, Noah, ‘How Gadgets Helped Mumbai Attackers’, Wired, 1 December 2008,  , accessed 9 September 2011 National security, terrorism, modern communications, internet, global community, information access, destruction, strict measures, government, space and time, new media, information technology, GPS, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberrys, international reaction, state security, civil liberties, Mumbai attacks, government powers, deterrence, prevention, Shachtman, Wired, technology in terrorism National security, terrorism, modern communications, internet, global community, information access, destruction, strict security measures, government response, escalation, GPS systems, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberrys, state-security, civil liberties, Mumbai attacks, new media, technology in terrorism, government powers, security vs privacy National security, terrorism, modern communications, internet, global community, information access, destruction, strict measures, escalation, government powers, state security, civil liberties, GPS, Mumbai attacks, coordination, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberrys, international reaction, gadgets, Shachtman, Wired, December 2008, September 2011 national security, terrorism, modern world, communications, internet, global community, information, destruction, strict measures, government, escalation, Mumbai terrorists, GPS, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberrys, state-security, civil liberties, gadgets, Wired, Noah Shachtman national security, terrorism, modern world, communications, internet, global community, space and time, new media, information, destruction, strict measures, government, escalation, states, powers, stop, deter, prevent, Mumbai, GPS, attacks, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberrys, international reaction, Shachtman, Wired, civil liberties
test-international-aglhrilhb-pro04a	Deters future offences  By prosecuting those who commit crimes against humanity and war crimes future leaders are dissuaded from committing such acts [1]. When criminals are held accountable, the belief in the reliability of the legal system is enhanced, society is strengthened by the experience that the legal system is able to defend itself and the sense of justice is upheld or rectified [2].  Since the Office of the Prosecutor announced its interest in Colombia in 2006, the government has taken a number of measures particularly the Peace and Justice Law to ensure domestic prosecution of those who could potentially be tried by the ICC. The threat of ICC prosecution appears to have concerned former President Pastrana. Vincente Castrano (AUC) a paramilitary leader was fearful of the possibility of ICC prosecution, a fear that reportedly directly contributed to his group’s demobilisation[3].  [1] Safferlin, Christoph J.M., ‘Can Criminal prosecution be the answer to massive Human Rights Violations?’, issafrica.org,   [2] Grono, Nick, ‘ The Deterrent Effect of the ICC on the Commission of International Crimes by Government Leaders ’, globalpolicy.org, 5 October 2012, deters, future, offences, prosecuting, crimes, humanity, war, crimes, leaders, dissuaded, criminals, accountability, legal, system, reliability, society, strengthened, justice, upheld, rectified, Office, Prosecutor, Colombia, 2006, government, measures, Peace, Justice, Law, domestic, prosecution, ICC, threat, former, President, Pastrana, Vincente, Castrano, AUC, paramilitary, fearful, demobilisation, Safferlin, Christoph, J.M., massive, human, rights, violations, Grono, Nick, deterrent, effect, government Deters, future, offences, prosecuting, crimes, humanity, war, crimes, leaders, dissuaded, accountability, legal, system, society, justice, Office, Prosecutor, Colombia, Peace, Justice, Law, ICC, prosecution, former, President, Pastrana, Vincente, Castrano, AUC, paramilitary, demobilisation, Human, Rights, Violations, Deterrent, Effect, Government, International, Crimes Deters, future, offences, prosecuting, crimes, humanity, war, crimes, leaders, dissuaded, accountability, legal, system, reliability, society, justice, Office, Prosecutor, Colombia, 2006, government, measures, Peace, Justice, Law, domestic, prosecution, ICC, threat, former, President, Pastrana, Vincente, Castrano, AUC, paramilitary, leader, demobilisation, Safferlin, Christoph, J.M., issafrica.org, Grono, Nick, Deterrent, Effect, Commission, International, Crimes, Government, Leaders, global future offences, prosecution, crimes against humanity, war crimes, leaders, deterrence, legal system, society, justice, Office of the Prosecutor, Colombia, Peace and Justice Law, ICC, former President Pastrana, Vincente Castrano, AUC, demobilisation, human rights violations, Nick Grono, Christoph J.M. Safferlin, international crimes, government leaders Deters, future, offences, prosecuting, crimes, humanity, war, crimes, leaders, dissuaded, accountability, legal, system, reliability, society, strengthened, justice, upheld, Office, Prosecutor, Colombia, 2006, government, measures, Peace, Justice, Law, domestic, prosecution, ICC, threat, concern, President, Pastrana, Vincente, Castrano, AUC, paramilitary, demobilisation, Safferlin, Christoph, M, issafrica.org, Grono, Nick, deterrent, effect, commission, international, government, leaders, globalpolicy.org,
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-pro03a	The Settlements are seen by Palestinians as a sign of bad faith on the part of Israel, and therefore weaken the hand of Pro-Peace elements  As important as the existence of the settlements themselves is their continued growth. The very fact that Israel has continued to ostensibly negotiate for the independence of a Palestinian state in the West Bank on one hand while rapidly expanding the population and the size of Israeli settlements can be interpreted as a sign of bad faith.  For one thing, it raises questions of the seriousness with which Israel is attempting to reach an agreement. Even if the programs of Settlement expansion are intended as a temporary policy in lieu of a settlement, the very fact that Israel’s plan B is arguably as popular as peace, and being pursued with far more vigour could lead many Palestinians to conclude that Israel is attempting to run out the clock.  The consequences of this are inauspicious for the Peace Process. As Palestinian faith in the prospect of peaceful negotiations falters, groups like Hamas are likely to find an increasingly receptive audience for their view that only force will compel Israel to negotiate seriously. This in turn will make compromise all the more difficult to achieve. Settlements, Palestinians, Israel, Bad Faith, Pro-Peace, West Bank, Expansion, Negotiations, Independence, Population Growth, Policy, Plan B, Peace, Faith, Hamas, Force, Compromise, Peace Process, Inauspicious, Clock Running Settlements, Palestinians, Israel, Pro-Peace, negotiations, West Bank, independence, expansion, growth, bad faith, peace process, Hamas, compromise, force, receptive, clock, plan B, policy, vigour, seriousness, agreement, faith, faltering, elements, sign, questions, interpretation, population, size, temporary, popular, pursue, achieve, difficult, audience, compel, view, run out Settlements, Palestinians, bad faith, Pro-Peace elements, West Bank, independence, negotiation, Israeli settlements, population growth, serious agreement, temporary policy, plan B, peace, Hamas, force, compromise, Peace Process, Palestinian faith, negotiations Settlements, Palestinians, bad faith, Pro-Peace, growth, negotiations, independence, West Bank, expansion, population, seriousness, agreement, temporary policy, plan B, popular, Peace Process, faith, compromise, Hamas, force, receptive audience Settlements, Palestinians, Israel, bad faith, Pro-Peace, negotiations, West Bank, independence, expansion, population, seriousness, agreement, temporary policy, plan B, Hamas, force, compromise, Peace Process, faith, receptive audience
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-con02a	Elections of any sort force rulers to meet their people  Elections almost anywhere in the world mean politicians getting out and campaigning. Regardless of the legitimacy of the final election the leadership of the country will be going out and meeting voters. In many of these events individuals won’t be able to express their views but there are also likely to be protests and meetings where individuals can get their views across. This provides an opportunity for the leader to stay in touch with the people – often a problem with dictators who have been in power too long.  Dictators will want to, and often believe that they are likely to win even without resort to fraud, as Marcos did in 1985. [1] They are then are much more likely to consider the views of the electorate to still be relevant if there are elections than if there are not. Thus for example Mugabe in the most recent elections made a bid for, and won, the youth vote by promising a direct stake in the economy, [2] so responding to their desire for jobs. [3]  [1] Kline, William E., ‘The Fall of Marcos: A Problem in U.S. Foreign Policymaking’, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1992,  p. 10  [2] Agyemang, Roy, ‘Why a Robert Mugabe victory would be good for Zimbabwe’, theguardian.com, 2 August 2013,   [3] AFP, ‘Youth, rural voters may hold key to Zimbabwe election’, Fox News, 27 July 2013, elections, rulers, politicians, campaigning, legitimacy, protests, dictators, Marcos, Mugabe, youth vote, economy, jobs, U.S. Foreign Policymaking, Zimbabwe election elections, rulers, meet people, campaigning, legitimacy, voter interaction, protests, leader accountability, dictators, power, Marcos, 1985, Philippines, Mugabe, Zimbabwe, youth vote, economic stakes, job opportunities, U.S. foreign policy, policymaking, rural voters, political responsiveness elections, rulers, people, campaigning, legitimacy, leadership, voters, protests, meetings, views, dictators, power, stay in touch, Marcos, 1985, win, fraud, electorate, relevant, Mugabe, recent elections, youth vote, economy, jobs, U.S. Foreign Policymaking, Zimbabwe election, rural voters, key, Fox News, theguardian.com Elections, politicians, campaigning, voter interaction, legitimacy, protests, leader accountability, dictators, Marcos, 1985, Mugabe, youth vote, economic promises, job creation, U.S. foreign policy, Zimbabwe election elections, rulers, people, politicians, campaigning, legitimacy, leadership, voters, protests, meetings, views, opportunity, leader, touch, problem, dictators, power, Marcos, 1985, consider, views, electorate, relevant, Mugabe, recent, elections, bid, youth vote, promise, stake, economy, jobs, Kline, William E., Fall, Marcos, U.S. Foreign Policymaking, Agyemang, Roy, Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe, AFP, rural voters, key, Zimbabwe election
test-politics-glghssi-pro02a	Devolution has demonstrated the ability of Scots to govern themselves not only as well as Westminster but with more civility  Not only has the policy agenda been different in Scotland but so has the model of politics. It has seen the emergence of new political parties and a better representation of the diversity within existing ones.  The nature of political discourse, although vigorous and not as consensual as initially hoped, has proved to be more consensual – both during the time of the SNP minority administration and the preceding coalitions than politics south of the border. [i]  The contrast between the coalition governments at Holyrood, the Scottish parliament, where Scottish Labour and the Scottish Liberal Democrats were allied between 1999 and 2007, and the internecine warfare going on between Conservative and Liberal members of the current Westminster coalition could not be more stark.  [i] Cairney, Paul, ‘Coalition and Minority Government in Scotland’, Political Studies Associations Conference, 1 April 2010, devolution, Scots, govern, Westminster, civility, policy, agenda, Scotland, model, politics, new, political, parties, diversity, representation, discourse, consensual, SNP, minority, administration, coalition, governments, Holyrood, Scottish, parliament, Scottish, Labour, Liberal, Democrats, Conservative, Westminster, coalition, warfare, Cairney, Paul, Coalition, Minority, Government, Scotland, Political, Studies, Associations, Conference Devolution, Scots, governance, Westminster, civility, policy agenda, political model, Scotland, new political parties, diversity, political discourse, consensual, SNP, minority administration, coalitions, Scottish parliament, Holyrood, Scottish Labour, Scottish Liberal Democrats, internecine warfare, Westminster coalition, Cairney, Paul, Coalition and Minority Government in Scotland, Political Studies Associations Conference Devolution, Scots, self-governance, Westminster, civility, policy agenda, political model, Scotland, new political parties, diversity representation, political discourse, consensual, SNP, minority administration, coalition governments, Holyrood, Scottish parliament, Scottish Labour, Scottish Liberal Democrats, internecine warfare, Westminster coalition, Cairney, Paul, Coalition and Minority Government in Scotland, Political Studies Associations Conference devolution, Scots, governance, Westminster, civility, policy agenda, political model, new parties, diversity, political discourse, consensual, SNP, minority administration, coalitions, Scottish parliament, Holyrood, Scottish Labour, Scottish Liberal Democrats, Conservative, internecine warfare, Westminster coalition, Cairney, Paul, Coalition and Minority Government in Scotland, Political Studies Associations Conference Devolution, Scots, governance, Westminster, civility, policy, agenda, political, model, Scotland, diversity, new, parties, representation, discourse, consensual, SNP, minority, administration, coalition, government, Holyrood, Scottish, Parliament, Scottish, Labour, Scottish, Liberal, Democrats, Conservative, internecine, warfare, Westminster, Cairney, Paul, Political, Studies, Association, conference
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro05a	The justice system does not currently work  A major failing in current anti-poaching operations is that the poachers are rarely prosecuted. African legal systems rarely prioritise poaching as a serious crime, with offenders usually receiving trivial fines1. One of the major reasons for the Western black rhinoceros’ extinction in 2011 was the complete lack of sentencing for any of the poachers who were captured. [1] The system also fails to prosecute the brains behind many of the operations due to poor investigative methods. This creates an impression in the minds of the poachers that they can operate with impunity. [2]  [1] Mathur, A. ‘Western Black Rhino Poached Out of Existence; Declared Extinct, Slack Anti-Poaching Efforts Responsible’  [2] Welz, A. ‘The War on African Poaching: Is Militarization Fated to Fail?’ justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, African legal systems, poaching, serious crime, fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, poachers, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, wildlife crime, legal enforcement, conservation, wildlife trafficking, judicial reform justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, poachers, African legal systems, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, wildlife crime, conservation, legal reform, poaching operations, criminal justice, environmental law, endangered species, Rhino poaching justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, African legal systems, poaching crimes, fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, poachers, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, poaching operations justice system, anti-poaching operations, prosecution, poachers, African legal systems, poaching, serious crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, investigative methods, poaching operations, impunity, militarization, failure, conservation, wildlife crime justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, African legal systems, poaching, serious crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, poachers, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, failure
test-philosophy-elkosmj-pro01a	As humans we try to save as many people as possible  There exists a basic right to life which, as humans, we try to follow. Killing others is outlawed because we generally believe that every person has the right to live their life and no one else has the right to take that life away. In the situation with the train there are two possible outcomes which both lead to life being cut short. Due to the fact that we place such value on life we have a duty to reduce the number of people who die. One ought to commit the act that results in the fewest deaths, and this is to kill the one and save the five. human, save, people, right, life, killing, outlawed, belief, person, duty, reduce, deaths, fewest, kill, save, train, situation, outcomes, value right to life, duty to save, value of life, reduce deaths, moral obligation, fewest deaths, ethical dilemma, train scenario, kill one save five, human rights, moral principles, life preservation, ethical choice, sacrifice for greater good human, save, people, right, life, killing, outlawed, train, situation, outcomes, value, duty, reduce, deaths, commit, act, fewest, kill, save, five human, save, people, right, life, kill, outlaw, value, duty, death, train, outcome, commit, act, fewest, deaths, one, five human, save, people, right, life, killing, outlawed, belief, person, take, train, situation, outcomes, value, duty, reduce, deaths, commit, act, fewest, kill, save, five
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro05a	Supranational Entrepreneurs played a crucial role in integration  The role of supranational entrepreneurs within the development of integration within Europe has been crucial. Characters such as Jean Monnet envisaged and worked continuously towards uniting Europe. As the head of France's General Planning Commission, Monnet was the real author of what has become known as the 1950 Schuman Plan to create the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), forerunner of the Common Market. Later a similar role was played by Jacques Delors with the creation of the Single European Act (SEA) and the all-important 1992 project that would see the single market and eventually fully Economic and Monetary Union complete. These characters act in support of integration within Europe and represent an empirical example of cultivated spill-over. Unmitigated pressure from Delors in pushing for the single market ensured that it became a reality in the time it did. Supranational Entrepreneurs, European Integration, Jean Monnet, General Planning Commission, Schuman Plan, European Coal and Steel Community, Jacques Delors, Single European Act, 1992 Project, Single Market, Economic and Monetary Union, Cultivated Spill-over, Unmitigated Pressure, European Union Development Supranational Entrepreneurs, Jean Monnet, Jacques Delors, European Integration, Schuman Plan, European Coal and Steel Community, Single European Act, 1992 Project, Economic and Monetary Union, Cultivated Spill-over, Single Market, Unmitigated Pressure Supranational Entrepreneurs, Integration, Jean Monnet, General Planning Commission, Schuman Plan, European Coal and Steel Community, Jacques Delors, Single European Act, 1992 Project, Single Market, Economic and Monetary Union, Cultivated Spill-over, Unmitigated Pressure Supranational, Entrepreneurs, Integration, Jean, Monnet, Schuman, Plan, European, Coal, Steel, Community, Common, Market, Jacques, Delors, Single, European, Act, 1992, Project, Economic, Monetary, Union, Spill-over, Pressure, Reality Supranational Entrepreneurs, Role, Integration, Europe, Jean Monnet, General Planning Commission, Schuman Plan, European Coal and Steel Community, Jacques Delors, Single European Act, 1992 Project, Single Market, Economic and Monetary Union, Cultivated Spill-over, Unmitigated Pressure
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con01a	The UK needs to be part of a block to remain relevant  History is moving towards bigger and bigger blocks being relevant. The US and USSR dwarfed the previous global power the UK [1] and China and India look set too be bigger again. In a world where the great powers are regions of the globe in themselves to be influential requires being part of a bigger group. The EU negotiates on equal terms with China, India and the USA. The UK on its own would be very much a second order power.  [1] See Paul Kennedy’s The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Random House, 1987 UK, block, relevance, history, global powers, US, USSR, China, India, influence, EU, negotiations, second order power, Paul Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers UK, global relevance, historical power blocks, US, USSR, China, India, EU, international negotiations, regional power, second-order power, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers UK, global relevance, international blocks, US, USSR, China, India, historical power shifts, EU, regional powers, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, global influence, second-order power, international negotiations UK, global relevance, historical powers, US, USSR, China, India, regional blocs, EU, international negotiations, second-order power, Paul Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, global politics, international relations, economic blocks, geopolitical strategy, British influence, European Union, diplomacy, world powers, historical context, contemporary geopolitics, strategic alliances UK, block, relevant, history, bigger, global, powers, US, USSR, UK, China, India, world, influential, group, EU, China, India, USA, negotiate, second, order, power, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Random House, 1987
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con02a	We already recognise that we cannot place complete trust in juries.  Although we recognise that juries can provide valuable insight and represent the will of the general public in court cases [1] (and especially the communities in which the crimes occurred [2] ), there is also recognition that juries can be subject to bias [3] . Britain has even suggested plans to restrict the right to trial by jury in order to prevent undue bias from affecting court cases [4] . Elsewhere, experts are debating over whether jurors should learn about ‘a victim’s sexual history in rape cases where the defendant asserts that the accuser consented to sex, or a victim's propensity for violence in murder cases where the accused claims self-defense’ [5] because of fears that it might cause juror bias. We do not grant ultimate knowledge to jurors, nor should we; it endangers the potential for an unbiased trial.  [1] Lawson Neal, and Simms, Andrew, ‘A People’s Jury of a thousand angry citizens’, The Guardian, 31 July 2011.  [2] New Jersey Courts, ‘Welcome to the New Jersey Court System’, judiciary.state.nj.us, 2011.  [3] Howard Nations, ‘Overcoming Jury Bias’  [4] Davies, Patricia Wynn, ‘Plans to restrict right to trial by jury condemned’, The Independent, 28 February 1997.  [5] Silverglate, Harvey A., and Poulson, Dan, ‘Getting Real at the SJC’, Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly, 30 May 2005 . trust, juries, bias, court cases, public opinion, community, crime, Britain, trial restrictions, juror selection, rape cases, consent, murder cases, self-defense, victim's history, unbiased trial, jury reform, legal experts, trial by jury, judicial system, public will, criminal justice, legal debates, jury deliberation, judicial proceedings, testimonial evidence, juror education, legal reforms, jury composition, judicial oversight, legal ethics, judicial fairness, legal safeguards, jury prejudice, legal procedure, judicial administration, courtroom practices, juror cognition, judicial policy, legal discourse, justice system, legal principles, jury trust, juries, bias, court cases, community, Britain, trial by jury, victim's history, rape cases, murder cases, self-defense, unbiased trial, Lawson Neal, Andrew Simms, New Jersey Courts, Howard Nations, Patricia Wynn Davies, Harvey A. Silverglate, Dan Poulson, The Guardian, The Independent, Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly jury trust, jury bias, public representation, community representation, court cases, Britain jury restrictions, trial by jury, juror education, victim history, rape cases, murder cases, self-defense claims, unbiased trials, jury insights, legal reforms, judicial system, juror selection, legal debate, criminal justice, judicial impartiality, trial fairness, legal ethics, juror conduct, judicial proceedings, legal procedures, victim rights, defendant rights, trial process, juror responsibilities, legal standards, legal principles, judicial practices, legal safeguards, trial reforms, jury deliberations, legal controversies, judicial reforms, trial procedures, jury trials, legal challenges jury bias, trial by jury, public opinion, legal reform, Britain, juror selection, victim's sexual history, rape cases, self-defense, murder cases, unbiased trial, legal experts, court cases, community representation, New Jersey Courts, The Guardian, The Independent, Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly, Harvey Silverglate, Dan Poulson, Patricia Wynn Davies, Howard Nations, Lawson Neal, Andrew Simms jury bias, trial by jury, public opinion in trials, juror selection, legal reforms, Britain jury restrictions, victim's past in court, self-defense claims, unbiased trial, juror education, court system representation, community impact on verdicts, expert debate in legal proceedings, sexual history evidence, legal ethics, judicial fairness, trial integrity, juror influence, legal system improvements, judicial reforms, courtroom biases
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro01a	The current system is unfairly weighted in favour of criminals.  It is unfair that those who repeatedly re-offend should be treated in the same manner as those who have committed one offence; a singular offence could mark a mistake or accident in the defendant’s choices, but repeated criminal acts mark a habit and a lack of regret for past crimes. Failing to take past convictions into account can lead to many dangerous offenders being underestimated by the jury, and so released. This is particularly pertinent in cases of child molestation, where child molesters have a particularly high rate of re-offending – expected to be even ‘larger than the reported 50 per cent’ - but ‘only a small proportion of sexual offences against children result in a conviction’. This conviction rate, however, does rise for ‘those with a history of prior sexual offences’ [1] .  Under the current conditions, this system is unfairly weighted against the innocent victims of repeated crime. A higher conviction rate, informed by the knowledge of previous offences, helps to reach justice for these victims and their families, as well as promoting justice and the safety of the general public who find it frustrating that so many dangerous offenders are released without appropriate conviction [2] . Moreover, jurors themselves lose confidence in the justice system when they find out that they have just acquitted a defendant who has committed a similar crime before. One notable example of this was series of trials of Kirk Reid, who committed many sexual assaults against women including several instances of rape and who was ‘wrongfully acquitted’ of his first offence in 1996. Not only did his victim lose all sense of hope in the justice system – she had faced her attacked and been discredited – but one of the jurors at the trial who believed that he was guilty went on to criticise the justice system itself [3] . The current system seriously risks acquitting criminals who have already committed similar crimes; it is time to rebalance the justice system to acknowledge the needs of the victims who suffer through wrongful acquittal of their attackers.  [1] Victims of Violence, ‘Research – Protecting Children from Sexual Abuse’, 28 February 2011  [2] Hughes, David, ‘Sex offenders to lose right to get out of jail early’, The Daily Mail  [3] Lette, Kathy, ‘For sexual assault, justice is on trial’, The Guardian, 1 July 2010 current system, unfairly weighted, criminals, repeated offenders, singular offence, mistake, accident, past convictions, jury, dangerous offenders, child molestation, re-offending, conviction rate, sexual offences, innocent victims, justice, public safety, higher conviction rate, jurors, confidence, justice system, Kirk Reid, sexual assaults, rape, wrongful acquittal, rebalance, protecting children, sexual abuse, jail, early release, sexual assault, trial, victims, attackers current system, unfairly weighted, criminals, repeated re-offenders, singular offence, past convictions, jury, dangerous offenders, child molestation, re-offending, conviction rate, sexual offences, innocent victims, justice, public safety, higher conviction rate, jurors, confidence, justice system, Kirk Reid, sexual assaults, rape, wrongful acquittal, rebalance, victims, attackers, Victims of Violence, David Hughes, Kathy Lette, The Daily Mail, The Guardian unfairly weighted, criminals, repeated re-offend, singular offence, mistake, accident, defendant’s choices, habit, lack of regret, past crimes, dangerous offenders, underestimated, jury, released, child molestation, high rate re-offending, small proportion, sexual offences, children, conviction rate, history prior sexual offences, innocent victims, repeated crime, justice, public safety, jurors, confidence, justice system, wrongful acquittal, Kirk Reid, sexual assaults, rape, victim, hope, discredited, attacked, rebalance, needs victims, protect, sexual assault, justice on trial criminal justice, repeat offenders, fair treatment, single offense, multiple offenses, past convictions, jury perception, dangerous offenders, child molestation, re-offending rates, conviction rates, sexual offenses, victim justice, public safety, jury confidence, wrongful acquittal, Kirk Reid, sexual assault, justice system reform, victim rights, legal accountability, protecting children, sexual abuse prevention, David Hughes, Kathy Lette, The Daily Mail, The Guardian, Victims of Violence unfair system, criminals, repeated offenders, single offence, past convictions, dangerous offenders, jury, child molestation, re-offending rate, sexual offences, conviction rate, victim justice, public safety, juror confidence, wrongful acquittal, rebalancing justice, sexual assault, protection children, repeat sexual offenders, public frustration, justice system criticism
test-politics-dhwem-pro06a	"PMCs can be made much more legitimate by regulation  Currently mercenary work as a profession is not regulated by law, which allows the corruption and lack of guaranteed quality, as well as the problems of accountability to remain problematic. Regulating PMCs encourage a safer, professionalised security sector which can be standardised and controlled. Governments would then legislate, regulate and moderate the use of such forces rather than provide them outright. PMCs today are legitimate businesses, much of their work has nothing to do with fighting and killing MPRI for example ""shipped more than $900,000,000 worth of donated food and medical supplies to the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union over a five year period”. These companies are already placing greater emphasis on having a good reputation and are increasingly transparent so many companies would welcome regulation.(Vaknin, 2011) PMCs, regulation, legitimacy, mercenary, profession, law, corruption, quality, accountability, safer, professionalised, security, sector, standardised, controlled, governments, legislate, forces, legitimate, businesses, fighting, killing, MPRI, donated, food, medical, supplies, Soviet, Union, reputation, transparent, companies, Vaknin, 2011 PMCs, regulation, legitimacy, mercenary, professionalisation, accountability, standardisation, government, legislation, transparency, reputation, MPRI, donated, food, medical, supplies, Soviet, Union, Vaknin, 2011 PMCs, regulation, legitimacy, professionalisation, accountability, quality, security sector, government control, legislation, mercenary work, transparency, reputation, MPRI, humanitarian aid, Soviet Union, Vaknin 2011 PMCs, regulation, legitimate, mercenary, profession, corruption, quality, accountability, safer, professionalised, security sector, standardised, controlled, governments, legislate, moderate, forces, legitimate businesses, fighting, killing, MPRI, donated food, medical supplies, Soviet Union, reputation, transparent, companies, welcome regulation, Vaknin, 2011 PMCs, regulation, legitimacy, mercenary, profession, law, corruption, quality, accountability, safer, professionalised, security sector, standardised, controlled, governments, legislate, moderate, forces, legitimate businesses, fighting, killing, MPRI, donated food, medical supplies, Soviet Union, reputation, transparent, Vaknin, 2011"
test-international-iwiaghbss-pro03a	Shared sovereignty  If there are no countries willing to cede complete sovereignty over territory then some kind of shared sovereignty could be considered. “This conferred jurisdiction must include rights to become a citizen, migrate, work, access health care, and access social security.” [1] Additionally there would almost certainly need to be sovereignty over justice, law and order. However this would potentially leave large areas of sovereignty in the remit of the host nation; such as providing defense. The most notable compromise by both might be to maintain sovereignty over people rather than just territory.  There have been suggestions such as by Krasner that shared sovereignty should be considered, and become much more normal. And some forms of shared sovereignty have happened before such as foreign control over some tax revenues, or the status of forces agreements the USA had with Germany that restricted German ability to make war after WWII. [2] Or more obviously the members of the EU increasingly cede some sovereignty to the international entity. As the deal would be voluntary for both the Seychelles and its host country and both would potentially gain such a deal would seem feasible.  [1] Yu, 2013,   [2] Krasner, Stephen D., ‘The case for shared sovereignty’, Journal of Democracy, vol.16, No.1, January 2005,  , p.77 shared sovereignty, cede sovereignty, territorial jurisdiction, citizenship rights, migration rights, work rights, healthcare access, social security access, justice sovereignty, law and order sovereignty, defense sovereignty, host nation sovereignty, people sovereignty, territorial sovereignty, Krasner, foreign control, tax revenues, status of forces agreements, EU sovereignty, voluntary sovereignty, Seychelles, host country, sovereignty compromise shared sovereignty, cede complete sovereignty, conferred jurisdiction, citizenship rights, migration rights, work rights, health care access, social security access, sovereignty over justice, law and order, host nation defense, sovereignty over people, Krasner, foreign control over tax revenues, status of forces agreements, USA-Germany post-WWII, EU sovereignty cession, voluntary sovereignty sharing, Seychelles, host country benefits, feasible sovereignty deal shared sovereignty, cede sovereignty, territorial jurisdiction, citizenship rights, migration rights, labor rights, healthcare access, social security, justice, law and order, defense sovereignty, people sovereignty, Krasner, foreign tax control, status of forces agreements, EU sovereignty, voluntary sovereignty, Seychelles, host country, feasible sovereignty, international entity, sovereignty compromise, sovereignty over people, territorial sovereignty, sovereignty in international relations, theoretical sovereignty, practical sovereignty examples shared sovereignty, cede sovereignty, territorial jurisdiction, citizenship rights, migration rights, work rights, healthcare access, social security access, justice sovereignty, law and order, host nation defense, sovereignty over people, Krasner, foreign tax control, status of forces agreements, EU sovereignty, voluntary sovereignty cession, Seychelles, host country benefits, feasible sovereignty deal shared sovereignty, cede sovereignty, territorial jurisdiction, citizenship rights, migration rights, work rights, healthcare access, social security, justice, law and order, defense sovereignty, host nation, people sovereignty, Krasner, tax revenues, status of forces agreements, EU, voluntary deal, Seychelles, international entity, sovereignty compromise, feasible deal, international relations, political science, governance, state sovereignty, territorial control, legal jurisdiction, political compromise, international cooperation, national sovereignty, global governance, sovereignty sharing, political authority, state jurisdiction, citizenship laws, migration policies, labor rights, healthcare policies, social welfare, defense policies, international agreements
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con01a	Employers have no right to private medical information  Employers have no right to know. This is an arena into which the state has no right to intrude, or to compel intrusion by others. Employers will know if their employee’s work is satisfactory or unsatisfactory – what more do they need to know than that? If employers find out, they might dismiss workers – which is exactly why many employees don’t want to tell them.  If workers are forced to disclose the fact that they have HIV, the merit principle will go out the window. Even if not dismissed, their prospects for promotion will be shattered – because of prejudice, or the perception that their career has in any meaningful sense been ‘finished’ by their condition (which is often not the case as sufferers can work and lead fulfilling lives after diagnosis; life expectancy after diagnosis in the US was 22.5 years in 2005 [1] ).  Even if not fired and career advancement doesn’t suffer, prejudice from co-workers is likely. From harassment to reluctance to associate or interact with the employee, this is something the employee knows he might face. He has a right to decide for himself whether or not to make himself open to that. Managers may promise, or be bound, not to disclose such information to other workers – but how likely is enforcement of such an undertaking? For these reasons, even problems with huge HIV problems like South Africa haven’t adopted this policy.  [1] Harrison, Kathleen M. et al., ‘Life Expectancy After HIV Diagnosis Based on National HIV Surveillance Data From 25 States, United States’, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, Vol 53 Issue 1, January 2010, employers, private, medical, information, state, intrusion, work, satisfactory, unsatisfactory, HIV, disclosure, prejudice, promotion, career, life, expectancy, diagnosis, South, Africa, harassment, co-workers, managers, confidentiality, enforcement Employers, private medical information, state intrusion, work performance, HIV disclosure, merit principle, career prospects, prejudice, co-worker interaction, confidentiality enforcement, South Africa HIV policy, life expectancy post-diagnosis Employers, private medical information, state intrusion, work performance, HIV disclosure, merit principle, career prospects, workplace prejudice, co-worker harassment, South Africa HIV policy, life expectancy HIV, Kathleen M. Harrison, HIV surveillance data Employers, private medical information, state intrusion, work satisfaction, HIV, merit principle, career prospects, prejudice, coworkers, harassment, South Africa, HIV surveillance, life expectancy, Kathleen M. Harrison Employers, private medical information, state intrusion, work performance, HIV, merit principle, career prospects, prejudice, co-workers, harassment, disclosure, enforcement, South Africa, life expectancy
test-international-bmaggiahbl-con03a	There is accountability without a free press  Freedom of speech and the Press is not the only way of creating accountability in a country – especially a comparatively small one such as Rwanda. Rwanda has been ranked a transparent and is the least corrupt state in East Africa [1] where everyone is accountable and equal before the law.  How can this be without an aggressive free press? Annually, all government officials are cross examined by locals publicly in a forum called national dialogue “Umushyikirano”, to ensure that they meet the needs of citizens and assess their performance[2]. This has given Rwandans courage to express their desires and feel much valued in the process of policy making and engagement. It puts ministers and even the Prime Minister on the spot on individual issues. Restricted press and speech is therefore rendered irrelevant by such programs as people can question authorities and demand justification directly rather than relying on the press.  In Africa, most countries lack transparent government systems and institutions, a factor responsible for continued corruption, poor governance and crime which in turn destroy progress in societies [3], but this is not the case with regard to Rwanda.  [1] Zegabi East Africa news, ‘Transparency International Ranks Rwanda the Least Corrupt Country in East Africa’, 5 December 2013, zegabi.com  [2] Hunt, Swanee ‘Rebuilding Rwanda: Access and Accountability’, inclusivesecurity.org, 30 December 2013  [3] Jones Lang Lasale, ‘Sub-Saharan Africa: A region with opportunities amid transparency challenges’, joneslanglasale.eu accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparency, corruption, East Africa, national dialogue, Umushyikirano, government officials, policy making, citizen engagement, transparent government, poor governance, Sub-Saharan Africa, progress, society accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparent government, least corrupt, East Africa, national dialogue, Umushyikirano, government officials, public examination, policy making, citizen engagement, restricted press, transparent systems, institutions, corruption, poor governance, crime, progress, societies, Sub-Saharan Africa, transparency challenges accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparency, corruption, East Africa, national dialogue, Umushyikirano, government officials, public examination, citizen engagement, policy making, Africa, transparent government systems, poor governance, crime, social progress, restricted press, direct questioning, authorities, justification, inclusivesecurity, Jones Lang Lasale, Sub-Saharan Africa, transparency challenges, Zegabi East Africa news, Transparency International accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparency, least corrupt, East Africa, government officials, national dialogue, Umushyikirano, policy making, restricted press, transparent government, institutions, corruption, poor governance, crime, progress, societies, Sub-Saharan Africa, opportunities, transparency challenges accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparency, corruption, East Africa, Umushyikirano, national dialogue, government officials, citizen engagement, policy making, restricted press, Africa, governance, progress, Sub-Saharan Africa, transparency challenges
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con01a	"Opposed by much of the Church  In spite of the Catholic Church's ruling, a huge number of people who identify as Catholic do not adhere to the Church's teachings on contraception. Additionally, many Catholic priests and nuns openly support non-abortive forms of contraception, including barrier contraception. In 2003 a poll found 43% of catholic priests in England and wales were against the church's stance and a further 19% were unsure1. The Church should listen to the requests and opinions of those who are part of it 2. 1 Day, Elizabeth. ""Most Catholic priests 'do not support Rome over contraception'."" The Telegraph, 6 April 2003, 2 Short, Claire. ""HIV/AIDS Catholic Church, contraception, Catholic priests, nuns, opposition, teachings, barrier contraception, poll, England, Wales, requests, opinions, HIV/AIDS, Rome, support, non-abortive forms Catholic Church, contraception, Catholic priests, nuns, barrier contraception, Catholic teachings, Church stance, opinion poll, England, Wales, HIV/AIDS, Church opposition, religious beliefs, reproductive health Catholic Church, contraception, abortion, priests, nuns, Catholic teachings, polls, England, Wales, HIV/AIDS, opposition, religious beliefs, moral stance, public opinion, religious authority, contraception support Church, Catholic, contraception, priests, nuns, poll, England, Wales, HIV/AIDS, teachings, opposition, barrier, non-abortive, opinions, requests, stance, support, adherence Catholic Church, contraception, Catholic teachings, priests, nuns, barrier contraception, poll, England, Wales, Church stance, HIV/AIDS, opinions, requests, Catholic priests, support, Rome"
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-con02a	Allow ISPs to monitor and remove illegal or unwanted data  Many ISPs are responding to user interests when cutting out particular types of data. At the request of the user why shouldn’t they be able to monitor what is delivered to a certain IP address. Most ‘net nanny’ software is not that difficult to get around [i] .  Why not let parents who bought their kids a computer to help with their homework not be able to block them from making calls or watching movies?  If you compel net neutrality then, say, the ISP who caters for religious customers can no longer deliver the service that they have requested. Denying freedom of choice seems a high price to pay so that someone can get movies without paying for them.  Equally, if ISPs themselves want to stay within the law and prevent people from accessing illegal or otherwise unpleasant sites, why shouldn’t they?  [i] Foss Force: Keeping Tech Free. Caesar Tjalbo. “Top 10 Reasons ISPs are against net neutrality”. ISPs, monitor, remove, illegal, unwanted, data, user, interests, cutting, types, net, nanny, software, parents, kids, homework, block, calls, movies, compel, net, neutrality, ISP, religious, customers, service, requested, freedom, choice, high, price, paying, movies, stay, law, prevent, accessing, unpleasant, sites, Foss, Force, Tech, Free, Caesar, Tjalbo, Top, Reasons, against ISPs, monitor, remove, illegal, unwanted, data, user, interests, cut, types, net nanny, software, bypass, parents, kids, homework, block, calls, movies, net neutrality, compel, religious, customers, service, requested, freedom, choice, law, prevent, access, unpleasant, sites, legal, Foss Force, Caesar Tjalbo, reasons, against ISP, monitor, remove, illegal, unwanted, data, user, interests, cutting, types, net, nanny, software, bypass, parents, kids, homework, block, calls, movies, net, neutrality, religious, customers, service, requested, freedom, choice, law, unpleasant, sites, Foss, Force, Caesar, Tjalbo, reasons, against ISP, monitor, remove, illegal, unwanted, data, user, interests, cut, particular, types, request, IP, address, net, nanny, software, parental, control, block, calls, movies, net, neutrality, freedom, choice, religious, customers, service, law, unpleasant, sites, Foss, Force, Caesar, Tjalbo, reasons, against ISP, monitor, remove, illegal, unwanted, data, user, interests, cut, particular, types, request, IP, address, net, nanny, software, around, parents, kids, homework, block, calls, movies, compel, neutrality, religious, customers, deliver, service, requested, freedom, choice, price, movies, paying, stay, law, prevent, accessing, unpleasant, sites, Foss, Force, Caesar, Tjalbo, reasons, against, net, neutrality
test-international-aghwrem-pro02a	Myanmar is no longer a military dictatorship  Myanmar has taken significant steps towards democratisation in the last three years. The new constitution and the elections that resulted in the current civilian government being appointed represent a marked shift in its governance structure. Though there may be scope for improvement in its democratic framework, institutions for democratic functioning have been created and this is a huge step forward. Aung San Suu Kyi has also been released from house arrest, and the tone of the statements made by the new government has been a reconciliatory one. A new human rights commission has also been established. While the pace of reform may not match the supposed expectations of the US and the EU, Myanmar’s choice to change gradually and engage with them on its own terms must be respected. The fundamental circumstances under which a policy of limited engagement was adopted with Myanmar have changed, and this calls for reassessment. Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, new constitution, civilian government, democratic framework, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest, human rights commission, reform, US, EU, limited engagement, reassessment Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, new constitution, elections, civilian government, democratic framework, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest, human rights commission, reform, limited engagement, reassessment, US, EU Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, constitution, elections, civilian government, governance structure, democratic framework, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest, human rights commission, reform, US, EU, limited engagement, reassessment Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, new constitution, elections, civilian government, democratic framework, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest, human rights commission, reform, US, EU, limited engagement, reassessment Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, new constitution, elections, civilian government, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest, human rights commission, reform, US, EU, limited engagement, reassessment
test-international-aglhrilhb-pro01a	Prosecutions are needed for victims  Prosecutions are the only way for victims to see those who caused pain against them brought to justice. The alternative of some kind of reconciliation often leaves those who perpetrated crimes able to retain power as has happened in countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia and Guatemala[1]. When this happens there is clearly a concern both that these individuals are not being held to account and that they could act in a similar way again if given the opportunity. Under the United Nations Genocide Convention of 1948, victims have a right to see offenders prosecuted[2]. And it is only prosecution that will ensure that such acts cannot occur again so giving peace of mind to victims.  [1] Osiel, Mark J. ‘Why Prosecute? Critics of Punishment for Mass Atrocity’ 118 Human Rights Quarterly 147   [2] Akhavan, Payam, ‘Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities' American Journal of International Law, 95(1), 2001, pp.7-31 Prosecutions, Victims, Justice, Reconciliation, Power, Perpetrators, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations, Genocide Convention, 1948, Right, Offenders, Prevention, Peace, Mind, Mass Atrocity, Impunity, International Criminal Justice, Atrocities Prosecutions, Victims, Justice, Reconciliation, Power, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations, Genocide Convention, 1948, Right, Offenders, Acts, Peace, Mind, Mark J. Osiel, Punishment, Mass Atrocity, Payam Akhavan, Impunity, International Criminal Justice, Atrocities prosecutions, victims, justice, reconciliation, power, perpetrators, crimes, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations, Genocide Convention, 1948, right, offenders, peace, mind, prevention, atrocities, Osiel, Mark, critics, punishment, mass, atrocity, Akhavan, Payam, impunity, international, criminal, law Prosecutions, victims, justice, reconciliation, perpetrators, power, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations, Genocide Convention, 1948, accountability, prevention, atrocities, international criminal justice, impunity, peace of mind prosecutions, victims, justice, reconciliation, power, perpetrators, crimes, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations, Genocide Convention, 1948, right, offenders, peace, mind, prevention, atrocities, impunity, international criminal justice
test-international-atiahblit-con01a	Teaching begins at home  For the target of universal primary education to be achieved we need to look beyond a narrow education policy. Programs are required to enable teaching at home. The benefits of education need to be accessed nationwide; which will cumulatively encourage children to go to school and participate to do their best. For example, by introducing adult training/education courses to parents and elderly populations, parents are able to assist children at home, and to recognise the benefits of gaining an education. Simply providing better teachers at school fails to recognise the importance of intra-household decisions and life. For universal education the whole population strata needs to be included; and adult courses provided on basic maths, english and science. Teaching, Home, Universal, Primary, Education, Policy, Programs, Nationwide, Benefits, Children, School, Participation, Adult, Training, Courses, Parents, Elderly, Assist, Recognize, Importance, Intra-Household, Decisions, Life, Teachers, Population, Strata, Basic, Maths, English, Science universal primary education, teaching at home, education policy, nationwide education benefits, children school participation, adult training, parent education, intra-household decisions, basic maths, english, science, population strata inclusion Teaching, Home, Universal, Primary, Education, Policy, Programs, Nationwide, Benefits, Children, School, Participate, Best, Adult, Training, Courses, Parents, Elderly, Assist, Recognise, Importance, Intra-Household, Decisions, Life, Teachers, Population, Strata, Basic, Maths, English, Science Teaching, Home, Universal, Primary, Education, Policy, Programs, Nationwide, Benefits, Children, School, Participation, Adult, Training, Courses, Parents, Elderly, Assist, Recognise, Importance, Intra-Household, Decisions, Life, Teachers, Population, Strata, Basic, Maths, English, Science Teaching, Home, Universal, Primary, Education, Policy, Programs, Benefits, Nationwide, Children, School, Participation, Best, Adult, Training, Elderly, Parents, Assist, Recognise, Importance, Intra-household, Decisions, Life, Population, Strata, Courses, Basic, Maths, English, Science
test-education-ughbuesbf-con02a	Maintaining a system of free university education leads to an inefficient allocation of state resources.  First, tax money is wasted on paying civil servants to deal with university bureaucracy. Second, when the state funds all university education for free, funding will be allocated to unprofitable courses. Thirdly a moral hazard problem emerges among such students attending for free. They are allowed to reap all the benefits of education, while needing to incur none of the costs so won’t feel they need to work at their degree. The fourth problem of free university education is saturation of degree­holders in the market. [1] When everyone has a degree, the value of such a qualification plummets. Thus, a system of fees is superior to free education as it allows for more efficient allocation of resources to universities determined by which universities produce the best educated students and research.  [1] Chapman, Bruce. 2001. “The Higher Education Finance Debate: Current Issues and Suggestions for Reform”. Australian Review of Public Affairs. Available:  ​ free university education, inefficiency, state resources, tax money, bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, student effort, degree saturation, market value, education finance, resource allocation, university fees, educated students, research quality, reform, public policy, higher education free university education, inefficient allocation, state resources, tax money, civil servants, university bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, free students, degree saturation, market value, degree holders, education finance, resource allocation, university fees, best educated students, research, higher education, public affairs, reform free university education, inefficient allocation, state resources, tax money, university bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, student motivation, degree saturation, market value, education finance, resource allocation, university fees, higher education reform, Chapman 2001, Australian Review of Public Affairs free university education, inefficient allocation, state resources, tax money, university bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, students, degree holders, market saturation, value of qualification, system of fees, efficient allocation, best educated students, research, Bruce Chapman, higher education finance, reform, Australian Review of Public Affairs free university education, inefficient allocation, state resources, tax money, university bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, students, benefits, education costs, degree saturation, market value, qualification, system of fees, resource efficiency, universities, educated students, research, higher education finance, debate, policy reform, public affairs, Chapman 2001
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con03a	It would be letting the terrorists win  It is the aim of all terrorists to influence by violent means government policy. If we changed how our country was run we would be letting the terrorists win – they would be getting what they wanted. If we changed the way we lived [1] , greater security measures or something else, we would be shaping our society to the tune of the terrorist. So more security measures at airports limit the freedom to travel, turning the country into a surveillance society makes everyone nervous; ultimately the country is no longer the same as it was having lost the freedoms which are the best way to combat terrorism. This is something perversely wrong.  [1] Symanovich, Steve, ‘If you don’t read this, the terrorists win’, Washington Business Journal, 24 December 2001, terrorists, government policy, influence, violent means, changing country, society shaped, terrorist goals, security measures, airports, surveillance society, freedom loss, combating terrorism, perversely wrong, Steve Symanovich, Washington Business Journal terrorists, government policy, influence, violent means, society, freedom, security measures, airports, surveillance, combat terrorism, freedoms, perversely wrong, shaping society, travel, nervous, Steve Symanovich, Washington Business Journal, 24 December 2001 terrorism, government policy, violent means, influence, change, country, society, terrorists win, freedom, security measures, airports, surveillance, combat terrorism, freedoms, perversely wrong, Steve Symanovich, Washington Business Journal terrorism, government policy, influence, violent means, society change, freedom loss, security measures, surveillance, travel restriction, combating terrorism, freedom, personal liberty, societal impact, terrorist aims, perversity, freedom preservation terrorists, government policy, influence, violent means, change, country, society, security measures, airports, surveillance, freedom, combat terrorism, perversely wrong, Steve Symanovich, Washington Business Journal
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-pro03a	The bill violates the Philippine values of harmony and respect  Perhaps the most important values in the Philippines are social harmony and respect for the family. [i] The Reproductive Health bill undermines both. Allowing contraception will take away a psychological barrier that prevents pre-marital or casual sex and once that barrier is crossed the individual will have higher sexual activity. [ii] In the Philippines this will mean greater numbers of teen pregnancies and pregnancies out of marriage because abortion will remain illegal.  In terms of politics these values mean support for democracy but also being against corruption and graft. [iii] Obviously the bill has been very politically divisive so undermining social harmony but also to pass this bill many parliamentarians had to be bribed so undermining this social harmony. The Reproductive Health bill represents the worst excesses of the pork barrel buffet. With a single-mindedness of purpose, the presidential palace has put everything on the table to shore up the votes required in parliament. Legislators, who had previously voted against the legislation, often repeatedly, where threatened with the loss of programmes in their constituencies if they failed to back the project, which has been at the heart of the presidential agenda [iv] .  [i] Dolan, Ronald E., ed., Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.   [ii] Arcidiacono, Peter, et al., ‘Habit Persistence and Teen Sex: Could Increased Access to Contraception have Unintended Consequences for Teen Pregnancies’,  P.30  [iii] Talisayon, Serafin D., ‘Teaching values in the natural and physical sciences in the Philippines’, University of the Philippines,   [iv] Philippine Daily Inquirer. Philip Tubeza. ‘Philippine President accused of ‘bribing’ Congress’. Reported on Yahoo News 19 December 2012. Philippine values, social harmony, respect, family, Reproductive Health bill, contraception, pre-marital sex, teen pregnancies, out-of-marriage pregnancies, democracy, anti-corruption, political divisiveness, bribery, pork barrel, presidential agenda, congress, legislator coercion, constituency programs Philippine values, social harmony, respect, family, Reproductive Health bill, contraception, pre-marital sex, casual sex, teen pregnancies, out-of-wedlock pregnancies, politics, democracy, corruption, graft, political divisiveness, bribery, pork barrel, presidential agenda, legislative pressure, constituency programs, values education, contraception access, sexual behavior, unintended consequences, teen pregnancy rates, democratic support, political ethics, public office, legislative process, lobbying, legislative votes, presidential influence, Philippine politics, policy-making, moral values, social impact, public health, sexual health, contraception debate, reproductive rights, cultural values, traditional Philippine values, social harmony, respect, family, Reproductive Health bill, contraception, pre-marital sex, casual sex, sexual activity, teen pregnancies, pregnancies out of marriage, abortion, politics, democracy, corruption, graft, political divisiveness, bribery, pork barrel, presidential agenda, legislators, constituencies, programmes, Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study, Arcidiacono, Habit Persistence and Teen Sex, Talisayon, Teaching values, Philippine Daily Inquirer, President accused, Congress, Yahoo News Philippine values, social harmony, respect, family, Reproductive Health bill, contraception, pre-marital sex, casual sex, teen pregnancies, out-of-marriage pregnancies, abortion, democracy, corruption, graft, political divisiveness, bribery, pork barrel, presidential agenda, legislative pressure, constituency programs, Philippine politics, reproductive health legislation, moral values, sexual behavior, political influence, public policy, ethical governance Philippine values, social harmony, respect, family, Reproductive Health bill, contraception, pre-marital sex, casual sex, sexual activity, teen pregnancies, out-of-marriage pregnancies, abortion, democracy, corruption, graft, political divisiveness, bribery, pork barrel, presidential agenda, legislative support, constituency programmes, threats, political pressure, ethical concerns, cultural values, moral implications, public policy, reproductive rights, sexual education, teenage sexuality, unintended consequences, governance, political ethics, legislative ethics, Philippine politics, presidential influence, legislative process, public opinion, social impact, policy analysis, moral values, sexual behavior, contraception
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-pro03a	Maintaining the value of the degree  Employers and others expect certain degrees to mean certain things; they are more than just an expensive badge. In the case of elite western universities part of what that means is a critical approach to the world and the willingness to challenge ideas, regardless of the authority that holds them. Part of their exclusivity derives from their admission standards, partly from the academic rigour of their scholars and partly from the simple fact that there are only a relatively small number of graduates.  In other areas universities are all too aware of selling their reputation – impartiality, avoiding plagiarism and so forth – the same should be true here. If a degree from a western university does not mean that it recognises issues such as creativity and free thinking then it devalues the degree itself.  As a result the very governments that are so keen to acquire the creative, critical skills offered by graduates of western-style education will end up undermining the very thing that they seek. This impacts not only the graduates from Asian campuses of western universities but also their peers at the home institution [i] .  [i] US-China Today. Jasmine Ako. Unraveling Plagiarism in China. 28 March 2011. degree value, employer expectations, elite universities, critical thinking, academic rigor, university reputation, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, western education, Asian campuses, government impact, US-China education, academic integrity degree value, employers expectations, critical thinking, academic rigor, university reputation, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, western universities, Asian campuses, US-China education, government impact, degree devaluation value, degree, employers, critical approach, challenge ideas, authority, elite universities, admission standards, academic rigour, exclusivity, reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, western universities, government, asian campuses, home institution, US-China Today, plagiarism in China degree value, employer expectations, critical thinking, academic rigor, university reputation, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, western universities, Asian campuses, government impact, education quality, devaluation of degrees, impartiality, academic integrity, US-China Today, Jasmine Ako, plagiarism in China degree value, employer expectations, elite universities, critical thinking, academic rigour, admission standards, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, government impact, western education, asian campuses, US-China education, academic integrity
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-pro04a	Settlements remove Palestinians from their own land, and they produce a self-perpetuating cycle in their sear  The settlements themselves are self-perpetuating in a manner that makes them pernicious to the rights and very existence of neighbouring Palestinian communities.  For one thing, a settlement cannot function in isolation. It needs a road for its residents to safely travel to and from work in Israel. Security needs subsequently require that this road be protected from attacks by creating a large military presence along its route, and in many cases moving existing Palestinian settlements. At the very least Palestinian areas are bisected by impassable thoroughfares. [1]  In turn settlements require their fields to be protected by high walls and electric fences to protect them from attack, and the construction crews building them also require protection.  The result is that even a settlement of a few hundred families rapidly requires the takeover of an amount of land out of all proportion to the actual number of settlers involved, and any further expansion compounds the problem. [2] The security needs of settlements create a situation which makes the livelihood of Palestinians impossible. The existence of the settlements makes these security policies a necessity. As a consequence, the only clear solution is the removal of the settlements.  [1] United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory, ‘The Humanitarian Impact of Israeli Settlement Policies’, January 2012,   [2] CBS News, ‘Group: Israel Controls 42% of West Bank’, 6 July 2010, settlements, Palestinians, land, self-perpetuating, cycle, rights, existence, road, travel, work, Israel, security, military, protection, attacks, Palestinian, communities, fields, high, walls, electric, fences, construction, expansion, takeover, livelihood, humanitarian, impact, policies, United, Nations, Office, Coordination, Humanitarian, Affairs, occupied, territory, CBS, News, control, West, Bank settlements, Palestinians, land, self-perpetuating, cycle, rights, existence, neighbouring, communities, roads, travel, work, security, military, protection, attacks, relocation, bisected, thoroughfares, fields, high walls, electric fences, construction, protection, expansion, takeover, proportion, settlers, livelihood, humanitarian impact, policies, removal, control, West Bank, United Nations, CBS News settlements, Palestinians, land, self-perpetuating, cycle, rights, existence, communities, isolation, road, travel, Israel, security, military, presence, route, moving, areas, bisected, fields, high, walls, electric, fences, attack, construction, crews, protection, expansion, takeover, livelihood, humanitarian, impact, policies, control, West, Bank, removal, United, Nations, Office, Coordination, Humanitarian, Affairs, CBS, News, group, control, percentage settlements, Palestinians, land, self-perpetuating, cycle, rights, existence, road, security, military, protection, attacks, isolation, fields, high walls, electric fences, construction, expansion, takeover, livelihood, humanitarian impact, policies, removal, control, West Bank settlements, Palestinians, land, self-perpetuating, cycle, rights, existence, isolation, roads, security, military presence, attacks, Palestinian settlements, passphrase, thoroughfares, fields, high walls, electric fences, construction crews, expansion, takeover, livelihood, removal, United Nations, humanitarian impact, CBS News, West Bank, control
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro05a	"It will reduce the power of special interest groups  A benefit of compulsory voting is that it makes it more difficult for special interest groups to vote themselves into power. Under a non-compulsory voting system, if fewer people vote then it is easier for smaller sectional interests and lobby groups to control the outcome of the political process. A notable example would be the disproportionate influence of agriculture in policy making as seen in both European politics and well as American with enormous amounts of subsidies for farmers who represent a minute percentage of the population. 1 2  The outcome of the election therefore reflects less the will of the people (Who do I want to lead the country?) but instead reflects who was logistically more organized and more able to convince people to take time out of their day to cast a vote (Do I even want to vote today?).  1 Ira M. Sheskin and Arnold Dashefsky, ""Jewish Population of the United States, 2006,"" in the American Jewish Year Book 2006, Volume 106, David Singer and Lawrence Grossman, Editors. NY: American Jewish Committee, 2006. 2: Mark Weber, Feb. 2009, 'A Straight Look at the Jewish Lobby', Institute for Historical Review (Accessed 10/06/2011) compulsory voting, special interest groups, political influence, election outcomes, voter turnout, lobby groups, agricultural subsidies, policy making, European politics, American politics, Jewish population, voter organization, electoral process, democratic representation compulsory voting, special interest groups, political power, election outcomes, voter participation, lobby groups, policy making, agricultural subsidies, European politics, American politics, public influence, electoral process, democratic representation, organized logistics, voter engagement, Jewish population, Jewish lobby, political influence, electoral control, sectional interests compulsory voting, special interest groups, political process, lobby groups, non-compulsory voting, election outcome, voter turnout, agricultural subsidies, policy making, European politics, American politics, Jewish population, Ira M. Sheskin, Arnold Dashefsky, Mark Weber, Institute for Historical Review, American Jewish Year Book, voter influence, sectional interests, logistical organization, voting behavior, proportional representation, minority influence, electoral control, democratic participation, political lobbying, voter mobilization compulsory voting, special interest groups, political influence, non-compulsory voting, election outcomes, voter turnout, agricultural subsidies, policy making, logistical organization, voter engagement, Jewish population, American politics, European politics, lobbying, democratic process, representative democracy, electoral participation, minority influence, political representation compulsory voting, special interest groups, non-compulsory voting, political influence, agriculture subsidies, policy making, election outcomes, voter turnout, logistical organization, Jewish population, American politics, European politics, lobby groups, sectional interests, voter engagement, democratic process, political power, minority influence, electoral process, voter participation"
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-con02a	North Korea is an unresolved conflict it can’t simply be ignored  Even if the provocations are sometimes relatively small and ineffective, such as the failed missile launch in April 2012, as a conflict zone they cant simply be ignored by anyone even if they themselves are unlikely to be drawn into any potential conflict. After Rwanda the United Nations promised never again would it allow genocide; [1] how much worse would it be to ignore something that could be a spark to a conflict that could cost millions of lives when we already know there is the potential. The United Nations was created “To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace… to bring about … settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace” [2] therefore all nations should be attempting to resolve this frozen conflict that could so easily become a shooting war. Wars in Korea have in the past drawn in all the surrounding powers; the Imjin war involved China and Japan, China and Japan again fought over Korea in 1894-5, and the Korean War 1950-53 brought in both the USA and China while Russia and Japan were both involved as supply bases. Clearly the possibility of conflict is not something any power with a stake in Northeast Asia can simply ignore.  It is essential that there is a reaction to every incident just in case that is the incident that spins out of control.  [1] Power, Samantha, ‘Remember the Blood Frenzy of Rwanda’, Los Angeles Times, 4 April 2004,   [2] ‘Article 1 The Purposes of the United Nations are:’, United Nations, 26 June 1945, North Korea, unresolved conflict, international peace, security, United Nations, genocide, Rwanda, frozen conflict, shooting war, Imjin War, Korea, China, Japan, 1894-5, Korean War, 1950-53, USA, Russia, Northeast Asia, reaction, incidents, peacekeeping, collective measures, prevention, threats, international disputes North Korea, conflict, unresolved, international peace, security, United Nations, Rwanda, genocide, missile launch, April 2012, provocations, frozen conflict, Korea, Imjin War, China, Japan, Korean War, USA, Russia, Northeast Asia, incident, control, Article 1, purposes, collective measures, threats, peace, settlement, disputes North Korea, unresolved conflict, UN, Rwanda, genocide, international peace, security, collective measures, frozen conflict, shooting war, Imjin war, Korean War, Northeast Asia, incident response, Samantha Power, United Nations Charter, Article 1 North Korea, unresolved conflict, provocations, failed missile launch, April 2012, conflict zone, Rwanda, United Nations, genocide, international peace and security, collective measures, threats to peace, frozen conflict, shooting war, Imjin war, China, Japan, Korean War, USA, Russia, Northeast Asia, reaction to incidents, Samantha Power, Los Angeles Times, Article 1 UN Purposes North Korea, unresolved conflict, ignored, provocations, failed missile launch, conflict zone, Rwanda, United Nations, genocide, spark, potential conflict, international peace, security, collective measures, threats, peace, international disputes, frozen conflict, shooting war, Imjin war, China, Japan, Korean War, USA, Russia, Northeast Asia, reaction, incidents, spin out of control
test-politics-glghssi-pro01a	Scotland has a proud history and has demonstrated since devolution different political interests  The Union has now passed its 300th birthday and throughout that time Scotland has maintained as distinct role and identity. This is grounded in a tradition and history that is quite different from that south of the Border and includes legal and education systems that have always been separate.  That has manifested itself in a distinct policy agenda since devolution and areas such as free care for the elderly and the abolition of student tuition fees.  Despite the opinions of doomsayers before devolution it has been proved as a remarkable success and massive approval throughout the UK with 70% saying it has been a success. [i]  [i] The Scotsman. “70% of Britons support devolution for Scotland, poll suggests” 8 May 2009. Scotland, history, devolution, political interests, Union, 300th birthday, distinct role, identity, tradition, legal systems, education systems, policy agenda, free care, elderly, abolition, student tuition fees, doomsayers, success, approval, UK, poll, Scotsman Scotland, history, devolution, political interests, Union, distinct role, identity, tradition, legal systems, education systems, policy agenda, free care, elderly, student tuition fees, doomsayers, success, approval, UK, The Scotsman, poll, Britons, support, 2009 Scotland, history, devolution, political interests, Union, identity, tradition, legal systems, education systems, distinct policy, free care, elderly, student tuition fees, doomsayers, success, approval, UK, poll, support, Scotsman Scotland, history, devolution, political interests, Union, 300th birthday, distinct role, identity, tradition, legal systems, education systems, separate, distinct policy, free care, elderly, abolition, student tuition fees, doomsayers, success, approval, UK, poll, The Scotsman, Britons, support, 70% Scotland, proud history, devolution, political interests, Union, 300th birthday, distinct role, identity, tradition, history, legal system, education system, separate, distinct policy agenda, free care, elderly, abolition, student tuition fees, doomsayers, success, approval, UK, poll, support, Scotsman, Britons
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro04a	Poaching is linked to terrorism  Stronger protection of animals should be implemented to reduce the funding for terrorist groups. Certain terrorist organisations use the illegal ivory and horn trade as funding for their operations. Al-Shabaab, the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), and the Sudanese Janjaweed all use the illicit trade as a source of income, with the former using the trade for 40% of its expenditure. [1] This enables them to carry out attacks such as the 2013 Westgate siege in Kenya. [2] Tougher protection of endangered animals would reduce the ability of these groups to fund themselves. In turn, this would decrease their operational capability, increasing stability in Africa.  [1] Stewart, C. ‘Illegal ivory trade funds al-shabaab’s terrorist attacks’  [2] Tackett,C. ‘How elephant poaching helped fund Kenya terrorist attack’ Poaching, Terrorism, Animal Protection, Illegal Ivory Trade, Horn Trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, Sudanese Janjaweed, Funding, Terrorist Attacks, Westgate Siege, Kenya, Operational Capability, Stability, Africa, Elephant Poaching, Funding Reduction, Endangered Animals, Security Measures, Wildlife Conservation, Counterterrorism, Illegal Wildlife Trade, Financial Sources, Militant Groups, Wildlife Crime, Conservation Strategies, International Cooperation, Law Enforcement, Wildlife Trafficking poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal ivory trade, horn trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Sudanese Janjaweed, funding, terrorist groups, attacks, Westgate siege, Kenya, operational capability, stability, Africa, endangered animals, Stewart, Tackett, elephant poaching Poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal ivory trade, horn trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, Sudanese Janjaweed, illicit trade, funding, terrorist groups, attacks, Westgate siege, Kenya, operational capability, stability, Africa, elephant poaching, terrorist attack poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal ivory trade, horn trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, Sudanese Janjaweed, funding, terrorist groups, attacks, Westgate siege, Kenya, operational capability, stability, Africa, endangered animals, elephant poaching, terrorist attack Poaching, Terrorism, Animal Protection, Illicit Trade, Ivory, Horn, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, Sudanese Janjaweed, Funding, Attacks, Westgate Siege, Kenya, Endangered Animals, Operational Capability, Stability, Africa
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro05a	When developing countries employ poor labour standards, other countries follow the example in order to be competitive  As long as developing nations constantly keep employing poor labour standards, it will keep putting a strain on the global economy. This is because other countries will be pressured to do the same just to remain competitive. This creates a race to the bottom effect and would create “poor conditions and loss of freedom in the global South, and causes workers in the global North to lose their jobs to cheap outsourced labour”. [1] Higher labour standards in developing countries therefore also benefits developed countries. However the converse is also true; labels like ‘fair trade’ provide a guarantee of ethical quality and show that consumers are willing to pay more to ensure good labour standards.  [1] ‘Changing Global Trade Rules’, International Labor Rights Forum, developing countries, poor labour standards, global competition, race to the bottom, global economy, ethical quality, fair trade, consumer willingness, higher labour standards, developed countries, trade rules, international labor rights developing countries, poor labour standards, global economy, competitive, race to the bottom, poor conditions, loss of freedom, global South, workers, global North, job loss, cheap outsourced labour, higher labour standards, developed countries, fair trade, ethical quality, consumer willingness, pay more, good labour standards, changing global trade rules, international labor rights forum developing countries, poor labour standards, global competition, race to the bottom, global economy, ethical trade, fair trade, labour standards, developed countries, outsourced labour, consumer willingness, international labor rights forum, global trade rules, worker conditions, freedom in global south, job loss in global north developing countries, poor labour standards, global economy, competitiveness, race to the bottom, ethical quality, fair trade, labour standards, developed countries, consumer willingness, job outsourcing, international labor rights, global trade rules, worker conditions, freedom, global South, global North developing countries, poor labour standards, global economy, race to the bottom, fair trade, ethical quality, consumer willingness, global South, global North, job loss, outsourced labour, labour standards, competitive pressure, international trade, economic strain, worker conditions, freedom, trade rules, International Labor Rights Forum
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con03a	The disclosure of previous convictions could falsely characterize the defendant.  This motion is incredibly dangerous in a variety of ways as not only convictions but also acquittals and other past conduct could then be raised in a court trials. This means that a jury could be informed that somebody had questionable behaviour, such as a sexual interest in children, even if they had never been tried or much less convicted of an actual offence. This would allow the prosecution to unduly blacken the character of the defendant, and easily prejudice the jury against them for no valid reason, and without the evidence which formal proceedings would require. Studies into jury verdicts have found that a jury was ‘50% more likely to convict if it was told that the defendant had a conviction for a similar previous offence than if it was given no information’, particularly in regard to sexual offences [1] . This is proof that jurors are highly susceptible to prejudice when reaching a verdict.  [1] The Economist, ‘Tilting the balance’, 2 January 2003. disclosure, convictions, character, defendant, motion, dangerous, acquittals, past, conduct, court, trials, jury, informed, questionable, behavior, sexual, interest, children, tried, convicted, offence, prosecution, blacken, prejudice, valid, reason, evidence, proceedings, studies, verdicts, likely, convict, similar, previous, sexual, offences, jurors, susceptible, reaching, verdict, Economist, Tilting, balance disclosure, previous convictions, characterize, defendant, motion, dangerous, convictions, acquittals, past conduct, court trials, jury, questionable behavior, sexual interest, children, unduly blacken, prejudice, valid reason, evidence, formal proceedings, studies, jury verdicts, convict, similar previous offence, sexual offences, susceptible, prejudice, verdict, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003 disclosure, previous convictions, defendant, motion, dangerous, convictions, acquittals, past conduct, court trials, jury, questionable behavior, sexual interest, children, unduly blacken, character, prejudice, valid reason, formal proceedings, studies, jury verdicts, 50% more likely, convict, similar previous offence, sexual offences, jurors, susceptible, prejudice, reaching verdict disclosure, previous convictions, defendant, motion, dangerous, convictions, acquittals, past conduct, court trials, jury, questionable behaviour, sexual interest, children, tried, convicted, offence, prosecution, blacken, character, prejudice, valid reason, evidence, formal proceedings, studies, jury verdicts, convict, similar offence, sexual offences, The Economist, Tilting the balance, susceptibility, prejudice, reaching verdict previous convictions, defendant characterization, motion danger, court trials, jury informed, questionable behavior, sexual interest, unduly blacken, prejudice, jury verdicts, 50% more likely, sexual offences, jurors prejudice, reaching verdict, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003
test-politics-dhwem-pro05a	PMCs provide a service that may be otherwise unavailable.  Many nation states have achieved sufficient unity to rely on their own armies but for those which cant, mercenary forces provide an invaluable and possibly only mode of protection and security. British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw believes that in an era of “small wars and weak states” mercenaries have a “legitimate role” (The Economist, 2002). Mercenaries may be the only way of providing short term security guarantees to allow a government to establish itself without relying on warlords or one side of an ethnic conflict. This could be the only way out of a pattern of coup and counter-coup. Recruiting local mercenaries also has the benefits of reducing transportation costs, instant readiness as well as any knowledge of the local politics, geography and customs which may be highly valuable to a security force. These local recruits may be less inclined to share this information with a government force. PMCs, nation states, armies, mercenary forces, protection, security, British Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, small wars, weak states, legitimate role, short term security, government establishment, warlords, ethnic conflict, coup, counter-coup, local mercenaries, transportation costs, readiness, local politics, geography, customs, security force, government force PMCs, nation states, armies, mercenary forces, protection, security, British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, small wars, weak states, short term security, government establishment, warlords, ethnic conflict, coup, counter-coup, local mercenaries, transportation costs, local politics, geography, customs, security force, recruitment benefits PMCs, nation states, armies, mercenary forces, protection, security, British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, small wars, weak states, short term security, government establishment, warlords, ethnic conflict, coup, counter-coup, local mercenaries, transportation costs, readiness, local politics, geography, customs, security force, government force PMCs, mercenary forces, nation states, armies, Jack Straw, small wars, weak states, security, protection, government, warlords, ethnic conflict, coup, counter-coup, local mercenaries, transportation costs, local politics, geography, customs, security force PMCs, mercenary forces, security services, nation states, armies, British Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, small wars, weak states, legitimate role, short term security, government establishment, warlords, ethnic conflict, coup, counter-coup, local mercenaries, transportation costs, readiness, local politics, geography, customs, security force
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-pro01a	Having no elections is honest  Holding sham elections is fundamentally dishonest as it is asking the people to choose a government and then ignoring their choice. Not holding elections is at least honestly telling the people that they get no say in who is in power. Holding a sham election inevitably means having to lie to the people somewhere along the line; whether it is in preventing people registering, or voting, or in manipulating the results. The people usually know the result is a sham or at least are suspicious – in the latest Zimbabwean election the headlines in the newspapers included “ZANU-PF gloats over victory”. [1]  Without a sham election the government can at least be honest with their people so enabling a level of trust or even a kind of contract between the two – the government and the people each lets the other get on with it. Thus for example in China trust in government in 2012 was 76% against the world average of 51%. [2]  [1] Chinaka, Cris, ‘Africa and West at odds over disputed Zimbabwe election’, Reuters, 4 August 2013,   [2] Sedghi, Ami, and Rogers, Simon, ‘Do we trust our government? See how your country compares’, TheGuardian.com, 24 January 2012, elections, sham elections, honesty, dishonesty, government, people's choice, manipulation, trust, contract, China, Zimbabwe, ZANU-PF, voter registration, voting, results manipulation, public trust, government legitimacy, political participation, democratic process elections, sham elections, dishonesty, government, people's choice, manipulation, trust, China, Zimbabwe, ZANU-PF, voter registration, election results, newspapers, headlines, government trust, world average, contract, honesty, governance, political systems, voting rights elections, sham, dishonesty, government, people, choice, trust, contract, manipulation, registration, voting, results, Zimbabwe, ZANU-PF, China, world, average, headlines, newspapers, honesty, governance, political, power, citizen, authority, legitimacy, democracy, representation, freedom, control, participation, transparency, accountability elections, sham elections, honesty, dishonesty, government, people's choice, manipulation, trust, contract, China, Zimbabwe, ZANU-PF, voter registration, voting, results, headlines, international comparison, government trust, world average, Africa, West, disputed election, Reuters, TheGuardian.com elections, sham elections, dishonesty, government, people's choice, manipulation, trust, contract, China, Zimbabwe, ZANU-PF, voter registration, voting, results manipulation, media, public opinion, government trust, world average, Africa, West, disputed election, international relations, political transparency, political systems, democracy, authoritarianism
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con02a	Power is shifting to the East  Geography has a great influence on the position of nations and their foreign policies. For example it is the UK’s Island nation status that is a major reason why it is not fully committed to the European project. Attention internationally is now shifting to East Asia where the main rising powers are; China and India. This means that the UK’s position is less geographically important so to compensate the UK needs Europe; China’s leader Xi Jinping on his state visit to Britain stated China wants “a united EU, and hopes Britain… can play an even more positive and constructive role in promoting the deepening development of China-EU ties.” [1] The United States, Britain’s main ally since World War II, is much less interested in Europe.  [1] ‘China wants Britain in a united European Union, Xi Jinping tells David Cameron’, South China Morning Post, 23 October 2015, Power shift, East Asia, Geography, Nation position, Foreign policy, UK, Island nation, European project, Rising powers, China, India, International attention, UK-EU relations, Xi Jinping, Britain, United States, Ally, World War II, China-EU ties, South China Morning Post Power, East, Geography, Nations, Foreign Policies, UK, Island Nation, European Project, East Asia, China, India, Rising Powers, Global Shift, United Kingdom, Europe, Xi Jinping, China-EU Ties, United States, Ally, World War II, International Relations, Geopolitics, Economic Influence, Political Strategy, Diplomacy, Euro-Atlantic Relations, Asia-Pacific Dynamics Power shift, East Asia, Geography influence, Nation position, Foreign policy, UK Island nation, European project, Rising powers, China, India, UK-Europe relation, China-EU ties, United States, Britain ally, World War II, Xi Jinping, David Cameron, South China Morning Post Power shift, East Asia, Geography influence, Nation position, Foreign policies, UK island nation, European project, Rising powers, China, India, UK-Europe relationship, China-EU ties, Xi Jinping, United States, Britain, World War II, South China Morning Post Power shift, East Asia, Geography, Nation position, Foreign policies, UK, Island nation, European project, China, India, Rising powers, International attention, UK position, Geographical importance, Compensation, Europe, Xi Jinping, State visit, China-EU ties, United States, Britain, Main ally, World War II, International relations, Global politics, Strategic alliances, Economic influence, Political geography, Regional dynamics, Diplomatic engagement
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-con01a	Cyber attacks are often carried out by non-state actors  Cyber attacks are often carried out by non-state actors, such as cyberterrorists or hacktivists (social activists who hack), without any involvement of the actual state. For instance, in 2007 a massive cyber attack launched on Estonia was blamed on Russia due to the then on-going tensions between these two states [17]. However, the attacks on Estonia were generated from all over the world; and even those from Russia could not have been linked to the Russian authorities, who denied involvement. Similarly, a huge wave of cyber attacks dubbed GhostNet that compromised computers in 103 countries in 2009 was blamed on China, not the least for hacking computers of Tibetan authorities. However, it could not be conclusively proven that this was an attack perpetrated by the Chinese authorities [18]. Any retaliation against a state for a cyber attack can never be certain to be against the right target – the state should not be blamed for the actions of its individual citizens. cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, Estonia, Russia, tensions, global sources, denial, GhostNet, China, Tibetan authorities, state involvement, retaliation, individual citizens cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, Estonia, Russia, tensions, global involvement, Russian authorities, GhostNet, 2009, China, Tibetan authorities, state blame, individual citizens, retaliation, target certainty cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, Estonia, Russia, tensions, worldwide attacks, Russian authorities, GhostNet, compromised computers, China, Tibetan authorities, state blame, individual citizens, retaliation uncertainty cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, Estonia, Russia, tensions, global attacks, GhostNet, China, Tibetan authorities, state involvement, retaliation, citizen actions, attribution, cyber security, international relations, cyber warfare, digital threats, political tensions, state denial, cybercrime, hacktivism, cyber espionage Cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, Estonia, Russia, GhostNet, China, Tibetan authorities, retaliation, state involvement, individual citizens
test-society-asfhwapg-con01a	Patenting drives up the cost of therapies and renders them unaffordable to the poor  The government and its laws should take care of all their people. Because the state is a construct built by all the people, who all pay taxes to support it, laws should also be based to benefit the greatest amount of people possible.In the case of the Myriad company, which holds, together with the University of Utah Research Foundation, rights over tests for ovarian cancer, it prevented cheaper tests being offered to the public. As a result, Myriad is the only company that can market a test for the mutations, and it charges as much as $3,000 . That is a price that for many is inaccessible. Patients’ state: “There is no other, cheaper test that you could go get in another laboratory, because they have the exclusive patent,” she explained, adding that Myriad also controls the efficacy of the test—second opinions are only available for certain surgeries 1.Because patenting harms the accessibility of diagnostics and testing, it should not be allowed.  1. Pratt P.A., Court Rules That DNA Is Information, Not Intellectual Property, published March 30th 2010,  , accessed 07/20/2011 patenting, cost, therapies, unaffordable, poor, government, laws, people, state, construct, taxes, benefit, Myriad, University, Utah, Research, Foundation, ovarian, cancer, tests, cheaper, public, exclusive, patent, price, inaccessible, patients, efficacy, second, opinions, surgeries, accessibility, diagnostics, testing, intellectual, property, DNA, information, court, rules patenting, therapies, cost, unaffordable, poor, government, laws, people, state, construct, taxes, benefit, Myriad, University, Utah, Research, Foundation, ovarian, cancer, cheaper, tests, public, exclusive, mutations, price, inaccessible, patients, diagnostics, testing, accessibility, intellectual, property, DNA, information, court, rules Patenting, Therapies, Cost, Unaffordability, Poor, Government, Laws, People, State, Construct, Taxes, Benefits, Greatest, Number, Myriad, Company, University, Utah, Research, Foundation, Rights, Tests, Ovarian, Cancer, Cheaper, Public, Marketing, Mutations, Price, Inaccessible, Patients, Exclusive, Patent, Diagnostics, Testing, Allowed, DNA, Information, Intellectual, Property, Court, Rules patenting, cost, therapies, unaffordable, poor, government, laws, people, taxes, benefit, Myriad, University, Utah, Research, Foundation, ovarian, cancer, tests, cheaper, public, exclusive, rights, mutations, price, inaccessible, patients, state, other, laboratory, exclusive, patent, efficacy, second, opinions, surgeries, accessibility, diagnostics, testing, allowed, Pratt, P.A., DNA, information, intellectual, property patenting, cost, therapies, affordability, poor, government, laws, public benefit, Myriad, University of Utah Research Foundation, ovarian cancer, testing, price, accessibility, patients, exclusive patent, second opinions, diagnostics, intellectual property, DNA, information, court ruling, public health, economic barriers, healthcare policy
test-society-cpisydfphwj-pro03a	"Facebook is good for democracy  Social networks aid our society on multiple levels, one of them being the democratic process. This happens both in autocracies, where the democratic process is basically nonexistent and in western liberal democracies where Facebook acts as a megaphone for the will of the population.  Firstly, when talking about oppressive regimes, Facebook allows the population to organize themselves in massive protests which can, in time, overthrow the government. This is of particular importance as the population cannot organize protests ""offline"" in the real world, because government forces would quickly find them and stop the protests before they even started. These people need a safe house, where government intervention is minimized, so that they can spread the news and organize the protests. The online environment is the best options. We have seen this happening in the Arab Spring(1), Brazil (2), Turkey(3) as well as for protests in democracies as in Wisconsin(4)  For western liberal democracies too Facebook plays a very important role in aiding the democratic process. Even in a democracy the government often engages in unpopular policies. Unfortunately, as we are talking about countries with tens of millions of people, citizens often feel they can’t make a difference. Luckily, here's where Facebook comes in. It connects all the people who share the same disapproval of government actions, removing the feeling that you can do nothing as there is no one backing you. Millions can come together to voice their opinions. Therefore there is more likely to be dissent. Moreover, the internet allowed individuals to start massive campaigns of online petition gathering, which they will later use as an irrefutable argument to the government showing the desire for change. There are a lot of sites, one of the biggest being Avaaz.org which facilitates this process, which use Facebook as a medium through which the petition is shared and so grows.  (1) Sonya Angelica Diehn “Social media use evolving in Egypt”, DW , 04.07.2013   (2) Caroline Stauffer “Social media spreads and splinters Brazil protests”, Reuters ,June 22, 2013   (3) “Activists in Turkey use social media to organize, evade crackdown As protests continue across Turkey against the government”   (4)Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, online environment, government intervention, dissent, online petition gathering, Avaaz.org, campaign, change, social media, organization, megaphone, will of the population, oppressive regimes, citizens, policies, unpopular, connection, voice opinions, irrefutable argument, desire for change, news spread, safe house, organization, massive protests, overthrow, real world, government forces, petition, sharing, growth, engagement, support, influence, political change, activism, digital activism, civic engagement Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, online environment, government intervention, petition gathering, Avaaz.org, social media, Egypt, Reuters, Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, government policies, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, social media, Egypt, Reuters, Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, online environment, government intervention, safe house, spread news, organize protests, internet, unpopular policies, citizens, make a difference, voice opinions, dissent, online petition gathering, Avaaz.org, social media, Egypt, Reuters, Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, society, democratic process, autocracies, western democracies, protests, government, organization, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, social media, citizen engagement, policy change, free speech, internet activism, political mobilization, civil rights, digital communication, public opinion, governance, political campaigns, civic participation, online organization, grassroots movements, political discourse, technology and politics, government accountability, digital democracy, informational freedom, political representation, social change, advocacy, networked publics, media and democracy, digital citizenship, protest movements, autocratic regimes"
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-pro04a	Pornography eroticises violence  Many forms of media are often accused of inciting violence, promoting stereotypes, or indoctrinating in some form or another. While this is contentious, the key principle that ‘sex sells’ is more obvious. Pornography is not like other media in that, while most other films are aimed at entertainment, this is aimed at arousal. That is, it is aimed at immediate and fully selfish pleasure, which is much more forceful and addictive than mere laughter.  The psychological effect of pornography is harmful due to the associations it conditions its audience to make. It eroticises violence through portrayals (fake or genuine) of rape and a general treatment of women that is comparable to torture, yet presented in a context that necessarily biologically excites its viewers. Through continuous exposure to the link between abuse and intense pleasure, this link is easily extended to personal relationships. The master-slave dialectic suddenly becomes acceptable. Compulsive rapists, such as Ted Bundy, are often found to have consumed mass amounts of pornography (Benson). [1] More subtle, yet certainly still present is the force of such associations on young teenagers who have not yet had a sexual relationship and rely on pornography for guidance. This has a potentially massive impact given that 11 is the average age of first internet porn exposure (Techmedia Network). [2]  [1] Benson, Rusty. “Vile Passions.” AFA Journal August 2002.   [2] Techmedia Network. Feminist Porn Award. pornography, eroticizes, violence, media, incites, stereotypes, indoctrination, sex, sells, entertainment, arousal, pleasure, laughter, psychological, harm, conditions, rape, treatment, women, torture, biological, excitement, continuous, exposure, abuse, personal, relationships, master-slave, dialectic, compulsive, rapists, Ted, Bundy, consumption, mass, subtle, associations, young, teenagers, sexual, relationship, guidance, internet, exposure, feminist, porn, awards Pornography, violence, eroticism, media, inciting violence, promoting stereotypes, indoctrination, sex sells, arousal, pleasure, laughter, psychological effects, conditioning, rape, abuse, torture, biological excitement, master-slave dialectic, compulsive rapists, Ted Bundy, young teenagers, sexual relationships, internet porn, average age, exposure, Feminist Porn Award Pornography, eroticises, violence, media, inciting, promoting, stereotypes, indoctrinating, sex, sells, entertainment, arousal, immediate, selfish, pleasure, forceful, addictive, psychological, effect, conditions, audience, rape, treatment, women, torture, biological, excitement, exposure, abuse, pleasure, personal, relationships, master-slave, dialectic, compulsive, rapists, Ted, Bundy, consumed, mass, amounts, subtle, force, associations, young, teenagers, sexual, relationship, guidance, impact, average, age, first, internet, porn, exposure, Feminist, Porn, pornography, eroticises, violence, media, inciting, promoting, stereotypes, indoctrinating, sex, sells, entertainment, arousal, selfish, pleasure, laughter, psychological, harm, conditions, audience, rape, torture, excitement, abuse, relationships, master-slave, dialectic, compulsive, rapists, Ted, Bundy, consumed, mass, young, teenagers, sexual, relationship, guidance, internet, exposure, Feminist, Porn, Award Pornography, eroticises, violence, media, inciting, promoting, stereotypes, indoctrinating, sex, sells, entertainment, arousal, pleasure, laughter, psychological, effects, harmful, conditions, audience, rape, treatment, women, torture, biological, excitement, abuse, intense, pleasure, personal, relationships, master-slave, dialectic, acceptable, compulsive, rapists, Ted, Bundy, consumed, mass, Feminist, Porn, Award, teenagers, guidance, sexual, relationship, internet, exposure, age, Techmedia, Network
test-international-iwiaghbss-pro02a	Small size makes for ease  The Seychelles, as with the other nations whose very existence is threatened by climate change, is small. It is twice the size of Washington D.C., so smaller than many cities. As such finding enough land to relocate the country should not be a problem. Several of the states closest to the Seychelles; Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, and Madagascar, have plenty of land that they could give up without any inconvenience to their own state. Kenya, the smallest, is more than 1200 times bigger than Seychelles Seychelles, climate change, small nation, relocation, land availability, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, size comparison, Washington D.C. Seychelles, climate change, small size, relocation, land, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, Washington D.C. Seychelles, climate change, relocation, land, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, Washington D.C., size, nation, existence, threat, states, convenience Seychelles, climate change, land relocation, small nation, Washington D.C., Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, land availability, state size, relocation feasibility Small size, ease, Seychelles, climate change, existence threat, land relocation, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, land availability, state convenience, size comparison, Washington D.C.
test-law-lghwpcctcc-con04a	Witnesses and jurors could easily become involved in the media coverage of the case and place the trial at jeopardy.  Newspaper interviews with witnesses have already caused trials to be cancelled in the past [1] because the judiciary recognises that media coverage can change people’s incentives and warp their priorities. This interference may affect the reliability of the witness’ evidence or the jurors’ verdict. Following the televised trial of O. J. Simpson, several witnesses and jurors gave interviews to the media, or wrote their memoirs of the case [2] . If witnesses and jurors know that their public lives could be affected by how the rest of society perceives them through a court case, they might have an incentive to be more harsh or more lenient; public outrage when the criminal sentence does not match their own interpretations is likely to be laid on those who caused that sentence. This is particularly dangerous for America, where they have trial by jury [3] . Here, the jury has more control over the sentencing of criminals – which obviously becomes a problem if the jury has a vested interest in giving harsh sentences to offenders in order to gain public support. Cameras in court can only encourage witnesses and jurors to distort their true recollection or their opinions in order to profit from the media circus.  [1]  , accessed 19/08/11  [2]  , accessed 19/08/11  [3]  , accessed 19/08/11 witnesses, jurors, media coverage, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, cancelled trials, judiciary, media interference, witness reliability, juror verdict, O.J. Simpson, televised trial, public perception, court case, societal interpretation, criminal sentencing, America, trial by jury, jury influence, public outrage, cameras in court, media circus, distorted recollection, opinions, profit, public support witnesses, jurors, media coverage, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, cancelled trials, judicial recognition, media influence, witness evidence, jurors' verdict, O. J. Simpson trial, media interviews, memoirs, public perception, court case, public lives, societal interpretation, criminal sentencing, trial by jury, jury control, sentencing offenders, public support, cameras in court, media circus, true recollection, opinion distortion, profit motive, legal integrity, American legal system, public outrage witnesses, jurors, media coverage, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, cancelled trials, judiciary recognition, media influence, witness reliability, juror verdict, O. J. Simpson trial, media interviews, memoirs, public perception, societal interpretation, public outrage, criminal sentencing, jury control, vested interest, public support, cameras in court, media distortion witnesses, jurors, media coverage, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, cancelled trials, judiciary, media interference, witness evidence, jurors' verdict, O. J. Simpson trial, public perception, court case, public outrage, criminal sentencing, America, trial by jury, jury control, harsh sentences, public support, cameras in court, media circus, profit, true recollection, opinions, distortion witnesses, jurors, media coverage, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, cancelled trials, judiciary recognition, media influence, witness reliability, jury verdict, O.J. Simpson trial, public perception, society impact, court case influence, public outrage, criminal sentencing, jury control, harsh sentences, public support, cameras in court, media circus, witness distortion, opinion manipulation, profit motivation
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con02a	The risks of ignorance and prejudice are too high  This measure could be actively dangerous for HIV-positive workers. Ignorance causes so much bad behaviour towards AIDS sufferers and HIV-positive men and women. A fifth of men in the UK who disclose their HIV positive status at work then experience HIV discrimination. [1] The proposition seeks to institutionalise and widen the shunning and ill-treatment of HIV-positive workers that already happens when people find out about their condition. Even if not motivated by prejudice, co-workers will often take excessive precautions which are medically unnecessary and inflame unsubstantiated fears of casual transmission.  In addition, many people who are HIV-positive choose not to reveal their condition for fear of violent reactions to them from their families and the rest of society. If disclosure to an employer is compulsory, then the news will inevitably leak out to the wider community. In effect, they will lose any right of privacy completely.  [1] Pebody, 2009 HIV-positive, workers, discrimination, ignorance, prejudice, shunning, ill-treatment, casual transmission, privacy, compulsory disclosure, violence, societal reaction, workplace, health, human rights, confidentiality, medical unnecessary precautions, stigmatization HIV, AIDS, discrimination, workplace, ignorance, prejudice, health, privacy, confidentiality, mandatory, disclosure, employment, safety, stigma, societal, reactions, violence, transmission, medical, unnecessary, precautions, fear, rights, shunning, treatment, co-workers, institutionalisation, UK, workers, status, Pebody, 2009 HIV-positive, workers, discrimination, ignorance, prejudice, compulsory, disclosure, privacy, violence, community, health, rights, employment, stigma, transmission, prejudice, institutionalisation, UK, workplace, AIDS, sufferers, co-workers, precautions, fears, medical, unnecessary, shunning, treatment risks, ignorance, prejudice, HIV-positive, workers, discrimination, UK, institutionalise, shunning, ill-treatment, precautions, medically unnecessary, fears, casual transmission, privacy, compulsory disclosure, violent reactions, society, right of privacy HIV, discrimination, workplace, privacy, prejudice, health, AIDS, disclosure, employment, stigma, institutionalization, violence, societal-reaction, compulsory-disclosure, medical-unnecessary-precautions, transmission-fears, shunning, ill-treatment, worker-rights, Pebody-2009
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con02a	In contradiction to the Catholic Church's responsibility to promote life.  Many Catholic countries in Africa and South America have huge problems with AIDS and HIV with thousands of people dying as a result. In a survey carried out in 20091, it was found that in sub-Saharan Africa 22.5 million people were living with HIV/AIDS and 1.3 million people died of AIDS. An enormous number of these people contracted HIV because they did not use a condom during intercourse, under the advice of the Catholic Church. It is clear, then, that the Catholic Church's stance on barrier contraception promotes the spread of AIDS. The opposition also believes that since the Catholic Church are in a position of power over a colossal number of people, they have a responsibility to ensure the welfare of those people. They must, therefore, reduce the likelihood that the people that they have power over will die as much as they can. Their ban over the use of barrier contraception is not in line with this responsibility. 1 UNAIDS global report. Catholic Church, responsibility, promote life, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, sub-Saharan Africa, 2009 survey, 22.5 million, 1.3 million deaths, condom use, barrier contraception, spread of AIDS, position of power, welfare, reduce likelihood, deaths, ban, contraception Catholic Church, responsibility, life, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, sub-Saharan Africa, UNAIDS, 2009, 22.5 million, 1.3 million, condom, intercourse, barrier contraception, spread, opposition, power, welfare, people, ban, likelihood, death, reduce Catholic Church, responsibility, promote life, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS, deaths, condom use, barrier contraception, spread of AIDS, power, welfare, ban, contraception, UNAIDS global report Catholic Church, responsibility, life, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, sub-Saharan Africa, 2009, 22.5 million, 1.3 million, deaths, condom, intercourse, barrier contraception, spread, opposition, power, welfare, ban, reduce, likelihood, die Catholic Church, responsibility, promote life, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, mortality, condom use, sub-Saharan Africa, UNAIDS, barrier contraception, opposition, welfare, power, ban, ethics, public health, sexual education, contraception, religious influence, disease prevention, human rights
test-education-ughbuesbf-con01a	The cost to the state is far too great to sustain universal free university education  The system of paying for universal healthcare, education, pensions, etc. threatens to bankrupt countries. The cost of paying for free university education is ruinously high. [1] In the OECD 1.9% of GDP, a third of education expenditure, is spent on tertiary education. [2] For countries to survive, they must rethink what they can afford to provide freely to citizens. It seems fair that all states should offer access to their citizens to primary and secondary education opportunities. University, on the other hand, is not essential to life in the same way. People can be functional and responsible citizens without it. For this reason, the state must consider university in the same way it does any non­essential service; people may pay for it if they wish to partake, but it is not an entitlement owed by the state.  [1] Ullman, Ben. 2007. “Should Higher Education Really Be Free For All?”. The New Statesman. Available:  ­radicals/2007/01/higher­education­free­students  [2] ‘What proportion of national wealth is spent on education’, Education at a glance, OECD, 2011, p.225, cost,state,sustainable,universal,free,university,education,healthcare,pensions,OECD,GDP,tertiary,expenditure,bankrupt,survive,primary,secondary,essential,service,non-essential,citizens,entitlement,pay,Ullman,2007,New,Statesman,proportion,national,wealth,2011 cost,state,sustain,universal,free,university,education,system,paying,healthcare,pensions,bankrupt,countries,OECD,GDP,tertiary,expenditure,survive,afford,citizens,primary,secondary,essential,life,functional,responsible,non-essential,entitlement,state,pay,partake,Ullman,Ben,2007,New,Statesman,What,proportion,national,wealth,2011,p.225 cost, state, sustain, universal, free, university, education, system, paying, healthcare, pensions, bankrupt, countries, OECD, GDP, expenditure, tertiary, survive, afford, citizens, primary, secondary, essential, life, functional, responsible, non-essential, service, entitlement, Ullman, 2007, New, Statesman, proportion, national, wealth, 2011 cost, state, unsustainable, universal, free, university, education, healthcare, pensions, bankrupt, GDP, OECD, tertiary, survival, citizens, primary, secondary, essential, non-essential, entitlement, payment, access, functional, responsible cost,state,sustainability,universal,free,university,education,healthcare,pensions,bankruptcy,countries,GDP,OECD,tertiary,expenditure,survival,citizens,primary,secondary,essential,non-essential,entitlement,Ullman,Ben,2007,The,New,Statesman,proportion,national,wealth,2011,p.225
test-international-bmaggiahbl-con02a	Setting Rwanda's priorities  Rwanda is an emerging democracy healing from the wounds of the horrific past. To achieve the set vision, there should be a priority which in this case is economic development[1].  A large number of Rwandans believe that the government should focus on transforming the nation economically although it may mean restricting free speech, which has prompted a huge participation in government development programs like Ubudehe[2]. Freedom of speech and press needs to be restricted if the government wants to engage in unlimited development; there is no time to engage in long debates over whether a particular project is being implemented the correct way. Having freedom of speech and press would hinder the government’s ability to manage the resources of the state and to encourage investors who don’t want to have protests to their building factories, or have labour complaining about not being paid enough.  Whether a country puts rights or the economy first is up to the individual country, Rwanda has chosen.  [1] Horand, Knaup, ‘Kagame's Priorities for Rwanda: First Prosperity, then Freedom of Expression’, Spiegel.de, 12 August 2010  [2] NS world, ‘Rwanda Engages Citizens in Community-Level development’, nsworld.org Rwanda, priorities, democracy, economic development, government focus, transformation, free speech, press restrictions, participation, government programs, Ubudehe, resource management, investors, protests, labor complaints, rights, economy, Kagame, Spiegel, NS world, community-level development Rwanda, economic development, democracy, healing, priority, vision, government, transformation, nation, free speech, press, restriction, development programs, Ubudehe, debates, resource management, investors, protests, labour, rights, economy, prosperity, freedom of expression, community-level development, citizen engagement Rwanda, economic development, democracy, healing, past wounds, government priorities, free speech, press restrictions, Ubudehe, community development, investor confidence, labor rights, national transformation, citizen participation, Kagame's priorities, prosperity, freedom of expression, state resource management, development projects, protests, factory investments, labor complaints, national vision, democracy and development, rights vs economy Rwanda, economic development, democracy, healing, vision, government focus, transformation, nation, Ubudehe, freedom of speech, press, restriction, debates, project implementation, resource management, investors, protests, labour, rights, Kagame, prosperity, expression, community-level development, citizen engagement Rwanda, democracy, healing, past, economic development, government priorities, free speech, press restrictions, Ubudehe, community participation, investor confidence, labour rights, development projects, national transformation, citizen engagement, Kagame, prosperity, freedom of expression, NS world, Spiegel.de
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con02a	The loss of individual liberty is the start of a slippery slope.  The proposition puts us in a dangerous place. That situation is the thin edge of a totalitarian wedge – we must take a principled stand for liberty and stop the increasing number of anti-terrorist legislation and over powerful policing powers. Many evil events in history started with good intentions and few cases of injustice. Allowing even a few abuses as an acceptable side effect of improved security will change the tolerance level of the public and lead to a belief that rights such as the presumption of innocence and habeas corpus (which prevents the state from imprisoning someone without charging them with a crime and then trying them) are a negotiable luxury. Furthermore, abuses of the system are likely to victimise certain minority groups (e.g. Muslims, Arab-Americans) in the same way that Japanese-Americans and many other groups were persecuted in World War II, [1] something about which Americans are now rightly ashamed.  [1] Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers, ‘Not Just Japanese Americans: The Untold Story of U.S. Repression During 'The Good War'’, The Journal of Historical Review, Fall 1987 (Vol. 7, No. 3),  , accessed 9 September 2011 individual liberty, slippery slope, dangerous place, totalitarian wedge, principled stand, anti-terrorist legislation, over powerful policing, evil events, good intentions, few cases injustice, abuses, improved security, tolerance level, presumption innocence, habeas corpus, negotiable luxury, minority groups, Muslims, Arab-Americans, Japanese-Americans, World War II, U.S. repression, The Good War, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, historical review loss of individual liberty, slippery slope, dangerous place, thin edge of totalitarian wedge, principled stand for liberty, anti-terrorist legislation, over powerful policing powers, evil events, good intentions, few cases of injustice, abuses as acceptable side effect, improved security, tolerance level, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, negotiable luxury, abuses of the system, victimise minority groups, Muslims, Arab-Americans, Japanese-Americans, World War II, U.S. repression, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Untold Story, The Good War, historical review, Americans ashamed loss of liberty, slippery slope, dangerous place, totalitarian wedge, principled stand, anti-terrorist legislation, over powerful policing, abuses, security, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, minority groups, Muslims, Arab-Americans, Japanese-Americans, World War II, U.S. repression, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel loss of individual liberty, slippery slope, dangerous place, totalitarian wedge, principled stand for liberty, anti-terrorist legislation, over powerful policing, evil events, good intentions, few cases of injustice, abuses, improved security, public tolerance, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, negotiable luxury, abuses of the system, victimise minority groups, Muslims, Arab-Americans, Japanese-Americans, World War II, U.S. repression, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, The Good War, historical review individual liberty, slippery slope, totalitarian wedge, principled stand, anti-terrorist legislation, over powerful policing, good intentions, few cases injustice, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, negotiable luxury, system abuses, minority groups, Muslims, Arab-Americans, Japanese-Americans, World War II, U.S. repression, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, The Journal of Historical Review
test-international-aglhrilhb-pro02a	The only just method  Prosecuting offenders is the only way to get a just outcome when there have been horrific crimes committed. At a most principled level, those who commit a crime ought to be held accountable for their actions even if they are powerful or it damages the chances of peace because the powerful must be shown not to be above the law. Even where the law did not exist, or the leaders were in control of the law, international norms provide a standard for what actions merit prosecution, and judiciaries have been very good at convicting those who committed atrocities[1]. Having those who committed crimes convicted by law courts helps prevent those affected by atrocities holding grudges and put the past behind them so aiding the healing process [2].  [1] Moore, John J Jr ‘Problems With Forgiveness’ 43 Stanford Law Review 733, February 1991  [2] abc news, ‘Dallas Holocaust survivors welcome prosecution of former Nazi guard’, wfaa.com, 20 August 2010, justice, prosecution, offenders, accountability, law, power, peace, international norms, atrocities, trials, healing, forgiveness, Holocaust, Nazi, survivors, Dallas, legal standards, human rights, judicial process, crime prevention, societal repair, moral responsibility Prosecuting offenders, just outcome, horrific crimes, accountability, powerful individuals, law, international norms, atrocities, judiciaries, conviction, healing process, grudges, past, Dallas Holocaust survivors, former Nazi guard just method, prosecuting offenders, just outcome, horrific crimes, accountability, powerful, above the law, international norms, prosecution, actions merit prosecution, judiciaries, convicting, atrocities, law courts, grudges, healing process, forgiveness, problems with forgiveness, Stanford Law Review, Nazi guard, Dallas Holocaust survivors, ABC News, wfaa.com just method, prosecuting offenders, just outcome, horrific crimes, accountability, powerful individuals, international norms, prosecution standards, legal accountability, judicial convictions, atrocities, law courts, healing process, forgiveness problems, Dallas Holocaust survivors, Nazi prosecution prosecution, justice, accountability, crime, law, powerful, peace, international norms, atrocities, judiciary, conviction, healing, forgiveness, Holocaust, Nazi, survivors
test-economy-epiasghbf-pro03a	Labour participation and rights  Labour participation enables an awareness, and acquirement, of equal gender rights. Firstly, labour participation is challenging cultural ideologies and norms of which see the woman’s responsibility as limited to the reproductive sphere. Entering the productive sphere brings women equal work rights and the right to enter public space. By such a change gender norms of the male breadwinner are challenged. Secondly, labour force participation by women has resulted in the emergence of community lawyers and organisations to represent them. The Declaration of the African Regional Domestic Workers Network is a case in point. [1] With the rising number of female domestic workers, the network is working to change conditions - upholding Conferences, sharing information, and taking action.  [1] See Labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, women's responsibility, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, equal work rights, public space, gender norms, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organisations, female representation, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, domestic workers, working conditions, conferences, information sharing, action initiatives labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, women's responsibilities, productive sphere, gender norms, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organizations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, conditions, conferences, information sharing, action labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, women's responsibility, productive sphere, equal work rights, public space, gender norms, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organizations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, network, Conferences, information sharing, action, conditions, employment rights, social change, women empowerment labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, norms, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, work rights, public space, gender norms, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, conditions, conferences, information sharing, action labour participation, gender rights, cultural norms, female workers, community lawyers, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, equal work rights, public space, male breadwinner, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, gender norms, domestic workers, conferences, information sharing, action taking
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-pro02a	A bargaining chip  In much the same way that material investment in countries can be used as a bargaining chip to secure improvements in areas of legislation, so cultural investment can be used to secure rights associated with related fields of endeavour. Free speech is merely the most obvious. It is reasonable for a western university to insist that its graduates will need to have access to the fruits of a free press and democratic speculation of experts and the wider public [i] .  The cases of the lecturer, Chia Thye Poh who is arguably the world’s longest serving prisoner of conscience or the political opposition leader, Vincent Cheng who was barred from addressing a talk organised the History Society of NUS at the national library [ii] both give examples of how Singaporean government actions impact directly on university life and academic freedoms. In the light of this, it seems the height of reasonableness for Western universities to say that they will only operate in areas that offer the same academic freedoms they would expect in their home country. If the Singaporean government wants that benefits that Yale graduates can bring, they should be prepared to accept such a change.  [i] Stateuniversity.Com. western Europe – Educational roots, reform in the twentieth century, contemporary reform trends, future challenges.  [ii] Ex-detainee Vincent Cheng barred from speaking in history seminar, The Online Citizen, 28 May 2010 bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, rights, free speech, western university, graduates, free press, democratic speculation, academic freedoms, Singaporean government, prison, political opposition, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, Yale University, benefits, reform, educational roots, contemporary trends, future challenges, seminar, history society, national library, ex-detainee, speaking ban, The Online Citizen, Stateuniversity.Com bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, rights, free speech, western university, graduates, free press, democratic speculation, lecturer, Chia Thye Poh, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, Vincent Cheng, History Society, NUS, national library, Singaporean government, university life, academic freedoms, Yale, benefits, educational roots, reform, twentieth century, contemporary trends, future challenges, Ex-detainee, speaking, history seminar, The Online Citizen bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, rights, free speech, western university, graduates, free press, democratic speculation, academic freedoms, Singaporean government, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, Yale graduates, benefits, change, educational roots, reform, contemporary trends, future challenges, ex-detainee, history seminar, online citizen, academic rights, legislative improvements, university life, western standards, government benefits, academic change, material leverage, cultural leverage, legislative improvements, free expression, academic integrity, government-university relations, academic policy, international standards, academic freedom, government constraints, university operations, international education, political prisoners bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, rights, free speech, western university, graduates, free press, democratic speculation, lecturer, Chia Thye Poh, prisoner of conscience, political opposition leader, Vincent Cheng, History Society, NUS, national library, Singaporean government, university life, academic freedoms, Yale graduates, benefits, change, Stateuniversity.Com, western Europe, Educational roots, reform, twentieth century, contemporary trends, future challenges, Ex-detainee, history seminar, The Online Citizen bargaining chip, material investment, countries, legislation improvements, cultural investment, rights, free speech, western university, graduates, free press, democratic speculation, Chia Thye Poh, prisoner of conscience, Vincent Cheng, political opposition, NUS, national library, Singaporean government, university life, academic freedoms, Yale, benefits, educational roots, reform, twentieth century, contemporary trends, future challenges, ex-detainee, history seminar, The Online Citizen
test-law-lghwpcctcc-pro01a	People should have a right of access to justice.  Given that people are already allowed to watch court proceedings from the public gallery – including the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords in the UK [1] , and the Supreme Court in the US [2] – there is little reason why this should not be extended to give better access across the nation to anybody who wants to watch. Those with full-time jobs or who live far away from the courts are currently unfairly limited in this respect, and those who do wish to attend well-publicised trials often have to arrive hours in advance to get a seat. Individuals should not have to give up so much time and money just to be able to watch a democratic proceeding, which is a cornerstone of democratic nations. Given that many closed trials such as the trial of the Guantánamo Bay terrorism suspects [3] have still led to intense media coverage, we would be better off showing the courts to be transparent and just instead of vainly trying to hide everything behind closed doors.  [1]  , accessed 05/08/11  [2]  , accessed 05/08/11  [3]  , accessed 19/08/11. right of access, justice, public gallery, Judicial Committee, House of Lords, UK, Supreme Court, US, full-time jobs, remote locations, well-publicised trials, court attendance, democratic proceeding, Guantánamo Bay, terrorism suspects, media coverage, court transparency, judicial proceedings, public access to courts, legal transparency right of access, justice, court proceedings, public gallery, Judicial Committee, House of Lords, UK, Supreme Court, US, extend access, nation, full-time jobs, limited access, well-publicised trials, arrive early, democratic proceeding, cornerstone, democratic nations, closed trials, Guantánamo Bay, terrorism suspects, media coverage, transparency, hide, closed doors right of access, justice, public gallery, Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, Supreme Court, US, court proceedings, nationwide access, full-time jobs, remote locations, well-publicised trials, time and money, democratic proceeding, closed trials, Guantánamo Bay, terrorism suspects, media coverage, transparency, democratic nations right of access, justice, public gallery, Judicial Committee, House of Lords, UK, Supreme Court, US, extend access, full-time jobs, remote locations, court attendance, well-publicised trials, arrive early, time and money, democratic proceeding, transparency, Guantánamo Bay, terrorism suspects, media coverage, closed trials, democratic nations, transparency in courts, public trust, legal proceedings, court proceedings, public viewing, judicial transparency, open justice, remote access, judicial proceedings, public access, legal transparency, court transparency, public interest, legal rights, citizen rights, judicial accountability right of access, justice, public gallery, court proceedings, Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, UK, Supreme Court, US, national access, full-time jobs, remote locations, publicised trials, time and money, democratic proceeding, closed trials, Guantánamo Bay, terrorism suspects, media coverage, transparency, democratic nations
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-con01a	Incentivise ISPs to provide more data capacity  If the ISPs were actually making their money on the basis of data provision rather than bandwidth then it’s in their interest to provide it. If they can’t, they don’t make money.  If they want to sell more data, they have to provide more bandwidth, otherwise they can’t do it. This way both the data gluttons and the dieters get what they want. The gluttons get a fast provision of the resources they want or the capacity to share those resources at a reasonable speed and the dieters get cheaper provision.  Measures being pursued by the European Commission aim to do exactly this. They will allow ISPs to control the passage of data across their networks but must, at the same time, make it clear what they are doing and offer low data use price plans accordingly [i] .  This is more so with mobile devices than with ‘plumbed in’ ones. For many people, it wouldn’t occur to them to use Skype for a call and a phone – even a smart one – is primarily just that, a phone. Why should they pay for a capacity they will never use because others can’t take a bus journey without watching a movie?  [i] Out-Law.com: Legal news and guidance from Pinsent Masons. European Commission to propose net neutrality measures. 30 May 2012 . Incentivise, ISPs, data capacity, bandwidth, revenue model, data provision, net neutrality, European Commission, mobile devices, price plans, Skype, net neutrality measures, legal guidance, Pinsent Masons, data usage, consumer choice, internet service providers, data control, transparency, low data use incentivise, ISPs, data capacity, bandwidth, monetization, data provision, data gluttons, data dieters, European Commission, net neutrality, mobile devices, low data use, price plans, Skype, net neutrality measures, legal guidance, Pinsent Masons, 30 May 2012 Incentivise, ISPs, data, capacity, bandwidth, profit, provision, data gluttons, dieters, pricing, European Commission, net neutrality, mobile devices, Skype, legal, net neutrality measures, Pinsent Masons, 2012 incentivise, ISPs, data capacity, bandwidth, data provision, net neutrality, European Commission, mobile devices, Skype, net neutrality measures, price plans, data use, legal news, Pinsent Masons, net neutrality regulations, data gluttons, data dieters, resource sharing, internet service providers, data control, network management, consumer choice, mobile internet, smartphone usage, data pricing, regulatory measures, digital divide, internet policy, telecommunications law, broadband competition incentivize, ISPs, data capacity, bandwidth, data provision, revenue, network control, data use, pricing plans, net neutrality, European Commission, mobile devices, Skype, legal guidance, net neutrality measures
test-international-aghwrem-pro03a	There is scope for further diplomatic progress in the region through disengagement  Reengagement has potential for having a positive influence in various contexts. Myanmar is rich in natural resources, including forest products, minerals and gems. Removing trade restrictions and offering developmental aid would benefit the local economy and population.1 In the longer term, economic activity can act as a stimulus for development of a stronger legal and business framework to reduce corruption. If the US and the EU create confidence in the Myanmar government that they are willing to offer something constructive rather than critical, it may be possible to ask for greater transparency in government and reduce systematic violations of human rights as well.2 The newly elected civilian government has indicated it is willing to pursue democratic reform, and the US and the EU should not lose this opportunity for change.  1 BBC News, ‘India and Burma expand trade ties and sign gas deals’, 14 October 2011.  2 Human Rights Watch, ‘China: press visiting Burmese leader on elections and accountability’, 6 September 2010, (example of how state relations can encourage democracy) diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, population, economic activity, legal framework, business framework, corruption, US, EU, confidence, constructive, critical, transparency, government, human rights, democratic reform, India, Burma, trade ties, gas deals, China, Burmese leader, elections, accountability, state relations, democracy diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, positive influence, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, population, economic activity, development, legal framework, business framework, reduce corruption, US, EU, confidence, constructive, critical, transparency, government, reduce human rights violations, newly elected civilian government, democratic reform, India, Burma, trade ties, gas deals, China, Burmese leader, elections, accountability, state relations, encourage democracy diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, population benefit, legal framework, business framework, corruption reduction, US, EU, confidence, constructive approach, criticism, transparency, government reform, human rights, democratic reform, civilian government, India, Burma, trade ties, China, Burmese leader, elections, accountability, state relations, democracy encouragement diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, population, economic activity, legal framework, business framework, corruption, US, EU, confidence, government, transparency, human rights, democratic reform, India, trade ties, gas deals, Human Rights Watch, China, Burmese leader, elections, accountability, state relations, democracy diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, positive influence, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, population benefit, economic activity, development stimulus, legal framework, business framework, reduce corruption, US, EU, confidence, constructive approach, criticism, government transparency, human rights, systematic violations, civilian government, democratic reform, opportunity for change, state relations, democracy, elections, accountability
test-society-simhbrasnba-con01a	We have a duty to help the persecuted  The principles which underlie the asylum regime are as valid as ever. Millions still face persecution, death and torture globally because of who they are or because of their convictions. Democratic countries still have a moral obligation to offer protection to these people. We all recognise it as a horrendous failing by the countries who turned away Jewish refugees in the early days of Nazism where both the United States and the UK turned away large numbers or refugees, [1] and only the Dominican Republic was willing to take in large numbers. [2] This should never happen again. Developed nations have both the wealth and security to make them the best destinations for those seeking refuge.  [1] Perl, William R., ‘The Holocaust conspiracy: an international policy of genocide’, 1989, pp.37-51  [2] Museum of Jewish Heritage, ‘”A Community Born in Pain and Nurtured in Love” Jews who were given refuge by Dominican Republic’, 8 January 2008. duty, persecuted, asylum, principles, global, persecution, death, torture, identity, convictions, democratic, countries, moral, obligation, protection, horrendous, failing, countries, Jewish, refugees, early, Nazism, United, States, UK, turned, away, Dominican, Republic, genocide, wealth, security, refuge, Holocaust, conspiracy, international, policy, Community, Born, Pain, Nurtured, Love, Museum, Jewish, Heritage asylum, persecution, refugees, moral obligation, Jewish refugees, Nazi, Dominican Republic, Holocaust, genocide, developed nations, refuge, policy, history, human rights, international obligations, humanitarian crisis, displacement, sanctuary, protection, ethical responsibility, global justice, migration, political asylum, torture, freedom of belief, safe haven, refugee crisis, historical failures, rescue, tolerance, immigration, war, conflict, human dignity, legal framework, resettlement, asylum seekers, displacement crisis, international law, human security, societal responsibility, refugee policy, state responsibility, moral duty, global solidarity, humanitarian action, social justice, survivor support, crisis asylum, persecution, refugee protection, moral obligation, historical failing, Jewish refugees, Nazism, Dominican Republic, developed nations, refugee destinations, Holocaust, genocide, international policy, Museum of Jewish Heritage duty, persecuted, asylum, principles, persecution, death, torture, global, democratic, moral, obligation, protection, Jewish, refugees, Nazism, United States, UK, Dominican Republic, Holocaust, genocide, policy, developed, nations, wealth, security, refuge, history, humanitarian, obligation, refugee crisis, international, policy, moral failing, World War II, migration, human rights, international law, asylum seekers, displacement, ethnic cleansing, political asylum, genocide prevention, refugee protection, international cooperation, humanitarian aid, global politics, migration policy, refugees, asylum regime, moral responsibility, historical context, refugee acceptance, global duty, persecuted, asylum, principles, valid, persecution, death, torture, moral obligation, protection, horrendous failing, Jewish refugees, Nazism, United States, UK, Dominican Republic, Holocaust, genocide, wealth, security, refuge, developed nations
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-con01a	"North Korea is an irrational regime that is a strategic threat to numerous great powers  North Korea is an irrational and irresponsible regime that can’t simply be ignored. As the United States National Security Council spokesman Tonny Vietor said in response to the 12th December 2012 missile test “This action is yet another example of North Korea's pattern of irresponsible behavior.” As a power that is willing to defy international sanctions and resolutions such as “Resolution 1874, which demands the DPRK not to conduct ""any launch using ballistic missile technology"" and urges it to ""suspend all activities related to its ballistic missile programme""” [1] it is essential that there is engagement to prevent the regime breaking more international norms.  It is impossible simply to ignore a regime with such a propensity to engage in provocative actions when it borders you, as is the case with China and Russia, or when it has tested missiles that can potentially hit targets 6000km away, so most of Asia, including numerous US bases. [2]  [1] ‘North Korea rocket: International reaction’, BBC News, 12 December 2012,   [2] ‘North Korea’s missile programme’, BBC News, 12 December 2012, North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, United States, National Security Council, Tonny Vietor, missile test, international sanctions, Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, international norms, China, Russia, provocative actions, missile range, US bases, Asia North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, irresponsible behavior, United States National Security Council, Tonny Vietor, missile test, international sanctions, Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, international norms, provocative actions, China, Russia, tested missiles, US bases, Asia North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, United States National Security Council, Tonny Vietor, missile test, irresponsible behavior, international sanctions, Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, international norms, China, Russia, provocative actions, missile range, US bases, Asia North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, Tonny Vietor, missile test, international sanctions, Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, engagement, provocative actions, China, Russia, US bases, missile range North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, United States, National Security Council, Tonny Vietor, missile test, irresponsible behavior, international sanctions, Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, provocative actions, China, Russia, missile range, US bases, Asia, international norms, engagement"
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-con04a	Sham elections do not mean the elections have no influence or impact.  For an autocracy the election for the top job needs to be predetermined, but the other elections do not. This means that elections for the legislature can still be competitive. The seats do have some influence, provide patronage, and have status attached so there are plenty of people who want to contest them. In the Arab world before the Arab spring there was a less than 25% incumbency rate for legislatures. [1] Having elections that determine control in local areas or allow opposition some control in parliament is far preferable to the alternative where the government appoints everyone. Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy in Burma have for example gained entry into Parliament and have despite being a minority had an impact. This has particularly been the case internationally. They have helped liberalise the new Foreign Investment Law and have encouraged more liberalised freedom of the press and association. [2]  [1] Lust, Ellen, ‘The Multiple Meanings of Elections In Non-Democratic Regimes: Breakdown, Response and Outcome in the Arab Uprisings’, Yale University, p.7.   [2] Turnell, Sean, ‘Myanmar has made a good start to economic reform’, East Asia Forum, 27 March 2013, sham elections, autocracy, predetermined elections, competitive elections, legislature, influence, patronage, status, Arab world, Arab spring, incumbency rate, local elections, opposition control, parliament, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, Parliament, minority impact, international impact, Foreign Investment Law, liberalised press, association freedom, Myanmar, economic reform sham elections, autocracy, predetermined, competitive, legislature, influence, patronage, status, Arab world, Arab spring, incumbency rate, local control, opposition, parliament, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Myanmar, liberalise, Foreign Investment Law, freedom of press, association, economic reform Sham elections, autocracy, predetermined, competitive, legislature, influence, patronage, status, Arab world, incumbency rate, local control, opposition, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, Parliament, international impact, Foreign Investment Law, liberalised press, association freedom, economic reform, East Asia Forum Sham elections, autocracy, predetermined elections, competitive elections, legislature, influence, patronage, status, Arab world, incumbency rate, local elections, opposition control, parliament, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, international impact, Foreign Investment Law, liberalisation, freedom of press, freedom of association, Myanmar, economic reform sham elections, autocracy, predetermined, competitive elections, legislature, influence, patronage, status, incumbency rate, Arab world, Arab spring, local elections, opposition control, parliament, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, international impact, liberalise, Foreign Investment Law, press freedom, association freedom, economic reform, Myanmar
test-international-iiahwagit-pro01a	Natural habitats being are destroyed  A tougher approach to the protection of animals is needed to prevent their natural habitats from being destroyed by locals. As humans expand their agricultural activity in Africa they are destroying the environments of endangered animals and pushing others towards being endangered. Due to an increase in large scale cotton plantations and food crops, the West African lion has seen a marked decrease in population; numbering less than 400 in early 2014 [1] . Tougher protection, such as fencing off areas from human activity, has been suggested and has seen success in South Africa [2] .  [1] BBC, “Lions ‘facing extinction in West Africa’”  [2] Morelle,R. “Fencing off wild lions from humans ‘could save them’” natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decrease, fencing, human activity, South Africa, conservation, wildlife management, environmental impact, cotton plantations, food crops, habitat loss, species preservation, extinction risk, community involvement, wildlife corridors, policy enforcement Natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decline, cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, human activity, conservation, South Africa, lion conservation, habitat loss, wildlife management, environmental impact, agricultural practices, biodiversity, ecosystem preservation Natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decrease, cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, human activity, South Africa, conservation, wildlife, environmental impact, extinction, BBC, research, Morelle, lion conservation Natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decline, fencing, human activity, conservation, South Africa, extinction risk, wildlife management, environmental conservation, habitat preservation, lion conservation, agricultural impact, wildlife protection policies, human-wildlife conflict Natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decrease, fencing, human activity, conservation, South Africa, lions, extinction, wildlife management, environmental impact, cotton plantations, food crops, habitat loss, preservation strategies, biodiversity
test-international-iighbopcc-con01a	Sovereign states should be allowed to set their own targets and be trusted to meet them  States are sovereign entities meaning that only they have power within their borders and climate change should not be a cause for groups of countries meddling in the business of others. Each state making its own commitment and then doing its own monitoring and enforcement is the right way to go about preventing climate change. By doing it this way no countries will feel unduly burdened or persecuted. sovereign states, self-set targets, climate change, non-interference, state autonomy, individual commitments, monitoring, enforcement, prevention, burden, persecution sovereign states, targets, trust, climate change, sovereignty, borders, international intervention, commitments, monitoring, enforcement, burden, persecution sovereign states, self-set targets, trust, state sovereignty, power within borders, climate change, non-interference, independent commitments, monitoring, enforcement, preventing climate change, no undue burden, no persecution sovereign states, self-set targets, trust, state sovereignty, border control, climate change, non-interference, individual commitments, monitoring, enforcement, prevention, burden, persecution, international relations, environmental policy, autonomy, global cooperation, self-regulation, ecological responsibility, national rights, policy independence sovereign states, targets, trust, climate change, sovereign entities, power, borders, groups of countries, meddling, business, commitment, monitoring, enforcement, preventing, burdened, persecuted
test-society-asfhwapg-con02a	"Patenting inhibits research and therapeutics  The prevailing belief is that this is an area of such great importance and potential benefit to mankind, as such there should be no, self-interested impediment to genome research. The only barriers should be those of conscience.  The Human Genome Project is one of the government funded projects that makes all its research freely and publicly available. They are not driven by profit and offer information on their discoveries for free enabling others to build upon their findings.  The problem with patents is that companies claim ownership without regard towards moral issues. It is purely in the pursuit of their profits that they decide not to allow others to build on their findings and make the process of discovering treatments far more difficult. An example of this is the Myriad company which, whilst holding patents on BRCA 1 & 2, genes connected with breast cancer, prevented the University of Pennsylvania from using a test for these genes which was substantially cheaper than the company’s own screening procedure. 1  Instead of protecting their research investment, companies should have a moral duty to facilitate in any way they can to the development of cheap, available treatments and screenings for diseases which are so dangerous to so many people.  1. Spektor, Michelle, ""Genes Are Still Patentable, Federal Appeals Court Rules"", Science Progress, 17 August 2011, patenting, research, therapeutics, genome, public, free, information, moral, profit, Myriad, BRCA, breast, cancer, cheaper, screening, investment, treatments, diseases, dangerous, people, patentable, federal, appeals, court, genes, law, bioethics, innovation, accessibility, healthcare, genetic, testing, universities, collaboration, monopoly, profit-driven, pharmaceutical, companies, intellectual, property, public-domain, science, policy, legislation, ethics, conscience, barriers, self-interest, mankind, Human, Genome, Project, government, funding, discoveries, build, findings, enable, others, Patenting, inhibits, research, therapeutics, genome, Human Genome Project, profit, moral issues, Myriad, BRCA 1, BRCA 2, breast cancer, University of Pennsylvania, treatments, screenings, diseases, moral duty, cheap, available, Federal Appeals Court, genes, patentable patenting, research, therapeutics, genome, human, project, profit, information, discoveries, companies, ownership, moral, issues, treatments, screenings, diseases, Myriad, BRCA1, BRCA2, breast, cancer, University, Pennsylvania, cheaper, moral, duty, development, available, federal, appeals, court, rules, science, progress Patenting, inhibits, research, therapeutics, genome, public, availability, Human, Genome, Project, profit, moral, issues, Myriad, BRCA, 1, 2, breast, cancer, University, Pennsylvania, cheaper, test, moral, duty, cheap, treatments, screenings, diseases, dangerous, people, Federal, Appeals, Court, Genes, Patentable patenting, inhibits, research, therapeutics, genome, public, available, Human Genome Project, profit, moral, ownership, Myriad, BRCA, breast cancer, treatments, screenings, diseases, moral duty, cheap, available, genetic patents, federal appeals court, Michelle Spektor, Science Progress"
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con04a	We do not want a society in which killing can be acceptable  As soon as we agree that there are situations where killing is acceptable we have reason to fear for our own safety. By accepting killing in certain situations society as a whole becomes more open to the idea. It then becomes hard to draw the line as to where killing is acceptable and where killing is unacceptable. It is much better to outlaw all instances of killing so that we have a general moral standard to follow in all situations. society, killing, acceptable, safety, moral standard, outlaw, instances, general, draw the line, situations society, killing, acceptable, safety, moral, standard, outlaw, instances, draw, line society, killing, acceptable, safety, moral, standard, outlaw, situations, fear, line, idea, instances, general society, killing, acceptable, fear, safety, moral, standard, outlaw, situations, line, idea, general, follow, instances, whole, open, becomes, draw, better, accept, where, soon, agree, can, not, we, have, to, be, in, as, for, our, it, is, by, then, hard, and, or, on, so, all, the, a, with, once, are, there, when, why, this, that, these, those, such, any, no, every, if, but, only, also, even society, killing, acceptable, safety, moral, standard, outlaw, instances, draw, line
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-con02a	Cyber attacks are difficult to trace  Cyber attacks are very difficult to trace as cyber attackers hide their digital tracks [20]. Cyber attackers also often launch attacks from poorly protected computers in other countries, which in no way implicates that the state was responsible for attacks – for instance, roughly 10% of spam comes from computers in China, but that is not Chinese spam [21]. The situation is different with traditional warfare, where there is evidence of weapons used, uniforms spotted, and reports of witnesses on site. Of course, we can expect states to lie about launching cyber attacks, thus China and the USA trade accusations about responsibility for cyber attacks, but there is no good way to test the truth. All of this means that an act of war would be judged based on incomplete and misleading information about another state’s involvement, threatening international peace and resulting in the loss of human life for no good reason. cyber attacks, trace, digital tracks, poorly protected computers, state responsibility, spam, China, traditional warfare, evidence, weapons, uniforms, witnesses, state lies, accusations, USA, incomplete information, international peace, human life, act of war cyber attacks, traceability, digital tracks, poorly protected computers, spam, China, traditional warfare, evidence, weapons, uniforms, witnesses, state responsibility, international peace, human life, accusations, USA, incomplete information, misleading information cyber attacks, traceability, digital tracks, poorly protected computers, state responsibility, spam, China, traditional warfare, weapons, uniforms, witnesses, state lies, USA, accusations, act of war, incomplete information, international peace, human life cyber attacks, traceability, digital tracks, poorly protected computers, state responsibility, spam, traditional warfare, evidence, weapons, uniforms, witnesses, state lies, accusations, China, USA, incomplete information, misleading information, international peace, human life cyber attacks, traceability, digital tracks, poorly protected computers, state responsibility, spam, traditional warfare, evidence, weapons, uniforms, witnesses, state lies, accusations, China, USA, act of war, incomplete information, misleading information, international peace, human life
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro03a	A robust missile defense shield will provide the protection previously afforded by the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction, allowing the US to dismantle much of its dangerous nuclear arsenal  With a fully functioning missile defense shield deployed, nuclear-armed ballistic missiles become obsolete, unable to ever reach their targets. This means countries’ strategic obsession with second-strike capacity, the ability to return fire with nuclear weapons should they be attacked by them (Mutually Assured Destruction), will cease to be an issue, as first-strikes are destined to be wiped out before they hit a single target. What this means is that countries with missile defense systems can feel secure without the need of retaining massive nuclear arsenals. This will alleviate the pressure to have stockpiles of warheads and will promote disarmament. Mutually Assured Destruction has become a far less secure strategy as nuclear proliferation has occurred to states with different strategic conceptions. This has been seen in the United States, which since its full adoption of the Aegis system has actively pursued a policy of reaching a new accord with Russia on nuclear arms reduction. This culminated in 2010 with the signing of the New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), an accord to reduce the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers by half (Associated Press, 2011). This new step toward nuclear disarmament could not be politically possible in the United States without a replacement defense, which only a national missile defense system can provide. missile defense shield, Mutually Assured Destruction, nuclear arsenal dismantling, ballistic missiles obsolescence, second-strike capacity, first-strike interception, nuclear disarmament, nuclear proliferation, strategic conceptions, Aegis system, New START, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, United States, Russia, nuclear arms reduction, national missile defense system missile defense shield, nuclear arsenal, Mutually Assured Destruction, nuclear disarmament, second-strike capacity, nuclear proliferation, Aegis system, New START, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, national missile defense system missile defense, nuclear arsenal, mutually assured destruction, disarmament, nuclear proliferation, aegis system, new start, strategic arms reduction treaty, first-strike, second-strike capacity, nuclear weapons, ballistic missiles, national security, us-russia relations, defense policy, international security, nuclear deterrence, treaty compliance, global stability, arms control missile defense shield, nuclear arsenal, mutually assured destruction, disarmament, nuclear proliferation, aegis system, new start treaty, strategic arms reduction,national missile defense, nuclear weapons, ballistic missiles, first-strike, second-strike capacity, nuclear obsolence, us-russia arms reduction, us national security policy missile defense shield, nuclear disarmament, Mutually Assured Destruction, nuclear arsenal, ballistic missiles, first-strike, second-strike capacity, nuclear proliferation, Aegis system, New START, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, nuclear arms reduction, national missile defense system
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-pro03a	A graduated response is the fairest way to enforce copyright legislation  First, the sanction after three warnings can be tailored to fit general notions of justice, the punishment need not be severe and could fit the crime: maybe a consumer would be cut off of the internet for only two weeks, or only cut off from accessing download sites but still be allowed to access government and banking sites, or receive a small fine.  Secondly, the consumer has ample time to change his or her behaviour: a consumer can insist on infringing copyright at least two times before the sanction takes place. The consumer can easily avoid being cut off (even temporarily), meaning the punishment likely doesn’t even have to take place. [1]  [1] Barry Sookman, ‘Graduated response and copyright: an idea that is right for the times’, January 10th, 2010. URL: graduated response, copyright enforcement, fair punishment, internet sanctions, consumer behavior, piracy deterrence, legal penalties, copyright infringement, judicial fairness, temporary internet cutoff, download site restrictions, minor fines, infringement warnings, Barry Sookman, copyright legislation graduated response, copyright legislation, enforcement, fairness, justice, sanctions, warnings, internet access, download sites, fines, consumer behavior, infringement, punishment, Barry Sookman graduated response, copyright enforcement, fair enforcement, sanctions, warning system, consumer behavior, internet access restriction, download site restriction, small fine, general notions of justice, proportionate punishment, copyright infringement, avoidance opportunity, Barry Sookman, copyright law, digital rights management, policy discussion, legislative approach, consumer rights, technological measures, legal compliance, fair use, internet service provider, ISP responsibility, content protection, user education, legal alternatives, content piracy, digital content, online infringement, copyright policy, legislative recommendation, stakeholder balance, public interest, judicial review, administrative process, enforcement mechanism, technical measures, user notification, repeat graduated response, copyright enforcement, fair enforcement, justice, proportionate punishment, internet access restriction, download site limitation, small fine, behavioral change, repeated infringement, temporary punishment, Barry Sookman, copyright policy, digital rights management, legal compliance, consumer behavior, internet sanctions graduated response, copyright enforcement, fair punishment, justice, consumer behavior, internet sanctions, temporary cut-off, download restrictions, small fines, multiple warnings, user compliance, Barry Sookman, copyright infringement
test-international-bmaggiahbl-con01a	Focused leadership  Progress in Africa has been hindered by factors like corruption, conflicts and poor infrastructure, all of which are linked to the incompetent or greedy leaders.  Rwanda is a different case, ranked among the best countries with a strong and focused leadership in Africa, the country has set up clear policies like EDPRS [Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy] which aims to change Rwanda from an agriculture based economy to knowledge and service economy [1]. It is well known for zero tolerance to corruption, improved infrastructure and technology all of which are core factors in achieving development. In Africa, Rwanda tops list of easiest countries to do business a move that has encouraged more investors into the country[2].  Limited freedom of speech and press does not hinder economic development. What matters is that the government is trusted to fulfil all its commitments. After all, nothing has stopped China progressing despite human rights violations and censorship of both free speech and the press.  [1] The world bank, ‘Rwanda overview’, worldbank.org  [2] International finance corporation, ‘Rwanda top business reformer’, ifc.org Focused leadership, Progress in Africa, Corruption, Conflicts, Poor infrastructure, Incompetent leaders, Greedy leaders, Rwanda, Strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic development, Poverty reduction, Zero tolerance corruption, Improved infrastructure, Technology, Development, Ease of doing business, Investors, Limited freedom speech, Press, Economic development, Government trust, China, Human rights violations, Censorship, Free speech, Press freedom focused leadership, progress, Africa, corruption, conflicts, poor infrastructure, incompetent leaders, Rwanda, strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, agriculture based economy, knowledge economy, service economy, zero tolerance to corruption, improved infrastructure, technology, development, easiest countries to do business, investors, limited freedom of speech, press, economic development, government trust, commitments, China, human rights violations, censorship, free speech focused leadership, Africa, corruption, conflicts, poor infrastructure, incompetent leaders, greedy leaders, Rwanda, strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, agriculture, knowledge economy, service economy, zero tolerance corruption, improved infrastructure, technology, development, easiest countries to do business, investors, limited freedom of speech, press, economic development, government trust, commitments, China, human rights violations, censorship, free speech, press freedom focused leadership, progress, Africa, corruption, conflicts, poor infrastructure, incompetent leaders, greedy leaders, Rwanda, strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, agriculture based economy, knowledge economy, service economy, zero tolerance corruption, improved infrastructure, technology, development, easiest countries to do business, investors, limited freedom of speech, press, economic development, government trust, commitments, China, human rights violations, censorship, free speech, press freedom Focused leadership, Progress in Africa, Corruption, Conflicts, Poor infrastructure, Incompetent leaders, Rwanda, Strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, Agriculture based economy, Knowledge economy, Service economy, Zero tolerance to corruption, Improved infrastructure, Technology, Development, Ease of doing business, Investors, Limited freedom of speech, Press restrictions, Economic development, Government trust, China, Progress, Human rights violations, Censorship
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-con01a	Hand Guns Are Required For Self Defence.  Under the status quo handguns are legal. This means that should a criminal initially wish to consider mugging someone he has to consider the possibility that he might be shot should he choose to take this action. A visceral fear of death and injury means that a significant number of criminals will be deterred from engaging in burglaries, violent robberies or muggings if they suspect that they might face armed resistance. As such the presence of handguns within a community contributes to the general deterrence of crime within that community.7  Secondly, should someone try to attack someone else with a handgun, if the other person is armed then they are in a much better position to negotiate with their attacker and prevent harm to either party. Creating a public culture in which handguns are held and used sensibly, and in which firearms training is widely available, allows a parity of power to be created between ordinary citizens and criminals. However, this parity of power is changed in favour of the defender. This is because there are more law abiding citizens than criminals. If the mugger is caught by another citizen then it is possible that citizen will also have a handgun leading to a situation where the mugger will likely be arrested or risk death.8  Finally, the normalisation of handguns in society means that people are less likely to panic should they be attacked by a mugger who has one. Deaths from mugging can often be caused by the victim simply panicking in response to the mugger. Shots are often fired by desperate and unstable assailants who are unprepared for their victim’s reaction. In a society acclimatised to handguns and aware of the risk they present, incidents of this type- fuelled by panic, uncertainty and fear- are much less likely to occur. handguns, self-defence, legal, deterrence, crime, armed resistance, parity of power, firearms training, law-abiding citizens, normalization, panic, mugging, unstable assailants, societal acclimatization handguns, self-defence, legal, deterrence, crime, armed-resistance, parity-of-power, firearms-training, law-abiding-citizens, normalization, panic, mugging, unstable-assailants, public-safety, societal-impact handguns, self-defence, legal, crime deterrence, armed resistance, parity of power, law-abiding citizens, firearms training, public culture, normalisation, panic, mugging, victim reaction, unstable assailants, societal acclimatisation handguns, self-defence, legal, crime deterrence, mugging, robbery, armed resistance, firearms training, parity of power, law-abiding citizens, normalization, panic, uncertainty, victim reaction handguns, self-defence, legal, deterrence, crime, armed resistance, firearms training, parity of power, law-abiding citizens, normalisation, panic, mugging, unstable assailants
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con05a	In security too much transparency endangers lives  Transparency is all very well when it comes to how much is being spent on a new tank, aircraft, or generals houses, but it is very different when it comes to operations. Transparency in operations can endanger lives. With intelligence services transparency would risk the lives of informants; it is similar with the case of interpreters for US forces in Iraq who were targeted after they were told they could not wear masks because they are considered to be traitors. [1]  In military operations being open about almost anything could be a benefit to the opposition. Most obviously things like the timing and numbers involved in operations need to be kept under wraps but all sorts of information could be damaging in one way or another. Simply because a state is not involved in a full scale war does not mean it can open up on these operations. This is why the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Admiral Mike Mullen in response to WikiLeaks said “Mr. Assange can say whatever he likes about the greater good he thinks he and his source are doing… But the truth is they might already have on their hands the blood of some young soldier or that of an Afghan family.” [2]  [1] Londoño, Ernesto, ‘U.S. Ban on Masks Upsets Iraqui Interpreters’, Washington Post, 17 November 2008  [2] Jaffe, Greg, and Partlow, Joshua, ‘Joint Chiefs Chairman Mullen: WikiLeaks release endangers troops, Afghans’, Washington Post, 30 July 2010 security, transparency, operations, endanger, lives, intelligence, services, informants, interpreters, targeted, military, open, information, damaging, Chairman, Joint, Chiefs, Admiral, Mike, Mullen, WikiLeaks, blood, soldier, Afghan, family, Ernesto, Londoño, U.S., Ban, Masks, Washington, Post, Greg, Jaffe, Joshua, Partlow security, transparency, endangers, lives, military, operations, intelligence, services, informants, interpreters, targeted, masks, traitors, war, information, damaging, WikiLeaks, blood, soldiers, Afghan, family, Joint, Chiefs, Mullen security, transparency, endangers, lives, operations, intelligence, services, informants, interpreters, military, open, information, damaging, WikiLeaks, blood, soldiers, Afghan, family, Chairman, Joint, Chiefs, Mullen security, transparency, endanger, lives, operations, intelligence, informants, interpreters, military, WikiLeaks, blood, soldier, Afghan, Joint Chiefs, Mullen, Ernesto Londoño, Greg Jaffe, Joshua Partlow, Washington Post, masks, traitors, information, damage, full scale war, open, state, opposition, benefit, wraps, numbers, timing security, transparency, military, operations, intelligence, informants, interpreters, targeted, masks, opposition, information, disclosure, WikiLeaks, blood, soldiers, Afghan, families, Joint, Chiefs, Mullen, leaking, endanger, lives, war, state, openness, damaging, full-scale, conflict, operational, secrecy, benefit, harm, release, documents, treason, ethical, dilemma, public, interest, classified, data, accountability, oversight, leaks, whistleblowing, consequences, risk, exposure, harm, national, defense, strategic, considerations, confidentiality, military, ethics, engagements, international, relations, statecraft,
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-con02a	Handguns are Required For Symbolic Reasons As A Defence Against the State Monopoly of Power  Handguns are legal in the U.S. for symbolic reasons. In Justice Scalla’s oral argument he stated “isn't it perfectly plausible, indeed reasonable, to assume that since the framers knew that the way militias were destroyed by tyrants in the past was not by passing a law against militias, but by taking away the people's weapons -- that was the way militias were destroyed. The two clauses go together beautifully: Since we need a militia, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.”9 Guns are necessary to prevent the disarming of the people and as a statement that the citizens of the U.S. are allowed to stand up against the state.  In the formation of the state, the citizens of the state give up their freedoms and their ability to do violence upon each other in favour a state monopoly on violence. The implication is that the state, through this monopoly on violence, then prevents citizens from doing violence against one another.  However, it is possible for the state to use its monopoly on physical force in a reckless or subversive fashion. This means that the citizens should always be able to reassert the primacy of their rights and independence over the state, should the state begin to deviate from its mandated role as protector of those rights.  The right to carry firearms is part of this ability to assert one’s power over the state. However, as the state has become more powerful, ownership of small arms has become an increasingly symbolic gesture. Taking away the right to bear arms from any American is thus harmful, as it removes the symbol that the state’s power is not absolute and that ultimately the state is subservient to its people.10 handguns, symbolic, defense, state, monopoly, power, legal, U.S., Justice, Scalia, oral, argument, framers, tyrants, militias, destroyed, weapons, right, people, keep, bear, arms, infringed, necessary, prevent, disarming, citizens, stand, formation, state, freedoms, violence, monopoly, primacy, rights, independence, protector, firearms, ownership, small, arms, gesture, absolute, subservient, people Handguns, symbolic, defense, state, monopoly, power, legal, U.S., Justice, Scalia, oral, argument, framers, militias, tyrants, weapons, right, people, bear, arms, infringement, violence, citizens, freedoms, formation, state, monopoly, physical, force, reckless, subversive, rights, independence, firearms, primacy, protector, American, harmful, absolute, subservient handguns, symbolic, defense, state monopoly, power, legal, U.S., Justice Scalia, oral argument, framers, militias, tyrants, weapon confiscation, citizen rights, state formation, freedoms, violence, state monopoly on force, reckless, subversive, reassert, rights, independence, firearms, increasingly symbolic, harmful, absolute power, subservient, people handguns, symbolic, defense, state, monopoly, power, legal, U.S., Justice, Scalla, oral, argument, framers, militias, tyrants, weapons, right, people, bear, arms, infringed, citizens, freedoms, violence, monopoly, physical, force, subversive, rights, independence, firearms, powerful, small, arms, gesture, American, harmful, absolute, subservient handguns, symbolic, defense, state, monopoly, power, legal, U.S., Justice, Scalia, oral, argument, framers, militias, tyrants, weapons, right, keep, bear, arms, prevent, disarming, citizens, formation, state, freedoms, violence, implication, reckless, subversive, rights, independence, carry, firearms, powerful, small, arms, gesture, remove, symbol, absolute, subservient, people
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-pro03a	Diplomatic relations  European states in particular put a particular emphasis on capital punishment when determining human rights issues for foreign policy. The UK for example has a policy of promoting and lobbying for the abolition of capital punishment with foreign governments. [1]  This will help generate goodwill for the nation. This could have a whole myriad of benefits - from aid and trade, to being seen as the “good guy” in any international disputes. When using capital punishment the opposite is the case; controversy has been created by the use of UN resources in drugs cases in Vietnam that could lead to executions for drug offences [2] .  [1] Foreign & Commonwealth Office, ‘HMG Strategy for Abolition of the Death Penalty 2010-2015’, gov.uk, October 2011,   [2] “UN urged to freeze anti-drug aid to Vietnam over death penalty”, Reuters, 12 Feb 2014, Diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, abolition, lobbying, goodwill, nation, benefits, aid, trade, international disputes, UN resources, drugs cases, Vietnam, executions, drug offences, controversy, UN aid, death penalty, Reuters Diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, abolition, lobbying, foreign governments, goodwill, nation, benefits, aid, trade, international disputes, controversy, UN resources, drugs cases, Vietnam, executions, drug offences, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, HMG Strategy, death penalty, UN, anti-drug aid, death penalty opposition Diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, abolition, lobbying, goodwill, aid, trade, international disputes, controversy, UN resources, drugs cases, Vietnam, executions, death penalty, strategy, government, Reuters, February 2014 diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, abolition, lobbying, goodwill, nation, aid, trade, international disputes, UN resources, drugs cases, Vietnam, executions, death penalty, controversy, Reuters Diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, abolition, lobbying, goodwill, nation, benefits, aid, trade, international disputes, UN resources, drugs cases, Vietnam, executions, death penalty, controversy, Reuters
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-con03a	If you ban one thing, you have to ban lots of things.  Every religious symbol should be treated equally so as not to cause discrimination. It's just not viable to ban one symbol. If you ban something, for example, as sacred and religious as the Muslim veil, people will then start rallying cries for other things to be banned. At the end of the day, if the Government feels that it is in the best interests of society not to ban the veil, then we have to believe them. Really if one thing is banned then the uproar that would happen would have significantly worse consequences than before the ban. There have been worries about the banning of the Sikh Kirpan because outsiders regard it as a possible weapon and a danger to people in public places.1 However, in the Sikh perspective, the Kirpan is a sacred symbol very similar to other religions' symbols.  1 'Timeline: The Quebec kirpan case', CBC News Online, 2nd March 2006, accessed on 25th July 2011 religious symbols, ban, discrimination, Muslim veil, government, societal interests, Sikh Kirpan, public safety, religious freedom, equality, consequences, uproar, weapon, sacred, CBC News, Quebec kirpan case ban, religious, symbols, discrimination, Muslim, veil, government, Sikh, Kirpan, weapon, public, safety, consequences, equality, prohibition, societal, impact, outcry, freedom, expression, cultural, sensitivity, regulation, law, controversy, tolerance, human, rights, diversity, integration, secularism, identity, tradition, compromise, dialogue, policy, ethics, values, security, education, awareness, accommodation, plurality, representation, backlash, precedent, judicial, review, civic, engagement, communal, harmony, legislative, debate, civic, responsibility, ethical, considerations, social, cohesion, mutual, respect, interfaith ban, religious symbols, discrimination, Muslim veil, Sikh Kirpan, government, societal interests, uproar, consequences, public safety, sacred symbols, equality, regulation, cultural sensitivity, legal precedent, freedom of religion, secularism, public opinion, legislation, human rights, minority rights ban, religious, symbols, discrimination, Muslim, veil, government, society, Sikh, Kirpan, weapon, public, safety, consequences, equality, religious, freedom, symbols, law, policy, cultural, sensitivity, kirpan, case, quebec, timeline, CBC, news, access, date, 2006, 2011 religious symbols, discrimination, ban, Muslim veil, government policy, public safety, Sikh Kirpan, religious freedom, societal impact, cultural sensitivity, equality, legal precedent, public perception, religious practices,符号,宗教平等,禁令后果,社会和谐,文化尊重,宗教自由保障,公共安全考量,政府决策支持,社会最佳利益,宗教象征意义,多元文化共存,法规影响评估,宗教物品,宗教少数群体保护,宗教信仰表达,宗教符号争议,社会稳定性,公共政策制定,宗教仪式用品,宗教传统,宗教符号平等处理,宗教活动限制,社会反响预测,宗教
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-con01a	Cluster Bombs Have Significant Strategic Value  As mentioned earlier in the opposition counter arguments, cluster bombs are incredibly effective at dealing with large formations of troops and armoured vehicles and can cause a significant amount of damage to an opposing force in a relatively small amount of time. This niche is not filled as cheaply or as easily by other weapons that can be released from a bombing aircraft. As such cluster bombs have a significant level of military and strategic value when used in conflict.  In the case where cluster bombs were banned, it would simply fall to the military to find an effective replacement weapon for these scenarios and it is likely that these would be as problematic if not more so.8 Cluster bombs, strategic value, military effectiveness, large formations, troops, armoured vehicles, damage, opposing force, cost, bombing aircraft, weapon replacement, conflict, ban, problematic alternatives Cluster bombs, strategic value, military effectiveness, large formations, troops, armoured vehicles, damage, opposition, conflict, banned, replacement weapon, problematic, bombing aircraft, cost, efficiency cluster bombs, strategic value, military effectiveness, large formations, troops, armoured vehicles, damage, opposing force, cost-effectiveness, bombing aircraft, replacement weapons, ban, problematic alternatives Cluster Bombs, Strategic Value, Military Effectiveness, Large Formations, Troops, Armoured Vehicles, Damage, Opposition, Conflict, Banned, Replacement Weapon, Scenarios, Problematic Cluster bombs, Strategic value, Military effectiveness, Large formations, Armoured vehicles, Damage, Conflict, Weapon replacement, Banning, Problematic alternatives
test-economy-epiasghbf-pro02a	The effects of unemployment  Unemployment has been linked to several health and wellbeing effects. Firstly, the psychological impact of unemployment involve a range of issues - from confidence to mental well-being. Issues of mental health problems - such as depression, suicide, anxiety, and substance abuse, need recognition in Africa. The impact of mental health may not only be on the individual, but dispersed within families and across generations. Secondly, unemployment may result in a loss of social networks and networking skills. The power of social capital, or networks, in reducing vulnerability has been widely noted. Therefore encouraging women to participate within the labour market ensures new networks are built and retained through the vital communication skills used. Finally. unemployment may affect physical health status.  Unemployment may place individuals in a downward spiral, making it harder to re-enter the job market. unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, impact, confidence, mental, well-being, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, Africa, social, networks, skills, social, capital, vulnerability, women, labour, market, physical, status, downward, spiral, re-enter, job unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, impact, confidence, mental, well-being, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, africa, social, networks, networking, skills, social, capital, vulnerability, women, labour, market, physical, health, status, downward, spiral, re-enter, job, market unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, impact, confidence, mental, well-being, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, recognition, Africa, family, generations, loss, social, networks, networking, skills, social, capital, vulnerability, women, participation, labour, market, physical, status, downward, spiral, re-entry, job, market unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, mental, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, Africa, social, networks, skills, social, capital, women, labour, market, physical, status, re-enter, job, market, downward, spiral unemployment, health, well-being, psychological, confidence, mental, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, africa, family, generations, social, networks, skills, social, capital, vulnerability, women, labour, market, physical, status, downward, spiral, re-enter, job
test-international-aghwrem-pro04a	Disengagement has done more harm than good in the region  The policy of disengagement has not resulted in any meaningful change in Myanmar, politically or economically. Since Myanmar has not been dependent on the US or the EU, sanctions and arms embargoes have not had any effect on the government. The changes in 2010-2011 have been due to the influence of the NLD, and certain regional players (like Thailand and China) which have sought to directly engage with Myanmar. Further, the sections of the population that are most affected by the sanctions are those not in the top tier of the political and economic class, but smaller manufacturers and the working class. Restrictions on exports and developmental aid from the US and the EU prevent local manufacturers and consumers from having access to them. On the other hand, restrictions on imports from Myanmar weaken the market for its exporters. These factors only further impoverish and alienate the local population, increasing economic disparity, and consequently the power of the ruling elite in the national context as well. Disengagement, harm, Myanmar, political, economic, sanctions, arms embargoes, NLD, regional players, Thailand, China, engagement, 2010-2011, changes, US, EU, smaller manufacturers, working class, exports, developmental aid, local manufacturers, consumers, market, exporters, impoverish, alienate, economic disparity, ruling elite, national context Disengagement, Myanmar, Policy, Sanctions, Arms Embargoes, Political Change, Economic Change, NLD, Regional Players, Thailand, China, Engagement, Sanctions Effect, Working Class, Manufacturers, Export Restrictions, Developmental Aid, Import Restrictions, Market Weakness, Economic Disparity, Ruling Elite, Power Concentration disengagement, harm, Myanmar, policy, political, economic, sanctions, arms embargoes, government, NLD, regional players, Thailand, China, engagement, sanctions effect, smaller manufacturers, working class, exports, developmental aid, market, exporters, impoverish, alienate, economic disparity, ruling elite Disengagement, Harm, Myanmar, Political Change, Economic Impact, Sanctions, Arms Embargoes, NLD Influence, Regional Players, Thailand, China, Sanctions Effects, Local Manufacturers, Working Class, Export Restrictions, Developmental Aid, Import Restrictions, Market Impact, Economic Disparity, Ruling Elite, Power Consolidation disengagement, harm, Myanmar, political change, economic change, US, EU, sanctions, arms embargoes, NLD, Thailand, China, direct engagement, local manufacturers, working class, export restrictions, developmental aid, import restrictions, market weakening, economic disparity, ruling elite, power consolidation
test-society-simhbrasnba-con02a	The rights of refugees are a cornerstone of international law  Signatories of The 1951 Convention on Refugees have a legal responsibility to offer asylum to any foreign national who has a well-founded fear of persecution, for political, religious, ethnic or social reasons, and who is unwilling to return home. Moreover the refugee is protected against forcible return when his life may be threatened, something which is an obligation even for countries which are not parties to the convention bust respect as it is part of international customary law. [1] This treaty is one of the cornerstones of international human rights law, and as such states should uphold it to the letter.  [1] Jastram, Kate, and Achiron, Marilyn, Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law’, P.14. refugees, international law, 1951 Convention on Refugees, asylum, well-founded fear, persecution, political, religious, ethnic, social, forcible return, international customary law, human rights, states, obligations, protection refugees, international law, 1951 Convention, asylum, persecution, political, religious, ethnic, social, forcible return, international customary law, human rights, states, obligations, protection, treaty, Jastram, Achiron, Refugee Protection, Guide, International Refugee Law refugee rights, international law, 1951 Convention on Refugees, asylum, persecution, political, religious, ethnic, social, forcible return, international customary law, human rights, state obligations, Jastram, Achiron, Refugee Protection Guide, international refugee law refugees, international law, 1951 Convention on Refugees, asylum, well-founded fear, persecution, political, religious, ethnic, social, forcible return, international customary law, human rights law, states obligations, legal responsibility, protection, non-refoulement, Jastram, Achiron, Refugee Protection Guide, international treaties, humanitarian principles, asylum seekers, global standards, human dignity, legal protections, displaced persons, international community, migration policies, legal frameworks, human security, legal obligations, international relations, refugee status, human rights violations, legal asylum, humanitarian援助, international cooperation, legal framework, legal rights, refugees, international law, 1951 Convention, asylum, legal responsibility, persecution, political, religious, ethnic, social, forcible return, international customary law, human rights, treaty, states, uphold, Jastram, Achiron, Refugee Protection, Guide, International Refugee Law
test-economy-egecegphw-pro02a	The expansion of Heathrow is vital for the economy  Expanding Heathrow would ensure many current jobs as well as creating new ones. Currently, Heathrow supports around 250,000 jobs. [1] Added to this many hundreds of thousands more are dependent upon the tourist trade in London which relies on good transport links like Heathrow. Loosing competitiveness in front of other European airports not only could imply wasting the possibility to create new jobs, but lose some of those that already exist. Expansion of Heathrow would also be building a vital part of infrastructure at a time when British infrastructure spending is very low as a result of the recession so helping to boost growth. Good flight connections are critical for attracting new business and maintaining current business. This is because aviation infrastructure is important for identifying new business opportunities. The UK’s economic future depends on trading not just with traditional destinations in Europe and America but also with the expanding cities of China and India, cities such as Chongqing and Chengdu. [2] Businesses based in these cities will be much more likely to invest in Britain with direct flights. [3]  [1] BBC News, ‘New group backs Heathrow expansion’, 21 July 2003,   [2] Duncan, E., ‘Wake up. We need a third runway’. The Times, 2012,   [3] Salomone, Roger, ‘Time to up the ante on roads and airports’, EEF Blog, 2 April 2013, Heathrow, expansion, economy, jobs, tourist trade, competitiveness, European airports, infrastructure, recession, growth, flight connections, business attraction, aviation infrastructure, trade, China, India, direct flights, investment, Britain, third runway, roads, airports Heathrow, expansion, economy, jobs, tourist trade, London, competitiveness, European airports, infrastructure, recession, growth, business, flight connections, trading, Europe, America, China, India, Chongqing, Chengdu, investment, UK, economic future, aviation infrastructure, new business opportunities, direct flights, third runway, roads, airports Heathrow, expansion, economy, jobs, tourism, competitiveness, European, airports, infrastructure, recession, flight, connections, business, trade, China, India, investment, runway, UK, growth, transport, aviation, opportunities, cities, direct, flights, economic, future, European, America, Chongqing, Chengdu, BBC, News, The, Times, EEF, Blog, Roger, Salomone, Duncan Heathrow, expansion, economy, jobs, tourist trade, London, competitiveness, European airports, infrastructure, recession, growth, flight connections, business attraction, trade, Europe, America, China, India, Chongqing, Chengdu, investment, Britain, direct flights, BBC News, The Times, EEF Blog Heathrow, expansion, economy, jobs, tourist trade, London, competitiveness, European airports, infrastructure, recession, growth, flight connections, business, aviation, trading, Europe, America, China, India, direct flights, investment, Britain, third runway, roads, airports
test-health-dhghwapgd-con01a	"Generic drugs often prove to be less effective than their brand name counterparts, and can even be dangerous  Generic drugs are meant to retain a substantial degree of bioequivalence with their brand name predecessors. Yet, even under strict testing laws in this regard, generic drugs have on several cases been shown to manifest side effects not present in their parent products. For example, a generic version of Wellbutrin XL, an anti-depressant, that was ostensibly chemically equivalent to the brand name drug, caused suicidal episodes in several users1. This demonstrates that no amount of chemical testing can guarantee true bioequivalence, and thus generic drugs cannot be considered as identical to brand name drugs in terms of safety. While improving testing of generics would go some way toward fixing this problem, it would not do so entirely, as the market for new drugs will be so greatly widened with the approval of generic production that the cost of screening will be very high and the likelihood of poor knock-offs reaching consumers, particularly in the developing world where screening is less robust, is increased substantially2. Brand name drugs may be more expensive, but their safety is more thoroughly guaranteed. Flooding the market with cheap, potentially dangerous alternative drugs helps no one but the undertaker.  1 Childs, Dan. 2007. ""Generic Drugs: Dangerous Differences?"". ABC News. Available: 2 Mercurio, Bryan. 2007. ""Resolving the Public Health Crisis in the Developing World: Problems and Barriers of Access to Essential Medicines"". Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights. Available: generic drugs, brand name drugs, bioequivalence, side effects, Wellbutrin XL, chemical testing, safety, market, cost, screening, developing world, access, essential medicines, public health crisis generic drugs, brand name counterparts, bioequivalence, side effects, Wellbutrin XL, suicidal episodes, chemical testing, safety, testing laws, market expansion, developing world, screening, cost, public health, essential medicines, access barriers, undertaker, drug safety, cheaper alternatives, regulatory issues, pharmaceutical industry, drug efficacy, health risks, economic impact, patient outcomes, medication regulation, international health policy, counterfeit drugs, drug approval process, quality control, therapeutic equivalence, medication adherence, healthcare costs, drug availability, treatment effectiveness, health disparities, global health, adverse reactions, medical research, clinical trials, pharmaceutical innovation, drug pricing generic drugs, brand name drugs, bioequivalence, side effects, Wellbutrin XL, suicidal episodes, chemical testing, safety, market approval, cost of screening, developing world, access to medicines, public health crisis, essential medicines, drug safety, undertaker, health risks, pharmaceutical regulation, drug efficacy, patient outcomes generic drugs, brand name counterparts, bioequivalence, side effects, Wellbutrin XL, suicidal episodes, chemical testing, safety, testing laws, market approval, cost of screening, poor knock-offs, developing world, drug safety, public health, access to medicines, international human rights generic drugs, brand name drugs, bioequivalence, side effects, Wellbutrin XL, suicidal episodes, chemical testing, market approval, developing world, screening, cost, public health, access, essential medicines, safety, efficacy, undertaker, regulatory standards, pharmaceutical industry"
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con01a	Self-preservation is our primary moral duty  Many people, especially those who belong to religious groups believe that we have a duty to preserve our own lives. They would argue that suicide is never justified, even if the reasons might appear to be good. It is impossible to sacrifice your life for others, because you cannot know how important your life is to others in relation to how important other people’s lives are. Either life is invaluable and it is thus impossible to value one life higher than others, or it can be valued, but it is impossible for us to assess our life’s value in relation to others. Therefore, while we accept that some might die, it is not for the individual to take matters into his or her own hands and accelerate the process, as this decision might be made on the wrong grounds, but cannot be reversed. Self-preservation, moral duty, religious groups, suicide, duty, preserve life, sacrifice, life value, invaluable, assess life value, individual decision, irreversible self-preservation, moral duty, religious beliefs, suicide, justifications, life preservation, sacrifice, life value, individual decision, irreversible actions, ethical considerations self-preservation, moral duty, religious beliefs, suicide, life preservation, sacrifice, life value, individual decision, irreversible actions, ethical considerations, human life, moral philosophy, existential value, personal responsibility, suicide ethics, life importance, moral justification, ethical duty, life termination, self-determination self-preservation, moral duty, religious beliefs, suicide, life preservation, sacrifice, life value, individual decision, irreversible consequences, ethical considerations, human life, moral philosophy, duty to live, life importance, value assessment, moral absolutism, moral relativism, ethical dilemmas, suicide justification, life significance self-preservation, moral duty, religious beliefs, suicide, justifications, life value, individual decision, irreversible actions, sacrifice, ethical considerations, life importance, moral philosophy, human life, value assessment
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-con02a	Open source software undermines national security.  Even if closed source software firms are ultimately answerable to their shareholders, their shareholders want them to produce software which meets the needs of their customers so that they can sell their products. That is why Microsoft has offered a cheap version of Windows Vista to developing nations, and has been willing to cut the price of its software in negotiations with governments around the world.  More worrying than the burden that closed source software places on a government’s coffers is the threat that open source software presents to a state’s security.  By definition, the code for open source software is freely available. However, the continual attempts to hack into government computer systems demonstrate that many of the same hackers are now moving beyond mere targets of opportunity. Hackers could well take advantage of the increasing ubiquity of open source code to attack national computer systems.  The additional security that open source software claims to benefit from is an illusion. Rather, it is the lack of ubiquitous open source platforms that has kept OSs such as Linux and BSD safe from attack. The possibility that an might yield some form of a reward is reduced when a hacker is presented with fewer viable targets.  Although open source code may give ethical and honest coders more opportunities to spot the flaws in programmes, it also incentivises hackers to invest their efforts in spotting such flaws first. open source software, national security, closed source software, shareholders, customer needs, Microsoft, Windows Vista, developing nations, software pricing, government expenses, cybersecurity, code availability, hackers, government systems, open source platforms, Linux, BSD, security vulnerabilities, ethical coders, hacker incentives open source software, national security, closed source software, shareholders, customer needs, Windows Vista, developing nations, government coffers, state security, code availability, government computer systems, hackers, open source platforms, security illusion, Linux, BSD, ethical coders, flaw detection, hacker incentives open source software, national security, closed source software, shareholders, customer needs, Microsoft, Windows Vista, developing nations, software price negotiations, government budgets, security threats, open source code, hacking, government computer systems, security illusion, Linux, BSD, ethical coders, hacker incentives, code flaws open source software, national security, closed source software, shareholders, customer needs, Windows Vista, developing nations, government expenses, state security, freely available code, government computer systems, hackers, open source platforms, Linux, BSD, security flaws, ethical coders, hacker incentives open source software, national security, closed source software, shareholders, customer needs, Microsoft, Windows Vista, developing nations, government budgets, state security, code availability, government computer systems, hackers, open source code, security threats, Linux, BSD, ethical coders, hacker incentives, software flaws
test-politics-lghwdecm-pro04a	Mayors would raise the profile of the city they represent  Elected mayors would speak on behalf of their communities, raising the profile of their town or city nationally and internationally. This could be particularly valuable when negotiating with businesses, helping to draw valuable investment into their area and overcoming bureaucratic hurdles that typically hinder development. Chambers of commerce in cities that are holding referendums believe a figurehead will provide a focal point for business relations and a single point of contact that champions the city’s interests. [1] In addition, mayors would give local government in general a higher profile after years of increasing centralisation by national government. Acting collectively, and through the change in attitudes their higher media profile would generate, mayors would be able to draw power away from the centre once again and bring it closer to the people.  [1] Carter, Andrew, ‘Mayors and Economic Growth’, in Tom Gash and Sam Sims eds., What can elected mayors do for our cities? Institute for Government, 2012, pp.37-42, p.41 mayors, city profile, elected officials, community representation, national visibility, international visibility, business negotiations, investment attraction, bureaucratic obstacles, development facilitation, chambers of commerce, referendum support, business relations, focal point, local government, higher profile, centralisation challenge, power decentralisation, media presence, public engagement, economic growth, governance improvement Mayors, city profile, elected mayors, community representation, national recognition, international recognition, business negotiation, investment attraction, bureaucratic obstacles, development facilitation, chambers of commerce, referendums, figurehead, business relations, single point of contact, city interests, local government, centralisation, national government, power redistribution, media profile, public engagement, economic growth, governance improvement, civic leadership, urban development, community engagement, policy advocacy, regional autonomy, decentralisation, public relations, municipal advocacy, leadership visibility, governance structure, civic pride, investor confidence, community development, local politics, governance reform, public administration, municipal leadership mayors, profile, city, representation, elected, communities, national, international, businesses, investment, bureaucratic, hurdles, development, chambers, commerce, referendums, figurehead, business, relations, point, contact, champions, interests, local, government, centralisation, national, power, media, attitudes, collective, change, draw, closer, people Mayors, City Profile, Elected Mayors, Community Representation, National Profile, International Profile, Business Negotiation, Investment Attraction, Bureaucratic Hurdles, Economic Development, Chambers of Commerce, Referendums, Business Relations, Single Point of Contact, Local Government, Higher Profile, Centralisation, National Government, Power Distribution, Media Profile, Economic Growth, Andrew Carter, Institute for Government mayors, city profile, elected officials, community representation, national recognition, international visibility, business negotiations, investment attraction, bureaucratic obstacles, development facilitation, chambers of commerce, referendums, business relations, single point contact, local government, centralisation, power decentralisation, media presence, public awareness, economic growth, political change
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro02a	Schools are best places to ensure good nutrition  Education is universal from 5 or 6 to 16 years old in most countries, 58% of children worldwide attend secondary school, [1] with even poor countries providing education for all from 5 to 12 years old. As a result giving breakfast at school will mean that all children between these ages receive it.  [1] Unicef, ‘58: The percentage of children of secondary school age worldwide who attend secondary school is 58’, Unicef global databases, 2008, Schools, nutrition, education, universal, children, secondary school, Unicef, breakfast, global databases Schools, Nutrition, Education, Age, Children, Secondary School, Worldwide, Attendance, UNICEF, Breakfast, Provision, Universal, Poor Countries, Ages 5 to 12, Ages 5 to 16 Schools, nutrition, education, universal, children, secondary school, Unicef, breakfast, age, poor countries, global databases schools, nutrition, education, children, worldwide, secondary, school-age, attendance, breakfast, Unicef, global, databases, 2008, ages, 5, 6, 16, poor, countries, providing, result, receive schools, nutrition, education, children, secondary school, age, countries, breakfast, Unicef, global databases, attendance, universal, poor countries, provision
test-economy-epegiahsc-con01a	The FTAA is bad for industries in developing nations.  This agreement would put farmers and workers in some of the world’s most impoverished nations in direct competition with some of the richest companies in the developed world. FTAA would have small, domestic industries in countries like Bolivia or Haiti compete with massive American corporations, and prevent their governments from aiding them in any way. The disparity of power and resources would be so great in the case of such a collision, that it would mean these small industries could easily be wiped out and never develop to a level where they can sustain a healthy national economy and become competitive against giant multinational corporations. This would be disastrous for development and poverty reduction in South America [1] .  [1] Robinson, Mary. “Free Trade Area of the Americas: Latin America Deserves Better.” New York Times. 18 November 2003. www.nytimes.com/2003/11/18/opinion/18iht-edrob_ed3_.html?scp=1&sq= FTAA, developing nations, industries, farmers, workers, impoverished nations, competition, rich companies, developed world, small domestic industries, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government aid, disparity, power, resources, small industries, multinational corporations, national economy, development, poverty reduction, South America, Mary Robinson, New York Times, Free Trade Area of the Americas, Latin America FTAA, developing nations, industries, farmers, workers, impoverished nations, competition, rich companies, developed world, small industries, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government aid, disparity, power, resources, collision, wiped out, national economy, competitive, multinational corporations, development, poverty reduction, South America, Mary Robinson, New York Times, Free Trade Area of the Americas, Latin America FTAA, developing nations, industries, competition, farmers, workers, impoverished nations, richest companies, developed world, small domestic industries, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government intervention, disparity, power, resources, collision, industries wiped out, national economy, competitive, multinational corporations, development, poverty reduction, South America, Mary Robinson, New York Times, Free Trade Area of the Americas, Latin America, economic impact, trade agreements, globalization, economic disparity, international trade, market competition, industrial development, economic policy, trade liberalization, sustainable development, economic inequality, trade injustice, economic growth, local industries, global corporations, trade FTAA, developing nations, industries, farmers, workers, impoverished nations, competition, rich companies, developed world, small domestic industries, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government aid, disparity, power, resources, small industries, multinational corporations, economic development, poverty reduction, South America, Mary Robinson, New York Times, Free Trade Area of the Americas, Latin America FTAA, developing nations, industries, farmers, workers, impoverished nations, competition, rich companies, developed world, small domestic industries, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government aid, disparity, power, resources, collision, wiped out, national economy, competitive, multinational corporations, development, poverty reduction, South America, Robinson, Mary, New York Times, Free Trade Area of the Americas, Latin America
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-con03a	Definition of a large scale cyber attack is extremely vague  Armed acts of aggression are a good method of judging if an action is an act of war because they result in actual destruction, violence and loss of human life. Cyber attacks, on the other hand, do not and thus there is no objective way to tell what scale of a cyber attack is enough to constitute an act of war. While Pentagon claims a cyber attack that is equivalent of damage caused by traditional warfare as a standard, how is it supposed to be applied if pretty much all of the cyber attacks have been bloodless [24]? For instance, stealing large amounts of confidential data from a country is a large scale cyber attack, and could have an immense economic impact, but it is bloodless and so how much damage does there need to be before it can be a casus belli? It is very difficult to measure the impact of even a very evident and intense cyber attack, as NATO found out when assessing a cyber attack on Georgia in 2008 [25]. While the Pentagon might have a nice theoretical framework, in reality there are too many unanswered (and possible impossible to answer) questions. This can lead to abuse of justifications for war and unnecessary violence. large scale cyber attack, armed acts of aggression, act of war, cyber attacks, destruction, violence, loss of human life, Pentagon, damage, traditional warfare, bloodless, stealing confidential data, economic impact, casus belli, NATO, cyber attack on Georgia, theoretical framework, abuse of justifications, unnecessary violence large scale cyber attack, definition, vagueness, armed acts of aggression, act of war, destruction, violence, loss of human life, cyber attacks, bloodless, Pentagon, damage, traditional warfare, stealing confidential data, economic impact, casus belli, NATO, cyber attack on Georgia, unanswered questions, abuse of justifications, unnecessary violence large scale cyber attack, definition, vagueness, armed acts, aggression, act of war, destruction, violence, loss of human life, cyber attacks, bloodless, Pentagon, traditional warfare, damage, confidential data, economic impact, casus belli, NATO, cyber attack on Georgia, unanswered questions, abuse of justifications, unnecessary violence large scale cyber attack, armed acts of aggression, act of war, cyber attacks, traditional warfare, bloodless, confidential data theft, economic impact, casus belli, NATO, cyber attack on Georgia, theoretical framework, justifications for war, unnecessary violence cyber attack, act of war, large scale, armed aggression, destruction, violence, loss of life, bloodless, economic impact, casus belli, NATO, Georgia, Pentagon, theoretical framework, unanswered questions, abuse, justifications, war, unnecessary violence
test-international-iiahwagit-pro02a	Poaching is becoming more advanced  A stronger, militarised approach is needed as poaching is becoming far more advanced. Poachers now operate with high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers and use helicopters to hunt their prey. [1] These methods are used particularly against rhinoceroses in South Africa, whose horns have become extremely valuable on the Asian market for their supposed medical properties. [2] In response to this, South African rangers are being given specialised training and use their own aerial surveillance to track poachers down with success, [3] supporting the argument for a militarised response to protect endangered animals.  [1] WWF, ‘African rhino poaching crisis’  [2] Zapwing, ‘The Rhino Poaching Crisis’  [3] ibid poaching, militarised, advanced, high-calibre, rifles, night, vision, scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South, Africa, horns, Asian, market, medical, properties, rangers, specialised, training, aerial, surveillance, track, endangered, animals, WWF, African, rhino, crisis, Zapwing, response poaching, militarised approach, high-calibre rifles, night vision, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South Africa, Asian market, medical properties, rangers, specialised training, aerial surveillance, endangered animals, WWF, African rhino crisis, Zapwing, Rhino Poaching Crisis Poaching, militarised approach, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South Africa, Asian market, medical properties, rangers, specialised training, aerial surveillance, endangered animals, WWF, African rhino poaching crisis, Zapwing, Rhino Poaching Crisis poaching, militarised, advanced, high-calibre, rifles, night, vision, scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South, Africa, horns, Asian, market, medical, properties, rangers, specialised, training, aerial, surveillance,WWF, African, rhino, crisis, Zapwing, endangered, animals poaching, militarised approach, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South Africa, Asian market, medical properties, rangers, specialised training, aerial surveillance, endangered animals, WWF, African rhino poaching crisis, Zapwing, rhino poaching crisis
test-society-asfhwapg-con03a	"Immoral to own a human life  Patenting genes and DNA fragments is immoral because of their significance for human life and welfare. It is immoral to own building blocks of the human life. Commercialization of human genes degrades value of human life. Once we give people the possibility to put an ownership tag on genes (basics of life), there is people who value human life merely based on monetary value. Bidding for the best gene, highest price and making the basics of life the same as buying a car. Andy Miah in his essay on Ethical Issues in Genetics argues: ""Evidence of such disaffection has appeared most recently from the emergence of Ron's Angels, a company set up for the auctioning of female eggs and male sperm to infertile couples seeking 'exceptional' children. Whilst numerous companies of this kind now exist, Ron's Angels is interesting not simply for having arranged a standard and reasonable price for such genes; far from it. Rather, as indicated above, eggs and sperm are awarded to the highest bidder.""1 Thus making the perception of human life what people believe is ""fair to pay"" and creating a race to figure out the cheapest ways of buying parts of the human body. 1 10) Miah, A., Patenting Human DNA. In Almond, B. & Parker, M. (2003) Ethical Issues in the New Genetics: Are Genes Us? immoral, human life, patenting genes, DNA fragments, commercialization, degrades value, ownership, monetary value, bidding, genes, buying, car, Ron's Angels, auctioning, female eggs, male sperm, infertile couples, exceptional children, highest bidder, perception, human body, cheapest ways, ethical issues, genetics, Almond, Parker, Miah immoral, human life, patenting genes, DNA fragments, commercialization, human genes, degradation, value, ownership, monetary value, bidding, Ron's Angels, infertility, exceptional children, egg, sperm, highest bidder, perception, human body, cheapest ways, ethical issues, genetics, patents, bioethics, commercial exploitation, genetic materials, human dignity, commodification immoral, human life, patenting genes, DNA fragments, commercialization, degrades value, ownership, monetary value, bidding, genes, buying, car, Ron's Angels, auctioning, female eggs, male sperm, infertile couples, exceptional children, highest bidder, human body, ethical issues, genetics, patenting human DNA, Almond, Parker, Are Genes Us immoral, human life, patenting genes, DNA fragments, commercialization, degrades value, ownership, bidding, genetic material, monetary value, ethical issues, genetics, Ron's Angels, auctioning, eggs, sperm, infertile couples, highest bidder, perception, human body, cheapest ways, Almond, Parker, Miah, Patenting Human DNA, Ethical Issues in the New Genetics immoral, human life, patenting genes, DNA fragments, commercialization, degradation, ownership, human value, monetary value, bidding, gene auction, Ron's Angels, infertile couples, exceptional children, egg donation, sperm donation, highest bidder, human body parts, ethical issues, genetics, Andy Miah, patenting human DNA, Almond, Parker, New Genetics"
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con03a	We instinctively know killing is wrong  While sometimes our feelings as to what is right and what is wrong are not accurate they are needed when thinking about morality. If a theory is well argued and thought out but goes against our feelings as to what is right and wrong then we will dismiss it. Most people have the feeling that killing is wrong and so to partake in any action that leads to the death of another is also wrong. morality, ethics, killing, wrong, instinct, feelings, theory, dismissal, action, death killing, morality, right, wrong, feelings, theory, instinct, actions, death, ethics, justification, dismissal, societal norms, human behavior, philosophical arguments, moral reasoning, intuitive judgment, ethical theories killing, morality, instincts, feelings, right, wrong, theory, dismissal, action, death killing, wrong, morality, feelings, instinct, theory, dismissal, action, death, ethics, human instincts, moral reasoning, societal norms, philosophical arguments killing, wrong, morality, feelings, right, instinct, theory, dismiss, death, action
test-society-simhbrasnba-con03a	We must practice what we preach  Democratic nations preach the language of freedom, human rights and justice. They encourage those who live under oppression to oppose their rulers and work towards these goals. This is all rendered hollow, and hypocritical if they then refuse to protect individuals who are persecuted for taking the brave and noble step of working to improve their societies. Not only is this a moral failing but practically very harmful too. It is in the interests of democratic nations to spread democracy and peaceful forms of government. If the people of authoritarian nations don't feel they have the support of other, then the incentive for them to risk everything and stand up in the name of freedom is diminished, and so too the best chance of change in such oppressive regimes. democracy, freedom, human rights, justice, oppression, persecution, moral failing, practical harm, spreading democracy, peaceful government, support, authoritarian regimes, incentive, change, oppression, standing up for freedom democracy, freedom, human rights, justice, oppression, persecution, moral failing, practical harm, spread democracy, peaceful government, authoritarian regimes, support, change, oppression, incentive, risk, stand up, freedom democracy, human rights, justice, freedom, oppression, persecution, moral failing, practical harm, spread democracy, peaceful government, authoritarian regimes, support, change, incentives, risk, stand up, oppressive regimes democracy, freedom, human rights, justice, oppression, persecution, moral failing, practical harm, spread democracy, peaceful government, authoritarian regimes, support, change, oppression, incentive, risk, stand up, freedom democracy, human-rights, justice, oppression, persecution, moral-failing, practical-harm, spread-democracy, peaceful-government, authoritarian-regimes, support, incentive, change, freedom
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con03a	New Technology  Humanity has revolutionized the world repeatedly through such monumental inventions as agriculture, steel, anti-biotics, and microchips. And as technology has improved, so too has the rate at which technology improves. It is predicted that there will be 32 times more change between 2000 and 2050 than there was between 1950 and 2000. In the midst of this, many great minds will be focussed on emissions abatement and climate control technologies. So, even if the most severe climate predictions do come to pass, it is unimaginable that humanity will not find a way to intervene. Even small changes will make a difference – more efficient coal power stations can emit a third less emissions than less efficient ones 1. Renewable energy will become more competitive and scalable and technology develops we may even be able to remove carbon from the atmosphere so undoing the damage. 1  1. Bradsher, Keith. “China Outpaces U.S. in Cleaner Coal-Fired Plants.”, New York Times Published: May 10, 2009. New Technology, Humanity, Agriculture, Steel, Antibiotics, Microchips, Technology Improvement, Rate of Improvement, Predicted Change, Emissions Abatement, Climate Control, Climate Predictions, Intervention, Efficient Coal Power Stations, Renewable Energy, Carbon Removal, Keith Bradsher, New York Times, Cleaner Coal-Fired Plants New Technology, Humanity, Agriculture, Steel, Antibiotics, Microchips, Technological Improvement, Rate of Change, Predictions, Emissions Abatement, Climate Control Technologies, Climate Predictions, Intervention, Efficient Coal Power Stations, Renewable Energy, Carbon Removal, Environmental Impact, Technological Advancement, Sustainable Development, Climate Change Solutions, Green Technology, Energy Efficiency, Pollution Reduction, Technological Innovation, Future Outlook, Environmental Engineering, Carbon Footprint, Renewable Resources, Sustainable Practices, Climate Mitigation, Advanced Technologies, Environmental Science, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Energy Transition, Clean Energy, Technological Breakthroughs, Climate Adaptation New Technology, Humanity, Agriculture, Steel, Antibiotics, Microchips, Technological Improvement, Rate of Technological Change, Predicted Technological Change, Emissions Abatement, Climate Control Technologies, Climate Predictions, Human Intervention, Efficient Coal Power Stations, Renewable Energy, Carbon Removal, Environmental Technology, China, Cleaner Coal-Fired Plants, United States, Technological Development, Climate Change Mitigation, Technological Advancements, Environmental Solutions, Sustainable Technology, Green Innovation New technology, humanity, inventions, agriculture, steel, antibiotics, microchips, technological improvement, rate of change, 2000-2050, 1950-2000, emissions abatement, climate control technologies, severe climate predictions, human intervention, efficient coal power stations, emissions reduction, renewable energy, carbon removal, atmospheric damage, China, U.S., cleaner coal-fired plants, Bradsher, Keith, New York Times, May 10, 2009 New Technology, Humanity, Revolution, Inventions, Agriculture, Steel, Antibiotics, Microchips, Improvement Rate, Change Prediction, Emissions Abatement, Climate Control, Climate Predictions, Intervention, Efficient Coal, Renewable Energy, Carbon Removal, Bradsher, China, U.S., Cleaner Coal-Fired Plants, New York Times
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro04a	Strategic missile defense technology is substantially more advanced and discriminating in application than nuclear weapons, making potential future wars less potentially devastating  An operational national missile defense system renders nuclear weapons, and intercontinental ballistic missiles generally, obsolete. When a country can shoot down all enemy missiles, those weapons lose their power. The future of war, once countries have access to the technology to build missile shields, will no longer be marked by fingers held over the proverbial red button. Rather, the incentive for conflict between states armed with effective missile defenses will be to seek diplomatic solutions to problems. The technology will likely be in the hands of many nations very soon, as the United States has already provided the technology to Japan and Australia, and will be building defense batteries in Romania from 2015 (McMichael, 2009). Furthermore, even should war break out, they will necessarily be far less destructive, as they will not feature the city-leveling power of nuclear missiles. With missile defense, war will be less likely and, should it occur, less destructive. Strategic missile defense, advanced technology, nuclear weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, obsolete, operational missile defense system, future wars, less destructive, diplomatic solutions, conflict resolution, missile shield technology, international technology transfer, United States, Japan, Australia, Romania, defense batteries, city-leveling power, reduced war likelihood, McMichael 2009 Strategic missile defense, advanced technology, nuclear weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, national missile defense system, obsolete weapons, conflict resolution, diplomatic solutions, missile shield technology, international cooperation, United States, Japan, Australia, Romania, war reduction, less destructive wars, city-leveling power, McMichael 2009 Strategic missile defense, advanced technology, nuclear weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, national missile defense system, obsolete weapons, conflict resolution, diplomatic solutions, missile shield technology, United States, Japan, Australia, Romania, war likelihood, reduced destruction, city-leveling power, McMichael 2009 strategic missile defense, advanced technology, nuclear weapons, future wars, less devastating, operational national missile defense, obsolete nuclear weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, shoot down enemy missiles, power loss, conflict incentives, diplomatic solutions, missile shield technology, international access, United States, technology sharing, Japan, Australia, defense batteries, Romania, city-leveling power, war likelihood, reduced destruction, McMichael 2009 Strategic missile defense, advanced technology, nuclear weapons, future wars, less devastating, operational missile defense system, intercontinental ballistic missiles, obsolete, shoot down missiles, conflict, diplomatic solutions, missile shields, United States, technology transfer, Japan, Australia, Romania, defense batteries, war likelihood, destructive power, city-leveling, McMichael 2009
test-economy-egecegphw-pro03a	Heathrow is in the best location for London  Flying is critical for business. Heathrow is well located for the people that will pick up the bill funding its expansion. People need to be able to get to their homes and work easily from the airport otherwise it is impractical. According to the Civil Aviation Authority 25% of business passengers start their journey within 30 minutes of Heathrow, far more than any other airport. [1] This demonstrates that the demand for Heathrow’s services from the local area is real and pronounced. Heathrow is closer to London than its rivals Gatwick and Stansted and has better transport links through the Piccadilly line and Heathrow Express. A new airport could potentially be closer, but finding space within the M25 for a large airport without attracting the same kind of opposition that expanding Heathrow has would be next to impossible  [1] Leunig, Tim, ‘A bigger and quieter Heathrow is the answer to our aviation capacity problem’, The Spectator, 5 October 2012, Heathrow, London, business, flying, expansion, funding, transport, proximity, demand, Civil Aviation Authority, airport, Gatwick, Stansted, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, M25, opposition, capacity, aviation Heathrow, location, London, business, flying, expansion, funding, transport, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, airport, demand, proximity, local area, rivals, Gatwick, Stansted, M25, opposition, aviation capacity, bigger, quieter Heathrow, London, business, flying, expansion, funding, accessibility, homes, work, Civil Aviation Authority, business passengers, transport, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, Gatwick, Stansted, M25, opposition, aviation capacity Heathrow, London, business, flying, expansion, funding, transport, proximity, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, demand, business passengers, local area, Gatwick, Stansted, M25, opposition, aviation capacity, Leunig, The Spectator Heathrow, London, business, flying, expansion, funding, transport, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, aviation, capacity, M25, opposition, Gatwick, Stansted, Civil Aviation Authority, business passengers, journey, location, demand, proximity, practicality, airport, services, local area, Leunig, Tim, The Spectator
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-pro02a	Justice co-operation  Crime does not stop at national borders. Therefore efforts to fight crime cannot, either. A country that abolishes capital punishment will be in a much better position to cooperate on justice issues internationally.  Many states, particularly ones in the Global North, have policies of not extraditing people to jeopardy of capital punishment. Not only could more people be extradited, foreign states may be more willing to provide broader based assistance and co-operation if they see that a state has made steps forward in criminal justice policy.  Some states have a policy of not extraditing to states where there is a risk of capital punishment: a particular clause on this is included in the US-Mexico extradition treaty, and it is the position of the European Court of Human Rights. [1]  [1] Soering v United Kingdom - available at justice cooperation, crime, national borders, fighting crime, capital punishment, international cooperation, extradition, Global North, criminal justice policy, Soering v United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, US-Mexico extradition treaty justice co-operation, crime, national borders, fight crime, capital punishment, international cooperation, extradition, Global North, criminal justice policy, risk, European Court of Human Rights, Soering v United Kingdom, US-Mexico extradition treaty justice, co-operation, crime, national borders, fight crime, capital punishment, international cooperation, extradition, Global North, criminal justice policy, risk, Soering v United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, US-Mexico extradition treaty Justice, Cooperation, Crime, International, Borders, Capital Punishment, Extradition, Global North, Criminal Justice, Policies, European Court of Human Rights, Soering v United Kingdom, Treaty, Assistance, Human Rights Justice, co-operation, Crime, National borders, Capital punishment, International cooperation, Extradition, Global North, Criminal justice policy, Risk, European Court of Human Rights, Soering v United Kingdom
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-con04a	It is their culture and religion.  Religions themselves tend to encompass their own distinctive culture and, to many of their members, this culture and its methods comes before anything secular. For this reason, Muslims should be allowed to wear personal items as it states in the ruling of their religious book to do so. Had a particular garment been required in the Christian religious book - The Bible - then no doubt those stout Christians would follow this particular ruling. The question is, would it be wrong to take away something close and meaningful to these religions? Surely, a religious symbol or method is purely personal, and, therefore, banning such symbols would be an intrusion into their individuality.1  1 Jessica Shepherd, 'Uniform Dissent', The Guardian, 9th October 2007 , accessed on 24th July 2011 culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal items, religious book, ruling, Christians, The Bible, garment, religious symbol, individuality, banning, intrusion, Uniform Dissent, Jessica Shepherd, The Guardian culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal items, religious book, ruling, Christians, The Bible, garment, religious symbol, method, personal, individuality, banning, intrusion, uniform, dissent, Jessica Shepherd, The Guardian culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, wear, personal, items, ruling, religious, book, Christians, Bible, garment, required, methods, meaningful, religions, wrong, take, away, symbol, personal, banning, intrusion, individuality culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal, items, ruling, religious, book, Christians, Bible, garment, symbol, method, individuality, banning, intrusion, meaningful, uniform, dissent, Jessica Shepherd, The Guardian culture, religion, religious, culture, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal, items, religious, book, ruling, garment, Christian, Bible, religious, symbol, personal, individuality, banning, intrusion, Uniform, Dissent, Jessica, Shepherd, The, Guardian
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-con02a	The Ban is Unfeasible  The problem with the ban on cluster bombs is that it is unfeasible in the prevention of the use of cluster bombs on the battlefield. Many countries aside from the U.S. will continue to use the weapons and will likely do so less responsibly. There is no way to persuade these countries to abandon the weapons. Countries such as China and the US are unconcerned by threats that their use can be a crime against humanity and might result in international criminal prosecutions as they are not signed up to the ICC and as Security Council members can prevent investigations of themselves or their clients.  The U.S. and Western powers continuing to manufacture cluster bombs allows them to engage with the other users of cluster bombs on the battlefield. Many countries import weapons from Western powers and as such, continuing the manufacture of cluster bombs allows Western powers to keep a check on their use by other countries.  Further, the ability for Western powers to use cluster bombs allows Western powers to discourage their use on the battlefield through the threat of retaliation with the same weaponry. As such, banning the weapons could cost the lives of soldiers on the battlefield.8 cluster bombs, ban, unfeasible, prevention, battlefield, countries, U.S., China, ICC, Security Council, Western powers, manufacture, import, check, use, retaliation, discourage, cost lives, soldiers ban, unfeasible, cluster bombs, battlefield, prevention, countries, responsibility, persuasion, weapons, China, US, crime against humanity, international criminal prosecutions, ICC, Security Council, investigations, manufacture, Western powers, engagement, users, import, weapons, check, use, threat, retaliation, soldiers, lives ban, unfeasible, cluster bombs, battlefield, prevention, countries, U.S., China, ICC, international criminal prosecutions, Security Council, manufacture, import, Western powers, check, use, discourage, retaliation, soldiers, lives ban, unfeasible, cluster bombs, battlefield, prevention, countries, US, China, ICC, Security Council, international criminal prosecutions, crime against humanity, manufacture, Western powers, import, check, use, threat, retaliation, soldiers, lives cluster bombs, ban, unfeasible, battlefield, prevention, countries, US, China, ICC, Western powers, manufacture, import, retaliation, soldiers, security council, crime against humanity, investigations, clients, engagement, check, use, discourage, threat, lives, weaponry, prevention, responsibility
test-economy-epiasghbf-pro01a	The importance of jobs in livelihoods - money  Jobs are empowerment. Building sustainable livelihoods, and tackling poverty in the long term, requires enabling access to capital assets. A key asset is financial capital. Jobs, and employment, provide a means to access and build financial capital required, whether through loans or wages. When a woman is able to work she is therefore able to take control of her own life. Additionally she may provide a second wage meaning the burden of poverty on households is cumulatively reduced. Having a job and the financial security it brings means that other benefits can be realised such as investing in good healthcare and education. [1] .  Women working from home in Kenya, designing jewellery, shows the link between employment and earning an income [2] . The women have been empowered to improve their way of life.  [1] See further readings: Ellis et al, 2010.  [2] See further readings: Petty, 2013. jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, financial security, healthcare, education, women, working from home, Kenya, jewellery, income, way of life, Ellis et al, Petty jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, life, second wage, household poverty, financial security, healthcare, education, women working, home, Kenya, jewellery, earning income, way of life, Ellis et al, 2010, Petty, 2013 jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, access to capital, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, household poverty, financial security, healthcare, education, women working from home, Kenya, jewellery, earning income, way of life, Ellis et al 2010, Petty 2013 jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, access, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, life, second wage, household poverty, financial security, healthcare, education, working from home, Kenya, designing jewellery, income, way of life, Ellis et al, Petty, 2013 jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, access, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, life, second wage, household poverty, financial security, healthcare, education, women working, home, Kenya, jewellery, income, improvement, way of life, Ellis, 2010, Petty, 2013
test-international-aghwrem-pro05a	Regional factors favour re-engagement  Myanmar has continuing economic and political relations with many other countries, including members of the ASEAN, and significantly, China (which is also the source of a large proportion of foreign investment in Myanmar). These countries, some of which are major economic and political partners of the US and the EU, do not share the same attitude about the legitimacy of the Myanmar government and the approach that should be taken towards it. For the purposes of regional stability, it would be better for the US and the EU to align their positions with the others. This reduces the risk of diplomatic rifts which could destabilise the region. Further, if the international community presents a united viewpoint on what steps Myanmar should take to improve its democracy, such steps are more likely to be taken. Regional factors, re-engagement, Myanmar, economic relations, political relations, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, US, EU, government legitimacy, diplomatic stability, regional stability, international community, united viewpoint, democracy improvement, political partners, economic partners, diplomatic rifts, steps for democracy Regional factors, re-engagement, Myanmar, economic relations, political relations, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, US, EU, government legitimacy, approach, regional stability, diplomatic rifts, international community, united viewpoint, democracy improvement Regional factors, re-engagement, Myanmar, economic relations, political relations, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, US, EU, government legitimacy, regional stability, diplomatic rifts, international community, united viewpoint, democracy improvement Regional factors, re-engagement, Myanmar, economic relations, political relations, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, US, EU, legitimacy, Myanmar government, regional stability, diplomatic rifts, international community, united viewpoint, democracy improvement steps Regional factors, re-engagement, Myanmar, economic relations, political relations, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, US, EU, government legitimacy, diplomatic rifts, regional stability, international community, united viewpoint, democracy improvement
test-health-dhghwapgd-con02a	"Patent rights allow firms to more readily release their products and methods into the public domain, particularly through licensing  Without patent protection, innovative and enterprising firms lacking the capacity to market successfully or efficiently produce new drugs might develop new drugs and never release them, since it would simply result in others profiting from their efforts. After all, no one likes to see others profit by their hard work, and leaving them nothing; such is tantamount to slavery. Patent protection encourages the release of new ideas and products to the public, which serves to benefit society generally1. The main mechanism for this is the system of licensing, by which firs can retain their right of ownership over a drug while essentially renting the ability to produce it to firms with productive capacities that would better capitalize on the new product. Furthermore, the disclosure of ideas to the public allows firms to try to make the product better by ""inventing around"" the initial design, or by exploiting it once the term of the patent expires2. If the drug formula never enters the public, it might never do so, leaving society bereft of a potentially valuable asset.  1 Rockwell, Llewellyn. 2011. ""The Google Pharm Case"". Mises Daily. Available: 2 Business Line. 2007. ""Patents Grant Freedom to Invent Around"". Hindu Business Line. Available: patent rights, product release, public domain, licensing, patent protection, innovative firms, new drugs, market capacity, production efficiency, profit sharing, intellectual property, society benefit, ownership retention, productive capacities, product improvement, invention around, patent expiration, valuable assets, pharmaceutical industry, legal protection, economic incentives, technology transfer, competitive advantage, drug development, market entry, intellectual property rights, innovation encouragement, societal progress, economic growth, research and development, patent law, legal framework, economic theory, business strategy, market dynamics, pharmaceutical patents, public interest, commercialization, technology diffusion, knowledge sharing, patent system, legal mechanisms, Patent rights, Innovation, Public domain, Licensing, Drug development, Market efficiency, Intellectual property, Societal benefit, Ownership, Productivity, Disclosure, Invention, Patent expiration, Legal protection, Economic incentives, Pharmaceutical industry, Invention around, Technology transfer, Research and development patent rights, public domain, licensing, drug development, market capacity, product release, innovation, society benefit, ownership retention, production efficiency, patent expiration, public disclosure, invention advancement, societal asset, intellectual property, economic激励, technology transfer, legal protection, competitive advantage, pharmaceutical industry, research and development patent rights, product release, public domain, licensing, patent protection, innovation, drug development, market capacity, societal benefit, ownership, production rights, licensing system, idea disclosure, inventive improvement, patent expiration, public access, valuable asset, pharmaceuticals, intellectual property, economic incentives, technology transfer, competitive advantage, legal framework, research and development, commercialization, patent law, market entry, generic drugs, drug formula, public domain entry, patent system, societal contribution, patent rights enforcement, business strategies, patent licensing, technological advancement, drug production, patent term, patent rights benefits, social welfare, economic growth, industry development, patent rights, product release, public domain, licensing, innovative firms, enterprising firms, market capacity, efficient production, new drugs, patent protection, profit, hard work, slavery, new ideas, product benefit, society, ownership, drug production, productive capacities, product improvement, invention around, patent term, drug formula, public availability, valuable asset, Google Pharm Case, patents grant freedom, invent around, Hindu Business Line"
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro01a	A school breakfast gives all students an equal start to the day  All children should have equal opportunities, a breakfast for all helps provide this. With schools providing breakfast for everyone the start to the day will be the same for all. No one will starting school hungry or thirsty. Everyone will have had a chance to wake up before their lessons start allowing them to get as good a start to the day as possible. school breakfast, equal start, students, equal opportunities, breakfast for all, start to the day, no hunger, no thirst, wake up, lessons, good start, day, children, schools, providing breakfast, everyone school breakfast, equal start, students, equal opportunities, breakfast for all, no hungry, no thirsty, wake up, good start, lessons school breakfast, equal start, all students, equal opportunities, breakfast for all, start to the day, no one hungry, no one thirsty, wake up, good start, lessons, day, education, morning meal, inclusive, hunger, thirst, readiness to learn, school meals, nutritional support school breakfast, equal start, students, equal opportunities, breakfast for all, start to the day, no one hungry, wake up, good start, lessons start school breakfast, equal start, all students, equal opportunities, breakfast for all, start to the day, no one hungry, wake up, good start, lessons start
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con02a	The recipient is forced to receive the sacrifice of another  In many cases, the recipient is not in position to consent to the donation. Thus, even if it saves his or her life, it is comes with an intrusion on his or her moral integrity that he or she might value higher than survival. If we are to receive such a drastic sacrifice from someone that we love – surely we must have a right to veto it? [1] This means that to enable the choice of the donor the choice of the receiver has been ignored, there seems to be little reason to simply switch those two positions around as is proposed.  [1] Monforte-Royo, C., et al. “The wish to hasten death: a review of clinical studies.” Psycho-Oncology 20.8 (2011): 795-804. recipient, sacrifice, consent, donation, moral integrity, survival, veto, donor, receiver, wish to hasten death, psycho-oncology, clinical studies recipient, sacrifice, consent, donation, moral integrity, survival, veto, donor, receiver, choice, hasten death, clinical studies, Psycho-Oncology recipient, sacrifice, donation, consent, moral integrity, survival, veto, donor, choice, wish to hasten death, psycho-oncology Recipient, sacrifice, consent, donation, moral integrity, survival, veto, donor, choice, wish to hasten death, Psycho-Oncology recipient, sacrifice, consent, donation, moral integrity, survival, right to veto, donor, receiver, choice, wish to hasten death, clinical studies, psycho-oncology
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-con03a	Ignoring North Korea wont resolve the situation  While the great powers can try to keep on with business as usual how will this be helpful? The situation is unstable and needs to be resolved which is something that ignoring the North will not do. Commentators thought that the North would collapse as a result of the withdrawal of support that was given by the USSR in the early 1990s but it did not happen. The regime will likely be able to hang on in the status quo situation pretty much indefinitely.  There is also no reason to believe that the provocations may not become bigger should smaller provocations be ignored. While North Korea can attract the world’s attention with a missile test launch it is likely to keep doing such small and relatively harmless actions. Should such actions fail the regime may resort to bigger incidents such as the sinking of the South Korean corvette Cheonan in 2010 which resulted in 46 deaths which may have been an attempt at coercive diplomacy against a regime that was unwilling to engage in negotiations. [1]  [1] Cha, Victor, ‘The Sinking of the Cheonan’, Center for Strategic & International Studies, 22 April 2010, North Korea, instability, international relations, diplomatic strategy, provocations, missile tests, Cheonan sinking, coercive diplomacy, UNSC, sanctions, regional security, East Asia, US foreign policy, nuclear proliferation, Korean peninsula, international response, conflict resolution, Cold War legacy, regime survival, commentators, USSRwithdrawal, status quo, security studies, geopolitical tension North Korea, instability, international relations, great powers, business as usual, unresolved situation, regime survival, Soviet Union withdrawal, 1990s, regime collapse, provocations, missile tests, coercive diplomacy, Cheonan sinking, 2010, South Korea, negotiations, international attention, status quo, security studies, East Asia, conflict escalation, foreign policy, strategic studies North Korea, situation, great powers, instability, resolution, ignoring, collapse, USSR, regime, status quo, provocations, missile test, attention, world, smaller actions, bigger incidents, sinking, Cheonan, 2010, 46 deaths, coercive diplomacy, negotiations, Victor Cha, Center for Strategic & International Studies North Korea, ignoring, situation, unstable, resolve, great powers, business as usual, collapse, USSR, 1990s, regime, status quo, provocations, missile test, world's attention, smaller actions, bigger incidents, South Korean corvette Cheonan, 2010, deaths, coercive diplomacy, negotiations, Victor Cha, Center for Strategic & International Studies, CSIS North Korea, instability, great powers, business as usual, unresolved situation, regime collapse, USSR withdrawal, status quo, provocations, missile tests, Cheonan sinking, coercive diplomacy, South Korea, negotiations, international relations, security studies, Asian politics, military conflicts, diplomatic strategies, state behavior, provocations escalation, regional stability, missile launches, international attention, political analysis, strategic studies, security policies, geopolitical tensions, Korean peninsula, foreign policy, international community response, crisis management, diplomatic engagement, military incidents, state-sponsored aggression, geopolitical dynamics, security threats, diplomatic efforts, regional powers, military provocations, international security
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-con03a	Closed source software is better at meeting consumer needs.  Closed source software companies are more than capable of segmenting their products to reach each part of the market, as Microsoft has shown by producing its new Windows 7 operating system in a record six different versions.  Microsoft’s monopoly of desktop computers ensures that if a programmer produces a niche software package or software translation for a specialized purpose, that programmer knows that potential clients will almost certainly be able to run the program if it is designed for Windows. If this monopoly is broken up and governments start to push Linux or other open source alternatives, the programmer will either have to develop for two or more platforms, thereby increasing the cost of the final product, or they will have to gamble on a single platform; both options would reduce the likelihood of the niche solution reaching the clients that need it.  While open source software does allow anyone to spot a potential market and customize software to sell to that market, that access is also its great undoing. The type of accessibility that many open source products pride themselves on providing leaves projects open to abuse, either by well-meaning amateurs or intentional wreckers. Constant self-policing by the open source community is required, in order to guarantee the stability of the software it creates. An analogy can be drawn with Wikipedia, where the freedom of the mob led to defamatory statements being written about the former editor of USA Today [i] . Governments should be wary of relying on an anarchic, self-organising community to serve their IT needs, no matter how smart and well intentioned the members of that community may be.  [i] Seigenthaler, John. .”A false Wikipedia “biography”.” USA Today. 29 November 2005 closed source, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, desktop computers, monopoly, niche software, programmers, Linux, open source, customization, market access, software stability, self-policing, Wikipedia, defamatory statements, government IT, anarchy, self-organizing community closed source, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, desktop computers, monopoly, niche software, open source, Linux, programming costs, platform development, market customization, software stability, self-policing, Wikipedia, defamatory statements, government IT, anarchic community, open source community closed source, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, monopoly, desktop computers, niche software, programming, platform development, cost, open source, market access, customization, self-policing, stability, Wikipedia, defamatory statements, government reliance, IT needs, anarchic community Closed source software, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, desktop computers, monopoly, niche software, Linux, open source alternatives, software development, cross-platform, market customization, open source community, software stability, Wikipedia, defamatory statements, government IT needs, self-organizing community closed source, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, desktop monopoly, niche software, programming costs, platform development, Linux, open source alternatives, market customization, software stability, self-policing, Wikipedia, defamatory statements, government IT, anarchic community
test-health-dhpelhbass-pro01a	Every human being has a right to life  Perhaps the most basic and fundamental of all our rights. However, with every right comes a choice. The right to speech does not remove the option to remain silent; the right to vote brings with it the right to abstain. In the same way, the right to choose to die is implicit in the right to life. The degree to which physical pain and psychological distress can be tolerated is different in all humans. Quality of life judgements are private and personal, thus only the sufferer can make relevant decisions. [1] This was particularly evident in the case of Daniel James. [2] After suffering a spinal dislocation as the result of a rugby accident he decided that he would live a second-rate existence if he continued with life and that it was not something he wanted to prolong. People are given a large degree of autonomy within their lives and since deciding to end your life does not physically harm anyone else, it should be within your rights to decide when you wish to die. While the act of suicide does remove option to choose life, most cases in which physician assisted suicide is reasonable, death is the inevitable and often imminent outcome for the patient regardless if by suicide or pathological process. The choice for the patient, therefore, is not to die, but to cease suffering and tto chose the time and manner of their death.  [1] Derek Humphrey, 'Liberty and Death: A manifesto concerning an individual's right to choose to die', assistedsuicide.org 1 March 2005,  (accessed 4/6/2011)  [2] Elizabeth Stewart, 'Parents defend assisted suicide of paralysed rugby player', guardian.co.uk, 17 October 2008,  (accessed 6/6/2011) right to life, choice, right to die, quality of life, personal autonomy, physician assisted suicide, suicide, suffering, terminal illness, Daniel James, Derek Humphrey, Elizabeth Stewart, rugby accident, spinal dislocation, ethical rights, end of life decisions, psychological distress, physical pain, autonomy, legal rights, moral debate, clinical ethics, patient rights, palliative care, voluntary euthanasia right to life, right to die, autonomy, physician assisted suicide, personal choice, quality of life, Daniel James, Derek Humphrey, Elizabeth Stewart, spinal dislocation, rugby accident, suffering, end of life, dignity, psychological distress, physical pain, death with dignity, ethical considerations, human rights, individual liberty right to life, choice, right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, human rights, personal autonomy, quality of life, psychological distress, physical pain, Daniel James, spinal dislocation, rugby accident, Derek Humphrey, Liberty and Death, Elizabeth Stewart, Parents defend assisted suicide, paralysed rugby player right to life, right to die, physician assisted suicide, autonomy, personal choice, quality of life, psychological distress, physical pain, Daniel James, spinal dislocation, rugby accident, Derek Humphrey, Elizabeth Stewart, parents, assisted suicide, ethical rights, suicide, terminal illness, suffering, dignity in dying, libertarian argument, individual freedom right to life, right to die, physician assisted suicide, autonomy, personal choice, quality of life, psychological distress, physical pain, suicide, inevitable death, suffering, Daniel James, Derek Humphrey, Elizabeth Stewart, spinal injury, rugby accident, parents support, terminal illness, ethical considerations, individual rights, harm principle, private decision, end of life choices, manifesto, assisted death, legal aspects, moral debate, human rights, dignity in death
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-pro01a	Rehabilitation Is A Better General Justifying Aim for Punishment  Rehabilitation is the most valuable ideological justification for imprisonment, for it alone promotes the humanising belief in the notion that offenders can be saved and not simply punished. Desert (retributive) theory, on the other hand, sees punishment as an end in itself, in other words, punishment for punishment’s sake. This has no place in any enlightened society.  An example can be taken from the aftermath of the London rioters, where 170 riot offenders under 18 are now in custody without firstly understanding the causes of the riots nor the reasons of why these people offended. [1]  The rehabilitative ideal does not ignore society and the victim. In fact it is because retribution places such great value on the prisoner’s rights that it tries so hard to change the offender and prevent his reoffending. By seeking to reduce reoffending and to reduce crime, it seeks constructively to promote the safety of the public, and to protect individuals from the victimisation of crime. The public agrees; a 2008 poll of British citizens found 82% ‘thought rehabilitation was as important, or more important than punishment as a criterion when sentencing criminals’. [2] Such a model of punishment is therefore a more enlightened approach in a modern day criminal justice system. Our current system which focuses more on retribution does not have the possibility of seeking to prevent reoffending by curing the offender of their desire to reoffend.  [1] Malik, Shiv, ‘UK riots cause 8% rise in jailed children’, guardian.co.uk, 8 September 2011.  [2] Directgov. Rehabilitation versus punishment - judge for yourself. 1 July 2008 . Rehabilitation, Justification, Punishment, Humanising, Offenders, Retributive, Desert, Society, Victim, London, Riots, Youth, Custody, Crime, Reoffending, Public, Safety, Victimisation, Modern, Criminal, Justice, System, Enlightenment, Britain, Poll, Sentencing, Prevention, Cure, Desire Rehabilitation, Justification, Punishment, Ideological, Humanising, Offenders, Retributive, Society, Victims, London, Riots, Juveniles, Recidivism, Public, Safety, Crime, Prevention, Sentencing, Justice, System, Enlightenment, Cure, Desire, Reoffend, Poll, British, Citizens, Rights, Change, Prevent, Constructive, Protect, Victimization, Modern, Focus, Possibility, Cure, Desire, Reoffend, Retribution, 2008, 2011 rehabilitation, punishment, ideological, justification, imprisonment, humanising, offenders, retributive, theory, enlightened, society, London, rioters, custody, causes, reoffending, crime, public, safety, victimisation, sentencing, criminals, current, system, curing, desire, Directgov, Malik, Shiv, guardian, 2011, 2008, British, citizens, poll, rights, constructively, prevent, model, criteria, judge, yourself rehabilitation, punishment, retributive justice, desert theory, enlightened society, London riots, juvenile offenders, reoffending, public safety, victimisation, criminal justice system, public opinion, sentencing criteria, rehabilitation importance, preventative measures, curing offenders rehabilitation, punishment, ideological, justification, imprisonment, humanising, offenders, retributive, desert, enlightened, society, London, riots, juvenile, custody, causes, reoffending, public, safety, victimisation, sentencing, criminals, current, system, curing, desire, crime, prevention, British, citizens, poll, judge, yourself, Directgov, Malik, Shiv, guardian, September, 2011, July, 2008
test-politics-eppghwlrba-pro02a	The legal ownership of guns by ordinary citizens inevitably leads to many accidental deaths  The legal ownership of guns by law-abiding citizens inevitably leads to many unnecessary and tragic deaths. Legally held guns are stolen and end up in the hands of criminals, who would have greater difficulty in obtaining such weapons if firearms were less prevalent in society. Guns also end up in the hands of children, leading to tragic accidents and terrible disasters such as the Columbine High School massacre in the U.S.A. Sometimes even normal-seeming registered gun owners appear to go mad and kill, as tragically happened at Hungerford and Dunblaine in the U.K. legal ownership, guns, ordinary citizens, accidental deaths, unnecessary deaths, tragic deaths, stolen guns, criminals, firearms prevalence, children, gun accidents, Columbine High School massacre, registered gun owners, mental health, Hungerford, Dunblaine, U.K. legal ownership, guns, ordinary citizens, accidental deaths, law-abiding citizens, unnecessary deaths, tragic deaths, stolen guns, criminals, firearms prevalence, society, children, tragic accidents, Columbine High School massacre, registered gun owners, mental health, Hungerford, Dunblane, U.K. gun ownership, accidental deaths, law-abiding citizens, unnecessary deaths, stolen guns, criminals, firearm prevalence, children, tragic accidents, school massacres, registered gun owners, mental health, Hungerford, Dunblaine, Columbine High School gun control, legal ownership, accidental deaths, unnecessary deaths, tragic deaths, stolen guns, criminals, firearms prevalence, children, gun accidents, school shootings, Columbine, Hungerford, Dunblane, registered gun owners, mass shootings gun ownership, accidental deaths, law-abiding citizens, unnecessary deaths, stolen guns, criminals, gun prevalence, children accidents, Columbine High School, U.S.A., gun control, Hungerford, Dunblaine, U.K., mass shootings, registered gun owners, tragic events
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con06a	Utilitarianism is demanding  If we choose to save the five people just because we have the power to do so then we also have to consider all the other lives that are in our power to save. It is in our power to donate all of our excess money to charity to save lives and so we must also do this. Actions like this are worthy of praise but no one would suggest that we have a duty to do them. Utilitarianism, ethics, moral philosophy, duty, obligation, charity, sacrifice, praise, deontological ethics, moral demandingness, consequentialism, altruism, personal responsibility, social ethics, moral obligations, ethical theories, moral actions, saving lives, excess wealth, donations, moral praise, moral duty Utilitarianism, demanding, power, save, people, lives, excess, money, charity, duty, praise, actions, moral, obligation, consequentialism, ethics, sacrifice, resources, altruism Utilitarianism,demanding,save,lives,power,donate,money,charity,praise,duty,actions,retrieval,morality,ethics Utilitarianism, moral obligation, ethical theory, duty, charity, donating, excess money, saving lives, praise, moral action Utilitarianism, moral duty, ethical responsibility, power, action, consequences, charity, donating, excess money, saving lives, praise, moral obligation
test-society-asfhwapg-con04a	A liability regime not patents.  There are alternatives to the kind of blanket patenting that stifles innovation and drives up prices . The most obvious is to have no patents at all for genes which would result in a free for all but might have the result the proposition argues it would, that without any kind of pay back for the research no one will do the research in the first place.  However there are alternatives that prevent many of the problems of patents while still bringing in many of the benefits . This would be to have some kind of rights for the discover. Unlike patents there would be no right to refuse or provide conditions for access to the discovery. This would be a use now pay later system. Anyone could research using the discovery or seek to commercialize it but would have to pay a fee which would depend upon what the application was1. Palombi has proposed the creation of ‘Genetic Sequence Rights’ “the GSR would be administered using… the present ‘international’ patent system so as to minimize establishment costs and to facilitate its adoption. A GSR would be granted to the first person to file and disclose a genetic sequence defining genetic material of any origin and explaining its function and utility… The GSR would become part of an international electronic database which would be freely accessible by any person.  Upon registration the GSR holder would have the right to a GSR use fee (GSR fee). The GSR fee would vary depending on the nature of the use. For publicly funded institutions such as universities, experimental use would not attract a GSR fee, but for commercial entities, the GSR fee would apply commensurately with the nature of the use2.” This would therefore create a much fairer system that both encourages research for commercial purposes and for academic purposes.  1. Dutfield G., DNA patenting: implications for public health research, WHO   2. Palombi, Luigi, “The Genetic Sequence Right: A Sui Generis Alternative to the Patenting of Biological Materials”, Patenting Lives Conference, 1-2 December 2005, p.18.  , liability regime, alternatives, patents, innovation, prices, no patents, genes, free for all, research, pay back, discovery rights, use now pay later, Genetic Sequence Rights, GSR, Palombi, international patent system, electronic database, GSR use fee, publicly funded institutions, commercial entities, public health research, Patenting Lives Conference liability regime, patents, innovation, research, commercialization, Genetic Sequence Rights, GSR, international patent system, public health, academic research, commercial entities, sui generis, patenting, biological materials, intellectual property, access, discovery, disclosure, genetic sequences, fees, Palombi, Dutfield, WHO liability regime, patents, innovation, prices, no patents, genes, free for all, research, pay back, alternatives, rights for discoverer, use now pay later, Genetic Sequence Rights, GSR, international patent system, genetic sequence, genetic material, function, utility, electronic database, GSR use fee, publicly funded institutions, universities, commercial entities, fair system, commercial purposes, academic purposes, DNA patenting, public health research, Luigi Palombi, Patenting Lives Conference liability regime, patents, innovation, prices, no patents, genes, research, alternatives, rights, discover, use now pay later, Genetic Sequence Rights, GSR, international patent system, establishment costs, adoption, genetic sequence, genetic material, function, utility, international electronic database, GSR use fee, publicly funded institutions, universities, experimental use, commercial entities, nature of use, fairer system, commercial purposes, academic purposes, DNA patenting, public health research, Patenting Lives Conference liability regime, patents, innovation, price, no patents, genes, research, payback, alternatives, rights, discover, use now pay later, Genetic Sequence Rights, GSR, international patent system, electronic database, GSR use fee, publicly funded institutions, commercial entities, fair system, public health research, Patenting Lives Conference
test-economy-epegiahsc-con04a	FTAA is bad for labour in developed countries.  Liberalizing the labour market across the entirety of the Americas would be a severe blow to workers in the US and Canada. It would put them in direct competition with workers from countries where the average salary is much lower than in the US, who would be willing to work for a fraction of what a US or Canadian worker currently makes. In order to stay competitive in such a market, they would have to accept lower salaries and a cut in benefits. This would reverse decades of progress in the direction of better protections for workers and workers’ rights, as well as lead to higher unemployment levels in developed countries [1] . This has occurred as a result of previous free trade agreements in the Americas for example the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) after it was implemented resulted in the displacement of 682,000 US jobs [2] this then gives employers a chance to reduce working conditions as there is surplus labor.  [1] Suroweicki, James. “The Free-Trade Paradox.” The New Yorker. 26 May 2008.   [2] Scott, Robert E., “Heading South: U.S.-Mexico trade and job displacement after NAFTA”, Economic Policy Institute, 3 May 2011, FTAA, labour, developed countries, liberalizing, labour market, Americas, severe blow, workers, US, Canada, direct competition, average salary, lower salaries, cut benefits, worker protections, workers’ rights, higher unemployment, free trade agreements, North American Free Trade Area, NAFTA, job displacement, employers, reduce working conditions, surplus labor, free-trade paradox, economic impact, trade policy, globalization, job loss, economic inequality, worker conditions FTAA, labor market, developed countries, workers, US, Canada, lower salaries, worker rights, protections, unemployment, free trade agreements, Americas, NAFTA, job displacement, working conditions, surplus labor FTAA, labour, developed countries, liberalizing, labour market, Americas, severe blow, workers, US, Canada, direct competition, lower salaries, working conditions, unemployment, progress, worker protections, rights, free trade agreements, NAFTA, job displacement, employers, surplus labor, The Free-Trade Paradox, James Suroweicki, The New Yorker, Robert E. Scott, Economic Policy Institute FTAA, labour, developed countries, liberalizing, labour market, Americas, workers, US, Canada, average salary, lower salaries, benefits, worker protections, workers' rights, unemployment, free trade agreements, NAFTA, job displacement, employers, working conditions, surplus labor, Suroweicki, James, The Free-Trade Paradox, The New Yorker, Scott, Robert E., Heading South, U.S.-Mexico trade, Economic Policy Institute FTAA, labour, developed countries, liberalizing, Americas, workers, US, Canada, competition, low-wage countries, salaries, benefits, worker rights, unemployment, free trade agreements, NAFTA, job displacement, working conditions, surplus labor, economic impact, trade policy, job loss, protectionism, globalization, wage competition, labor market, international trade, economic inequality, employment, wage reduction, worker protections, trade liberalization, economic disruption, labor standards, trade deficits, industrial policy, economic security, labor unions, job security, social welfare, corporate profits, economic rhetoric, wage stagnation, job creation, economic benefits, trade
test-politics-dhwem-pro02a	PMCs give value for money  Mercenaries are a cost efficient way of fighting. Although expensive to hire, the government does not have to cover the cost of training, housing, pensions or healthcare. Mercenaries, unlike regular troops, are only paid for the days on which they are used. Outsourcing when necessary will reduce the cost of the force. For example, the US army is around a third smaller than it was in the 1991 Gulf War (PBS News Hour, 2004). This saves taxpayers’ money and avoids the build up of conventional troops, which, in the past, has contributed to the development of arms races which can be cripplingly expensive as shown by the collapse of the Soviet Union. PMCs, mercenaries, cost-efficient, fighting, government, training, housing, pensions, healthcare, paid, days, outsourcing, force, US army, Gulf War, taxpayers' money, conventional troops, arms races, Soviet Union, collapse, expensive PMCs, value for money, mercenaries, cost efficient, fighting, expensive to hire, government, training, housing, pensions, healthcare, paid for days used, outsourcing, reduce force cost, US army, smaller, Gulf War, saves taxpayers money, avoid troop build up, arms races, Soviet Union collapse PMCs, mercenaries, cost-efficient, fighting, government, training, housing, pensions, healthcare, paid, outsourcing, force, US army, Gulf War, taxpayers, money, conventional troops, arms races, Soviet Union, collapse PMCs, value for money, mercenaries, cost efficient, fighting, expensive to hire, government, no training costs, no housing costs, no pensions, no healthcare, only paid for days used, outsourcing, reduce force cost, US army, smaller, 1991 Gulf War, saves taxpayers money, avoid conventional troops build up, arms races, cripplingly expensive, Soviet Union collapse PMCs, value for money, mercenaries, cost efficient, fighting, expensive hire, government costs, training, housing, pensions, healthcare, paid for use, outsourcing, cost reduction, US army, smaller force, taxpayers’ money, conventional troops, arms races, Soviet Union collapse
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con02a	Earth's Resiliency  All the conclusions about the effects of rising atmospheric GHGs are based on computerized climate models. Even those that develop and use the models admit that the models are not nearly complex enough to be 100% accurate. Climate science is incredibly complicated and different models sometimes produce vastly different results 1.Increased carbon dioxide will increase plant life which may mitigate other damages of climate change and protect species currently considered threatened by climate change. Therefore, it is far too early to conclude that humanity is going to be destroyed. The earth's climate is continuously changing, with or without anthropogenic effects, and life has always found a way to continue.  1. Lemonick, Michael D., 'How much can we really trust climate models to tell us about the future?', 18th january 2011. Earth's resiliency, atmospheric GHGs, climate models, carbon dioxide, plant life, climate change, anthropogenic effects, Lemonick, climate science complexity, model accuracy, climate variability, life continuation, environmental adaptability, scientific uncertainty, future predictions, ecological impacts, global warming, biodiversity protection, environmental science, climate research Earth's resiliency, climate models, rising atmospheric GHGs, carbon dioxide, plant life, climate change, anthropogenic effects, life continuation, climate science complexity, model accuracy, varied model results, environmental adaptation, species protection, human impact, climate predictions, scientific uncertainty, Lemonick, trust in models, future climate scenarios Earth's resiliency, climate models, atmospheric GHGs, plant life, carbon dioxide, climate change, anthropogenic effects, life continuation, model accuracy, scientific uncertainty, Lemonick, climate science complexity, mitigation, species protection, environmental impact, future predictions, ecological adaptation, anthropogenic influence, natural climate variability, scientific consensus Earth's resiliency, atmospheric GHGs, computerized climate models, climate science complexity, model accuracy, carbon dioxide, plant life, climate change mitigation, threatened species, anthropogenic effects, climate change, life continuity, trust in climate models, scientific uncertainty Earth's Resiliency, Climate Models, Rising Atmospheric GHGs, Computerized Climate Models, Model Accuracy, Climate Science Complexity, Different Model Results, Increased Carbon Dioxide, Plant Life, Climate Change Mitigation, Threatened Species, Humanity Destruction, Earth's Climate Change, Anthropogenic Effects, Life Continuity, Michael D. Lemonick, Climate Models Trust, Future Predictions
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-pro01a	The unauthorised downloading of copyrighted material should be addressed and prevented by the state  Copyrighted material is intellectual property: someone worked hard for it to produce it. Downloading this content without paying the proper rights holder for it amounts to theft.  Furthermore, downloading copyrighted material from an unauthorized source creates an impossible market for producers of copyrighted content, because they have to ‘compete with free’. Why would the average consumer want to pay for a download from an authorized website, when she can get the same movie from a pirate-site for free? To build a commercially viable content industry online, we need to protect this industry from the unfair competition of the parallel market. [1]  [1] Piotr Stryszowski , Danny Scorpecci, Piracy of Digital Content. 2009, OECD Publishing. URL for purchase: copyrighted material, unauthorised downloading, state intervention, intellectual property, theft, market competition, free content, piracy, digital content, OECD, commercially viable content industry, unfair competition, authorized websites, pirate-sites, consumer behavior, rights holder, payment, download, movie, online industry, protection, parallel market unauthorized downloading, copyrighted material, state intervention, intellectual property, theft, market competition, authorized sources, piracy, digital content, commercial viability, content industry, unfair competition, parallel market, consumer behavior, payment, rights holders, Piotr Stryszowski, Danny Scorpecci, OECD Publishing unauthorised downloading, copyrighted material, state prevention, intellectual property, theft, market competition, free content, authorized websites, pirate sites, consumer behavior, commercially viable industry, content industry protection, digital content piracy, OECD publishing, Piotr Stryszowski, Danny Scorpecci unauthorized downloading, copyrighted material, state intervention, intellectual property, theft, unfair competition, content industry, digital piracy, market disruption, authorized websites, pirate sites, commercial viability, content producers, Piotr Stryszowski, Danny Scorpecci, OECD Publishing unauthorised downloading, copyrighted material, state prevention, intellectual property, theft, market competition, free content, authorized websites, pirate sites, content industry, commercial viability, unfair competition, digital piracy, OECD Publishing
test-international-iiahwagit-pro03a	Endangered animals are a source of pride for African countries  Endangered animals warrant a tougher degree of protection in Africa as they have notable cultural significance. Some groups believe that African elephants have mystic powers attached to them and have coveted them for centuries. [1] African lions have been depicted on the coat of arms for states and institutions both past and present. [2] They are intrinsically linked with Africa’s past and its identity. The extinction of these animals, therefore, would have a negative cultural impact and should be prevented.  [1] University of California, Los Angeles, ‘Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture’  [2] Coleman, Q. ‘The importance of African lions’ endangered animals, African pride, protection, cultural significance, mystic powers, African elephants, historical value, coat of arms, African lions, identity, extinction, negative impact, UCLA, elephant ivory, Q. Coleman endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, negative cultural impact, UCLA, elephant ivory, African culture, lion importance Endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, negative cultural impact, protection, UCLA, elephant ivory, African culture, Q. Coleman, lion importance Endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, prevention, UCLA, Q. Coleman African animals, endangered species, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, African identity, wildlife protection, extinction prevention
test-education-egscphsrdt-con03a	Safeguarding the teacher-student relationship  Random drug tests change the student-teacher relationship from one of trust into one of suspicion, whereby the teachers and the school establishment become a body which many students will perceive as being out to catch them, and suspicious of all. The destruction of this trust makes it far harder for teachers to impart useful information on illegal drugs and the consequences of their use to students, and students may be less willing to seek teachers out on this information. This would lead to students relying increasingly on their peers and the internet for information on illegal drugs, and this information is far more likely to be of questionable policy or influenced by notions of drug use as 'cool' or glamorous. Thus schools' anti-drugs message may be harmed by random drug tests. safeguarding, teacher-student, relationship, random, drug, tests, trust, suspicion, teachers, school, establishment, students, catch, perceive, impart, information, illegal, drugs, consequences, willing, seek, peers, internet, questionable, policy, influenced, notions, use, cool, glamorous, anti-drugs, message, harmed safeguarding, teacher-student, relationship, random, drug, tests, trust, suspicion, teachers, school, establishment, students, perceive, catch, willing, information, illegal, drugs, consequences, peers, internet, questionable, policy, influenced, notions, use, cool, glamorous, anti-drugs, message, harmed teacher-student relationship, random drug tests, trust, suspicion, information imparting, drug consequences, peer influence, internet information, anti-drugs message, school establishment, student perception, drug use glamorization, questionable policy safeguarding, teacher-student, relationship, random, drug, tests, trust, suspicion, school, establishment, students, teachers, illegal, drugs, consequences, information, willingness, peers, internet, questionable, policy, influenced, notions, use, cool, glamorous, anti-drugs, message, harmed safeguarding, teacher-student relationship, random drug tests, trust, suspicion, teachers, school establishment, students, illegal drugs, consequences, information, peers, internet, anti-drugs message, drug use, cool, glamorous
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con03a	Don’t panic!  The role of the security services is in part to deal with some very dangerous ideas and events. But the point is to deal with them in such a way that does not cause public disorder or even panic. We clearly don’t want every report detailing specific threats to be made public, especially if it is reporting something that could be devastating but there is a low risk of it actually occurring. If such information is taken the wrong way it can potentially cause panic, either over nothing, or else in such a way that it damages any possible response to the crisis. Unfortunately the media and the public often misunderstand risk. For example preventing terrorism has been regularly cited in polls as being the Americans top foreign policy goal with more than 80% thinking it very important in Gallup polls for over a decade [1] even when the chance of being killed by terrorism in Western countries is very low. If the public misunderstands the risk the response is unlikely to be proportionate and can be akin to yelling fire in a packed theatre.  While it is not (usually) a security, but rather a public health issue, pandemics make a good example. The question of how much information to release is only slightly different than in security; officials want to release enough information that everyone is informed, but not so much that there is panic whenever there is an unusual death. [2] In 2009 the WHO declared swine flu to be a pandemic despite it being a relatively mild virus that did not cause many deaths, so causing an unnecessary scare and stockpiling of drugs. [3]  [1] Jones, Jeffrey M., ‘Americans Say Preventing Terrorism Top Foreign Policy Goal’, Gallup Politics, 20 February 2013  [2] Honigsbaum, Mark, ‘The coronavirus conundrum: when to press the panic button’, guardian.co.uk, 14 February 2013  [3] Cheng, Maria, ‘WHO’s response to swine flu pandemic flawed’, Phys.org, 10 May 2011 security services, public disorder, panic, threat reports, low risk, media, public misunderstanding, risk perception, terrorism, foreign policy, Gallup polls, proportionate response, public health, pandemics, information release, swine flu, WHO, coronavirus, panic button, flawed response, stockpiling drugs security services, public disorder, panic, threat reports, risk assessment, media influence, public misunderstanding, terrorism prevention, foreign policy, Gallup polls, risk proportionality, public health, pandemic information, WHO, swine flu, coronavirus, panic response, information release, health communication, crisis management security services, public disorder, panic, risk assessment, media, public misunderstanding, terrorism, foreign policy, proportions, crisis response, pandemics, information release, WHO, swine flu, coronavirus, health communication, stockpiling, drug distribution, policy goals, public health, misinformation, risk communication security services, public disorder, panic, threat reports, media misunderstanding, risk perception, terrorism, public health, pandemics, information release, swine flu, coronavirus, WHO response, risk communication, proportionate response, health scares, security communication, public safety, crisis management, misinformation, low-risk threats, health_policy, foreign_policy, terrorism_prevention, health_intervention, media_role, public_opinion, risk_assessment, health教育 security services, public disorder, panic, threat assessment, media, public misunderstanding, risk, terrorism, polls, proportionate response, pandemics, information release, WHO, swine flu, coronavirus, panic button, public health, stockpiling drugs, policy goals, foreign policy, health communication, crisis management
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-con03a	This House Believes That the U.S. Should Ban The Use of Cluster Bombs  Currently the U.S. is working on improving the reliability of cluster bombs. The weakness of cluster bombs, being that the bomblets often do not explode is something that U.S. military has understood for a long time. It is inefficient for the military to allow this problem to continue. As such a large amount of military funding goes into improving cluster bombs.  The U.S. is hoping to improve cluster bombs in two ways, the first is ensuring that when the cluster bombs are deployed that all bomblets explode on impact or explode very quickly after the initial barrage. However, the U.S. is also working on technology that would allow bomblets to disarm themselves after a short period of time, hence preventing accidental discharges in the future.  If these improvements work, then cluster bombs cease to cause civilian damage and will likely be an incredibly effective tool in warfare. Hence a ban on them when this technology is being deployed is premature.10 cluster bombs, U.S. military, bomblets, reliability improvement, civilian damage, military funding, technology development, disarm mechanism, warfare efficiency, ban premature U.S., cluster bombs, ban, military funding, reliability, bomblets, explode, impact, disarm, civilian damage, warfare, technology, improvements, premature cluster bombs, U.S. military, bomblets, reliability, military funding, civilian damage, warfare, ban, technology, improvements, explode, disarm, impact, effectiveness, premature cluster bombs, U.S. military, ban, reliability, bomblets, explode, military funding, technology, civilian damage, warfare, premature, improvements, disarm, impact, accidental discharges cluster bombs, U.S. military, ban, reliability, bomblets, explode, improvements, technology, civilian damage, ineffective, warfare, military funding, disarming, premature
test-politics-lghwdecm-pro02a	Mayors would be more accountable than a council  Electing mayors would improve accountability in local government. A Mayor would have a bigger mandate, which could be up to 500,000 votes compared to 5,000 for individual councillors making them more directly accountable to the city’s electorate. [1] They are also more visible; 57% of people could name their mayor when they had one compared to only 8% being able to name their council leader and so they are more likely to be held to account for their individual policies. [2] By comparison where there are not mayors an elaborate and confusing series of committees make decisions in most areas, making it easy for individual councillors or parties to dodge responsibility for unpopular decisions or failed policies. Bristol is a good example of this with wobbly coalitions resulting from backroom deals and constantly shifting politics; the council changed hands seven times in the ten years to 2012. [3] Placing this power in the hands of an elected mayor would streamline decision-making and increase accountability. A mayor who failed to improve local services or in other ways implement their campaign promises would have little chance of re-election.  [1] Sims, Sam, ‘Electing mayors for more English cities would increase local democratic accountability and widen political participation. But the government must grant them real power and freedom’, blogs.lse.ac.uk, 7 October 2011.  [2] Gash, Tom, ‘A turning point for England’s big cities’, Institute for Government, 29 March 2012.  [3] The Economist, ‘Why elected mayors matter’, 19 April 2012. Mayors, accountability, local government, mandate, electorate, visibility, committee decisions, responsibility, Bristol, coalitions, decision-making, re-election, services, campaign promises, democratic accountability, political participation, power, freedom, English cities, big cities, elected mayors, failed policies, unpopular decisions, shifting politics, backroom deals, council leader, mayoral system, governance, municipal leadership, democratic reform, electoral systems, urban politics, civic engagement, public trust, political responsibility, local democracy, executive mayor, council system, governance models, administrative efficiency, political stability, citizen representation, policy implementation, electoral mandates, local politics, mayors, accountability, local government, mandate, electorate, visibility, committees, decision-making, responsibility, Bristol, coalitions, re-election, services, campaign promises, democratic accountability, political participation, power, freedom, England, cities, The Economist, Sam Sims, Tom Gash, Institute for Government mayors, accountability, local government, mandate, electorate, visibility, council leader, committees, decision-making, responsibility, Bristol, coalitions, re-election, campaign promises, political participation, power, freedom, elected mayors, England, cities, democratic accountability, unpopular decisions, failed policies, backroom deals, shifting politics, streamline, improve services, implementation Mayors, accountability, council, local government, mandate, electorate, visibility, committees, responsibility, Bristol, coalitions, decision-making, services, re-election, democratic accountability, political participation, power, freedom, England, big cities, elected mayors, unpopular decisions, failed policies Mayors, accountability, local government, mandate, electorate, visibility, councillors, committees, decision-making, responsibility, services, re-election, democratic accountability, political participation, power, freedom, big cities, elected mayors, coalitions, politics, policies, Bristol, backroom deals, shifting politics, council leader, unpopular decisions, failed policies, streamline, campaign promises
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-con01a	Banning religious symbols is just a way of unfairly targeting people.  Banning religious symbols could be viewed as just a way of targeting a group of people. In a nutshell, religious symbols would be used as a scapegoat in order to both highlight and blame for problems that are much bigger. Removing the hijab, the Crucifix or the Jewish skullcap would take away someone's culture, religion and heritage, and, therefore, banning them would cause more problems.1 It could potentially increase hatred within religious groups, and lead to more racism and more criticism, ultimately making the country a worse place to live.  1 at 'Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 religious symbols, banning, targeting, scapegoat, culture, religion, heritage, hijab, crucifix, Jewish skullcap, hatred, religious groups, racism, criticism, country, living, Belgian ban, full veils, BBC News Europe banning, religious, symbols, targeting, people, scapegoat, problems, hijab, crucifix, jewish, skullcap, culture, heritage, hatred, religious, groups, racism, criticism, country, belgian, ban, full, veils, bbc, news, europe banning, religious, symbols, targeting, people, scapegoat, problems, hijab, crucifix, Jewish, skullcap, culture, religion, heritage, hatred, religious, groups, racism, criticism, country, Belgian, ban, full, veils, BBC, News, Europe religious symbols, banning, targeting, group, scapegoat, problems, hijab, crucifix, jewish skullcap, culture, religion, heritage, hatred, religious groups, racism, criticism, country, belgian ban, full veils, bbc news europe religious symbols, banning, targeting, scapegoat, cultural heritage, problems, hate, racism, criticism, country, hijab, crucifix, jewish skullcap, belgian ban, full veils, bbc news europe
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-con02a	"This is not the will of the people of Quebec.  Secession from Canada would not be a fair or adequate representation of the will of the people of Quebec.  The most recent referendum and all current polling data suggest that an overwhelming majority of Quebecers are opposed to Quebec seeking independence from Canada [1] . The government of Quebec pursuing such a policy is only representative of a very small minority of people in Quebec, and therefore is undemocratic in nature. Moreover, this policy explicitly denies consideration or enfranchisement for the very large populations of Anglophone Quebecers who also deserve representation, and whose interests are being wholly discounted to pursue this one policy on behalf of the Francophones in their province.  Therefore, pursuing secession is both wholly undemocratic, but also specifically disenfranchises a very large portion of the population entirely in a trade-off for one specific policy that doesn’t appeal strongly to anyone beyond a very small minority of citizens.  [1] Chung, Andrew. ""Sovereignty ""outmoded,"" Quebec poll indicates."" Star 19 May 2010, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  . Quebec, secession, Canada, democracy, referendum, polling, independence, Anglophone, Francophone, disenfranchisement, sovereignty, minority, representation, policy, citizens, outmoded, Quebecers, government, trade-off, interests Quebec, secession, independence, Canada, referendum, polling, majority, opposition, government, undemocratic, Anglophone, Francophone, disenfranchisement, sovereignty, outmoded, minority, citizens, representation, policy, interests Quebec, secession, Canada, referendum, polling, independence, government, democracy, Anglophone, Francophone, disenfranchisement, sovereignty, minority, policy, representation, interests, citizens Quebec, secession, Canada, referendum, polling, majority, independence, government, undemocratic, Anglophone, Francophone, disenfranchisement, sovereignty, citizens, minority, policy, representation, interests, trade-off, outmoded Quebec, secession, Canada, referendum, polling, independence, undemocratic, disenfranchisement, Anglophone, Francophone, sovereignty, minority, representation, policy, citizens"
test-law-umtlilhotac-pro01a	Televising turns justice into entertainment  Broadcasting trials would be likely to turn the court in to entertainment. The Simpson trial showed how harmful a televised high profile trial can be degenerating into a freak show. The ICC trials are among the most high profile in the world so are likely to be susceptible to this. Much of the interest in the SCSL Charles Taylor trial came along when Naomi Campbell gave evidence so giving the trial celebrity interest that had little to do with the legalities involved [1] .  Jurisdictions where cameras are not permitted in courts still can and do have accurate, informative and timely reports of cases, however high profile, without filming them. Courtroom sketches, written transcripts and other tools allow reportage without the use of original footage in a tawdry manner.  [1] Bowcott, Owen, ‘Charles Taylor and the ‘dirty-looking stones’ given to Naomi Campbell’, theguardian.com, 26 April 2012, Televised trials, justice entertainment, Simpson trial, ICC trials, Charles Taylor trial, Naomi Campbell, celebrity interest, courtroom sketches, written transcripts, media reportage, legal proceedings, public interest, judicial dignity, high-profile cases, courtroom cameras, trial integrity, media coverage, legal ethics, judicial process, telecasting trials televising, justice, entertainment, broadcasting, trials, court, Simpson, trial, harmful, freak, show, ICC, high, profile, susceptible, SCSL, Charles, Taylor, Naomi, Campbell, evidence, celebrity, interest, legalities, jurisdictions, cameras, permitted, accurate, reports, cases, filming, courtroom, sketches, written, transcripts, reportage, original, footage, tawdry, Bowcott, Owen,dirty-looking, stones Televising, justice, entertainment, broadcasting, trials, court, Simpson, trial, harmful, freak, show, ICC, high, profile, susceptible, SCSL, Charles, Taylor, Naomi, Campbell, evidence, celebrity, interest, legalities, jurisdictions, cameras, permitted, accurate, informative, reports, cases, filming, courtroom, sketches, written, transcripts, reportage, footage, tawdry, manner televising, justice, entertainment, broadcasting, trials, court, Simpson, trial, harmful, degenerating, freak, show, ICC, high, profile, susceptible, SCSL, Charles, Taylor, Naomi, Campbell, evidence, celebrity, interest, legalities, jurisdictions, cameras, not, permitted, accurate, informative, reports, cases, high-profile, filming, courtroom, sketches, written, transcripts, reportage, original, footage, tawdry, manner Televising, justice, entertainment, broadcasting, trials, court, Simpson, trial, harmful, televised, high, profile, freak, show, ICC, susceptible, SCSL, Charles, Taylor, Naomi, Campbell, evidence, celebrity, interest, legalities, jurisdictions, cameras, permitted, accurate, informative, reports, cases, high-profile, filming, courtroom, sketches, written, transcripts, reportage, original, footage, tawdry
test-health-dhghwapgd-con03a	"The product of a firm's intellectual endeavor is the property of that firm, and it deserves to profit from it  When a firm directs individuals to mix their labor with its capital or other resources, part of that firm's identity inheres in the product that arises from the effort. This is the origin of, and fundamental philosophical justification for, property rights. Property rights are an unquestioned mainstay of life in all developed countries, and are an essential prerequisite for stable markets to develop and function1. The law protects patent rights in much the same way as more conventional physical property, as well it should. Individuals and firms generating ideas and using their effort to produce an intangible good, such as a new drug formula, have a property right on those ideas and the products that arise from them. It is the effort to produce a real good, albeit an intangible one, that marks the difference between an idea in someone's head that he does not act up, and intellectual property that can be protected by a patent. Developing a new drug is a very intensive endeavor, taking time, energy, and usually a considerable amount of financial investment2. The cost of developing a new drug varies widely, from a low of $800 million to nearly $2 billion per drug and is rising3. People and firms deserve as a matter of principle to benefit from the products of the effort of creation. For this reason, stealing intellectual property, which developing generic drugs is, is the same as stealing an actual physical product. Each is a real thing, even if one can be touched while the other is intangible in a physical sense. As a matter of principle, property rights can be assigned to intangible assets like drug formulae, and in practice they are a necessity to many firms' financial survival.  1Fitzgerald, Brian and Anne Fitzgerald. 2004. Intellectual Property: In Principle. Melbourne: Lawbook Company. 2 Congressional Budget Office. 2006. Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry"". The Congress of the United States. Available: 3 Masia, Neal, 2008, ""The Cost of Developing a New Drug"", Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, America.gov, Available: intellectual property, firm's property rights, property rights development, patent rights protection, intangible goods, new drug formula, drug development costs, financial investment, stealing intellectual property, generic drugs, intangible assets, pharmaceutical industry R&D, intellectual property principles, property rights necessity, drug formulae patents property rights, intellectual property, firm's identity, product, labor, capital, resources, philosophical justification, developed countries, stable markets, patent rights, physical property, intangible good, drug formula, real good, idea, financial investment, generic drugs, principle, tangibility, financial survival, research and development, pharmaceutical industry, cost of developing new drug, Brian Fitzgerald, Anne Fitzgerald, Congressional Budget Office, Neal Masia, America.gov intellectual property, firm's identity, property rights, developed countries, stable markets, patent rights, physical property, intangible good, new drug formula, drug development, financial investment, generic drugs, property rights assignment, pharmaceutical industry, R&D costs, drug formulae, financial survival, intellectual property rights, intangible assets, drug development cost, principle of creation, effort of creation, property right, intangible property, physical product, stealing intellectual property, Brian Fitzgerald, Anne Fitzgerald, Congressional Budget Office, Neal Masia, America.gov, Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, Intellectual Property: In Principle, Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry property rights, intellectual property, patent rights, drug development, pharmaceutical industry, intangible assets, financial investment, intellectual endeavor, stable markets, generic drugs, property rights assignment, research and development, cost of new drug, philosophical justification, tangible and intangible property, firm's identity, intellectual property protection, legal protection, economic principles, market function, drug formula, effort of creation, financial survival property rights, intellectual property, patent rights, intangible assets, drug development, pharmaceutical industry, financial investment, intellectual endeavor, market stability, legal protection, generic drugs, research and development, cost of innovation, philosophical justification, property rights assignment, economic survival, intangible goods, physical property, firm identity, individual labor, capital resources, market function, developed countries, drug formula, financial survival, stealing intellectual property, principle of creation, tangible vs intangible, property rights necessity, congress report, pharmaceutical R&D costs, intellectual property rights, biotechnology, innovation incentives, legal framework, economic impact, public policy, drug pricing, healthcare"
test-economy-epegiahsc-con03a	"FTAA is bad for the environment.  Free trade creates a ""race to the bottom"", whereby developing countries lower their labor and environmental standards in an effort to attract foreign investment. Developed countries, which may have higher standards, are then forced to lower them as well in order to make sure companies don’t relocate or outsource their jobs abroad [1] .  [1] Hassoun, Nicole. “Free Trade and the Environment”. Environmental Ethics, Vol. 31. FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, job relocation, outsourcing, Nicole Hassoun, Environmental Ethics, Vol. 31 FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, lower standards, companies, relocate, outsource, jobs, abroad, Hassoun, Nicole, Free Trade and the Environment, Environmental Ethics, Vol. 31 FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, developing countries, job outsourcing, Nicole Hassoun, Environmental Ethics FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, job relocation, outsourcing, Nicole Hassoun, Environmental Ethics, Vol. 31 FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, job relocation, outsourcing, Nicole Hassoun, Environmental Ethics"
test-health-dhpelhbass-pro02a	Those who are in the late stages of a terminal disease have a horrific future agead of them  The gradual decline of their body, the failure of their organs and the need for artificial support. In some cases, the illness will slowly destroy their minds, the essence of themselves; even if this is not the case, the huge amounts of medication required to ‘control’ their pain will often leave them in a delirious and incapable state. At least five percent of terminal pain cannot be controlled, even with the best care. Faced with this, it is surely more humane that those people be allowed to choose the manner of their own end, and have the assistance of a doctor to die with dignity. One particular account was of Sue Rodriguez who died slowly of Lou Gehrig's disease. She lived for several years with the knowledge that her muscles would, one by one, waste away until the day came when, fully conscious, she would choke to death. She begged the courts to reassure her that a doctor would be allowed to assist her in choosing the moment of death. They refused. Rodriguez did not accept the verdict and with the help of an anonymous physician committed suicide in February 1994. [1]  [1] Chris Docker, Cases in history, euthanasia.cc, 2000  (accessed 6/6/2011) terminal illness, late stages, body decline, organ failure, artificial support, mental deterioration, pain management, uncontrolled pain, humane end, assisted dying, doctor assistance, dignity in death, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, muscle wasting, conscious death, court refusal, assisted suicide, Chris Docker, euthanasia history terminal disease, late stages, horrific future, body decline, organ failure, artificial support, mind destruction, medication, pain control, humane end, doctor assistance, die with dignity, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, muscle wasting, conscious, choke to death, court refusal, anonymous physician, suicide, euthanasia, Chris Docker, cases in history terminal illness, late stages, terminal disease, body decline, organ failure, artificial support, mental decline, pain control, uncontrolled pain, humane choice, assisted death, doctor-assisted suicide, dignity in death, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, muscle wasting, court appeal, physician-assisted suicide, Chris Docker, euthanasia.cc terminal illness, late stages, bodily decline, organ failure, artificial support, mental deterioration, pain management, uncontrolled pain, medical assistance, dying with dignity, euthanasia, assisted suicide, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, muscle wasting, conscious dying, court refusal, physician-assisted suicide, humane death, Chris Docker, euthanasia history terminal disease, late stages, horrific future, gradual decline, organ failure, artificial support, mental destruction, delirious state, uncontrollable pain, best care, humane choice, assisted death, doctor's assistance, die with dignity, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, muscle wasting, conscious, choke to death, court refusal, anonymous physician, Chris Docker, euthanasia history
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con02a	"Unilateral action is burdensome, and dangerous.  POINT  The motion suggests that a particular government is imposing democracy, but in fact it is far better to try and encourage democracy multilaterally. Multilateral assistance, like the UN Democracy Fund which seeks to ""strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights, and encourages the participation of all groups in the democratic process""1, is better, because it makes the support seem less political and colonial, and more honest. By using the international community to encourage democracy in a given country, we increase the chances of the people in that country respecting and supporting our attempts, rather than viewing them with suspicion2.  1 United Nations Democracy Fund, 'About UNDEF', 2010,  2 Doyle , Michael. ""Promoting Democracy is Not Imposing Democracy."" The Huffington Post. unilateral action, burdensome, dangerous, government, imposing democracy, multilateral assistance, UN Democracy Fund, civil society, human rights, participation, democratic process, political, colonial, international community, respect, support, suspicion, promoting democracy, imposing democracy, Michael Doyle, The Huffington Post Unilateral action, burdensome, dangerous, government, imposing democracy, multilateral assistance, UN Democracy Fund, civil society, human rights, participation, democratic process, political, colonial, international community, respect, support, suspicion, promoting democracy, imposing democracy, Michael Doyle, The Huffington Post unilateral action, burdensome, dangerous, government, imposing democracy, multilateral assistance, UN Democracy Fund, civil society, human rights, participation, democratic process, political, colonial, international community, respect, support, suspicion, promoting democracy, imposing democracy, Michael Doyle, The Huffington Post unilateral action, burdensome, dangerous, government, imposing democracy, multilateral assistance, UN Democracy Fund, civil society, human rights, participation, democratic process, political, colonial, international community, respect, support, suspicion, promoting democracy, imposing democracy, Michael Doyle, The Huffington Post unilateral action, burdensome, dangerous, government, imposing democracy, multilateral assistance, UN Democracy Fund, civil society, human rights, participation, democratic process, international community, respect, support, suspicion, promoting democracy, not imposing democracy, Michael Doyle, The Huffington Post"
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con05a	The act of killing is emotionally damaging  To actually be involved in the death of another person is an incredibly traumatic experience. Soldiers coming back from war often suffer from ‘post-traumatic stress disorder’ which suggests that being in a situation in which you have to take another persons life has a long lasting impact on your mental health. This is also true for people who are not directly involved in the act of killing. For instance, the people who worked on developing the atomic bomb described an incredible guilt for what they had created even though they were not involved in the decision to drop the bombs. The same traumatic experiences would likely affect the person responsible for pulling the lever. killing, emotionally damaging, traumatic experience, post-traumatic stress disorder, soldiers, war, mental health, guilt, atomic bomb, decision, bombs, pulling the lever killing, emotional damage, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, soldiers, war, mental health, guilt, atomic bomb, decision-making, pulling the lever, indirect involvement, long-lasting impact, psychological effects, violence, warfare, moral injury, responsibility, emotional trauma, combat stress killing, emotionally damaging, traumatic experience, post-traumatic stress disorder, soldiers, war, mental health, guilt, atomic bomb, decision, pulling the lever killing, emotionally, damaging, traumatic, experience, soldiers, war, post-traumatic, stress, disorder, mental, health, guilt, atomic, bomb, decision, responsibility, lever, psychological, impact, violence, warfare, ethics, morality, trauma, PTSD, military, combat, bombs, creators, involvement, consequences, indirect, involvement, emotional, toll, long-lasting, effects, mental, wellbeing, psychological, distress, aftermath, participation, lethal, actions, wartime, operations, moral, injury, coping, mechanisms, psychological, scars, warfare, ethics, human, rights, conflict, casualties, survivor, guilt, killing, emotional damage, traumatic experience, post-traumatic stress disorder, soldiers, war, mental health, guilt, atomic bomb, responsibility, pulling the lever
test-politics-dhwem-pro01a	PMCs are a valuable resource  PMCs are a flexible and efficient tool with which to fight 21st Century wars making them a necessity. Private contractors can be hired at short notice and used only when necessary. They can be used to carry out specific missions, to reinforce traditional troops where greater numbers are required or to protect other contractors whilst traditional troops carry out more lucrative missions. Additionally, most PMCs are non-combative but rather defensive, providing security for officials, supply trains etc. As a result they are viewed less as invaders or “the enemy” and more as peace-keepers. PMCs, private military companies, 21st century wars, flexible, efficient, short notice, specific missions, reinforce troops, protect contractors, non-combative, defensive, security, officials, supply trains, peace-keepers, combat support, mission flexibility, rapid deployment, cost-effective defense, strategic assets PMCs, valuable resource, flexible tool, efficient tool, 21st Century wars, necessity, private contractors, short notice, specific missions, reinforce troops, greater numbers, protect contractors, defensive, non-combative, security, officials, supply trains, peace-keepers PMCs, valuable, resource, flexible, efficient, 21st Century wars, necessity, private contractors, short notice, specific missions, reinforce troops, greater numbers, protect contractors, non-combative, defensive, security, officials, supply trains, peace-keepers, invaders, enemy PMCs, valuable, resource, flexible, efficient, 21st Century wars, necessity, private contractors, short notice, specific missions, reinforce, traditional troops, greater numbers, protect, contractors, non-combative, defensive, security, officials, supply trains, peace-keepers, invaders, enemy PMCs, private military companies, flexible, efficient, 21st Century wars, necessity, private contractors, short notice, specific missions, reinforce troops, protect contractors, non-combative, defensive, security, officials, supply trains, peace-keepers, invaders, enemy
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-pro02a	Rehabilitation Has Greater Regard For the Offender  Rehabilitation has another important value – it recognises the reality of social inequity. To say that some offenders need help to be rehabilitated is to accept the idea that circumstances can constrain, if not compel, and lead to criminality; it admits that we can help unfortunate persons who have been overcome by their circumstance. It rejects the idea that individuals, regardless of their position in the social order, exercise equal freedom in deciding whether to commit a crime, and should be punished equally according to their offence, irrespective of their social backgrounds. Prisons are little more than schools of crime if there aren't any rehabilitation programs. Prisons isolate offenders from their families and friends so that when they are released their social networks tend to be made up largely of those whom they met in prison. As well as sharing ideas, prisoners may validate each others’ criminal activity. Employers are less willing to employ those who have been to prison. Such circumstances may reduce the options available to past offenders and make future criminal behaviour more likely. Rehabilitation becomes more difficult. In addition, rates of self-harm and abuse are alarmingly high within both men’s and women’s prisons. In 2006 alone, there were 11,503 attempts by women to self-harm in British prisons. [1] This suggests that imprisoning offenders unnecessarily is harmful both for the offenders themselves and for society as a whole.  [1] Women in Prison. Statistics. Retrieved August 4, 2011, from Women in Prison . Rehabilitation, offender, social inequity, circumstances, criminality, freedom, punishment, social order, prisons, crime, social networks, employment, self-harm, women, statistics, British prisons, societal impact, recidivism, rehabilitation programs, isolation, family, friends, criminal behavior, abuse, health, society, reintegration, support, equity, justice, policy Rehabilitation, Offender, Social inequity, Circumstances, Criminality, Freedom, Punishment, Prisons, Crime, Social networks, Employment, Self-harm, Abuse, Statistics, Women, British prisons rehabilitation, offender, social inequity, circumstances, criminality, freedom, punishment, social backgrounds, prisons, crime, social networks, employment, self-harm, abuse, women's prisons, imprisonment, society, statistics, Women in Prison rehabilitation, offender, social inequity, circumstances, crime, punishment, prisons, social networks, employment, self-harm, abuse, women, statistics, society rehabilitation, offender, social inequity, circumstances, criminality, freedom, punishment, social order, prisons, crime, isolation, social networks, employment, self-harm, abuse, women's prisons, society, statistics, Women in Prison, criminal behavior, rehabilitation programs
test-politics-eppghwlrba-pro01a	The only function of a gun is to kill  The only function of a gun is to kill. The more instruments of death and injury can be removed from our society, the safer it will be. In the U.S.A. death by gunshot has become the leading cause of death among some social groups; in particular for African-American males aged from 12 to 19 years old. [1] Quite simply, guns are lethal and the fewer people have them the better.  [1 ‘Study: Homicide leading cause of death among young black males, Jacksonville.com, 5 May 2010, guns, kill, lethal, death, gunshot, homicide, African-American, males, young, social groups, injury, removal, safety, United States, USA, Jacksonville, study, 2010, cause of death, instruments of death, societal impact, violence, firearms, public health, crime, statistics, youth mortality, racial disparity, gun control, policy, legislation, violence prevention gun, kill, death, injury, society, safety, U.S.A., gunshot, leading cause, African-American males, age 12-19, lethal, gun control, homicide, Jacksonville.com, study, 2010 gun, kill, lethal, death, gunshot, social groups, African-American males, homicide, leading cause, safety, instruments of death, injury, U.S.A., firearms, violence, youth, mortality, public health, firearm-related deaths, crime, legislation, gun control gun, kill, death, injury, society, safer, U.S.A., gunshot, leading, cause, social, groups, African-American, males, aged, 12-19, study, homicide, Jacksonville.com, lethal, fewer, people, better gun, kill, death, injury, society, safer, U.S.A., gunshot, leading, cause, African-American, males, aged, 12, 19, study, homicide, Jacksonville.com, lethal, people, better
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-pro02a	A graduated response will be an effective deterrent  Research has shown that consumers are likely to stop downloading from unauthorized sources when warned by their ISP. For example: Seven out of ten (72%) UK music consumers would stop illegally downloading if told to do so by their ISP, and 90 per cent of consumers would stop illegally file-sharing after two warnings from their ISP. [1]  This shows that the threat of a possible disconnection together with a friendly warning is enough to stop most consumers from downloading from illegal source. The reasoning behind it is simple: consumers can now download without a cost, a graduated response mechanism first raises awareness scaring off those who are only casually downloading out of convenience and then heightens the expected cost of infringement and thus makes it more likely consumers will use legal sources. [2] [1] IFPI, Digital Music Report 2009. 2009. URL for PDF:   [2] Olivier Bomsel and Heritania Ranaivoson, ‘Decreasing copyright enforcement costs: the scope of a graduated response’. 2009. Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues, Volume 6(2), p. 13 – 29. URL for PDF: graduated response, effective deterrent, unauthorized downloading, ISP warnings, UK music consumers, illegal file-sharing, disconnection threat, awareness raising, infringement cost, legal sources, IFPI, Digital Music Report, Olivier Bomsel, Heritania Ranaivoson, copyright enforcement costs, Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues graduated response, effective deterrent, consumers, unauthorized sources, ISP warnings, illegal downloading, file-sharing, disconnection threat, awareness, cost of infringement, legal sources, IFPI, Digital Music Report, Olivier Bomsel, Heritania Ranaivoson, copyright enforcement, Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues graduated response, effective deterrent, unauthorized sources, ISP warnings, illegal downloading, file-sharing, disconnection threat, consumer awareness, enforcement costs, legal sources, IFPI, Digital Music Report, copyright issues, Olivier Bomsel, Heritania Ranaivoson, Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues graduated response, effective deterrent, unauthorized sources, ISP warnings, consumer behavior, illegal downloading, file-sharing, disconnection threat, awareness raising, infringement cost, legal sources, copyright enforcement, IFPI, Digital Music Report, Olivier Bomsel, Heritania Ranaivoson, Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues graduated response, effective deterrent, illegal downloading, unauthorized sources, ISP warnings, consumer behavior, file-sharing, disconnection threats, awareness raising, infringement costs, legal sources, IFPI, Digital Music Report, copyright enforcement, economic research, Olivier Bomsel, Heritania Ranaivoson
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con01a	Carbon Trading Schemes  The EU ETS is an example of a viable carbon market, it covers thirty countries from the EU as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. Countries within the ETS are using market mechanisms to force domestic emitters to meet national caps as the amount of allowances reduces over time emissions fall. In 2020 under the ETS emissions will be 21% lower than in 2005 1. The IPCC report contains recommendations for how emissions can be abated through the simultaneous application of numerous small reductions and the implementation of abatement technologies and this is exactly what schemes like the ETS encourage. Part of the reason that the ETS is successful is that it is ensuring an even playing field between countries by (more or less) applying its rules equally across borders and industries.2  1. European Trading System, 2010  2. European Commission Climate Action, 'Emissions Trading System' Carbon Trading, EU ETS, Emissions Reduction, Market Mechanisms, National Caps, Allowances, Emissions, IPCC, Abatement Technologies, Playing Field, Climate Action, Emissions Trading System, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, European Union, Environmental Policy, Greenhouse Gases, Cap and Trade, Carbon Markets, Climate Change Mitigation Carbon Trading, EU ETS, Emissions Reduction, Market Mechanisms, National Caps, Allowances, IPCC Recommendations, Abatement Technologies, Even Playing Field, Cross-Border Rules, Industries, European Trading System, European Commission Climate Action, Emissions Trading System carbon trading, EU ETS, emissions reduction, market mechanisms, national caps, allowances, emissions abatement, IPCC recommendations, abatement technologies, even playing field, cross-border rules, industries equality carbon trading, EU ETS, emissions reduction, market mechanisms, allowances, national caps, IPCC, abatement technologies, even playing field, cross-border regulations, European Trading System, European Commission Climate Action, emissions trading system, carbon market, environmental policy, sustainable development, regulatory framework, climate change mitigation Carbon Trading, EU ETS, Emissions Reduction, Market Mechanisms, National Caps, Allowances, IPCC Recommendations, Abatement Technologies, Even Playing Field, Cross-Border Rules, European Commission, Climate Action, Emissions Trading System
test-international-iiahwagit-pro04a	Poaching is linked to terrorism  Stronger protection of animals should be implemented to reduce the funding for terrorist groups. Certain terrorist organisations use the illegal ivory and horn trade as funding for their operations. Al-Shabaab, the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), and the Sudanese Janjaweed all use the illicit trade as a source of income, with the former using the trade for 40% of its expenditure. [1] This enables them to carry out attacks such as the 2013 Westgate siege in Kenya. [2] Tougher protection of endangered animals would reduce the ability of these groups to fund themselves. In turn, this would decrease their operational capability, increasing stability in Africa.  [1] Stewart, C. ‘Illegal ivory trade funds al-shabaab’s terrorist attacks’  [2] Tackett,C. ‘How elephant poaching helped fund Kenya terrorist attack’ poaching, terrorism, stronger protection, animals, reduce funding, terrorist groups, illegal ivory, horn trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, Sudanese Janjaweed, illicit trade, income, attacks, Westgate siege, Kenya, tougher protection, endangered animals, decrease operational capability, stability, Africa, illegal ivory trade, elephant poaching, fund terrorist attack poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal ivory trade, horn trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Sudanese Janjaweed, funding, attacks, Westgate siege, Kenya, elephant poaching, terrorist attack, operational capability, stability, Africa Poaching, Terrorism, Stronger Protection, Animal Conservation, Illegal Ivory Trade, Horn Trade, Funding, Terrorist Groups, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, Sudanese Janjaweed, Illicit Trade, Attacks, Westgate Siege, Kenya, Operational Capability, Stability, Africa, Elephant Poaching, Conservation Efforts, Security, Wildlife Trafficking poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal ivory trade, horn trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, Sudanese Janjaweed, funding, attacks, Westgate siege, Kenya, operational capability, stability, Africa, elephant poaching, terrorist groups, endangered animals, conservation, security, wildlife crime poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal ivory trade, horn trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, Sudanese Janjaweed, terrorist funding, wildlife crime, Westgate siege, Kenya, terrorist attacks, operational capability, stability, Africa, illegal wildlife trade, conservation, security, law enforcement
test-international-atiahblit-con04a	The MDG is the barrier  Significant progress has been made in meeting the MDG in Africa, therefore criticism needs to be raised on the MDG themselves. The MDG are unrealistic, unfair, and the benchmarks set fail to acknowledge progress made (Easterly, 2009).  The barrier to achieving universal education is not a lack of investment, rather inappropriate targets. MDG, Africa, progress, criticism, unrealistic, unfair, benchmarks, Easterly, 2009, universal education, investment, targets, inappropriate MDG, Africa, progress, criticism, unrealistic, unfair, benchmarks, Easterly, 2009, universal education, investment, inappropriate targets MDG, Africa, progress, criticism, unrealistic, unfair, benchmarks, Easterly, 2009, universal education, investment, inappropriate targets MDG, Africa, progress, criticism, unrealistic, unfair, benchmarks, Easterly, 2009, universal education, investment, inappropriate targets MDG, Africa, progress, criticism, Easterly, unrealistic, unfair, benchmarks, universal education, investment, inappropriate targets
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-con03a	The DC Handgun ban is inconsistent with other legislation in the U.S.  A change in legislation in DC that is markedly different from everywhere else in the U.S. is harmful. Whilst the constitution might be amended to give a specific change for DC, the rest of the U.S. will still be able to bear arms. The point of the American constitution is that it is meant to give an even field to all citizens under the law. Minor differences between people within different states is acceptable; owing to specific needs of specific states and all state legislation must be proved to be constitutional anyway. This difference is specifically problematic because of the nature of its interactions with both the constitution and the law.  This change is harmful because the state is dependent upon consistency within the law and perception of the law as being a fair mechanism for all people. Large inconsistencies within the law should not be tolerated as such inconsistencies often bring into debate the legitimacy of the state’s legal code. This is problematic as such debates and inconsistencies can lead to confusion about the reach of the law as well as doubt in the legitimacy of the law. The law is dependent upon citizens understanding and subscribing to the legal code, otherwise legal systems might suffer from problems such as people simply not reporting crime to the police owing to their doubt in the legal system and its ability to protect them, or otherwise law abiding citizens from other areas of the country inadvertently breaking the law by bringing guns into D.C. DC Handgun Ban, Inconsistent Legislation, Constitutional Amendment, State Legal Consistency, Law Legitimacy, Public Perception, Legal Confusion, Crime Reporting, Citizen Trust, Gun Control, Constitutional Rights, Interstate Travel, Legal Uniformity, Legal Code Legitimacy, State Governance, Second Amendment, Firearms Regulation, Legal System Integrity, Citizen Compliance, Law Enforcement Efficacy DC Handgun Ban, U.S. Legislation, Constitutional Consistency, Legal Fairness, State Legislation, Constitutional Rights, Gun Control, Second Amendment, Legal Legitimacy, Citizen Perception, Crime Reporting, Legal Compliance, Interstate Travel, Firearms Regulation DC Handgun ban, Constitutional inconsistency, Legislation uniformity, U.S. gun laws, Constitutional amendment, State legal differences, Legal legitimacy, Law enforcement, Citizen trust, Gun rights, Legal uniformity, Constitutional rights, Law perception, Legal system integrity, Federal vs state law, Gun control debate, Legal consistency, Interstate travel, Gun ownership, Constitutional principles, Legal debate, Public safety, Crime reporting, Legal confusion, Law abidance, Constitutional protection, Gun laws comparison, Legal code legitimacy, Interstate gun laws, Constitutional interpretation, Law enforcement challenges, Legal system trust, Citizen rights, Interstate legal issues, Constitutional equality, Law interpretation, DC Handgun ban, legislative inconsistency, U.S. constitutional law, state legislation, legal uniformity, constitutional rights, firearms regulation, legal legitimacy, citizen trust, law enforcement, gun control, interstate travel, constitutional amendment, state legal code, legal perception, public safety, crime reporting, legal compliance, constitutional protections, state vs federal law, legal inconsistency impacts, constitutional principles, gun ownership rights, legislative impact, legal system integrity, citizen rights, state law differences, firearm laws, political debate, legal confusion, public confidence in law, interstate gun laws, criminal justice system, law enforcement effectiveness, constitutional debates, legislative harm, gun law DC Handgun Ban, Constitutional Inconsistency, U.S. Legislation, Legal Consistency, Constitutional Amendments, Gun Rights, State Legislation, Constitutional Rights, Legal Legitimacy, Crime Reporting, Legal Confusion, Law Enforcement, Civic Duty, Constitutional Fairness, State-Specific Laws, Legal Perception, Gun Control, Federal vs State Law, Legal Harmony, Constitutional Protection
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con04a	Transparency can lead to conflict  The idea that transparency is good assumes that the people watching the government be transparent are likely to provide a moderating influence on policy. This is not always the case. Instead transparency can lead to more conflict.  First a nationalist population may force the government into taking more action than it wants. One obvious way to quiet such sentiment is to show that the country is not ready for war; something that may not be possible if being transparent. Instead if it is transparent that the military could win then there is nothing to stop a march to war. It then becomes possible for multiple interest groups to form into coalitions each with differing reasons for conflict trading off with each other resulting in overstretch and conflict. [1]  Secondly when there is a rapidly changing balance of power then transparency for the rising power may not be a good thing. Instead as Deng Xiaoping advised they should “Hide your strength, bide your time”. [2] Showing in the open how your military is expanding may simply force action from the current dominant power. Transparency, combined with domestic media worrying about the other’s build up can make the other side seem more and more of a threat that must be dealt with before it can get any more powerful. It is quite a common international relations theory that one way or another relative power and the quest for hegemony is the cause for war, [3] transparency simply encourages this. William C. Wohlforth points out when studying the cause of the First World War that it is perception of relative power that matters. Germany’s leaders believed it had to strike before it out of time as a result of Russia rapidly industrialising. [4] Transparency unfortunately reduces the ability of the government to manage perception.  [1] Snyder, Jack, Myths of Empire, Cornell University Press, 1991, p.17  [2] Allison, Graham, and Blackwill, Robert D., ‘Will China Ever Be No.1?’, YakeGlobal, 20 February 2013  [3] Kaplan, Robert D., ‘Why John J. Mearsheimer Is Right (About Some Things)’, The Atlantic, 20 December 2011  [4] Wohlforth, William C., ‘The Perception of Power: Russia in the Pre-1914 Balance’, World Politics, Vol.39, No.3, (April 1987), pp.353-381, p.362 transparency, conflict, government, moderating influence, policy, nationalist population, military, war, interest groups, coalitions, overstretch, international relations, power, hegemony, domestic media, threat, perception, William C. Wohlforth, First World War, Germany, Russia, industrialisation, Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire, Graham Allison, Robert D. Blackwill, Robert D. Kaplan, John J. Mearsheimer transparency, conflict, government, moderating influence, nationalist population, military action, interest groups, coalitions, overstretch, rapidly changing balance of power, hide strength, bide time, rising power, dominant power, domestic media, international relations theory, relative power, hegemony, William C. Wohlforth, First World War, perception of power, Germany, Russia, industrialisation, Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire, Graham Allison, Robert D. Blackwill, Robert D. Kaplan, John J. Mearsheimer transparency, conflict, government, policy, nationalist, military, war, interest groups, coalitions, overstretch, balance of power, rising power, hegemony, international relations, perception, relative power, William C. Wohlforth, First World War, Germany, Russia, industrialising, management of perception, Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire, Graham Allison, Robert D. Blackwill, Robert D. Kaplan, John J. Mearsheimer transparency, conflict, government, moderating influence, nationalist population, military, war, interest groups, coalitions, overstretch, rapidly changing balance, rising power, hide strength, bide time, relative power, hegemony, international relations, perception, William C. Wohlforth, First World War, Germany, Russia, industrialising, John J. Mearsheimer, Robert D. Blackwill, Graham Allison, Robert D. Kaplan transparency, conflict, government, moderating influence, policy, nationalist population, military, war, interest groups, coalitions, overstretch, rising power, Hide your strength, bide your time, domestic media, international relations, relative power, hegemony, perception, William C. Wohlforth, First World War, Germany, Russia, industrialising, managing perception
test-politics-lghwdecm-pro03a	Elected Mayors would attract the best candidates to run for office.  Elected mayors would allow talented individuals to make a difference, regardless of their party affiliation. The present system rewards long-serving and loyal party hacks rather than innovative managers, thinkers and leaders; polls show that the public think councillors put party politics above the needs of their community. Those who are most talented who are elected are simply using the council as a stepping stone for running for national office. If mayors were directly elected, local parties would have to find dynamic candidates with a proven ability to solve problems and manage big organisations, or risk such candidates running and winning as independents. This has already been shown to be the case in London where Ken Livingstone (who initially became Mayor as an independent) and Boris Johnson, both established and well known politicians, ran for Mayor, and in Birmingham where Lam Byrne, formally no.2 at the treasury, has expressed an interest in running. [1]  [1] BBC News, ‘Labour’s Liam Byrne wants to run for Birmingham mayor’, 30 March 2012. Elected Mayors, Best Candidates, Talented Individuals, Party Affiliation, Innovative Managers, Thinkers, Leaders, Party Hacks, Polls, Public Opinion, Councillors, Party Politics, Community Needs, Stepping Stone, National Office, Directly Elected, Local Parties, Dynamic Candidates, Problem Solvers, Big Organisations, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Liam Byrne, Birmingham Mayor, Independent Candidates Elected Mayors, Best Candidates, Talented Individuals, Party Affiliation, Innovative Managers, Thinkers, Leaders, Party Hacks, Public Perception, Party Politics, Community Needs, Stepping Stone, National Office, Dynamic Candidates, Problem Solvers, Big Organisations, Independent Candidates, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Liam Byrne, Birmingham Mayor, Local Parties, Direct Election, Voter Choice, Political Reform, Community Leadership, Local Government, Electoral System, Political Representation, Independent Politicians, Voter Engagement, Electoral Competition, Political Innovation, Local Democracy, Political Candidates, Party Loyalty, Community Service, Political Careers, Local Elections, May Elected Mayors, best candidates, talented individuals, party affiliation, innovative managers, thinkers, leaders, long-serving, loyal party hacks, public opinion, councillors, party politics, community needs, stepping stone, national office, local parties, dynamic candidates, problem-solving, manage big organisations, independents, London, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Birmingham, Liam Byrne, treasury, mayor elections, political reform, community leadership, electoral dynamics, local government, political independents, political talent, public service, governance, electoral system, political representation, local politics, political candidates, electoral competition Elected Mayors, Best Candidates, Talented Individuals, Party Affiliation, Innovative Managers, Thinkers, Leaders, Party Politics, Community Needs, Dynamic Candidates, Problem Solvers, Manage Big Organisations, Independent Candidates, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Liam Byrne, Birmingham Mayor, Local Politics, National Office, Councilors, Party Loyalty, Polls, Public Opinion, Direct Elections, Local Parties, Voter Choice, Political Reform, Local Government, Civic Leadership, Community Service, Electoral Systems, Political Representation, Independent Politics, Mayoral Elections, UK Politics, Mayor of London, Mayor of Birmingham Elected Mayors, best candidates, office, talented individuals, party affiliation, innovative managers, thinkers, leaders, long-serving, loyal party hacks, public opinion, councillors, party politics, community needs, national office, dynamic candidates, proven ability, problem-solving, manage big organisations, independents, London, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Birmingham, Liam Byrne, treasury, mayor election, direct election, local politics, political change, independent candidates, electoral reform, local government, community leadership, political talent, political careers, public service, governance, political dynamics, voter preferences, political parties, municipal leadership, political independence, electoral competition,
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-con02a	Religious symbols are personal, therefore, they should not matter to others.  At the end of the day, the wearing of religious symbols is the choice of the individual. Many have considered intervention in the practice of religion and symbolism as an intrusion into privacy and individuality. The recent bans on the full Muslim veil, particularly in Belgium, have been criticised for causing those who feel they have an obligation to wear it to be ostracised and forced to be confined within their own home.1  1 'Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 religious symbols, personal choice, individual privacy, full Muslim veil, Belgium ban, religious freedom, symbolism, intrusion, privacy, individuality, ostracisation, confinement, human rights, cultural practice, religious practice, legal intervention, public policy, social inclusion, discrimination, religious obligation Religious symbols, personal choice, privacy, individuality, Muslim veil, Belgium ban, ostracisation, confinement, religious freedom, symbolism, intervention, criticism religious symbols, personal choice, privacy, individuality, full Muslim veil, Belgium ban, ostracisation, confinement, religious practice, symbolism, intrusion, criticism religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, privacy, individuality, full Muslim veil, Belgium ban, intrusion, ostracisation, confinement, religious practice, criticism, BBC News Europe, July 2011 religious symbols, personal choice, privacy, individuality, intervention, intrusion, full Muslim veil, Belgium, ban, ostracised, confined, obligation, BBC News Europe
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-pro01a	The Settlements are illegal, and demonstrate the impotence of the international community  The Settlements, constructed on land that is neither recognizably Israel’s nor which Israel has even claimed to annex are illegal, encroaching on the territory of a future Palestinian state.  It is absurd for the international community to demand the creation of a Palestinian state in the West Bank, and yet allow Israel to establish its population on that land in settlements that view themselves and are viewed by Israel as Israeli territory. [1]  Furthermore, their continued expansion is something that each and every Palestinian can see every day. As a result, the continued expansion both: 1. Destroys Palestinian confidence in the ability and willingness of the International community to enforce its own promises, especially after repeated American and European promises to stop their construction.  2. Convinces Palestinian opinion that the negotiating process is an Israeli game to buy time until they have changed the facts on the ground.  As a consequence of these two factors, the continued expansion of settlements has an impact in driving Palestinians towards violent resistance even beyond the direct impact of the settlement construction by undermining their faith in International Law, and by adding a sense of urgency to their grievances.  [1] MacIntyre, Donald, ‘The Big Question: What are Israeli settlements, and why are they coming under pressure?’, the Independent, 29 May 2009, Settlements, illegal, international community, Palestinian state, West Bank, Israeli territory, expansion, Palestinian confidence, international promises, negotiating process, violent resistance, international law, urgency, grievances Settlements, illegal, international community, Palestinian state, West Bank, Israeli territory, expansion, Palestinian confidence, International Law, negotiating process, violent resistance, grievances, Israeli game, facts on the ground, MacIntyre Donald, the Independent, 2009 Settlements,illegal,impotence,international community,Palestinian state,West Bank,Israeli territory,expansion,Palestinian confidence,International Law,negotiating process,violent resistance,MacIntyre,Donald,the Independent Settlements, illegal, international community, Palestinian state, West Bank, Israeli territory, expansion, Palestinian confidence, enforcement, promises, negotiation, violent resistance, International Law, grievances, MacIntyre, Donald, the Independent, 2009 Settlements, illegal, international community, Palestinian state, West Bank, expansion, Palestinian confidence, negotiating process, violent resistance, International Law, Israeli game, facts on the ground, MacIntyre, Donald, the Independent
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-con01a	"Quebec would not be able to be economically viable on its own.  Quebec independence simply will not work because Quebec would not be financially viable as an independent economy.  Quebec has been financially dependent on the rest of Canada for years [1] specifically being dependent on “have” provinces such as Alberta to prop-up its economy as a “have-not” provinces through equalization payments [2] . Moreover, all financial indicators point to the situation staying as it is or worsening, with no signs of improvement in the economy visible [3] .  If Quebec were to gain independence, it simply would not be able to sustain itself as an independent country. Quality of life would necessarily have to drop for all those living in Quebec and the economy would only crash further as confidence in it would dwindle once you remove the credibility the support of the Canadian government and economy that currently gives it.  Therefore, Quebec should not secede from Canada as it would only serve to harm their economy and the livelihoods of the people they supposedly are there to protect.  [1] Van Praet, Nicolas. ""No progress in Quebec prosperity: report."" Financial Post 30 Aug 2011, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [2] Van Praet, Nicolas. ""No progress in Quebec prosperity: report."" Financial Post 30 Aug 2011, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [3] Van Praet, Nicolas. ""No progress in Quebec prosperity: report."" Financial Post 30 Aug 2011, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  . Quebec, economic viability, independence, financial dependency, Canada, have provinces, Alberta, have-not provinces, equalization payments, financial indicators, economic sustainability, quality of life, economic crash, Canadian government, secession, livelihood, prosperity, economic support, fiscal viability, national economy, provincial economy, economic policy, federal support, fiscal transfer, economic indicators, economic growth, economic stability, fiscal health, public finance, economic forecasts, economic challenges, financial crisis, economic decline, economic performance, fiscal sustainability, economic resilience, economic conditions, financial stability, economic security, fiscal autonomy, economic impact, economic prospects, economic future, economic Quebec, economic viability, independence, financial dependency, Canada, have provinces, Alberta, equalization payments, have-not provinces, financial indicators, quality of life, economic crash, Canadian government, economy, secession, prosperity, livelihood, Nicolas Van Praet, Financial Post Quebec, economic viability, independence, financial dependency, Canada, have provinces, Alberta, equalization payments, have-not provinces, financial indicators, economic sustainability, quality of life, economic crash, Canadian government, economic support, secession, prosperity, livelihood, economic harm Quebec, economic viability, independence, financial dependency, Canada, have provinces, Alberta, have-not provinces, equalization payments, financial indicators, quality of life, economic crash, Canadian government, secession, prosperity, livelihood, economic sustainability Quebec, economic viability, independence, financial dependency, Canada, have provinces, Alberta, have-not provinces, equalization payments, financial indicators, economic stability, quality of life, economic crash, Canadian government, economic support, secession, prosperity, livelihoods, economic harm"
test-economy-egecegphw-pro01a	Heathrow is full; it must expand  Put simply Heathrow is at the limits of its capacity so there needs to be expansion. Heathrow is already at 99% capacity and running so close to maximum capacity means that any minor problem can result in large delays for passengers. London’s major rivals have four-runway hub airports Paris, Frankfurt, even Madrid [1] this means these cities have much greater capacity as they can take up to 700,000 flights a year compared to Heathrow’s 480,000. [2] Britain does not want to be left behind, crumbling in the dust. These airports therefore clearly have the capacity to take flights that would otherwise be going to Heathrow. Heathrow needs to expand to maintain its competitiveness so that the airport retains its position the most popular place to stop-over in before catching a connecting flight. Colin Matthews, the chief executive of Heathrow (formerly BAA) has argued that Heathrow’s lack of hub capacity currently costs the UK £14billion. [3] Heathrow is in danger of falling behind continental rivals in Frankfurt and Amsterdam.  [1] Leunig, T., ‘A third runway? Yes, and a fourth too, please’ The Times, 2012,   [2] Lundgren, Kari, “Heathrow Limit Costs U.K. 14 Billion Pounds, Airport Says”, Bloomberg, 15 November 2012,   [3] Topham, Gwyn., ‘Heathrow must be expanded or replaced, airport chief announces’ The Guardian, 15 November 2012, Heathrow, expansion, capacity, limits, delays, passengers, rivals, four-runway, hub, airports, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, flights, Britain, competitiveness, stop-over, Colin Matthews, BAA, hub capacity, economy, continental, Amsterdam, third runway, costs, U.K., Bloomberg, Guardian, airport chief, replaced Heathrow, expansion, capacity, four-runway, hub airports, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, delays, passengers, competitiveness, stop-over, Colin Matthews, BAA, costs, UK, continental rivals, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, third runway, Bloomberg, The Guardian, The Times, Leunig, Lundgren, Topham, Gwyn Heathrow, expansion, capacity, 99%, delays, passengers, London, rivals, four-runway, hub airports, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, flights, Britain, competitiveness, stop-over, Colin Matthews, BAA, hub capacity, UK, £14billion, falling behind, continental, Amsterdam, The Times, Bloomberg, The Guardian Heathrow, expansion, capacity, delays, passengers, London, rivals, four-runway, hub, airports, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, flights, Britain, competitiveness, stop-over, Colin Matthews, BAA, hub capacity, economy, continental, Amsterdam, The Times, Bloomberg, The Guardian Heathrow, expansion, capacity, limits, delays, passengers, four-runway, hub, airports, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, London, rivals, competitiveness, stop-over, Colin Matthews, BAA, hub capacity, UK, economy, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, third runway, fourth runway, The Times, Bloomberg, The Guardian, Topham, Gwyn, airport chief, replacement
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro07a	Legal drugs would increase tax revenue  In 2009-2010, the tax revenue from tobacco in the UK was £10.5 billion. [1] If the state legalizes drugs, it can tax them and use the revenue from this practise to fund treatment. At the moment such treatment is difficult to justify as it appears to be spending ordinary taxpayers’ money on junkies.  [1] Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association, ‘Tax Revenue From Tobacco’, accessed 16th June 2011 - legal drugs, tax revenue, tobacco, UK, 2009-2010, £10.5 billion, drug legalization, taxation, treatment funding, taxpayer money, junkies, Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association legal drugs, tax revenue, tobacco, UK, 2009-2010, £10.5 billion, state legalization, drug taxation, funding treatment, taxpayer money, junkies, Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association legal drugs, tax revenue, UK, tobacco, £10.5 billion, 2009-2010, drug legalization, drug taxation, treatment funding, taxpayers’ money, junkies, Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association legal drugs, tax revenue, tobacco, UK, 2009-2010, £10.5 billion, drug legalization, taxation, funding treatment, taxpayers, junkies, Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association, 2011 Legal drugs, tax revenue, UK, tobacco, £10.5 billion, 2009-2010, drug legalization, taxation, funding treatment, taxpayer money, junkies, Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-con01a	Open source software is more expensive for governments in the long run.  Open source software is often confused with free software; in fact, it is usually provided at some cost to the user. More importantly, if a Microsoft product fails, a government IT department knows that it can rely on a patch or technical support. Whereas, with open source software, they are left waiting on a community to get round to tackling the problem. This has meant that governments which choose open source software have had to pay for expensive support packages, which makes the total cost of the IT solution similar to that of the closed source software. This has been to the advantage of major consultancy firms, which are often chosen to put together IT solutions and who can make more money from pushing expensive support contracts than on upfront costs for software.  In the rush to find the software with the cheapest sticker price, there is a risk that governments will end up paying more overall for open software that lacks the accessibility and features of the closed source alternatives. open source software, government, long-term costs, free software, cost to user, technical support, Microsoft, patch, community support, expensive support packages, total cost, IT solution, closed source software, consultancy firms, upfront costs, sticker price, accessibility, features, software alternatives Open source, software, government, long run, cost, free software, Microsoft, support, patch, technical, community, consultancy, firms, IT solution, contract, sticker price, accessibility, features, closed source, alternatives open source software, government, long run costs, free software, cost to user, Microsoft, technical support, patch, community support, expensive support packages, total cost, IT solution, closed source software, consultancy firms, IT solutions, upfront costs, software sticker price, overall costs, accessibility, features open source software, government, long-term costs, free software, cost, technical support, Microsoft, patch, community support, expensive support packages, total cost, consultancy firms, IT solutions, software price, sticker price, accessibility, features, closed source alternatives open source software, government costs, long-term expenses, free software misconception, user costs, Microsoft support, patch reliability, technical support, open source delays, community support, expensive support packages, total cost of ownership, consultancy firms, IT solutions, upfront costs, sticker price, overall costs, software accessibility, feature comparison, closed source alternatives
test-health-dhghwapgd-con04a	"Robust drug patent laws incentivize investment of time and money in developing new products  When a real chance of profit exists in the development of a new product or drug, people and firms put the effort into developing and creating them. The incentive to profit drives a great deal of people's intellectual endeavors. Research and development, for example, forms a major part of industries' investment, as they seek to create new products and inventions that will benefit consumers, and thus society as a whole. Research and development is extremely costly, however. The US pharmaceutical industry alone spends tens of billions of dollars every year on researching new drugs1. The fear of theft, or of lack of profit stemming from such research, will serve as a powerful disincentive to investment. Without the protection of patents, new drugs lose much of their value, since a second-comer on the field can simply take the formula and develop the same product without the heavy costs of research involved, leaving the innovative company worse off than its copycat competitor. This will lead to far less innovation, and will hamper companies currently geared toward innovative and progressive products. Patent protection is particularly important to companies with high fixed costs and low marginal costs, such as pharmaceutical firms. Without the guarantee of ownership over intellectual products, the incentive to invest in their development is diminished as they will not be guaranteed a payback for their research costs as a competitor could simply take the product off them. Within a robust patents system, firms compete to produce the best product for patenting and licensing that will give them a higher market share and allow them to reap high profits. These incentives lead firms to ""invent around"" one another's patents, leading to gradual improvements in drugs and treatments, benefiting all consumers2. Without patents the drugs companies are trapped in a kind of prisoners' dilemma where both are individually better off by refusing to innovate, yet both suffer if neither innovates. Patents are the solution to this: if a company innovates, it alone can reap the rewards of the new invention3. In the absence of patent protection there is no incentive to develop new drugs, meaning in the long run more people will suffer from diseases and ailments that might have been cured were it profitable to invest in developing them. Clearly, patent protection is essential for a dynamic, progressive pharmaceutical industry.  1 Congressional Budget Office. 2006. Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry"". The Congress of the United States. Available: 2 Nicol, Dianne and Jane Nielsen. 2003. ""Patents and Medical Biotechnology: Empirical Analysis of Issues Facing the Australian Industry"". Center for Law and Genetics Occasional Paper 6. Available: 3 Yale Law & Technology. 2011, ""Patents: Essential, if flawed"", Available: drug patent laws, investment, research and development, pharmaceutical industry, profit, innovation, intellectual property, patent protection, costs, market share, licensing, gradual improvements, diseases, ailments, consumers, prisoners' dilemma, dynamic pharmaceutical industry, empirical analysis, medical biotechnology, competition, incentives, high fixed costs, low marginal costs, intellectual endeavors, theft, disincentive, payback, invention, development, society, public health, technological advancement, economic growth, regulatory framework, legal protection, commercialization, drug companies, product development, market dynamics, patent system, generic drugs, economic incentives, health care, drug discovery, pharmaceutical research robust drug patent laws, incentivize investment, research and development, pharmaceutical industry, patent protection, intellectual property, innovation, profit, cost recovery, market share, licensing, prisoners' dilemma, dynamic pharmaceutical industry, disease treatment, societal benefit, high fixed costs, low marginal costs, invent around, gradual improvements, drug development, theft prevention, economic incentive, health innovation, competitive advantage, consumer benefit, industry progress, legal protection, drug formula, copycat competitor, innovation disincentive, patented products, pharmaceutical research, profit guarantee, intellectual endeavors, progressive products, societal health, comprehensive patent system, pharmaceutical patents, economic investment, bi robust drug patent laws, investment, new products, profit, innovation, research and development, pharmaceutical industry, costs, patent protection, intellectual property, market share, prisoners' dilemma, dynamic pharmaceutical industry, consumer benefits, disease treatment, intellectual endeavors, biotechnology, economic incentives, competitive advantage drug patent laws, investment, research and development, pharmaceutical industry, profit, intellectual property, innovation, market share, patent protection, high fixed costs, low marginal costs, prisoners' dilemma, dynamic pharmaceutical industry, public health, intellectual endeavors, cost recovery, competition, invent around, societal benefit, gradual improvements, drug treatments, disease management, economic incentives, commercialization, biomedical research, technological advancement robust drug patent laws, incentivize investment, research and development, pharmaceutical industry, high fixed costs, low marginal costs, patent protection, intellectual property, market share, profits, innovation, gradual improvements, prisoners' dilemma, dynamic pharmaceutical industry, disease treatment, consumer benefits, cost recovery, competitive advantage, formula theft, profit guarantee, long-term suffering,ivoluntary non-innovation, empirical analysis, legal protection, licensing, drug development, intellectual endeavors, societal benefit, heavy costs, disincentive, copycat competitors, invent around, medical biotechnology, Australian industry, flawed patents, technological advancement, economic incentive, patent system, drug"
test-economy-epegiahsc-con02a	The FTAA is bad for South American Agriculture.  During the FTAA negotiations, the US has consistently refused to eliminate subsidies for American farmers [1] . Because of subsidies, great agricultural surpluses are produced that are then sold on developing markets at prices lower than the cost of production. Farmers in places like Brazil or Argentina, who are much more efficient in their process of production but do not benefit from subsidies, could not compete with these low priced imports, either locally or on the American market. Farmers would soon go out of business.  [1] Marquis, Christopher. “Panama Challenges Miami as Free Trade Headquarters.” New York Times. 11 November 2003. www.nytimes.com/2003/11/11/world/panama-challenges-miami-as-free-trade-h... FTAA, South American Agriculture, US Subsidies, American Farmers, Agricultural Surpluses, Developing Markets, Brazil, Argentina, Competition, Low-Priced Imports, Production Costs, Farmer Bankruptcy, Free Trade Negotiations, Christopher Marquis, New York Times, Panama, Miami, Free Trade Headquarters FTAA, South American Agriculture, US subsidies, American farmers, agricultural surpluses, developing markets, Brazil, Argentina, efficient production, low priced imports, competition, local market, American market, farmers out of business, free trade, economic impact, international trade, agricultural policy, trade negotiations, subsidy policy, developing countries, agriculture economics FTAA, South American Agriculture, US Subsidies, American Farmers, Agricultural Surpluses, Developing Markets, Brazil, Argentina, Competition, Low Priced Imports, Cost of Production, Farmers Out of Business, Free Trade, Panama, Miami, New York Times FTAA, South American Agriculture, US subsidies, American farmers, agricultural surpluses, developing markets, Brazil, Argentina, production efficiency, low priced imports, competition, local market, American market, farmers, business, Christopher Marquis, New York Times, Panama, Miami, Free Trade Headquarters FTAA, South American Agriculture, US subsidies, American farmers, agricultural surpluses, developing markets, Brazil, Argentina, production efficiency, low priced imports, competition, local market, American market, farmers out of business, Panama, Free Trade Headquarters, New York Times, Christopher Marquis, 2003
test-health-dhpelhbass-pro03a	"Suicide is a lonely, desperate act, carried out in secrecy and often as a cry for help  The impact on the family who remain can be catastrophic. Often because they were unaware of how their loved one was feeling. Suicide cases such as Megan Meier, an American teenager who committed suicide by hanging herself in 2006, [1] as the parents have to launch police investigations into why their child might have felt so desperate. By legalising assisted suicide, the process can be brought out into the open. In some cases, families might have been unaware of the true feelings of their loved one; being forced to confront the issue of their illness may do great good, perhaps even allowing them to persuade the patient not to end their life. In other cases, it makes them part of the process: they can understand the reasons behind their decision without feelings of guilt and recrimination, and the terminally ill patient can speak openly to them about their feelings before their death.  [1] Wikipedia, ""Suicide of Megan Meier"", en.wikipedia.org,  (accessed 6/6/2011) suicide, loneliness, desperation, secrecy, family, unawareness, Megan Meier, assisted suicide, legalisation, openness, illness, persuasion, terminally ill, decision, guilt, recrimination, communication suicide, lonely, desperate, secrecy, cry for help, family impact, unawareness, Megan Meier, American teenager, suicide by hanging, 2006, parents, police investigations, legalising assisted suicide, openness, family involvement, terminal illness, decision-making, guilt, recrimination, open communication, feelings, death suicide, loneliness, desperation, secrecy, family, impact, unawareness, Megan Meier, assisted suicide, legalisation, openness, illness, persuasion, terminally ill, decision, guilt, recrimination, communication suicide, loneliness, desperation, secrecy, family, unawareness, Megan Meier, assisted suicide, legalisation, openness, illness, persuasion, terminally ill, decision, guilt, recrimination, feelings, death suicide, loneliness, desperation, secrecy, cry for help, family impact, unawareness, Megan Meier, assisted suicide, legalisation, openness, family involvement, illness awareness, persuasion, terminally ill, decision understanding, guilt, recrimination"
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con01a	"Democracy by its very nature cannot be imposed.  Democratic government is not only government for the people, but also government by and of the people. A foreign-imposed government is not a government established by the people which it rules, meaning that it lacks the legitimacy necessary to claim democratic status. It is wrong to force a government upon people, and imposers of 'democracy' do just that. This is exacerbated by the fact that foreign-imposed democracies often have a great deal of trouble governing themselves independently (like the Iraqi and Afghani governments, which are still very much reliant on the United States), thus de- legitimizing the government even further1.  1 Doyle, Michael. ""Promoting Democracy is Not Imposing Democracy."" The Huffington Post. democracy, imposed, government, people, legitimacy, foreign, independent, ruling, force, promoting, imposing, Iraqi, Afghani, United States, de-legitimizing, self-governance, democratic status, nature, political sovereignty, external influence democracy, imposed, government, people, legitimacy, foreign, rule, force, trouble, independent, de-legitimizing, Iraqi, Afghani, United States, promoting, imposing, Huffington Post, Doyle, Michael Democracy, imposed, government, people, legitimacy, foreign-imposed, independent, Iraq, Afghanistan, United States, Doyle, Michael, Promoting Democracy, Huffington Post democracy, imposed, government, people, legitimacy, foreign-imposed, democracy-forced, self-governance, Iraqi, Afghani, United-States, de-legitimization, promoting-democracy, Michael-Doyle, Huffington-Post democracy, imposition, legitimacy, self-governance, foreign-intervention, political-independence, democratic-government, people-rule, force, governance, Iraq, Afghanistan, United-States, Doyle, Michael, Huffington-Post, promoting-democracy"
test-international-glilpdwhsn-con02a	"The New START treaty helps Russia more than the US  Not only does New START leave in place Russia’s extant tactical nuclear advantage but it has further loopholes for Russian weapons. As Mitt Romney argued in 2010: ""Does the treaty provide gaping loopholes that Russia could use to escape nuclear weapon limits entirely? Yes. For example, multiple warhead missile bombers are counted under the treaty as only one warhead. While we currently have more bombers than the Russians, they have embarked on new programs for long-range bombers and for air-launched nuclear cruise missiles. Thus, it is no surprise that Russia is happy to undercount missiles on bombers."" [1]  New START also fails to limit rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), which Russia could potentially make use of. The definition of rail-mobile ICBM launchers was established in the expired START as “an erector-launcher mechanism for launching ICBMs and the railcar or flatcar on which it is mounted.” [2] This and associated restrictions and limitations in START, are not in the New START. This makes it possible for Russia to claim that any new Rail Mobile ICBMs are not subject to New START limitations. [3] Mitt Romney worries that Russia is already working to take advantage of these omissions: “As drafted, it lets Russia escape the limit on its number of strategic nuclear warheads. Loopholes and lapses -- presumably carefully crafted by Moscow -- provide a path to entirely avoid the advertised warhead-reduction targets. …. These omissions would be consistent with Russia's plans for a new heavy bomber and reports of growing interest in rail-mobile ICBMs."" [4]  This means that under the treaty limits, the United States is the only country that must reduce its launchers and strategic nuclear weapons. Russia has managed to negotiate the treaty limits so that they simply restrict it to reductions it was already planning to do. As a result the United States is making what are effectively unilateral reductions. [5] Therefore, New START is an unequal treaty as it offers more to Russia than to the US. This is bad for the balance of power and thus bad for world peace, and so New START should be opposed.  [1] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010.   [2] ‘Terms and Definitions’, The Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms And Associated Documents, 1991,   [3] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [4] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010.   [5] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010. New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, multiple warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile ICBMs, strategic nuclear warheads, unilateral reductions, balance of power, world peace, Mitt Romney, Boston.com, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry New START treaty, tactical nuclear advantage, Russia, United States, Mitt Romney, loopholes, nuclear weapon limits, multiple warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, strategic nuclear warheads, unequal treaty, world peace, unilateral reductions,balance of power, strategic offensive arms, Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, multiple warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, unilateral reductions, balance of power, world peace New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, multiple warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, strategic nuclear warheads, unequal treaty, balance of power, world peace, unilateral reductions, Boston.com, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry New START, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, multiple warhead missile bombers, long-range bombers, air-launched nuclear cruise missiles, rail-mobile ICBMs, START treaty, strategic nuclear warheads, launchers, unilateral reductions, unequal treaty, balance of power, world peace"
test-international-ehbfe-con01a	Moves toward federalism will endanger the stability of the EU  There are great dangers of forcing people in a direction they do not wish to go. An ill-advised dash to build a federal Europe could raise dormant nationalist feelings, promote the rise of populist politicians with xenophobic agendas and endanger the stability of the EU. A Gaullist “Europe of Nations” [1] preserves the current benefits of EU without the risks of further unwanted political integration.  “(...)Dominant groups have more to gain from the majoritarian principle which is indispensable for constitutional democracies. As such, minorities would be placed at an ever more disadvantaged position in a European state. Thus, the progression of the EU into a federal state is bound to have a more negative than it would a positive impact on European integration.” [2]  [1] Ross, ‘Chirac the Great or de Gaulle the Small?’  [2] Cocodia, ‘Problems of Integration in a Federal Europe’ federalism, EU stability, nationalist feelings, populist politicians, xenophobic agendas, Gaullist Europe, constitutional democracies, minority disadvantages, European integration federalism, EU stability, nationalist feelings, populist politicians, xenophobic agendas, Europe of Nations, political integration, constitutional democracies, majoritarian principle, minority disadvantages, European integration, Gaullist vision, risks of federal Europe, Cocodia, Ross federalism, EU stability, nationalist feelings, populist politicians, xenophobic agendas, Europe of Nations, Gaullist, constitutional democracies, majoritarian principle, minority disadvantage, European integration, political risks, constitutional integration, regional stability, democratic governance, European state formation, minority rights, political integration, national sovereignty, governance challenges, EU political evolution federalism, EU stability, nationalist feelings, populist politicians, xenophobic agendas, Gaullist Europe, minority disadvantages, majoritarian principle, constitutional democracies, European state, European integration, political integration risks federalism, EU stability, nationalist feelings, populist politicians, xenophobic agendas, Gaullist Europe, constitutional democracies, minority disadvantages, European integration, political integration risks
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-pro03a	Removing barriers to demobilisation, disarmament and rehabilitation  It can easily be conceded, without weakening the resolution, that war and combat are horrific, damaging experiences. Over the last seventy years, the international community has attempted to limit the suffering that follows the end of a conflict by giving soldiers and civilians access to medical and psychological care. This is now an accepted part of the practice of post-conflict reconstruction, referred to as Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) [i] .  The effects of chronic war and chronic engagement with war are best addressed by a slow and continuous process of habituation to normal life. Former child soldiers are sent to treatment centres specialising in this type of care in states such as Sierra Leone [ii] .  What is harmful to this process of recovery is the branding of child soldiers as war criminals. The stigma attached to such a conviction would condemn hundreds of former child soldiers to suffering extended beyond the end of armed conflicts.  Sentencing guidelines binding on the ICC state that anyone convicted of war crimes who is younger than eighteen should not be subject to a sentence of life imprisonment. Their treatment, once incarcerated, is required to be oriented toward rehabilitation.  Many child soldiers become officers within the organisations that they join. Alternately, they might find themselves ordered to seek more recruits from their villages and communities. For these children participation in the conflict becomes participation in the crime itself. What began as a choice of necessity during war-time could, under the status quo, damage and stigmatise a child during peace-time [iii] . Even if their sentence emphasises reform and education, a former child soldier is likely to become an uninjured casualty of the war, marked out as complicit in acts of aggression. When labelled as such children will become vulnerable to reprisal attacks and entrenched social exclusion.  Discussing attempts to foster former Colombian child combatants, the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers state that, “The stigmatization of child soldiers, frequently perceived as violent and threatening, meant that families were reluctant to receive former child soldiers. Those leaving the specialized care centres moved either to youth homes or youth protection facilities for those with special protection problems. While efforts continued to strengthen fostering and family-based care, approximately 60 per cent of those entering the DDR program were in institutional care in 2007.” [iv]  Crucially, fear of being targeted by the ICC may lead former child soldiers to avoid disclosing their status to officials running demobilisation programs. They may be deterred from participating in the DDR process [v] .  Moreover, the authority of the ICC is often subject to criticism on the international stage by politicians and jurists linked to both democratic states [vi] and the non-liberal or authoritarian regimes most likely to become involved in conflicts that breach humanitarian law. It cannot assist the claims of the ICC to be a body that represents universal concepts of compassion and justice if it is seen to target children- often barely in their teens- in the course of prosecuting war crimes.  As the Child Soliders 2008 Global Report notes, “Prosecutions should not, by focusing solely on the recruitment and use of child soldiers, exclude other crimes committed against children. Such an approach risks stigmatizing child soldiers and ignores the wider abuses experienced by children in conflict situations. It is on these grounds that some have questioned the exclusive child-soldier focus of the ICC’s charges against Thomas Lubanga. After all, the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC/L), the armed group he led, is widely acknowledged to have committed numerous other serious crimes against children, as well as adults.” [vii]  [i] “Case Studies in War to Peace Transition”, Coletta, N., Kostner, M., Widerhofer, I. The World Bank, 1996  [ii] “Return of Sierra Leone’s Lost Generation”, The Guardian, 02 March 2000,   [iii] “Agony Without End for Liberia’s Child Soldiers”, The Guardian, 12 July 2009,   [iv] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p103,   [v] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p16,   [vi] “America Attacked for ICC Tactics”, The Guardian, 27 August 2002,   [vii] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, pp32-33, demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, post-conflict reconstruction, child soldiers, treatment centres, war criminals, stigma, sentencing guidelines, International Criminal Court, rehabilitation, recruitment, conflict, social exclusion, stigmatization, fear, prosecution, humanitarian law, compassion, justice, Union of Congolese Patriots, crimes against children, Liberia, Sierra Leone, global report, coalition, America, ICC tactics demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, war, combat, post-conflict, reconstruction, medical care, psychological care, Disarmament Demobilisation Reintegration, DDR, child soldiers, treatment centres, Sierra Leone, stigmatization, war criminals, sentencing guidelines, International Criminal Court, ICC, rehabilitation, non-liberal regimes, authoritarian regimes, human rights, compassion, justice, prosecution, crimes against children, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, UPC/L, child-soldier focus, global report, Coletta, Kostner, Widerhofer, The World Bank, The Guardian, Liberia Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reintegration, DDR, Child Soldiers, Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Rehabilitation, Stigmatization, War Crimes, International Criminal Court, ICC, Prosecution, Conflict Situations, Humanitarian Law, Social Exclusion, Sierra Leone, Colombia, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, Human Rights, Youth Protection, Stigma, Recruitment, Child Abuse, Aggression, Universal Justice, Global Report, Political Criticism, Youth Care, Institutional Care, Peace Transition, Humanitarian Care, Psychological Care, Chronic War, Habituation, Normal Life, Treatment Centres, Combatants, Former Child removing barriers, demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, war, combat, post-conflict reconstruction, Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration, DDR, chronic war, habituation, normal life, child soldiers, treatment centres, Sierra Leone, branding, war criminals, stigma, ICC, sentencing guidelines, rehabilitation, officers, recruitment, villages, communities, conflict, complicity, stigmatization, Colombia, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, foster care, social exclusion, reprisal attacks, youth homes, youth protection facilities, institutional care, fear, disclosure, officials, participation, political criticism, international stage removing barriers, demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, post-conflict reconstruction, DDR, child soldiers, treatment centres, stigma, war criminals, sentencing guidelines, ICC, rehabilitation, stigmatization, family-based care, institutional care, fear, prosecution, universal justice, child recruitment, abuse, humanitarian law, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, UPC/L, crimes against children
test-philosophy-elhbrd-pro03a	The decision to die is a deeply personal one - it is no business of the state.  Ultimately, the decision to die is a personal one, it may affect others but, clearly it has the greatest impact on the person who decides to die.  Clearly those who remain behind will have to deal with the consequences of that death and the end of their relationship with that person but, one would hope, that would be the case if she had died of natural causes at a later date. Furthermore the experience of watching someone die can by as traumatic, or more so, for the carer or loved one than it is for the individual concerned.  What it clearly is not, is an issue for legislators and other strangers who have no connection to the person involved. There are deeply personal issues such as love, death, sex, and reproduction where we accept the state may have a role in the formal sense of preventing their abuse but otherwise should not have an opinion either way. With the right to die the state has maintained not only an opinion but a criminal sanction. This is a clear example of where the role of the state is to respect the individual and step back; legislation is far too cumbersome a tool with be used in circumstances as varied and complex as these.  Dealing with the loss of a loved one, particularly in a situation such as assisted suicide, is painful and traumatic enough for all concerned without adding to that the additional stress of a threat of criminal sanction. right to die, personal autonomy, state intervention, assisted suicide, legislation, criminal sanction, end-of-life decisions, impact on loved ones, personal freedom, moral autonomy, state role, individual rights, traumatic loss, carer experience, natural death, human rights, ethical considerations, legal implications, personal choice, state overreach decision to die, personal choice, state intervention, impact on others, natural causes, consequences of death, relationship dynamics, traumatic experience, carer, loved one, deeply personal issues, love, death, sex, reproduction, state role, preventing abuse, right to die, criminal sanction, individual rights, respect for individual, legislation, varied and complex circumstances, loss of loved one, assisted suicide, criminal stress decision to die, personal choice, state intervention, right to die, assisted suicide, criminal sanction, personal autonomy, legislators, trauma, loss, carers, loved ones, natural causes, personal issues, love, death, sex, reproduction, state role, individual rights, complex circumstances, legal opinion, trauma of watching someone die, end of relationship, respect for individual, cumbersome legislation decision to die, personal choice, state intervention, assisted suicide, personal autonomy, end-of-life, caregivers, trauma, criminal sanction, legislation, individual rights, death, loss, trauma, complex circumstances, respect for individual,role of state, natural causes, impact on others, relationship end, deeply personal issues, love, sex, reproduction, abuse prevention, opinion of strangers, legal consequences, emotional stress right to die, assisted suicide, personal autonomy, state intervention, criminal sanction, end-of-life decisions, personal freedom, legislator role, Impact on loved ones, trauma, death penalty, individual rights, state's role, personal choice, carer experience, natural death, emotional trauma, legal consequences, complex circumstances, respect for individual, legislative interference
test-politics-cpegiepgh-con02a	"In joining the single currency, Britain would have to surrender her sovereignty and allow Brussels (where the EU is based) to dictate her financial affairs.  If she accepted the Euro as her currency, Britain would have to hand the control she has over her economy over to Brussels. EU Committees would dictate how she may spend and tax. It is too dangerous for any country to have her economic affairs dictated by another country. This is an issue even Europhiles (those who support the EU) are sceptical about. ""Joining the euro would involve a major surrendering of our sovereignty, severely hindering our ability to run the economy as we see fit. We would lose control over interest rates, and the ability to manage the economy through taxing and spending. Instead, it would be run by European committees… Even British politician Kenneth Clarke, nicknamed “Europe’s biggest friend” and one of the leading campaigners for the euro, admits that Britain’s ability to tax is central to its democracy.”1  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"", page 70 single currency, sovereignty, Brussels, financial affairs, Euro, economic control, EU Committees, taxing, spending, economic affairs, Europhiles, joining euro, surrender sovereignty, economy management, interest rates, European committees, Kenneth Clarke, Britain, democracy, tax authority single currency, Britain, sovereignty, Brussels, EU, financial affairs, Euro, economy, control, economic affairs, Europhiles, sceptical, joining euro, surrendering sovereignty, manage economy, taxing, spending, European committees, Kenneth Clarke, Britain's ability to tax, democracy euro, britain, sovereignty, brussels, eu, financial affairs, control, economy, taxation, spending, interest rates, european committees, democracy, kenneth clarke, europhiles, economic affairs, single currency, join, major surrender, manage, central, democracy, page 70, the euro, should britain join, 2001, browne, a. single currency, Britain, sovereignty, Brussels, financial affairs, Euro, economy, control, EU Committees, spending, taxing, dangerous, country, economic affairs, Europhiles, joining euro, major surrendering, run economy, interest rates, manage economy, European committees, Kenneth Clarke, Britain's ability to tax, democracy euro, sovereignty, britain, brussels, financial affairs, economy, eu committees, taxing, spending, interest rates, europhiles, kenneth clarke, democracy, european committees, economic control, single currency, britain economy, currency control, economic sovereignty, eu support, economic management, tax control, britain euro debate, european integration, economic independence, european union, financial sovereignty, economic policy, britain eu relationship, economic governance, european economic control, european financial policy, european economic sovereignty, european financial sovereignty, european economic management, european financial management, european economic policy, european financial governance, european economic independence"
test-international-miasimyhw-pro03a	Policies towards a free labour market will create unity.  National borders are a result of Africa’s colonial history. The boundaries constructed do not reflect meaning or unite ethnic groups across the continent. The border between Togo and Ghana alone divides the Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba and Ewe peoples. [1] Therefore encouraging freedom of movement across Africa will erase a vital component of Africa’s colonial history.  The erasing of boundaries, for labour markets, will have significant impacts for rebuilding a sense of unity, and reducing xenophobic fears, of which have been politically constructed.  A sense of unity will motivate citizens to reduce disparities and inequalities of poverty.  [1] Cogneau, 2012, pp.5-6 policies, free labour market, unity, national borders, colonial history, Africa, ethnic groups, Togo, Ghana, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, freedom of movement, erasing boundaries, labour markets, xenophobia, political construction, disparity, inequality, poverty reduction, Cogneau 2012 policies, free labour market, unity, national borders, colonial history, Africa, ethnic groups, Togo, Ghana, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, freedom of movement, erasing boundaries, colonial history, labour markets, unity, xenophobia, political constructs, disparities, poverty, inequality, Cogneau, 2012 policies, free labour market, unity, national borders, colonial history, Africa, ethnic groups, Togo, Ghana, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, freedom of movement, erasing boundaries, colonial legacy, labour markets, unity, xenophobia, political construction, disparities, inequalities, poverty, Cogneau, 2012 Policies, Free Labour Market, Unity, National Borders, Colonial History, Africa, Ethnic Groups, Togo, Ghana, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, Freedom of Movement, Colonial Legacy, Erasing Boundaries, Labour Markets, Rebuilding Unity, Reducing Xenophobia, Political Construction, Unity Motivation, Reducing Disparities, Inequalities, Poverty, Cogneau, 2012 Policies, free labour market, unity, national borders, Africa, colonial history, boundaries, ethnic groups, Togo, Ghana, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, freedom of movement, erasing boundaries, labour markets, colonial history, rebuilding unity, reducing xenophobia, political construction, unity motivation, citizens, reduce disparities, inequalities, poverty, Cogneau, 2012
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-con01a	"Illegitimacy of the 2006 referendum  South Ossetia was wrong to hold elections under conflict conditions. In 2006, South Ossetia can be said to have been in 8 conflicts with Georgia when it held its 2006 referendum on independence. Holding referendums under such conflict conditions is generally illegitimate because the results of the elections are skewed by the conflict, threats, and the various risks for the voters involved. This caused David Bakradze, the chairman of a Georgian parliamentary European Integration Committee, to comment, “Under conflict conditions, you cannot speak about legitimate elections.” [1] This mirrors European human rights watchdog, the Council of Europe’s, denunciation of the referendum as ""unnecessary, unhelpful and unfair"". [2] Furthermore Russia's involvement in the 2006 referendum arguably corrupted its validity, as many of the authorities in S. Ossetia were installed there by the Russian government. [3]  [1] Radio Free Europe. “Overwhelming Support For South Ossetia Independence”. Radio Free Europe. The Journal of the Turkish Weekly. 13 November 2006.   [2] Walker, Shaun. “South Ossetia: Russian, Georgian...independent?”. Open Democracy. 15 November 2006.   [3] Socor, Vladimir. “MOSCOW’S FINGERPRINTS ALL OVER SOUTH OSSETIA’S REFERENDUM”. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 3 Issue: 212. The Jamestown Foundation. 15 November 2006. 2006 referendum, South Ossetia, conflict conditions, illegitimate elections, David Bakradze, Council of Europe, Russian involvement, Georgian parliamentary, European human rights watchdog, independence, Moscow's fingerprints, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Shaun Walker, Vladimir Socor, The Jamestown Foundation, The Journal of the Turkish Weekly, Radio Free Europe 2006 referendum, South Ossetia, conflict conditions, illegitimate elections, David Bakradze, Council of Europe, Russian involvement, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Georgian parliamentary European Integration Committee, Shaun Walker, Vladimir Socor, The Jamestown Foundation, The Journal of the Turkish Weekly, Radio Free Europe 2006 referendum, South Ossetia, conflict conditions, illegitimacy, elections, Georgian conflict, David Bakradze, Council of Europe, Russian involvement, Moscow’s fingerprints, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Open Democracy, Radio Free Europe, independence, voter threats, human rights watchdog, political stability, international recognition, ethnic tensions, self-determination 2006 referendum, South Ossetia, conflict conditions, illegitimacy, elections, Georgia, David Bakradze, Council of Europe, Russia, Moscow's influence, Eurasia, independence, human rights, political stability, international law, voter intimidation, democratic norms, sovereignty 2006 referendum, South Ossetia, illegitimacy, conflict conditions, elections, David Bakradze, Georgian parliamentary European Integration Committee, Council of Europe, denunciation, Russia involvement, Moscow's fingerprints, Eurasia Daily Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation, Open Democracy, Radio Free Europe, The Journal of the Turkish Weekly, independence, threats, voter risks, corrupt validity, authorities, Russian government"
test-international-iwiaghbss-con01a	Other states would not want to waste resources on a refugee state  The Seychelles are not a particularly rich place. Their main industries are tourism and tuna fishing accounting for 32% of employment, [1] both of which are unfortunately entirely dependent upon the territory of the islands themselves and cannot be moved. The result is that the Seychelles have little to offer those states that might consider giving up territory. The country will therefore have difficulty rebuilding its economy and would likely be a drain upon its host making countries unwilling to take on the commitment.  [1] The World Bank, ‘Seychelles Overview’, October 2013, refugee state, waste resources, Seychelles, tourism, tuna fishing, employment, territorial dependency, economic rebuilding, host country, economic drain, unwilling states, World Bank, Seychelles Overview Seychelles, economy, refugees, resource waste, tourism, tuna fishing, employment, territory, rebuilding, economic difficulty, host country, commitment, World Bank, Seychelles Overview Seychelles, refugee state, resource waste, tourism, tuna fishing, economic dependency, territorial limitations, economy rebuilding, economic burden, host country commitment refugee state, resource waste, Seychelles, not rich, main industries, tourism, tuna fishing, employment, territory dependent, cannot move, little to offer, host state, rebuild economy, economic drain, unwilling host, World Bank, Seychelles Overview, 2013 refugee state, waste resources, Seychelles, limited economic resources, tourism, tuna fishing, employment, dependent territory, economic rebuilding, host country commitment, The World Bank, Seychelles Overview
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con05a	Doctors should not be asked to take the moral burden of people who want to commit suicide  It is not fair to ask doctors who have committed their lives to preserving health to act as an instrument of killing a person. The doctor will then have to live with the doubt as to whether the act of assisting in the donation was just or not. In other words, if the person who wanted to die for another did not do so voluntarily, the act of killing him or her is morally wrong and the doctor becomes complicit. In order to carry out this scheme, the individual moral autonomy of doctors will be violated. [1]  [1] Tremblay, Joe. “Organ Donation Euthanasia: A Growing Epidemic.” Catholic News Agency, (2013). doctors, moral burden, suicide, health preservation, killing, moral wrong, complicity, individual moral autonomy, organ donation euthanasia, ethical dilemma, patient autonomy, medical ethics, physician-assisted suicide, healthcare professionals, moral responsibility, end-of-life decisions, voluntary euthanasia, involuntary euthanasia, ethical considerations doctors, moral burden, suicide, health preservation, killing, moral autonomy, complicity, voluntary, organ donation, euthanasia, ethics, medical ethics, legal issues, patient rights, physician responsibility doctors, moral burden, suicide, health preservation, killing, moral wrong, complicity, moral autonomy, organ donation euthanasia, ethical dilemma, patient autonomy, physician-assisted suicide, medical ethics, euthanasia, professional responsibility, voluntary action, involuntary action, legal issues, medical practice, human rights, compassionate care, end-of-life decisions, palliative care, Tremblay, Catholic News Agency, 2013 Doctors, moral burden, suicide, ethical dilemma, health preservation, euthanasia, moral autonomy, complicity, voluntary donation, organ donation, ethical responsibility, medical ethics, euthanasia epidemic, Catholic News Agency, Joe Tremblay doctors, moral burden, suicide, health preservation, instrumental killing, moral doubt, voluntary decision, moral wrong, complicity, individual moral autonomy, organ donation euthanasia, ethical dilemma, medical ethics, physician-assisted suicide, end-of-life care, euthanasia debate, medical professionalism, patient autonomy, doctor's role, moral responsibility, ethical standards, medical practice, human dignity, life termination, compassionate care, legal implications, societal norms, ethical principles, moral conflict, medical assistance, patient rights, ethical concerns, medical intervention, ethical issues, healthcare providers, moral obligations, medical ethics controversy, assisted dying, palliative care
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro06a	The law is hypocritical  In most countries where drugs are illegal, tobacco and alcohol, which arguably have equally devastating consequences in society, are legal. In a UK study, alcohol was shown to have the worst effects of any drug, yet the current law recognises that people should be able to choose whether they drink or not. [1] The same should be true of drugs.  [1] Professor David Nutt, ‘Drug Harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis’, The Lancet, Vol 376, Issue 9752, pp. 1558-1565, 6th November 2010, law, hypocrisy, drugs, illegal, tobacco, alcohol, consequences, society, UK, study, alcohol effects, drug harms, multicriteria decision analysis, Professor David Nutt, The Lancet, legal, choice, drink, drugs legalization law, hypocrisy, drugs, illegal, tobacco, alcohol, consequences, society, UK, study, alcohol effects, drug harms, multicriteria decision analysis, Professor David Nutt, The Lancet, personal choice, regulation, substance legality, public health, harm reduction law, hypocrisy, drugs, illegal, tobacco, alcohol, consequences, society, UK, study, alcohol, worst, effects, drug, harms, multicriteria, decision, analysis, Professor, David, Nutt, The, Lancet, Vol, 376, Issue, 9752, November, 2010 law, hypocrisy, drugs, illegal, tobacco, alcohol, consequences, society, UK, study, alcohol effects, drug harms, multicriteria decision analysis, Professor David Nutt, The Lancet, personal choice, drug legality, substance regulation, public health policy law, hypocrisy, drugs, illegal, tobacco, alcohol, consequences, society, UK, study, alcohol effects, drug harms, multicriteria decision analysis, Professor David Nutt, The Lancet, personal choice, drug legality
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-pro03a	Boycotting Euro 2012 is proportional  Diplomacy is necessary with any regime almost no matter how oppressive they are however that does not show approval of a regime to the world in the way that high profile visits and events can. Just as the Beijing Olympics were the People’s Republic of China’s coming out party so Euro 2012 is an ideal chance for Ukraine to show itself off to Europe and the rest of the world. If there was not a boycott this would implicitly show that Europe approves of Ukraine and the actions of its government.  In a list of possible diplomatic responses that range from verbal diplomatic complaints right up to sanctions a boycott represents a mid-point. A boycott is perhaps the best action that the European Union leaders could take is it takes away the shine that the event would otherwise give the Yanukovych. It will be denying him the political benefits of the Euros while highlighting rights concerns. A boycott is also proportional because it gives Ukraine’s leaders a chance to reform before beginning any further measures that would have a much deeper effect on diplomatic relations. Boycott,Euro 2012,Diplomacy,Proportional,Regime,Oppressive,Beijing Olympics,People's Republic of China,Ukraine,Europe,World,Yanukovych,Political benefits,Rights concerns,European Union,Reform,Sanctions,Diplomatic relations Boycotting, Euro 2012, Diplomacy, Regime, Oppressive, High-profile, Events, Approval, Beijing Olympics, People’s Republic of China, Ukraine, Europe, World, Implicit Approval, Government Actions, Diplomatic Responses, Verbal Complaints, Sanctions, Mid-point, European Union, Leaders, Shine, Event, Yanukovych, Political Benefits, Rights Concerns, Reform, Further Measures, Diplomatic Relations Boycott, Euro 2012, Diplomacy, Oppressive Regime, Beijing Olympics, Ukraine, Europe, Approval, Government Actions, Verbal Complaints, Sanctions, European Union, Yanukovych, Rights Concerns, Political Benefits, Reform, Diplomatic Relations Boycotting, Euro 2012, Diplomacy, Regime, Oppressive, Beijing Olympics, People’s Republic of China, Ukraine, Europe, World, High profile visits, Events, Approval, Government actions, Diplomatic responses, Verbal complaints, Sanctions, European Union, Leaders, Yanukovych, Political benefits, Rights concerns, Reform, Diplomatic relations Boycott, Euro 2012, Diplomacy, Regime, Oppressive, High-profile, Events, Approval, Beijing Olympics, People’s Republic of China, Ukraine, Europe, World, Implicit Approval, Government Actions, Diplomatic Responses, Verbal Complaints, Sanctions, Mid-point, European Union, Leaders, Shine, Yanukovych, Political Benefits, Rights Concerns, Proportional, Reform, Further Measures, Diplomatic Relations
test-international-iiahwagit-con01a	African countries have little money to spare  Africa has some of the least developed countries in the world, making extensive protection of endangered animals unviable. Many African countries are burdened by the more pressing issues of civil war, large debts, poverty, and economic underdevelopment. [1] These factors already draw significant amounts of money from limited budgets. Tanzania, for example, has revenue of $5.571 billion and an expenditure of $6.706 billion. [2] Increased expenditure on animal protection projects would only serve to worsen this budget deficit.  [1] Simensen, J. ‘Africa: the causes of under-development and the challenges of globalisation’  [2] The World Factbook ‘Tanzania’ African countries, least developed countries, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection, budget deficit worsening, causes of under-development, challenges of globalisation, The World Factbook, Simensen, J. African countries, underdevelopment, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection, globalisation, challenges, causes, under-development, Simensen, The World Factbook African countries, least developed countries, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection projects African countries, least developed, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection projects African countries, least developed, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, animal protection, revenue, expenditure, under-development, globalisation
test-international-aglhrilhb-con01a	Peace more important than Justice  In practice, prosecutions often come at the expense of other forms of reconciliation. For instance before Truth and Reconciliation Commissions can work amnesties have to be given for people to be willing to tell their stories. In order for people to put down weapons, or agree to tell stories, prosecutions must be given up.  This is evident with the conflict is South Sudan; the opposition which had signed the ceasefire agreement to restore stability in the region, breached it and started fighting again when many of its members were indicted for the crimes they had committed [1]. In such case the most important thing is to prevent future atrocities as healing can only start when there is no conflict or atrocities going on.  [1] Deustche Welle, ‘South Sudan: Rebels Strike Oil Centre, Breaching Ceasefire’, allafrica.com, 18 February 2014, Peace, Justice, Reconciliation, Prosecutions, Truth, Commissions, Amnesties, Conflict, South Sudan, Ceasefire, Atrocities, Stability, Healing, Indictment, Opposition, Rebels, Crimes, Weapons, Stability, Future, Prevention Peace, Justice, Prosecutions, Reconciliation, Truth, Commissions, Amnesties, Conflict, South Sudan, Ceasefire, Indictments, Atrocities, Stability, Healing, Opposition, Breach, Fighting, Crimes, Regional, Stability, Prevention Peace, Justice, Reconciliation, Prosecutions, Amnesties, Truth, South Sudan, Conflict, Atrocities, Ceasefire, Stability, Indictments, Opposition, Healing, Weapons, Crimes, Rebels, Oil Centre, Breach, Stability, Prevention Peace, Justice, Prosecutions, Reconciliation, Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, Amnesties, Conflict, South Sudan, Ceasefire, Atrocities, Indictments, Stability, Healing, Opposition, Rebels, Breach, Crimes, Oil Centre, Deustche Welle, allafrica.com, February 2014 peace, justice, reconciliation, prosecutions, amnesty, conflict, stability, atrocities, ceasefire, South Sudan, rebels, oil centre, ceasefire breach, indictments, healing, future prevention
test-economy-fiahwpamu-con02a	Deeper issues unresolved  Microfinance provides a quick-fix solution for the poor. The individual, or community, is provided with a loan to invest in their future. However, although access to capital is a key concern for enabling entrepreneurialism it is not the silver bullet. Microfinance schemes will fail without providing a stable political and economic environment that makes a good climate to invest in.  Microfinance is essentially short-termist. It encourages investment but only in things that will bring a quick return. With interest rates as high as 30% the person taking the loan needs to pay it back as quickly as possible. This can sometimes be against an individual’s long term interests, for example access to microfinance often reduces primary school attendance as this is a long term investment that will not pay back the loan money (IOE, 2011). microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, loans, entrepreneurship, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, long-term interests, high interest rates, primary school attendance, investment climate, community development, financial inclusion, sustainable development, debt, low-income, economic growth, empowerment, social impact microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, loans, investment, entrepreneurialism, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, high interest rates, repayment, long-term interests, primary school attendance, education, IOE 2011 microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, capital access, entrepreneurship, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, investment, high interest rates, loan repayment, long-term interests, primary school attendance, education, IOE 2011 Deeper issues, unresolved, Microfinance, quick-fix, poor, individual, community, loan, invest, future, access to capital, entrepreneurialism, stable political environment, economic environment, investment climate, short-termism, quick return, interest rates, pay back, long term interests, primary school attendance, long term investment, IOE, 2011 microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, loans, entrepreneurship, political stability, economic stability, short-termism, high interest rates, long-term interests, primary school attendance, investment climate, community development, financial sustainability
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-pro01a	Hosting creates a 'feel-good' factor  Hosting creates a 'feel-good factor'. It is hard to put a price on the buzz that surrounds international sporting events. Think of Paris during the World Football Cup in 1998 or Sydney during the 2002 Olympics. Even sporting success abroad can unite a nation (for example the England Rugby Union Team's victory in the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia). Governments are aware of the huge potential for boosting national pride and national unity. The Paris 2012 bid has used a well-known footballer, Zinedine Zidane, who is the son of an immigrant to stress how hosting the Olympics would bring Parisians of all backgrounds together. It is partly because of this 'feel-good factor' that so many people want their city to host the Olympics (97% of Parisians and 87% of Londoners want the 2012 Olympics). Hosting, feel-good factor, international sporting events, World Football Cup, Sydney Olympics, sporting success, national pride, national unity, Paris 2012 bid, Zinedine Zidane, immigrant, Olympics, Parisians, public support, Londoners Hosting, feel-good factor, international sporting events, World Football Cup, Sydney Olympics, national pride, national unity, Paris 2012 bid, Zinedine Zidane, Olympics, public support feel-good factor, hosting, international sporting events, World Football Cup, Sydney 2002 Olympics, national pride, national unity, Paris 2012 bid, Zinedine Zidane, Olympics, public support, London 2012, sports success, societal impact, urban development, cultural cohesion, immigrant integration, public enthusiasm, event legacy, economic boost, tourist attraction, international recognition, sports tourism, city branding, civic engagement, community spirit feel-good factor, hosting, international sporting events, World Football Cup, Sydney Olympics, sporting success, national pride, national unity, Paris 2012 bid, Zinedine Zidane, Olympics, public support, London 2012 Olympics Hosting, feel-good factor, international sporting events, World Football Cup, Sydney Olympics, sporting success, national pride, national unity, Paris 2012 bid, Zinedine Zidane, immigrant, Olympics, Parisians, Londoners, 2012 Olympics
test-economy-egppphbcb-pro03a	"The capitalist society enhances personal freedom  The Western democratic capitalist system protects individual's rights and liberties through freedom from of interference by other people. Mature adult citizens are believed to have the capacity to choose what kind of life they want to lead and create their own future without paternalistic coercion from the state (Berlin, 1958). The capitalist society's ideals could perhaps be best exemplified with the American dream where everyone has an initial equal opportunity to reach their full potential, each individual being choosing their own path free from external coercion,. James Truslow Adams defines the American Dream as the following in 1931 ""life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement""1. The current President of United Stated Barack Obama is a typical example of a person who has achieved the American dream. Barack Obama did not start his life with a traditional ""fortunate circumstance"" previous presidents had enjoyed (e.g. George Bush). Nevertheless he succeeded in transcending his social class, his race etc. and became the president of United States2. Thus capitalism provides everyone with a fair chance to reach great achievements in their life if they seize the opportunities.  1 James Truslow Adams papers, 1918-1949. (n.d.). Columbia University Library. Retrieved June 7, 2011  2 Barack Obama is the American Dream writ large. (2008). Mirror. Retrieved June 7, 2011 capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democratic system, individual rights, liberties, freedom from interference, mature adult citizens, self-determination, American Dream, equal opportunity, full potential, life choices, James Truslow Adams, Barack Obama, transcending social class, race, fair chance, achievements, capitalism, paternalistic coercion, initial equal opportunity, self-creation, non-interference, personal achievement, societal progress, individual success, political leadership, American ideals, historical context, presidential legacy, social mobility, economic freedom, political freedom, civil liberties, democratic capitalism, societal ideals, life enrichment, opportunity according to ability, American political capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democratic system, individual rights, liberties, freedom from interference, mature adult citizens, self-determination, American dream, initial equal opportunity, life potential, individual choice, James Truslow Adams, Barack Obama, American Dream, social mobility, racial barriers, presidential achievement, capitalism, fair chance, success, opportunity, self-made, political leadership, democratic values, individual achievement, social transcendence, racial diversity, presidential history, American values, political success, leadership opportunity, democratic capitalism, life betterment, self-fulfillment, social class, achievement potential, political representation, American society, personal capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democratic capitalist system, individual rights, liberties, freedom from interference, mature adult citizens, self-determination, American dream, equal opportunity, full potential, James Truslow Adams, life better, richer, fuller, opportunity, ability, achievement, Barack Obama, American Dream, transcend social class, race, great achievements, capitalism, fair chance capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democratic capitalist system, individual rights, liberties, freedom from interference, mature adult citizens, capacity to choose, paternalistic coercion, American dream, equal opportunity, full potential, James Truslow Adams, life better richer fuller, opportunity, ability, achievement, Barack Obama, American Dream writ large, transcending social class, race, fair chance, great achievements capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democratic system, individual rights, liberties, freedom from interference, mature adult citizens, self-determination, American dream, equal opportunity, non-paternalistic state, James Truslow Adams, Barack Obama, social mobility, racial barriers, political leadership, capitalism, fair chance, achievement, self-made success, initial equality, life potential, non-coercive environment, historical context, presidential legacy, American values, socio-economic advancement, individual choice, opportunity, societal ideals, political biography, democratic capitalism, liberal democracy, individualism, self-fulfillment, meritocracy, societal progress, transformative"
test-international-glilpdwhsn-con01a	"The New START treaty harms US nuclear capabilities  As David Ganz, the president of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), argues: ""This treaty would restrain the development and deployment of new nuclear weapons, missile defense systems, and missile delivery systems."" [1] The atrophying U.S. nuclear arsenal and weapons enterprise make reductions in the U.S. strategic nuclear arsenal even more dangerous. The new START treaty allows nuclear modernization but while the US capacity to modernize nuclear weapons is limited and either congress or the president is likely to prevent modernization on cost grounds. The Russians have a large, if unknown, advantage over the United States in terms of nonstrategic, particularly tactical, and nuclear weapons. The New START treaty however ignores these weapons entirely as it is focused on strategic arms. This therefore leaves the Russians with an advantage and potentially reduces the potential for deterrence in areas beyond the US. [2]  New START also restricts US missile defence options. The Obama Administration insists the treaty doesn’t affect it, but the Kremlin’s takes a different view: ""[START] can operate and be viable only if the United States of America refrains from developing its missile-defense capabilities quantitatively or qualitatively."" [3] New START imposes restrictions on U.S. missile defence options in at least four areas. First the preamble recognizes “the interrelationship between strategic offensive arms and strategic defensive arms” it seeks to make sure defensive arms “do not undermine the viability and effectiveness of the strategic offensive arms of the parties” so defensive arms must be reduced to allow offensive arms to remain effective. [4] Russia also issued a unilateral statement on April 7, 2010, Russia reinforced this restriction by issuing a unilateral statement asserting that it considers the “extraordinary events” that give “the right to withdraw from this treaty” to include a buildup of missile defense. [5] Second, Article V states “Each Party shall not convert and shall not use ICBM launchers and SLBM launchers for placement of missile defense interceptors” and vice versa. [6] There are also restrictions on some types of missiles and launchers that are used in the testing of missile defense. And Finally, article X established the Bilateral Consultative Commission (BCC), the treaty’s implementing body, with oversight over the implementation of the treaty which may impose additional restrictions on the U.S. missile defense program. [7]  [1] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010.   [2] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [3] Brookes, Peter. “Not a new START, but a bad START”. The Hill. 13 September 2010.   [4] Obama, Barak, and Medvedev, Dmitri, ‘Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms’, U.S. Department of State,   [5] Bureau of Verification, Compliance, and Implementation, ‘New START Treaty Fact Sheet: Unilateral Statements’, U.S. Department of State, 13 May 2010,   [6] Obama, Barak, and Medvedev, Dmitri, ‘Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms’, U.S. Department of State,   [7] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010. New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, Russian nuclear advantage, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, missile defense, Obama Administration, Kremlin, missile defense capabilities, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, treaty restrictions, US missile defense program, unilateral statement, treaty implementation, New START flaws, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, US Congress, US President, nuclear deterrence, nuclear weapons enterprise, arms control, international security New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, U.S. strategic nuclear arsenal, Russian advantage, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, missile defense, Obama Administration, Kremlin, missile defense capabilities, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, additional restrictions, U.S. missile defense program, nuclear deterrence, strategic arms, offensive arms, treaty flaws, U.S. Department of State, Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, Russian nuclear weapons, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, missile defense options, Obama Administration, Kremlin, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms, unilateral statements, nuclear deterrence, US missile defense program, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, New START Treaty Fact Sheet, Treaty implementation, restrictions New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear weapons, missile defense systems, missile delivery systems, U.S. nuclear arsenal, weapons enterprise, strategic nuclear arsenal, nuclear modernization, Russian nuclear advantage, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, strategic arms, missile defense, Obama Administration, Kremlin, missile defense capabilities, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, US missile defense program, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, atrophying nuclear arsenal, deterrence, New START flaws, strategic offensive arms, strategic New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, US nuclear arsenal, nuclear modernization, Russian nuclear advantage, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, strategic arms, missile defense, Obama Administration, Kremlin, missile defense capabilities, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, strategic offensive arms, treaty restrictions, unilateral statement, withdrawal clause, missile defense testing, treaty flaws, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, US Department of State, Barak Obama, Dmitri Medvedev, Treaty Between The United States of America And"
test-international-ehbfe-con02a	"Existing contributive inequalities within the Union would be amplified by a formal federal system  There is a possibility that once a federation, Europe will adopt certain policies that might be harmful for a minority of the member states. In consequence, any economic downturn in those states could manifest itself on a larger scale in the United States of Europe as economies of the member states rely (more than ever) on each other.  Furthermore different states may not contribute equally. States, because inducements to cooperate or threats to punish may be low, fail to provide for the collective benefit, therefore essentially ""passing the buck"" to other states, and most frequently to the most economically powerful participants. Citizens of large states like France, Great Britain, and Germany frequently complain that smaller states are not paying their ""fair share"" of the costs of the European Union. Meanwhile, smaller states may complain that they are overlooked or even disregarded because of their economically weaker status. These issues will be exacerbated in a European federation.  Decentralization decreases economic progress. [1] European countries where regions have more powers and responsibilities in terms of taxation, legislation and education policies tend to do better economically than centralised ones. Centralism hammers development of countries at the cost of its citizens.  [1] EUObserver, ‘Centralised states bad for economy, study shows’ contributive inequalities, federal system, harmful policies, economic downturn, interdependence, unequal contribution, collective benefit, passing the buck, fair share, economically powerful, smaller states, overlooked, disregarded, decentralization, economic progress, regional powers, centralization, development, citizens, EUObserver, study contributive inequalities, federal system, harmful policies, economic downturn, interdependent economies, unequal contributions, collective benefit, passing the buck, economically powerful participants, fair share, overlooked states, weaker status, exacerbated issues, decentralization, economic progress, regional powers, centralised states, economic development, citizen costs contributive inequalities, formal federal system, harmful policies, economic downturn, member states, interdependence, unequal contribution, collective benefit, passing the buck, economically powerful, fair share, large states, small states, overlooked, disregarded, weaker status, European federation, decentralization, economic progress, regional powers, taxation, legislation, education policies, centralised states, bad economy, citizen cost, development hammering contributive inequalities, federal system, harmful policies, economic downturn, interdependent economies, unequal contributions, collective benefit, passing the buck, economically powerful participants, fair share, smaller states, overlooked, economically weaker, exacerbated issues, decentralization, economic progress, regional powers, centralised states, bad for economy, citizens, development, cost contributive inequalities, formal federal system, harmful policies, economic downturn, interdependence, unequal contribution, collective benefit, passing the buck, fair share, economic power, large states, smaller states, overlooked, weaker status, exacerbation, decentralization, economic progress, regional powers, centralization, development, citizens, EUObserver, study"
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con01a	The scientific community as a whole overwhelmingly rejects Creationism.  95% of all scientists accept evolution, and only a fraction of those that do not accept Creationism. [1] The numbers are even smaller among biologists, the people most qualified to discuss the relative merits of Creationism and evolution, as the study of life and biological processes are their specialty. There is, in fact, greater consensus in biology than in virtually any other discipline. Evolution is often called one of the most thoroughly proven theories, more so even than such things as the observable laws of physics, which break down at the subatomic level. Evolution is a constant, which is why it has survived as a theory for 150 years. [2] The scientific community always fights any effort to institute Creationism in schools through the political process. [3] This is why, when court cases are brought on the issue of teaching Creationism, the panel of scientists is always on the side of evolution. Only a few discredited cranks support Creationism, and they invariably break down under cross-examination when they can offer no positive evidence for their claims. Furthermore, many scientists have religious faith and accept evolution. They simply see no reason to reject observable reality just to serve faith [4] . Creationists try to portray evolution as contrary to religion, which forms one of the main planks of their political campaigns against it, but such claims are fallacious. Science and faith can be compatible, so long as people are willing to accept observable reality as well as belief. The scientific community rejects creationism because it is not true and is not science.  [1] Robinson, B. 1995. “Public Beliefs About Education and Creation”.  [2] Lenski, Richard. 2011. “Evolution: Fact and Theory”. Action Bioscience.  [3] Irons, Peter. 2007. “Disaster in Dover: The Trials (and Tribulations) of Intelligent Design”. University of Montana Law Review 68(1).  [4] Gould, Stephen. 2002. Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life. New York: Ballantine Books. scientific community, rejects, creationism, 95% scientists, accept evolution, biologists, consensus, biology, proven theory, 150 years, court cases, evolution side, discredited cranks, religious faith, compatible, observable reality, science, religion, political campaigns, fallacious claims, not true, not science, public beliefs, education, fact and theory, intelligent design, rocks of ages, fullness of life scientific community, creationism, evolution, consensus, biologists, observable reality, theory, court cases, religious faith, science, faith, compatibility, intelligent design, education, discredited, fallacious, subatomic, physics, political process, observable laws, cross-examination, evidence, portrayal, planks, campaigns, rejection, truth, science definition scientific community, creationism, evolution, consensus, biologists, observable reality, theory, court cases, religious faith, science, compatibility, observable evidence, education, intelligent design, rocks of ages, stephen gould, richard lenski, peter irons, b robinson scientific community, rejects, Creationism, 95%, scientists, accept, evolution, biologists, consensus, biology, thoroughly proven theories, observable laws, physics, constant theory, 150 years, political process, court cases, discredited cranks, cross-examination, positive evidence, religious faith, observable reality, reject, fallacious, compatible, science, faith, not true, not science, public beliefs, education, evolution fact, theory, disaster Dover, intelligent design, rocks ages, Stephen Gould, Ballantine Books scientific community, rejection, creationism, consensus, evolution, biologists, observable reality, proven theories, physics, political process, court cases, discredited, evidence, religious faith, fallacy, science, faith, compatibility, education, intelligent design, disaster in dover, rocks of ages, stephen gould, richard lenski, bobby robinson, peter irons
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-con02a	Rivals could misuse the opportunity  While the leader suffers from an illness, rivals can use the opportunity to ease the leader out of office. A period of illness is a period of vulnerability in which the government is less able to respond to external and internal threats. Not telling the public about the leader's health during an illness helps prevent such attempts. The same is the case with a leader's death; a few days of secrecy allows for smooth succession as the appointed successor has the time to ensure the loyalty of the government, army and other vital institutions. In 2008 when General Lansana Conte of Guinea died power should have been transferred to the president of the National Assembly Aboubacar Sompare with an election within 90 days. Instead a group of junior military officers took advantage of the quick announcement to launch a coup. 1  1 Yusuf, Huma, ‘Military coup follows death of Guinea’s President’, The Christian Science Monitor, 23 December 2008, rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, threats, public, health, secrecy, succession, loyalty, government, army, institutions, death, Guinea, General, Lansana, Conte, National, Assembly, Aboubacar, Sompare, election, military, officers, coup, Yusuf, Huma, Military, coup, follows, President, Christian, Science, Monitor, December, 2008 rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, threats, public, health, secrecy, succession, government, army, institutions, death, 2008, Guinea, General Lansana Conte, coup, junior military officers, National Assembly, Aboubacar Sompare, election, Huma Yusuf, Christian Science Monitor leadership, illness, vulnerability, rivals, misuse, secrecy, public, health, death, succession, government, loyalty, coup, military, Guinea, 2008, Lansana Conte, National Assembly, Aboubacar Sompare, election, junior officers, Christian Science Monitor, Huma Yusuf rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, threats, public, health, secrecy, succession, government, army, institutions, 2008, General, Lansana, Conte, Guinea, death, power, National, Assembly, Aboubacar, Sompare, election, junior, military, officers, coup, Yusuf, Huma, Military, coup, follows, death, President, Christian, Science, Monitor, December rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, threats, public, health, secrecy, succession, loyalty, government, army, institutions, death, coup, Guinea, General Lansana Conte, National Assembly, Aboubacar Sompare, military officers, election, Yusuf Huma, Military coup follows death of Guinea’s President, The Christian Science Monitor, 23 December 2008
test-philosophy-elhbrd-pro02a	Medical science allows us to control death, suicide and euthanasia are sensible corollaries to that.  We now live longer than at any time in the 100,000 years or so of human evolution and longer than the other primates [i] . In many nations we have successfully increased the quantity of life without improving the quality. More to the point, too little thought has been given to the quality of our deaths.  Let us consider the example of the cancer patient who opts not to put herself through the agony and uncertainty of chemotherapy. In such a circumstance, we accept that a person may accept the certainty of death with grace and reason rather than chasing after a slim probability of living longer but in pain.  All proposition is arguing is that this approach can also apply to other conditions, which may not be terminal in the strict sense of the world but certainly lead to the death of that person in any meaningful sense. The application of medical science to extend a life, long after life is ‘worth living’ or would be possible to live without these interventions cannot be considered a moral good for its own sake. Many find that they are facing the prospect of living out the rest of their days in physical pain or are losing their memory. As a result, some may see ‘going out at the top of their game’ as the better, and more natural, option.  [i] Caleb E Finch. Evolution of Human Lifespan and the Diseases of Aging: Roles of Infection, Inflammation, and Nutrition. Proceding of the National Academy of Sciences of the united States of America. 12 October 2009. Medical science, death control, suicide, euthanasia, human evolution, life expectancy, quality of life, quality of death, cancer, chemotherapy, terminal illness, non-terminal conditions, moral good, physical pain, memory loss, natural death, aging, infection, inflammation, nutrition medical science, death, suicide, euthanasia, human evolution, life expectancy, quality of life, quality of death, cancer, chemotherapy, terminal illness, moral good, physical pain, memory loss, aging, infection, inflammation, nutrition Medical science, death control, suicide, euthanasia, human evolution, life expectancy, quality of life, quality of death, cancer, chemotherapy, terminal illness, non-terminal conditions, moral good, physical pain, memory loss, aging diseases, natural death, Caleb E Finch, human lifespan, inflammation, nutrition medical science, death, suicide, euthanasia, human evolution, life expectancy, quality of life, quality of death, cancer, chemotherapy, terminal illness, non-terminal conditions, life extension, moral good, physical pain, memory loss, natural death, aging, infection, inflammation, nutrition medical science, death control, suicide, euthanasia, human evolution, life expectancy, quality of life, quality of death, cancer, chemotherapy, terminal illness, non-terminal conditions, life extension, moral good, physical pain, memory loss, natural death, aging, infection, inflammation, nutrition
test-international-miasimyhw-pro04a	Implementing a free labour market will enable effective management of migration.  Even without the implementation of a free labour market, migration will continue informally; therefore policies introducing free movement and providing appropriate travel documents provides a method to manage migration. In the case of Southern Africa, the lack of a regional framework enabling migration is articulated through the informal nature of movement and strategic bilateral ties between nation-states.  Several benefits arise from managing migration. First, speeding up the emigration process will provide health benefits. Evidence shows slow, and inefficient, border controls have led to a rise in HIV/AIDs; as truck drivers wait in delays sex is offered [1] . Second, a free labour market can provide national governments with data and information. The provision of travel documentation provides migrants with an identity, and as movement is monitored, the big picture of migration can be provided. Information, evidence, and data, will enable effective policies to be constructed for places of origin and destination, and to enable trade efficiency. Lastly, today, undocumented migrants are unable to claim their right to health care. In Africa, availability does not equate to accessibility for new migrants. In South Africa, migrants fear deportation and harassment, meaning formal health treatment and advice is not sought (Human Rights Watch, 2009). Therefore documentation and formal approval of movement ensures health is recognised as an equal right.  [1] See further readings: Lucas, 2012. free labour market, migration management, Southern Africa, regional framework, bilateral ties, health benefits, HIV/AIDS, border controls, truck drivers, data collection, migration monitoring, policy construction, undocumented migrants, health care access, human rights, South Africa, formal movement approval, Lucas 2012 free labour market, migration management, regional framework, bilateral ties, health benefits, border controls, HIV/AIDS, travel documentation, migrant identity, data monitoring, policy construction, trade efficiency, undocumented migrants, health care access, deportation fears, formal health treatment, human rights, Southern Africa, South Africa, Lucas 2012 free labour market, effective management, migration, informal movement, policies, free movement, travel documents, regional framework, Southern Africa, bilateral ties, health benefits, border controls, HIV/AIDS, truck drivers, data, information, monitoring, evidence, policy construction, health care, undocumented migrants, accessibility, deportation, harassment, human rights, South Africa, formal approval, equal rights free labour market, migration management, informal migration, regional framework, Southern Africa, bilateral ties, emigration process, health benefits, HIV/AIDS, border controls, travel documentation, migrant identity, data monitoring, policy construction, undocumented migrants, health care access, deportation fear, South Africa, Human Rights Watch, Lucas 2012 free labour market, migration management, informal migration, regional framework, Southern Africa, bilateral ties, health benefits, border controls, HIV/AIDS, truck drivers, data and information, travel documentation, policy construction, trade efficiency, undocumented migrants, health care access, South Africa, human rights, deportation, formal health treatment
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-pro04a	The cultural construction of armed conflict  The jurisdiction of the ICC is primarily exercised according to culturally constructed assumptions about the way war works – that there will be a clear division between aggressors and defenders, that armies will be organised according to chains of command, the civilians will not be targeted and will be evacuated from conflict zones. But countless conflicts in Africa and central Asia have proven these assumptions to be flawed.  It should not be forgotten that almost all formulations of this motion define cultural relativism only as a defence to the use of child soldiers. It will still be open for ICC prosecutors to prove that the use of child soldiers has been systematic, pernicious and deliberate, rather than the product of uncertainty, necessity and unstable legal norms. Moreover, not all defences are “complete” defences; they do not all result in acquittal, and are often used by judges to mitigate the harshness of certain sentences.  It can be argued that it was never intended for the ICC to enforce laws relating to child soldiers against other children or leaders of vulnerable communities who acted under the duress of circumstances. At the very least, those responsible for arming children in these circumstances should face a more lenient sentence than a better-resourced state body that used child soldiers as a matter of policy.  Due to the nature of conflicts in developing nations, where the geographic influence of “recognised” governments is limited, and multiple local law-making bodies may contribute to an armed struggle, it is difficult for the international community to directly oversee combat itself. United Nations troops are often underfunded, unmotivated and poorly trained, being sourced primarily from the same continent as the belligerent parties in a conflict. When peacekeepers are deployed from western nations, their rules of engagement have previously prevented robust protection of civilian populations. Ironically, this is partly the result of concerns that western states might be accused of indulging in neo-colonialism. It is outrageous for the international community to dictate standards of war-time conduct to communities and states unable to enforce them, while withholding the assistance and expertise that might allow them to do so.  Therefore, the ICC, as a specialist legal and investigative body, should be encouraged to use the expertise it has accumulated to distinguish between child military participation driven by a desire to terrorise populations or quickly reinforce armies, and child military participation that has arisen as a survival strategy. cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors, defenders, organised armies, civilians, conflict zones, Africa, central Asia, cultural relativism, child soldiers, systematic use, pernicious use, deliberate use, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, ICC prosecutors, mitigation, leniency, vulnerabilities, resource limitations, recognised governments, local law-making, oversight challenges, United Nations troops, underfunding, unmotivation, poor training, peacekeepers, Western nations, rules of engagement, civilian protection, neo-colonialism, war-time conduct, international community, enforcement, assistance, expertise, survival strategy, cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors, defenders, organised armies, civilian targeting, conflict zones, Africa, central Asia, cultural relativism, child soldiers, systematic use, pernicious use, deliberate use, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, ICC prosecutors, mitigation, harsh sentences, vulnerable communities, duress, lenient sentences, state policy, developing nations, recognised governments, local law-making bodies, international oversight, United Nations troops, underfunded, unmotivated, poorly trained, peacekeepers, western nations, rules of engagement, neo-colonialism, war-time conduct, international community, Cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors, defenders, organised armies, civilians, conflict zones, Africa, central Asia, cultural relativism, child soldiers, systematic use, pernicious, deliberate, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, prosecution, mitigation, sentences, duress, resource limitation, state policy, developing nations, recognised governments, local law-making, armed struggle, international oversight, combat, United Nations, peacekeepers, western nations, neo-colonialism, war-time conduct, survival strategy, legal expertise, investigation, terrorise, reinforce armies, ICC role, international community, enforcement, standards, cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors, defenders, organised armies, civilians, conflict zones, African conflicts, central Asian conflicts, cultural relativism, child soldiers, ICC prosecutors, systematic use, pernicious use, deliberate use, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, complete defences, acquittal, mitigated sentences, vulnerable communities, duress, lenient sentences, state policy, developing nations, recognised governments, local law-making, international oversight, combat oversight, United Nations troops, underfunded, unmotivated, poorly trained, peacekeepers, western nations, rules of engagement, civilian protection, neo cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors, defenders, organised armies, civilians, conflict zones, African conflicts, central Asian conflicts, cultural relativism, child soldiers, systematic use, pernicious use, deliberate use, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, complete defences, acquittal, mitigated sentences, enforcement of laws, vulnerable communities, duress, lenient sentences, state policy, developing nations, recognised governments, local law-making bodies, international oversight, combat, United Nations troops, underfunded, unmotivated, poorly trained, peacekeepers, western nations, rules of engagement, civilian protection,
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-con02a	A South Ossetian state is unviable  There are many factors that make South Ossetia unviable as a state. South Ossetia is very small with a very small population. It is also a landlocked state and very poor. These facts make it unlikely that South Ossetia could act effectively as an independent state. The result is that it would become dependent on other states. [1] This can already be seen from the fact that S. Ossetia has only been able to secure its current de facto independence with substantial military and foreign aid from Russia. [2] S. Ossetia is economically unviable as an independent state. It is landlocked and only has meaningful road access to the sea through Georgia. S. Ossetian GDP was estimated at US$ 15 million (US$ 250 per capita) in a work published in 2002. S. Ossetia is arguably lacking in the basic economic necessities for autonomy. Indeed, a $15 million GDP would make South Ossetia one of the poorest nations in the world. Particularly following a war with Georgia in the 1990s, South Ossetia has struggled economically. Employment and supplies are scarce. The majority of the population survives on subsistence farming. Virtually the only significant economic asset that South Ossetia possesses is control of the Roki Tunnel that links Russia and Georgia, from which the South Ossetian government reportedly obtains as much as a third of its budget by levying customs duties on freight traffic. The separatist officials admitted that Tskhinvali received more than 60 percent of its 2006 budget revenue directly from the Russian government. [3] [4] Finally, S. Ossetia has a population of roughly 70,000. [5] This would make it one of the smallest states in the world. This fact, combined with its high level of poverty, makes it a poor candidate for independence, and shows that its “independence” would compel it to become even more dependent on Russia, or else risk disintegrating as an unviable state.  [1] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006.   [2] Socor, Vladimir. “MOSCOW’S FINGERPRINTS ALL OVER SOUTH OSSETIA’S REFERENDUM”. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 3 Issue: 212. The Jamestown Foundation. 15 November 2006.   [3] Walker, Shaun. “South Ossetia: Russian, Georgian...independent?”. Open Democracy. 15 November 2006.   [4] Vaisman, Daria. “No recognition for breakaway South Ossetia's vote”. The Christian Science Monitor. 10 November 2006.   [5] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006. South Ossetia, unviable state, small population, landlocked, poverty, economic dependency, Russian aid, GDP, subsistence farming, Roki Tunnel, customs duties, Tskhinvali, separatist government, independence referendum, international recognition, disintegration, Eurasia, Georgia, Moscow influence South Ossetia, unviable state, small population, landlocked, economically poor, dependent on Russia, military aid, foreign aid, economic necessities, subsistence farming, Roki Tunnel, customs duties, GDP, Tskhinvali, smallest states, poverty, disintegration, independence, recognition, breakaway region, Georgia, conflict, international relations, European politics, separatism, autonomy, economic viability, political dependence, regional instability, ethnic conflict, Caucasian region, Ossetian people, territorial disputes, international law, statehood criteria, democratic processes, referendum, unrecognized state South Ossetia, unviable state, small population, landlocked, poor, economic unviability, Russian aid, Roki Tunnel, subsistence farming, smallest states, poverty, dependence on Russia, independence, disintegration, GDP, Tskhinvali, separatist government, military aid, foreign aid, employment scarcity, supplies scarcity, economic necessities, road access, Georgia, war, economic asset, customs duties, freight traffic, budget revenue, international recognition, breakaway region, referendums, autonomy, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Open Democracy, The Christian Science Monitor, BBC News, Vladimir Socor, Shaun South Ossetia, unviable state, small population, landlocked, poverty, economic dependence, Russian aid, military support, GDP, subsistence farming, Roki Tunnel, customs duties, budget revenue, smallest states, disintegration risk, international recognition, separatism, independence vote, Georgia, Eurasia, conflict, economic viability, autonomy, employment scarcity, foreign aid, regional politics, international relations, ethnic tensions, geopolitical instability, development challenges, economic assets, fiscal dependence, political dependency, international community, statehood criteria, sovereignty, de facto independence, international law, territorial disputes, ethnic conflict, economic sanctions, trade restrictions South Ossetia, unviable state, small population, landlocked, economic viability, military aid, foreign aid, Russia, GDP, economic necessities, employment, subsistence farming, Roki Tunnel, customs duties, freight traffic, budget revenue, population size, smallest states, poverty, independence, dependence on Russia, disintegration, international recognition, separatism, Eurasia, Georgia, conflict, de facto independence, economic assets, road access, sea, war, economic struggle, budget, financing, statehood, international community, autonomy, economic survival, infrastructure, political status, sovereignty, territorial disputes, ethnic conflicts, regional stability
test-politics-cpegiepgh-con01a	"For Britain to join the single currency is simply unthinkable; jobs will be lost  The EU creates economic conditions that threaten jobs. As explained by Anthony Browne in The Euro: Should Britain join?, ""Joining the Euro would damage the British economy with 'one size fits all' interest rates, and so destroy jobs.""1 This is not merely a product of anti-EU propaganda created by the British tabloid press; The evidence speaks for itself; ""In 2000, (Euro was launched 1st January, 1999) unemployment in Euroland averaged about 10 per cent, compared to under 6 per cent in the UK"" Britain must also learn from the mistakes of history; ""Past experience has already shown us that locking ourselves into inappropriate interest rates destroys jobs. After we joined the Exchange Rate Mechanism, 100,000 businesses went bankrupt and unemployment doubled before we were finally forced out in 1992."" Repetition of this is to be avoided at all costs and by Britain staying out of the Euro.  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"" Britain, single currency, unthinkable, jobs lost, EU, economic conditions, threaten jobs, Anthony Browne, The Euro, Should Britain join, one size fits all, interest rates, destroy jobs, unemployment, Euroland, UK, Exchange Rate Mechanism, businesses bankrupt, unemployment doubled, history, mistakes, repetition, avoid, stay out, Euro Britain, single currency, Euro, jobs, unemployment, economy, interest rates, Anthony Browne, The Euro: Should Britain join, EU, economic conditions, British economy, one size fits all, Exchange Rate Mechanism, ERM, bankruptcy, 1992, history, mistakes, repetition, staying out Britain, single currency, Euro, jobs, unemployment, EU, economic conditions, Anthony Browne, interest rates, one size fits all, British economy, economic damage, history, mistakes, Exchange Rate Mechanism, businesses, bankruptcy, 1992, evidence, propaganda, British tabloid press, Euroland, 2000, 10 per cent, 6 per cent, UK, repetition, costs, staying out Britain, single currency, unthinkable, jobs lost, EU, economic conditions, Anthony Browne, The Euro, join, damage, British economy, one size fits all, interest rates, destroy jobs, anti-EU propaganda, British tabloid press, evidence, unemployment, Euroland, 2000, under 6 per cent, UK, mistakes of history, locking into inappropriate interest rates, Exchange Rate Mechanism, 100,000 businesses, bankrupt, unemployment doubled, 1992, repetition, avoid, staying out, Euro Britain, single currency, unthinkable, jobs lost, EU, economic conditions, threaten jobs, Anthony Browne, The Euro, Should Britain join, one size fits all, interest rates, destroy jobs, anti-EU propaganda, British tabloid press, evidence, unemployment, Euroland, 2000, 1999, comparison, UK, mistakes of history, Exchange Rate Mechanism, 1992, businesses bankrupt, unemployment doubled, repetition, staying out, Euro"
test-international-aglhrilhb-con02a	Prosecutions don't get to the real truth  Truth is the most important factor that supports the healing process. Individuals when being prosecuted have incentives to hide crimes and lie about the true motivations for offences occurring as they don’t want to go to prison for telling the truth. This means that the whole truth of matters never really come to light. TRC’s, such as that in South Africa, do a very good job of ensuring that the full record of human rights abuses come to light [1].The Rwandan Gacaca courts which encompasses three important features of relevance to broader experiments of reconciliatory justice serve as a lesson. Those who confess their crimes are rewarded with the halving of prison sentences and as a result, 60,238 prisoners have confessed to participating in the genocide [2]. Second, gacaca law highlights apologies welcomed by many as an important ingredient to promote reconciliation.  [1] Linfield, Susie, ‘Trading Truth for Justice? Reflections on South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission’, bostonreview,net, 01 June 2000,   [2] Graybill, Lyn, and Lanegran , Kimberly, ‘Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Africa: Issues and Cases’, ufl.edu, Fall 2004, prosecutions, truth, healing, incentives, hide, crimes, lie, prison, TRC, South Africa, human rights abuses, Rwanda, Gacaca courts, reconciliatory justice, confess, crimes, prison sentences, apologies, reconciliation Prosecutions, truth, healing, incentives, hide crimes, lie, motivations, offences, prison, TRC, South Africa, human rights abuses, Rwandan Gacaca courts, reconciliatory justice, confessions, prison sentences, apologies, reconciliation, Linfield, Susie, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Graybill, Lyn, Lanegran, Kimberly, Africa, justice prosecutions, truth, healing, incentives, hide, crimes, lie, motivations, offences, prison, TRC, South Africa, human rights abuses, Rwandan Gacaca courts, reconciliatory justice, confessions, prison sentences, apologies, reconciliation, Susie Linfield, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Lyn Graybill, Kimberly Lanegran, Africa, cases prosecutions, truth, healing, incentives, lie, motivations, offences, prison, TRC, South Africa, human rights, abuses, Rwandan Gacaca courts, reconciliatory justice, confess, crimes, halving, prison sentences, apologies, reconciliation prosecutions, truth, healing, incentives, hide, crimes, lie, motivations, offences, prison, TRC, South Africa, human rights abuses, Rwandan Gacaca courts, confess, crimes, prison sentences, apologies, reconciliation, justice, Linfield, Graybill, Lanegran, Africa, cases
test-international-iwiaghbss-con02a	New countries forged by those fleeing disaster  There have been very few countries that have been created in circumstances that are at all similar to that which would happen when island nations are forced to abandon their homeland. The closest parallel is Israel when Jews arrived en mass first because they were promised the land after WWI, when it is notable that they purchased the land they occupied, [1] and then after the disaster of the Holocaust. The Palestinians have not been happy about the loss of territory. Indeed there have been few examples in history of peoples’ willingly giving up land to a new arrival whether it is due to colonialism or migration. The result, especially if sovereignty is involved, is usually conflict.  [1] Pipes, Daniel, ‘Not Stealing Palestine, but Purchasing Israel’, National Review Online, 21 June 2011, New countries, disaster refugees, island nations, forced migration, Israel, Jewish migration, Holocaust, land purchase, Palestinian conflict, sovereignty, colonization, migration, historical parallels, displacement, territorial disputes new countries, fleeing disaster, island nations, Israel, Jewish migration, WWII, Holocaust, Palestinian conflict, land purchase, colonialism, migration, sovereignty, conflict, territorial disputes, historical parallels New countries, disaster displacement, island nations, Israel, Palestinian conflict, land purchase, sovereignty, migration, colonialism, historical parallels, Holocaust, territorial loss, conflict, national sovereignty, refugee relocation, land acquisition, forced migration, state creation, geopolitical conflict, humanitarian crises island nations, forced abandonment, homeland, creation of new countries, migration, Israel, Jewish immigration, post-Holocaust, land purchase, Palestine, territorial disputes, conflict, sovereignty, colonialism, historical parallels, refugee resettlement, state formation, land rights, indigenous populations New countries, fleeing disaster, island nations, abandonment, Israel, Jews, WWI, Holocaust, Palestinians, territory loss, colonialism, migration, sovereignty, conflict, land purchase, Daniel Pipes, National Review Online
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-con04a	Particular need in Africa  Capital punishment for particularly dangerous offenders is a practical solution for African nations with low quality prison systems, which, through either deliberate policy or basic underfunding, can have poor conditions, or poor security. In 2013, over a thousand prisoners escaped from a prison near Benghazi in Libya [1] . A similar escape with particularly dangerous offenders would be dangerous - a corpse can’t escape.  [1] Zway, Suliman Ali, “Amid protests, Inmates escape from Libyan prison”, New York Times, 27 July 2013, Africa, capital punishment, dangerous offenders, prison systems, poor conditions, poor security, prisoner escape, Benghazi, Libya, corpse, practical solution, underfunding, deliberate policy, New York Times, Suliman Ali Zway, 2013 Africa, capital punishment, dangerous offenders, prison systems, underfunding, poor conditions, security, prison escape, Benghazi, Libya, corpse, 2013, Suliman Ali Zway, New York Times Africa, capital punishment, dangerous offenders, practical solution, African nations, low quality prison systems, poor conditions, poor security, prisoners escape, Benghazi, Libya, Suliman Ali Zway, New York Times, 2013 Africa, Capital punishment, Dangerous offenders, Prison systems, Low quality, Poor conditions, Poor security, Prison escape, Benghazi, Libya, Dangerous prisoners, Corpse, Suliman Ali Zway, New York Times, 2013 Africa, capital punishment, dangerous offenders, practical solution, low quality prison systems, poor conditions, poor security, prisoners escape, Benghazi, Libya, dangerous, corpse, Suliman Ali Zway, New York Times, 2013
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-con01a	Denial of privacy to the leaders  The leaders of states deserve privacy in exactly the same way as anyone else. Just like their citizens leaders want and deserve privacy and it would be unfair for everyone to know about their health. Leaders may suffer from diseases such AIDS/HIV or embarrassing illnesses which could damage a leader.  The people only a need for the people to know when the illness significantly damages the running of the government. The government can function on its own without its leader for several days; only if the illness incapacitates the leader for a long period is there any need to tell the people. Clearly if the President is working from his bed he is still doing the job and his government is functioning. William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister of Great Britain was toasted as 'the Saviour of Europe' while he was seriously ill but still running the country during the height of the Napoleonic Wars. 1  1 Bloy, Marjie, 'William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806)', Victorian Web, 4 January 2006, leaders, privacy, health, illness, government, public, knowledge, AIDS, HIV, diseases, incapacity, William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Napoleonic Wars, Saviour of Europe, Victorian Web privacy, leaders, states, citizens, health, diseases, AIDS, HIV, embarrassing, illnesses, government, running, incapacitates, damage, President, working, bed, William Pitt, Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Saviour, Europe, Napoleonic Wars, function, days, significant, illness, leadership, public, information, rights, confidentiality, political, leaders, health, conditions, disclosure, public, interest, medical, secrecy, governance, integrity, transparency, health, privacy, political, ethics, responsibility, public, service, leadership, health, policies, political, careers, public, health, political leaders, privacy, health, illness, AIDS, HIV, government, running, incapacitated, President, William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Napoleonic Wars, Saviour of Europe, citizens,公平, running of the government, significant damage, long period, functioning, job, toasted, Victorian Web, Marjie Bloy, 1759-1806 privacy, leaders, states, health, illness, AIDS, HIV, government, incapacity, William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Napoleonic Wars, disclosure, public interest, personal life, political leaders, confidentiality, medical conditions, leadership, governance, transparency, citizen rights, public figure, illness impact, government functioning, historical examples, political history, British history, leadership health, public health, medical privacy, political ethics Denial, Privacy, Leaders, States, Citizens, Health, AIDS, HIV, Illnesses, Government, Running, Incapacitated, President, William Pitt, Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Napoleonic Wars, Saviour, Europe, Serious Illness, Job, Functioning
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-pro02a	"Boycotting Euro 2012 will highlight Ukraine’s backsliding on human rights  European leaders must take a stand on human rights in their own back yard if they are to be taken seriously on the issue anywhere in the world. There are numerous human rights abuses in Ukraine; migrants ""risk abusive treatment and arbitrary detention"", Roma and people with dark skin in particular face governmental and societal discrimination and some xenophobic attacks and may be prosecuted for acting in self defense. [1] Amnesty International has highlighted abuse of power by the police “numerous cases in Euro 2012 host cities in which police have tortured people in an attempt to extort money, extract a confession, or simply because of the victims’ sexuality or ethnic origin”. [2] If Europe turns a blind eye to these kinds of abuses in neighbouring states without even a minor diplomatic snub it will not have the moral authority to confront worse abuses elsewhere in the world. States that are abusing their own citizens would shrug off criticism believing that European states will not back their criticism up with any action.  [1] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, ‘2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Report’, U.S. Department of State, 8 April 2011.  [2] ‘Ukraine: Euro 2012 jeopardised by criminal police force – New Amnesty report’, Amnesty.org.uk, 2 May 2012 . Boycott, Euro 2012, Ukraine, human rights, European leaders, backsliding, migrants, abusive treatment, arbitrary detention, Roma, dark skin, discrimination, xenophobic attacks, self-defense, Amnesty International, police torture, extortion, confession, sexuality, ethnic origin, moral authority, diplomatic snub, neighboring states, citizens, criticism, action, 2010 Country Reports, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2012 Amnesty report Boycotting, Euro 2012, Ukraine, human rights, European leaders, migrants, abusive treatment, arbitrary detention, Roma, discrimination, xenophobic attacks, self defense, Amnesty International, police torture, extortion, confession, sexuality, ethnic origin, diplomatic snub, moral authority, worse abuses, criticism, action, 2010 Country Reports, U.S. Department of State, Euro 2012 host cities, criminal police force Boycotting, Euro 2012, Ukraine, human rights, European leaders, moral authority, human rights abuses, migrants, abusive treatment, arbitrary detention, Roma, discrimination, xenophobic attacks, self defense, Amnesty International, police torture, extortion, confession, sexuality, ethnic origin, diplomatic snub, neighbouring states, citizens, criticism, action Boycotting, Euro 2012, Ukraine, human rights, European leaders, backsliding, migrants, abusive treatment, arbitrary detention, Roma, discrimination, xenophobic attacks, self defense, Amnesty International, police torture, extortion, confession, sexuality, ethnic origin, diplomatic snub, moral authority, states, citizens, criticism, action Boycott, Euro 2012, Ukraine, Human Rights, European Leaders, Backsliding, Migrants, Abusive Treatment, Arbitrary Detention, Roma, Dark Skin, Xenophobic Attacks, Self Defense, Amnesty International, Police Torture, Extortion, Confession, Sexuality, Ethnic Origin, Diplomatic Snub, Moral Authority, State Abuses, Citizens, Criticism, Action, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, U.S. Department of State, Amnesty.org.uk, Euro 2012 Host Cities"
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-pro02a	Hosting stimulates regeneration in local areas  Hosting stimulates regeneration. The IOC is enthusiastic about bids that will leave a lasting impact and have looked favourably on cities that locate their Olympic Villages and stadia in deprived areas in need of regeneration. The 1992 Barcelona Olympics were used as a means to completely overhaul the port and coast of the city creating an artificial beach and waterside cultural area that became a lasting tourist attraction. Along with cleaning up areas and new stadia, Olympic Villages release between 5,000 and 20,000 new homes which governments can chose to hand over as low-cost housing (as is proposed for London 2012). Whilst these projects could be completed without the Olympics, the need to provide an overall package (transport, accommodation, stadia, greenery etc.) for a set deadline means that there is far more incentive to get the projects done. An example of this in London is the plan for a new £15bn underground rail system called ‘Crossrail’, first proposed over 20 years ago but only now being developed because of the attention surrounding the London 2012 bid.1 The fact that international scrutiny will follow the building program means that it is far more likely to be completed to a high standard (consider the detailed coverage of the preparations for Athens 2004).  1 Hayes, S. (2011, April 19). Crossrail will leave a positive legacy. Retrieved May 12, 2011, from Wharf Olympic regeneration, local area development, IOC bid criteria, Olympic Village impact, stadia construction, urban revitalization, Barcelona Olympics, coastal transformation, temporary housing, low-cost housing, infrastructure development, Crossrail project, legacy planning, Athens 2004, international scrutiny, urban planning, community improvement, sustainable development, Olympic Games benefits, city transformation Hosting, regeneration, local areas, IOC, Olympic Villages, stadia, deprived areas, 1992 Barcelona Olympics, port overhaul, coast, artificial beach, waterside cultural area, tourist attraction, cleaning, new homes, low-cost housing, London 2012, projects, incentive, deadline, Crossrail, underground rail system, international scrutiny, building program, high standard, Athens 2004, legacy, Hayes, Wharf Hosting, regeneration, local areas, IOC, Olympic bids, lasting impact, Olympic Villages, stadia, deprived areas, 1992 Barcelona Olympics, port overhaul, coast, artificial beach, waterside cultural area, tourist attraction, cleaning areas, new stadia, Olympic Villages, low-cost housing, London 2012, transport, accommodation, greenery, Crossrail, international scrutiny, building program, Athens 2004, legacy, Wharf, Hayes Hosting, regeneration, local areas, IOC, Olympic Villages, stadia, deprived areas, 1992 Barcelona Olympics, port overhaul, coast, artificial beach, waterside cultural area, cleaning, new homes, low-cost housing, London 2012, transport, accommodation, greenery, Crossrail, international scrutiny, Athens 2004, legacy, Wharf, Hayes Hosting, regeneration, local areas, IOC, Olympic bids, lasting impact, Olympic Villages, stadia, deprived areas, 1992 Barcelona Olympics, port overhaul, coast, artificial beach, waterside cultural area, tourist attraction, cleaning areas, new stadia, Olympic Villages, new homes, low-cost housing, London 2012, projects, Olympics, transport, accommodation, greenery, set deadline, London, Crossrail, underground rail system, international scrutiny, building program, Athens 2004, Hayes, Wharf, Crossrail legacy
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro05a	Drugs currently fund terrorism and regional instability  The Taliban gets most of its revenue from poppies, which provide the opium for heroin. They do this by intimidating local farmers who would otherwise sell their harvest at market. They then demand “protection money” as well, or else either another local warlord or the ‘protectors’ themselves would rob the farmer. Something like 22,700 people have died in Mexico since January 2007 from gangsters who want to protect their revenue and almost the entire continent of South America, from Brazil to Colombia, has had their governments destabilised by drug lords. [1] The hugely-costly but unsuccessful war on drugs could be ended, starving terrorists of the profits of drug production. As a result peace and development could be brought to unstable drug-producing states such as Colombia and Afghanistan.  [1] Mexico under siege, The drug war on our doorstep, Los Angeles Times , 27 September 2011, Drugs, Terrorism, Regional Instability, Taliban, Poppies, Opium, Heroin, Farmers, Protection Money, Warlords, Robbery, Mexico, Deaths, Gangsters, South America, Brazil, Colombia, Government Destabilization, War on Drugs, Profits, Drug Lords, Peace, Development, Afghanistan, Los Angeles Times Drugs, terrorism, regional instability, Taliban, poppies, opium, heroin, farmers, protection money, warlords, Mexico, gangsters, South America, Brazil, Colombia, drug lords, war on drugs, profits, peace, development, Afghanistan, Los Angeles Times, drug war, 2011 Drugs, terrorism, regional instability, Taliban, poppies, opium, heroin, farmers, protection money, warlords, robbery, Mexico, gangsters, South America, Brazil, Colombia, government destabilisation, war on drugs, drug lords, peace, development, Afghanistan, Los Angeles Times drugs, terrorism, regional instability, Taliban, revenue, poppies, opium, heroin, farmers, protection money, warlords, robbery, Mexico, gangsters, South America, Brazil, Colombia, government destabilization, war on drugs, unsuccessful, profits, peace, development, Afghanistan Drugs, Terrorism, Regional Instability, Taliban, Poppies, Opium, Heroin, Farmers, Protection Money, Warlords, Robbery, Mexico, Drug War, South America, Brazil, Colombia, Government Destabilization, War on Drugs, Profits, Peace, Development, Afghanistan
test-economy-egppphbcb-pro02a	"Each man has a right to private property  The right to own property is central to man's existence since it ensures him of his independence of survival. It provides a means to sustain himself without relying on others inasmuch as he has control over a property and can make a living from it. However in order to acquire property the person must gain it from his own labour, if he takes the fruit of someone else's labour without consent that would be plain stealth. However, this is not the only requirement which must be fulfilled in order to gain property: imagine a scenario where I pour out tomato juice into the ocean, I have mixed my own labour with nature and made an ""own"" creation, but could it be said that the ocean is my property? Most people would certainly say no and therefore one of the following two provisos must also be met before one can fully acquire property: 1. It does not impact on others chance of survival/ comfort of life 2. Leaves the others better off than before. Let us presume that we have a wasteland which generates very little harvest since it is uncultivated. If I privatise and cultivate a bit of this land it will generate more harvest since I have put work effort in it. Presuming that the privatisation does not leave the others worse off than before e.g. there is plenty of other wasteland they can cultivate on their own and does thus not harm anyone else's opportunities/chances to cultivate their own land, privatisation is allowed for the individual good. Alternately, others are better off if they do not have the skill to cultivate land themselves and can lease their labour working on my privatized land, they would win on the deal since the wage I pay them would be better than what they would have gained on their own1/2.  1 Locke, J. (n.d.). Chapter. V. Of Property. Constitution Society. Retrieved June 7, 2011  2 Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy State and Utopia (pp. 54-56, 137-42). Basic Books. private property, right to own, independence, survival, control, labour, consent, theft, provisos, impact on others, better off, wasteland, cultivation, privatisation, wage, lease, labour, John Locke, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, Chapter V Of Property, Constitution Society private property, right to own, independence, survival, labour, consent, theft, provisos, impact on others, comfort of life, wasteland, cultivation, privatization, opportunities, skill, lease labour, wage, John Locke, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, Chapter V Of Property, Constitution Society private property, right to own, independence, survival, control, labour, consent, theft, requirements, property acquisition, impact on others, comfort of life, wasteland, cultivation, privatization, opportunities, skill, lease, labour, wage, John Locke, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia Private property, right to own, independence, survival, labour, consent, theft, wasteland, cultivation, harvest, Locke, Nozick, provisos, impact on others, comfort of life, better off, privatization, leasing labour, wages, self-sufficiency, property rights, ethical acquisition, natural resources, improvement, ownership, justice, economic independence, fair distribution, individual good, societal benefit, moral philosophy, political theory, property theory, exploitation, resource utilization, legal rights, economic activities, mutual benefit, labor theory of property, conditional ownership, environmental impact, sustainable use, social contract, economic freedom, moral private property, right to own, independence, survival, labour, consent, theft, provisos, impact on others, comfort of life, better off, wasteland, cultivation, privatisation, opportunities, skill, lease labour, wage, John Locke, Robert Nozick, property acquisition, moral philosophy, political theory, economic justice, land rights, property ethics, natural resources, individual rights, communal resources"
test-politics-dhwem-con01a	PMCs have an interest in conflict.  ncreased reliance on mercenaries is destabilising in the long term. It allows invaders and local governments to feel that they can get away with not providing sufficiently trained or numerous security forces because there are men on the ground. It also means that the most influential actors, large multi-national companies, no longer have to pressure governments so hard to provide security guarantees for everyone because they can buy their own. That leaves those without influence or money high and dry. This then leads to a proliferation of armed forces in the country, some working for the central government, others for local governments and some for private individuals and firms. These PMCs are hired provide security and to help create stability yet that is not where their interests lie. If the country returns to stability they are out of a job so it is in their interest to keep an unstable situation unstable to result in more work. (Wennmann, 2008) PMCs, mercenaries, destabilisation, security forces, multinational companies, government pressure, security guarantees, armed forces proliferation, central government, local governments, private individuals, private firms, instability, job security, Wennmann 2008 PMCs, mercenaries, conflict, destabilisation, security forces, multinational companies, government, influence, money, armed forces, central government, local governments, private individuals, firms, stability, job, Wennmann, 2008 PMCs, conflict, mercenaries, destabilising, security forces, multi-national companies, influence, governments, security guarantees, armed forces, central government, local governments, private firms, stability, interests, unstable, work, Wennmann, 2008 PMCs, conflict, destabilisation, mercenaries, security forces, multinational companies, government pressure, security guarantees, armed forces, central government, local governments, private individuals, firms, stability, job security, Wennmann, 2008 PMCs, mercenaries, conflict, destabilising, security forces, multinational companies, government, influence, money, armed forces, central government, local governments, private individuals, firms, stability, interests, unemployment, Wennmann, 2008
test-economy-fiahwpamu-con01a	Realistic barriers  There are significant barriers to introducing microfinance. Microfinance can’t reach everywhere; a lack of infrastructure, or poor infrastructure, can mean that microfinance initiatives often can’t reach where need is greatest. Those who are poorest most need money just to get buy, not to invest. They would be unable to repay even tiny loans. It returns to the question of who is the poorest, and what do we know about them - where they are, what they need, and why are they poor?  Secondly, structural constraints limit the ability for microfinance to be sustainable and provide a long term solution. Bad governance, inadequate structures to regulate microfinance, and political instability, mean the theoretical benefits of microfinance may not become a lived reality.  Thirdly, who is involved in the supply? The involvement of multiple actors - NGOs, communities, the state, and private sector, complicates how microfinance is being run and therefore the effectiveness. Tensions emerge with such partnerships as each actor has the different objectives and motivations. realistic barriers,microfinance,introducing challenges,infrastructure limitations,poorest communities,loan repayment issues,poverty identification,structural constraints,sustainability limitations,bad governance,regulatory inadequacies,political instability,actor involvement,NGOs,community roles,state participation,private sector,tension partnerships,different objectives,motivations realistic barriers, microfinance, infrastructure, poverty, loan repayment, poorest identification, structural constraints, sustainability, bad governance, regulation, political instability, multiple actors, NGOs, communities, state, private sector, partnership tensions, objectives, motivations microfinance, barriers, infrastructure, poverty, investment, repayment, governance, regulation, political instability, sustainability, actors, NGOs, communities, state, private sector, partnerships, objectives, motivations realistic barriers,microfinance,infrastructure limits,poorest populations,repayment difficulties,poverty questions,structural constraints,sustainability issues,bad governance,inadequate regulation,political instability,theoretical benefits,multiple actors,NGOs,community involvement,state role,private sector,tension,partnership complexities,different objectives,motivations realistic barriers, microfinance, infrastructure limitations, poverty, repayment issues, poorest populations, structural constraints, sustainability, bad governance, regulation inadequacy, political instability, multiple actors, NGO involvement, community participation, state role, private sector engagement, partnership tensions, objectives diversity, motivation differences
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-con03a	Georgia has a right to territorial integrity  Georgia has a legitimate sovereign right to maintain its territorial integrity as well as the social contract accompanying it. Georgia has the right to take action to secure the integrity of these things, unless blocked by a higher international authority. Internationally, S. Ossetia's independence is recognised by only five nations (including Russia), demonstrating that the international community is not convinced that S. Ossetia's claim to self-determination trumps Georgia's claim to territorial integrity. [1] In order to obtain independence, it is important that a country be recognized diplomatically by a significant number of the members of the United Nations. This is important in large part because it ensures that a state will have viable diplomatic relations internationally if it becomes independent. It also demonstrates that the international system supports a certain action being taken internationally. Thus Georgia's claim should continue to stand until the international community changes its mind, and at the moment the international community has legitimate concerns regarding the regional instability and conflict that an independent S. Ossetia might foster. Moreover, as shown above the S. Ossetian state is entirely dependent on Russian support, and so it can be accurately stated that the issue of S. Ossetian independence, and its threat to Georgian territorial integrity, has arisen only because of Russian interference within Georgia. Even those who argue that any region has the right to self-determination would probably reject the idea that nations have the right to foster and encourage parts of other nations to secede from their current state and join another. The S. Ossetian independence movement can thus be correctly seen simply as Russian aggression against Georgia for its own advantage, not an issue of self-determination.  [1] RIA Novosti. “Nicaragua recognizes South Ossetia and Abkhazia”. RIA Novosti. 4 September 2008. Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereign right, social contract, S. Ossetia, independence, international recognition, United Nations, diplomatic relations, international community, regional instability, conflict, Russian support, Russian interference, self-determination, secession, Russian aggression Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereign right, social contract, international authority, South Ossetia, independence recognition, United Nations, diplomatic relations, international support, regional instability, Russian support, Russian interference, self-determination, secession, Russian aggression, Nicaragua, Abkhazia Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereign right, social contract, international authority, South Ossetia, independence, international recognition, United Nations, diplomatic relations, international community, regional instability, conflict, Russian support, Russian interference, self-determination, secession, Russian aggression Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereign right, social contract, international authority, S. Ossetia, independence, international recognition, United Nations, diplomatic relations, international system, regional instability, conflict, Russian support, Russian interference, self-determination, secession, Russian aggression, Nicaragua, Abkhazia Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereign right, social contract, international authority, South Ossetia, independence, recognition, United Nations, diplomatic relations, international community, regional instability, conflict, Russian support, Russian interference, self-determination, secession, Russian aggression, Nicaragua, Abkhazia, RIA Novosti
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-pro03a	Data breaches can result in huge amounts of personal data falling into unscrupulous hands  The data collected and sold by companies is not safe. Servers with even the most sophisticated security systems are susceptible to hackers and other miscreants seeking to exploit the personal data of unsuspecting customers. Identity theft is a ubiquitous threat in the Information Age, one that increases every year as the arms race between data protection designers and invaders rages on. Data breaches have been rapidly increasing [1] and although the total number declined from 412 million exposed records in 2011 to 267 million in 2012 this has increasingly been due to hacking rather than simple negligence. [2] The result of these breaches is huge costs to individuals who have their identities and also to firms that appear to be unsafe. As individuals see companies as being uncaring of their information they tend to punish them in the market. [3] There is no opt-in because the individual has no means of seeing to whom the data is sold, and how secure their servers might be, putting them doubly at risk. Firms are better off not playing with fire and keeping data that could have huge potential costs to them if it is lost, and individuals are better off not having their information disseminated across cyberspace without any guarantee of its safety.  [1] Federal Trade Commission. “Privacy online: Fair information practices in the electronic marketplace: A report to Congress. Technical report, Federal Trade Commission”. May 2000.   [2] Risk Based Security, “Historically, Over 1.2 Billion Records Exposed According to Risk Based Security, Inc.” Risk Based Security, 22 February 2012,   Risk Based Security, “2012 Sets New Record for Reported Data Breaches”, PR Newswire, 14 February 2013,   [3] Acquisti, A. “The Economics of Personal Data and the Economics of Privacy”. OECD. 2010, data breaches, personal data, unscrupulous hands, data collected, data sold, companies, server security, hackers, miscreants, personal data exploitation, identity theft, information age, data protection, data invaders, breach increase, exposed records, hacking, negligence, breach costs, individual identity, firm safety, market punishment, data opt-in, data dissemination, cyberspace safety, FTC privacy report, Risk Based Security, Acquisti economics, OECD privacy economics data breaches, personal data, security systems, hackers, identity theft, information age, records exposed, hacking, negligence, costs, individuals, firms, privacy, opt-in, cyberspace, risk, Fair Information Practices, OECD, economics of personal data, market punishment, server security, data protection, invasions, unsolicited data dissemination, FTC, Risk Based Security, annual trends, breach reports data breaches, personal data, unscrupulous hands, sophisticated security, hackers, miscreants, identity theft, Information Age, data protection, data breaches increasing, exposed records, hacking, negligence, huge costs, individuals, firms, market punishment, opt-in, data safety, firms responsibility, personal information, cyberspace, privacy online, fair information practices, economics of personal data, economics of privacy, OECD, Federal Trade Commission, Risk Based Security data breaches, personal data, unscrupulous hands, data collection, data selling, server security, hackers, miscreants, identity theft, information age, arms race, data protection, invaders, exposed records, hacking, negligence, breach costs, individual costs, firm costs, market punishment, opt-in, data security, economic impact, privacy online, fair information practices, electronic marketplace, risk based security, OECD, economics of personal data, economics of privacy data breaches, personal data, unscrupulous hands, data collected, sold, companies, server security, hackers, miscreants, personal data exploitation, identity theft, Information Age, data protection, invaders, exposed records, hacking, negligence, breach costs, individuals, identity theft, firms, unsafe, market punishment, opt-in, data safety, potential costs, information dissemination, cyberspace, privacy, Fair Information Practices, OECD Economics, Personal Data Economics, Privacy Online, Electronic Marketplace, Federal Trade Commission, Risk Based Security, Reported Data Breaches, Acquisti
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro04a	Deregulation contributed to the banking crises and, therefore the 2009 economic crash  It is clear that the economic meltdown was, in large part, caused by deregulation of the banking and financial sectors. The Republican obsession causes not only environmental damage and low wages but it doesn’t even succeed in its avowed aim of leaving the market free to generate wealth. In just a way of letting the parties friends in the boardrooms of corporate America to get even richer by gambling with the homes and pensions of ordinary, hard-working Americans [i] .  The Congressional Republican response to the 2008 crash was to pass a bill that curtailed 38 environmental regulations, blaming the EPA for the stalled economy. Why is anyone’s guess.  [i] “Why Government Becomes the Scapegoat”. Governemtnisgood.com deregulation, banking crises, 2009 economic crash, economic meltdown, banking sector, financial sectors, Republican obsession, environmental damage, low wages, market freedom, wealth generation, corporate America, gambling, homes, pensions, hard-working Americans, Congressional Republican response, 2008 crash, environmental regulations, EPA, economy, government, scapegoat deregulation, banking crises, 2009 economic crash, economic meltdown, banking sector, financial sectors, Republican, environmental damage, low wages, market, wealth generation, corporate America, gambling, homes, pensions, hard-working Americans, Congressional Republican, 2008 crash, environmental regulations, EPA, stalled economy, government, scapegoat Deregulation, banking crises, 2009 economic crash, financial sectors, Republican, environmental damage, low wages, market, wealth generation, corporate America, 2008 crash, environmental regulations, EPA, economy, government, scapegoat deregulation, banking crises, 2009 economic crash, financial sectors, Republican obsession, environmental damage, low wages, market freedom, wealth generation, corporate America, gambling, homes, pensions, hard-working Americans, Congressional Republican response, 2008 crash, environmental regulations, EPA, stalled economy, government scapegoat deregulation, banking crises, 2009 economic crash, financial sectors, Republican, environmental damage, low wages, market, wealth generation, corporate America, gambling, homes, pensions, ordinary Americans, Congressional Republican, 2008 crash, environmental regulations, EPA, economy, government, scapegoat
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-pro02a	Radio is cheap to produce and easily accessible.  Community radio relies on the power of its ideas and the thirst for those ideas among its audience. It accepts the notion that it is the exchange of information and views, freely given and received, that is more important than the ideas themselves.  It doesn’t require massive budgets and radio waves can be received on equipment that costs pennies; more importantly it can be shared.  For all of its pretensions of accessibility the devices used to access the Internet tend to be expensive and they also tend not to be shared – unlike radios [i] .  To give some context to this, even paying Western prices, a small radio station can be started for as little as $10,000 with monthly costs of $1,000 [ii] . Some of that, of course, relates to government issued licences, clearly this does not apply if the station is planning to be ignored by the authorities. These costs can be further reduced when the founders have a pre-existing knowledge of radio engineering or work with a partner organisation such as the BBC World Service or the various NGOs who specialise in the field [iii] .  [i] Plunkett, John, Community radio: A rare success story. The Guardian. 9 March 2009.  [ii] Prometheus Radio Project.  [iii] Wikipedia. Community Radio. radio, cheap, production, accessibility, community, ideas, audience, information, exchange, views, budgets, equipment, cost, pennies, sharing, internet, devices, expensive, western, prices, station, start, monthly, costs, government, licenses, knowledge, engineering, partner, organization, BBC, World, Service, NGOs, field, Plunkett, John, Guardian, Prometheus, Radio, Project, Wikipedia Radio, cheap, production, accessibility, community, ideas, audience, exchange, information, views, budgets, equipment, costs, pennies, shared, Internet, devices, expensive, Western, prices, station, monthly, government, licenses, authorities, reduced, knowledge, engineering, partner, organization, BBC, World, Service, NGOs, Prometheus, Radio, Project, Wikipedia, success, story, Plunkett, John, Guardian, March, 2009 radio, cheap, accessible, community, ideas, information, exchange, views, budgets, equipment, pennies, shared, internet, expensive, devices, small, station, costs, government, licences, ignored, authorities, knowledge, engineering, partner, organisation, BBC, World, Service, NGOs, field, Plunkett, John, Guardian, March, 2009, Prometheus, Project, Wikipedia radio, cheap, production, accessibility, community, ideas, audience, information, views, exchange, budget, equipment, pennies, sharing, internet, devices, expensive, Western, prices, station, startup, costs, government, licenses, knowledge, engineering, partner, organization, BBC, World, Service, NGOs, Prometheus, Radio, Project, Wikipedia, Plunkett, Guardian, success, story radio, cheap, production, accessibility, community, ideas, information, exchange, views, budget, equipment, cost, internet, devices, expensive, sharing, station, startup, monthly, government, licenses, radio-engineering, BBC, World, Service, NGOs, Plunkett, John, Guardian, Prometheus, Radio, Project, Wikipedia
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con02a	We cannot make any judgments about whose life is valuable and whose is not  It is impossible to know what any of the people involved in the situation will do with their life. One might be a serial killer while another might be a life-saving doctor. By attempting to use some sort of calculation in the scenario we are presuming that we have more knowledge than we actually do. In reality we are totally ignorant to the right course of action and doing anything in the situation could be a terrible mistake that causes a lot of pain and suffering in the future. judgments, valuable, life, impossible, knowledge, situation, people, serial killer, life-saving doctor, calculation, scenario, presuming, knowledge, reality, ignorant, action, mistake, pain, suffering, future judgments, life, valuable, impossible, know, situation, serial killer, life-saving doctor, calculation, scenario, knowledge, ignorant, right course, action, mistake, pain, suffering, future moral judgments, life value, uncertainty, future outcomes, ethical dilemmas, ignorance, consequences, potential, decision-making, pain, suffering, responsibility, judgment, knowledge limitations judgments, life, valuable, impossible, situation, serial killer, life-saving doctor, calculation, knowledge, ignorant, course of action, mistake, pain, suffering, future judgments, life, valuable, impossibility, knowledge, people, situation, serial killer, doctor, calculation, presumption, ignorance, action, mistake, pain, suffering, future
test-international-iighbopcc-con03a	A more informal agreement avoids the US congress  The United States Congress is a potential hurdle for any climate agreement. While President Barack Obama is keen to make tackling climate change a legacy of his Presidency the Republican dominated Congress is both likely to try to block the President for that very reason and is sceptical of climate change. It is therefore a major benefit to have an agreement that will not need to be submitted to Congress for approval as any treaty needs to be confirmed by the Senate.  The Secretary of State Kerry argues that it is “definitely not going to be a treaty,” and “not going to be legally binding reduction targets like Kyoto”. It won’t need to be passed to the Senate because the President already has the power to implement the agreement through existing law. [1]  [1] Mufson, Steven, and Demirjian, Karoun, ‘Trick or treaty? The legal question hanging over the Paris climate change conference’, Washington Post, 30 November 2015, informal agreement, US congress, climate change, President Obama, Republican Congress, climate agreement, Senate approval, Secretary of State Kerry, legally binding, Kyoto, existing law, Paris climate change conference informal agreement, US congress, climate agreement, President Obama, Republican Congress, climate change, Senate approval, treaty, legally binding, Kyoto, Secretary of State Kerry, Paris climate change conference, existing law, legal question US Congress, climate agreement, President Barack Obama, Republican Congress, climate change skepticism, non-treaty agreement, Secretary of State Kerry, legally binding, Kyoto Protocol, Senate approval, existing law implementation, Washington Post, Paris climate change conference informal agreement, US Congress, climate change, Barack Obama, Republican Congress, Kyoto Protocol, legally binding, Senate approval, Paris climate change conference, President's power, existing law, climate legacy, treaty, legal question, international agreement, environmental policy, US climate commitments informal agreement, US congress, climate agreement, President Barack Obama, Republican Congress, climate change, Senate approval, treaty, Secretary of State Kerry, legally binding, Kyoto, existing law, Paris climate change conference
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con02a	Education should be about truth and facts, not dogma and faith.  Scientific enquiry is, at its core, a search for truth [1] . It is about shining light in dark places. Dogmatic adherence to beliefs in spite of evidence, and even trying to cover up facts that contradict those beliefs is academically dishonest and intellectually facile. Evolution is proven fact, a theory so sound that it is the cornerstone of all biology. Nothing in biology makes any sense unless considered in the context of evolution. Schools should teach this fact, not the pseudoscience of religious demagogues. It is a fundamental attack on children's rights to subject them to false information for the sake of upholding outdated and disproved beliefs. It is a right of all people to have a valuable education, because good education is required to be able to take part in the democratic process, to be able to make informed decisions. That right is compromised when the educational system gives them a worthless education in untruths, like Creationism, because informed decisions must be based on fact, and must be objective the way science is, rather than loaded with religious undertones, that skew ones view of the facts. The value of education is only as good as its applicability, either directly or through its fostering of critical thinking. So, when the political process is used to circumvent the curriculum set by teachers and experts, who actually know the subjects they are talking about, and replacing them with the curriculum set by a scientifically illiterate political body, the children suffer as the quality of their education decreases.  [1] Pauling, Linus. 1983. No More War! New York: Dodd Mead. Education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, light in dark places, dogmatic adherence, academically dishonest, intellectually facile, evolution, proven fact, cornerstone of biology, schools, pseudoscience, religious demagogues, children's rights, false information, outdated beliefs, democratic process, informed decisions, critical thinking, curriculum, teachers, experts, scientifically illiterate, political body, quality of education, Pauling, No More War education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, evidence, academically dishonest, intellectually facile, evolution, biology, schools, pseudoscience, religious demagogues, children's rights, false information, outdated beliefs, democratic process, informed decisions, critical thinking, curriculum, teachers, experts, scientifically illiterate, political process, quality of education Education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, evidence, academic dishonesty, intellectual honesty, evolution, biology, pseudoscience, religious beliefs, children's rights, informed decisions, democratic process, critical thinking, curriculum, political process, scientific illiteracy, quality education Education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, academic dishonesty, intellectual honesty, evolution, biology, pseudoscience, religious beliefs, children's rights, informed decisions, democracy, critical thinking, curriculum, scientific literacy, political interference, educational quality education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, academic dishonesty, intellectual facilitation, evolution, biology, pseudoscience, children's rights, informed decisions, democracy, critical thinking, curriculum, teachers, experts, political process, scientifically illiterate, educational quality
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-pro01a	Cultural relativism and adapting to conflict  The issues underlying all debates on child soldiers go to the very heart of intercultural justice, politics and governance. International and supranational legislation notwithstanding, the notion that children should be protected from all forms of violence at any cost is expressly western.  The facts stated in the introduction are not sufficient to support the creation of a defence of cultural relativism to charges of recruiting and using child soldiers. “Cultures” are not simply sets of practices defined by history and tradition. They are also methods of living, of survival and of ordering societies that change and develop in response to societies’ environments. Within many communities, children are inducted (or induct themselves) into military organisations as a result of necessity. The traditional providers of physical safety within a society may have been killed or displaced by war. Communities left vulnerable by long running and vaguely defined conflicts may have no other option but to begin arming their children, in order to help them avoid violent exploitation. A great many child soldiers in South Sudan actively sought out units of the rebel army known to accept child recruits [i] . Following the death of parents and the dispersal of extended families, children gravitated towards known sources of safety and strength – organisations capable of providing protection and independence within nations utterly distorted and ruined by conflict.  Western notions of inviolate childhood, free of worry and violence, are merely a cultural construct. This construct cannot be duplicated in societies beset by forms of privation and conflict that have been alien to western liberal democracies for the last seventy years. Attempting to enforce this construct as law- and as a form of law that can trump domestic legislation- endangers vulnerable communities, inhibits the creation of democratic norms and can even criminalise the children it claims to protect.  [i] “Raised by war: Child Soldiers of the Southern Sudanese Second Civil War”, Christine Emily Ryan, PhD Thesis, University of London, 2009 cultural relativism, conflict, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, western protection, violence, cultural practices, survival, societal change, military induction, vulnerability, rebellion, South Sudan, safety, independence, privation, democratic norms, criminalisation, childhood, Western liberalism, law, domestic legislation cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, western protection, violence, cultural practices, survival, societal change, military induction, physical safety, conflict, South Sudan, rebel army, parental death, extended family displacement, vulnerable communities, democratic norms, criminalisation, Raised by war, Christine Emily Ryan, University of London, PhD Thesis, 2009 Cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, western protection, violence, societal practices, survival, military induction, conflict, South Sudan, rebel army, inviolate childhood, privation, democratic norms, criminalisation, vulnerable communities, Christine Emily Ryan, Southern Sudanese Second Civil War cultural relativism, conflict adaptation, intercultural justice, child soldiers, western protectionism, violence prevention, cultural constructs, societal survival, military induction, conflict environments, community vulnerability, rebel recruitment, parental loss, extended family dispersion, safety seeking, societal distortion, privation, democratic norms, legal enforcement, criminalization, child protection laws cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, western perspectives, international legislation, cultural practices, societal survival, conflict zones, South Sudan, recruited children, protection, vulnerable communities, democratic norms, legal enforcement, childhood constructs, war-affected societies, Christine Emily Ryan, PhD Thesis, University of London, Southern Sudanese Second Civil War
test-international-miasimyhw-pro05a	The freedom to move is a human right.  Mobility is a human right - which needs to be enabled across national spaces and Africa. Obstacles need to be removed. Mobility enables access to interconnected rights - such as ensuring women their right to move enables empowerment in the political, social and economic spheres.  Taking the case of migration of young people, the process reflects a right of passage, a means of exploring opportunities and identity.For example the Mourides of Senegal have established a dense network sustaining informal trading across multiple scales based on a foundation of ‘Brotherhood’ youths leaving rural areas become integrated into dynamic social networks and educated within the Mouride culture. As research in Tanzania shows although migration is not a priority for all youths, many identify the opportunity as a time to prove yourself and establish your transition into adulthood. The process empowers human identity and rights. freedom, mobility, human right, national spaces, Africa, obstacles, women empowerment, political, social, economic, migration, young people, right of passage, opportunities, identity, Mourides, Senegal, informal trading, Brotherhood, youths, rural areas, social networks, Mouride culture, Tanzania, transition, adulthood, human identity, rights freedom, mobility, human right, national spaces, Africa, obstacles, interconnected rights, women empowerment, political, social, economic spheres, migration, young people, right of passage, opportunities, identity, Mourides, Senegal, informal trading, Brotherhood, social networks, Mouride culture, Tanzania, transition, adulthood, human identity, rights freedom, mobility, human rights, national spaces, Africa, obstacles, interconnected rights, women empowerment, political, social, economic, migration, young people, right of passage, opportunities, identity, Mourides, Senegal, informal trading, Brotherhood, rural areas, social networks, Mouride culture, Tanzania, youth priorities, adulthood, human identity, empowerment freedom, mobility, human rights, national spaces, Africa, obstacles, interconnected rights, women empowerment, political rights, social rights, economic rights, migration, young people, right of passage, opportunities, identity, Mourides, Senegal, informal trading, Brotherhood, social networks, culture, Tanzania, transition, adulthood, human identity, empowerment freedom, mobility, human, right, national, Africa, obstacles, women, empowerment, political, social, economic, migration, young, passage, opportunity, identity, Mourides, Senegal, network, informal, trading, Brotherhood, rural, Tanzania, transition, adulthood, human, identity, rights
test-education-usuprmhbu-con02a	Affirmative action creates bad workplaces for all minorities  Affirmative action creates a negative workplaces for all minorities whose group receives affirmative action support.  The existence of affirmative action creates a de-facto assumption that anyone of that particular minority must have gotten where they are not on their own merit, but simply because they are that particular minority. This causes people to resent the minority group for getting for “free” what people feel they had to work hard for. This furthers the perception of the minority as being inferior, and removes their capacity to be treated as an equal in the workplace and prove themselves.  This assumption is not only harmful to those minorities who did receive assistance from affirmative action, but also anyone of that minority group regardless of if they were hired using affirmative action because there is simply an assumption that they are less qualified and there because of the policy because the policy exists.  Therefore, affirmative action creates an assumption that minorities in the workplace are less qualified and inherently inferior to the other workers due to the affirmative action policy causing resentment and deepening inequality, not helping eradicate it. affirmative action, negative workplaces, minority groups, perceived inferiority, resentment, workplace inequality, merit assumption, policy impact, minority representation, workplace dynamics, affirmative action consequences, workforce diversity, equal opportunity, hiring practices, professional perception, minority capacity, workplace resentment, inequality reinforcement, policy criticism, minority achievement affirmative action, negative workplace, minority resentment, perceived inferiority, workplace inequality, merit assumption, policy backlash, minority representation, workplace dynamics, hiring practices affirmative action, workplace inequality, minority resentment, merit assumption, workplace discrimination, negative workplace environment, minority hiring, policy impact, workplace diversity, inequality perpetuation, meritocracy perception, minority representation, employment fairness, workplace prejudice, affirmative action criticism, minority qualification assumptions, workplace equity, diversity policies, employment practices, social equity affirmative action, workplace inequality, minority discrimination, merit assumption, workplace resentment, policy impact, minority employment, workplace perception, equality erosion, affirmative action criticism affirmative action, negative workplaces, minorities, merit, resentment, inequality, perception, inferior, workplace dynamics, policy effects, minority hiring, qualification assumptions
test-international-ghwcitca-con03a	Unlike warfare cyber-attacks don’t kill so they don’t need to be restricted in the same way  Warfare needs to be closely regulated because of the numbers of people who can be killed and the devastation that can result. This is not something that is a concern with cyber-attacks. So far cyber-attacks have not been very effective. ‘Stuxnet’ was a computer worm targeted an important control system in the Iranian nuclear program sabotaging gas centrifuges by making them run out of control. It was created by US and Israeli intelligence yet was not particularly effective, and certainly did not kill anyone. [1] Other major attacks have infected a large number of machines, such as ‘Shamoon’ that attacked the Saudi state oil company ARAMCO which affected 30,000 computers, but again this is simply destruction of property. [2] No matter how indiscriminate cyber-attacks may be that they don’t cause large numbers of deaths means there is little need to ban such attacks – it simply does not matter if attackers don’t follow a set of conventions like the Geneva conventions.  [1] Barzashka, Ivanka, ‘Are Cyber-Weapons Effective? Assessing Stuxnet’s Impact on the Iranian Enrichment Programme’, RUSI Journal, Vol.158, Issue 2, 28 April 2013,   [2] Garamone, Jim, ‘Panetta Spells out DOD Roles in Cyberdefense’, American Forces Press Service, 11 October 2012, cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, Stuxnet, Iranian nuclear program, Shamoon, ARAMCO, deaths, property destruction, Geneva conventions, effectiveness, military ethics, cyber defense, international law, cyber warfare norms, digital sabotage, cybersecurity policy cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, Stuxnet, Shamoon, ARAMCO, deaths, property, conventions, effectiveness, Iranian, nuclear, US, Israeli, intelligence, gas, centrifuges, Saudi, oil, company, computers, impact, assessment, DOD, cyberdefense, Geneva, conventions, indiscriminate, bans, ethics, international, law, cybersecurity, military, strategy, defense, technology, conflict, security, policy, regulation, digital, weapons, destruction, casualties, humanitarian, warfare, regulations, control, systems, sabotage, infection, machines, compliance, military, ethics, cyber, space, warfare, cyber-attacks, regulation, deaths, devastation, Stuxnet, Iranian, nuclear, program, sabotage, Shamoon, ARAMCO, destruction, property, effectiveness, conventions, Geneva, Panetta, DOD, cyberdefense cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, Stuxnet, Shamoon, Iranian nuclear program, ARAMCO, deaths, property destruction, Geneva conventions, effectiveness, military ethics, cybersecurity, international law cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, Stuxnet, Iranian nuclear program, Shamoon, ARAMCO, computer worm, gas centrifuges, property destruction, effectiveness, Geneva conventions, indiscriminate attacks, death toll, military ethics, cybersecurity, national security, intelligence operations, cyberdefense, DOD roles, cyber warfare, international law, digital sabotage, cyber espionage, cyber conflict, non-lethal attacks, state-sponsored hacking, cyber policy, cyber norms, digital warfare, cyber doctrines, cyber regulations, cyber strategy, cyber tactics, cyber risks, cyber threats, cyber operations, cyber weapons, cyber governance, cyber ethics, cyber
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-con04a	"Problems with Verification.  Verification is vital in any agreement to limit arms. Both sides need to trust each other a bit but a lot of this trust needs to come from comprehensive mechanisms to monitor and ensure that both sides are carrying out their commitments. If the verification system is not good enough then neither side will have faith in the agreement and will be more likely to try and bypass it.  Unfortunately the expired START’s verification regime was robust when compared to that for the New START. Baker Spring at the Heritage foundation lists some of the specific areas that are significantly less robust: A narrowing of the requirements for exchanging telemetry (electronic transmissions that give details of missile performance that helps give a good idea about whether Russia is complying with the treaty) , A reduction in the effectiveness of the inspections (the Russians feel that inspections are unfairly biased against them), Weaknesses in the ability to verify the number of deployed warheads on ICBMs and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), Abolition of the START verification regime governing mobile ICBMs, and A weakening of the verification standards governing the elimination of delivery vehicles. [1]  [1] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010. Verification, Arms Control, Trust, START Treaty, New START, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring, Telemetry, Inspections, Warheads Verification, ICBMs, SLBMs, Mobile ICBMs, Delivery Vehicles Elimination, Treaty Compliance Verification, Arms Limitation, Trust, Monitoring, Commitments, START, New START, Telemetry, Inspections, Warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, Mobile ICBMs, Delivery Vehicles, Treaty Compliance, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring verification, arms agreements, trust, monitoring, commitments, robustness, START, New START, telemetry, inspections, warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, mobile ICBMs, elimination, delivery vehicles, treaty compliance, Heritage Foundation, flaws, Baker Spring verification, trust, arms control, START treaty, New START, telemetry, inspections, deployed warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicles, Russian compliance, treaty flaws, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring Verification, Arms control, Trust, Monitoring, START treaty, New START, Telemetry, Inspections, Warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, Mobile ICBMs, Delivery vehicles, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring"
test-international-aglhrilhb-con03a	Fear of prosecutions cause leaders to do more damage  Instead of giving up fighting, leaders continue to fight, disrupting the ability of a country to move on, for fear of prosecution. Pol Pot, for example, rebuilt armies and continued to fight long after his regime was overthrown, killing thousands more people. Had an amnesty been offered, he might well have given up and allowed the country to heal with far less death. Joseph Kony also continues to plague Uganda from within bush land even though he has offered to surrender for amnesty, because the ICC refuses to grant him any indemnity for his crimes [1].  [1] BBC news Africa, ‘LRA leader Joseph Kony 'in surrender talks' with CAR’, bbc.co.uk, 20 November 2013, fear, prosecutions, leaders, damage, fighting, country, move on, prosecution, Pol Pot, armies, regime, overthrow, people, amnesty, Joseph Kony, Uganda, bush land, surrender, ICC, indemnity, crimes, BBC news Africa, LRA leader, CAR, 20 November 2013 Fear, Prosecutions, Leaders, Damage, Fighting, Country, Move On, Pol Pot, Rebuild, Armies, Regime, Overthrown, Killing, Amnesty, Heal, Joseph Kony, Uganda, Bush Land, Surrender, ICC, Indemnity, Crimes, LRA, Leader, CAR, BBC News, Africa Fear, Prosecutions, Leaders, Damage, Fighting, Country, Move On, Pol Pot, Rebuild, Armies, Regime, Overthrown, Killing, Amnesty, Heal, Joseph Kony, Uganda, Bush Land, Surrender, Amnesty, ICC, Indemnity, Crimes, BBC, News, Africa, LRA, Leader, Talks, CAR Fear, Prosecutions, Leaders, Damage, Fighting, Country, Move On, Pol Pot, Armies, Regime, Overthrown, Killing, Amnesty, Heal, Joseph Kony, Uganda, Bush Land, Surrender, ICC, Indemnity, Crimes, BBC News Africa, LRA Leader, CAR, Surrender Talks fear, prosecutions, leaders, damage, fighting, country, move on, Pol Pot, armies, regime, overthrow, killing, amnesty, heal, Joseph Kony, Uganda, bush land, surrender, ICC, indemnity, crimes, BBC, news, Africa, LRA, leader, CAR, talks
test-international-iwiaghbss-con03a	Could retain sovereignty without acquiring new territory  While it is normal for states to have exclusive sovereign control over territory this has not always happened in the past. There have been governments in exile that have remained recognised as a result of wars or revolutions. Most notable perhaps was during world war II where there were governments in exile as a result of invasions by Germany and Japan. For example Philippine President Quezon set up The Commonwealth government in exile in Washington D.C. which remained the recognised government by the allies and therefore much of the world. [1]  A state therefore does not have to have control over a populated territory to maintain a sovereign government and for the world to recognise it as such. [2] Having a population on the territory over which the state has sovereignty matters little; migrants don’t always change citizenship when they move to live in another country. Indeed 56.9% of Samoans live outside their own territory. [3]  [1] Jose, Ricardo, T., ‘Governments in Exile’, University of the Philippines,  , p.182  [2] Yu, 2013,   [3] McAdam, 2010,  , p.8 sovereignty, territory, government in exile, World War II, Philippine President Quezon, Commonwealth government, recognized government, migrants, citizenship, Samoans, population, state control, exclusive sovereign control, invasions, Germany, Japan, allies, state recognition, populated territory, sovereignty maintenance, territorial sovereignty, state population, citizenship change, migrant population, territorial control, government recognition, sovereignty without territory, state sovereignty, international recognition, government exile, World War II exiles, Philippine government, Quezon presidency, Samoan diaspora, migrant citizenship, state recognition without territory, state existence, government legitimacy, international law, state sovereignty, territory, governments in exile, World War II, Philippine President Quezon, Commonwealth government, recognized government, migrants, citizenship, Samoans, population outside territory, exclusive sovereign control, state recognition, invasions, Germany, Japan sovereignty, territory, governments in exile, World War II, Philippine President Quezon, Commonwealth government, allies, recognized government, state control, populated territory, sovereign government, world recognition, citizenship, migrants, Samoans, Ricardo Jose, University of the Philippines, Yu 2013, McAdam 2010 sovereignty, territory, governments in exile, World War II, Philippine President Quezon, Commonwealth government, recognized government, allies, state control, populated territory, migrants, citizenship, Samoans, Ricardo Jose, University of the Philippines, Yu 2013, McAdam 2010 sovereignty, territory, governments in exile, World War II, Philippine President Quezon, Commonwealth government, recognized government, control over territory, population, migrants, citizenship, Samoans, Ricardo Jose, Yu 2013, McAdam 2010
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-con03a	Capital punishment is a comparatively small issue  Whatever the merits, capital punishment in Africa is a small issue. Capital punishment opponents should focus on China, which uses capital punishment in a secretive manner for all variety of offences and executes far more people than the rest of the world put together. [1]  If Western human rights groups genuinely want to improve human rights in Africa, there are a myriad of issues that affect many more people relating to good governance, political rights and socio-economic rights, rather than just focusing on a small number of individuals, generally convicted of particularly serious criminal offences.  [1] ‘Death Sentences and Executions 2012’, Amnesty International, April 2013,  , p.6 capital punishment, Africa, China, secretive, offences, executions, human rights, Western groups, governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, serious crimes capital punishment, Africa, small issue, opponents, China, secretive, offences, executions, Western human rights groups, improve human rights, governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, serious criminal offences Capital punishment, Africa, China, secretive, offences, executions, human rights, Western, Africa issues, governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, serious criminal offences capital punishment, Africa, China, secretive, offences, executions, human rights, Western groups, governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, serious crimes, Amnesty International capital punishment, Africa, China, secretive, offences, executions, human rights, Western groups, good governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, serious crimes, Amnesty International
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-pro01a	Artistic Freedom  A core principle of art is that it should be free from any form of inhibition, as the particular artwork is an expression of the particular views and ideals of the artist. The subject matter in many instances is their own choice; therefore they have the right to say what they want about the subject matter, safe in the knowledge that is their opinion alone being portrayed.  The artist that painted ‘The Spear’, Brett Murray, created the piece as part of an exhibition that reflected his own discontent at the lack of major progress since the ruling African National Congress took power in South Africa after the end of Apartheid in 1994. Murray used his work to promulgate an idea that he has, allowing for others to see the art work for themselves and make up their own minds about President Zuma and the ANC. [1]  Art Galleries have a right to display any artist they feel will attract visitors as well showcase the forms of art that they believe is suitable. The Goodman Gallery saw no issue with Murray’s work to the extent that they prevented any particular works from being displayed. As it was their venue which was the setting for ‘The Spear’s display, The Goodman Gallery had the right to take decisions independently of external pressure. The removal of the exhibit sets a dangerous precedent whereby government can unduly censor artworks, threatening the free actions of artists and the galleries that display their work in turn affecting plural, democratic discourse. [2]  [1] Du Toit, ‘Artist Brett Murray explains why he painted ‘The spear’, 2 Ocean’s Vibe, 2012,   [2] Robins. P, ‘The spear that divided the nation’, Amandla, 2012, Artistic Freedom, Expression, Inhibition, Artist Rights, Brett Murray, The Spear, African National Congress, Apartheid, Goodman Gallery, Censorship, Plural Democratic Discourse, Art Exhibitions, Government Interference, Free Speech, Creative Expression, Political Art, South Africa, Zuma, Post-Apartheid, Exhibition Rights, Visitor Attraction, Art Censorship, Public Display, Independent Decision, Dangerous Precedent, Art and Politics, Cultural Critique Artistic Freedom, Expression, Inhibition, Artist's Rights, Subject Matter, Personal Views, Opinion, Exhibition, Brett Murray, The Spear, African National Congress, ANC, Apartheid, Art Gallery, Goodman Gallery, Visitors, Censorship, Government Pressure, Plural, Democratic Discourse, Cultural Expression, Political Art, Social Commentary, Artistic Integrity, Public Reaction, Media Attention, Controversial Art, Visual Arts, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, Political Criticism, Artistic License, Exhibition Rights, Art Censorship, Art World, Artistic Statement, Political Leadership, Artistic Creativity, Artistic artistic freedom, expression, artist rights, censorship, government interference, democratic discourse, art galleries, exhibition, Brett Murray, The Spear, African National Congress, ANC, Goodman Gallery, post-apartheid South Africa, political art, controversial art, public opinion, artistic choice, Zuma, protest art, free speech, cultural criticism Artistic Freedom, Expression, Inhibition, Artist Rights, Brett Murray, The Spear, Exhibition, African National Congress, Apartheid, Goodman Gallery, Censorship, Government Pressure, Democratic Discourse, Art Galleries, Visitor Attraction, Art Display Rights, External Pressure, Artwork Removal, Plural Society, Cultural Expression, Political Commentary, Post-Apartheid South Africa, Artistic Independence, Public Reaction, Media Coverage, Cultural Sensitivity, Artistic Responsibility, Freedom of Speech, Visual Arts, Contemporary Art, Political Art, Social Commentary, Artistic Intent, Gallery Policies, Art Censorship, Public Displays, Government Artistic Freedom, Expression, Inhibition, Views, Ideals, Artist, Brett Murray, The Spear, Exhibition, Discontent, African National Congress, Progress, Apartheid, Opinion, Artwork, President Zuma, Curator, Goodman Gallery, Display, Visitors, Forms, Art, Decisions, External Pressure, Government, Censorship, Free Actions, Plural, Democratic Discourse, Censorship, Precedent, South Africa, Political Art, Controversy, Public Reaction, Freedom of Speech, Visual Arts, Political Commentary, Gallery Rights, Artistic Rights, Censorship Debate, Cultural Expression,
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con03a	This would encourage coercion for some to die to save others  By allowing sacrificial donations society becomes vulnerable to abuse of this system. It is possible that people are scared or coerced into sacrificing their lives for others. While society does all it can for those who are ill, it cannot start moving the boundaries for when it actively takes the lives of its citizens.  Even when there is no coercion, we cannot even know when a person is beyond all hope. Even in the direst situations, there are exceptional cases when people recover. However, if we take a person’s vital organs, the process is irreversible. Therefore, it is always wrong to prematurely kill another person, while the recipient is still alive and within the realm of luck and miracles. In the status quo the donor is already dead and the trade-off is not a problem, but this cannot be extended to the living coercion, sacrificial donations, abuse, scaring, sacrificing lives, societal boundaries, active taking of lives, beyond hope, exceptional recoveries, irreversible process, premature killing, living donors, status quo, dead donors, trade-off, ethical concerns, moral implications, public policy, organ donation, healthcare ethics, patient rights, medical decision-making, societal values, coercive practices, medical miracles, end-of-life decisions, patient consent, integrity of medical practice coercion, sacrificial donations, abuse, vulnerability, coercion, fear, ethical boundaries, active killing, irreversible decisions, exceptional recoveries, premature killing, vital organs, moral implications, living donors, dead donors, status quo, ethical dilemmas, societal norms, medical ethics, human rights coercion, sacrificial donations, abuse, vulnerability, societal boundaries, active taking of lives, beyond hope, recovery, irreversible, premature killing, vital organs, status quo, living donors, ethical concerns, medical miracles, trade-off, consent, exploitation, moral boundaries coercion, sacrificial donations, abuse, vulnerability, scared, coercing, sacrificing, boundaries, ethical limits, irreversible, beyond hope, recovery, miracles, premature killing, donor, recipient, status quo, living, dead, trade-off coercion, sacrificial donations, abuse, vulnerability, coercion into sacrifice, boundaries of taking lives, irreversible organ taking, beyond hope, recovery miracles, premature killing, donor status, living donors, ethical concerns, societal impact, organ donation ethics, coercive practices, medical miracles, end-of-life decisions, donor-recipient dynamics
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-con03a	Receive much greater interest from Taiwan  There are benefits to being one of only twenty-two countries that recognise another country; you are lavished with attention. The President of the RoC visited São Tomé in January 2014, [1] he was last intending to visit only two years before but cancelled as President Manuel Pinto da Costa was overseas. [2] Visits also regularly go the other way; in a four month period from October 2010 São Tomé’s President, Minister of Finance, and Prime Minister all made separate trips to Taiwan. [3] The PRC being recognised by many more countries could never provide the same level of attention. As one of the poorest countries in the world without the question of recognition the PRC would have practically no interest in such a small African state.  [1] ‘Ma vows to strengthen ROC-Sao Tome relations’, Taiwan Today, 27 January 2014,   [2] Hsiu-chuan, Shih, ‘Ma’s trip canceled due to scheduling conflict: Sao Tome’, Taipei Times, 5 April 2012,   [3] Martins, Vasco, ‘Aid for legitimacy: São Tomé and Principe hand in hand with Taiwan’, IPRIS Viewpoints, February 2011, Taiwan, recognition, São Tomé, attention, President, RoC, visit, PRC, poor, African, state, relations, aid, legitimacy, trips, Minister, Finance, Prime Minister, canceled, overseas, conflict, strengthening, IPRIS, Viewpoints, Taipei, Times, Taiwan, Today Taiwan, recognition, São Tomé and Principe, diplomatic relations, President, ROC, São Tomé, visits, attention, PRC, poverty, aid, legitimacy Taiwan, recognition, São Tomé, visits, President, RoC, PRC, attention, benefits, diplomacy, international relations, poverty, aid, legitimacy Taiwan, recognition, diplomatic relations, São Tomé and Principe, visits, President of RoC, attention, benefits, PRC, poverty, international relations, aid, legitimacy Taiwan, recognition, benefits, attention, President, RoC, São Tomé, visits, PRC, poverty, aid, legitimacy, international relations, diplomacy, Africa, country relations, state interest, foreign visits, political recognition, financial aid, diplomatic ties
test-health-hdond-con04a	People may have valid religious reasons not to donate organs  Many major religions, such as some forms of Orthodox Judaism {Haredim Issue}, specifically mandate leaving the body intact after death. To create a system that aims to strongly pressure people, with the threat of reduced priority for life-saving treatment, to violate their religious beliefs violates religious freedom. This policy would put individuals and families in the untenable position of having to choose between contravene the edicts of their god and losing the life of themselves or a loved one. While it could be said that any religion that bans organ donation would presumably ban receiving organs as transplants, this is not actually the case; some followers of Shintoism and Roma faiths prohibit removing organs from the body, but allow transplants to the body. religious freedom, organ donation, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim Issue, body integrity, religious beliefs, pressure, policy, transplants, Shintoism, Roma faiths, edicts, life-saving treatment, violation, contravene, god, loved one, bans, receiving organs, prohibited, removing organs religious reasons, organ donation, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim Issue, religious beliefs, religious freedom, life-saving treatment, organ transplant, Shintoism, Roma faiths, ethical dilemmas, medical policy, organ procurement, cultural practices, bodily integrity, spiritual beliefs, health equity, faithful adherence, transplantation ethics, end-of-life decisions religious reasons, organ donation, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim Issue, body intact, religious freedom, pressure, reduced priority, life-saving treatment, religious beliefs, violating faith, choosing, contravene edicts, losing life, loved one, Shintoism, Roma faiths, prohibit removing organs, allow transplants religious reasons, organ donation, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim Issue, body intact, religious freedom, pressure, reduced priority, life-saving treatment, violate beliefs, policy, individuals, families, untenable position, contravene edicts, god, losing life, loved one, religion, bans, organ donation, receiving organs, transplants, Shintoism, Roma faiths, prohibit removing organs, allow transplants religious reasons, organ donation, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim Issue, body intact, death, religious freedom, reduced priority, life-saving treatment, violate beliefs, policy, individuals, families, contravene edicts, god, losing life, religion bans, organ donation, receiving organs, transplants, Shintoism, Roma faiths, prohibit removing organs, allow transplants
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-pro03a	COUNTERPOINT Any large expenditure in one area will stimulate regeneration. Considering that the cost of hosting the London 2012 Olympics is predicted at £2.375 billion, expected to rise far higher, regeneration is the least that can be expected as a le  The Olympics are a showcase. Hosting the Olympics can be a way of making a strong political point because of the intense media scrutiny that accompanies the games. During the Cold War both Moscow 1980 and Los Angeles 1984 were used by the USSR and USA to show their economic strength. Seoul in 1988 used the games to demonstrate South Korea's economic and political maturity. The Beijing Olympics in 2008 are seen by many as evidence of China's acceptance into the global community and a way for her to showcase her economic growth and acceptance of the West. For New York, the 2012 bid is a way of showing that the post-9/11 healing process has been completed and that the city is 'open for business' despite the terrorist attacks. Olympics, regeneration, economic impact, political showcase, media scrutiny, Cold War, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Beijing 2008, New York 2012 bid, post-9/11, economic strength, global community, political maturity, economic growth, terrorism, healing process, open for business, large expenditure, stimulation, cost prediction Olympics, regeneration, economic impact, political significance, media scrutiny, Cold War, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Beijing 2008, New York 2012, post-9/11, global community, economic growth, political maturity, showcase, large expenditure, economic strength, terrorism, healing process, open for business regeneration, economic-stimulus, large-expenditure, london-2012-olympics, political-point, media-scrutiny, cold-war, moscow-1980, los-angeles-1984, seoul-1988, beijing-2008, global-community, new-york-2012-bid, post-9-11, economic-growth, political-maturity, showcase, terrorism, healing-process, open-for-business Olympics, regeneration, expenditure, economic strength, political point, media scrutiny, Cold War, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Beijing 2008, China, global community, New York, post-9/11, healing, open for business, terrorist attacks Olympics, regeneration, economic impact, political showcase, media scrutiny, Cold War, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Beijing 2008, New York 2012, post-9/11, economic strength, political maturity, global community, economic growth, West acceptance, city recovery, business openness, terrorist attacks
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro04a	Legalisation reduces crime  The illegality of drugs fuels a huge amount of crime that could be eliminated if drugs were legalised. Price controls would mean that addicts would no longer have to steal to fund their habits, and a state-provided drug services would put dealers out of business, starving criminal gangs of their main source of funding. For example, an Italian Mafia family were making around $44bn a year from cocaine smuggling. [1] This represents something like 3% of Italy’s entire GDP – and that from only one crime syndicate.  [1] Kington, Tom, ‘Italian police raids reveal how an 80-year-old gangster held sway over the feared Calabrian mafia’, The Observer, 18 July 2010, legalisation, reduces, crime, illegality, drugs, fuels, eliminated, price, controls, addicts, steal, habits, state-provided, drug, services, dealers, business, starving, criminal, gangs, funding, Italian, Mafia, cocaine, smuggling, GDP, crime, syndicate, police, raids, gangster, Calabrian, mafia legalisation, crime reduction, drug policy, price controls, drug addiction, theft prevention, state-provided services, drug dealers, criminal gangs, Italian Mafia, cocaine smuggling, GDP impact, police raids, Calabrian mafia legalisation, crime reduction, drug illegality, price controls, addict theft, state-provided drugs, drug dealers, criminal gangs, funding, Italian Mafia, cocaine smuggling, GDP, police raids, Calabrian mafia Legalisation, crime reduction, drug policy, price controls, addiction, theft, state-provided services, drug dealers, criminal gangs, funding, Italian Mafia, cocaine smuggling, GDP, police raids, crime syndicate legalisation, crime reduction, drug policy, price controls, addiction, theft, state-provided services, drug dealers, criminal gangs, funding, Italian Mafia, cocaine smuggling, GDP, police raids, Calabrian mafia
test-international-iiahwagit-con03a	Legalising the trade of horns, ivory, furs and pelts would be more effective  Making it legal for hunters to kill these endangered animals, rather than protecting them, could prevent extinction. The protected status of endangered animals has made their pelts, horns and tusks more expensive as they are harder to obtain. [1] The current illegality of trading rhino horns has constrained supply in comparison to demand in Asia. This has driven the price of the horn to around £84,000. Softening protection for endangered animals could, in theory, reduce the price to a point where it is no longer profitable to hunt these endangered animals. [2] This would potentially increase supply by freeing up that seized by governments which is currently destroyed, and could potentially involve farming as South Africa is considering with Rhino horn. [3]  [1] Welz, A. ‘The War on African Poaching: Is Militarization Fated to Fail?’  [2] Player, I. & Fourie, A. ‘How to win the war against poachers’  [3] Molewa, E., ‘Statement on Rhino poaching intervention’ legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, endangered, animals, protecting, extinction, expensive, illegality, rhino, horns, demand, Asia, price, supply, profitable, hunting, militarization, poaching, African, farming, South, Africa, rhino, horn, seized, destroyed, government, intervention legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, hunters, kill, endangered, animals, extinction, protected, status, pelts, horns, tusks, expensive, illegality, rhino, horns, supply, demand, asia, price, profitable, hunt, poaching, militarization, fail, war, poachers, farming, south, africa, rhino, horn, supply, government, seized, destroyed, increase, Molewa, statement, intervention Legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, hunters, endangered, animals, extinction, protected, status, expensive, illegality, rhino, horns, demand, Asia, price, supply, profitable, hunting, poaching, militarization, fail, war, poachers, farming, South, Africa, Rhino, poaching, intervention, seized, governments, destroyed, Molewa,Welz,Player,Fourie Legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, endangered, animals, hunters, kill, protecting, extinction, pelts, horns, tusks, expensive, demand, Asia, rhino, horns, supply, price, profitable, hunt, seized, governments, destroyed, farming, South, Africa, poaching, militarization, war, poachers, intervention Legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, hunters, kill, endangered, animals, extinction, protected, status, expensive, supply, demand, Asia, price, poaching, militarization, fail, war, poachers, farming, South, Africa, Rhino, horn, seized, governments, destroyed, increase, supply, profitable, hunting, intervention, Molewa, Statement, rhino, poaching
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro04a	Breakfast teaches about health  Children need to learn about how good nutrition keeps them healthy. Providing a school breakfast means that the meal can be an educational experience and have teaching alongside. This education will ensure that when these children grow up they continue to eat healthily with future benefits for the nation’s health. breakfast, health, children, nutrition, school, meal, educational, teaching, grow, eat, healthily, future, benefits, nation, wellness, importance, food, young, learning, diet, habits breakfast, health, children, nutrition, school, meal, education, teaching, healthy, future, benefits, nation, wellness breakfast, health, children, nutrition, school, meal, education, teaching, future, benefits, nation, healthy Breakfast, Health, Children, Nutrition, School, Education, Healthy Eating, Future Benefits, National Health Breakfast, health, children, nutrition, school, meal, education, teaching, healthy, grown-ups, nation, benefits
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con04a	Pupils will bring unhealthy food with them to schools.  Frequently, a ban- whether or food, alcohol or forms of media- serves only to build interest in the things that has been prohibited. When a ban affects something that is a familiar part of everyday life that is generally regarded as benign, there is a risk that individuals may try to acquire the banned thing through other means.  Having had their perspective in junk food defined partly by attractive, highly persuasive advertising, children are likely to adopt an ambivalent perspective on any attempt to restrict their dietary choices. The extreme contrast between the former popularity of vending machines in schools and the austere approach required by new policies may hamper schools’ attempts to convince pupils of the necessity and rationality of their decision.  Even though schools may be able to coerce and compel their pupils to comply with disciplinary measures, they cannot stop children buying sweets outside of school hours.  When rules at an Orange county school changed, and the cafeteria got rid of its sweets, the demand was still up high, so that the school had to figure out a way to fix the situation. They created a “candy cart” – which now brings them income for sports equipment or other necessities. One of the pupils, Edgar Coker (18-year-old senior) explained that: “If I couldn’t buy it here, I’d bring it from home.” [1]  It is difficult to regulate junk food consumption through unsophisticated measures such as prohibition. A ban my undermine attempts to alter pupil’s mindsets and their perspective on food marketing and their own diets.  [1] Harris G., 'A Federal Effort to Push Junk Food Out of School', New York Times, 2 August 2010  , accessed 09/10/2011 unhealthy food, school ban, pupil behavior, junk food, advertising influence, vending machines, cafeteria changes, candy cart, regulation challenges, dietary choices, food marketing, student compliance, Orange County, Edgar Coker, New York Times, federal effort, junk food prohibition unhealthy food, school ban, dietary restrictions, vending machines, junk food advertising, cafeteria policies, candy cart, student compliance, food regulation, dietary choices, food marketing, school nutrition policy, Orange County school, Edgar Coker, junk food consumption, prohibition effects, New York Times unhealthy food, school ban, dietary choices, vending machines, junk food advertising, cafeteria policy, candy cart, pupil compliance, food consumption regulation, Orange county school, Edgar Coker, federal effort, New York Times, food marketing, dietary mindset unhealthy food, school ban, prohibited items, everyday life, dietary choices, junk food advertising, vending machines, disciplinary measures, sweets, Orange county school, candy cart, income, sports equipment, junk food consumption, regulation, pupil mindset, food marketing, diets unhealthy food, school ban, dietary choices, vending machines, junk food advertising, pupil compliance, disciplinary measures, candy cart, junk food consumption, food marketing, dietary perspectives, school policies, prohibition effectiveness, Orange County school, Edgar Coker, New York Times, federal effort, school cafeteria
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-pro03a	Community radio evens the playing field against state and corporate broadcasters.  Autocracy has, at its root, the premise that only one perspective, or group of perspectives is legitimate. Certain assumptions are unquestionable, certain rules inviolable and, more often than not, certain voices unchallengeable.  It’s all too easy for that state of affairs to be normalised. Community radio offers another voice. More to the point it offers many.  As well as the value of the messages themselves, the very fact that they are there and broadcast is a powerful statement against autocratic assumptions. The process of establishing and running a community radio station is, in and of itself, a powerful fillip for community cohesion.  Giving voices to communities supports them as groups in their own right; cohesive, engaged and worthy of respect. In doing so it can provide a focus which increases the homogeneity of those communities without requiring the approval of a central structure of control [i] . In addition to well known examples such as Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, radio stations across the Middle East And, especially, Africa have been key movers in the shift to democracy [ii] .  [i] Siddharth. Riding the radio wave; Community radio in South-East Asia. Culture360.org 18 February 2010.  [ii] Buckley, Steve, President, World Association for Community Radio Broadcasters. Community Broadcasting: good practice in policy, law and regulation. UNESCO. 2008. Community radio, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, democracy, perspectives, community voices, media pluralism, community cohesion, social engagement, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East, Africa, UNESCO, World Association for Community Radio Broadcasters, broadcasting policy, media regulation, South-East Asia, civic participation, media diversity, radio broadcasting, social change, community development, media freedom, autocratic assumptions, broadcast diversity, community empowerment Community radio, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, single perspective, legitimacy, unquestionable assumptions, inviolable rules, unchallengeable voices, normalization, alternative voices, community cohesion, engaged communities, respect, democracy, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East, Africa, South-East Asia, UNESCO, policy, law, regulation, World Association for Community Radio Broadcasters Community radio, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, multiple perspectives, community voice, democratic communication, media diversity, community cohesion, radio and democracy, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East, Africa, democratic transition, UNESCO, World Association for Community Radio Broadcasters, policy, regulation, media law, Siddharth, Culture360.org, Steve Buckley Community radio, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, single perspective, unquestionable assumptions, unchallengeable voices, normalization, multiple voices, community cohesion, engaged communities, respect, democracy, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East, Africa, UNESCO, policy, regulation, World Association for Community Radio Broadcasters community radio, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, perspective, legitimacy, assumptions, rules, voices, normalization, community voice, messages, statement, autocratic assumptions, community cohesion, community groups, respect, community focus, democracy, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East, Africa, democracy shift, UNESCO, World Association for Community Radio Broadcasters, policy, law, regulation, South-East Asia, community broadcasting, good practice
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-pro02a	Consumers tend to feel alienated by spreading of their personal information for profit  People experiencing the use of their personal details by companies have largely been found to see the process as extremely invasive and unsettling. Many have felt violated by the exploitation of their personal lives to market them products, often from people to whom they never consented to hand over information. This feeling has been demonstrated through significant public outcry and backlash, as well as empirical results showing these attitudes becoming more and more widespread, particularly in the case of online targeted advertising, which is the most well-known use of personal information. The best example of such backlash is the result of Amazon.com’s “dynamic pricing” system, in which the company varied its offerings and pricings to customers based on information gathered about them from prior uses. The result was a severe backlash that cost Amazon business until it ended the policy. [1] This has led to a blunting of the desired outcome of such marketers who experience declines in uptake rather than increased and more efficient reach of marketing. Furthermore, the targeted marketing that arises from these forms of information storage and sale can tend toward stereotypes, using programmes that favour broad brushstrokes in their marketing, resulting in stereotyped services on the basis of apparent race and gender. When this happens it is all the more alienating.  [1] Taylor, C., “Private Demands and Demands For Privacy: Dynamic Pricing and the Market for Customer Information”, Duke University, September 2002,  p.1 consumers, alienation, personal information, profit, invasive, unsettling, violated, exploitation, personal lives, marketing, consent, public outcry, backlash, empirical results, widespread, online targeted advertising, Amazon.com, dynamic pricing, customer information, business decline, marketing outcomes, stereotypes, race, gender, privacy, customer information market, Duke University, Taylor Consumers, alienated, personal information, profit, invasive, unsettling, violated, exploitation, personal lives, targeted advertising, public outcry, backlash, empirical results, online marketing, Amazon, dynamic pricing, business loss, marketing declines, stereotypes, race, gender, privacy, customer information, Duke University, Taylor personal information, profit, alienation, invasive, unsettling, violated, exploitation, personal lives, marketing, consent, public outcry, backlash, empirical results, widespread attitudes, online targeted advertising, Amazon.com, dynamic pricing, severe backlash, business loss, decreased marketing effectiveness, stereotypes, race, gender, alienating, broad brushstrokes, privacy concerns, customer information, market dynamics alienation, personal information, profit, invasive, unsettling, violation, exploitation, personal lives, marketing, consent, public outcry, backlash, empirical results, widespread attitudes, online targeted advertising, Amazon.com, dynamic pricing, severe backlash, business decline, marketers, uptake decline, information storage, information sale, stereotypes, broad brushstrokes, race, gender consumers, alienation, personal information, profit, invasive, unsettling, violated, exploitation, marketing, consent, public outcry, backlash, empirical results, online targeted advertising, Amazon.com, dynamic pricing, customer information, business decline, marketers, uptake, stereotypes, race, gender, privacy, Duke University, Taylor, 2002
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con01a	Killing is worse than letting someone die  People die in accidents and by natural cause all of the time. However, it is much rarer for a person to be actively involved in another person’s death. If one chooses to pull the lever and change the course of the train then one is actively participating in the death of the one person. The other option involves no action; it simply allows a set of events to run their course. There is, therefore, a greater responsibility involved in being actively involved in the death of another. killing, letting die, moral responsibility, active involvement, passive involvement, ethical dilemma, trolley problem, choices, consequences, human life, morality, action vs inaction killing, worse, letting, die, accidents, natural, causes, active, involvement, death, person, action, inaction, responsibility, moral, ethics, trolley, problem, philosophy killing, letting die, moral responsibility, active involvement, passive inaction, ethics, trolley problem, culpability, moral psychology, decision making, consequences, moral philosophy, human life, value of life, moral distinctions killing, letting die, moral responsibility, active participation, passive inaction, ethical dilemma, trolley problem, human intervention, natural causes, accidents, moral choice, culpability, intent, consequences, action vs inaction Killing, Letting Die, Moral Responsibility, Active Participation, Passive Inaction, Ethical Dilemma, Trolley Problem, Intentional Harm, Natural Causes, Accidents, Human Life Value, Moral Choice, Consequentialism, Non-intervention
test-international-iighbopcc-con02a	Only a non-binding agreement would get the targets necessary  Fully binding treaties with mechanisms for compliance are the gold standard for agreements between nations. But because they are onerous they are the most difficult kind of treaties to get agreed to start with. If the aim were such an agreement it would unfortunately never happen. This has been demonstrated by the years of successive failures in crafting climate agreements. COP 15 is the most notable; expectations were immensely high for a binding international treaty but there was a failure to deliver, largely because governments did not want a binding international solution which is what was being negotiated at Copenhagen. [1]  [1] BBC News, ‘Why did Copenhagen fail to deliver a climate deal?’, 22 December 2009, non-binding agreement, targets, binding treaties, compliance mechanisms, gold standard, international agreements, onerous, difficult to agree, climate agreements, COP 15, Copenhagen, international treaty, government reluctance, climate deal failure non-binding agreement, targets, fully binding treaties, compliance mechanisms, gold standard, international agreements, onerous, difficult treaties, climate agreements, COP 15, Copenhagen, expectations, failure, governments, international solution, climate deal, BBC News, December 2009 non-binding, agreement, targets, binding, treaties, compliance, nations, onerous, difficult, climate, agreements, COP 15, Copenhagen, failure, international, treaty, governments, solution, BBC News, December 2009 non-binding agreement, binding treaties, compliance mechanisms, international agreements, climate agreements, COP 15, Copenhagen, climate deal, government reluctance, treaty negotiations non-binding agreement, targets, binding treaties, compliance mechanisms, gold standard, international agreements, onerous, treaty negotiations, climate agreements, COP 15, Copenhagen, international treaty, government resistance, climate deal failure
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-con01a	Celebrity involvement can act as a ‘gateway’ to get more people engaged in politics  Celebrity endorsement of a candidate does more than make people vote, drone-like, for the candidate endorsed by their favourite celebrity. Rather, it encourages people who might not otherwise have thought politics was interesting to pay attention to it. Especially in an age of easily accessible information, people can easily access sufficient information about political personalities and policies to cast a meaningful vote.  As a consequence, you have more potential voters, from a wider cross-section of society, note the key role played by personalities like will.i.am in engaging young people during the Obama campaign. Rock the Vote with a large amount of celebrity support registered 2.6million voters in 2008 and it and other celebrity campaigns had been prominent in 2004 as well which was probably a key factor in 2million more 18-29 year olds voting in 2008 compared to 2004 or 6.5million over 2000. [1]  Some of the people thus enthused may go on further with their interest in the political system, some may simply start listening to news shows or reading blogs that they would otherwise have shunned. Either way, celebrity involvement has a beneficial impact on our political system that it would be foolish to discard: the larger and more diverse the voter base, the more politicians are held to account and the more likely we are to reach the best political outcomes.  [1] Brubaker, Jennifer, ‘It doesn’t affect my vote: Third-person effects of Celebrity Endorsements on College Voters in the 2004 and 2008 Presidential Elections’, American Communication Journal, Vol.13 Issue 2, Summer 2011, p.8. celebrity involvement, gateway, political engagement, endorsement, voter registration, Rock the Vote, young voters, political interest, news shows, political outcomes, voter base, accountability, diverse electorate, will.i.am, Obama campaign, college voters, third-person effects celebrity involvement, political engagement, voter turnout, youth participation, celebrity endorsement, political awareness, informed voting, Rock the Vote, will.i.am, Obama campaign, third-person effects, college voters, political system, voter base, political outcomes, democratic accountability celebrity involvement, gateway, political engagement, endorsement, voter turnout, young voters, will.i.am, Obama campaign, Rock the Vote, political participation, diverse voter base, political outcomes, third-person effects, college voters, elections, political system, accountability, news consumption, political interest Celebrity involvement, political engagement, voter registration, youth participation, Rock the Vote, will.i.am, Obama campaign, third-person effects, college voters, 2004 election, 2008 election, political outcomes, voter base, democratic accountability Celebrity involvement, gateway, political engagement, endorsement, candidate, voter turnout, young people, Obama campaign, Rock the Vote, 2008 election, political interest, news shows, blogs, voter base, political outcomes, third-person effects, college voters, 2004 election, 2000 election, will.i.am
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con03a	There is no empirical evidence supporting Creationism, whereas all evidence supports abiogenesis and evolution.  Creationists have never once offered a positive evidence for their claims. When challenged, they respond with vitriolic, and often deliberately false, criticisms of evolution and abiogenesis. They behave as if delegitimizing an alternative theory necessarily gives credence to their own. Unfortunately for Creationism, that is not how science works. Positive claims require positive evidence. Even if the Creationists were able to provide evidence that actually refutes evolution it would do nothing to support a theory that intelligent agency is behind the existence and development of life. For Creationism to be true, there would need to be demonstration of living organisms that are unambiguously designed, and not the product of evolution by means of mutation and natural selection. Proponents of Creationism have consistently failed to do so. When they point to things they claim to be irreducibly complex they are invariably forced to back off as soon as scientists appear on the scene to test their claims. [1] The truth is there are no examples of organisms that could not have evolved. Abiogensis and evolution, on the other hand are thoroughly proven by observation and data. [2] In the case of abiogenesis, self-assembling molecules have been observed that are akin to the first proto-life, and hopes have never been higher that they will be able to observe the development under laboratory conditions of fully-formed new life. Evolution likewise is extensively demonstrated. Speciation, phylogenetic mapping, a more and more complete fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, and embryology provide just some of the proofs of evolution. [3] All of these disciples are in agreement with evolution. In fact, only in light of evolution does anything in biology make any sense at all. Clearly, Creationism has no basis in science and thus no place in the classroom.  [1] Miller, Kenneth. 2004. “The Flagellum Unspun: The Collapse of ‘Irreducible Complexity’” in Ruse, Michael and William Dembski (ed.). Debating Design: From Darwin to DNA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  [2] Lenski, Richard. 2011. “Evolution: Fact and Theory”. Action Bioscience.  [3] Colby, Chris. 1997. “Evidence for Evolution: An Eclectic Survey”. TalkOrigins Archive. Creationism, empirical evidence, abiogenesis, evolution, positive evidence, vitriolic criticisms, science, positive claims, irreducibly complex, proto-life, speciation, phylogenetic mapping, fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, embryology, biology, Kenneth Miller, Richard Lenski, Chris Colby Creationism, empirical evidence, abiogenesis, evolution, positive evidence, vitriolic criticisms, false criticisms, science, positive claims, intelligent agency, unambiguously designed, mutation, natural selection, irreducibly complex, self-assembling molecules, proto-life, speciation, phylogenetic mapping, fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, embryology, Kenneth Miller, Richard Lenski, Chris Colby, Flagellum Unspun, Irreducible Complexity, Evolution Fact and Theory, Evidence for Evolution, TalkOrigins Archive, Debating Design, Darwin to DNA, Cambridge University Press Empirical evidence, Creationism, Abiogenesis, Evolution, Positive evidence, Vitriolic criticisms, Delegitimizing, Positive claims, Intelligent agency, Unambiguously designed, Mutation, Natural selection, Irreducibly complex, Self-assembling molecules, Proto-life, Laboratory conditions, Speciation, Phylogenetic mapping, Fossil record, Structural atavisms, Junk DNA, Embryology, Biology, Classroom, Kenneth Miller, Richard Lenski, Chris Colby Creationism, empirical evidence, abiogenesis, evolution, positive evidence, vitriolic criticisms, false criticisms, science methodology, intelligent agency, design, mutation, natural selection, irreducibly complex, self-assembling molecules, proto-life, speciation, phylogenetic mapping, fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, embryology, biology, classroom, Kenneth Miller, Richard Lenski, Chris Colby, TalkOrigins Archive, Debating Design, Darwin to DNA, Evolution: Fact and Theory, Evidence for Evolution: An Eclectic Survey Creationism, empirical evidence, abiogenesis, evolution, positive evidence, vitriolic criticisms, false criticisms, science, positive claims, intelligent agency, unambiguously designed, living organisms, mutation, natural selection, irreducibly complex, Kenneth Miller, Richard Lenski, speciation, phylogenetic mapping, fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, embryology, biology, classroom, Flagellum Unspun, Irreducible Complexity, Evolution Fact and Theory, Evidence for Evolution, TalkOrigins Archive
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-pro02a	The failure of rule of law  As the anthropologist and lawyer Sally Falk-Moore observed “law is only ever a piecemeal intervention by the state in the life of society.” [i]  Laws are, ultimately, social norms that are taught, enforced and arbitrated on by the state. The value of these norms is such that they are deemed to be a vital part of a society’s identity and the state is entrusted with their protection. However, this ideal can be difficult to achieve. Debate as to which norms the state should be custodian of is constant. Where there is a disconnect between a law and the daily lives, aspirations and struggles of a society, it becomes unlikely that that law will be complied with. Generally, a state will not be able to give a pronouncement the force of law if it does not reflect the values held by a majority of a society.  Compliance with the law can be even harder to obtain in highly plural societies. Even in plural societies ruled peacefully by an effective central government (such as India), communities’ conceptions of children’s rights may be radically different from those set down in law. The Indian child marriage restraint act has been in force since 1929, but the practice remains endemic in southern India to this day [ii] . Governments can attempt to enforce compliance with a law, through education, incentives or deterrence.  What if the state that is intended to mount the “piecemeal intervention” of banning the use of child soldiers is weak, corrupt or non-existent? What if a state cannot carry out structured interventions of the type described above? Norms that state that the conscription of children is acceptable- due to tradition or need- will be dominant.  Situations of this type will be the rule rather than the exception in underdeveloped states and states where conflict is so rife that children have become participants in warfare. The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals with command over military units who use children as combatants [iii] , but how should the concept of a “commander” be defined in these circumstances?  In order for the juristic principles underlying the authority of the ICC to function properly, it is necessary for there to be a degree of certainty and accessibility underlying laws promulgated by a state. While ignorance of the law is not a defence before the ICC, it impossible to call a system of law fair or just that is not overseen by a stable or accepted government. This is not possible if a state is so corrupt that it does not command the trust of its people; if a state is so poor that it cannot afford to operate an open, reliable and transparent court and advocacy system; if territory with a state’s borders is occupied by an armed aggressor. Western notions of rule-of-law are almost impossible to enforce under such conditions. All of these are scenarios encountered frequently in Africa, and central and southern Asia.  Some regions within developing nations are so isolated from the influence of the state, or so heavily contested in internecine conflicts, that communities living within them cannot be expected to know that the state nominally responsible for them has signed the Convention of the Rights of The Child or the Rome Statute. Nor can the state attempt to inform them of this fact. Laws still exist and are enforced within such communities, but these are not state-made forms of law.  For an individual living within a community of the type described above- an individual living in the DRC, in pre-secession South Sudan [iv] or an ethnic minority enclave on the border of Myanmar [v] - the question is a simple one. Does the most immediate source of authority and protection within his world- his community- condone the role that children play in armed conflict? He should not be made liable for abiding by laws and norms that have sprung up to fill a void created by a weak or corrupt central state. There is little hope that he will ever be able to access the counter-point that state sponsored education and engagement could provide.  Child soldiers and their commanders are simply obeying the strongest, the most effective and the most stable source of law in their immediate environment.  [i] “Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa”, Werner Menski, Cambridge University Press, 2006  [ii] “State of the World’s Children 2009”, UNICEF, United Nations, 2008  [iii] “Elements of Crimes”, International Criminal Court,   [iv] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p315,   [v] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p240, rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, law compliance, plural societies, child marriage, India, law enforcement, weak state, child soldiers, conflict zones, ICC jurisdiction, command responsibility, legal certainty, corruption, poverty, court system, armed conflict, developing nations, isolated communities, ethnic minority, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, community law, state-sponsored education, child protection, legal norms, global context, legal systems, Asia, Africa, UNICEF, international criminal court, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, global rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, children's rights, Indian child marriage restraint act, child soldiers, weak states, corruption, conflict, underdeveloped states, ICC, command responsibility, juristic principles, Western notions, developing nations, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, legal systems, Werner Menski, UNICEF, International Criminal Court, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, India, child marriage, weak states, corruption, child soldiers, ICC, jurisdiction, commanders, underdeveloped states, conflict, Western rule-of-law, developing nations, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, community law, state-sponsored education, legal systems, Asia, Africa, UNICEF, Elements of Crimes, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Global Report rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, children's rights, child marriage, India, weak state, corruption, command responsibility, ICC, jurisdiction, child soldiers, underdeveloped states, conflict, Western notions, accessibility, law enforcement, developing nations, isolation, internecine conflicts, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, legal systems, global context, UNICEF, International Criminal Court, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, India, child marriage, education, incentives, deterrence, weak state, corruption, non-existent state, child soldiers, conflict, underdeveloped states, ICC, command responsibility, certainty, accessibility, Western notions, Africa, central Asia, southern Asia, isolated regions, internecine conflicts, community law, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, legal void, state-sponsored education, immediate authority, child protection, strongest law, effective law, stable law, commander liability
test-politics-cpegiepgh-con03a	"Losing the Queen's head on banknotes is NOT a minor issue, it symbolises Britain losing her identity and control over her own economy.  This must not be dismissed as petty nostalgia, desire for outdated British tradition and fear of change. The fact that Britain does not want to lose the national symbol of her Queen on the banknotes is surely a sign that the British want to hold on to their own identity and keep control of their own economy. As explained by Alan Clark, ""The European Commission Press Office chose that moment to release facsimiles of the new euro banknotes in their various denominations. The unfamiliar, but so obviously foreign, appearance made many people uneasy. Polls showed that the electorate, for most of the time indifferent to European squabbling, whose technicalities they could not be bothered to master, disliked the removal of their Sovereign's head from the currency of the realm. The sceptics took fresh heart and the likelihood of the dispute fading …became still more remote.”1 This highlights the depth and strength of anti-Euro sentiment in the British psyche. It is surely unfair for both Britain and those fellow EU Member states that ARE under the Euro to enter the single currency while not entirely convinced by it.  1Alan Clarke, The Tories: Conservatives and the Nation State 1922-1997, page 435-6. Losing Queen's head, banknotes, Britain, identity, economy, Alan Clark, Euro, national symbol, British tradition, anti-Euro sentiment, EU, single currency, British psyche, Tories, Conservatives, nation state, European Commission, euro banknotes, sovereignty, control, political sentiment, currency change, cultural identity, economic control, public opinion, European integration, national identity, currency symbolism, economic sovereignty, British electorate, European squabbling, sceptics, Euroscepticism, British politics, 1990s Britain, monetary policy, national pride, European Union, British currency, historical context, political resistance, Queen's head, banknotes, British identity, economic control, anti-Euro sentiment, national symbol, British tradition, fear of change, European Commission, euro banknotes, British psyche, single currency, EU Member states, Alan Clark, Tories, Conservatives, nation state, polls, electorate, European squabbling, technicalities, sceptics, dispute, unfairness Losing Queen's head, banknotes, Britain, identity, economy, Alan Clark, European Commission, Euro, anti-Euro sentiment, British tradition, control, currency, sovereignty, EU, Member states, single currency, polls, electorate, sceptics, nation state, currency of the realm, technicalities, European squabbling, facsimiles, denominations, unfamiliar, foreign, unease, Tories, 1922-1997, British psyche, conviction, entry, fairness Losing Queen's head, banknotes, Britain, identity, economy, petty nostalgia, outdated tradition, fear of change, national symbol, British identity, control, Alan Clark, European Commission, Euro banknotes, anti-Euro sentiment, British psyche, single currency, EU Member states, Tories, Conservatives, nation state Losing Queen's head, banknotes, Britain, identity, economy, Alan Clark, European Commission, Euro banknotes, anti-Euro sentiment, British psyche, single currency, EU Member states, Tories, Conservatives, nation state"
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-pro03a	This offer of amnesty serves as a powerful public statement in favour of free speech and rule of law  In offering amnesty Western governments make an exceptionally powerful public statement in the international arena, an area in which they already hold great sway as norm-setters. It is a statement that shows that they will not simply ignore the abuses of power used by repressive regimes to stifle dissent and the voices of reform. [1] Ultimately, the power of oppressors to act with impunity is the product of democracies’ unwillingness to challenge them. Authoritarian regimes often claim to value freedom of the press, for example article 35 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China guarantees it, [2] and this policy challenges them to make their practice more like what they preach. A policy of amnesty for those threatened with the lash of tyranny serves to actively protect those people while at the same time upholding the avowed principles of justice and fairness the West proclaims. This will show that the West does not play favourites or turn a blind eye to these repressions, but is an active player, willing to step in to shield those who share its dreams of a freer world. The international ridicule these policies can generate will serve to shame regimes into relaxing their policies and to embrace at least a road to reform. Nor should it be assumed that this rhetoric will have no real consequences, many authoritarian regimes encourage investment by companies from democratic countries, such investment is less likely when that company’s home state is publically condemning that state by granting amnesties to dissident bloggers.  [1] Clinton, H. “Conference on Internet Freedom”. U.S. Department of State, 8 December 2011.   [2] Fifth National People’s Congress, “Constitution of the People’s Republic of China”, 4 December 1982, amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, abuses of power, repressive regimes, stifle dissent, oppressors, impunity, democracies, authoritarian regimes, freedom of the press, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, tyranny, justice, fairness, international ridicule, reform, investment, condemnation, dissident bloggers, Conference on Internet Freedom, Hillary Clinton, U.S. Department of State, Fifth National People’s Congress amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, abuses of power, repressive regimes, stifle dissent, voices of reform, impunity, democracies, challenge, authoritarian regimes, freedom of the press, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, justice, fairness, international ridicule, reform, investment, democratic countries, public condemnation, dissident bloggers amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, abuses of power, repressive regimes, stifle dissent, voices of reform, impunity, democracies, challenge, authoritarian regimes, freedom of press, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, protect, justice, fairness, international ridicule, shame, reform, investment, democratic countries, public condemnation, dissident bloggers amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, abuses of power, repressive regimes, stifle dissent, voices of reform, oppressors, impunity, democracies, authoritarian regimes, freedom of press, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, justice, fairness, international ridicule, road to reform, investment, democratic countries, public condemnation, dissident bloggers amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, abuses of power, repressive regimes, dissent, voices of reform, impunity, democracies, challenge, authoritarian regimes, freedom of press, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, policy, tyranny, justice, fairness, international ridicule, road to reform, investment, democratic countries, public condemnation, dissident bloggers
test-economy-thhghwhwift-pro01a	An individual's BMI is no longer a purely personal matter  The obesity epidemic is taking an enormous toll on global medical costs. In the US alone the health care costs attributable to either direct or indirect consequences of obesity have been estimated at $147bn. [1] Put into context, this amounts to roughly 9% of the health spending in the US. [2]  The figure might seem excessive, but we need to remember that obesity is linked to Type 2 Diabetes, several kinds of cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain and hypertension, to name just a few.  We also need to realize that many of the diseases on this list are chronic in nature, requiring lifelong pharmacological therapy, which often follows complex and expensive diagnostic procedures, frequent medical specialist consultations, and not infrequent emergency interventions. [3]  Adding to the list is the value of income lost due to decreased productivity, restricted activity, and absenteeism, not to mention the value of future income lost by premature death.  Thus it becomes increasingly clear that due to the substantial cost obesity presents to the society, individual choices that might lead to excessive weight gain, can no longer be considered as solely individual in nature. [4]  Therefore the government is legitimate in its action to introduce a form of a fat tax in order to try to dissuade the population from becoming obese and cover the increasing societal costs the already obese individuals are responsible for.  [1] CDC, Obesity: Economic Consequences, published 3/28/2011,  , accessed 9/12/2011  [2] RTI international, Obesity Costs U.S. About $147 Billion Annually, Study Finds, published 7/27/2009,  , accessed 9/14/2011  [3] The Council of State Governments, Costs of Chronic Diseases: What Are States Facing?, published in 2006,  , accessed, 9/14/2011  [4] Los Angeles Times, Should there be a 'fat tax'?, published 4/11/2011,  , accessed 9/12/2011 BMI, obesity epidemic, global medical costs, health care costs, Type 2 Diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, chronic diseases, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical specialist consultations, emergency interventions, income loss, decreased productivity, restricted activity, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, government intervention, fat tax, obesity prevention, economic consequences, chronic diseases cost, state facing costs, public health policy BMI, obesity epidemic, global medical costs, US health care costs, obesity-related diseases, chronic diseases, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical specialist consultations, emergency interventions, income lost, decreased productivity, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, fat tax, government intervention, public health, obesity prevention, economic burden, healthcare expenditure, obesity-related healthcare, chronic illness treatment, obesity policy, obesity statistics, healthcare economics, public health policy, obesity and society, economic consequences of obesity, obesity and healthcare costs, obesity and public health, obesity and government role, health economics, obesity-related conditions, chronic disease management, obesity prevention strategies, BMI, obesity, global medical costs, US health care, obesity epidemic, Type 2 Diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, chronic diseases, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical consultations, emergency interventions, productivity loss, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, fat tax, government intervention, obesity consequences, economic impact, chronic disease treatment, obesity-related diseases, health spending, obesity prevention, public health policy BMI, obesity, global medical costs, US health care costs, Type 2 Diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, chronic diseases, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical specialist consultations, emergency interventions, decreased productivity, restricted activity, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, fat tax, government action, obesity prevention, economic consequences, chronic disease costs, state facing costs, fat tax debate BMI, obesity epidemic, global medical costs, US health care, economic impact, Type 2 Diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, chronic diseases, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical consultations, emergency interventions, income loss, decreased productivity, restricted activity, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, government intervention, fat tax, public health policy, obesity prevention, healthcare economics
test-education-usuprmhbu-con03a	"Affirmative action perpetuates prejudice  Affirmative action causes prejudice against minorities in society.  The existence of affirmative action creates a de-facto assumption that anyone of that particular minority must have gotten where they are not on their own merit, but simply because they are that particular minority. This causes people to resent the minority group for getting for “free” what people feel they had to work hard for. People feel as though that minority is getting a “free-ride” and are inherently less worthy of what they achieve.  This is damaging on a societal level because minorities who receive affirmative action are assumed to be less qualified and less valuable than others in society simply because many of them are aided by affirmative action policies. This not only creates damaging stereotypes, but also causes resentment and backlash from others in society who view affirmative action as simply unfair.  This is best demonstrated by the backlash in America in the mid-1990s over the existence of affirmative action policies [1] .  [1] Aka, Philip. ""Affirmative Action and the Black Experience in America."" American Bar Association. 36.4 (2009): Print. affirmative action, prejudice, minorities, societal impact, merit, resentment, free-ride, less worthy, damaging stereotypes, backlash, unfair, mid-1990s, America, ABA, Philip Aka affirmative action, prejudice, minorities, society, merit, resentment, free-ride, less worthy, damaging stereotypes, backlash, unfair, mid-1990s, America, Philip Aka, American Bar Association affirmative action, prejudice, minority, merit, resentment, free-ride, unqualified, stereotypes, societal impact, backlash, unfairness, mid-1990s, America, ABA, Philip Aka, Black experience affirmative action, prejudice, minorities, society, merit, assumptions, resentment, free-ride, less worthy, damaging stereotypes, backlash, unfair, mid-1990s, America, Black Experience, Philip Aka, American Bar Association affirmative action, prejudice, minorities, society, merit, assumption, resentment, free-ride, less worthy, damaging stereotypes, backlash, unfair, mid-1990s, America, Black Experience, Philip Aka, American Bar Association"
test-international-ghwcitca-con02a	A treaty would benefit larger powers over the small  Any treaty that seeks to ban cyber-attacks would simply be an attempt to cement the position of the most powerful countries at the expense of weaker ones. This is because cyber-attacks are, like terrorism, weapons that can be used by anyone to attack a much bigger target. To launch a cyber-attack there is little need for training, only a small amount of comparatively cheap equipment (to military hardware at any rate), and an internet connection. [1] And it is difficult to defend against. This makes it ideal for poor nations to maintain cyber warfare as a credible threat to their bigger neighbours while their neighbours threaten them conventionally with their bigger militaries. We have seen before arms treaties that are fundamentally biased in favour of a small group of powerful states. Most notable is the Nuclear non-proliferation treaty where there are five recognised nuclear weapons states who are allowed the horrific weapons and everyone else is banned from having them. This discrimination was accepted as a result of the agreement that the nuclear weapons states would eventually disarm. It has not happened so leaving a troubled treaty system that appears to be regularly flouted. [2]  [1] Phillips, Andrew T., ‘Now Hear This – The Asymmetric Nature of Cyber Warfare’, U.S. Naval Institute, Vol.138/10/1316, October 2012,   [2] Miller, Steven E., ‘Nuclear Collisions: Discord, Reform & the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime’, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 2012, treaty, cyber-attacks, powerful countries, weaker nations, cyber warfare, military, Nuclear non-proliferation treaty, nuclear weapons states, disarm, asymmetric warfare, internet, equipment, terrorism, defense, poor nations, regional security, international relations, arms control, nonproliferation, cyber security, military power, technological imbalance, global politics, security studies, international law, strategic studies, defense policy, asymmetric threats, cyber threats, security strategies, international agreements, military technology, technological warfare, defense mechanisms, security measures, cyber defense, geopolitical power, international security, cyber policy, military strategy, strategic weapons, treaty, larger powers, small countries, cyber-attacks, powerful countries, weaker ones, cyber warfare, poor nations, military hardware, internet connection, arms treaties, powerful states, Nuclear non-proliferation treaty, nuclear weapons states, disarmament, asymmetric nature, cyber security, international relations, military power, technology access, defense strategies, global security, state power, digital weaponry, nonproliferation regime, international law, cyber threat, strategic imbalance, technological disparity, military dominance, state sovereignty, international treaties, cyber defense, cyber offense, power dynamics, international politics, military technology, state capabilities, cyber policy treaty, cyber-attacks, powerful countries, weaker nations, cyber warfare, military hardware, internet connection, defense, poor nations, conventional military, arms treaties, nuclear non-proliferation treaty, nuclear weapons states, disarmament, asymmetric warfare, nuclear nonproliferation regime, international security, global power dynamics, technology access, military imbalance, state power, digital weapons, cyber defense, cyber threats, military technology, international relations, security studies, defense policy, strategic studies, cyber security, Weapons of Mass Destruction, international treaties, international law, global governance, power politics, cyber policy, cyber ethics, cyber law treaty, cyber-attacks, powerful countries, weaker nations, cyber warfare, military hardware, internet connection, arms treaties, Nuclear non-proliferation treaty, nuclear weapons states, disarmament, asymmetric warfare, military imbalance, international security, cyber defense, poor nations, larger powers, small states, conventional military, weapons proliferation, global power dynamics, international agreements, cyber threats, digital conflict, state security, technological disparity treaty, larger powers, small countries, cyber-attacks, powerful countries, weaker ones, terrorism, military hardware, internet connection, cyber warfare, bigger militaries, arms treaties, Nuclear non-proliferation treaty, nuclear weapons states, disarmament, asymmetric warfare, international security, technology gap, state power, military balance
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con04a	The role of society is to save lives not to assist in suicide  The purpose of society, the health sector and more specifically the doctors is to preserve health, not to be damaging health or even assisting in the ending of a life even if voluntarily. As part of this, death is sometimes something that must be affected. However, it is not in line with the purpose of medical professionals to kill a healthy person. The solution is to focus every possible effort on curing the sick person, but society cannot be complicit in killing a healthy person [1] .  [1] Tremblay, Joe. “Organ Donation Euthanasia: A Growing Epidemic.” Catholic News Agency, (2013). society, save lives, assist suicide, health sector, doctors, preserve health, damaging health, ending life, voluntarily, medical professionals, kill healthy person, cure sick person, complicit killing, organ donation euthanasia, growing epidemic, Catholic News Agency, Joe Tremblay, 2013 role, society, save, lives, suicide, health, sector, doctors, preserve, damaging, ending, life, voluntarily, death, purpose, medical, professionals, kill, healthy, person, curing, sick, complicit, killing, organ, donation, euthanasia, epidemic, Catholic, News, Agency society, save lives, assist suicide, health sector, doctors, preserve health, medical professionals, kill healthy person, cure sick person, organ donation euthanasia, Joe Tremblay, Catholic News Agency, 2013 society, save lives, assist suicide, health sector, doctors, preserve health, damaging health, ending life, voluntarily, purpose medical professionals, kill healthy person, curing sick person, society complicit, organ donation, euthanasia, growing epidemic, Catholic News Agency society, save lives, assist suicide, health sector, doctors, preserve health, damaging health, ending life, voluntarily, medical professionals, kill, healthy person, cure, sick person, organ donation, euthanasia, Catholic News Agency, Joe Tremblay, 2013
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-con02a	There is a truce in the diplomatic conflict  There is a truce between Taipei and Beijing on the issue of recognition. Neither is currently aiming to poach countries from the other. China has refused advances from El Salvador and Honduras that have said they wish to change their recognition to the PRC. [1] When Gambia terminated its ties with Taiwan Hong Lei a spokesman for the PRC Foreign Ministry said “We learned the relevant information from the foreign media. Before that, China was not in contact with The Gambia.” [2] The truce has been maintained and Gambia has been left essentially not recognising either China. [3]  [1] Cole, J Michael, ‘Is China and Taiwan’s Diplomatic Truce Over?’, The Diplomat, 18 November 2013,   [2] Enav, Peter, ‘Beijing was in dark about Gambia's broken ties with Taiwan: China official’, The China Post, 16 November 2013,   [3] Atkinson, Joel, ‘Gambia’s Break with Taiwan’, The Diplomat, 2 December 2013, truce, diplomatic conflict, Taipei, Beijing, recognition, poaching, El Salvador, Honduras, PRC, Gambia, Taiwan, China, foreign media, diplomatic relations, international recognition, foreign policy, Asia-Pacific relations truce, diplomatic conflict, Taipei, Beijing, recognition, poach countries, El Salvador, Honduras, PRC, Gambia, Taiwan, foreign media, China, The Diplomat, The China Post truce, diplomatic conflict, Taipei, Beijing, recognition, poaching countries, El Salvador, Honduras, PRC, Gambia, Taiwan, China, Hong Lei, foreign media, diplomatic relations, recognition change, The Diplomat, The China Post, Joel Atkinson, J Michael Cole, Peter Enav truce, diplomatic conflict, Taipei, Beijing, recognition, poach countries, El Salvador, Honduras, PRC, Gambia, Taiwan, China, foreign media, diplomatic truce, Joel Atkinson, The Diplomat, Peter Enav, The China Post, J Michael Cole truce, diplomatic conflict, Taipei, Beijing, recognition, poaching countries, El Salvador, Honduras, PRC, Gambia, Taiwan, China, foreign media, diplomatic relations, truce maintenance, non-recognition
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-con02a	African values  Human rights are a concept that take on different conclusions and priorities when applied in different cultural contexts. Protecting the community as a whole, by removing dangerous offenders from circulation, and by a deterrence effect, capital punishment is a manifestation of a form of “African Values” that place more emphasis on the community over the individual than western legal tradition. Capital Punishment has traditionally used for the most serious crimes such as murder as well as some serious religious offenses which it was feared might bring serious consequences for the entire community. [1]  [1] Balogun, Oladele Abiodun, ‘A Philosophical Defence of Punishment in Traditional African Legal Culture: The Yoruba Example’, The Journal of Pan African Studies, Vol.3, No.3, September 2009,  , p.47 African values, human rights, cultural contexts, community emphasis, individual rights, western legal tradition, capital punishment, traditional African legal culture, Yoruba example, serious crimes, religious offenses, community protection, deterrence effect, philosophical defence, Oladele Abiodun Balogun, The Journal of Pan African Studies African values, human rights, cultural contexts, community, individual, western legal tradition, capital punishment, serious crimes, religious offenses, Yoruba, legal culture, punishment, traditional African law, philosophical defense African values, human rights, cultural contexts, community prioritization, individual rights, western legal tradition, capital punishment, traditional African legal culture, Yoruba example, serious crimes, religious offenses, community protection, deterrence effect, legal philosophy, African legal systems, cultural legal practices, community over individual, traditional punishment, African jurisprudence, legal culture, philosophical defense, Pan African studies African values, human rights, cultural contexts, community emphasis, individual rights, western legal tradition, capital punishment, serious crimes, religious offenses, traditional African legal culture, Yoruba example, legal philosophy, crime deterrence, community protection, offender removal, societal consequences, moral offenses, legal traditions, cultural differences, legal defense, traditional punishment African values, human rights, cultural contexts, community emphasis, individual rights, western legal tradition, capital punishment, traditional African legal culture, Yoruba example, serious crimes, religious offenses, community protection, deterrence effect, Oladele Abiodun Balogun, The Journal of Pan African Studies
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-pro04a	Hosting has wide-reaching economic benefits  Hosting creates an economic boost. Whilst none of the Olympics of recent times have made an immediate profit, the cost of the regeneration and improved infrastructure means that this is not a big problem as long as the losses are not huge. The Olympics showcases the host nation to the world and most hosts have seen a boost in tourism in the years after the Olympics (Australia estimates it gained£2bn extra tourist revenue in the four years after Sydney 2000). During the games between 60,000 (Paris 2012 estimate) and 135,000 (New York 2012 estimate) jobs are created providing skills and training to local people. Hosting, economic benefits, economic boost, Olympics, profit, regeneration, infrastructure, tourism, tourist revenue, jobs, skills, training, local people Hosting, economic benefits, economic boost, Olympics, regeneration, improved infrastructure, tourism, post-Olympics, extra revenue, job creation, skills, training, local people, cost, profit, Olympic impact, host nation, global showcase, employment, economic regeneration, long-term benefits, immediate profit, infrastructure investment, sustainable development, visitor economy, urban renewal, legacy, skilled workforce, international exposure, economic resilience Hosting, economic benefits, economic boost, Olympics, profit, regeneration, infrastructure, tourism, extra revenue, jobs, skills, training, local people Hosting, economic benefits, economic boost, Olympics, regeneration, infrastructure, tourism, tourist revenue, jobs, skills, training, local people Hosting, Economic Benefits, Economic Boost, Olympics, Profit, Regeneration, Infrastructure, Tourism, Extra Revenue, Jobs, Skills, Training, Local People
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro03a	A healthy breakfast improves students concentration  Children are in school to learn. To do this they need to concentrate. To be able to concentrate they need to have a balanced meal – one without too much sugar – that will ensure they are not hungry until lunchtime. A child who is hungry is not going to be concentrating on their studies. A study by the Indian National Institute of Nutrition has shown a regular breakfast to result in a 2% increase in test scores in addition to other health benefits. [1]  [1] Gajre, N.S., Fernandez, S., Balakrishna, N., and Vazir, S., ‘Breakfast Eating Habit and its Influence on Attention-concentration, Immediate Memory and School Achievement’, National Institute of Nutrition, 31 March 2008, healthy breakfast, students concentration, balanced meal, sugar intake, hunger prevention, academic performance, test scores, nutritional benefits, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, breakfast eating habits, attention-concentration, immediate memory, school achievement healthy breakfast, students concentration, balanced meal, sugar, hunger, lunchtime, test scores, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, breakfast eating habit, attention-concentration, immediate memory, school achievement healthy breakfast, students concentration, balanced meal, no sugar, hunger prevention, school learning, test scores, National Institute of Nutrition, breakfast eating habit, attention, concentration, immediate memory, school achievement healthy breakfast, students concentration, balanced meal, no sugar, not hungry, lunchtime, child hungry, studies, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, regular breakfast, 2% increase, test scores, health benefits, breakfast habit, attention-concentration, immediate memory, school achievement healthy breakfast, students concentration, balanced meal, no sugar, not hungry, lunchtime, child hungry, concentrating studies, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, regular breakfast, test scores, health benefits, breakfast eating habit, attention-concentration, immediate memory, school achievement
test-international-iiahwagit-con02a	Fewer human deaths  Fewer large beasts will lead to fewer deaths in Africa. Some endangered animals are aggressive and will attack humans. Hippopotamuses kill in excess of three hundred humans a year in Africa, with other animals such as the elephant and lion also causing many fatalities. [1] Footage released in early 2014 of a bull elephant attacking a tourist’s car in Kruger National Park, South Africa demonstrated the continued threat these animals cause. [2] Tougher protection would result in higher numbers of these animals which increases the risk to human lives.  [1] Animal Danger ‘Most Dangerous Animals’  [2] Withnall, A. ‘Rampaging bull elephant flips over British tourist car in Kruger Park’ human deaths, large beasts, Africa, endangered animals, aggressive animals, hippopotamuses, elephant attacks, lion attacks, tourist car, Kruger National Park, animal protection, increased animal population, human safety, dangerous animals, wildlife attacks, South Africa, tourist safety, animal-human conflict, conservation risks, wildlife management human deaths, fewer large beasts, Africa, endangered animals, aggressive, hippopotamuses, elephants, lions, fatalities, tourist, Kruger National Park, South Africa, bull elephant, car attack, tougher protection, increased risk, human lives, animal danger, most dangerous animals, Withnall, British tourist fewer human deaths, fewer large beasts, Africa, endangered animals, aggressive animals, hippopotamuses, human fatalities, elephants, lions, Kruger National Park, tourist car attack, bull elephant, animal protection, increased animal numbers, risk to human lives, most dangerous animals, animal danger, Withnall, rampaging bull elephant human deaths, large beasts, Africa, endangered animals, aggressive, attack humans, hippopotamuses, kill, elephants, lions, fatalities, tourist, car, Kruger National Park, South Africa, threat, animal protection, risk, human lives, Animal Danger, Most Dangerous Animals, Withnall, Rampaging bull elephant, flips, British tourist Fewer human deaths, Fewer large beasts, Deaths in Africa, Endangered animals, Aggressive animals, Hippopotamuses, Kill humans, Annual fatalities, Elephant, Lion, Tourist attack, Kruger National Park, Tougher protection, Higher animal numbers, Increased human risk, Animal danger, Most dangerous animals, Rampaging bull elephant, Flips car, British tourist
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro03a	Drugs are safer when legal  Currently in the UK, purity of illegal Amphetamine is normally under 5%, and some tablets sold as ecstasy contain no MDMA at all. Instead, drugs are adulterated (“cut”) with substances from chalk and talcum powder to completely different drugs. [1]  At least when drugs are legalised the state can regulate their sale to make sure that they are clean and not cut with other dangerous substances. This will minimise the risk to users.  [1] Drugscope, ‘How Pure Are Street Drugs?’, updated January 2005, drugs, legalisation, safety, UK, Amphetamine, purity, ecstasy, MDMA, adulterated, substances, chalk, talcum, powder, regulation, state, sale, clean, dangerous, minimise, risk, users, Drugscope, street, January, 2005 drug safety, legalisation, UK, Amphetamine purity, ecstasy, MDMA, adulterated drugs, chalk, talcum powder, regulation, state control, clean drugs, minimising risk, Drugscope, street drugs purity drug legalization, UK drug policy, illegal drug purity, amphetamine purity, ecstasy adulteration, drug regulation, drug safety, legal drug control, substance adulteration, chalk adulterant, talcum powder adulterant, MDMA content, drug purity statistics, drugscope research, street drug quality, controlled drug sale, minimizing drug risk, public health approach, substance regulation, legal drug standards drug legalization, drug purity, UK drug market, illegal amphetamine, ecstasy purity, drug adulteration, chalk, talcum powder, dangerous substances, state regulation, drug safety, risk minimization, Drugscope, street drugs Drugs, legalization, safety, UK, Amphetamine, purity, MDMA, ecstasy, adulteration, regulation, state control, drug sale, clean drugs, risk minimization, Drugscope, street drugs, substance purity
test-economy-fiahwpamu-con03a	Debt cycles and the curse of microfinance  Microfinance is incorporating free market ideologies and subprime (lending to those who may not be able to repay) lending at a smaller scale. Unstable crises’ form as a result, and debt is intensified for the poorest - of which are given access to credit they are not able to repay. This is a problem with all lending, microfinance is no exception.  In India the pressures of microfinance repayment has become linked to suicide and early mortality (Biswas, 2010). The stress of looking for microcredit, and then how to pay it back, has created a crisis within the microfinance industry. Regulation is required on the microfinance organisation: controlling the distribution of credit and the use of threats if the individual defaults. Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment inability, lending problems, India, microfinance suicide, early mortality, credit stress, microcredit repayment, microfinance crisis, regulation, credit distribution, default threats Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment inability, lending regulation, India, microfinance suicides, early mortality, credit stress, microcredit repayment, crisis, microfinance regulation, credit distribution, default threats Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment inability, lending regulation, India, microfinance suicide, early mortality, credit stress, microcredit crisis, microfinance regulation, credit distribution control, default threats Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, intensified debt, poorest, lending problems, microfinance lending, India, microfinance repayment, suicide, early mortality, microcredit stress, microfinance crisis, regulation, credit distribution, default threats, microfinance organization control debt cycles, microfinance, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment stress, suicide, early mortality, regulation, credit distribution, default threats, India, Biswas 2010, microcredit, microfinance industry crisis
test-economy-egppphbcb-pro04a	Incentive in form of profit benefits society as a whole  The strongest motivational force a human being can feel towards work is a potential reward for their effort, therefore those who work hard and contribute most to society should justly also gain the most in form of increased wealth (e.g. private property). When work is uncoupled from reward or when an artificial safety net provides a high standard of living for those who do not work, society as a whole suffers. If those who work will benefit equally as the ones who do not there will be no reason to work and the overall productivity will be lowered, which is bad for society. Incentives are therefore necessary since it increases the overall standard for the whole society in form of material wealth, the fact that individuals are driven to succeed and earns what is rightfully theirs is thus in all our interest. With an overall higher productivity even the worst off may benefit more than they would have if the productivity had been low e.g. through charities etc.1/2/3/4  1 Rawls, J. (1999). A theory of justice (Rev.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.  2 Bradford, W. (1856). History of Plymouth plantation. Little, Brown and company.  3 Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy State and Utopia (pp. 54-56, 137-42). Basic Books.  4 Perry, M. J. (1995). Why Socialism Failed. University of Michigan- Flint, Mark J Perry?s personal page. Incentive, profit, societal benefit, motivation, work ethic, reward, productivity, wealth, private property, safety net, unemployment, Rawls, justice, Bradford, Plymouth plantation, Nozick, Anarchy State Utopia, Perry, socialism failure, economic productivity, charity, social productivity, income inequality, economic motivation, work reward linkage, societal productivity, material wealth, individual success, social benefits, economic theories, social welfare, economic incentives, economic justice, social contribution, economic fairness, work incentives, social inequality, economic systems, motivational factors, work-reward relationship, societal productivity enhancement, economic prosperity, social equity incentive, profit, society, motivation, reward, work, productivity, wealth, private property, safety net, artificial support, standard of living, equality, justice, Rawls, Nozick, socialism, capitalism, economic theory, productivity, charity, social contract, moral philosophy, political economy, wealth distribution, economic incentives, human behavior, economic motivation, economic productivity, social benefit, economic theory, philosophical argument, social policy, economic policy, economic systems, work ethics, economic justice, income inequality, economic growth, social welfare, economic development, historical context, Bradford, Perry, economic principles, social impact, reward system incentive, profit, society, motivational, reward, effort, work, wealth, private property, artificial safety net, productivity, standard of living, equality, material wealth, success, charities, justice, socialism, capitalism, ethics, economics, Rawls, Nozick, Bradford, Perry incentive, profit, society, motivation, reward, effort, work, productivity, wealth, private property, safety net, standard of living, artificial support, benefits, overall productivity, standard of society, material wealth, individual success, charities, Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, Perry, Why Socialism Failed Incentive, profit, society, motivation, reward, effort, productivity, wealth, private property, artificial safety net, standard of living, work ethic, Rawls, justice, Bradford, Plymouth plantation, Nozick, Anarchy State Utopia, Perry, socialism, failure, charities, income distribution, economic theory, political philosophy, social contract, meritocracy, economic incentives, public good, distributive justice
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con03a	“Junk food” sales are an important source of funding for schools.  An important issue to consider in this topic is the constellation of incentives that actually got us to the place where we are at today.  With the environment designed to incentivize improving schools’ performance on standardized tests, there is absolutely nothing that would motivate them to invest their very limited resources into non-core programs or subjects, such as PE and sports and other activities. [1]  Ironically, schools turned to soda and snack vending companies in order to increase their discretionary funds. An example cited in the paper is one high school in Beltsville, MD, which made $72,438.53 in the 1999-2000 school year through a contract with a soft drink company and another $26,227.49 through a contract with a snack vending company. The almost $100,000 obtained was used for a variety of activities, including instructional uses such as purchasing computers, as well as extracurricular uses such as the yearbook, clubs and field trips.  Thus it becomes clear that the proposed ban is not only ineffective, but also demonstrably detrimental to schools and by extension their pupils.  [1] Anderson, P. M., 'Reading, Writing and Raisinets: Are School Finances Contributing to Children’s Obesity?', National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2005,  , accessed 9/11/2011 Junk food, school funding, incentives, standardized tests, PE, sports, vending machines, soda, snacks, discretionary funds, non-core programs, extracurricular activities, computers, yearbook, clubs, field trips, ban, children's obesity, school finances junk food, school funding, incentives, standardized tests, PE, sports, non-core programs, soda, snack vending, discretionary funds, school performance, obesity, ban, educational resources, extracurricular activities, yearbook, field trips, computers, clubs, Beltsville MD, finance, children's health, policy, economics, education junk food, school funding, incentives, standardized tests, PE, sports, soda, snack vending, discretionary funds, school performance, extracurricular activities, obesity, school finances, educational resources, vending machines, high school, Beltsville MD, soft drink contract, yearbook, clubs, field trips, ban effectiveness, pupil impact Junk food, school funding, incentives, standardized tests, non-core programs, PE, sports, vending machines, soda, snacks, high school, Beltsville, Maryland, discretionary funds, computers, extracurricular activities, yearbook, clubs, field trips, ban, children's obesity, school finances junk food, school funding, incentives, standardized tests, PE, sports, non-core programs, soda, snack vending, discretionary funds, instructional uses, extracurricular activities, computers, yearbook, clubs, field trips, ban, children's obesity, school finances
test-international-epdlhfcefp-pro04a	The High Representative will be a catalyst and a facilitator for decision-making.  The High Representative will not only act as a spokesman for EU nations when they agree on foreign policies, but will act as a catalyst around which external policy will increasingly become coordinated. By chairing meetings of EU foreign ministers, he or she will be able to shape the agenda and influence the outcomes of meetings, encouraging member states increasingly to think in terms of common foreign policy positions. They will have added authority from their ability to speak for the EU in the UN Security Council. The High Representative will also direct the EU’s new External Action Service, which brings together policy specialists from both the Council and Commission in a unique manner (ranging from the Arctic region to nuclear safety and enlargement) 1. With representatives all over the world the EU will develop a foreign service capable of creating and articulating policy positions in a manner that few national governments can match. Over time this will promote the evolution of a true EU foreign and security policy, and will contribute significantly to increased European consciousness among EU citizens and further moves to political unity.  1. European Union External Action, Policies, accessed 1/8/11 High Representative, EU foreign policy, decision-making, facilitator, spokesman, external policy coordination, chair meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda shaping, member states, common foreign policy, UN Security Council, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, external policy, coordination, chairing, meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda, influence, outcomes, member states, common foreign policy, UN Security Council, authority, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign policy, security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, external policy, coordination, chairing, meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda, influence, outcomes, member states, common foreign policy positions, authority, UN Security Council, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, EU citizens, political unity, European Union External Action Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, external policy, coordination, chairing, meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda shaping, influence, outcomes, member states, common foreign policy, authority, UN Security Council, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, coordination, external policy, chairing meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda shaping, influence, outcomes, common foreign policy, UN Security Council, authority, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union External Action, Policies
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro02a	Historically Democrats have presided over more economic stability whereas the GOP is the party of boom and Bust  During the past 60 years Democrats have been considerably more likely to preside over a balanced budget than their Republican rivals. Since the OPEC shocks of the mid-70s the average unemployment rate under Republican Presidents has been 6.7 % as opposed to 5.5% under democrats. Even expanding that period out to the whole of the post-war period, unemployment has averaged 4.8% under democrats and 6.3% under democrats [i] .  Republican presidencies have been marked by higher unemployment, bigger deficits and lower wages.  [i] Larry Bartels. “Why the economy fares much better under Democrats.” Christian Science Monitor. October 21st, 2010 . Democrats, economic stability, GOP, boom and bust, balanced budget, Republican, unemployment rate, OPEC shocks, post-war period, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor, deficits, wages Democrats, economic stability, GOP, boom and bust, balanced budget, Republican, unemployment rate, OPEC shocks, post-war period, deficits, wages, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor economic stability, Democrats, GOP, boom and bust, balanced budget, Republican, unemployment rate, OPEC shocks, post-war period, deficits, wages, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor Democrats, economic stability, GOP, boom and bust, balanced budget, Republican rivals, OPEC shocks, unemployment rate, post-war period, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor, economic performance, political parties, fiscal policy, economic cycles, presidential administrations, economic indicators, deficit, wages, historical comparison Democrats, economic stability, GOP, boom and bust, balanced budget, Republican, unemployment rate, post-war period, deficits, wages, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con03a	The EU is a force multiplier  The UK gets more bang for the buck as a result of being a member of the EU. It has representation in more countries as a result of the European External Action Service (equivalent of the Foreign Office) thus extending UK influence to countries where it would not otherwise have representation. For example the EU have representation in Djibouti [1] whereas the UK individually is represented there from neighbouring Ethiopia. [2]  The UK, along with France, and to a lesser extent Germany, leads the EU on foreign policy matters, as illustrated by the first The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy being a Briton, Catherine Ashton. [3] This means the UK essentially gains from the backing of the other 26 member states giving the UK a much more influential voice globally. For example the EU has a role in the Middle East ‘quartet’ of the EU, USA, Russia and United Nations [4] giving the UK a place at the table on the key issue of Israel Palestine where otherwise it would have none.  [1] ‘Délégation en République de Djibouti’, Délégation de l’Union européenne,   [2] ‘British Embassy Addis Ababa’, Gov.uk,   [3] ‘The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy’, Europea Union External Action,   [4] ‘The Quartet’, Office of the Quartet, EU, force multiplier, UK, bang for the buck, European External Action Service, representation, Djibouti, Foreign Office, influence, France, Germany, foreign policy, Catherine Ashton, High Representative, Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, member states, global voice, Middle East, Quartet, USA, Russia, United Nations, Israel, Palestine EU, UK, force multiplier, representation, European External Action Service, foreign policy, Catherine Ashton, Middle East, Quartet, global influence, member states, Djibouti, Ethiopia, British Embassy, Addis Ababa, High Representative, Foreign Affairs, Security Policy, Israel, Palestine, USA, Russia, United Nations EU, UK, force multiplier, European External Action Service, representation, influence, Catherine Ashton, High Representative, foreign policy, Middle East Quartet, Israel-Palestine, global voice, member states, Djibouti, Ethiopia, diplomacy, international relations, foreign office, Foreign Affairs, Security Policy, Quartet, USA, Russia, United Nations, political influence, strategic advantage, collaborative power, enhanced representation, international presence EU, UK, force multiplier, European External Action Service, representation, Djibouti, foreign policy, Catherine Ashton, Middle East quartet, global influence, member states, diplomacy, international relations, Britain, Europe, foreign office, Ethiopia, Quartet, Israel-Palestine, international affairs, policy leadership EU, UK, force multiplier, European External Action Service, representation, influence, Catherine Ashton, High Representative, foreign policy, Middle East, Quartet, Israel-Palestine, global voice, diplomacy, member states, Djibouti, Addis Ababa
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-pro03a	Since advertising is pervasive in mediated messages, it has the power to influence social attitudes.  Adverts occupy more public space than ever before in history. Due to technology, public space is global and ads can been seen around the world, in 2009 the UK became the first major economy where advertisers spend more on internet advertising than on television advertising1. Through such dominance, ads contribute to attitudes and values. Due to their power to influence attitudes within a society, serious attention should be paid to the content of advertising. 1 Sweney, Mark, 'Internet overtakes television to become biggest advertising sector in the UK', The Guardian, 30 September 2009 advertising, social attitudes, public space, technology, global, internet advertising, television advertising, UK, content, influence, attitudes, values, media, marketing, digital advertising, Sweney, The Guardian advertising, social attitudes, public space, globalreach, internet advertising, television advertising, UK, content analysis, influence, media studies, digital media, marketing trends, cultural impact, consumer behavior, media environment, technological change, media consumption, advertising expenditure, media landscape, societal values advertising, pervasive, mediated messages, social attitudes, public space, global, technology, internet advertising, television advertising, UK, 2009, attitudes, values, content, influence, society, Sweney, The Guardian advertising, pervasive, mediated messages, social attitudes, public space, technology, global, internet advertising, television advertising, UK, expenditure, content analysis, societal influence, values, media studies, marketing, digital media, media impact, advertising trends, 2009 advertising, pervasive, mediated messages, social attitudes, public space, global, technology, internet advertising, television advertising, UK, content, influence, society, values, attention, sector, economy, dominance, 2009, The Guardian, Sweney, Mark
test-economy-thhghwhwift-pro02a	There is ample precedent in the form of other “sin” taxes  A sin tax is a term often used for fees tacked on to popular vices like drinking, gambling and smoking. Its roots have been traced back to the 16th century Vatican, where Pope Leo X taxed licensed prostitutes. [1]  More recently, and with greater success, US federal cigarette taxes were shown to have reduced consumption by 4% for every 10% increase in the price of cigarettes. [2]  Given the success achieved with uprooting this societal vice, which on a number of counts is similar to the unhealthy food one - immense health costs linked to a choice to consume a product – we should employ this tried and true strategy to combat the obesity epidemic.  In fact, a recent study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine followed 5000 people for 20 years, tracking food consumption and various biological metrics. The report states that “Researchers found that, incremental increases in price of unhealthy foods resulted in incremental decreases in consumption. In other words, when junk food cost more, people ate it less.” [3]  Thus leaning on the successful tradition of existing “sin” taxes and research that points out the potential for success of a similar solution in this arena, it should be concluded that a fat tax is an important part of a sensible and effective solution to the obesity epidemic.  [1] Altman, A., A Brief History Of: Sin Taxes, published 4/2/2009,  , accessed 9/12/2011  [2] CDC, Steady Increases in Tobacco Taxes Promote Quitting, Discourage Smoking, published 5/27/2009,  , accessed 14/9/2011  [3] O'Callaghan, T., Sin taxes promote healthier food choices, published 3/10/2010,  , accessed 9/12/2011 sin taxes, precedent, vices, drinking, gambling, smoking, Pope Leo X, Vatican, prostitutes, US federal cigarette taxes, consumption reduction, societal vice, unhealthy food, health costs, obesity epidemic, fat tax, Archives of Internal Medicine, junk food, price increase, consumption decrease, tobacco taxes, smoking cessation, sin tax history, food choices, obesity solution sin taxes, cigarette taxes, obesity epidemic, junk food, unhealthy food, fat tax, consumption reduction, societal vice, health costs, biological metrics, tobacco taxes, smoking reduction, public health, economic policy, food pricing, behavioral economics, vices, taxation, health promotion, dietary choices, policy solutions sin taxes, historical precedent, societal vices, health costs, obesity epidemic, fat tax, cigarette taxes, consumption reduction, unhealthy foods, pricing strategies, public health, economic measures, policy solutions, tobacco taxes, dietary choices, behavioral economics, taxation impact, health policy, internal medicine study, long-term health effects sin taxes, obesity epidemic, fat tax, unhealthy food, tobacco taxes, cigarette consumption, public health, economic policy, taxation, consumer behavior, health costs, societal vices, dietary choices, price elasticity, policy effectiveness, precedent, tobacco control, obesity prevention, fiscal measures, health economics sin taxes, historical precedent, Pope Leo X, prostitution tax, cigarette taxes, consumption reduction, obesity epidemic, unhealthy food, junk food pricing, fat tax, public health, economic incentives, tobacco control, dietary choices, taxation policy, health economics, obesity prevention, tax effectiveness, societal vices, health costs, consumer behavior
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro05a	The argument is about practicality and the balancing of risks.  It would be incredibly disingenuous of the opposition if they did not concede that the dangers are great and that something must be done. Because, deep down, everyone knows that it is simply a balancing of risks – in practice all the government is trying to do is save lives. It is of course, the government’s primary duty to protect citizens but this can only be done with the loss of some civil liberties. These liberties will of course still be completely protected by the courts. When it comes to the issue of life and death, it is the proposition’s hope that a few civil liberties would be only willingly given up by any prudent citizen. practicality, balancing, risks, opposition, dangers, government, duty, protect, citizens, civil, liberties, courts, life, death, proposition, willingly, prudent, citizen practicality, balancing, risks, disingenuous, dangers, government, save, lives, duty, protect, citizens, civil, liberties, courts, life, death, proposition, willingly, given, prudent, citizen practicality, balancing, risks, opposition, dangers, government, save lives, duty, protect citizens, civil liberties, courts, life, death, proposition, willingly, prudent citizen practicality, balancing, risks, opposition, dangers, government, duty, protect, citizens, civil, liberties, courts, life, death, proposition, willingly, prudent, citizen practicality,risk-balancing,opposition,dangers,concession,government,duty,citizen-protection,civil-liberties,courts,life-death,proposition,prudent-citizen
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-pro02a	Democracies have an obligation to shield these people and to encourage further dissent  The universality of human rights, of the freedom of speech and of due process is all touted as crucial by the world’s democracies. Democratic countries are frequently vocal on the subject of liberty, on the superiority of their system of government that provides for the best protection of human dignity. By offering amnesty to bloggers, the people standing at the forefront of the democratic cause in oppressive regimes, Western countries take a largely low-cost action that provides for the security and safety of some the bravest people in the public arena. The West must stop kowtowing to oppression and make a stand to offer an umbrella of protection to those who need it. That protection is absolutely crucial to the development of more dissent in the blogosphere and on the ground. Only by nurturing dissent can it ever take root and overcome the vast powers of authoritarian government. The promise of protection is hugely powerful because it gives bloggers a safety net to fall back on. Those already active will feel more empowered to speak out against their oppressors, and some currently cowed by fear will have the courage to speak up. The guarantee of amnesty also removes the perceived randomness of such offerings that currently occur, as in the recent case of Cuba in which two bloggers of similar pedigree asked for asylum in the US, but only one received it. [1] Such inconsistency has bred fear in the minds of dissidents. This policy would correct for it and help bolster the cause of justice on all fronts. It is through offering amnesty that democracies can provide the catalyst for the change they avow to be the paramount aim of human civilization.  [1] Fox News Latino. “Cuba: Prominent Blogger-Dissidents Receive Contradictory Results on Visa Petitions”. 31 January 2013. democracies, obligation, shield, encourage, dissent, universality, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, world’s democracies, liberty, system of government, human dignity, amnesty, bloggers, democratic cause, oppressive regimes, Western countries, security, safety, kowtowing, oppression, protection, dissent development, blogosphere, authoritarian government, protection, safety net, empowerment, courage, speak up, perceived randomness, inconsistency, fear, dissidents, policy, justice, change, human civilization, Cuba, blogger-dissidents, visa petitions, asylum, US, contradictory results democracy, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, Amnesty, bloggers, oppressive regimes, dissent, protection, authoritarian government, asylum, safety, courage, inconsistency, visa petitions, catalyst, justice, change, civilization, Western countries, democracy promotion, international relations, human dignity, public arena, activism, political asylum, refugee policy democracies, obligation, shield, encourage, dissent, universality, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, world’s democracies, liberty, system of government, protection of human dignity, amnesty, bloggers, democratic cause, oppressive regimes, Western countries, security, safety, low-cost action, bravest people, public arena, kowtowing, oppression, umbrella of protection, development, dissent, blogosphere, overcome, authoritarian government, promise of protection, safety net, empowerment, speak out, courage, guarantee of amnesty, perceived randomness, inconsistency, fear, dissidents, policy, justice, change, human civilization democracies, obligation, shield, encourage, dissent, universality, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, world’s democracies, democratic countries, liberty, system of government, human dignity, amnesty, bloggers, democratic cause, oppressive regimes, Western countries, security, safety, low-cost action, bravest people, public arena, kowtowing, oppression, umbrella of protection, development, dissent, blogosphere, authoritarian government, nurturing, take root, overcome, powers, safety net, empowered, courage, perceived randomness, inconsistency, fear, dissidents, policy, change, human civilization, justice, front, democracies, obligation, shield, encourage, dissent, universality, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, world’s democracies, liberty, system of government, protection of human dignity, amnesty, bloggers, democratic cause, oppressive regimes, Western countries, security, safety, kowtowing to oppression, umbrella of protection, dissent in blogosphere, authoritarian government, safety net, speak out, courage, guarantee of amnesty, inconsistency, fear, dissidents, policy, justice, change, human civilization, Cuba, blogger-dissidents, visa petitions, US
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con01a	Meritocracy  It is a value of sport in general that it should be outside the sphere of social ills like racial, religious and political tensions. Sport should be based on merit only; those who play best get onto the team.  Racial quotas will lead to any non-white player in a team in a competition where quotas are being employed to being under a suspicion that they are not good enough and were only selected due to their race. As Peter de Villiers, the first black coach of the Springboks, says “Everybody will believe that these players will be picked because people are looking out for them.” [1] The result could be more racial abuse of players, not less.  [1] Peacock, James, ‘Peter de Villiers says racial quotas are ‘waste of time’, BBC Sport, 15 August 2013, meritocracy, sport, racial quotas, team selection, racial tensions, religious tensions, political tensions, merit-based, non-white players, racial abuse, Peter de Villiers, Springboks, coach, BBC Sport Meritocracy, Sport, Racial, Quotas, Social, Ills, Religious, Political, Tensions, Teams, Competition, Non-white, Players, Suspicion, Quality, Peter, de, Villiers, Springboks, Coaching, Racial, Abuse, James, Peacock, BBC, Sport, 2013 Meritocracy, Sport, Racial, Quotas, Social, Ills, Racial, Tensions, Religious, Political, Team, Selection, Performance, Peter, de, Villiers, Springboks, Racial, Abuse, Players, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion Meritocracy, Sport, Racial, Quotas, Justice, Equality, Talent, Performance, Discrimination, Bias, Inclusion, Exclusion, Social, Tensions, racial, quotas, non-white, players, suspicion, ability, selection, coach, Springboks, abuse, diversity, representation, fairness Meritocracy, Sport, Social ills, Racial tensions, Religious tensions, Political tensions, Merit, Team selection, Racial quotas, Non-white players, Suspicion, Race, Peter de Villiers, Springboks, Racial abuse, Players, Racial quotas waste of time, BBC Sport
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con04a	Creationism is a religious, not a scientific, explanation of reality.  Creationism is, by definition, not science. It is not based in any empirical evidence. Rather, Creationists start with a presupposed answer and work back from it. They assume there is a designer, so they look for holes in evolutionary theory and claim only a designer can explain the gaps. When new evidence arises that gives a natural explanation of the phenomenon in question, the Creationists backpedal and start looking for new holes. No amount of evidence could convince a Creationist because his belief is not based on evidence, but rather on a usually religion-driven opposition to evolution on a political and belief level. A science proves itself through experimentation and submitting research for peer review. Creationism fears scrutiny by real scientists. Instead supporters of creationism attempt to further its agenda through politics and courts, where science is not the main goal, but popularity and where expertise is not in science but in law (Dawkins, 2006). Creationism couches itself in the language of science and does its best to look respectable in the eyes of the public. For example, in rebranding as Intelligent Design, Creationists sought to appear less overtly religious. These attempts show the illegitimacy of Creationism. The pseudoscience of Creationism must, for the sake of education, be kept out of the classroom. Creationism, religious, not scientific, empirical evidence, presupposed answer, designer, gaps, evolutionary theory, evidence, belief, opposition, evolution, experimentation, peer review, scrutiny, politics, courts, popularity, law, pseudoscience, Intelligent Design, education, classroom Creationism, religion, science, empirical evidence, presupposition, designer, evolution, gaps, evidence, belief, politics, peer review, scrutiny, Intelligent Design, pseudoscience, education, classroom Creationism, religious, not scientific, empirical evidence, presupposed answer, designer, gaps, evolutionary theory, evidence, belief, opposition to evolution, experimentation, peer review, scrutiny, politics, courts, Intelligent Design, pseudoscience, education, classroom Creationism, religious, not scientific, explanation, reality, presupposed answer, designer, evolutionary theory, gaps, evidence, belief, politics, science, experimentation, peer review, scrutiny, pseudoscience, Intelligent Design, education, classroom Creationism, religion, science, empirical evidence, presupposition, designer, evolution, gaps, evidence, belief, politics, peer review, scrutiny, intelligent design, pseudoscience, education, classroom
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-pro02a	The ICC offers justice to victims of war crimes.  The ICC offers a multilateral means by which international law can be brought to bear on the perpetrators of war crimes. As Amnesty International argues, 'the ICC ensures that those who commit serious human rights violations are held accountable. Justice helps promote lasting peace, enables victims to rebuild their lives and sends a strong message that perpetrators of serious international crimes will not go unpunished'. Furthermore, and for the first time, the ICC has the power to order a criminal to pay reparations to a victim who has suffered as a result of their crimes. Such reparations may include restitution, indemnification and rehabilitation. Judges are able to order such reparations whether the victims have been able to apply for them or not. Though reparations will often not be sufficient on their own for lasting peace, they are a step in the right direction and only made possible by the establishment of the ICC. ICC, war crimes, justice, victims, international law, perpetrators, Amnesty International, human rights violations, accountability, lasting peace, reparations, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, judges, establishment, step forward ICC, war crimes, justice, victims, international law, perpetrators, Amnesty International, human rights violations, accountability, lasting peace, reparations, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, judges, peace, establishment ICC, war crimes, justice, victims, international law, perpetrators, Amnesty International, human rights violations, accountability, lasting peace, reparations, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, judges, peace, establishment ICC, war crimes, justice, victims, international law, perpetrators, Amnesty International, human rights violations, accountability, peace, rehabilitation, reparations, restitution, indemnification, judges, lasting peace, criminal, victim ICC, war crimes, justice, victims, international law, perpetrators, Amnesty International, human rights violations, accountability, lasting peace, reparations, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, judges, establishment, peace
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con02a	The threat of nuclear weapons falling into the hands of rogue states and terrorists increases as more countries possess them  There are many dangerous dictators and tyrants, many of who covet the possession of nuclear weapons not just for the purpose of defence, but also for that of intimidating their neighbours. [1] Such leaders should not possess nuclear weapons, nor should they ever be facilitated in their acquisition. For example, Iran has endeavoured for years on a clandestine nuclear weapons program that, were it recognized as a legitimate pursuit, could be increased in scale and completed with greater speed. The result of such an achievement could well destabilize the Middle East and would represent a major threat to the existence of a number of states within the region, particularly Israel. Furthermore, the risk of nuclear weapons, or at least weapons-grade material, falling into the hands of dissidents and terrorists increases substantially when there are more of them and larger numbers of countries possess them. Additionally, many countries in the developing world lack the capacity to safely secure weapons if they owned them, due to lack of technology, national instability, and government corruption. [2] Recognizing the rights of these countries to hold nuclear weapons vastly increases the risk of their loss or misuse.  [1] Slantchev, Branislav. 2005. “Military Coercion in Interstate Crises”. American Political Science Review 99(4).  [2] Sagan, Scott D. 1993. The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons. Princeton: Princeton University Press. nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, dangerous dictators, tyrants, nuclear proliferation, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East destabilization, Israel, weapons-grade material, national security, developing countries, technology deficiency, government corruption, nuclear safety, nuclear rights, military coercion, interstate crises, nuclear accidents, organizational safety, Scott D. Sagan, Branislav Slantchev, nuclear policy, international security, non-proliferation, nuclear threats, global stability nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, dangerous dictators, tyrants, nuclear proliferation, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East, Israel, nuclear stability, developing countries, nuclear security, technology, government corruption, nuclear rights, nuclear accidents, organizational safety, nuclear coercion, interstate crises nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, dangerous dictators, tyrants, nuclear proliferation, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East, Israel, destabilization, nuclear security, weapons-grade material, developing countries, technology, national instability, government corruption, nuclear rights, military coercion, interstate crises, nuclear accidents, safety organizations nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, dangerous dictators, clandestine nuclear programs, Iran, Middle East destabilization, threat to Israel, nuclear proliferation, weapons-grade material, secure weapons, developing world, national instability, government corruption, nuclear safety, loss or misuse of nuclear weapons, Scott D. Sagan, Branislav Slantchev, military coercion, nuclear accidents, organizational safety, international security, non-proliferation, nuclear terrorism, state security, regional stability nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, dangerous dictators, tyrants, nuclear proliferation, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East, Israel, nuclear threat, weapons-grade material, national security, developing countries, nuclear security, technology, government corruption, nuclear rights, military coercion, interstate crises, nuclear accidents, organizational safety, Scott Sagan, Branislav Slantchev
test-international-ghwcitca-con01a	It would never work  There are immense challenges to making a treaty seeking to prevent or curtail cyber-attacks work. Even on issues where there are clear security concerns it is unusual for the involved nations to be willing to get along and cooperate. This has proven to be the same with regards to the internet governance with Russia and China wanting greater state control while the US and Western Europe is opposed. [1] Even on issues where lives are being lost there is often no global agreement as can be seen by the deadlock in the UN security council over what to do about the civil war in Syria. [2]  Additionally there is the problem that working out who engaged in a cyber-attack is difficult. Such attacks are often routed through proxy computers to launch their attacks. If attacking a difficult target that may seek to strike back the attack will be through numerous proxies which will be in numerous countries to make tracking back difficult. [3] This means there can be misattribution of attacks creating confusion about which state needs to act domestically to prevent the cyber-attacks – or in the worst case resulting in a response aimed at the wrong country. For example South Korea has blamed its Northern neighbour for an attack on the website of the South Korean Presidency but the hacking is more likely to have been the work of someone in South Korea itself as a South Korean detailed his plans on Twitter before the attack. [4] If it is difficult to attribute who launched the attack then it would clearly be easy to get around any ban.  [1] Nebehay, Stephanie, ‘China, Russia seek greater control of Internet’, Reuters, 7 March 2013,   [2] Black, Ian, ‘UN may struggle to respond to reports of Syrian chemical attacks’, The Guardian, 21 August 2013,   [3] Greenemeier, Larry, ‘Seeking Address: Why Cyber Attacks Are So Difficult to Trace back to Hackers’, Scientific American, 11 June 2011,   [4] Koo, Soo-Kyung, ‘Cyber Security in South Korea: The Threat Within’, The Diplomat, 19 August 2013, treaty, cyber-attacks, challenges, international cooperation, internet governance, Russia, China, state control, US, Western Europe, UN security council, civil war, Syria, attribution, proxy computers, misattribution, South Korea, North Korea, cyber security, hackers, trace back treaty, cyber-attacks, challenges, international cooperation, internet governance, Russia, China, US, Western Europe, UN security council, civil war in Syria, attribution of attacks, proxy computers, misattribution, cyber security, South Korea, North Korea, hacking treaty, cyber-attacks, international cooperation, internet governance, state control, UN Security Council, Syria, cyber attack attribution, proxy servers, misattribution, South Korea, North Korea, cyber security cyber-attacks, treaty, challenges, international cooperation, internet governance, Russia, China, US, Western Europe, UN security council, Syria, attribution, proxy computers, misattribution, South Korea, North Korea, cyber security, hacking, traceability, state control, civil war, deadlock, global agreement, security concerns, detailed plans, Twitter, bans, hacker tracking treaty, cyber-attacks, international cooperation, internet governance, state control, UN Security Council, civil war, Syria, cyber-attack attribution, proxy computers, misattribution, South Korea, North Korea, cyber security, hacker tracing, international security, digital forensics, geopolitical tensions, cyber warfare, international law, cyber policy
test-health-hdond-con02a	This system will punish people for a past decision they cannot now undo  Most formulations of this policy involve assessing donor status on the basis of whether the patient was a registered organ donor prior to needing an organ. Thus, a sick person could find themselves in the tortuous situation of sincerely regretting their past decision not to donate, but having no means to atone for their past act. To visit such a situation upon citizens not only meaningfully deprives them of the means to continue living, it subjects them to great psychological distress. Indeed, they are not only aware that their past passive decision not to register as a donor has doomed them, but they are constantly told by the state that this is well and just. organ donation, donor registration, policy criticism, psychological distress, moral responsibility, state justice, healthcare ethics, patient rights, regret, atonement, passive decision, living continuation, punishment, formulation, citizen treatment, deprivation, awareness, justification, health equity, organ allocation organ donation, donor status, past decision, irreversible choice, policy formulation, registered donor, medical need, psychological distress, state-imposed punishment, atonement, moral dilemma, justice in healthcare, life-saving treatment, citizen rights, healthcare ethics, punitive healthcare policies, regret in decision-making, health justice, bioethics, organ transplant criteria organ donation, policy, punishment, past decisions, donor status, registered organ donor, psychological distress, state policy, moral dilemma, atonement, ethical concerns, health care justice, living means, passive decision, awareness, doom, well-being, societal norms, organ transplant, healthcare equity organ donation, donor status, past decision, punishment, psychological distress, state policy, atonement, registered donor, health equity, moral judgement, healthcare access, patient rights organ donation, donor status, policy, past decision, undo, registered donor, organ transplant, patient, regret, atone, psychological distress, state, justice, ethical implications, healthcare, bioethics, informed consent, societal pressure, moral responsibility
test-environment-ehwsnwu-pro02a	Underground Nuclear Storage is Safe  Underground nuclear waste storage means that nuclear waste is stored at least 300m underground. [I1]  The harm of a leak 300m underground is significantly limited, if the area has been chosen correctly then there should be no water sources nearby to contaminate. If this is the case, then a leak’s harm would be limited to the layers of sediment nearby which would be unaffected by radiation. By comparison a leak outside might lead to animals nearby suffering from contamination. Further nuclear waste might reach water sources should there be a leak above ground, if it is raining heavily when the leak happens for example.  Further, the other options available, such as above ground storage present a potentially greater danger, should something go wrong. This is because it is much easier for nuclear waste to leak radiation into the air. This is problematic because even a hint of radiation may well cause people to panic owing to the damaging and heavily publicised consequences of previous nuclear safety crises. As such, underground storage is safer both directly and indirectly. [1]  As well as this, underground storage also prevents nuclear waste or nuclear radiation from reaching other states and as such, results in greater safety across borders. [2]  Further, storing all nuclear waste underground means that countries can concentrate their research and training efforts on responding to subterranean containment failures. Focus and specialisation of this type is much more likely to avert a serious release of nuclear material from an underground facility than the broad and general approach that will be fostered by diverse and distinct above-ground storage solutions.  [1] “Europe eyes underground nuclear waste repositories.” Infowars Ireland. 20/02/2010   [2] “EU Debates Permanent Storage For Nuclear Waste.” 04/11/2010 AboutMyPlanet.   [I1] I am not sure how to replace this section. “Leakage” of radioactive material into the air is a minimal danger. The contributor may be referring to the ejection of irradiated dust and other particulates that has occurred when nuclear power stations have suffered explosive containment failures, but this is not comparable to the types of containment failures that might happen in facilities used to store spent nuclear fuel rods and medical waste.  One of the more substantial risks presented by underground storage is release of nuclear material into a water source. Underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste, 300m underground, leak limitations, water contamination, animal contamination, above ground storage, radiation leak, air radiation, public panic, nuclear safety crises, cross-border safety, research focus, subterranean containment, diverse storage solutions, radioactive material leakage, irradiated dust, explosive containment, spent nuclear fuel rods, medical waste, substantial risks, water source release underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste, deep geological repositories, safety, environmental impact, water contamination, radiation leak, above ground storage, public safety, nuclear accidents, cross-border safety, specialized training, subterranean containment, spent nuclear fuel rods, medical waste, radiation ejection, explosive containment failures, substantial risks, groundwater contamination Underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste, deep geological repositories, subterranean containment, safety, environmental impact, water contamination, radiation leakage, above-ground storage, public perception, nuclear safety crises, cross-border safety, specialized research, subterranean containment failures, diversified storage solutions, radioactive material, spent nuclear fuel rods, medical waste, explosive containment failures, irradiated dust, particulates, substantial risks, water source contamination Underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste, safety, leak, water source contamination, animal contamination, above ground storage, radiation leakage, panic, nuclear safety crises, border safety, subterranean containment, research, training, nuclear material release, spent nuclear fuel rods, medical waste, explosive containment failures, irradiated dust, particulates, substantial risks, water source release underground nuclear storage, safety, nuclear waste, subterranean containment, radiation leak, water contamination, above ground storage, public panic, nuclear safety crises, cross-border safety, specialized research, subterranean failures, explosive containment, irradiated dust, spent fuel rods, medical waste, water source release
test-education-xeegshwfeu-con01a	The most vulnerable children would be left behind by the scheme  Even if a voucher scheme is used, parents still need to have considerable input in order that their children are able to access the best educational opportunities. Thus, those children who are most vulnerable, i.e. those with inadequate home support structures, will find that they are unable to access the best schools as their parents may lack the desire or knowledge to find out which schools are the best in their area.  Further, this problem will be exacerbated by the subsequent dearth of funding at the worst schools. vulnerable children, voucher scheme, parental input, educational opportunities, inadequate home support, school funding, best schools, lack of knowledge, educational access, funding disparities vulnerable children, voucher scheme, parental input, educational opportunities, inadequate home support, access to best schools, funding shortages, disadvantaged students, educational inequality, school choice barriers vulnerable children, voucher scheme, parental input, educational opportunities, inadequate home support, access to best schools, lack of knowledge, funding, worst schools vulnerable children, voucher scheme, parental input, educational opportunities, inadequate home support, school access, funding shortage, disadvantaged students vulnerable children, voucher scheme, parental input, educational opportunities, inadequate home support, school access, funding, worst schools, educational inequality, disadvantaged students
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-pro03a	Racialised Opposition  Some critics of ‘The Spear’ have criticised the artwork on the grounds that it ‘dehumanises’ black people in general [1] and President Zuma in particular and criticises him based upon his personal life rather than policy, using vulgar means to do it. This line of opposition is part of a dog-whistle tactic that the ANC has consistently used against white critics of its government in the past. [2]  ANC criticisms of its white critics, including the opposition Democratic Alliance have made discreet reference to the injustices of the past as a means of creating distrust in the minds of poor, black voters who maintain ANC support as a result. Some politicians within the ANC, most notably the former President of its youth wing Julius Malema, have made incendiary statements that could be seen to stoke up hatred against whites.  It is against this back drop that the double standards over criticism of Murray should be viewed. Murray, a white artist, has been criticised roundly for ‘The Spear’, while black artists have created works that could be seen to denigrate President Zuma in a similar manner to ‘The Spear’. A noticeable example is ‘Ngcono ihlwempu kunesibhanxo sesityebi’ (Better a fool than a rich man’s nonsense) by Ayanda Mabulu, that carried a much more graphic depiction of the President and other leading politicians of the past and present with barely a murmur raised. [3]  By bowing to the pressure exerted by the ANC and its followers, the Goodman Gallery and City Press have bowed to pressure, denying criticism of the government and accepting the implied view that White South Africans are unable to criticise the government without seeking to re-assert any forms of superiority that had existed under Apartheid. Whilst there may still be underlying problems of Far-Right activity in South Africa, to smear anyone who criticises the government based on their race does nothing to help move the country on from autocracy and institutionalised racism. The Goodman Gallery and City Press should have stood by displaying the image as it represented the opinion of Brett Murray, free from intimidation or race based slander.  [1] Dana, Simphiwe, ‘The 'Sarah Baartmanisation' of the black body’, Mail & Guardian, 12 June 2012,   [2] Hlongwane, Sipho, ‘The ANC's best friend: Brett Murray & The Spear’, Amandla,   [3] Ndlovu, Andile, ‘'Spear' sparks hot Twitter debate’, Times Live, 23 May 2012, Racialised opposition, The Spear, dehumanisation, black people, President Zuma, personal life, vulgar means, dog-whistle tactic, ANC, white critics, government, injustices, past, poor black voters, Julius Malema, hatred, whites, double standards, Brett Murray, Ayanda Mabulu, Goodman Gallery, City Press, criticism, government, intimidation, race-based slander, Apartheid, Far-Right activity, autocracy, institutionalised racism, free speech Racialised Opposition, The Spear, dehumanisation, black people, President Zuma, personal life, vulgar, dog-whistle tactic, ANC, white critics, government, Democratic Alliance, injustices, past, poor, black voters, support, Julius Malema, incendiary, hatred, whites, double standards, criticism, Murray, white artist, black artists, Ayanda Mabulu, Ngcono ihlwempu kenesibhanxo sesityebi, graphic depiction, Goodman Gallery, City Press, pressure, criticism, government, White South Africans, Apartheid, Far-Right, autocracy, Racialised opposition, The Spear, Brett Murray, ANC, Zuma, dehumanisation, white critics, dog-whistle tactic, Julius Malema, Ayanda Mabulu, Goodman Gallery, City Press, free speech, racial slander, South Africa, apartheid, institutionalised racism, criticism of government, far-right activity, racial double standards, artistic expression, political criticism, public opinion, race relations, historical injustices, social tensions, political art, media pressure, government opposition, racial politics, democratization, post-apartheid South Africa, sartorial symbolism, political symbolism, racial sensitivity, cultural sensitivity, political satire Racialised opposition, The Spear, dehumanisation, President Zuma, personal life criticism, dog-whistle tactic, ANC, white critics, Democratic Alliance, Julius Malema, incendiary statements, Murray, white artist, black artists, Ayanda Mabulu, Ngcono ihlwempu kenesibhanxo sesityebi, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Far-Right activity, Apartheid, free expression, intimidation, race-based slander, autocracy, institutionalised racism, Brett Murray, Sarah Baartmanisation, Mail & Guardian, Amandla, Times Live, Twitter debate Racialised opposition, The Spear, dehumanisation, black people, President Zuma, personal life, policy, vulgar, dog-whistle tactic, ANC, white critics, government, Democratic Alliance, injustices, past, poor black voters, Julius Malema, hatred against whites, double standards, criticism, Murray, white artist, black artists, Ayanda Mabulu, Goodman Gallery, City Press, White South Africans, criticism, government, Apartheid, Far-Right activity, autocracy, institutionalised racism, free speech, intimidation, race-based slander
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-con02a	"The New START treaty helps Russia more than the US  Not only does New START leave in place Russia’s extant tactical nuclear advantage but it has further loopholes for Russian weapons. As Mitt Romney argued in 2010: ""Does the treaty provide gaping loopholes that Russia could use to escape nuclear weapon limits entirely? Yes. For example, multiple warhead missile bombers are counted under the treaty as only one warhead. While we currently have more bombers than the Russians, they have embarked on new programs for long-range bombers and for air-launched nuclear cruise missiles. Thus, it is no surprise that Russia is happy to undercount missiles on bombers."" [1]  New START also fails to limit rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), which Russia could potentially make use of. The definition of rail-mobile ICBM launchers was established in the expired START as “an erector-launcher mechanism for launching ICBMs and the railcar or flatcar on which it is mounted.” [2] This and associated restrictions and limitations in START, are not in the New START. This makes it possible for Russia to claim that any new Rail Mobile ICBMs are not subject to New START limitations. [3] Mitt Romney worries that Russia is already working to take advantage of these omissions: “As drafted, it lets Russia escape the limit on its number of strategic nuclear warheads. Loopholes and lapses -- presumably carefully crafted by Moscow -- provide a path to entirely avoid the advertised warhead-reduction targets. …. These omissions would be consistent with Russia's plans for a new heavy bomber and reports of growing interest in rail-mobile ICBMs."" [4]  This means that under the treaty limits, the United States is the only country that must reduce its launchers and strategic nuclear weapons. Russia has managed to negotiate the treaty limits so that they simply restrict it to reductions it was already planning to do. As a result the United States is making what are effectively unilateral reductions. [5] Therefore, New START is an unequal treaty as it offers more to Russia than to the US. This is bad for the balance of power and thus bad for world peace, and so New START should be opposed.  [1] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010.   [2] ‘Terms and Definitions’, The Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms And Associated Documents, 1991,   [3] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [4] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010.   [5] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010. New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, multiple warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, strategic nuclear warheads, heavy bomber, unilateral reductions, balance of power, world peace, opposition to New START, treaty limitations, Boston.com, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, multiple warhead missile bombers, warhead limits, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, nuclear weapon limits, strategic nuclear warheads, unequal treaty, balance of power, world peace, unilateral reductions, Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, Baker Spring, flawed treaty, nuclear arms control, international security, strategic stability, missile bombers, air-launched nuclear cruise missiles, undercounting warheads New START, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, strategic nuclear warheads, unequal treaty, balance of power, world peace, treaty limitations, launchers, unilateral reductions, Boston.com, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry New START, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile ICBMs, long-range bombers, air-launched nuclear cruise missiles, strategic nuclear warheads, unequal treaty, world peace, unilateral reductions, balance of power, Heritage Foundation, Boston.com New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, multiple warhead missile bombers, warhead limits, rail-mobile ICBMs, strategic nuclear warheads, launchers, unilateral reductions, balance of power, world peace, opposition to New START, Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms, Heritage Foundation, flaws in New START"
test-society-cpisydfphwj-pro02a	Facebook provides an information point  Undoubtedly, one of the most important aspects which will influence your efforts to improve your life is your ability to take advantage of every opportunity which comes up. Obviously, one of the, if not the, best way to do this is to stay connected with the world around you, this enables you to be able to quickly find out about job opportunities, sporting competitions or social events in your area. Facebook created and developed an efficient, extremely widely visited platform on which millions of users can get in touch with each other. This can prove to be an extremely useful tool both for companies or event planners and direct customers. No matter if we are talking about Google's new hiring policy or Toyota's new discount, an upcoming music festival or a football tournament for amateur players, Facebook is informing the individuals about these events, keeping them connected with their community.  Social networks are more efficient to serving this purpose than other more conventional means like TV commercials because it is free. A very good example of this is the Kony 2012 campaign, which informed the people about the atrocities that happened in Uganda at the time, mainly relying only on social media. The Youtube video telling its story has more than 98 million views and also there were more posts on Facebook about Kony on March 6th and 7th than even Apple’s new iPad or TV releases. (1) No matter if we talk about TV ads, radio commercials or billboards, the price that has to be paid in order to promote an event is a big drawback for anyone who wants to inform the population. As a result, Facebook as with other social media is the online, cheap, efficient equivalent to an info point.  (1) Kyle Willis “Kony 2012 Social Media Case Study “, March 8, 2012 Facebook, information, opportunities, life improvement, connectivity, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google, Toyota, music festival, football tournament, community, social networks, TV commercials, Kony 2012, Uganda, YouTube, Apple, iPad, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, social media, info point, efficiency, cost-effective Facebook, information point, opportunities, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google, Toyota, music festival, football tournament, community, social networks, TV commercials, Kony 2012, Uganda, atrocities, social media, YouTube video, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, population, online, cheap, efficient, info point Facebook, information point, opportunities, stay connected, job opportunities, social events, social networks, companies, event planners, customers, Google hiring policy, Toyota discount, music festival, football tournament, community, Kony 2012 campaign, Uganda, atrocities, social media, Youtube, TV commercials, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, population, online, cheap, efficient, info point Facebook, information point, opportunities, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, efficient platform, users, companies, event planners, direct customers, Google, hiring policy, Toyota, discount, music festival, football tournament, amateur players, individuals, community, social networks, TV commercials, free, Kony 2012 campaign, Uganda, atrocities, Youtube, views, Facebook posts, Apple, iPad, TV releases, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promote, event, population, online, cheap, social media, info point Facebook, information point, improve life, opportunities, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google hiring policy, Toyota discount, music festival, football tournament, community, social networks, TV commercials, Kony 2012 campaign, Uganda, Youtube video, Facebook posts, Apple iPad, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, population, social media, online, cheap, efficient, info point
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro02a	Prohibition does not work; instead, it glamorizes drugs  Those who want to use drugs will take them whether they are legal or not – and more are doing so than ever before. In 1970 there was something like 1,000 problematic drug users in the UK, now there are over 250,000. [1] Legalization will also remove the glamour which surrounds an underground activity and so make drug use less attractive to impressionable teenagers. For example, statistics suggest that cannabis use in the UK declined after its classification was lowered from ‘B’ to ‘C’. [2]  [1] Home Affairs Select Committee, ‘The Government’s Drug Policy: Is It Working?’, parliament.uk, 22 May 2002,   [2] Travis, Alan, ‘Cannabis use down since legal change’, The Guardian, 26th October 2007, Prohibition, Drugs, Legalization, Glamorization, Problematic drug users, UK, Teenagers, Cannabis, Classification, Statistics, Home Affairs Select Committee, Policy, Guardian, Travis, Alan, 1970, 2002, 2007 Prohibition, Drug Policy, Legalization, Drug Use, Glamorization, Problematic Drug Users, UK Statistics, Cannabis Use, Classification Change, Home Affairs Select Committee, Travis, Alan, The Guardian Prohibition, drug policy, glamorization, illegal drugs, drug users, legalization, impressionable teenagers, cannabis use, drug classification, Home Affairs Select Committee, The Guardian, Travis, Alan prohibition, glamorizes, drugs, legalization, allure, underground, activity, drug, use, statistics, cannabis, classification, teenagers, impressionable, decline, policy, effectiveness, UK, problematic, users, Home, Affairs, Select, Committee, government, working, Travis, Alan, Guardian, legal, change prohibition, glamorizes, drugs, legalization, drug, users, UK, cannabis, classification, statistics, teenagers, impressionable, activity, underground, attractiveness, reduction, policy, effectiveness, Home, Affairs, Select, Committee, parliament, Travis, Alan, The, Guardian, legal, change, use, decline
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con04a	Leaving the EU will mean the UK will have less regional influence  Like it or not the UK is a part of Europe geographically and as such the countries that are most important to UK foreign policy are also in Europe. Leaving the EU will damage relations with those powers that are currently a part of the EU, and potentially also those who are used to dealing with the UK as part of the EU. The United States has noted it “benefits from a strong UK being part of the European Union” [1] in much the same way as the UK does. If this is the UK's strongest ally's view what would be the view of the powers from whom out would mean divorce? The UK will be outside the group trying to influence it rather than on the inside. The EU states will no longer need to listen to the UK on a wide range of issues where it has previously been a key voice.  [1] Earnest, Josh, ‘Press Briefing by the Press Secretary Josh Earnest’, White House, 14 March 2016, Leaving EU, UK regional influence, UK-EU relations, UK foreign policy, UK-European powers, US-UK alliance, UK-EU divorce, UK influence post-Brexit, EU internal dynamics, EU-UK negotiations Leaving EU, UK regional influence, UK-EU relations, UK foreign policy, European powers, US-UK alliance, UK-EU divorce, UK influence post-Brexit, EU decision-making, UK political clout Leaving EU, UK regional influence, European foreign policy, UK-EU relations, US-UK alliance, Josh Earnest, White House briefing, EU member states, UK diplomatic power, European Union impact, UK international standing, Brexit consequences, European cooperation, UK-Europe ties, political leverage Leaving EU, UK regional influence, UK-Europe geography, UK foreign policy, EU relations damage, US-UK-EU alliance, Josh Earnest, White House briefing, UK EU divorce, UK influence outside EU, EU states listening to UK Leaving EU, UK regional influence, UK-Europe relations, UK foreign policy, EU membership impact, UK-EU relations, US-UK alliance, UK diplomatic clout, European Union influence, UK international standing
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro03a	Democrats focus on increasing wages, creating better consumers.  Quality customers can only be created by paying people enough to allow them to purchase goods and services. You can create as many jobs as you like but if they’re created at a level where consumers can’t even afford to survive it does absolutely nothing to stimulate the economy. Instead Democrats believe in working with labour to ensure that wages are set at levels that both respect the worker and have a positive effect on the economy. [i]  [i] Mark Pash, CFP_ wi8th Brad Parker. “Progressive Economic Principles: Creating a Quality Economy.” Democrats, increasing wages, better consumers, quality customers, paying people, purchase goods, afford to survive, stimulate economy, working with labour, respect the worker, positive effect, economy, Mark Pash, CFP, Brad Parker, Progressive Economic Principles, Quality Economy Democrats, increasing wages, better consumers, quality customers, paying people, purchase goods, services, affordable survival, stimulate economy, working with labour, respect worker, positive effect, economy, Mark Pash, CFP, Brad Parker, Progressive Economic Principles, Quality Economy Democrats, wages, consumers, quality customers,生存, economy stimulation, job creation, labor, wage levels, worker respect, economic effect, Mark Pash, Brad Parker, Progressive Economic Principles, Quality Economy Democrats, wages, consumers, quality customers, purchasing power, job creation, economy stimulation, labor collaboration, wage levels, worker respect, economic impact, Mark Pash, Brad Parker, Progressive Economic Principles, Quality Economy Democrats, wages, consumers, quality customers, economy, jobs, survival, stimulation, labor, wage levels, worker respect, progressive economics, quality economy, Mark Pash, Brad Parker
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-pro01a	Community radio gives voices to the people rather than imposing those of the powerful.  The events of the Arab Spring (and previous events such as the revolutions of 1989) have shown that effective means of communicating are vital. In a country where people have heard only one perspective, anything that can break the monopoly is to be welcomed. As Orwell put it, ‎'In an age of universal deceit, to tell the truth is a subversive act'.  Community radio can both encourage an initial outpouring of democracy and, just as importantly, ensure that a diversity of opinions means that one autocratic regime is not just replaced by another.  In almost all other forms of mass communication, genuinely democratic voices are easily swamped by those with either the power or the money to drown out the competition [i] . As the focus of community radio is public service, rather than profit, responsible to – and frequently produced by – their listener base there do not have commercial advertisers’ aversion to upsetting authority – either political or cultural. As a result they are free to eschew the bland lowest common denominator approach that is so typical of commercial radio.  [i] AMARC (World Association of Community Radio) booklet. What is Community Radio? 1998. Community radio, voices, people, powerful, Arab Spring, revolutions, 1989, communication, perspective, monopoly, Orwell, truth, subversive, democracy, diversity, opinions, autocratic regime, mass communication, democratic voices, power, money, public service, profit, listener base, commercial advertisers, authority, political, cultural, bland, lowest common denominator, commercial radio, AMARC, World Association of Community Radio, booklet Community radio, Arab Spring, revolutions 1989, communication, democracy, diversity of opinions, autocratic regime, Orwell, universal deceit, truth, subversive act, mass communication, public service, commercial radio, AMARC, listener base, cultural authority, political authority, lowest common denominator, commercial advertisers Community radio, voices, people, powerful, Arab Spring, revolutions, communication, perspective, monopoly, Orwell, truth, democratic, diversity, opinions, autocratic, mass communication, democratic voices, power, money, public service, profit, listener base, commercial advertisers, authority, cultural, bland, lowest common denominator, commercial radio, AMARC, World Association of Community Radio, booklet Community radio, voices, people, powerful, Arab Spring, revolutions, 1989, communication, democracy, perspectives, monopoly, truth, subversive, Orwell, autocratic regime, mass communication, democratic voices, commercial advertisers, authority, public service, listener base, lowest common denominator, commercial radio, AMARC, World Association of Community Radio, 1998 Community radio, voices, people, powerful, Arab Spring, revolutions, 1989, communication, country, perspective, monopoly, Orwell, universal deceit, truth, subversive act, democracy, diversity, opinions, autocratic regime, mass communication, democratic voices, power, money, competition, public service, profit, listener base, commercial advertisers, authority, political, cultural, bland, lowest common denominator, commercial radio, AMARC, World Association of Community Radio, 1998
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con01a	The motion completely undermines the assumption of innocence which accompanies a fair trial.  By projecting past convictions on to a new case, this disclosure greatly weakens the presumption of innocence which is the defendant’s right [1] . It is the jury’s duty to form a verdict based on the relevant case, and it should not be dependent on events from the defendant’s past life which may be completely irrelevant to the case in hand. Many people who mistakenly committed a crime at one point in their life realise that it was a mistake and do not go on to re-offend, particularly if they have received help or treatment from the state [2] . Even if the defendant has repeatedly committed crimes in their past, it does not necessarily follow that they are guilty of the particular offence which has gone to trial.  [1] Criminal Defense Department’ Every person is PRESUMED INNOCENT until Proven Guilty Beyond a Reasonable Doubt’, Parkes Law Group, 6 May 2011  [2] Public Safety Canada, ‘Treatment for sex offenders’, 28 December 2007 presumption of innocence, fair trial, past convictions, jury duty, relevant case, irrelevant past, mistake realization, re-offending, state treatment, repeated crimes, particular offence, criminal defense, reasonable doubt, public safety, sex offender treatment presumption of innocence, fair trial, past convictions, jury duty, irrelevant evidence, rehabilitation, repeated offenses, legal rights, criminal defense, reasonable doubt, treatment programs, sex offenders, public safety, legal principles, judicial fairness presumption of innocence, fair trial, jury duty, past convictions, irrelevant evidence, re-offending, treatment programs, criminal defense, reasonable doubt, public safety, sex offenders, legal rights, judicial process, defendant's rights, legal presumption presumption of innocence, fair trial, past convictions, jury's duty, irrelevant past, re-offend, treatment, sex offenders, criminal defense, reasonable doubt, defendant's rights, legal assumptions, verdict formation, undermining innocence, repeated crimes, specific offence, legal principles, criminal justice system, public safety, legal ethics, judicial fairness, legal reforms, crime prevention, societal rehabilitation, legal protections presumption of innocence, fair trial, past convictions, jury duty, irrelevant past, re-offending, treatment, criminal defense, reasonable doubt, public safety, sex offenders
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-pro01a	These people are under serious threat for their pursuit of justice  The internet has become the paramount means of voicing dissent within repressive regimes. As the technology regimes have to keep control of their people increases, with access to high-tech surveillance technology adding to their already formidable arsenals of physical oppression, the internet has become the only platform to express meaningful dissent. The Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia, for example, wherein people mobilized to overthrow their dictator has even been dubbed the Twitter Revolution. [1] Bloggers have become a major voice of dissent in other repressive regimes, including Cuba and China. Yet the blog platform is far from safe. Governments have sought to crack down on bloggers’ ability to dissent, using draconian methods like imprisonment to cow them into silence. In China the arrests of bloggers like Zhai Xiaobing, who was arrested and detained for simply posting a joke about Communist Party, have served to frighten many into silence. [2] So long as information is denied to the public, governments are able to maintain their repression. Only external help from democratic, or at least more liberal, states can provide the safe haven for people who have rubbed their governments the wrong way in their pursuit of reform and justice.  [1] Zuckerman, E. “The First Twitter Revolution?”. Foreign Policy. 14 January 2011.   [2] Wong, G. “Zhai Xiaobing, Chinese Blogger, Arrested for Twitter Joke About China’s Government”. Huffington Post. 21 November 2012. internet, dissent, repressive regimes, surveillance, oppression, Jasmine Revolution, Tunisia, Twitter Revolution, bloggers, Cuba, China, Zhai Xiaobing, imprisonment, information control, external help, democratic states, reform, justice internet, dissent, repressive regimes, surveillance, oppression, Jasmine Revolution, Tunisia, Twitter Revolution, bloggers, Cuba, China, Zhai Xiaobing, imprisonment, censorship, information denial, external help, democratic states, reform, justice threat, pursuit of justice, internet, voicing dissent, repressive regimes, surveillance technology, physical oppression, Jasmine Revolution, Tunisia, Twitter Revolution, bloggers, dissent, Cuba, China, crackdown, imprisonment, Zhai Xiaobing, arrests, information denial, external help, democratic states, safe haven, reform, justice internet, dissent, repressive regimes, censorship, surveillance, oppression, bloggers, Jasmine Revolution, Tunisia, Twitter Revolution, China, imprisonment, Zhai Xiaobing, information control, external support, democratic states, reform, justice dissent, internet, repressive regimes, surveillance, oppression, Jasmine Revolution, Twitter Revolution, bloggers, China, Cuba, imprisonment, Zhai Xiaobing, information control, external help, democratic states, reform, justice
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-pro04a	"Policies should be established which ban the promotion of sexist attitudes in advertising.  Norway and Denmark have already developed policies to restrict sexist advertising1. In 2008, the UN Committee to Eliminate Discrimination Against Women calls upon states to taken action and in particular the United Kingdom government to address this issue.2 In May of 2011 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 's Committee on Equal Opportunity for Women made a case for sexist advertising as a barrier to gender equality. In that report standards were presented and methods to cope with sexist advertising were suggested.3In Australia a government advisory board has developed a list of principles to guide both advertising and the fashion industry.4 1 Holmes, Stefanie. ""Scandinavian split on sexist ads."" BBC news. 2008/April 25 accessed 2011/08/25 2 Object.com. ""Women are not Sex Objects."" 3 Parliamentary Assembly of 26 May 2011, The Council of Europe. 4 Kennedy, Jean. ""Fashion Industry asked to adopt body image code."" ABCNews. 2010/June 27 sexist advertising, policies, Norway, Denmark, UN Committee, Discrimination Against Women, United Kingdom, Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe, gender equality, Australia, government advisory board, advertising principles, fashion industry, body image code Policies, sexist attitudes, advertising, Norway, Denmark, UN Committee, Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, United Kingdom, Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe, gender equality, Australia, government advisory board, body image code, fashion industry, principles, guidelines, sexist advertising, restrictions, gender equality, women's rights, media regulation, public policy, advertising standards, body image, media representation, gender discrimination, human rights, advocacy, legislation, social norms, cultural change, policy implementation, international standards, gender-based violence, awareness campaigns, consumer protection, marketing ethics, public health, societal impact, women's empowerment, gender-sensitive policies Policies, sexist attitudes, advertising, Norway, Denmark, UN Committee, Elimination Discrimination Women, United Kingdom, Parliamentary Assembly, Council Europe, gender equality, Australia, government advisory board, fashion industry, body image code Policies, ban, sexist, attitudes, advertising, Norway, Denmark, restriction, UN, Committee, Elimination, Discrimination, Women, United, Kingdom, Parliamentary, Assembly, Council, Europe, gender, equality, Australia, government, advisory, principles, fashion, industry, body, image, code Policies, ban, sexist attitudes, advertising, Norway, Denmark, UN Committee, Elimination Discrimination Against Women, United Kingdom, Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe, Committee Equal Opportunity Women, sexist advertising, gender equality, Australia, government advisory board, principles, fashion industry, body image code"
test-economy-thhghwhwift-pro03a	A fat tax levels out the playing field for healthier food  An important reason why people continuously turn to unhealthy, fat, sugar and salt laden food, is the simple fact that it’s often cheaper than a more wholesome meal comprised at least in part of fresh produce.  A study done at the University of Washington found that “when they compared the prices of 370 foods… junk foods not only cost less… but junk food prices are also less likely to rise as a result of inflation.” [1]  A similar conclusion was reached by a group of Australian researchers, who found that the prices of healthy food have risen 20 per cent above inflation, while the harmful counterpart have actually dropped below inflation – as much as 20 per cent below. [2]  Noting that obesity is more prevalent in groups of lower socioeconomic status, we find that the price of food is a substantial incentive for consumption.  Thus it is only reasonable to levy a tax against unhealthy, fatty food in order to give healthy food a fighting chance.  [1] Parker-Pope, T., A High Price for Healthy Food, published 12/5/2007,  , accessed 9/12/2011  [2] Burns, C., The rising cost of healthy foods, published 10/16/2008,  , accessed 9/12/2011 fat tax, healthier food, unhealthy food, cheaper, fresh produce, University of Washington, junk foods, prices, inflation, Australian researchers, healthy food, socioeconomic status, obesity, price of food, consumption, tax, unhealthy, fatty food,levy, fighting chance, Parker-Pope, Burns, rising cost, nutritional equity, economic barriers, public health policy, food pricing, dietary choices, socioeconomic factors, obesity rates, fiscal measures, health promotion, food affordability, nutritional value, food economics, inflation rates, food inflation, health economics, diet-related diseases, nutritional inequality, food policy, health disparities, food accessibility, economic incentives fat tax, healthier food, playing field, unhealthy food, cheaper, wholesome meal, fresh produce, University of Washington, junk foods, less likely, inflation, Australian researchers, prices, healthy food, risen, harmful counterpart, dropped, obesity, lower socioeconomic status, price, consumption, levy, unhealthy, fatty food, fighting chance fat tax, playing field, healthier food, unhealthy food, cheaper, fresh produce, University of Washington, junk foods, inflation, Australian researchers, healthy food prices, obesity, lower socioeconomic status, price of food, consumption, levy, unhealthy, fatty food, high price, healthy food, costs, socioeconomic factors, nutritional inequality, food economics, public health policy fat tax, healthier food, playing field, unhealthy food, cheaper, fresh produce, University of Washington, junk foods, prices, inflation, Australian researchers, healthy food, prices rise, socioeconomic status, obesity, tax, unhealthy, fatty food, consumption, high price, healthy food, rising cost fat tax, playing field, healthier food, unhealthy food, cheaper, wholesome meal, fresh produce, University of Washington, junk food prices, inflation, Australian researchers, healthy food prices, obesity, lower socioeconomic status, price incentive, unhealthy food tax, economic disparity, food cost, nutrition economics, health policy
test-education-usuprmhbu-con01a	Meritocracy is the only fair system by which society should be ordered  Any system that does not reward individuals on the basis of their merit is one that is unjust to those not in the group that is “preferred” and therefore benefitted by it.  Meritocracy is the only fair system to run a society on. Any system that does not reward individuals on the basis of their skill and effort is one that is unjust. The use of any criteria other than merit to select or benefit an individual is the definition of discrimination itself. Simply putting the word “positive” in front of it does not make it a beneficial or just system. For every act of “positive” discrimination enacted, an act of “negative” discrimination occurs against the individual that was denied a position or achievement they earned on their own merit for the person that received the “positive” end of the discrimination.  Affirmative action is simply reversing the discrimination in society so injustice is enacted in the opposite direction. This is not a just system of distribution; it’s simply unjust against a different group. The only truly fair system to use is one that has no criteria other than merit to determine who receives what. meritocracy, justice, fairness, society, reward, skill, effort, discrimination, positive, negative, affirmative, action, injustice, distribution, criteria, position, achievement, group, benefitted, preferred, enacted, fair, system, run, ordered, unfair, opposite, reversing, truly, merit, determine, receives meritocracy, fairness, just system, society, reward, merit, skill, effort, injustice, discrimination, positive discrimination, negative discrimination, affirmative action, distribution, criteria meritocracy, fairness, society, reward, merit, unjust, discrimination, skill, effort, positive, negative, affirmative, action, injustice, distribution, criteria, position, achievement, group, reverse, system Meritocracy, fairness, justice, society, reward, skill, effort, discrimination, positive-discrimination, negative-discrimination, affirmative-action, injustice, distribution, criteria, equality, ethics, social-justice, merit-based-system, revers-discrimination, unbiased-selection Meritocracy, fairness, justice, discrimination, affirmative action, skill, effort, rewards, societal system, positive discrimination, negative discrimination, fairness criteria, merit-based selection, societal distribution, unbiased system, equal opportunity, reverse discrimination, just system, meritocracy benefits, non-merit systems, unfairness
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con02a	IRB rules  Racial quotas are a breach of the views of the world governing body of Rugby Union, the International Rugby Board [1] . If this were found to be the case then it would have a large negative impact on South African rugby.  An IRB intervention would lead to at least interference by the governing body, which would be highly embarrassing for the SARU (as well as difficult for a sport which has had major political rows before), or even worse, some form of sanction or expulsion – things that could lead to long term instability in the sport, which should be avoided.  [1] SARugbymag.co.za, ‘Saru quotas ‘breach IRP rules’’, 3 December 2013, IRB rules, racial quotas, breach, International Rugby Board, South African rugby, intervention, SARU, political rows, sanction, expulsion, instability, sport, SARugbymag.co.za, quota controversy, rugby union governance, racial policies IRB, rules, racial, quotas, breach, views, world, governing, body, Rugby, Union, International, Rugby, Board, South, African, rugby, intervention, negative, impact, SARU, political, rows, sanction, expulsion, instability, sport, SARugbymag.co.za, December, 2013 IRB rules, racial quotas, breach, International Rugby Board, South African rugby, governing body, SARU, political rows, intervention, sanction, expulsion, instability, sport, SARugbymag.co.za, December 2013 IRB rules, racial quotas, breach, International Rugby Board, South African rugby, negative impact, IRB intervention, SARU, political rows, sanction, expulsion, instability, sport, avoidance IRB rules, racial quotas, breach, World Rugby, International Rugby Board, South African rugby, SARU, intervention, governing body, political conflicts, sanctions, expulsion, instability, sport, Rugby Union, SARugbymag, quotas, breach IRP rules
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-pro03a	The deterrent effect of the Court ensures wide-spread and equal adherence to international law.  Upon signing the Rome Statute in 1996, U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan stated that 'the establishment of the Court is still a gift of hope to future generations, and a giant step forward in the march towards universal human rights and the rule of law'1. Such statements demonstrate the impact the Court could potentially have, as a body that simultaneously cherishes sovereignty and protects national courts whilst offering a means by which criminals in states unable or unwilling to prosecute will still be brought to justice. As the natural and permanent heir to the process started at Nuremberg in the wake of World War II2, the ICC ensures that the reach of law is now universal; war criminals, either in national or international courts, will be forced to trial as a result of the principle of universal jurisdiction1. The deterrent effect of such a court is obvious and a warning to those who felt they were operating in anarchic legal environments.  1 Amnesty International. (2007, September). Fact Sheet: International Criminal Court. Retrieved May 11, 2011  2 Crossland, D. (2005, November 23). Nuremberg Trials a Tough Act to Follow. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from Spiegel International deterrent effect, Court, international law, Rome Statute, Kofi Annan, international criminal court, ICC, Nuremberg, war criminals, universal jurisdiction, human rights, rule of law, sovereignty, national courts, prosecution, Amnesty International, Spiegel International, Crossland, trials, hope, future generations, anarchy, legal environments deterrent effect, Court, international law, Rome Statute, Kofi Annan, human rights, rule of law, sovereignty, national courts, criminals, prosecution, Nuremberg, war criminals, universal jurisdiction, ICC, Amnesty International, Nuremberg Trials, Spiegel International deterrent effect, Court, international law, Rome Statute, Kofi Annan, hope, human rights, rule of law, sovereignty, national courts, criminals, prosecution, justice, Nuremberg, World War II, ICC, war criminals, universal jurisdiction, legal environments, Amnesty International, Nuremberg Trials, Spiegel International deterrent effect, international law, Rome Statute, Kofi Annan, hope, human rights, rule of law, sovereignty, national courts, justice, war criminals, Nuremberg, universal jurisdiction, Amnesty International, Spiegel International, international criminal court, ICC, Nuremberg Trials deterrent effect, Court, international law, Rome Statute, United Nations, Kofi Annan, human rights, rule of law, sovereignty, national courts, criminal prosecution, states, universal human rights, war criminals, Nuremberg Trials, World War II, International Criminal Court, universal jurisdiction, anarchy, legal environments
test-education-egtuscpih-pro05a	Online courses encourage sharing of academic information  One of the technical features of MOOCs is that content of courses can easily be shared between universities and learners (as content is freely downloadable). This is useful in two ways. First, people who are not earning credit from the course can have full access to educational materials, which expands knowledge of those not enrolled in the university. Second, less prestigious universities can benefit by learning how to design courses better, so they can offer better services. MOOCs even offer opportunities for universities to cooperate together to offer shared courses that would decrease duplication and increase quality of education [16], which would be of even greater benefit to financially stressed institutions. Shared educational resources would expand access to education even further and drive educational standards higher through university cooperation. online courses, MOOCs, academic information sharing, educational materials, open access, university cooperation, course design, educational standards, shared courses, financial stress, educational resources, access to education, knowledge expansion, less prestigious universities online courses, MOOCs, academic information sharing, educational materials, open access, university cooperation, course design, shared courses, education quality, financial stress, educational standards, expanded access online courses, MOOCs, academic information sharing, educational materials, university cooperation, course design, shared courses, educational standards, access to education, financially stressed institutions, duplication reduction, quality improvement, learners, universities, knowledge expansion, credit earning, course content, free download, less prestigious universities, service enhancement MOOCs, online courses, academic information sharing, educational resources, university cooperation, open access, course design, educational standards, financial stress, less prestigious universities, credit earning, expanded knowledge, shared courses, duplication reduction, quality education Online courses, MOOCs, academic information sharing, universities, learners, educational materials, access to education, course design, university cooperation, shared courses, educational standards, financial stress, duplication, quality of education
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-con03a	"The New START treaty sets a bad approach for a changing world  New START reduces US deterrence in world that is arming, not disarming. The United States has relied on deterrence for sixty years and as a result has prevented war between the great powers. A US drawdown, especially as other new powers are arming, will undermine deterrence. This will then encourage rivals to try to catch the United States while the reductions show that the United States is in decline. [1]  While proponents of reducing nuclear weapons, or reaching global zero, argue that possession of nuclear weapons by the nuclear weapons states is the incentive behind proliferation, this is not true. The US has consistently taken leadership in the reduction of nuclear arms through treaties but this has so far had no effect in encouraging other nuclear powers to reduce their arsenals and indeed new powers have joined the club. Reducing nuclear arms through New START will therefore not encourage others to stop pursuing nukes. The U.S. should not be taking steps towards disarmament without all nuclear weapons states, including those not signed up to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty, also being involved. [2]  New START also fails to speak to the issue of protecting and defending the U.S. and its allies against strategic attack. The treaty fails to recognize that deterrence is no longer simply between the U.S. and Russia and that the whole policy should no longer be based on just against strategic attacks on the United States or very close allies. Instead it is much more critical to deal with nuclear policy towards ‘rogue’ states and rising powers. [3]  Finally, the US should not set a precedent that it will sacrifice its own interests to bribe Russia over issues like Iran. As the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) argues: “we are told that the real purpose of New START is to create a stronger U.S.-Russia bond in a broader international effort to restrain Iran's nuclear weapons program. Such a justification is wrong. Iran's nuclear ambitions are no secret; neither are Russia’s past efforts in aiding that program. We seriously question whether Russia is serious about stopping Iran, with or without New START. There is no reason why the United States should be required to sacrifice its own defense capabilities to inspire Russia to a greater degree of diplomatic fortitude. If Russia is indeed concerned with a nuclear-armed Iran to its immediate south, it should need no extra incentive to take the action necessary to stop it."" [4] If the U.S. bribes Russia over Iran China might expect to get similar treatment over North Korea. New START puts the US in a disadvantaged position in a changing world, and consequently should not be supported.  [1] Brookes, Peter. “Not a new START, but a bad START”. The Hill. 13 September 2010.   [2] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [3] Ibid.  [4] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010. New START, treaty, US deterrence, global arms race, nuclear disarmament, proliferation, US leadership, nuclear weapons states, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, strategic attack, rogue states, rising powers, US-Russia relations, Iran, nuclear program, China, North Korea, defense capabilities, international security, atomic weapons, military strategy, foreign policy New START, Treaty, US deterrence, Nuclear weapons, Global disarmament, Proliferation, Nuclear powers, Strategic attack, Rogue states, Rising powers, Iran, Russia, China, North Korea, Diplomatic relations, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Defense capabilities, International security, Strategic stability, US-Russia relations, Nuclear policy, Strategic arms reduction, US interests, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, Iran's nuclear program, Russia's role, Nuclear disarmament, Strategic environment, US defense, International diplomacy, Nuclear club, US drawdown, Treaty flaws, US sacrifice, International influence, Nuclear New START, treaty, US deterrence, global disarmament, nuclear weapons, nuclear powers, proliferation, US drawdown, rivalry, US decline, nuclear arms reduction, global zero, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, rogue states, rising powers, nuclear policy, strategic attack, US-Russia relations, Iran, North Korea, defense capabilities, diplomatic fortitude, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, Peter Brookes, Baker Spring, Elizabeth Weingarten, The Hill, Heritage Foundation, The Atlantic New START, treaty, US deterrence, nuclear arms, global disarmament, nuclear proliferation, strategic attack, rogue states, rising powers, Russia, Iran, nuclear weapons, China, North Korea, defense capabilities, international relations, nuclear policy, US-Russia relations, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, deterrence policy, military strategy, national security, nuclear reduction, treaty flaws, diplomatic incentives, international security, global politics, strategic stability, nuclear disarmament, arms control, security alliances, strategic partnerships, military alliances, geopolitical tensions, strategic environment, nuclear threats, international cooperation, strategic deterrence, nuclear arsenal, international diplomacy, New START, treaty, US deterrence, nuclear weapons, global zero, proliferation, nuclear powers, US drawdown, rogue states, rising powers, Iran, Russia, China, North Korea, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, JINSA, defense capabilities, strategic attack, Cold War, international security, disarmament, bilateral relations, NATO, strategic stability, missile defense, nuclear policy, global security, military strategy,外交政策, 战略核武器, 国际关系, 美俄关系, 美伊关系, 美中关系, 美国军事, 国际安全"
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con03a	Humanitarian intervention becomes impossible in states that possess nuclear weapons  It has often proven to be necessary for the UN, the United States, and various international coalitions to stage humanitarian interventions into states fighting civil wars, committing genocide, or otherwise abusing the human rights of their citizens. [1] An example of such an intervention is the recent contributions by many states to the rebels in Libya. Were all countries permitted to possess nuclear weapons, such interventions would become next to impossible. Were, for example, countries to try and contribute to the Libyan rebels, they would find themselves the targets of Libyan nuclear warheads. The cost of intervention thus becomes too high for virtually any country to tolerate, in terms of both human and political costs. The world would be a worse place if tyrants were allowed to perpetrate whatever crimes they saw fit upon their people, while the international community could do nothing for fear of nuclear retaliation.  [1] Slantchev, Branislav. 2005. “Military Coercion in Interstate Crises”. American Political Science Review 99(4). Humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, UN, United States, international coalitions, civil wars, genocide, human rights, Libya, rebels, nuclear warheads, intervention costs, human costs, political costs, nuclear retaliation, tyrannts, crimes, international community Humanitarian intervention,nuclear weapons,states,international coalitions,UN,United States,civil wars,genocide,human rights abuses,rebel groups,Libya,nuclear warheads,intervention costs,human costs,political costs,tyrants,international community,nuclear retaliation,military coercion,interstate crises Humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, UN, United States, international coalitions, civil wars, genocide, human rights, Libya, rebels, nuclear deterrence, military coercion, political costs, human costs, nuclear retaliation, tyrants, international community, Slantchev, Branislav, Military Coercion in Interstate Crises, American Political Science Review Humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, UN, United States, international coalitions, civil wars, genocide, human rights, Libya, nuclear warheads, intervention costs, political costs, tyrants, international community, nuclear retaliation, military coercion, interstate crises Humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, states, UN, United States, international coalitions, civil wars, genocide, human rights, Libya, rebels, nuclear warheads, intervention costs, human costs, political costs, tyrants, crimes, international community, nuclear retaliation, military coercion, interstate crises
test-science-eassgbatj-pro01a	Animals shouldn’t be harmed  The difference between us and other animals is a matter of degree rather than type [2]. Their bodies resemble ours, as do their ways of conveying meaning. They recoil from pain, appear to express fear of a tormentor, and appear to take pleasure in activities; a point clear to anyone who has observed a pet dog on hearing the word “walk”.  We believe other people experience feelings like us because they are like us in appearance and behaviour. An animal sharing our anatomical, physiological, and behavioural characteristics is surely likely to have feelings like us.  If people have a right to not be harmed, we must ask ourselves what makes animals different? If animals feel what we feel, and suffer like us, to condemn one to testing because of them being of a different species is similar to racism or sexism.[3] animal rights, harm, similarity, degree, anatomy, physiology, behavior, pain, fear, pleasure, pet dog, observation, feelings, right, harm, speciesism, racism, sexism animal rights, harm, speciesism, morality, pain, fear, pleasure, anatomy, physiology, behavior, empathy, ethics, testing, racism, sexism, sentience, compassion, animal welfare, human-animal relationship animal rights, harm, speciesism, similarity, anatomy, physiology, behavior, pain, fear, pleasure, pet dog, walk, observation, feelings, people, right, not harmed, difference, racism, sexism animals, harm, difference, degree, type, bodies, conveying, meaning, pain, fear, tormentor, pleasure, activities, pet, dog, walk, people, feelings, appearance, behaviour, anatomical, physiological, characteristics, right, testing, species, racism, sexism animal rights, harm, species similarity, pain, fear, pleasure, anatomical resemblance, physiological resemblance, behavioural characteristics, feelings, moral consideration, speciesism, racism, sexism, ethical treatment, animal testing, human-animal comparison, sentience, ethics, compassion, non-human animals, moral status, animal welfare, anthropocentrism, species equality, cruelty, justice, empathy, suffering, dignity, intrinsic value, ecological ethics, philosophy, bioethics, sentient beings, conservation, human-animal bond, cognitive ethology, moral circle expansion, altruism, coexistence, natural law, ethical relativism, cultural norms,
test-health-hdond-con03a	Denying organs to non-donors is unduly coercive.  For the state to make organ donation mandatory is rightly seen as beyond the pale of what society would tolerate. This is because the right to the integrity of one’s body, including what is done with its component parts after death, must be held in the highest respect {UNDHR – Article 3 re security of person}. One’s body is one’s most foundational possession. Creating a system that effectively threatens death to anyone who refuses to donate part of their body is only marginally different from making it outright mandatory. The state’s goal is in effect the same: to compel citizens to give up their organs for a purpose the government has deemed socially worthwhile. This is a gross violation of body rights. denying organs, non-donors, coercive, mandatory donation, body integrity, UNDHR, security of person, bodily rights, state coercion, organ procurement, ethical concerns, voluntary donation, personal autonomy, government overreach organ donation, non-donors, coercion, state mandate, body integrity, UNDHR Article 3, security of person, body rights, forced donation, social ethics, personal autonomy, medical ethics, legal rights, human rights, organ procurement, voluntary donation, coercive policies, government intervention, bodily autonomy, moral responsibility organ donation, non-donors, coercive, state, mandatory, body integrity, UNDHR, Article 3, security of person, body rights, possession, citizenship, social policy, ethical concerns, medical ethics, human rights, autonomy, consent, organ procurement, government role, public health, bioethics organ donation, non-donors, coercive, mandatory, body integrity, UNDHR, Article 3, security of person, body rights, state coercion, citizen rights, organ retrieval, medical ethics, human rights, bodily autonomy organ donation, non-donors, coercion, state intervention, mandatory donation, body rights, integrity of body, UNDHR, Article 3, security of person, foundational possession, social policy, government compulsion, ethical concerns, voluntary donation, bodily autonomy
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-pro02a	Pluralism and Political Interference  The removal of ‘The Spear’ from the Goodman Gallery and the City Press also hints at a threat to pluralism, especially when one considers the political nature of the campaign to have such images removed.  While Jacob Zuma attempted to have the image banned in a personal capacity, the intensive campaigning by both the ANC and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) against both the Goodman Gallery and City Press [1] hints at a dangerously political action taken by those with close access to power over the South African state.  This should be cause to worry. Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa, in place since 1997, protects freedoms such as Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Association. [2] The intimidation of Art Galleries and Newspapers threatens the free exchange of ideas that occurs in these areas, as well sending an implicit image by its supports that criticism of the Government cannot be tolerated.  If neither the Gallery nor City Press removed the image of ‘The Spear’ from public view, then a clear message would have been sent that the principles of Free Speech, Free Association and Freedom of Intimidation outlined in the Constitution is to be upheld at all times, regardless of who may take offence at what is being said. It is important in the South African context to protect the right to criticise the government and voice opinions that vary from the ideals of the majority. It is worrying what kind of message is sent by those close to the South African Government that intimidation seems to be the appropriate response to criticism such as this rather than asking why such criticism is there in the first place.  [1] Mthembu, Jackson, ‘ANC calls on all South Africans to boycott buying City Press Newspaper and to join the protest match to the Goodman Gallery’, African National Congress, 24 May 2012,   [2] ‘Constitution of the Republic of South Africa’, Statutes of the Republic of South Africa, 4 February 1997, Pluralism, Political Interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, South African State, Constitution of South Africa, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Association, Free Exchange of Ideas, Intimidation, Art Galleries, Newspapers, Free Speech, Free Association, Freedom from Intimidation, Criticism of Government, South African Context, Protection of Rights, Government Criticism, Boycott, Protest Match, Constitutional Protections, Freedom of Expression, State Power, Political Campaigning, Art Censorship, Media Freedom, South African Politics, Democratic Principles, Public Opinion, Pluralism, Political Interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, Constitution of South Africa, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Association, Freedom of Intimidation, Art Galleries, Newspapers, Government Criticism, Free Exchange of Ideas, South African Context, Intimidation, Public Protest, Boycott, Art Censorship, Government Response, Constitutional Rights, Political Campaign, Free Speech, State Power Pluralism, Political Interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, South African State, Constitution of South Africa, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Association, Art Galleries, Newspapers, Free Exchange of Ideas, Government Criticism, Free Association, Freedom of Intimidation, South African Context, Jackson Mthembu, Protest Match, Boycott, Constitutional Rights, Free Speech, Art Censorship, Political Campaigning, State Power, Intimidation, Criticism of Government, Public Opinion, South African Politics, Democracy, Human Rights, Art and Politics, Pluralism, Political Interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, South African State, Constitution of South Africa, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Association, Free Exchange of Ideas, Intimidation, Art Galleries, Newspapers, Criticism of Government, Right to Criticise, Message of Intimidation, Jackson Mthembu, Protest Match, Constitutional Principles, Free Association, Freedom from Intimidation, Protection of Freedoms, South African Context, Government Criticism, Political Action, Public View, Offence, Free Speech, Constitutional Rights, South African Pluralism, Political Interference, Art Censorship, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Association, South African Constitution, Intimidation, Government Criticism, Free Exchange of Ideas, Constitutional Rights, Public Protest, Media Freedom, State Power, Art and Politics, South African Democracy
test-international-appghblsba-con03a	It is not in the interest of South Africa to annex a poor, underdeveloped country  It is not in South Africa’s interests to annex Lesotho. Lesotho would be a burden; it is poor, might cause instability, and has no resources as compensation. On a simple cost-benefit analysis made by the SA government they would clearly see they would have more responsibility towards the Basotho population but new resources to fulfil those responsibilities. South Africa has its own problems that it should be focusing on first. Poverty is officially at 52.3% [1] and unemployment is a great problem for South Africans; a quarter of the majority black workforce is unemployed. [2] Moreover, Only 40.2% of black infants live in a home with a flush toilet, a convenience enjoyed by almost all their white and Indian counterparts showing the inequality that still exists in the ‘rainbow nation’. [3] Why add more people under your protection when you can’t take care of your own?  [1] ‘Statement by Minister in The Presidency for Performance Monitoring and Evaluation, Collins Chabane, on the occasion of the launch of the Development Indicators 2012 Report’, thepresidency.gov.za, 20 August 2013,   [2] Mcgroarty, Patrick, ‘Poverty Still Plagues South Africa's Black Majority’, The Wall Street Journal, 8 December 2013,   [3] Kielburger, Craig & Marc, ‘Why South Africa is Still Dealing With Segregation and Poverty’, Huffington Post, 18 December 2013, annexation, South Africa, Lesotho, underdeveloped, poverty, instability, resources, cost-benefit, government, responsibilities, Basotho, population, issues, focus, unemployment, inequality, sanitation, protection, segregation, rainbow nation, statistics, development indicators, black majority, WSJ, Huffington Post South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, poverty, underdeveloped, instability, resources, cost-benefit analysis, Basotho population, unemployment, inequality, black workforce, flush toilet, segregation, rainbow nation, Minister Collins Chabane, Development Indicators 2012 Report, Patrick McGroarty, Wall Street Journal, Craig Kielburger, Marc Kielburger, Huffington Post South Africa, annexation, Lesotho, poverty, instability, resources, cost-benefit analysis, Basotho, unemployment, inequality, black workforce, flush toilet, development indicators, black majority, segregation, rainbow nation South Africa, annexation, Lesotho, poverty, underdevelopment, instability, resources, cost-benefit analysis, government responsibilities, Basotho population, domestic problems, unemployment, inequality, black workforce, flush toilet, rainbow nation, protection, poverty statistics, unemployment statistics, segregation, development indicators South Africa, annexation, Lesotho, poverty, underdevelopment, instability, resources, cost-benefit analysis, government responsibilities, Basotho population, SA problems, unemployment, inequality, rainbow nation, black majority, flush toilet, protection, Patrick Mcgroarty, Craig Kielburger, Marc Kielburger, segregation, Development Indicators 2012 Report, Minister Collins Chabane, The Wall Street Journal, Huffington Post
test-education-xeegshwfeu-con02a	Only well-off families will benefit from increased freedom of choice  Under the current system, many schools that are “failing” are struggling as a result of factors such as deprivation in their area, or high levels of children for whom English is not their native tongue.  There will be no incentive for companies to set up schools in such areas: the voucher scheme dictates that each child gets the same amount of funding, and thus in schools where a lot of extra facilities (like extra teachers, specialist language tutors etc.) are needed the potential profit to be made will be lower. On the other hand, children in well-to-do middle class areas will be highly profitable (it is not difficult to make children with a wealth of parental support do well in their exams). Thus rich children will have a range of subsidised schools from which to choose, whilst the poorest in society are still failed. well-off families, increased freedom, school choice, current system, failing schools, deprivation, high levels, non-native English, voucher scheme, funding, extra facilities, additional teachers, specialist language tutors, potential profit, well-to-do areas, middle class, highly profitable, parental support, exam success, rich children, subsidised schools, poorest society, educational inequality well-off families, increased freedom, current system, failing schools, deprivation, non-English speakers, companies, schools, voucher scheme, funding, extra facilities, specialist language tutors, potential profit, well-to-do middle class areas, rich children, subsidised schools, poorest, society, parental support, exam success well-off families, increased freedom, school choice, failing schools, deprivation, area, high levels, children, English, native tongue, companies, set up schools, voucher scheme, funding, extra facilities, specialist language tutors, potential profit, profit, well-to-do middle class, subsidised schools, parental support, exams, rich children, poorest, society, failed well-off families, increased freedom, failing schools, deprivation, non-native English speakers, company incentives, voucher scheme, funding, extra facilities, specialist language tutors, potential profit, middle-class areas, parental support, exam success, subsidised schools, poorest society, educational inequality well-off families, increased freedom, school choice, failing schools, deprivation, English language learners, voucher scheme, school funding, profit incentives, middle class areas, parental support, exam performance, rich children, subsidised schools, poorest students, educational inequality
test-society-cpisydfphwj-pro01a	Facebook encourages socialisation  One of the most crucial elements in any child's development is the ability to socialize with peers. By having a large circle of friends to talk to and share interests, the child gains trust, self-esteem and self-confidence. If you have people to talk to when you have a problem, it is much easier to overcome any problems.  Facebook and social networks in general help teenagers on multiple levels to maintain and expand their circle of friends. Firstly, it lets you remain in touch with friends even if you are very far apart. As we live in an increasingly globalized world, friend circles tend to be broken up very easily. As a result, individuals need to be able to keep in touch in spite of the physical distance. Facebook enables them to do that. (1)  Secondly, by allowing people with shared opinions, hobbies or interests to gather, social networks allow users to expand their circle of friends, something that is more applicable the bigger the social network. Thirdly, it allows young people to spend more time with the friends and people they already know through chat conversations, shared photos or status updates. As a result, people who are engaged on these social networks have more self esteem, more confidence in them, feel more appreciated and tend to be happier in general due to their wide circle of friends. (2)  (1) Keith Wilcox and Andrew T. Stephen “Are Close Friends the Enemy? Online Social Networks, Self-Esteem, and Self-Control” Journal of Consumer Research, 2012   (2) Brittany Gentilea, Jean M. Twengeb, Elise C. Freemanb, W. Keith Campbella “The effect of social networking websites on positive self-views: An experimental investigation” 2012 Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, self-confidence, problem-solving, globalized world, friend circles, physical distance, shared interests, social networks, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, happiness, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell, online social networks, self-control, positive self-views, experimental investigation Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, self-confidence, globalized world, friend circles, social networks, teenagers, communication, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, self-appreciation, happiness, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell Facebook, socialisation, child development, peer interaction, trust, self-esteem, self-confidence, problem-solving, globalized world, friend circles, physical distance, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, happiness, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell, online social networks, self-control, positive self-views, experimental investigation Facebook, socialization, child development, self-esteem, self-confidence, social networks, teenagers, globalized world, friend circles, physical distance, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, happiness, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, self-confidence, social networks, globalized world, friend circles, physical distance, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, happiness, self-views, experimental investigation, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell
test-international-iiahwagit-con04a	Heavy handed approaches do not solve the motivations for poaching  Creating tougher responses to poaching will not deter poachers as they fail to recognise the motivations for illegal hunting. Many hunters, especially those who aren’t native to Africa, take part in poaching as there is a thrill in the illegal status. [1] The close calls, challenges and sense of independence will all be multiplied by increased protection on the game reserves.  Then there are those who take part out of necessity. Poachers will often be able to make $50-100 per kilogram for a rhinoceros’ horn [2] and the bush meat from kills can be a necessary source of nutrition. [3] Poaching creates opportunities for Africans which are usually unavailable in licit work. Tougher protection of animals fails to provide an alternative livelihood for these poachers.  [1] Forsyth, C. & Marckese, T. ‘Thrills and skills: a sociological analysis of poaching’ pg.162  [2] Stewart, C. ‘Illegal ivory trade funds al-shabaab’s terrorist attacks’  [3] BBC, “Lions ‘facing extinction in West Africa’” heavy-handed, approaches, poaching, motivations, tougher, responses, deterrent, poachers, recognition, illegal, hunting, thrill, status, close, calls, challenges, independence, protection, game, reserves, necessity, horn, bush, meat, nutrition, opportunities, Africans, licit, work, protection, animals, alternative, livelihood, sociology, ivory, trade, terrorism, extinction, lions, West, Africa heavy-handed approaches, poaching motivations, tougher responses, illegal hunting, thrill-seeking, illegal status, close calls, challenges, sense of independence, increased protection, game reserves, poachers by necessity, rhinoceros horn, bush meat, nutrition, alternative livelihood, African poachers, licit work, illegal ivory trade, terrorist funding, lion extinction, West Africa heavy-handed, motivations, poaching, tougher-responses, deterrence, illegal-hunting, thrill, challenges, independence, protection, game-reserves, necessity, economic-opportunities, bush-meat, nutrition, alternative-livelihood, terrorism-funding, extinction, wildlife-conservation, sociological-analysis, economic-incentives, legal-alternatives, community-engagement, sustainable-practices, policy-reform, international-cooperation, poacher-rehabilitation, illegal-ivory-trade, environmental-impact, human-wildlife-conflict, conservation-strategies, ecological-balance, poacher-motivations, socioeconomic poaching, motivations, heavy-handed, deterrence, thrill, illegal, hunting, necessity, bushmeat, rhinoceros, horn, value, livelihood, alternative, protection, sociological, analysis, ivory, trade, terrorism, extinction, lions, West Africa poaching, motivations, heavy-handed, deterrence, illegal hunting, thrill, challenges, independence, game reserves, necessity, bush meat, nutrition, alternative livelihood, Africa, rhinoceros horn, economic opportunity, terrorism, al-shabaab, ivory trade, lions, extinction, West Africa, sociological analysis, illegal status, protection, conservation, poverty, enforcement
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro01a	People should be free to take drugs  Individuals are sovereign over their own bodies, and should be free to make choices which affect them and not other individuals. Since the pleasure gained from drugs and the extent to which this weighs against potential risks is fundamentally subjective, it is not up to the state to legislate in this area. Rather than pouring wasted resources into attempting to suppress drug use, the state would be better off running information campaigns to educate people about the risks and consequences of taking different types of drugs. drug legalization, personal freedom, individual sovereignty, self-ownership, pleasure vs risk, state interference, drug education, harm reduction, resource allocation, public health approach drug legalization, personal sovereignty, individual choice, subjective pleasure, state intervention, resource allocation, drug education, health risks, informed decision-making drug legalization, personal freedom, individual sovereignty, subjective pleasure, state non-intervention, drug education, harm reduction, resource allocation, personal responsibility, public health approach drug legalization, personal sovereignty, individual choice, subjective experience, state intervention, resource allocation, drug education, health risks, personal responsibility, policy reform drug legalization, personal sovereignty, individual choice, subjective pleasure, state legislation, drug suppression, resource allocation, education campaigns, drug risks, consequences of drug use
test-politics-dhwem-con03a	PMCs violate human rights and International agreements in pursuit of profit or power.  Some PMCs may abuse the power they wield. Simon Mann, founder of PMCs EO and Sandline International, in a recent plot to oust President Obiang in Equatorial Guinea (BBC News, 2008) shows that even mercenary organisations considered legitimate by the British Government remain staffed by corrupt opportunists. It is highly morally questionable whether organisations with such a profound disrespect for the sovereignty of other nation states should be involved with the training of our armed forces, let alone fighting alongside them. PMCs, human rights, international agreements, profit, power, abuse, Simon Mann, EO, Sandline International, Equatorial Guinea, President Obiang, BBC News, 2008, mercenary, British Government, corrupt, opportunists, sovereignty, nation states, armed forces, training, fighting PMCs, human rights, international agreements, profit, power, abuse, Simon Mann, EO, Sandline International, Equatorial Guinea, President Obiang, BBC News, mercenary, British Government, sovereignty, nation states, armed forces, training, fighting, moral questions, corruption, opportunists PMCs, human rights, International agreements, profit, power, abuse, Simon Mann, EO, Sandline International, Equatorial Guinea, President Obiang, BBC News, 2008, mercenary organisations, British Government, corrupt opportunists, sovereignty, nation states, armed forces training, fighting, moral questions PMCs, human rights violations, International agreements, profit, power, abuse, Simon Mann, EO, Sandline International, Equatorial Guinea, President Obiang, BBC News, 2008, mercenary organisations, British Government, corrupt opportunists, moral questions, sovereignty, nation states, armed forces training, fighting alongside PMCs, human rights violations, International agreements, profit, power, Simon Mann, EO, Sandline International, Equatorial Guinea, President Obiang, BBC News, mercenary organisations, British Government, moral questions, sovereignty, nation states, armed forces training
test-international-ehbfe-con03a	The concept of federalism lacks political support  Euroscepticism is highest in Latvia, the United Kingdom, and Hungary, with only 25%–32% viewing membership as a good thing. Belief that the citizen's country has benefited from EU membership is lowest (below 50%) in the UK, Hungary, Latvia, Italy, Austria, Sweden and Bulgaria. A significant minority (36%) do not tend to trust the European Parliament. The European Parliament does not command the same sense of respect as national Parliaments, nor the connection with ordinary people. [1]  [1] Directorate-General for Communication, ‘EUROBAROMETER 71 Public opinion in the European Union’ federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, public opinion, European Union, European Parliament, trust, national Parliaments, connection, ordinary people, Eurobarometer 71 federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, benefits, European Parliament, trust, public opinion, Eurobarometer, national Parliaments, connection, ordinary people federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, benefit, European Parliament, trust, public opinion, European Union, Eurobarometer, national Parliaments, ordinary people federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, belief, benefit, Italy, Austria, Sweden, Bulgaria, European Parliament, trust, public opinion, Eurobarometer, respect, connection, ordinary people federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, benefits, European Parliament, trust, public opinion, Eurobarometer
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con03a	Quotas can drive players away.  Policies of racial quotas can have the effect of driving players abroad. Such policies have had similar affects in cricket. Kevin Pietersen stated that racial quotas in domestic competition, requiring four non-white players per team, were a key reason for his decision to leave South Africa and move to England. Eligible due to playing in England for four years and an English parent, he successfully had an England career. In rugby union, Brian Mujati left South Africa to play in England as he did not want to be selected to fill a racial quota [1] .  [1] Foy, Chris, ‘Last orders at the bar for master brewer – prop Mujati calls time on Saints career’, MailOnline, 19 April 2013, Quotas, Players, Racial, Policies, Cricket, Kevin Pietersen, South Africa, England, Rugby Union, Brian Mujati, Non-White, Domestic Competition, Eligibility, Sports Migration, Selection Practices quotas, racial, sports, cricket, rugby, players, abroad, Kevin Pietersen, South Africa, England, non-white, Brian Mujati, MailOnline, selection, policies, domestic, competition, eligibility, English, parent, career, affect, drive, union, prop, Saints, career, time, master, brewer, 19 April 2013 racial quotas, cricket, rugby union, Kevin Pietersen, Brian Mujati, South Africa, England, non-white players, domestic competition, player migration, sports policies, ethnic diversity, team selection, sports nationality eligibility racial quotas, players abroad, cricket, Kevin Pietersen, South Africa, England, rugby union, Brian Mujati, non-white players, team selection, sports policies, athlete migration Quotas, Players, Racial, Policies, Abroad, Cricket, Kevin Pietersen, Non-white, Team, South Africa, England, Rugby Union, Brian Mujati, Selection, Filling, Quota
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro03a	Western countries already benefit from extremely liberal laws.  The USA is at present far better than most countries in their respect and regard for civil liberties. New security measures do not greatly compromise this liberty, and the US measures are at the very least comparable with similar measures already in effect in other democratic developed countries, e.g. Spain and the UK, which have had to cope with domestic terrorism for far longer than the USA. The facts speak for themselves – the USA enjoys a healthy western-liberalism the likes of which most of the world’s people cannot even conceive of. The issue of the erosion of a few minor liberties of (states like the US’s) citizens should be overlooked in favour of the much greater issue of protecting the very existence of that state. [1]  [1] Zetter, Kim, ‘The Patriot Act Is Your Friend’, Wired, 24 February 2004,  , accessed 9 September 2011 Western countries, liberal laws, USA, civil liberties, security measures, liberty, democratic developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, USA liberalism, world's people, erosion of liberties, protecting state, Patriot Act Western countries, liberal laws, USA, civil liberties, security measures, democratic developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, US liberalism, world's people, erosion of liberties, state protection, Patriot Act, Kim Zetter, Wired, 2004, 2011 Western countries, liberal laws, USA, civil liberties, security measures, liberty, democratic developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, healthy western-liberalism, erosion of liberties, protecting state, Patriot Act Western countries, liberal laws, USA, civil liberties, security measures, liberty, democratic developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, healthy western-liberalism, erosion of liberties, protecting state, Patriot Act Western countries, liberal laws, USA, civil liberties, security measures, democratic developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, US liberalism, world's people, erosion of liberties, protecting state, Patriot Act, civil rights, international comparison, terrorism response, legal measures, democratic values, national security
test-philosophy-elhbrd-pro01a	Suicide is a rational choice in many situations.  When confronted with chronic pain or with diseases that steadily remove our sense of self – or at least the self of whom we are aware – death has proven to be a sensible option taken by sensible people [i] . It is a simple fact that we all die, our objections to it tend to be based on the idea that it can happen at the hands of others or at a time, or in a manner, not of our choosing.  Neither of these issues arise with either assisted suicide or voluntary euthanasia. Proposition has no difficulty at all with the suggestion that both procedures should be regulated and take place in safe, medically supported, environments.  However, if an individual accepts that death is their preferred option in such a scenario, it is difficult to comprehend of reasons why they should not be allowed to proceed. Our social rejection of murder does not, ultimately relate to death itself but to the denial of choice. With murder someone is denying that person all their future potential so denying their freedom of choice, and this remains the case even if the murder was completely painless. Here, reason tells us, the virtuous act is death and the reservation of that choice.  The determining element of humanity is that we are rational beings; a blanket ban – legal and social – on choosing the time and manner of our deaths reflects our primeval fear of a death that comes, unwanted, in the dark of the night, not the mature judgement of modern, thinking (and long-lived) humans.  [i] Andy Bloxham. Husband films assisted suicide of wife to prove it was not murder. The Daily Telegraph. 10 March 2011. suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, diseases, sense of self, death, sensible option, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, regulation, medically supported, choice, social rejection, murder, denial of choice, future potential, freedom of choice, virtuous act, rational beings, legal ban, social ban, primeval fear, modern humans, Andy Bloxham, The Daily Telegraph, 10 March 2011 suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, diseases, sense of self, death, sensible option, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, regulation, medically supported, choice, social rejection, murder, denial of choice, future potential, virtuous act, rational beings, blanket ban, legal, social, modern humans, fear, unwanted death, Andy Bloxham, The Daily Telegraph, 2011 suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, terminal illness, self-awareness, euthanasia, assisted suicide, regulated, medical supervision, personal choice, murder, denial of choice, future potential, rational beings, legal ban, social stigma, mature judgement, modern humans, Andy Bloxham, assisted suicide film, legal defense suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, diseases, self-awareness, death, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, regulation, medically supported, choice, murder, future potential, freedom, rational beings, legal ban, social ban, modern humans, Andy Bloxham, assisted suicide, murder defense suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, terminal illness, self-awareness, death, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, regulation, medical supervision, personal choice, murder, denial of choice, future potential, rational beings, legal ban, social norms, fear of death, mature judgement, modern society, humane death, ethical considerations, end-of-life decisions, autonomy, dignity, compassion, suffering, quality of life, personal autonomy, medical ethics, legal reform, terminal conditions, palliative care, human rights, euthanasia legislation, assisted dying, moral philosophy, bioethics, end-of-life care, pain management, existential
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-con03a	Markets like stability  Business and the markets prize political stability. Clearly when the leader of a country is ill this stability is damaged but the damage can be mitigated by being transparent. The markets will want to know how ill the leader is, and that the succession is secure so that they know what the future holds. Secrecy and the consequent spread of rumour is the worst option as businesses can have no idea what the future holds so cant make investment decisions that will be influenced by the political environment.  Leaders do matter to the economy; they set the parameters of the business environment, the taxes, subsidies, how much bureaucracy. They also influence other areas like the price of energy, the availability of transport links etc. It has been estimated that “a one standard deviation change in leader quality leads to a growth change of 1.5 percentage points”. 1 The leader who follows may be of the same quality in which case there will be little difference but equally it could mean a large change.  1 Jones, Benjjamin F., and Olken, Benjamin A., 'Do Leaders Matter? National Leadership and Growth Since World War II', Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2005, Markets, stability, business, political stability, leader, illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, political environment, economy, leader quality, growth, national leadership, World War II, taxes, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, transport links Markets, stability, business, political stability, leader, illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, economic impact, leader quality, national leadership, economic growth, Benjammable F. Jones, Benjamin A. Olken, Quarterly Journal of Economics, World War II Markets, stability, business, political stability, leader illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, economic impact, leader quality, growth, leadership change, national leadership, economic growth, World War II, Benjamins F. Jones, Benjamin A. Olken, Quarterly Journal of Economics Markets, stability, business, political stability, leader illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, economic impact, leader quality, growth, national leadership, Benjjamin F. Jones, Benjamin A. Olken, Quarterly Journal of Economics, World War II, bureaucracy, taxes, subsidies, energy prices, transport links Markets, stability, business, political stability, leader, illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, political environment, economy, leader quality, growth, leadership, taxes, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, transport links, national leadership, economic growth, World War II
test-education-egtuscpih-pro04a	Online courses would allow universities to use more resources on teaching and research  Traditional Universities are forced to spend a lot on administration and facilities, such as renting and maintaining buildings and parking lots, providing student support for accommodation, renting student halls, subsiding transports costs and meals, supervising university areas and so on. Across 72 US public universities the average administrative cost was about 8% of spending with the highest, at the University of Connecticut at 17% [15]. All these costs can be cut or abandoned all together if universities move to online teaching. There would be no need for lecture halls and student accommodation as students would just work from home, and even professors could mostly work from home. Even if some of administrative costs remain, that would still substantially increase the amount of resources to be spent entirely on teaching and research. This allows universities to improve their academic credentials and their academic output, which benefits the students and the society. online courses, university resources, teaching, research, traditional universities, administrative costs, facilities maintenance, student accommodation, lecture halls, professor work from home, academic credentials, academic output, societal benefits, cost reduction, higher education innovation online courses, resource allocation, teaching, research, traditional universities, administrative costs, facilities maintenance, student accommodation, transportation, meal subsidies, university supervision, lecture halls, remote work, professors, academic credentials, academic output, societal benefits, public universities, cost reduction, education technology, distance learning, higher education, administrative efficiency, student services, institutional spending, educational resources, virtual classrooms, operational costs, university finances, academic improvement, faculty resources, student support services, campus infrastructure, online education, educational innovation, cost-effectiveness, academic excellence, societal impact, university administration, financial management, educational reform, academic performance, remote learning, digital online courses, universities, resources, teaching, research, traditional universities, administrative costs, facilities, buildings, parking lots, student support, accommodation, student halls, transport costs, meals, supervision, university areas, US public universities, administrative spending, lecture halls, academic credentials, academic output, societal benefits online courses, resource allocation, teaching, research, traditional universities, administrative costs, facilities maintenance, student accommodation, cost reduction, lecture halls, professor work from home, academic credentials, academic output, societal benefits online courses, university resources, teaching, research, traditional universities, administrative costs, facilities, lecture halls, student accommodation, professors, home working, academic credentials, academic output, student benefits, societal benefits
test-international-epdlhfcefp-pro02a	The fact that it is a Representative highlights the fact that the EU is based on consultation and consensus, and that is a positive thing.  While the new ‘EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy’ marks only a bold first step towards a more unified voice for the EU, the decisions are indeed still based on a state by state consultation mechanism – hence the name representative. This should however not to be downplayed as a less significant change in how the EU approaches its foreign policy. The consultation aspect is in fact essential to reaching agreement and the importance of not only presenting a united front to the rest of the world (the EU is exemplary in trade policy and environmental policy, but less important when it comes to presenting a united voice in foreign policy as Belgian Foreign minister Mark Eyskens put it in 1991 “Europe is an economic giant, a political dwarf, and a military worm” 1, but also creating a united front through collaboration and debate. One should thus see this not only as a means to an end, but rather as an important mechanism in itself, whereby new identities are slowly created along with a deeper sense of commitment to a common set of values.  1. Craig R Whitney, ‘WAR IN THE GULF: EUROPE; Gulf Fighting Shatters Europeans’ Fragile Unity’, Representative, EU, consultation, consensus, High Representative, Foreign Policy, Security Policy, unified voice, state by state, significant change, foreign policy, united front, collaboration, debate, identities, commitment, values, economic giant, political dwarf, military worm, Gulf War, European Unity EU, Representative, Consultation, Consensus, High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy, United Voice, State by State, Foreign Policy, Trade Policy, Environmental Policy, United Front, Collaboration, Debate, New Identities, Common Values, Fragile Unity, War in the Gulf, Europeans, Craig R Whitney, Mark Eyskens, Political Dwarf, Military Worm, Economic Giant EU, High Representative, Foreign Policy, Security Policy, Consultation, Consensus, United Voice, State-by-State, Trade Policy, Environmental Policy, Foreign Minister, Mark Eyskens, Economic Giant, Political Dwarf, Military Worm, Gulf War, European Unity, Common Values, Collaboration, Debate, New Identities, Commitment, Craig R Whitney EU, Representative, consultation, consensus, EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy, unified voice, state by state consultation, foreign policy, united front, collaboration, debate, common values, economic giant, political dwarf, military worm, Gulf War, European unity, Craig R Whitney Representative, EU, consultation, consensus, High Representative, Foreign Policy, Security Policy, united voice, state by state, change, foreign policy, consultation aspect, united front, collaboration, debate, identities, commitment, common values, Gulf War, European unity, Craig R Whitney
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-con03a	"No feasible system of which grounds of compensation can occur because of the fluidity of culture and cultural identity  How a person identifies themselves aligns with the culture they are a part of. Szewczak and Snodgrass argue this is as the values of an individual “are influenced and modified by membership of other professional, organisational, ethnic, religious, and various other social groups, each of which has its own specialized culture and value set. Thus, individuals vary greatly in the degree in which they espouse, if at all, values by a single cultural group, such as their national culture” [1]. As a result, people can identify with several different cultures often at one time. This creates difficulties in allowing one person to seek compensation from another purely on the basis of identity politics – individuals at least partially define their own culture and it may only be one among multiple cultures they identify with.  Culture itself has a complex nature; it adapts, borrows and evolves. It also influences lives in different ways and to different extents. No culture is fully homogenous. Because of this, any model for the extent of compensation would almost be impossible. Somebody with a long distant relative of which they haven't met, could potentially gain compensation for something that doesn’t directly affect them. They may even identify with the majority culture that is doing the compensating. Conversely some who identify with the culture being compensated may not be eligible for compensation even if they are directly affected.  [1] Snodgrass, Coral R., & Szweczak, Edward J. ""The Substitutability of Strategic Control Choices: An Empirical Study"". The Journal of Management Studies. Vol. 25. 1990. cultural identity, fluidity of culture, grounds of compensation, identity politics, influence of social groups, individual cultural values, multiple cultural identities, cultural evolution, cultural homogeneity, compensation models, indirect cultural impact, eligibility for compensation, strategic control choices, empirical study, management studies, cultural value set, professional groups, organisational groups, ethnic groups, religious groups culture, cultural identity, compensation, identity politics, values, social groups, national culture, ethnic groups, religious groups, organizational culture, individual variation, cultural fluidity, complexity, homogeneity, strategic control, empirical study, management studies, eligibility,直接影响, long-distance relatives compensation, cultural identity, identity politics, fluidity of culture, individual values, cultural groups, national culture, multiple cultures, culture adaptation, culture evolution, cultural influence, homogenous culture, compensation model, distant relatives, direct impact, cultural eligibility culture, cultural identity, compensation, identity politics, fluidity, values, social groups, national culture, ethnic groups, religious groups, organizational culture, compensation models, homogeneity, strategic control choices, individual culture, multiple cultures, eligibility, direct impact, long-distance relatives, Snodgrass, Szewczak Compensation, Culture, Identity Politics, Cultural Identity, Fluidity, Values, Social Groups, Ethnicity, Religion, National Culture, Multiple Identities, Homogeneity, Adaptation, Influence, Extent, Compensation Models, Direct Impact, Substitution, Strategic Control, Empirical Study"
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con04a	Possessing nuclear weapons will be counter to the peaceful interests of states  Most states will not benefit at all from possessing nuclear weapons. Developing a nuclear deterrent is seen in the international community as a sign of belligerence and a warlike character. Such an image does not suit the vast majority of states who would be better suited focusing on diplomacy, trade, and economic interdependence. [1] The loss of such diplomatic and economic relations in favour of force can seriously harm the citizens of would-be nuclear powers, as has occurred to the North Koreans, who have been isolated in international relations by their government’s decision to develop nuclear weapons. If the right to nuclear weapons were recognized for all states, only those states that currently want them for strategic reasons will develop them, and they will do so more brazenly and with greater speed. These countries might try to develop them even if proliferation is outlawed, but giving them license increases the likelihood that they will succeed. Furthermore, when countries develop nuclear weapons, their neighbours may feel more vulnerable and thus be compelled by necessity to develop their own weapons. This will lead to arms races in some cases, and generally harm diplomacy.  [1] Sartori, Anne. 2005. Deterrence By Diplomacy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. nuclear weapons, peaceful interests, states, benefits, nuclear deterrent, international community, belligerence, warlike character, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, diplomatic relations, economic harm, North Korea, international isolation, nuclear proliferation, strategic reasons, arms races, regional security, deterrence, diplomacy, Princeton University Press, Sartori Anne, Deterrence By Diplomacy nuclear weapons, peaceful interests, state benefits, nuclear deterrent, international community, belligerence, warlike character, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, diplomatic relations, economic harm, North Korea, international isolation, nuclear proliferation, strategic reasons, arms races, state vulnerability, nuclear development, Sartori, Deterrence By Diplomacy, Princeton University Press nuclear weapons, peaceful interests, state benefits, nuclear deterrent, international community, belligerence, warlike character, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, diplomatic relations, economic harm, North Korea, international isolation, nuclear proliferation, strategic reasons, arms races, regional security, deterrence, diplomacy nuclear weapons, peaceful interests, state benefits, international community, belligerence, warlike character, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, diplomatic relations, economic harm, North Korea, international isolation, nuclear proliferation, strategic reasons, arms races, regional security, Sartori, Deterrence By Diplomacy nuclear weapons, peaceful interests, states, benefits, nuclear deterrent, international community, belligerence, warlike character, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, diplomatic relations, economic harm, North Korea, international isolation, nuclear proliferation, strategic reasons, arms races, vulnerability, deterrence, diplomacy
test-education-xeegshwfeu-con03a	The state retain control of schools - freedom, in this context, is illusory  The state funds education using taxes taken from everyone in society, not just those who have children. Therefore the state has a duty to benefit the whole of society, not just parents and children, when funding education. It is therefore entirely legitimate for the state to use schools to fulfil other societal purposes. A good example of this is the question of teaching citizenship in schools: it does not necessarily help children to pass exams, and so schools do not have a strong incentive to insure that children are taught it. However, it fulfils government goals of helping to ensure that people become functioning members of our democracy.  When schools are privatised it becomes increasingly difficult for the government to ensure that such agendas are followed in schools. state control, schools, freedom, illusory, state funding, education, taxes, societal benefit, parents, children, societal purposes, teaching citizenship, exams, government goals, democracy, privatised schools, agendas state, control, schools, freedom, illusory, state-funded, education, taxes, societal, benefit, parents, children, legitimate, societal-purposes, citizenship, teaching, exams, government, goals, democracy, privatised, agendas state control, schools, freedom, education funding, taxes, societal benefit, citizenship education, government goals, privatised schools, agendas state control, schools, freedom, illusory, state funding, education, taxes, societal benefit, parents, children, societal purposes, teaching citizenship, exams, government goals, democracy, privatisation, agendas state control, schools, freedom, education funding, taxes, societal benefit, citizenship education, privatisation, government agendas
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-con01a	Some kind of election is more likely to lead to real democracy than no election  The acceptance by most autocrats that there need to be elections shows the idea that legitimacy derives from the people is generally accepted. Meaning that these states are already part way to having a genuine democracy. Having regular elections, even if the outcome is preordained, means that the electorate becomes used to voting and the idea of voting to make their voice heard. In such circumstances eventually they are going to want their vote to really count. If there is a creeping process of reform eventually this will result in free and fair elections.  Having any kind of elections means that there are people who are recognised as an opposition. This means that there is a viable alternative to the ruling party which can be turned to in a crisis, or can take on the leadership role when the regime is finally toppled. For example in Philippines the opposition was able to create a united opposition party in 1984 and coalesce around Corazon Aquino in the snap elections of 1985. [1] This meant that Aquino was in a position to swiftly set up a government following the people power revolution and flight of Marcos. [2]  [1] Kline, William E., ‘The Fall of Marcos: A Problem in U.S. Foreign Policymaking’, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1992,  Pp.4, 10  [2] Reaves, Joseph A., ‘Marcos Flees, Aquino Rules’, Chicago Tribune, 26 February 1986, election, democracy, legitimacy, autocrats, regular elections, electorate, voting, free and fair elections, opposition, ruling party, crisis, regime change, Philippines, Corazon Aquino, snap elections, people power revolution, Marcos, U.S. Foreign Policymaking, government transition, political reform election, democracy, legitimacy, autocrats, regular voting, reform, free and fair elections, opposition, viable alternative, ruling party, crisis, regime change, Philippines, opposition party, Corazon Aquino, snap elections, people power revolution, Marcos, U.S. foreign policy, Chicago Tribune election, democracy, autocrats, legitimacy, people, regular elections, voting, voice, reform, free and fair elections, opposition, alternative, ruling party, Philippines, united opposition party, Corazon Aquino, snap elections, people power revolution, Marcos, U.S. Foreign Policymaking, Chicago Tribune election, democracy, autocrats, legitimacy, regular elections, voting, voice, reform, free and fair elections, opposition, viable alternative, ruling party, crisis, regime, Philippines, united opposition party, Corazon Aquino, snap elections, people power revolution, Marcos, U.S. Foreign Policymaking, Chicago Tribune election, democracy, autocrats, legitimacy, people, regular elections, voting, voice, reform, free and fair elections, opposition, ruling party, crisis, regime, Philippines, opposition party, Corazon Aquino, snap elections, people power revolution, Marcos, U.S. Foreign Policymaking, Chicago Tribune
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-pro03a	In any other situation involving minors a precautionary principle would be applied  Any risk needs to be justified against some benefit. In the absence of any demonstrable benefit then there is no need to tolerate any risk, particularly in the case of a newborn baby who cannot express his opinion one way or another and will not be able to do so for years to come.  The risks of circumcision have been repeatedly demonstrated. Though they may be rare, they run from septicemia through to blood hemorrhage and heart attacks. There is little research conducted on the long term effects of the procedure; however there is a growing body of evidence that a surgical complication rate is about 1 in 500 and the post-surgical rate of attrition is believed by many to be higher [i] .  [i] Paul M. Fleiss, MD. “The Case Against Circumcision”. Mothering: The Magazine of Natural Family Living, Winter 1997, pp. 36--45. precautionary principle, minors, risk, benefit, newborn baby, circumcision, septicemia, blood hemorrhage, heart attacks, long term effects, surgical complication rate, post-surgical attrition, Paul M. Fleiss, The Case Against Circumcision, Mothering Magazine minors, precautionary principle, risk, benefit, newborn, circumcision, septicemia, blood hemorrhage, heart attacks, long term effects, surgical complication, post-surgical attrition, Paul M. Fleiss, case against circumcision, Mothering Magazine precautionary principle, minors, risk, benefit, newborn baby, circumcision, septicemia, blood hemorrhage, heart attacks, long term effects, surgical complication rate, post-surgical rate, attrition, Paul M. Fleiss, MD, The Case Against Circumcision, Mothering Magazine precautionary principle, minors, risk justification, benefit, newborn, circumcision, septicemia, blood hemorrhage, heart attacks, long term effects, surgical complication rate, post-surgical attrition, Paul M. Fleiss, Mothering Magazine, natural family living minors, precautionary principle, risk justification, benefit, newborn, circumcision, septicemia, hemorrhage, heart attacks, long term effects, surgical complications, post-surgical attrition, Paul M. Fleiss, Mothering Magazine
test-economy-egppphbcb-pro01a	"The market should determine the price of products and services  A free market gives the power to the people to choose and decide what products and services should be offered to them. If many people want the same thing the demand will be higher and it will be profitable to offer them on the market since it will sell, therefore the people are in command of what products are being offered to them through their own want. The market is thus decided upon what people need and therefore there will be no excess products or services offered e.g. let us presume that many people want to see high quality basketball, a person like Michael Jordan who has a talent for basketball and has honed his basketball skills would in this case be much in demand. People are ready to pay for the service he offers (excellent basketball) and consequently his high wage will be justified. On the other hand a mediocre basketball player would not be paid at all since there is no demand to see mediocre basketball, his service does not have an attraction on the market and will thus be eliminated1/2. This is all part of what could be called a ""dynamic capitalist system"" which values individuality (honing your basketball skills), rewards ability (having basketball skills) and risk-taking (risking that you will succeed with it).  1 Adam Smith. (n.d.). The concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Retrieved June 20, 2011  2 Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy State and Utopia (pp. 54-56, 137-42). Basic Books. market, price, products, services, free market, power, people, choose, decide, offered, demand, profitable, sell, command, products, offered, excess, Michael Jordan, basketball, talent, skills, wage, justified, mediocre, demand, attraction, eliminated, dynamic capitalist system, individuality, honing, skills, ability, risk-taking, succeed, Adam Smith, Economics, Nozick, Anarchy, State, Utopia market, price, products, services, free market, power, people, choose, decide, offered, demand, profitable, sell, command, need, excess, Michael Jordan, basketball, talent, skills, high quality, mediocre, service, attraction, dynamic capitalist system, individuality, honing, rewards, ability, risk-taking, Adam Smith, The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia market, price, products, services, free market, power, people, choose, decide, demand, profitable, command, supply, excess, Michael Jordan, basketball, skills, talent, wage, mediocre, attraction, dynamic capitalist system, individuality, ability, risk-taking, Adam Smith, Anarchy State and Utopia, Robert Nozick market, pricing, free market, consumer choice, demand, supply, profitability, consumer command, product selection, service selection, market needs, excess products, services elimination, Michael Jordan, basketball, talent, skill, market value, wages, dynamic capitalist system, individuality, ability, risk-taking, Adam Smith, Economics, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia market, free market, price determination, consumer choice, demand, supply, profitability, consumer command, market dynamics, product demand, service demand, excess products, service elimination, Michael Jordan, basketball talent, high quality basketball, mediocre basketball, dynamic capitalist system, individuality, ability, risk-taking, Adam Smith, The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, Anarchy State and Utopia, Robert Nozick"
test-politics-dhwem-con02a	PMCs are untrustworthy  The possibility of mercenaries pulling out will always remain a risk. PMCs are not fighting for their own country so they can never be threatened with a charge of desertion. PMCs are motivated by money and do not have the interests of their employer at heart. Loyalty is given to the highest bidder and is therefore delicately balanced. “The fact is, they have no other attraction or reason for keeping the field than a trifle of stipend, which is not sufficient to make them willing to die for you. They are ready enough to be your soldiers whilst you do not make war, but if war comes they take themselves off or run from the foe.”(Machiavelli, 1515) Machiavelli considered that it was mercenaries that ruined Italy much as they are now doing in Iraq and Afghanistan. PMCs, untrustworthy, mercenaries, pulling out, risk, fighting, country, desertion, motivation, money, interests, employer, loyalty, highest bidder, delicately balanced, stipend, war, run, foe, Machiavelli, 1515, mercenaries, ruined, Italy, Iraq, Afghanistan PMCs, mercenaries, untrustworthy, risk, pulling out, desertion, money, interests, loyalty, highest bidder, delicately balanced, trifle stipend, war, soldiers, foe, Machiavelli, 1515, ruined Italy, Iraq, Afghanistan PMCs, mercenaries, untrustworthy, risk, desertion, money, loyalty, highest bidder, Machiavelli, Italy, Iraq, Afghanistan, stipend, war, soldiers, foe,吸引力, reasons, keeping the field, willing to die, making war, running from the enemy PMCs, untrustworthy, mercenaries, pulling out, risk, not fighting for country, desertion, motivated by money, interests of employer, loyalty, highest bidder, delicately balanced, trifle of stipend, unwilling to die, war, take off, run from foe, Machiavelli, 1515, ruined Italy, Iraq, Afghanistan PMCs, mercenaries, untrustworthy, risk, pulling out, not fighting for country, desertion, motivated by money, interests of employer, loyalty, highest bidder, delicately balanced, trifle of stipend, not willing to die, war, take themselves off, run from foe, Machiavelli, 1515, ruined Italy, Iraq, Afghanistan
test-education-tuhwastua-pro01a	Standardized tests are arbitrary  Standardized tests are inherently arbitrary. They reduce an applicant’s entire academic career to a single one-day session. The result is an inherently unrepresentative test which fails to paint an accurate picture. What if a student has a bad day? What if they do poorly on the specific test questions? In the SAT’s there is an error of measurement of about 30 points either way out of 800, this is the potential difference between where the student really is and what his or her score on the day was. [1] By contrast, looking at their entire academic record ensures that admissions officers will get a far more comprehensive picture of their actual ability. The law of averages means that bad days and tests will be balanced out with good ones, with the result that their academic record, the result of years of work, will reflect their true performance.  [1] Cloud, John, ‘What’s Good about the New SAT Test’, Time, 1 September 2006, Standardized tests, arbitrary, academic career, single day, unrepresentative, bad day, SAT, error measurement, academic record, comprehensive picture, law of averages, true performance standardized tests, arbitrary, academic career, one-day session, unrepresentative, bad day, test questions, SAT, error of measurement, academic record, admissions officers, comprehensive picture, law of averages, true performance, Time magazine, John Cloud Standardized tests, arbitrary, academic career, one-day session, unrepresentative, student performance, bad day, test questions, SAT, error of measurement, academic record, comprehensive picture, law of averages, true performance, admissions officers, Time magazine, John Cloud standardized tests, arbitrary, academic career, single day, unrepresentative, bad day, SAT, error measurement, academic record, comprehensive picture, law of averages, true performance, Time magazine, John Cloud standardized tests, arbitrary, academic career, single day, unrepresentative, accurate picture, bad day, test questions, SAT, error measurement, potential difference, academic record, comprehensive picture, law of averages, true performance, admissions officers, time magazine, john cloud
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro01a	Bush squandered an extraordinary economic legacy on tax cuts for the wealthy and too expensive and unnecessary wars.  The Clinton legacy was one of extraordinary economic health including an enormous $4,000 billion surplus. This could have been used to improve services and create jobs. Instead the Bush administration squandered this, mostly on tax cuts for the wealthy and two expensive wars. He turned the surplus on its head, leaving a budget deficit of $482 billion in 2009 with, frankly, not a lot to show for it [i] .  [i] Andrew Taylor. “Bush Leaving Next President Record Federal Deficit”. Huffington Post. 28 July 2008. Bush, squandered, economic, legacy, tax, cuts, wealthy, unnecessary, wars, Clinton, surplus, services, jobs, administration, budget, deficit, federal, presidency, fiscal, policy, economy, public, spending, warfare, state, revenue, reduction, wealth, inequality, military, engagement, financial, crisis, political, decision, making, leadership, governance, historical, context, criticism, fiscal, responsibility, public, finance, national, debt, government, expenditure, tax, policy, economic, impact, social, welfare, investment, prioritization, resource, allocation, strategic, planning, economic, growth Bush, Clinton, economic legacy, tax cuts, wealthy, expensive wars, budget surplus, deficit, federal deficit, job creation, public services, fiscal policy, presidency, economic health, Andrew Taylor, Huffington Post Bush, Clinton, economic, legacy, tax, cuts, wealthy, wars, surplus, budget, deficit, federal, jobs, services, Huffington, Post, Andrew, Taylor, 2008, 2009, record, presidency, fiscal, policy, government, spending, economic, health, improvement, legislation, financial, state, administration, political, economy, financial, crisis, public, finance, national, debt, economic, impact, decision, making, governance, leadership, economic, growth, investment, fiscal, responsibility, economic, policies, economic, management, government, budgeting, economic, performance Bush, Clinton, economic legacy, tax cuts, wealthy, wars, surplus, budget deficit, services, jobs, federal deficit, Huffington Post, Andrew Taylor Bush, Clinton, economic, legacy, tax, cuts, wealthy, wars, surplus, budget, deficit, jobs, services, Andrew, Taylor, Huffington, Post
test-international-epdlhfcefp-pro03a	The creation of the post of a High Representative marked an important change in the EU.  The creation of a post of High Representative and Vice President of the Commission (HRVP) marks an important change in the decision making process at the EU level with regards to foreign policy. Agreement on the post showed a clear commitment to the pursuit of a common EU foreign policy and to developing a unique cooperative model for foreign and defense policy decision making that goes beyond the nation state. Member states should now deliver on that commitment by seeking as much common ground as possible to ensure that the High Representative’s role is truly significant. The goal of a common foreign and security policy should thus be supported not only as a mechanism to streamline EU’s position and role in world politics, but also to reinforce notions of cooperation and consultation essential for maintaining a stable international system, in line with the stated goals of the EU. (The 12 stars in a circle is meant to symbolize the ideals of unity, solidarity and harmony among the peoples of Europe)1.  1 Europa.eu, 'Symbols',accessed 1/8/11 High Representative, Vice President, Commission, EU, foreign policy, decision making, common ground, cooperation, consultation, stability, international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, Europe, symbols, 12 stars, Europa.eu High Representative, Vice President, Commission, EU, decision making, foreign policy, common ground, cooperation, consultation, stability, international system, common foreign and security policy, unity, solidarity, harmony, Europa.eu, Symbols High Representative, Vice President of the Commission, EU decision making, common EU foreign policy, cooperative model, foreign and defense policy, member states commitment, common ground, significant role, common foreign and security policy, EU position in world politics, cooperation, consultation, stable international system, EU goals, Europa.eu, EU symbols, unity, solidarity, harmony, peoples of Europe High Representative, Vice President, Commission, EU, foreign policy, decision making, common ground, cooperation, consultation, stability, international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, European Union, symbols, Europa.eu High Representative, Vice President, Commission, EU, decision making, foreign policy, HRVP, common ground, significant role, common foreign and security policy, streamline, EU position, world politics, cooperation, consultation, stable international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, European ideals, Europa.eu, Symbols
test-politics-dhwem-con04a	The role of PMCs has had a negative effect on traditional militaries and their operations.  Soldiers trained at high expense by the state may leave for the greater income of private employment, reducing the power of the state’s military and bolstering the attraction of PMCs. PMCs also have a much more relaxed, business-like attitude to conflict. Being unregulated gives them a freedom to work outside of the law to an extent, using illicit practices such as torture and bribery which goes unnoticed. However, these practices strengthen the morale and line the purses of “the enemy”, such as warlords or the Taliban in Afghanistan, putting the militaries they are fighting alongside in danger. PMCs, negative effect, traditional militaries, operations, soldier attrition, high expense, state military power, business attitude, conflict, unregulated, illicit practices, torture, bribery, morale, enemy, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, danger PMCs, negative effect, traditional militaries, operations, trained soldiers, high expense, state, private employment, greater income, reduced military power, business-like attitude, conflict, unregulated, freedom, illegal practices, torture, bribery, unnoticed, morale, purses, enemy, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, danger, militaries, fighting alongside PMCs, negative impact, traditional militaries, operations, soldiers, high expense, state, leave, greater income, private employment, power reduction, state military, attraction, relaxed attitude, conflict, unregulated, freedom, illegal practices, torture, bribery, unnoticed, morale, enemy, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, danger, militaries, fighting, alongside PMCs, negative effect, traditional militaries, operations, trained soldiers, high expense, state, leave, greater income, private employment, reduce power, state military, bolster attraction, relaxed attitude, conflict, unregulated, freedom, work outside law, illicit practices, torture, bribery, unnoticed, strengthen morale, line purses, enemy, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, danger, fighting alongside PMCs, traditional militaries, negative effect, soldier recruitment, state military power, income disparity, private employment, military operations, unregulated PMCs, conflict attitudes, illicit practices, torture, bribery, enemy strengthening, morale, financial gain, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, military danger
test-international-ehbfe-con04a	Subsidiarity will deal with regional identities’ problem  Federalism and subsidiarity, that things should be dealt with at the lowest, most local, level possible, [1] can allow for regional identities in a way national states cannot. For example for Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy. In a Federal Europe such peoples would not feel under threat from a dominant culture and long-running conflicts could be resolved, as issues of sovereignty become less relevant within the new political structures.  [1] Europa, ‘Subsidiarity’ subsidiarity, regional identities, federalism, local governance, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, Federal Europe, cultural preservation, conflict resolution, sovereignty, political structures, Europa subsidiarity, regional identities, federalism, local governance, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, cultural preservation, sovereignty, political structures, conflict resolution, dominant culture, Federal Europe, Europa, subsidiarity principle subsidiarity, regional identities, federalism, local governance, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, cultural preservation, conflict resolution, sovereignty, Federal Europe, Europa, political structures subsidiarity, regional identities, federalism, local governance, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, cultural preservation, conflict resolution, sovereignty, political structures, Europa, European Union, decentralization, autonomy subsidiarity, regional identities, federalism, local governance, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, cultural preservation, conflict resolution, sovereignty, political structures, Europa, European integration
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-con04a	Damages diplomacy to be too open  Diplomacy can be very personal; diplomatic initiatives are often the result of a single person, and the individual leader is necessary to conclude negotiations. Transparency about a leader's health may therefore prevent deals being done; Nixon went to China despite Mao's ill heath meaning the supreme Chinese leader contributed little to the historic change in diplomatic alinements. 1 Would such a momentous change in alignment have been possible if both the Chinese and American public knew about Mao's ill health? The Americans would have considered any deal unreliable as they could not be sure it was Mao who made the decision, while opponents in China could have argued that it was advisers like Zhou Enlai who made the deal not Mao himself potentially enabling them to repudiate or undermine the deal.  1 Macmillan, Margaret, Seize the Hour When Nixon met Mao, John Murray, London, 2006, p.76 Diplomacy, transparency, leadership, health, negotiations, deals, Nixon, China, Mao, Zhou Enlai, public knowledge, reliability, decision-making, diplomatic alignments, historical change, repudiation, undermining, Seize the Hour, Macmillan, John Murray, London damages, diplomacy, transparency, personal, negotiations, leader, health, Nixon, China, Mao, historic, alignment, public, unreliable, deal, advisers, Zhou, Enlai, repudiate, undermine, Macmillan, Seize, Hour damages, diplomacy, transparency, personal, negotiations, leader, health, deals, Nixon, China, Mao, ill, public, unreliable, decision, advisers, repudiate, undermine, Macmillan, Seize the Hour, John Murray, London, 2006, p.76 Damages, diplomacy, transparency, leader's health, Nixon, China, Mao, historical change, diplomatic alignments, public knowledge, unreliability, decision-making, Zhou Enlai, repudiation, undermining, Macmillan, Seize the Hour, John Murray, London, 2006 damages, diplomacy, transparency, leader's health, Nixon, China, Mao, negotiations, personal, diplomatic initiatives, individual leader, public knowledge, deal reliability, repudiation, undermining, advisers, Zhou Enlai, historical alignment, diplomatic relations, Seize the Hour, Macmillan, Margaret, John Murray, London, 2006, p.76
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro04a	It is with the popular support of the public that security measures are taken.  Let us not forget that is with the consent of the public that these security measures are taken, CCTV for example was a populist measure that has often been considered a threat to civil liberties [1] . It is in line with democratic ideals; the majority of the country wants greater security [2] . For example in 2005 59% of Americans wanted the Patriot Act extended. [3] And because democracy embodies all those values we are fighting for – freedom and equality included- we must adhere to a democratic spirit when deciding on how to organise ourselves or else risk falling into the same mind-set as those terrorists themselves.  [1] Norris, Clive, McCahill, Mike and Wood, David, ‘Editorial. The Growth of CCTV: a global perspective on the international diffusion of video surveillance in publically accessible space’, Surveillance & Society, 2(2/4):110-135, 2004,  (2)/editorial.pdf, accessed 9 September 2011  [2] Law Council of Australia, ‘Politics and Populism win out at anti-terror summit’, 30 September 2005,   [3] Langer, Gary, ‘Poll: Support Seen for Patriot Act’, ABCnews, 9 June 2005,  , accessed 9 public support, security measures, consent, CCTV, civil liberties, democratic ideals, majority, Patriot Act, terrorism, freedom, equality, democracy, populism, surveillance, video surveillance, political decisions, public opinion, civil rights, privacy concerns public support, security measures, consent, CCTV, civil liberties, democratic ideals, majority, Patriot Act, democracy, freedom, equality, terrorism, populist measure, surveillance, video surveillance, anti-terror, politics, populism public support, security measures, consent, CCTV, civil liberties, democratic ideals, majority, Patriot Act, democracy, freedom, equality, anti-terror, populism, surveillance, terrorism public support, security measures, consent, CCTV, civil liberties, democratic ideals, majority, country, greater security, Patriot Act, democracy, freedom, equality, terrorism, Clive Norris, Mike McCahill, David Wood, Surveillance & Society, Law Council of Australia, Gary Langer, ABCnews, 2005, 2004 public support, security measures, consent, CCTV, civil liberties, democratic ideals, majority, country, greater security, Americans, Patriot Act, democracy, freedom, equality, anti-terror, politics, populism, terrorism, surveillance, video surveillance, public space, global perspective, international diffusion, Law Council of Australia, support, political measures, democratic spirit, terrorist mindset
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con01a	The House of Lords allows a number of experts to influence government policy.  While the members of the House of Lords may represent a small section of society, they also include expert peers including lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors and civil servants that can balance out the sometimes short term, political opportunism present in the House of Commons. Election does not guarantee these expertise and knowledge, so having a second chamber that is appointed rather than elected improves the quality of the governance of the country. House of Lords, experts, government policy, members, society, expert peers, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, balance, short term, political opportunism, House of Commons, election, expertise, knowledge, second chamber, appointed, elected, quality, governance, country House of Lords, experts, government policy, members, section of society, expert peers, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, balance, short term, political opportunism, House of Commons, election, expertise, knowledge, appointed, elected, quality, governance, country House of Lords, experts, government policy, members, representation, society, expert peers, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, balance, short term, political opportunism, House of Commons, election, expertise, knowledge, second chamber, appointed, elected, governance, quality, country House of Lords, expert influence, government policy, expert peers, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, balance, short term politics, political opportunism, House of Commons, election, expertise, knowledge, appointed, second chamber, governance quality House of Lords, experts, government policy, appointed, elected, expertise, knowledge, second chamber, governance, House of Commons, political opportunism, society, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con04a	"Racial quotas don’t develop new players  The quota system could lead to moving players from the regional teams who generally have less non-white players pilfering them from other unions, rather “Home growing” them [1] .  Former Springboks coach Peter de Villiers, the first non-white person in that role, has described quotas as a “waste of time [2] ”.  Depending on the exact phraseology of the rules, this could even allow black players from outside South Africa (from, for example, England) to be used to fill the quota.  [1] McGregor, Liz, ‘New Year, new model for SA Rugby? Here’s hoping’, Books Live, 30 December 2013,   [2] Peacock, James, ‘Peter de Villiers says racial quotas are ‘waste of time’, BBC Sport, 15 August 2013, racial quotas, player development, regional teams, non-white players, home growing, Peter de Villiers, waste of time, black players, South Africa, rugby quotas, international players, SA Rugby Racial quotas, player development, regional teams, non-white players, South Africa, rugby, Peter de Villiers, quota system, Home growing, black players, SA Rugby, BBC Sport, Liz McGregor, James Peacock racial quotas, player development, regional teams, non-white players, home growing, Peter de Villiers, Springboks coach, waste of time, black players, South Africa, rugby quotas, international players racial quotas, player development, regional teams, non-white players, pilfering unions, home growing, Peter de Villiers, waste of time, black players, South Africa, quota system, international players, rule phraseology racial quotas, player development, regional teams, non-white players, home growing, Peter de Villiers, waste of time, South Africa, rugby, quotas(<?xml version=""1.0"" encoding=""UTF-8"" standalone=""no""?><error>XML content is not allowed here.</error>)"
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-con01a	Protections offered in a court must be absolute in order for the court to be just.  A just adversarial court system is premised on absolutes: that the defence has certain absolute rights which check it against government corruption, and which ensure fair trials even at the expense of conviction. Indeed, it is for this reason that we say it is better to let ten guilty men go free than to punish one innocent man. The protections in place that ensure fair trials must always be upheld, or else the guarantee of fairness no longer exists. If the government can sometimes remove this right, even in clearly delineated circumstances, then the right is no longer absolute, and the presumption in favour of the defence is far weaker, undermining the justness of the entire system. court, just, protections, absolute, adversarial, defence, rights, government, corruption, fair, trials, conviction, guilty, innocent, guarantee, remove, right, presumption, system court, protections, absolute, just, adversarial, system, defence, rights, government, corruption, fair, trials, conviction, innocent, guarantees, uphold, remove, circumstances, presumption, weaker, undermining protections, court, justice, absolute, adversarial, system, defence, rights, government, corruption, fair, trials, conviction, innocent, guilty, upholding, guarantees, removal, circumstances, presumption, weaker, undermining protections, court, justice, adversarial, system, absolutes, defence, rights, government, corruption, fair, trials, conviction, innocent, guilty, upholding, fairness, removal, presumption, weakness, justness court, protections, absolute, just, adversarial, rights, government, corruption, fair, trials, conviction, innocent, guilty, upholding, guarantee, fairness, remove, right, presumption, defence, system, undermining, justice
test-education-egtuscpih-pro03a	Online courses are a way to higher academic excellence  Relocating to the best universities is a budgetary concern, but also family and social relations concern for many people, which prevents all the best people from even applying to universities that would suit them the best. Online courses can recruit students from anywhere in the world much easier than traditional universities can because students don't need to travel far away for the best education. This then ensures that universities have better access to the brightest people. For instance, Stanford University's online course on Artificial Intelligence enabled people from 190 countries to join, and none of students receiving a score of 100 percent where from Stanford [14]. Improving the pool of students would automatically result in better academics, professionals and science, which would benefit the society better. online courses, higher academic excellence, budgetary concern, family relations, social relations, relocating universities, best universities, recruit students, global reach, best education, Stanford University, Artificial Intelligence, student pool, academic improvement, professional improvement, societal benefit, education accessibility online courses, academic excellence, budgetary concerns, family relations, social relations, student recruitment, global access, education, Stanford University, Artificial Intelligence, course participation, high scores, student pool, academic improvement, professional development, societal benefit online courses, higher academic excellence, budgetary concern, family relations, social relations, relocating, universities, recruit students, worldwide access, best education, Stanford University, Artificial Intelligence, student pool, academic improvement, professional improvement, societal benefit, educational technology, remote learning, academic performance, global education online courses, academic excellence, budgetary concerns, family relations, social relations, best universities, student recruitment, global access, higher education, Stanford University, Artificial Intelligence, student pool, academic improvement, societal benefit online courses, higher academic excellence, budgetary concern, family relations, social relations, best universities, relocation, global recruitment, student access, brightest people, Stanford University, Artificial Intelligence, course participation, improved student pool, academic improvement, professional development, societal benefit
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-con01a	"The New START treaty harms US nuclear capabilities  As David Ganz, the president of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), argues: ""This treaty would restrain the development and deployment of new nuclear weapons, missile defense systems, and missile delivery systems."" [1] The atrophying U.S. nuclear arsenal and weapons enterprise make reductions in the U.S. strategic nuclear arsenal even more dangerous. The new START treaty allows nuclear modernization but while the US capacity to modernize nuclear weapons is limited and either congress or the president is likely to prevent modernization on cost grounds. The Russians have a large, if unknown, advantage over the United States in terms of nonstrategic, particularly tactical, and nuclear weapons. The New START treaty however ignores these weapons entirely as it is focused on strategic arms. This therefore leaves the Russians with an advantage and potentially reduces the potential for deterrence in areas beyond the US. [2]  New START also restricts US missile defence options. The Obama Administration insists the treaty doesn’t affect it, but the Kremlin’s takes a different view: ""[START] can operate and be viable only if the United States of America refrains from developing its missile-defense capabilities quantitatively or qualitatively."" [3] New START imposes restrictions on U.S. missile defence options in at least four areas. First the preamble recognizes “the interrelationship between strategic offensive arms and strategic defensive arms” it seeks to make sure defensive arms “do not undermine the viability and effectiveness of the strategic offensive arms of the parties” so defensive arms must be reduced to allow offensive arms to remain effective. [4] Russia also issued a unilateral statement on April 7, 2010, Russia reinforced this restriction by issuing a unilateral statement asserting that it considers the “extraordinary events” that give “the right to withdraw from this treaty” to include a buildup of missile defense. [5] Second, Article V states “Each Party shall not convert and shall not use ICBM launchers and SLBM launchers for placement of missile defense interceptors” and vice versa. [6] There are also restrictions on some types of missiles and launchers that are used in the testing of missile defense. And Finally, article X established the Bilateral Consultative Commission (BCC), the treaty’s implementing body, with oversight over the implementation of the treaty which may impose additional restrictions on the U.S. missile defense program. [7]  [1] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010.   [2] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [3] Brookes, Peter. “Not a new START, but a bad START”. The Hill. 13 September 2010.   [4] Obama, Barak, and Medvedev, Dmitri, ‘Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms’, U.S. Department of State,   [5] Bureau of Verification, Compliance, and Implementation, ‘New START Treaty Fact Sheet: Unilateral Statements’, U.S. Department of State, 13 May 2010,   [6] Obama, Barak, and Medvedev, Dmitri, ‘Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms’, U.S. Department of State,   [7] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010. New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, missile defense, Russian advantage, deterrence, Obama Administration, Kremlin, missile defense capabilities, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, treaty implementation, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, unilateral statement, withdrawal rights, missile testing restrictions, treaty flaws, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, Barak Obama, Dmitri Medvedev, US Department of State, Bureau of Verification Compliance New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, Russian advantage, missile defense, Obama Administration, Kremlin, Bilateral Consultative Commission, treaty restrictions, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, Russian nuclear advantage, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, missile defense, Obama Administration, Kremlin, strategic offensive arms, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, treaty restrictions, US missile defense program, New START flaws, Jewish issue, US-Russia relations, arms control, defense policy, strategic arms reduction, missile defense capabilities, unilateral statements, treaty implementation, nuclear deterrent, international security, US security, Russian military, nuclear weapons enterprise, strategic arms limitation, treaty oversight, US Congress, New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, US nuclear arsenal, nuclear modernization, Russian nuclear advantage, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, strategic arms, missile defense, Obama Administration, Kremlin, missile defense capabilities, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, New START flaws, New START restrictions, US missile defense program, deterrence, strategic offensive arms, treaty implementation, unilateral statements, missile defense testing, treaty withdrawal, strategic defensive arms, strategic offensive arms interrelationship, New START preamble, New START Article New START, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear arsenal, strategic nuclear reductions, nuclear modernization, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, missile defense, Kremlin, missile defense capabilities, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, strategic offensive arms, treaty limitations, US missile defense program, Russian Federation, nuclear deterrence, strategic arms reduction, United States of America, treaty flaws, unilateral statements, missile defense restrictions, Barack Obama, Dmitri Medvedev, nuclear enterprise, cost grounds, US Congress, US President"
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con05a	The threat of a state developing nuclear weapons could instigate pre-emptive strikes from its neighbours and rivals to prevent the acquisition of such weapons  The threat represented by potential nuclear powers will instigate pre-emptive strikes by countries fearing the future behaviour of the budding nuclear powers. Until a state develops a nuclear capacity that its rivals believe they cannot destroy in a first strike, nuclear weapons increase the risk of war. For example, Israel will have a very real incentive to attack Iran before it can complete its development of nuclear weapons, lest it become an existential threat to Israel’s survival. The United States military even considered attempting to destroy the USSR’s capability before they had second strike capability General Orvil Anderson publicly declared: “Give me the order to do it and I can break up Russia’s five A-bomb nests in a week…And when I went up to Christ—I think I could explain to Him that I had saved civilization.” [1] The development of nuclear weapons can thus destabilize regions before they are ever operational, as it is in no country’s interest that its rivals become capable of using nuclear force against it. Clearly, it is best that such states do not develop nuclear weapons in the first place so as to prevent such instability and conflict.  [1] Stevens, Austin “General Removed over War Speech,” New York Times, September 2, 1950, p. 8  improve this  COUNTERPOINT  If a country is surrounded by hostile neighbours that are likely to attempt a pre-emptive strike upon it, then nuclear weapons are all the more desirable. With nuclear weapons a country cannot be pushed around by regional bullies. It seems perfectly fair that Iran would covet the ability to resist Israeli might in the Middle East and defend itself from aggression by it or the United States. nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, state development, regional instability, existential threat, Israel, Iran, United States, USSR, second strike capability, nuclear deterrence, Middle East, defense, aggression, hostile neighbours, security, conflict prevention, strategic interests nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, state development, regional stability, Israel, Iran, existential threat, United States, USSR, second strike capability, military strategy, Middle East, defense, aggression, nuclear deterrence, international conflict, rival states, nuclear capacity, global security, first strike, destabilization, counterpoint, regional bullies, nuclear force, defense capability, regional power dynamics, international relations, nuclear proliferation, strategic instability, security dilemma, nuclear arms race, international stability, threat perception, geopolitical tension, preventive war, nuclear disarmament, peacekeeping, nuclear policy, international law, diplomatic relations, arms control, nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, state development, rivalry, regional stability, existential threat, Israel, Iran, United States, USSR, second strike capability, military strategy, nuclear proliferation, Middle East, defense, aggression, regional bullies, counterpoint, resistance, security nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, state development, nuclear powers, regional instability, military strategy, Israel, Iran, United States, nuclear deterrence, existential threats, second strike capability, Cold War, nuclear proliferation, Middle East conflicts, defensive capabilities, regional security, international relations, nuclear arms race, global stability nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, state development, nuclear powers, regional stability, conflict prevention, existential threat, Israel, Iran, United States, USSR, second strike capability, nuclear deterrence, Middle East, regional security, international relations, nuclear proliferation, defense strategy, military intervention, nuclear capability, geopolitical tension
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-pro02a	There is always a risk associated with surgery and taking such a risk for no particular reason is irresponsible  A report by the Royal Dutch Medical Association noted that there was not a single medical body in the world that could point, categorically to a medical need for circumcision of infants. It further concluded that “The fact that this practice is not medically necessary and entails a genuine risk of complications means that extra-stringent requirements must be established with regard to this type of information and advice.” Yet this is a practice that is performed around the world by people with little or no medical training and accepted by parents as an instruction from God.  Studies from the US suggest that around 230 baby boys die in America every year as a direct result of hemorrhaging following circumcision [i] .  [i] risk, surgery, circumcision, infants, medical need, Royal Dutch Medical Association, complications, training, parents, religious belief, mortality, hemorrhaging, United States surgery risk, medical necessity, circumcision, infant health, Royal Dutch Medical Association, religious practice, medical training, parental consent, circumcision complications, infant mortality, hemorrhaging risk, ethical considerations, global medical opinion surgery risk, infant circumcision, medical necessity, complications, Royal Dutch Medical Association, religious practice, non-medical circumcision, Hemorrhaging, infant mortality, parental consent, ethical concerns, medical training surgery risk, circumcision infants, medical necessity, Royal Dutch Medical Association, medical training, parental consent, religious practice, infant mortality, hemorrhaging complications surgery risk, circumcision, infants, Royal Dutch Medical Association, medical need, complications, non-medical practice, religious reasons, mortality, hemorrhaging, United States, infant mortality, circumcision risks, medical ethics, informed consent, parental decision-making, religious circumcision, non-therapeutic circumcision, pediatric surgery, medical procedures, health risks, infant health, cultural practices, medical training, surgical complications, healthcare policy, circumcision debate, ethical considerations
test-health-hdond-con01a	The right to access healthcare is absolute  Healthcare is a primary means by which individuals actualize their right to be protected against an untimely death. The ability to access healthcare, to not have the government actively intervene against one receiving it, is of fundamental importance for living a long and worthwhile life, and is hence entrenched in the constitutions of many liberal democracies and much of international human rights literature {WHO - Health and Human Rights}. While some rights, such as the right to mobility, can be taken away as a matter of desert in almost all societies, absolutely fundamental rights, such as the right to a fair trial, are actually inalienable and ought to never be violated. What this means in practice is that one’s access to healthcare should not be continent. The government should set no standards on who deserves life-saving treatment and who doesn’t. To do so would be to assign a dangerous power of life and death over the government. right to access healthcare, healthcare protection, untimely death, government intervention, fundamental importance, long life, worthwhile life, constitutions, liberal democracies, international human rights, WHO, Health and Human Rights, right to mobility, right to fair trial, inalienable rights, access to healthcare, life-saving treatment, government standards, power of life and death right to access healthcare, healthcare as fundamental right, government non-intervention in healthcare, healthcare and protection from untimely death, healthcare in constitutions, international human rights, WHO Health and Human Rights, inalienable rights, right to fair trial, healthcare access standards, government power over life and death right to access healthcare, fundamental importance, government intervention, healthcare access, constitutions, liberal democracies, international human rights, WHO, Health and Human Rights, inalienable rights, right to a fair trial, standards for treatment, power of life and death, right to mobility, right to life-saving treatment, healthcare as a primary means, protection against untimely death,absolute rights, non-contingent access, government standards, dangerous power right to access healthcare, fundamental importance, living a long and worthwhile life, constitutions of liberal democracies, international human rights, WHO, Health and Human Rights, inalienable rights, fair trial, government intervention, life-saving treatment, power of life and death, healthcare access, healthcare standards, right to mobility, right to be protected against untimely death, absolute rights, dangerous power, moral and ethical considerations, public health policy, human rights law, healthcare equity, non-discrimination in healthcare, constitutional rights, legal protection, medical ethics, healthcare as a human right, government responsibilities, healthcare accessibility, healthcare justice, healthcare entitlement right to access healthcare, absolute right, healthcare as primary protection, untimely death, government intervention, fundamental importance, long and worthwhile life, constitutional entrenchment, liberal democracies, international human rights, WHO, Health and Human Rights, inalienable rights, fair trial, dangerous power, life-saving treatment, standards for healthcare, right to mobility, societal desert, government power over life and death
test-education-tuhwastua-pro02a	Standardized Tests are skewed in favour of the wealthy  Standardized tests are inherently skewed in favour of high-income students. Tutoring is and industry unto itself and the resulting rise in scores among high income students skews the scale against students whose families cannot afford it. By contrast, even if the money is available, the impact that tutoring can have on a student’s academic performance is limited. A tutor cannot write papers or take tests for them, and nor can they answer questions in class, or participate in sports or other extracurricular activities. As a consequence, eliminating easily tutored standardized tests helps even the playing field between richer and poorer students. Standardized Tests, Wealthy, High-Income Students, Tutoring Industry, Score Inflation, Economic Disparity, Academic Performance, Extracurricular Activities, Test Equity, Educational Fairness Standardized Tests, Wealthy, High-Income Students, Tutoring Industry, Score Inflation, Socioeconomic Disparity, Academic Performance, Extracurricular Activities, Test Equity, Educational Reform Standardized Tests, Wealthy, High-Income Students, Tutoring Industry, Score Inflation, Economic Disparity, Academic Performance, Limited Tutor Impact, Extracurricular Activities, Test Elimination, Educational Equity Standardized Tests, Wealthy, High-Income Students, Tutoring Industry, Score Inflation, Economic Disparity, Academic Performance, Limited Tutor Impact, Extracurricular Activities, Test Elimination, Equity, Educational Fairness Standardized Tests, Wealthy, High-Income Students, Tutoring Industry, Score Inflation, Economic Disparity, Academic Performance, Extracurricular Activities, Test Elimination, Educational Equity
test-education-udfakusma-pro04a	Students would be able to benefit from being able to use resources at other universities  Having paid for access to universities and the materials they provide for research students have a right to expect that they will have all the necessary materials available. Unfortunately this is not always the case. University libraries are unable to afford all the university journals they wish to have access to or need for their courses. Therefore any student who wants to go into areas not anticipated by the course they are enrolled with will find that they do not have access to the materials they require. They then face the cost of getting individual access to an online journal article which can be up to $42, despite there being almost zero marginal cost to the publisher. [1] This even affects the biggest and best resourced university libraries. Robert Darnton the director of Harvard University’s library which pays $3.5million per year for journal articles says “The system is absurd” and “academically restrictive” instead “the answer will be open-access journal publishing”. [2]  [1] Sciverse, “Pay-per-view”, Elsevier,   [2] Sample, Ian, “Harvard University says it can’t afford journal publishers’ prices”, The Guardian, 24 April 2012. students, resources, other universities, paid access, necessary materials, university libraries, journal access, course requirements, individual access, online journal, cost, publisher, marginal cost, Robert Darnton, Harvard University, library, journal articles, pay-per-view, Elsevier, academic restriction, open-access publishing, journal prices, research, Ian Sample, The Guardian students, university resources, research materials, university libraries, journal access, academic restrictions, open-access publishing, journal costs, academic journals, research access, university funding, library funding, scholarly communication, academic publishing, Elsevier, Harvard University, pay-per-view, journal subscriptions, academic freedom, cost of knowledge students, university resources, research materials, journal access, academic libraries, cost barriers, open access, publishing, Harvard University, journal pricing, library budgets, academic restrictions, pay-per-view, Elsevier, The Guardian students, university resources, research materials, library access, academic journals, cost, open-access publishing, institutional subscriptions, higher education, academic restrictions, Harvard University, journal pricing, pay-per-view, Elsevier, The Guardian students, universities, resources, research, materials, university libraries, journal articles, access, cost, online, publisher, marginal cost, university journals, courses, open-access, journal publishing, Harvard University, academic restriction, Elsevier, pay-per-view, The Guardian
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con01a	"The concept of ""foetal rights"" is an attack on the autonomy of women  The culture of foetal rights reflects a dangerous litigious trend in American society, and implies a view of pregnant women as being nothing more than baby-carrying machines whose independence and autonomy should be restricted and whose motivations should be questioned at every turn. If this has implications for the abortion debate, then those implications are profoundly damaging to women in general. In any case, the mother of a wanted baby has entirely different responsibilities toward the unborn foetus from the mother of an unwanted baby - that’s why our society allows both abortions and antenatal classes. foetal rights, women's autonomy, litigious trend, American society, pregnant women, baby-carrying machines, independence, motivations, abortion debate, women's rights, antenatal care, wanted baby, unwanted baby, societal implications, maternal responsibilities, foetus, legal restrictions, reproductive rights foetal rights, women's autonomy, litigious trend, American society, pregnant women, baby-carrying machines, independence, motivations, abortion debate, damaging implications, women's responsibilities, unwanted baby, wanted baby, antenatal classes, societal norms, reproductive rights foetal rights, women's autonomy, American society, litigious trend, pregnant women, baby-carrying machines, independence, abortion debate, maternal responsibilities, wanted baby, unwanted baby, antenatal classes foetal rights, women's autonomy, litigious trend, American society, pregnant women, independence, abortion debate, antenatal classes, unwanted pregnancy, maternal responsibilities foetal rights, women's autonomy, litigious trend, American society, pregnant women, baby-carrying machines, independence restriction, abortion debate, damaging implications, women's responsibilities, unwanted pregnancy, antenatal care, societal values, legal implications, reproductive rights"
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro01a	The Solemn Declaration  The Solemn Declaration did not just highlight the goal but also that it would be achieved through three techniques: by 1, addressing the causes of conflicts – economic and social disparities, strengthening judicial systems to ensure accountability, and reaffirming collective responsibility, 2, preventing emerging sources of conflict such as piracy getting a foothold, and 3, engaging in conflict prevention. [1]  Africa has been building the African Peace and Security Architecture to address these causes of conflict. It has created the Peace and Security Council that facilitates the AU’s response to crises; it can engage in actions from humanitarian assistance to military intervention if there are particularly grave circumstances such as genocide. [2] When it does authorise action, this action is coordinated by the AU commission. When it comes to peaceful resolution of conflict, the AU has a ‘Panel of the Wise’ made up of former presidents and others with lots of influence and moral authority who use preventative diplomacy to try to resolve conflicts. [3]  [1] African Union, 2013, p.5  [2] Williams, Paul D., ‘The African Union’s Conflict Management Capabilities’, Council on Foreign Relations, October 2011,  , p.7  [3] Ibid, p.12 Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, economic disparities, social disparities, judicial systems, accountability, collective responsibility, piracy, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, African Union, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide, AU commission, peaceful resolution, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, former presidents, moral authority, conflict management, Council on Foreign Relations Solemn Declaration, conflict resolution, economic disparities, social disparities, judicial accountability, collective responsibility, piracy prevention, conflict prevention, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, African Union, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, conflict management, Paul D. Williams, Council on Foreign Relations Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, economic disparities, social disparities, judicial accountability, collective responsibility, piracy, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, AU response, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide, AU Commission, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, conflict resolution, African Union, conflict management Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, economic disparities, social disparities, judicial systems, accountability, collective responsibility, piracy, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, African Union, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide, AU commission, peaceful resolution, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, conflict management, Paul D. Williams, Council on Foreign Relations Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, economic disparities, social disparities, judicial systems, accountability, collective responsibility, piracy, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, African Union, AU, conflict management, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide, AU commission, peaceful resolution, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, former presidents, moral authority
test-culture-mthbah-con04a	Advertising is only as annoying as you want it to be.  No-one is forced to put advertising on their property - for many companies it is an important part of their income. Football teams would have much less money if they were not sponsored. Manchester United's shirt sponsorship deal with Aon is worth £80 million. For the small annoyance of having to have a logo on the shirt, the football club can afford to buy new players and hopefully win more games. And no-one is forced to look at advertising - you can turn the TV off between shows, or just flick past adverts in newspapers. If you don't want to see the adverts, then just ignore them. Advertising, Annoying, Property, Income, Companies, Football, Sponsorship, Manchester United, Aon, £80 million, Logo, Players, Games, TV, Newspapers, Ignore, Adverts advertising, annoyance, property, income, companies, football, teams, sponsorship, Manchester United, Aon, shirt, deal, money, players, games, TV, shows, newspapers, ignore, adverts Advertising, Annoying, Property, Income, Companies, Football, Teams, Sponsorship, Manchester, United, Aon, Deal, Money, Players, Games, TV, Ignore, Adverts, Newspapers advertising, annoyance, property, companies, income, football, sponsorship, manchester united, aon, shirt, deal, money, players, games, tv, newspaper, ignore, adverts Advertising, Annoying, Property, Income, Companies, Football, Sponsorship, Manchester United, Aon, Logo, Shirt, Money, Players, Games, TV, Newspapers, Ignore, Adverts
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-con02a	Existing checks and balances  Proposition have made out so far that single-party Government has few checks upon it, allowing for overbearing ideological government. This however is not true as there a many external checks upon a single-party government that can prevent this.  Firstly, the checks and balances put in place by the Constitution means that the executive is unable to do much without the consent of Congress, meaning that the President would need the support of his/her party in the legislature to do what (s)he wants in government.  Within Congress, the governing party would still face oversight from Departmental Committees that scrutinises its work and unless the governing party can get a filibuster-proof majority of 60 Senators in the Upper House, then a degree of negotiation would be required.  Finally, the nominally non-partisan Supreme Court can strike down laws seen to violate the terms of the Constitution. Together these bodies are able to constrain single-party government to prevent it from abusing its power. Checks and balances, Proposition, Single-party Government, Constitutional Constraints, Executive Limitations, Congressional Consent, Legislative Oversight, Departmental Committees, Filibuster, Senate Majority, Supreme Court, Judicial Review, Power Abuse Prevention, Ideological Government, Non-Partisan Courts, Constitutional Adherence, Government Constraints checks and balances, single-party government, Constitution, executive, consent of Congress, President, party support, legislature, Departmental Committees, oversight, filibuster-proof majority, Senators, Upper House, negotiation, Supreme Court, non-partisan, strike down laws, Constitution terms, constrain, power abuse checks and balances, single-party government, Constitution, executive, Congress, President, party support, legislature, Departmental Committees, oversight, filibuster-proof majority, Senators, Upper House, negotiation, Supreme Court, non-partisan, strike down laws, Constitution terms, constrain, power abuse checks, balances, single-party, government, Constitution, Congress, executive, support, legislature, Departmental, Committees, oversight, filibuster, Senate, Supreme, Court, non-partisan, strike, laws, Constitution, constrain, abuse, power checks and balances, single-party government, Constitution, executive, consent of Congress, President, party support, legislature, Departmental Committees, oversight, filibuster-proof majority, Senators, Upper House, negotiation, Supreme Court, non-partisan, strike down laws, Constitutional terms, constrain, power abuse prevention
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con02a	Reform would make the House of Lords simply a mirror of the House of Commons  An elected House, even one elected every ten years, would still think about policies that are popular in the short term rather than the long-term welfare of the country, making it closer to the House of Commons in its interest and reducing its role as a balance. By subjecting the second chamber to election there would be two outcomes: if elected at the same time the House of Lords would simply become a mirror-image of the House of Commons rendering it pointless, if elected mid-term the composition of the House of Lords would reflect the tendency for a government to be unpopular mid-term, thus creating gridlock and making the system unworkable. Reform of the House of Lords is impractical and undesirable. House of Lords, reform, mirror, House of Commons, elected, policies, short term, long-term welfare, balance, second chamber, election, mirror-image, pointlessness, mid-term, government unpopularity, gridlock, impractical, undesirable Reform, House of Lords, House of Commons, elected, policies, short term, long-term welfare, balance, mirror-image, unworkable, impractical, undesirable, gridlock, mid-term, composition, government, unpopular House of Lords, Reform, Elected House, House of Commons, Mirror Image, Long-term welfare, Short-term policies, Balance, Gridlock, Mid-term, Unpopular government, Impractical, Undesirable, Second chamber Reform, House of Lords, House of Commons, Elected, Policies, Short term, Long-term, Welfare, Balance, Composition, Mid-term, Gridlock, Unworkable, Impractical, Undesirable reform, House of Lords, mirror, House of Commons, elected, short-term, long-term, welfare, balance, subjecting, election, outcomes, mid-term, government, unpopular, gridlock, unworkable, impractical, undesirable
test-culture-ascidfakhba-con01a	Artists have a fundamental property right over their creative output  Whatever the end product, be it music, film, sculpture, or painting, artistic works are the creations of individuals and a property right inheres within them belonging to their creators. An idea is just an idea so long as it remains locked in someone’s mind or is left as an unfinished sketch, etc. But when the art is allowed to bloom in full, it is due to the artist and the artist only. The obsession, the time, the raw talent needed to truly create art is an incredible business, requiring huge investment in energy, time, and effort. It is a matter of the most basic, and one would have hoped self-evident, principle that the person who sacrificed so much to bring forth a piece of art should retain all the rights to it and in particular have the right to profit from it. [1] To argue otherwise would be to condone outright theft. The ethereal work of the artist is every bit as real as the hard work of a machine. Mandating that all forms of art be released under a creative commons license is an absolute slap in the face to artists and to the artistic endeavour as a whole. It implies that somehow the work is not entirely the artist’s own, that because it is art it is somehow so different as to be worthy of being shunted into the public sphere without the real consent of the artist. This is a gross robbing of the artist’s right over his or her own work. If property rights are to have any meaning, they must have a universal protection. This policy represents a fundamental erosion of the right to property, and attacks one sector of productive life that is essential for the giving of colour to the human experience. This policy serves only to devalue that contribution.  [1] Greenberg, M. “Reason or Madness: A Defense of Copyright’s Growing Pains”. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 2007. Artists, property rights, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, copyright, creativity, business, investment, energy, time, effort, principle, profit, theft, machine, creative commons, public sphere, consent, erosion, protection, human experience, devalue, contribution, intellectual property, Greenberg, Reason or Madness, John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law Artists, property right, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, artistic works, creators, idea, unfinished sketch, art, investment, energy, time, effort, principle, profit, theft, machine, creative commons license, public sphere, consent, universal protection, property, erosion, color, human experience, devalue, contribution, copyright, intellectual property, Greenberg, John Marshall Review Artists, property right, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, artistic works, creators, ideas, unfinished sketch, art, investment, energy, time, effort, basic principle, profit, theft, machine, creative commons license, public sphere, consent, erosion, property rights, copyright, intellectual property, human experience, devalue, contribution, Greenberg,defense, copyright, growing pains, John Marshall Review, Intellectual Property Law Artists, property rights, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, creations, individuals, property right, idea, art, unfinished sketch, artistic works, creators, obsession, time, raw talent, create art, business, investment, energy, effort, principle, sacrifice, piece of art, profit, argue, theft, ethereal work, hard work, machine, mandate, creative commons license, public sphere, real consent, artist, artistic endeavor, property, universal protection, sector, productive life, human experience, policy, devalue, contribution, copyright, intellectual property, greenberg, reason, madness, defense, Artists, property rights, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, artistic works, creators, ideas, unfinished, art, investment, energy, time, effort, basic principle, rights, profit, theft, machine, creative commons, public sphere, consent, universal protection, erosion, property, productive life, human experience, devalue, contribution, copyright, intellectual property
test-education-egtuscpih-pro02a	Online courses broadens access to education  Online courses can expand access to university education. University education is based on the idea of merit - that the brightest people should be enabled to learn - however in real life many different circumstances play a role in one's ability to attend university. The result is that lots of stellar people from less-affluent backgrounds do not even apply to the best universities due to costs and anxiety involved in leaving home. In the United States the bottom 50 percent of the income distribution comprise just 14 percent of the undergraduates at top universities [10]. Online courses allow more bright people to go to a university by definitely removing accommodation and travel costs, and, as some predict, even by lowering or dropping tuition fees [11]. This argument is made even stronger by inherent flexibility of online courses, which means that people can combine studies with work and family obligations better. This improves access to education for the poor within the country and in particularly for those in less developed countries, which then improves meritocracy of the university system. online courses, access to education, university education, merit, less-affluent backgrounds, top universities, income distribution, accommodation costs, travel costs, tuition fees, flexibility, work-life balance, family obligations, poor, less developed countries, meritocracy, education equity, remote learning, digital education, educational opportunity Online courses, education access, university education, meritocracy, less-affluent students, top universities, income distribution, accommodation costs, travel costs, tuition fees, flexible learning, work-life balance, educational equity, developing countries, higher education opportunities, remote learning benefits online courses, access to education, university education, merit, less-affluent backgrounds, costs, anxiety, top universities, income distribution, undergraduates, accommodation costs, travel costs, tuition fees, flexibility, work, family obligations, poor, less developed countries, meritocracy, education system online courses, access to education, university education, merit, less-affluent backgrounds, top universities, income distribution, undergraduates, accommodation costs, travel costs, tuition fees, flexibility, work, family obligations, poor, less developed countries, meritocracy, education improvement, broadened access, educational opportunity, digital learning, remote education, cost-effective learning, socioeconomic barriers, academic accessibility, global education, e-learning, higher education, student diversity, virtual classroom, educational equity, distance learning, educational inequality, inclusive education online courses, access to education, university education, merit, less-affluent backgrounds, application barriers, costs, anxiety, income distribution, top universities, accommodation costs, travel costs, tuition fees, flexibility, work-life balance, family obligations, education for the poor, less developed countries, meritocracy, university system
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-con02a	Religious symbols are personal, therefore, they should not matter to others.  At the end of the day, the wearing of religious symbols is the choice of the individual. Many have considered intervention in the practice of religion and symbolism as an intrusion into privacy and individuality. The recent bans on the full Muslim veil, particularly in Belgium, have been criticised for causing those who feel they have an obligation to wear it to be ostracised and forced to be confined within their own home.1  1 'Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 religious symbols, personal choice, privacy, individuality, Muslim veil, Belgium ban, ostracisation, confinement, religious practice, symbolism, intrusion, criticism Religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, privacy, individuality, Muslim veil, Belgium ban, full veil ban, religious freedom, intrusion, ostracisation, confinement, BBC News, 2011 religious symbols, personal, individual choice, privacy, individuality, intervention, intrusion, full Muslim veil, Belgium, ban, ostracised, confinement, home, obligation, criticism, BBC News Europe Religious symbols, personal choice, individuality, privacy, intervention, full Muslim veil, bans, Belgium, ostracised, confinement, obligation, BBC News Europe, July 2011 religious symbols, personal choice, privacy, individuality, full Muslim veil, bans, Belgium, ostracisation, confinement, religious practice, symbolism, intrusion, criticism
test-economy-thsptr-pro01a	Those able to pay more should pay more into the tax system  The wealthy have more disposable income and are more financially secure than are the poor and economically tenuous. For this reason, a progressive system of taxation puts the tax burden more heavily on the wealthy which has the wherewithal to pay. Progressive taxes make everyone sacrifice equally, since true equality of taxation means equality of sacrifice. [1] It is ludicrous to expect the poor and less well-off to pay the same proportional amount in taxes as the wealthy since they have to spend most of their income on essential goods like food and shelter; it is unjust to gain all state revenues from regressive taxes like VAT, since the wealthy have excess resources they can do without while not overly influencing their standard of living. [2] Progressive taxation serves to help the poor and worst off while not leaving the wealthier worse off, since they still have more money. Clearly, progressive taxation is just in terms of burdens on individual taxpayers.  [1] Young, H. Peyton. 1990. “Progressive Taxation and Equal Sacrifice”. The American Economic Review 80(1): 253-266.  [2] Shapiro, Robert. “Flat Wrong: New Tax Schemes Can’t Top Old Progressive Wrongs”. Washington Post. 1996. Available: progressive taxation, tax burden, wealthy, disposable income, financially secure, poor, economically tenuous, equality of sacrifice, regressive taxes, VAT, essential goods, food, shelter, standard of living, justice, individual taxpayers, flat tax, Shapiro, Young, American Economic Review, Washington Post progressive taxation, tax burden, wealthy, disposable income, financially secure, poor, economically tenuous, equality of sacrifice, regressive taxes, VAT, essential goods, food, shelter, standard of living, help the poor, worst off, just, individual taxpayers, H. Peyton Young, Robert Shapiro, flat tax, American Economic Review, Washington Post progressive taxation, tax burden, wealthy, disposable income, financial security, poor, economically tenuous, equality of sacrifice, regressive taxes, VAT, essential goods, standard of living, just taxation, individual taxpayers, H. Peyton Young, Robert Shapiro, flat tax, Washington Post progressive taxation, tax burden, wealthy, disposable income, financial security, poor, economically tenuous, equality of sacrifice, regressive taxes, VAT, essential goods, food, shelter, state revenues, standard of living, just taxation, individual taxpayers, economic fairness, tax policy, fiscal justice progressive taxation, wealth distribution, disposable income, financial security, tax burden, equality of sacrifice, regressive taxes, VAT, essential goods, standard of living, social justice, fiscal policy, economic inequality, public revenue, tax fairness, redistribution, economic well-being, tax equity, tax systems, proportional taxation
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con03a	Survival of the fittest  It is natural for human beings to farm, kill, and eat other species. In the wild there is a brutal struggle for existence as is shown by Darwin’s On the Origin of the Species. [1] The fact that we humans have succeeded in that struggle by exploiting our natural environment means that we have a natural right over lower species. The concept of survival of the fittest may seem outdated but it is still the defining order of nature. In fact farming animals is much less brutal than the pain and hardship that animals inflict on each other naturally in the wild.  [1] Darwin, Charles, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life., Literature.org survival of the fittest, natural selection, farming, eating other species, struggle for existence, Darwin, On the Origin of Species, natural right, lower species, exploitation of environment, brutality in nature, animal farming, pain and hardship, wild animals, evolutionary theory, human dominance, ecological interactions, natural order, species exploitation, survival competition Survival of the fittest, natural selection, human rights over animals, farming animals, Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species, brutal struggle for existence, animal exploitation, natural environment, pain and hardship in nature, defining order of nature, outdated concept, animal farming, wild animal behavior, human superiority, ethical farming, natural rights, species hierarchy, evolutionary perspective, human-animal relationship Survival of the fittest, natural right, human exploitation, nature, Darwin, On the Origin of Species, animal farming, wild struggle, species hierarchy, natural selection, environmental impact, animal rights, ethical farming, wildlife brutality, human superiority, ecological balance, evolutionary theory, species coexistence, moral implications, environmental ethics Survival of the fittest, natural selection, human farming, animal rights, Darwin, On the Origin of Species, struggle for existence, natural environment, species exploitation, animal suffering, wild brutality, ecological balance, moral philosophy, evolutionary theory survival of the fittest, human beings, farming, killing, eating, species, brutal struggle, existence, Darwin, On the Origin of Species, natural right, lower species, outdated, defining order, nature, animal farming, pain, hardship, wild, animals, natural environment, exploitation
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con03a	Reparations unfairly target the taxpayers of former colonial powers who had nothing to do with the deeds committed under colonisation.  It is unclear who exactly is being punished under this mechanism. Ordering reparations rather than, for example, a public apology from a monarch or government, only serves to harm tax-paying citizens whose money would be used to pay such reparations. There is a huge disconnection between the people who actually committed wrongs and the people who are now forced to literally pay for them. This is likely to lead to an increase in hostility from the taxpayers who do not understand why they are being punished, towards the people of former colonies. It is no longer a case where reparations could ever be paid from the direct profits of exploitation as any profit from that must have been spent long ago. It is wrong to impose undue guilt and obligation of payment on to people who are entirely disconnected from that history. reparations, taxpayers, former colonial powers, colonial deeds, punishment, public apology, monarch, government, harm, tax-paying citizens, disconnection, wrongs, hostility, former colonies, exploitation profits, guilt, obligation, historical disconnection Reparations, taxpayers, former colonial powers, deeds, colonisation, unclear, punished, mechanism, public apology, monarch, government, harm, tax-paying citizens, disconnection, committed wrongs, forced, pay, hostility, taxpayers, people, former colonies, case, reparations, direct profits, exploitation, profit, spent, impose, undue guilt, obligation, payment, disconnected, history reparations, taxpayers, colonial powers, deeds, colonisation, punishment, public apology, monarch, government, tax-paying citizens, harm, disconnection, wrongs, hostility, former colonies, exploitation, profits, undue guilt, obligation, payment, history reparations, taxpayers, former colonial powers, deeds, colonisation, punishment, public apology, monarch, government, tax-paying citizens, harm, wrongs, hostility, former colonies, profits, exploitation, undue guilt, obligation, payment, history reparations, taxpayers, former colonial powers, deeds, colonisation, unclear, punished, mechanism, public apology, monarch, government, harm, tax-paying citizens, wrongs, forced, pay, increase, hostility, people, former colonies, profits, exploitation, undue guilt, obligation, payment, disconnected, history
test-science-nsihwbtiss-pro01a	A teacher-student relationship is not one between friends or equals.  According to Carol Shakeshaft an expert in sexual misconduct by teachers: “[e]ducators who use social media for personal and intimate conversations and contact are not much different from those who spend their time hanging out with students at the beach. You have to ask why a teacher would do this. The honest answer is that it rarely has anything to do with student learning. [1] ” Interacting with one’s teachers the same way as with one’s friends, sharing personal information, can only erode the respect and distance that a teacher needs in order to be an authority figure and a mentor for her young charges. Even if such ‘friendships’ were entirely innocent, they would still cast enough suspicion on the teacher-student relationship to put considerable strain on the teacher’s role as educator and their ability to do the job.  [1] Shakeshaft, Carol. “Using Social Media to Teach: Keep it Transparent, Open and Safe.” The New York Times. 19 December 2011. teacher-student relationship, social media, personal conversations, respect, authority figure, mentor, sexual misconduct, Carol Shakeshaft, The New York Times, transparency, safety, student learning, intimate contact, suspicion, educator role teacher-student relationship, social media, personal conversations, respect, authority figure, mentor, sexual misconduct, educators, student learning,透明度, openness, safety, professional boundaries, suspicion, role erosion, New York Times, Carol Shakeshaft teacher-student relationship, Carol Shakeshaft, sexual misconduct, social media, personal conversations, professional boundaries, educator authority, mentorship, student learning, innocence suspicion, educational role, New York Times teacher-student relationship, social media, personal conversations, authority figure, mentor, sexual misconduct, Carol Shakeshaft, The New York Times, student learning, respect, distance, suspicion, educator, transparency, safety teacher-student relationship, social media, personal conversations, authority figure, mentor, sexual misconduct, Carol Shakeshaft, The New York Times, transparency, boundaries, student learning, educator role, suspicion, innocence, professional distance
test-science-eassgbatj-pro04a	Most animals can suffer more than some people  It’s possible to think of people that can’t suffer, like those in a persistent vegetative state, or with significant intellectual disabilities.  We could go for one of three options. Either we could experiment on animals, but not such people, which is morally not consistent. We could allow both, but do we want to do painful medical research on the disabled? Or, we could do neither.[9] animal suffering, people suffering, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, medical research, disabled, experimentation ethics animal suffering, human suffering, moral consistency, medical research, disabled individuals, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, ethical considerations, research ethics, humane treatment, animal experimentation, human experimentation, moral philosophy, bioethics, pain, ethics, rights, welfare animal suffering, human suffering, moral consistency, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, medical research ethics, animal experimentation, human experimentation, ethical dilemmas, pain in research, disability rights, moral philosophy animals, suffering, people, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, medical research, disabled, ethics, experimentation animals, suffering, people, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, medical research, disabled, ethics, experimentation
test-international-ipecfiepg-con03a	A Greek default would have a negative domino-effect on other Eurozone countries.  A Greek default will leave tremendous shockwaves across the Eurozone. Investors will instantly become wary of default in Portugal, Spain, Italy or Ireland, particularly given the sudden nature of the Greek default. Consequently, huge volumes of capital will flow out of these countries and into other more secure ones like Germany and the Netherlands. [1] This will, in turn, heighten speculation about the danger of default of other Eurozone nations. Speculation of default is particularly dangerous because it drives demand for government bonds down. This leads to the interest payments on government bonds rising which in turn raises the interest rates governments need to pay on their outstanding debt. The new, higher payments governments must make on their debt increases their budget deficit % GDP ratio, thus making it more likely that the country will actually default. We thus see how increased fears about the future of Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ireland that will arise from a Greek default, will cause big problems and will put even more strain on the ECB and primarily Germany in providing financial support.  [1] Kapoor, Sony, “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012, Greek default, Eurozone countries, domino-effect, shockwaves, investors, wary, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, interest payments, budget deficit, GDP, ECB, financial support Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, default risk, government bonds, interest rates, budget deficit, ECB, financial support Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, shockwaves, investors, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, default danger, government bonds, interest payments, budget deficit, GDP, ECB, financial support Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, investors, default risk, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, interest rates, budget deficit, GDP, ECB, financial support Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, interest rates, budget deficit, ECB, financial support
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-con03a	As a business, Google shouldn’t interfere with domestic politics  Business is business and politics is politics – and the two shouldn’t mingle. When a company wants to operate in a foreign country, it should respect the government and its regulations. We require the same when a company wants to operate within our territory: suppose a big Chinese company came to our home country and suddenly started criticizing our domestic policies – these are the policies of the sovereign state whose territory it is, and outsiders have no place to tell it how to run itself. [1]  [1] Nicholas Deleon, TechChrunch, ‘China has every right to be upset with Google right now’, March 23, 2010. URL:  Last consulted: December 22, 2011 Google, domestic politics, business ethics, foreign operations, government regulations, sovereignty, corporate responsibility, international business, political neutrality, China, tech industry, Nicholas Deleon, TechCrunch Google, business, politics, domestic policies, foreign company, respect, government, regulations, sovereign state, criticism, territory, operation, interference, China, TechCrunch, Nicholas Deleon Google, domestic politics, business ethics, foreign company operations, government regulations, sovereignty, Chinese company, domestic policies, technological intervention, political neutrality, corporate responsibility, international business conduct, tech industry, state policies, foreign operations, business and politics separation, corporate criticism, sovereign state, territorial rights, policy interference Google, domestic politics, business ethics, foreign operations, government regulations, sovereignty, Chinese company, criticism, domestic policies, TechCrunch, Nicholas Deleon Google, domestic politics, business ethics, corporate interference, foreign operations, government regulations, sovereignty, Chinese company, domestic policies, TechCrunch, Nicholas Deleon, corporate respect, territorial rights, policy criticism
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro04a	The High Representative will be a catalyst and a facilitator for decision-making.  The High Representative will not only act as a spokesman for EU nations when they agree on foreign policies, but will act as a catalyst around which external policy will increasingly become coordinated. By chairing meetings of EU foreign ministers, he or she will be able to shape the agenda and influence the outcomes of meetings, encouraging member states increasingly to think in terms of common foreign policy positions. They will have added authority from their ability to speak for the EU in the UN Security Council. The High Representative will also direct the EU’s new External Action Service, which brings together policy specialists from both the Council and Commission in a unique manner (ranging from the Arctic region to nuclear safety and enlargement) 1. With representatives all over the world the EU will develop a foreign service capable of creating and articulating policy positions in a manner that few national governments can match. Over time this will promote the evolution of a true EU foreign and security policy, and will contribute significantly to increased European consciousness among EU citizens and further moves to political unity.  1. European Union External Action, Policies, accessed 1/8/11 High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, coordination, external policy, chairing meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda shaping, influence, outcomes, common foreign policy, authority, UN Security Council, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, external policy, coordinated, chairing, meetings, EU foreign ministers, shape agenda, influence outcomes, common foreign policy, authority, UN Security Council, EU, External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, external policy, coordination, chairing, meetings, foreign ministers, agenda, influence, outcomes, common foreign policy, authority, UN Security Council, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign policy, security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, external policy, coordinated, chairing meetings, EU foreign ministers, shape agenda, influence outcomes, common foreign policy, UN Security Council, authority, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, representatives, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, external policy, coordination, chairing, meetings, foreign ministers, agenda, outcomes, member states, common foreign policy, UN Security Council, authority, EU, External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies
test-society-epiasghbf-pro02a	The effects of unemployment  Unemployment has been linked to several health and wellbeing effects. Firstly, the psychological impact of unemployment involve a range of issues - from confidence to mental well-being. Issues of mental health problems - such as depression, suicide, anxiety, and substance abuse, need recognition in Africa. The impact of mental health may not only be on the individual, but dispersed within families and across generations. Secondly, unemployment may result in a loss of social networks and networking skills. The power of social capital, or networks, in reducing vulnerability has been widely noted. Therefore encouraging women to participate within the labour market ensures new networks are built and retained through the vital communication skills used. Finally. unemployment may affect physical health status.  Unemployment may place individuals in a downward spiral, making it harder to re-enter the job market. unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, mental, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, social networks, social capital, women, labor market, physical health, re-entry, job market, vulnerability, communication skills, generations unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, impact, confidence, mental, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, Africa, social, networks, skills, social, capital, vulnerability, women, labour, market, physical, status, downward, spiral, re-enter, job, market unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, impact, confidence, mental, well-being, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, Africa, social, networks, networking, skills, social, capital, women, labour, market, physical, health, status, downward, spiral, re-entry, job unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, confidence, mental, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, africa, family, generation, social, networks, skills, capital, vulnerability, women, labour, market, communication, physical, status, re-entry, job, market, downward, spiral unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, social networks, social capital, women, labor market, physical health, re-entry, job market, communication skills, generations, vulnerability
test-society-epsihbdns-pro02a	Restrictions on migration would benefit people in the cities economically and socially  Cities are very appealing to poor people. Even if their living standards in cities might be unacceptable, they get closer to basic goods, such as fresh water, sanitation etc. However, these things exist because there are productive people in the cities who work and pay taxes. What happens when too many people come at the same time is that public money is stretched too thinly and these basic goods can no longer be provided. This leads to severe humanitarian problems such as malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, etc.  However, this humanitarian crisis does not only harm those directly affected, it also creates an unattractive environment for business. Thus, people who enter the city cannot find work, as production does not grow in relation to the people who enter. They become excluded from society and often turn to crime, which further erodes the economy. [1]  Limiting migration to reasonable levels give the cities a chance to develop progressively and become the kind of places that people in rural areas currently believe them to be.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1. Restrictions, Migration, Economic Benefits, Social Benefits, Urban Areas, Poor People, Living Standards, Basic Goods, Fresh Water, Sanitation, Productive People, Taxpayers, Public Money, Humanitarian Problems, Malnutrition, Thirst, Lack of Medication, Unattractive Environment, Business, Employment, Production, Social Exclusion, Crime, Economic Erosion, Progressive Development, Rural Areas, Urban Food Security, Sub-Saharan Africa, Political Economy migration restrictions, urban economic benefits, social benefits, city appeal, poverty, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive people, tax contribution, public funds, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, business environment, employment opportunities, economic growth, social exclusion, crime, rural to urban migration, progressive development, urban development, political economy, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa migration restrictions, urban economic benefits, social benefits, urban appeal, poor population, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive citizens, tax contributions, public resources, humanitarian crisis, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, unattractive business environment, urban unemployment, social exclusion, crime, economic erosion, progressive urban development, rural perceptions, urban food security, political economy, sub-saharan africa migration restrictions, urban economics, social benefits, city appeal, poverty, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive people, tax contributions, public funding, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, business environment, unemployment, social exclusion, crime, economic erosion, progressive development, rural perceptions, urban food security, political economy, sub-saharan africa migration restrictions, urban economics, social benefits, city appeal, poverty, living standards, basic goods, public resources, humanitarian crisis, economic impact, business environment, employment opportunities, social exclusion, crime, rural migration, urban development, political economy, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro04a	The principle behind attorney-client privilege is declining in relevance  One of the principles behind allowing communications between a solicitor and their client to be privileged is that a solicitor is independent of their client and so will not breach laws themselves in order to attain their clients objectives. However, after the recession of 2008 and the Legal Services Act 2007 the position of in house lawyer is more prevalent [1] . In house lawyers are not financially independent. They are in fact employees of their 'client'. This eradicates the principle behind client-attorney privilege and therefore the privilege itself is now irrelevant and should be eradicated.  [1] In-house counsel on the rise, New Law Journal, 28 April 2010,  accessed 18/05/11 attorney-client privilege, declining relevance, solicitor-client communication, Legal Services Act 2007, in-house lawyers, financial independence, client-attorney privilege, New Law Journal, 2008 recession, legal ethics, professional independence, legal privilege erosion attorney-client privilege, declining relevance, solicitor-client communication, privilege principle, financial independence, in-house lawyers, client-attorney relationship, Legal Services Act 2007, post-2008 recession, employee-client dynamic, privilege erosion, legal ethics, professional independence, corporate counsel attorney-client privilege, relevance decline, solicitor independence, client communication, Legal Services Act 2007, 2008 recession, in-house lawyers, financial dependence, employee status, privilege irrelevance, legal principles, New Law Journal attorney-client privilege, relevance decline, solicitor-client communication, privilege principle, financial independence, in-house lawyers, Legal Services Act 2007, 2008 recession, client-attorney relationship, in-house counsel prevalence, employment status, privilege irrelevance, legal ethics, professional independence attorney-client privilege, legal principles, solicitor-client communication, privilege erosion, financial independence, in-house lawyers, 2008 recession, Legal Services Act 2007, client-attorney relationship, legal relevance, privilege abolition, employee status, New Law Journal, legal ethics, professional independence, legal profession changes, corporate law, legal reform
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con03a	"Animal research is necessary for the development of truly novel substances  Undoubtedly then, the most beneficial research to mankind is the development of truly novel drugs. Even according to the proposition this represents about a quarter of all new drugs released, which could be seen as significant given the great potential to relieve the suffering beyond our current capacity that such drugs promise.  After the effects, side effects and more complex interactions of a drug have been confirmed using animal and non-animal testing, it will usually pass to what is called a phase I clinical trial - tests on human volunteers to confirm how the drug will interact with human physiology and what dosages it should be administered in. The risk of a human volunteer involved in a phase I trial being harmed is extremely small, but only because animal tests, along with non-animal screening methods are a highly effective way of ensuring that dangerous novel drugs are not administered to humans. In the United Kingdom, over the past twenty years or more, there have been no human deaths as a result of phase I clinical trials.  Novel compounds (as opposed to so-called ""me-too"" drugs, that make slight changes to an existing treatment) are the substances that hold the most promise for improving human lives and treating previously incurable conditions. However, their novelty is also the reason why it is difficult for scientists to predict whether they may cause harm to humans.  Research into novel compounds would not be possible without either animal testing, or tremendous risk to human subjects, with inevitable suffering and death on the part of the trial volunteers on some occasions. It is difficult to believe that in such circumstances anyone would volunteer, and that even if they did, pharmaceutical companies would be willing to risk the potential legal consequences of administering a substance to them they knew relatively little about. In short, development of novel drugs requires animal experimentation, and would be impossible under the proposition's policy. animal research, novel substances, drug development, human benefits, phase I clinical trials, human volunteers, animal testing, non-animal testing, drug safety, novel compounds, me-too drugs, human physiology, drug interactions, side effects, pharmaceutical research, legal consequences, ethical considerations, human suffering, animal experimentation, drug approval process, research ethics, clinical testing, pharmaceutical industry, human testing, drug innovation, biomedical research, animal welfare, human health implications, scientific experimentation, drug toxicity, regulatory requirements, medical advancements, patient safety, research methodologies, clinical research, drug efficacy, treatment development, medical research, therapeutic agents, drug discovery, research Animal research, novel substances, drug development, beneficial research, new drugs, human suffering, drug effects, side effects, animal testing, non-animal testing, phase I clinical trial, human volunteers, human physiology, dosages, risk, safety, United Kingdom, clinical trials, novel compounds, me-too drugs, human lives, incurable conditions, scientific prediction, harm, pharmaceutical companies, legal consequences, animal experimentation, drug policy Animal research, novel substances, drug development, beneficial research, mankind, novel drugs, drug testing, animal testing, non-animal testing, phase I clinical trial, human volunteers, human physiology, dosages, risk, safety, United Kingdom, clinical trials, novel compounds, me-too drugs, human lives, incurable conditions, scientists, harm, animal experimentation, pharmaceutical companies, legal consequences, policy Animal research, novel substances, drug development, beneficial research, mankind, novel drugs, drug testing, animal testing, non-animal testing, phase I clinical trial, human volunteers, human physiology, dosages, risk, human deaths, United Kingdom, novel compounds, me-too drugs, scientists, human harm, pharmaceutical companies, legal consequences, animal experimentation, drug development policy animal research, novel substances, drug development, beneficial research, mankind, novel drugs, new drugs, drug effects, side effects, clinical trial, human volunteers, human physiology, dosages, animal testing, non-animal testing, phase I trial, human deaths, United Kingdom, novel compounds, me-too drugs, incurable conditions, human subjects, legal consequences, animal experimentation, pharmaceutical companies"
test-law-cpilhbishioe-con02a	An ICC enforcement arm would be unduly expensive  In a climate where the ICC’s budget is determined exclusively by contentious negotiation between states (at a time where the ICC itself has threatened to close down investigations due to a lack of funds [1] ), many of whom are undergoing austerity, an enforcement arm is not the best use of scarce funds when its role can be taken by the state parties. The ICC is already expensive enough – it cost over €100M in 2009.  [1] Nzau Musau, “Kenya: ICC Threatens to Drop cases for Lack of Funds”, The Star (Kenya), 2013, ICC, enforcement, arm, expensive, budget, negotiation, states, austerity, investigations, funds, state, parties, cost, 2009, Kenya, ICC Threatens, Drop, Cases, Lack, Nzau, Musau, The Star, 2013 ICC, enforcement, arm, expensive, budget, negotiation, states, austerity, investigations, funds, role, state, parties, cost, 2009, Kenya, lack, cases, The Star, Nzau Musau ICC, enforcement, arm, expensive, budget, negotiation, states, austerity, funds, investigations, state, parties, cost, 2009, Kenya, cases, drop, lack, The, Star, Nzau, Musau, 2013 ICC, enforcement, arm, expensive, budget, negotiation, states, austerity, investigations, funds, role, state, parties, cost, 2009, Kenya, drop, cases, Nzau, Musau, The, Star ICC, enforcement, arm, expensive, budget, negotiation, states, austerity, investigations, funds, closed, role, state, parties, cost, 2009, Kenya, drop, cases, Nzau, Musau, The, Star
test-education-udfakusma-pro03a	Openness benefits research and the economy  Open access can be immensely beneficial for research. It increases the speed of access to publications and opens research up to a wider audience. [1] Some of the most important research has been made much more accessible due to open access. The Human Genome Project would have been an immense success either way but it is doubtful that its economic impact of $796billion would have been realised without open access.  The rest of the economy benefits too. It has been estimated that switching to open access would generate £100million of economic activity in the United Kingdom as a result of reduced research costs for business and shorter development as a result of being able to access a much broader range of research. [2]  [1] Anon., “Open access research advantages”, University of Leicester,   [2] Carr, Dave, and Kiley, Robert, “Open access to science helps us all”, New Statesman, 13 April 2012. Openness, benefits, research, economy, open access, publications, wider audience, Human Genome Project, economic impact, reduced research costs, business, shortened development, broader research access, University of Leicester, New Statesman openness, benefits, research, economy, open access, publications, wider audience, Human Genome Project, economic impact, reduced research costs, business, development, New Statesman, University of Leicester open access, research benefits, economy impact, publication speed, wider audience, human genome project, economic growth, reduced costs, business research, development acceleration, open science, public access, academic research, economic activity, uk economy, scientific progress, information dissemination, research accessibility, collaborative research, innovation boost openness, research, economy, open access, publications, wider audience, human genome project, economic impact, business, reduced research costs, shorter development, broad range research, benefits, economic activity, united kingdom, scientific progress, innovation, scholarly communication, public access openness, benefits, research, economy, open access, publications, wider audience, human genome project, economic impact, reduced research costs, business, development, broad range of research, University of Leicester, New Statesman
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro02a	Progress in ending conflict in Africa  Conflict in Africa is slowly being ended. In 1992 there were 18 conflicts in Africa; by 2009 this had been halved to 9. [1] But a decline in the number of conflicts is not the only positive trend in African conflicts: there has also been a decline in the size of wars. They have changed from wars between two organised armies to being small scale insurgencies. In 1984 the conflicts were on average causing more than 20,000 battle deaths per year, but by 2008 only around 1,000. Even the number of incidents of genocide and mass killing has been going down from 9 in the 1980s to five in the 2000s. [2] Ending war might therefore be considered to be ambitious but it is not against the trend and not inconceivable.  [1] Straus, 2012, pp.183-184  [2] Straus, 2012, pp.189-191 Conflict resolution, Africa, declining conflicts, reduced war sizes, insurgency, battle deaths decrease, genocide reduction, peace trends, Straus 2012, African peace processes African conflicts, conflict resolution, decline in conflicts, insurgencies, battle deaths, genocide, mass killings, peace trends, Straus 2012, African peace, conflict reduction, war size, intra-state conflicts, peacebuilding, African security, conflict management, international interventions, regional stability, post-conflict recovery, violence reduction conflict resolution, Africa, peace processes, war decline, insurgency, battle deaths reduction, genocide decrease, Straus 2012, conflict trends, African peace, military conflict, small scale conflicts, peacebuilding, violence reduction, armed conflict, humanitarian improvement, conflict management, regional stability, peacekeeping success, war casualties Conflict reduction, Africa, 1992, 2009, War decline, Small scale insurgencies, Battle deaths, Genocide, Mass killing, Peace trends, Straus, 2012 Progress, ending, conflict, Africa, decline, number, conflicts, 1992, 18, 2009, 9, positive, trend, size, wars, small, scale, insurgencies, 1984, 20000, battle, deaths, 2008, 1000, incidents, genocide, mass, killing, 1980s, 5, 2000s, ambitious, trend, inconceivable, Straus, 2012, 183-184,
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-pro02a	A bargaining chip  In much the same way that material investment in countries can be used as a bargaining chip to secure improvements in areas of legislation, so cultural investment can be used to secure rights associated with related fields of endeavour. Free speech is merely the most obvious. It is reasonable for a western university to insist that its graduates will need to have access to the fruits of a free press and democratic speculation of experts and the wider public [i] .  The cases of the lecturer, Chia Thye Poh who is arguably the world’s longest serving prisoner of conscience or the political opposition leader, Vincent Cheng who was barred from addressing a talk organised the History Society of NUS at the national library [ii] both give examples of how Singaporean government actions impact directly on university life and academic freedoms. In the light of this, it seems the height of reasonableness for Western universities to say that they will only operate in areas that offer the same academic freedoms they would expect in their home country. If the Singaporean government wants that benefits that Yale graduates can bring, they should be prepared to accept such a change.  [i] Stateuniversity.Com. western Europe – Educational roots, reform in the twentieth century, contemporary reform trends, future challenges.  [ii] Ex-detainee Vincent Cheng barred from speaking in history seminar, The Online Citizen, 28 May 2010 bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, rights, free speech, western university, academic freedoms, Singaporean government, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, Yale graduates, educational roots, reform trends, future challenges, political opposition, prisoner of conscience, academic life, democratic speculation, free press, university operation, home country, benefits, educational reform, twentieth century, contemporary trends, challenges, seminar, history society, national library, government actions, lecturer, political leader, addressing, talk, impact, reasonableness, operation, academic freedom, western standards, government benefits, graduate advantages, changes, conditions, cooperation bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, rights, free speech, western university, graduates, free press, democratic speculation, Chia Thye Poh, prisoner of conscience, Vincent Cheng, History Society of NUS, Singaporean government, university life, academic freedoms, Yale graduates, benefits, operational conditions, home country standards bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, free speech, western university, graduates, free press, academic freedoms, Singaporean government, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, NUS, Yale, educational roots, reform, twentieth century, contemporary trends, future challenges, political opposition, history seminar, online citizen, prisoner of conscience, democratic speculation, expert opinion, wider public, university life, western Europe, educational reform, academic rights, political impact, higher education, international relations, academic integrity, free thought, democratic principles, legislative improvements, cultural exchange, intellectual freedom, government policy, academic standards, international education, bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, free speech, western university, academic freedoms, Singaporean government, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, academic rights, Yale graduates, educational reform, democratic speculation, free press, university life, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, NUS, National Library, Western Europe, Stateuniversity.Com, The Online Citizen bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, free speech, western university, academic freedoms, Singaporean government, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, Yale graduates, educational roots, reform trends, future challenges, barred from speaking, history seminar, The Online Citizen, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, NUS, national library, democratic speculation, expert opinions, public discourse, university life,合理性, 材料投资, 文化投资, 言论自由, 西方大学, 学术自由, 新加坡政府, 耶鲁毕业生, 教育根源, 改革
test-culture-mthbah-con03a	Advertisements promote healthy products and lifestyles.  Advertising is used to promote healthy activities, products and lifestyles and is further regulated to ensure that unhealthy products are not promoted. The School Food Trust in Britain, for example, used celebrities in advertisements to promote healthy eating in 20071. Furthermore, adverts which promote seriously unhealthy things are becoming very rare. Cigarette advertising is all but extinct, and alcohol adverts are being more restricted. With adverts such as fast food we see as well that companies are changing their message to promote healthier options. This is because it is bad for businesses to be viewed as harming children. Public pressure and successful regulation will always bring any advertising problems back under control.  1 Schools Food Trust uses celebs to promote healthy eating. Campaign Live. Healthy products, lifestyles, advertising, regulation, unhealthy products, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrities, healthy eating, cigarette advertising, alcohol adverts, fast food, business reputation, children, public pressure, regulation effectiveness Advertisements, healthy products, lifestyles, promotion, regulation, unhealthy products, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrities, healthy eating, 2007, cigarette advertising, alcohol adverts, fast food, healthier options, business reputation, children, public pressure, regulation, advertising problems, control Advertisements, healthy products, lifestyles, promotion, regulation, unhealthy products, celebrities, School Food Trust, Britain, healthy eating, cigarette advertising, alcohol adverts, fast food, healthier options, businesses, harming children, public pressure, advertising problems, control, Campaign Live Healthy products, lifestyles, advertising, regulation, unhealthy products, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrities, healthy eating, cigarette advertising, alcohol adverts, fast food, business reputation, children, public pressure, regulation effectiveness Advertisements, healthy products, lifestyles, promotion, regulation, unhealthy products, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrities, healthy eating, cigarette advertising, alcohol adverts, fast food, healthier options, businesses, children, public pressure, regulation, advertising problems
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-con01a	Proper democratic checks and balance are the only way to real problem-solving  There is a fine line between enough authority to fight corruption and enough authority to oppress a population. Many corrupt, authoritarian leaders have risen to power through the promise of social reform and of wiping out drug cartels and gangsters. A society living in fear and believing that all their problems will be solved by a powerful leader will never be able to overcome its problems. Empowering individuals and accepting risk is ultimately the only true solution to such problems. Even if Putin were completely pure himself, centralising power so completely gives great influence to those advisers and ministers around him and makes corruption in government inevitable. Only by building in proper democratic checks and balances, including criticism from a free media and legal system, can accountability be created and corruption or incompetence tackled. democratic checks, balances, problem-solving, authority, corruption, oppression, social reform, drug cartels, gangsters, society, fear, empowering individuals, risk, Putin, centralising power, advisers, ministers, free media, legal system, accountability, incompetence democratic checks, balances, problem-solving, authority, corruption, oppression, authoritarian leaders, social reform, drug cartels, gangsters, fear, empowering individuals, accepting risk, Putin, centralising power, advisers, ministers, free media, legal system, accountability, corruption, incompetence democratic checks, balances, problem-solving, authority, corruption, oppression, social reform, drug cartels, gangsters, fear, powerful leaders, empowering individuals, accepting risk, Putin, centralizing power, influence, advisers, ministers, free media, legal system, accountability, incompetence democratic checks, balances, problem-solving, authority, corruption, oppression, social reform, drug cartels, gangsters, fear, empowering individuals, risk, Putin, centralising power, advisers, ministers, free media, legal system, accountability, incompetence democratic checks, balance, problem-solving, authority, corruption, oppress, authoritarian leaders, social reform, drug cartels, gangsters, fear, empowering individuals, accepting risk, Putin, centralising power, advisers, ministers, free media, legal system, accountability, corruption, incompetence
test-culture-ascidfakhba-con02a	Artists should retain the right to control their work’s interaction with the public space even if their work is publicly funded  Art is the expression of its creator’s sense of understanding of the world, and thus that expression will always have special meaning to him or her that no amount of reinterpretation or external appreciation can override. How a work is used once released into the public sphere, whether expanded, revised, responded to, or simply shown without their direct consent, thus remains an active issue for the artist, because those alternative experiences are all using a piece of the artist in its efforts. Artists deserve to have that piece of them treated in a way they see as reasonable. It is a simple matter of justice that artists be permitted to maintain the level of control they desire, and it is a justice that is best furnished through the conventional copyright mechanism that provides for the maximum protection of works for their creators, and allows them to contract away uses and rights to those works on their own terms. Many artists care about their legacies and the future of their artistic works, and should thus have this protection furnished by the state through the protection of copyright, not cast aside by the unwashed users of the creative commons. Samuel Beckett is a great example of this need. Beckett had exacting standards about the fashion in which in his plays could be performed. [1] For him the meaning of the art demanded an appreciation for the strict performance without the adulteration of reinterpretation. He would lack that power under this policy, meaning either the world would have been impoverished for want of his plays, or he would have been impoverished for want of his rights to his work. These rights are best balanced through the aegis of copyright as it is, not under the free-for-all of the creative commons license.  [1] Catron, L. “Copyright Laws for Theatre People”. 2003. Artists, retain, right, control, work, public space, publicly funded, expression, creator, understanding, world, special meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, active issue, justice, conventional copyright, maximum protection, creators, contract, uses, rights, legacies, future, artistic works, state protection, copyright, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, exacting standards, plays, performance, meaning, appreciation, strict, adulteration, reinterpretation, policy, impoverished, rights, aegis, free-for-all Artists, rights, control, public space, publicly funded, expression, understanding, world, special meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, alternative experiences, protection, justice, copyright, maximum protection, creators, contract, terms, legacies, future, artistic works, state, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, standards, plays, performance, meaning, appreciation, strict, adulteration, policy, impoverished, balanced, aegis, free-for-all, license artists, retain, right, control, work, public, space, publicly, funded, expression, creator, understanding, world, meaning, reinterpretation, external, appreciation, issue, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, active, experience, piece, treated, reasonable, justice, permitted, conventional, copyright, mechanism, maximum, protection, contract, terms, legacies, future, artistic, works, state, furnished, cast, aside, unwashed, users, creative, commons, Samuel, Beckett, exacting, standards, plays, performed, meaning, demanded, strict, performance, adulteration, lack Artists, control, public space, publicly funded, expression, understanding, world, special meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, issue, artist, experiences, piece, treated, justice, permitted, level, desired, conventional, copyright, maximum protection, creators, contract, terms, legacies, future, artistic works, protection, state, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, exacting standards, plays, meaning, appreciation, strict performance, adulteration, re interpretation, policy, impoverished, rights, aegis, free for all, license Artists, rights, public space, publicly funded, expression, creator, understanding, world, special meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, consent, issue, artist, alternative experiences, piece, reasonable, justice, control, copyright, protection, creators, contract, uses, rights, legacy, future, artistic works, state, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, exacting standards, plays, meaning, appreciation, strict performance, adulteration, reinterpretation, policy, impoverished, rights, balance, aegis, free-for-all, license
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-con01a	Effect on democratic participation  Divided Government undermines the democratic will of the people as it prevents a clear policy choice from being enacted by those elected to represent them.  The compromise necessary will result in policy platforms enthusiastically chosen by voters being watered down in order for it to be even partly enacted. It is notable that the majority of legislation originates from Congress when government is divided rather than from the President. This is despite the president being the one with the nationwide mandate. [1]  Single Party Government counters this by ensuring that policies clearly presented to and chosen by the electorate are enacted without having to countenance the opinions of an opposition whose policies have just been discredited by the electorate, Thus ensuring that government is responsive to the aims and wishes of the people.  [1] Jones, Charles O., The Presidency in a Separated System, The Brookings Institution, 1994, p.222 democratic participation, divided government, undermines, democratic will, policy choice, elected representatives, compromise, policy platforms, voters, watered down, legislation, Congress, President, nationwide mandate, single party government, ensures, policies, presented, electorate, enacted, responsive, people, aims, wishes, opposition, discredited, Charles O. Jones, separated system, The Brookings Institution, 1994 democratic participation, divided government, undermines, democratic will, policy choice, elected representatives, compromise, policy platforms, voter enthusiasm, watered down policies, legislation, Congress, single party government, presidential mandate, responsiveness, electorate aims, Charles O. Jones, The Presidency in a Separated System, Brookings Institution democratic participation, divided government, policy choice, legislative compromise, single party government, presidential mandate, congressional legislation, electorate responsiveness, policy enactment, political representation, government responsiveness, electoral mandate, policy dilution, opposition influence, governance effectiveness, democratic will, political system, presidential system, congressional role, legislation origin democratic participation, divided government, undermines, democratic will, policy choice, elected representatives, compromise, policy platforms, voters, watered down, legislation, Congress, President, nationwide mandate, single party government, responsive, electorate, aims, wishes, Charles O. Jones, The Presidency in a Separated System, Brookings Institution democratic participation, divided government, undermines, democratic will, policy choice, elected representatives, compromise, policy platforms, voter enthusiasm, legislation, Congress, President, nationwide mandate, single party government, responsive government, electorate aims, populist policies, political responsiveness, governance effectiveness, Charles O. Jones, presidency, separated system, Brookings Institution
test-education-egtuscpih-pro01a	Online courses are more convenient for students than traditional university  The vast popularity of MOOCs can be explained by the fact that people are finding it easier to learn this way. The best feature of online learning that it can be done in the privacy of one's home, which is more convenient than having to move cities or even countries for a university degree. Moreover, online courses are inherently more flexible. Lectures can be watched and tests taken at any time a person desires (within the deadlines), unlike with scheduled lectures and tests at the traditional university. Not only this means a more personal approach to studying, it also provides people with more flexibility to manage their other commitments, such as work and childcare. Such personal and flexible approach to learning will overtake the rigidity of the traditional university. online courses, convenience, students, traditional university, MOOCs, popularity, learning, privacy, home, flexibility, lectures, tests, deadlines, personal approach, commitments, work, childcare, rigidity online courses, MOOCs, convenience, traditional university, learning flexibility, home-based learning, personal approach, time management, work-life balance, childcare, educational technology, remote education, academic flexibility, student convenience, digital learning, non-traditional education, self-paced learning, virtual classroom, educational innovation, university alternatives online courses, MOOCs, convenience, flexibility, privacy, home learning, scheduled lectures, tests, personal approach, studying, work, childcare, commitments, rigidity, traditional university, degree, move cities, countries online courses, convenience, students, traditional university, MOOCs, popularity, learning, privacy, home, move cities, countries, university degree, flexibility, lectures, tests, deadlines, scheduled, personal approach, studying, commitments, work, childcare, rigidity online courses, convenience, students, traditional university, MOOCs, privacy, home, flexibility, personal approach, studying, manage commitments, work, childcare, rigidity, traditional university
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con03a	Democracy should not be the end-point aspiration of government.  One should not assume that the lack of democracy is wholly negative; do the majority of people know what is best for the country? Or do industry experts? Could the public reach a consensus on important governing decisions? Government can see the bigger picture and balance the needs of different interest groups to produce the best outcome for all: ‘true’ democracy is simply unworkable and can too easily lead to the ‘tyranny of the majority’ as described by Fareed Zakaria. [1] Perhaps the best way to illustrate this point is to look at the two champions of democracy: France and America. France overturned its monarchy and government in the name of liberty, yet quickly descended into mob-rule and violence; ‘democracy’ had a bloody birth. [2] Similarly one only has to look at the appalling levels of inequality within the United States of America to question the nature and worth of ‘democracy’. [3] So if the nature of government is not simply to fulfil notions of ‘democracy’ but to ensure good governance then the House of Lords is still an important institution.  [1] Zakaria, Fareed, The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy Home and Abroad (New York, 2003)  [2] Doyle, William, The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2001)  [3] American Political Science Association Task Force, ‘American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality’, Perspectives on Politics, 2 (2004) democracy, government, Fareed Zakaria, tyranny of majority, France, American democracy, inequality, House of Lords, good governance, French Revolution, mob-rule, William Doyle, American Political Science Association, Perspectives on Politics, illiberal democracy, unworkable democracy, interest groups, public consensus, industry experts, monarchy, liberty, violence, bloodshed, institutions, political systems, governance quality, representative democracy, direct democracy, societal values, political participation, civic engagement, minority rights, majority rule, political stability, social cohesion, democratic principles, political theory, political reform, institutional reform, constitutional design, political representation, democratic democracy, governance, majority, tyranny, Fareed Zakaria, France, American democracy, inequality, House of Lords, good governance, political science, French Revolution, mob-rule, liberty, institutions, consensus, interest groups, expertise, public opinion, political theory democracy, government, end-point, majority, experts, consensus, true democracy, tyranny of majority, Fareed Zakaria, France, American inequality, House of Lords, good governance, French Revolution, American Democracy, rising inequality, political science, governance,lliberal democracy, institutional importance,mob rule, violence, bloodshed, inequality, political institutions, governance quality democracy, governance, tyranny of majority, Fareed Zakaria, French Revolution, American inequality, House of Lords, illiberal democracy, public consensus, expert governance, government role, majority rule, minority rights, political science, societal balance, institutional value, historical context, political theory, governance effectiveness, democracy critique democracy, government, Fareed Zakaria, tyranny of majority, France, American inequality, House of Lords, good governance, French Revolution, American democracy, political science, governance, majority rule, expert rule, institutional importance, democracy critique, governmental effectiveness, consensus, interest balancing, inequality, liberty, mob rule, political institutions, democracy alternatives, governance models, democratic failure, societal outcomes, representative government, direct democracy, political theory, governance quality, democratic shortcomings, institutional analysis, political reform, governance innovation
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-con03a	If you ban one thing, you have to ban lots of things.  Every religious symbol should be treated equally so as not to cause discrimination. It's just not viable to ban one symbol. If you ban something, for example, as sacred and religious as the Muslim veil, people will then start rallying cries for other things to be banned. At the end of the day, if the Government feels that it is in the best interests of society not to ban the veil, then we have to believe them. Really if one thing is banned then the uproar that would happen would have significantly worse consequences than before the ban. There have been worries about the banning of the Sikh Kirpan because outsiders regard it as a possible weapon and a danger to people in public places.1 However, in the Sikh perspective, the Kirpan is a sacred symbol very similar to other religions' symbols.  1 'Timeline: The Quebec kirpan case', CBC News Online, 2nd March 2006, accessed on 25th July 2011 ban, religious, symbols, discrimination, equality, Muslim, veil, government, society, Sikh, Kirpan, weapon, public, safety, consequences, uproar, timeline, Quebec, case, CBC, news religious symbols, ban, discrimination, Muslim veil, government, societal interests, Sikh Kirpan, public safety, religious freedom, cultural symbols, equality, uproar, consequences, legal precedent, societal harmony, religious practices, faith representation, policy making, public opinion, cultural sensitivity religious symbols, equal treatment, discrimination, banning, Muslim veil, societal interests, government decision, uproar, Sikh Kirpan, public safety, sacred items, religious freedom, cultural respect, legal precedent, societal harmony religious symbols, ban, discrimination, Muslim veil, government decision, societal interests, Sikh Kirpan, public safety, religious freedom, cultural sensitivity, equality, uproar, consequences, legal precedent, community reaction, symbol interpretation, outsider perspective, religious practices, public places, weapon concern ban, religious, symbols, discrimination, Muslim, veil, government, society, Sikh, Kirpan, weapon, public, safety, consequence, equality, freedom, expression, cultural, rights, controversy, legislation, impact, tolerance, diversity, identity, tradition, security, uproar, viability, policy, ethics, law, enforcement, community, reaction, acceptance, integration, values, belief, practice, exemption, compromise, dialogue, understanding, respect, cohesion, secularism, pluralism, controversy, resolution, accommodation, restriction, symbolism, representation, historical, context, modern, challenges, debate, perspective, outsiders, insiders,
test-law-ilppppghb-pro04a	"Self-determination offers a way to resolve otherwise intractable disputes.  Many modern nation states are the product of historical accident or hurried decolonisation processes that did not properly take account of ethnic or religious differences between peoples in the states that resulted. Examples can be seen all over the world but especially in Asia, Africa and the former Soviet Union, where postcolonial or post-Cold War boundaries separate people from their kin against their wills. Other territories may be disputed between one or more nation.  Allowing ethnic or religious groups self-determination may help to reverse the harmful effect of artificial, poorly-drawn borders. If self-determination is universally accepted (and applied) by the international community as a key principle in such disputes, they may in future be easier to resolve.  Two examples; Kashmir, which straddles the line of partition drawn up by the British when granting independence to India and Pakistan in 19471; and the Falkland Islands, which are the object of dispute between the UK and Argentina, including a brief war in 19822. History, law geography all offer competing and incompatible views of who should rightfully own these territories. If we recognise the principle of self-determination as key, however, it is clear that it is the view of the inhabitants that should decide its future. Indeed, if this principle is ignored, such disputes will rumble on for many years to come.  1 ""Kashmir: Run-up to Partition"", Globalsecurity.org 2 ""Falklands/Malvinas War"",Globalsecurity.org For the Falkland Islanders' view of self-determination, see Falkland Island Government website, ""Falklands call on UN Committee to uphold right to self-determination"", self-determination, intractable disputes, nation states, historical accident, decolonisation, ethnic differences, religious differences, Asia, Africa, former Soviet Union, postcolonial, post-Cold War, artificial borders, poorly-drawn borders, ethnic groups, religious groups, international community, Kashmir, British partition, India, Pakistan, 1947, Falkland Islands, UK, Argentina, 1982 war, history, law, geography, territorial disputes, inhabitants' view, UN Committee, Falkland Islanders' view, right to self-determination self-determination, disputes, nation-states, historical-accident, decolonisation, ethnic-differences, religious-differences, Asia, Africa, former-Soviet-Union, postcolonial, post-Cold-War, artificial-borders, Kashmir, Falkland-Islands, UK, Argentina, independence, partition, Globalsecurity.org, Falkland-Island-Government, UN-Committee, territorial-disputes, international-law, geography, sovereignty, inhabitants-rights, political-solutions, conflict-resolution self-determination, nation-states, historical-accident, decolonization, ethnic-differences, religious-differences, asia, africa, soviet-union, postcolonial, post-cold-war, borders, kashmir, falkland-islands, uk, argentina, partition, britain, independence, india, pakistan, falkland-islanders, united-nations, disputes, geography, law, history, inhabitants-rights, sovereignty, international-community, conflict-resolution, territorial-disputes, political-geography, self-governance, right-to-self-determination, state-boundaries, ethnic-groups, Self-determination, disputes, nation-states, historical-accident, decolonisation, ethnic-differences, religious-differences, Asia, Africa, former-Soviet-Union, postcolonial-boundaries, post-Cold-War, artificial-borders, Kashmir, Falkland-Islands, India, Pakistan, UK, Argentina, partition, independence, Falkland-Islanders, UN-Committee, right-to-self-determination self-determination, intractable disputes, nation states, historical accident, decolonisation, ethnic differences, religious differences, Asia, Africa, former Soviet Union, postcolonial boundaries, post-Cold War boundaries, artificial borders, Kashmir, Falkland Islands, India, Pakistan, UK, Argentina, 1947, 1982, Globalsecurity.org, Falkland Island Government, UN Committee, right to self-determination"
test-international-epdlhfcefp-pro01a	The EU has already been unifying on multiple fronts, this is just a step in the same direction.  The EU has slowly been building up its own common military framework, with the UK and France leading the effort to pool European military capacity. In addition, the EU itself has created new institutional bodies such as the Political and Security Committee, a Military Committee and military staff. The EU has had military envoys in Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and has committed itself to the creation of a Common Security and Defense Policy with 3-4,000 troops on permanent standby in multilateral ‘battlegroups’ ready for immediate deployment(see Rockwell Schnabel’s article listed below)1. While incremental, these are steps not to be ignored. The Union has also placed that military capacity within the broader context of a security strategy designed to promote international peace, justice and development.  1. Schnabel, Rockwell A., 'U.S. Views on the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy', The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. IX. Issue2., (Winter/Spring 2003) accessed 1/8/11 EU, unifying, military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Brown Journal of World Affairs EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, permanent standby, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, Brown Journal of World Affairs EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Brown Journal of World Affairs EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, immediate deployment, incremental steps, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Brown Journal of World Affairs EU, unifying, military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Brown Journal of World Affairs
test-law-hrpepthwuto-pro01a	In the event of an imminent attack it is only reasonable to use force to find information  If authorities have good reason to believe that there is a realistic threat of a nuclear explosion in downtown Manhattan or Tel Aviv then it is vital that as much information as possible can be gathered as quickly as possible.  If that requires pain to be inflicted on an individual to save the lives of millions then it is simply practical to do so. The harm represented by the pain caused to a single individual is outweighed by the possibility that information gathered from a forceful interrogation might save thousands of lives imminent attack, use of force, information gathering, nuclear threat, downtown Manhattan, Tel Aviv, realistic threat, forceful interrogation, saving lives, moral justification, single individual, millions of lives, practical necessity, harm outweighed, urgent situation imminent attack, use of force, information gathering, authorities, realistic threat, nuclear explosion, downtown Manhattan, Tel Aviv, save lives, forceful interrogation, practical measures, harm reduction, single individual, millions of lives imminent attack, force, information gathering, authorities, realistic threat, nuclear explosion, downtown Manhattan, Tel Aviv, save lives, pain, individual, practical, harm, single individual, thousands of lives, forceful interrogation imminent attack, force, information gathering, authorities, realistic threat, nuclear explosion, downtown Manhattan, Tel Aviv, lives, pain, individual, practical, harm, forceful interrogation, thousands of lives imminent attack, use force, information gathering, authorities, realistic threat, nuclear explosion, downtown Manhattan, Tel Aviv, save lives, forceful interrogation, pain infliction, single individual, millions, practical, harm, thousands of lives
test-science-eassgbatj-pro05a	It would send out a consistent message  Most countries have animal welfare laws to prevent animal cruelty but have laws like the UK’s Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, [10] that stop animal testing being a crime. This makes means some people can do things to animals, but not others. If the government are serious about animal abuse, why allow anyone to do it? animal welfare, animal cruelty, animal testing, legal inconsistency, government policy, animal abuse, scientific procedures, ethical concerns, legislation, regulatory gaps, public perception, animal rights animal welfare, animal cruelty, legal inconsistency, animal testing, government policy, Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, ethical treatment, animal rights, legislation, cruelty prevention animal welfare, cruelty prevention, animal testing, legal inconsistencies, government stance, animal abuse, scientific procedures, legislative contradictions, ethical treatment, animal rights animal welfare, animal cruelty, laws, scientific procedures, animal testing, government policy, animal abuse, UK legislation, ethical treatment, animal rights animal welfare, animal cruelty, animal testing, legal inconsistencies, government policy, Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, animal abuse, ethical concerns, regulatory gaps, humane treatment, scientific research, animal rights
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con04a	The very payment of reparations exerts a neo-colonial power over former colonies.  The recognition that many former colonies are in desperate economic need only adds to the sense that former colonial powers desire to hold sway over them. Giving reparations induces dependency and can weaken the appearance of government in the former colonies, and may allow the donor government to exert influence over policy areas within the recipient country [1] . Far from giving the recipient country the means to develop itself as an independent nation, this motion simply recalls the old power structure which existed during colonisation.  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, neo-colonialism, former colonies, economic need, dependency, government influence, policy control, independent nation, old power structure, colonialism reparations, neo-colonialism, former colonies, economic need, dependency, government influence, policy control, independent development, colonial power structure reparations, neo-colonialism, former colonies, economic need, dependency, government weakening, donor influence, policy control, independent development, colonial power structure reparations, neo-colonialism, economic need, dependency, government influence, policy control, development, independence, colonial powers, former colonies, power structure, colonisation reparations, neo-colonialism, former colonies, economic need, dependency, government influence, policy control, development, independence, colonial power structure
test-law-thgglcplgphw-pro03a	Legal coca cultivation would enhance economic growth in developing states  Millions of people in South America chew coca leaves, so this practice cannot simply be wished away. [1] Moreover, it currently acts as a vital income source in many impoverished areas of the Andes. Pasquale Quispe, 53, owner of a 7.4-acre Bolivian coca farm, explained to the New York Times in 2006: “Coca is our daily bread, what gives us work, what gives us our livelihood.” [2] Previous attempts to eradicate coca cultivation in Bolivia harmed the poorest farmers there and led to significant social unrest. [3] When it is allowed, however, coca cultivation can actually have economic benefits. Peasant cultivators in the Andes have indicated their belief that coca chewing helps increase production in agriculture, fisheries and mining. [4] The legalization of coca cultivation globally would allow for the expansion of these economic benefits. The coca leaf may have uses as a stimulant and flavouring agent in drinks (in which it is currently used to a limited extent in the West), but also in the expansion of the many domestic products currently in use in the Andes, including syrups, teas, shampoo and toothpaste. It may also have a use as a general anaesthetic. [5] Only the legalization of its cultivation globally will allow these product and economic potentials to be fully realized and allow humanity to reap the full rewards of the coca plant, rather than simply being limited by the fear and stigma surrounding its illegal use in cocaine.  [1] Morales, Evo. “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves”. New York Times. March 13, 2009.   [2] Forero, Juan. “Bolivia's Knot: No to Cocaine, but Yes to Coca”. New York Times. February 12, 2006.   [3] Forero, Juan. “Bolivia's Knot: No to Cocaine, but Yes to Coca”. New York Times. February 12, 2006.   [4] Transnational Institute Debate Papers. “Coca yes, cocaine, no?”. Transnational Institute. No. 2006/2. No. 13. May 2006.   [5] Transnational Institute Debate Papers. “Coca yes, cocaine, no?”. Transnational Institute. No. 2006/2. No. 13. May 2006. Legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing states, South America, coca leaves, income source, Andes, Bolivian coca farm, poverty, social unrest, eradication, economic benefits, agriculture, fisheries, mining, legalization, stimulant, flavouring agent, drinks, domestic products, syrups, teas, shampoo, toothpaste, general anaesthetic, product potentials, cocaine, fear, stigma legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing states, South America, coca leaves, Andes, Bolivia, poorness, farmers, social unrest, economic benefits, coca chewing, agricultural production, fisheries, mining, globalization, stimulant, flavoring agent, drinks, domestic products, syrups, teas, shampoo, toothpaste, anaesthetic, cocaine, stigma, legalisation, benefits, Morales, Transnational Institute, Forero Legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing states, South America, coca leaves, income source, impoverished areas, Andes, Bolivia, social unrest, economic benefits, peasant cultivators, agriculture, fisheries, mining, globalization, coca leaf uses, stimulant, flavoring agent, drinks, domestic products, syrups, teas, shampoo, toothpaste, general anaesthetic, cocaine, fear, stigma legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing states, coca leaves, Bolivia, coca farm, livelihood, poverty, farmers, social unrest, economic benefits, agriculture, fisheries, mining, legalization, global, coca leaf, stimulant, flavouring agent, drinks, domestic products, syrups, teas, shampoo, toothpaste, anaesthetic, cocaine, stigma, Transnational Institute, Evo Morales, Juan Forero Legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing states, South America, coca leaves, income source, Andes, Bolivian coca farm, poverty, farmers, social unrest, economic benefits, peasant cultivators, agriculture, fisheries, mining, globalization, stimulant, flavoring agent, drinks, domestic products, syrups, teas, shampoo, toothpaste, anaesthetic, product potentials, stigma, illegal cocaine use
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro03a	The creation of the post of a High Representative marked an important change in the EU.  The creation of a post of High Representative and Vice President of the Commission (HRVP) marks an important change in the decision making process at the EU level with regards to foreign policy. Agreement on the post showed a clear commitment to the pursuit of a common EU foreign policy and to developing a unique cooperative model for foreign and defense policy decision making that goes beyond the nation state. Member states should now deliver on that commitment by seeking as much common ground as possible to ensure that the High Representative’s role is truly significant. The goal of a common foreign and security policy should thus be supported not only as a mechanism to streamline EU’s position and role in world politics, but also to reinforce notions of cooperation and consultation essential for maintaining a stable international system, in line with the stated goals of the EU. (The 12 stars in a circle is meant to symbolize the ideals of unity, solidarity and harmony among the peoples of Europe)1.  1 Europa.eu, 'Symbols',accessed 1/8/11 High Representative, Vice President of the Commission, EU decision making, foreign policy, common EU foreign policy, cooperation, defense policy, nation state, member states, common ground, significant role, common foreign and security policy, EU position, world politics, stability, international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, European ideals, Europa.eu, Symbols High Representative, Vice President of the Commission, HRVP, decision making, EU foreign policy, common EU foreign policy, cooperative model, foreign and defense policy, member states, common ground, significant role, common foreign and security policy, EU position, world politics, cooperation, consultation, stable international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, Europe, Europa.eu, Symbols High Representative, Vice President of the Commission, EU foreign policy, decision making, common ground, significant role, common foreign and security policy, world politics, cooperation, consultation, stable international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, Europa.eu, Symbols High Representative, Vice President of the Commission, EU decision making, foreign policy, EU common ground, common foreign and security policy, international cooperation, EU world politics, EU stability, European unity, solidarity, harmony High Representative, Vice President of the Commission, EU decision making, foreign policy, common EU foreign policy, cooperative model, foreign and defense policy, member states commitment, common ground, significant role, common foreign and security policy, EU position, world politics, cooperation, consultation, stable international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, Europa.eu, Symbols
test-international-ipecfiepg-con04a	Leaving the Eurozone would be detrimental for Greece in the long-run.  Even if the proposition are correct in claiming defaulting and leaving the Eurozone would stimulate growth in the Greek economy, such benefits are transitory whereas the benefits of remaining in the Eurozone are permanent. [1] Having the Euro provides stability for the Greek economy – investors know that the currency will not collapse, making their invested capital worthless. The gravity of the outcomes of a Greek default cannot be known for sure, however some economists have even suggested that hyperinflation could occur – leading to disastrous consequences for Greece. [2] Moreover, in the long term, a single currency makes investment and transactions with other Eurozone members much more efficient and profitable. This is particularly important given that the vast majority of Greek trade is carried out with other European members. In light of these benefits, a short term cost that comes with the austerity measures enforced under the status quo, would be worthwhile in the long term.  [1] Barrell, Ray: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian,   [2] Ruparel, Raoul and Persson, Mats: “Better off Out? The short-term options for Greece inside and outside of the euro”, June 2012, Open Europe, 2012 Eurozone, Greece, economic stability, currency collapse, hyperinflation, long-term benefits, short-term costs, austerity measures, investment efficiency, trade transactions, European members, economic growth, default,(single currency) Eurozone, Greece, economy, growth, stability, investors, currency, default, hyperinflation, single currency, investment, transactions, trade, austerity measures, long-term benefits, short-term costs, European members, Euro, financial stability, economic efficiency, Open Europe, The Guardian, Barrell, Ruparel, Persson Leaving Eurozone, Greece, long-run detrimental, economic growth, benefits permanence, currency stability, investor confidence, hyperinflation risk, single currency efficiency, European trade, austerity measures, short-term costs, long-term gains, Eurozone crisis, Greece economic future, currency collapse, investment security, transaction efficiency, European economic integration, economic policy, fiscal stability, economic recovery, financial markets, European Union, economic sanctions, financial stability, economic sanctions, fiscal policy, economic forecast, financial crisis, euro, economic impact, political economy, economic analysis, economic research, economic reform, financial regulation, economic strategy, economic models, economic Eurozone, Greece, long-run, default, economic growth, transitory benefits, permanent benefits, Euro, economic stability, investor confidence, currency collapse, hyperinflation, investment efficiency, transactions, Eurozone members, Greek trade, austerity measures, short-term costs, long-term gains, Eurozone crisis, single currency, economic consequences Leaving Eurozone, Greece, long-run, defaulting, economic growth, transitory benefits, permanent benefits, Euro stability, investor confidence, currency collapse, hyperinflation, investment efficiency, transactions, Eurozone members, Greek trade, austerity measures, short-term cost, long-term benefit, Eurozone crisis, single currency, Raoul Ruparel, Mats Persson, Open Europe, Ray Barrell, The Guardian
test-society-epsihbdns-pro03a	Restrictions would benefit rural areas  Unlimited rural-urban migration erodes the economy of the cities, as shown in the previous argument, and limits their economic growth and available resources. On a national level, this causes decision makers to prioritise the cities, as the country relies more on urban than rural areas, thus preventing them from investing in the country-side. [1] China is a good example of this where urban privilege has become entrenched with ‘special economic zones’ being created in urban areas (though sometimes built from scratch in rural areas) with money being poured into infrastructure for the urban areas which as a result have rapidly modernised leaving rural areas behind. This leads to a whole culture of divisions where urbanites consider those from rural areas to be backward and less civilized. [2]  Moreover, there will be little other reason to invest in rural areas, as the workforce in those areas has left for the cities. By preserving resources in the cities and keeping the workforce in the rural areas, it becomes possible to invest in rural communities and change their lives for the better as these areas maintain the balanced workforce necessary to attract investors.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1.  [2] Whyte, Martin King, “Social Change and the Urban-Rural Divide in China”, China in the 21st Century, June 2007,  p.54 Restrictions, rural areas, urban-urban migration, economic growth, resources, national level, decision makers, urban areas, rural areas, China, special economic zones, infrastructure, modernisation, workforce, investment, balanced workforce, Daniel Maxwell, Political Economy, Urban Food Security, Sub-Saharan Africa, Martin King Whyte, Social Change, Urban-Rural Divide, 21st Century rural areas, urban-rural migration, economic growth, resource limitations, national decision making, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure investment, urban modernization, rural backwardness, cultural divisions, workforce preservation, rural investment, balanced workforce, urban food security, political economy, sub-Saharan Africa, social change, Chinaurban-rural divide rural areas, urban-urban migration, economic growth, resource allocation, national policy, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure investment, cultural divisions, workforce preservation, rural investment, political economy, urban food security, social change, China, Sub-Saharan Africa, balanced workforce, investor attraction, Maxwell, Daniel, World Development, Whyte, Martin King, China in the 21st Century rural areas, urban-urban migration, city economy, economic growth, national decision makers, urban investment, rural investment, China, special economic zones, urban infrastructure, rural areas left behind, urban-rural divide, urban culture, rural workforce, balanced workforce, rural community investment, political economy, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, Martin King Whyte, social change, 21st century China rural areas, urban-urban migration, economy, cities, economic growth, resources, national level, decision makers, urban areas, rural areas, China, special economic zones, urban privilege, infrastructure, modernisation, rural areas, workforce, investment, balanced workforce, investors, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, social change, urban-rural divide, China 21st century
test-society-epiasghbf-pro03a	Labour participation and rights  Labour participation enables an awareness, and acquirement, of equal gender rights. Firstly, labour participation is challenging cultural ideologies and norms of which see the woman’s responsibility as limited to the reproductive sphere. Entering the productive sphere brings women equal work rights and the right to enter public space. By such a change gender norms of the male breadwinner are challenged. Secondly, labour force participation by women has resulted in the emergence of community lawyers and organisations to represent them. The Declaration of the African Regional Domestic Workers Network is a case in point. [1] With the rising number of female domestic workers, the network is working to change conditions - upholding Conferences, sharing information, and taking action.  [1] See labour participation, gender rights, cultural norms, women's rights, male breadwinner, community lawyers, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, conferences, information sharing, action taking labour participation, gender rights, cultural norms, productive sphere, gender equality, female workforce, community lawyers, organizations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, domestic workers, conferences, information sharing, actiontaking labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, women's responsibility, productive sphere, equal work rights, public space, gender norms, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organisations, female domestic workers, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, Conferences, information sharing, action taking labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, norms, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, work rights, public space, gender norms, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, conditions, Conferences, information sharing, action labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, women's responsibility, productive sphere, equal work rights, public space, gender norms, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organizations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, changing conditions, conferences, information sharing, action initiation
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con04a	"Animal research is only used where other research methods are not suitable  Developed countries, including the US and all members of the EU (since EU Directive 2010/63/EU) have created laws and professional regulations that prevent scientists from using animals for research if other, non-animal research methods would produce equally clear and detailed results.  The principle described above is also enshrined in the ""3Rs"" doctrine, which states that researchers and their employers have a duty to identify ways to refine experiments conducted on animals, so that yield better results and cause less suffering; replace animals used in research the non-animal alternatives where possible; and reduce the number of animals used in research. Not only does the 3Rs doctrine represent a practical way to reconcile the necessity of animal research with the universal human desire not to cause suffering, it also drives scientists to increase the overall quality of the research that they conduct. Governments and academic institutions take the 3Rs doctrine very seriously. In EU countries scientists are required to show that they have considered other methods of research before being granted a license for an animal experiment.  There are a huge number of ways of learning about our physiology and the pathologies which affect it, including to computer models, cell cultures, animal models, human microdosing and population studies. These methods are used to complement one another, for example animal models may well produce data that creates a computer model. Nonetheless, there is some research which cannot be done any other way. It is difficult to understand the interaction of specific sets of genes without being able to change only these genes – something possible through genetically modified animals.  Finally, as noted above, given the high cost of conducting animal research relative to other methods, there is a financial incentive for institutions to adopt non-animal methods where they produce as useful and accurate results. animal research, developed countries, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, laws, professional regulations, non-animal research methods, 3Rs doctrine, refine experiments, replace animals, reduce animal use, reconcile necessity, human desire, prevent suffering, improve research quality, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, complement research methods, genetically modified animals, gene interaction, high cost, financial incentive, adopt non-animal methods, useful results, accurate results animal research, non-animal methods, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, 3Rs doctrine, refine experiments, replace animals, reduce animals, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, genetically modified animals, financial incentive, research quality, animal welfare, scientific regulation, physiological studies, pathologies, gene interaction, research licensing animal research, non-animal methods, 3Rs doctrine, refine experiments, replace animals, reduce animals, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, scientific regulations, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, genetically modified animals, financial incentive, institutional adoption, research quality, animal welfare, ethical considerations, physiological studies, pathology research, gene interaction, regulatory compliance, scientific licensing, complementary research methods, research methodology, biomedical research, animal experimentation, research ethics, humane science, scientific innovation, research efficiency, animal alternatives, scientific standards, research legislation, animal testing, non-animal alternatives, Animal research, developed countries, US, EU, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, laws, professional regulations, scientists, non-animal research methods, 3Rs doctrine, refine experiments, replace animals, reduce animals, reconcile necessity, human desire, not cause suffering, increase research quality, government, academic institutions, EU countries, license, animal experiment, physiology, pathologies, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, genetically modified animals, financial incentive, institutions, useful results, accurate results. animal research, non-animal methods, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, 3Rs doctrine, refine experiments, replace animals, reduce animals, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, genetically modified animals, financial incentive, research methods, animal models, gene interaction, research quality, animal experimentation, ethics, physiology, pathologies, scientific research, regulatory requirements, professional regulations, developed countries, US, EU, experimental design, scientific advancement, ethical considerations, animal welfare, research alternatives, animal testing, scientific techniques, research methodologies, experimental biology, biomedical research, animal ethics, laboratory"
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-pro03a	Maintaining the value of the degree  Employers and others expect certain degrees to mean certain things; they are more than just an expensive badge. In the case of elite western universities part of what that means is a critical approach to the world and the willingness to challenge ideas, regardless of the authority that holds them. Part of their exclusivity derives from their admission standards, partly from the academic rigour of their scholars and partly from the simple fact that there are only a relatively small number of graduates.  In other areas universities are all too aware of selling their reputation – impartiality, avoiding plagiarism and so forth – the same should be true here. If a degree from a western university does not mean that it recognises issues such as creativity and free thinking then it devalues the degree itself.  As a result the very governments that are so keen to acquire the creative, critical skills offered by graduates of western-style education will end up undermining the very thing that they seek. This impacts not only the graduates from Asian campuses of western universities but also their peers at the home institution [i] .  [i] US-China Today. Jasmine Ako. Unraveling Plagiarism in China. 28 March 2011. degree value, employer expectations, critical thinking, academic rigor, university reputation, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, western universities, Asian campuses, government policies, educational standards, degree devaluation, US-China relations, academic integrity degree value, employer expectations, critical thinking, academic rigor, university reputation, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, western universities, Asian campuses, government policies, education standards, graduate skills, US-China relations, academic integrity degree value, employer expectations, critical thinking, academic rigour, university reputation, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, western education, asian campuses, government impact, US-China education, degree devaluation, academic standards, educational integrity degree value, employers expectations, academic rigour, critical thinking, creativity, western universities, Asian campuses, plagiarism, reputation, education quality, government role, devaluation, academic standards, impartiality, free thinking, graduate skills, US-China education, international education standards degree value, employer expectations, critical thinking, academic rigor, exclusivity, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, government influence, education quality, western universities, asian campuses, graduate skills, skill devaluation, US-China education, academic integrity
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro05a	Attorney client privilege need not be sacrosanct in all situations  Most obviously it seems unnecessary for there to be attorney client privilege when the defendant’s interests cannot be adversely affected. For example when the confidential information just does not incriminate the client himself but it might clear somebody else, or when the client is dead. Few people will be discouraged from being candid with their lawyers if there is merely the possibility that the communications may be disclosed after their death.  In addition there are situations where the client’s interest may indeed be hurt but where this should be outweighed by some other very important public interest. In other words perhaps there should be ‘necessity’ or ‘public interest’ or ‘in the interests of justice’ balancing exceptions to the privilege. This would be the case when public safety is at risk, for example if the client holds some very vital information but is not willing to disclose it to anyone other than his lawyer. In such cases the courts should weigh up and balance the client’s interests against society’s and make the decision accordingly rather than rigidly sticking to attorney-client privilege. attorney-client privilege, sacrosanct, situations, defendant, interests, adversely affected, confidential information, incriminate, clear, somebody else, client, dead, discouraged, candid, lawyers, disclosed, death, client's interest, hurt, public interest, balancing, exceptions, public safety, vital information, disclose, lawyer, courts, weigh, society, rigidly, sticking Attorney-client privilege, public interest, posthumous disclosure, non-incriminating information, societal benefit, legal confidentiality, judicial discretion, client candor, public safety, balancing test, necessity exception, legal ethics, confidentiality exceptions, rule of law, client-lawyer relationship, privileged communication, disclosure criteria, legal transparency, justice system, societal interests,-client protection, legal privilege limitations attorney-client privilege, sacrosanct, defendant's interests, confidential information, incriminate, clear somebody else, client death, discouraged, candor, lawyers, public interest, necessity, justice, balancing exceptions, public safety, vital information, courts, society's interests, rigid adherence Attorney-client privilege, sacrosanct, unnecessary, defendant's interests, confidential information, incriminate, client, clear, dead, discouraged, candid, lawyers, disclosed, death, client's interest, hurt, public interest, balancing exceptions, public safety, vital information, disclose, society, courts, balance, rigid, sticking Attorney-client privilege, sacrosanct, situations, defendant's interests, confidential information, incriminate, clear somebody else, client dead, discouraged, candid, lawyers, possibility, disclosed, death, client's interest, hurt, public interest, balancing exceptions, public safety, vital information, unwilling, disclose, lawyer, courts, weigh, society, rigid, sticking
test-law-cpilhbishioe-con01a	An ICC enforcement arm is unnecessary  To create an enforcement arm for the ICC would be to accept that state parties are incapable of enforcing decisions themselves, that is not necessarily the case. State parties have supplied the ICC with many of the defendants that it desires to face trial, including Bemba and the Gbagbos. Some, such as Uhuru Kenyatta have appeared voluntarily. The current system is working in many cases. While it does not in all, there are some that will be extremely difficult to capture by anyone. ICC, enforcement arm, unnecessary, state parties, capable, enforcing decisions, defendants, Bemba, Gbagbos, Uhuru Kenyatta, voluntary appearance, current system, working, difficult capture, international cooperation, judicial effectiveness, sovereignty, voluntary compliance, legal enforcement, international criminal court, state responsibility ICC, enforcement arm, unnecessary, state parties, capable, enforcing decisions, defendants, Bemba, Gbagbos, Uhuru Kenyatta, voluntary appearance, current system, working, difficult capture ICC, enforcement, arm, unnecessary, state, parties, incapable, enforcing, decisions, defendants, Bemba, Gbagbos, voluntarily, Uhuru, Kenyatta, system, working, capture, difficult ICC, enforcement, arm, state, parties, incapable, decisions, defendants, Bemba, Gbagbos, Uhuru, Kenyatta, voluntarily, system, working, capture, difficult ICC, enforcement arm, unnecessary, state parties, capable, enforcing decisions, defendants, Bemba, Gbagbos, Uhuru Kenyatta, voluntary, current system, working,.capture, extremely difficult
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con01a	Humans can choose their own nutrition plan  Humans are omnivores – we are meant to eat both meat and plants. Like our early ancestors we have sharp canine teeth for tearing animal flesh and digestive systems adapted to eating meat and fish as well as vegetables. Our stomachs are also adapted to eating both meat and vegetable matter. All of this means that eating meat is part of being human. Only in a few western countries are people self-indulgent enough to deny their nature and get upset about a normal human diet. We were made to eat both meat and vegetables - cutting out half of this diet will inevitably mean we lose that natural balance. Eating meat is entirely natural. Like many other species, human beings were once hunters. In the wild animals kill and are killed, often very brutally and with no idea of “rights”. As mankind has progressed over thousands of years we have largely stopped hunting wild animals. Instead we have found kinder and less wasteful ways of getting the meat in our diets through domestication. Farm animals today are descended from the animals we once hunted in the wild. humans, nutrition, omnivores, meat, plants, ancestors, canine, teeth, digestive, system, stomach, natural, diet, western, countries, self-indulgent, nature, vegetables, balance, eating, hunters, animals, kill, rights, mankind, progress, hunting, domestication, farm, animals, descended, wild,kind,less,wasteful humans, omnivores, meat, plants, early ancestors, canine teeth, digestive systems, stomachs, nature, western countries, self-indulgent, natural balance, eating meat, natural, hunters, wild animals, kill, rights, mankind, progress, hunting, farm animals, domestication, less wasteful, diets humans, omnivores, meat, plants, nutrition, ancestors, canine, teeth, digestive, system, stomach, natural, diet, western, countries, self-indulgent, balance, hunting, animals, rights, domestication, farm, animals, wild, progression, brutality, kindness, waste humans, omnivores, nutrition, diet, meat, plants, ancestors, canine, teeth, digestive, system, stomach, nature, western, countries, self-indulgent, natural, balance, hunting, wild, animals, rights, mankind, progress, domestication, farm, animals, descent, hunted humans, nutrition, omnivores, meat, plants, early ancestors, canine teeth, digestive systems, stomachs, natural diet, western countries, self-indulgent, human nature, natural balance, eating meat, natural, hunters, wild animals, domestication, farm animals, hunting
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-con02a	"Russia does not have true democracy  The status quo in Russia is highly controversial. On the one hand it is considered a democracy – it has all the structures and norms of a democracy. On the other hand there are many attacks and proof that the Russian governance is far from democratic: The joint observer team for the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe criticised the Russian elections as ""not fair and failed to meet many OSCE and Council of Europe commitments and standards for democratic elections,"" with ""abuse of administrative resources, media coverage strongly in favour of the ruling party"". The polls ""took place in an atmosphere which seriously limited political competition"" meaning ""there was not a level political playing field"". The 2007 parliamentary election resulted in United Russia gaining 64.1% of the vote. (3)  Furthermore not only there isn’t election freedom, there is not academic freedom either – “The European University at St Petersburg has been forced to suspend teaching after officials claimed its historic buildings were a fire risk. This forced all academic work to cease. The University had been running a program that advised Russian political parties, including how to ensure elections are not being rigged. The project they are involved in called Interregional Electoral Chains of Support was to develop and raise the effectiveness of electoral monitoring in Russia's regions. The university has also been attacked for having close ties to the west, particularly US and UK universities” (4)  There are cases of murdered journalists, who were “inconvenient” to the authorities. This also raises the question whether a strong leadership is better for the people.  Basic freedoms are denied to the Russian population. In the 21st century this is simply unjust. Therefore strong leadership creates more wrong than it does good. Russia, democracy, status quo, controversial, structures, norms, elections, criticism, Council of Europe, OSCE, commitments, standards, administrative resources, media coverage, ruling party, political competition, playing field, 2007 parliamentary election, United Russia, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, fire risk, teaching suspension, electoral monitoring, murdered journalists, strong leadership, basic freedoms, 21st century, unjust Russia, democracy, status quo, controversial, structures, norms, governance, attacks, proof, undemocratic, Council of Europe, Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, OSCE, criticism, elections, not fair, failed standards, abuse of administrative resources, media coverage, ruling party, political competition, level playing field, 2007 parliamentary election, United Russia, 64.1%, election freedom, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, fire risk, suspended teaching, Russian political parties, elections rigged, Interregional Electoral Chains of Support, electoral monitoring, close ties, West, US, UK universities Russia, democracy, status quo, controversial, structures, norms, governance, attacks, proof, non-democratic, joint observer team, Council of Europe, Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, criticised, Russian elections, not fair, failed, OSCE, election standards, administrative resources, media coverage, ruling party, political competition, level playing field, 2007 parliamentary election, United Russia, 64.1%, election freedom, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, fire risk, teaching suspension, advising political parties, election rigging, electoral monitoring, close ties, West, US, UK universities, murdered Russia, democracy, status quo, controversial, structures, norms, attacks, proof, governance, non-democratic, Council of Europe, OSCE, criticised, elections, unfair, failed, commitments, standards, abuse, administrative resources, media coverage, ruling party, political competition, level playing field, 2007 parliamentary election, United Russia, election freedom, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, fire risk, academic work, Russian political parties, rigging, Interregional Electoral Chains of Support, electoral monitoring, close ties, west, US universities, UK universities, murdered journalists, inconvenient, authorities, strong leadership, Russia, democracy, status quo, controversy, structures, norms, governance, attacks, proof, Council of Europe, Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, OSCE, elections, fairness, commitments, standards, administrative resources, media coverage, ruling party, political competition, 2007 parliamentary election, United Russia, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, fire risk, Russian political parties, election rigging, Interregional Electoral Chains of Support, electoral monitoring, strong leadership, murdered journalists, basic freedoms, 21st century, injustice"
test-education-udfakusma-pro02a	Most universities are publically funded so should have to be open with their materials.  The United States University system is famously expensive and as a result it is probably the system in a developed country that has least public funding yet $346.8billion was spent, mostly by the states, on higher education in 2008-9. [1] In Europe almost 85% of universities funding came from government sources. [2] Considering the huge amounts of money spent on universities by taxpayers they should be able to demand access to the academic work those institutions produce.  Even in countries where there are tuition fees that make up some of the funding for the university it is right that the public should have access to these materials as the tuition fees are being paid for the personal teaching time provided by the lecturers not for the academics’ publications. Moreover those who have paid for a university course would benefit by the materials still being available to access after they have finished university  [1] Caplan, Bruan, “Correction: Total Government Spending on Higher Education”, Library of Economics and Liberty, 16 November 2012,   [2] Vught, F., et al., “Funding Higher Education: A View Across Europe”, Ben Jongbloed Center for Higher Education Policy Studies University of Twente, 2010. public funding, universities, open access, materials, United States, Europe, government funding, taxpayer money, academic work, tuition fees, personal teaching, post-graduation access, higher education spending, research publications, public demand, education policy, funding sources, developed countries, Capslan, Vught, Jongbloed Center, University of Twente, Library of Economics and Liberty universities, public funding, academic materials, United States, higher education, Europe, government funding, taxpayers, access, academic work, tuition fees, personal teaching, publications, post-graduation access universities, public funding, academic materials, United States, higher education, expenses, Europe, government funding, taxpayer money, access, academic work, tuition fees, personal teaching, publications, course completion, education policy, funding sources, public access, academic publishing, higher education finance universities, public funding, academic materials, United States, higher education, expenses, public funding, Europe, government sources, taxpayer money, academic work, tuition fees, personal teaching, academic publications, funding sources, university course, access rights, educational resources, post-graduation access, higher education finance, policy studies universities, public funding, open access, materials, United States, Europe, government funding, taxpayer money, academic work, tuition fees, personal teaching, post-graduation access
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-pro01a	"Quebec needs to be independent to retain its distinct language and culture.  The only way to ensure that Quebecers get to retain their distinct culture is to gain independence as a country and remove themselves from the Canadian federation.  A very big issue for certain Quebecers is the threat that an overwhelmingly English-speaking country has on their pocket of distinct French-Quebecois culture [1] . The unrestricted immigration of English-speaking Canadians to Quebec has diluted the culture of the Quebecois and has set off the process of cultural-loss and the highly feared loss of their language [2] . Moreover, whenever Quebec has tried to put in place provisions to protect their culture and language, such as with Bill 101 [3] , Quebec is called racist and Canadian Federal Courts try to strike down their laws to stop their “discrimination” against English-speaking Canadians in their province [4] .  The only way that Quebec can protect its language and culture is to be able to stop the unrestricted flow of English-speaking immigration into its territory and gain complete control over its own law and cultural policy. The only way to do this is to gain independence from Canada.  [1] ""Only Quebec independence can protect French language: PQ strategist."" CBS News Canada 26 Nov 2007, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. &lt;  .  [2] ""Only Quebec independence can protect French language: PQ strategist."" CBS News Canada 26 Nov 2007, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. &lt;  .  [3] ""Bill 101."" The Canadian Encyclopedia. Web. 1 Dec 2011. &lt;  .  [4] ""Bill 101."" The Canadian Encyclopedia. Web. 1 Dec 2011. &lt;  . Quebec, independence, language, culture, French, Quebecois, English-speaking, Canada, Canadian, federation, immigration, cultural-loss, Bill 101, discrimination, law, cultural policy Quebec, independence, language, culture, distinct, French, Quebecois, English-speaking, Canada, federation, immigration, cultural-loss, Bill 101, provisions, protection, racism, Canadian Federal Courts, discrimination, territory, law, policy Quebec, independence, language, culture, French-Quebecois, English-speaking, Canada, Bill 101, immigration, cultural-loss, Canadian Federal Courts, discrimination, law, cultural policy, PQ strategist, The Canadian Encyclopedia, CBS News Canada Quebec, independence, language, culture, French-Quebecois, English-speaking, Canada, Canadian federation, immigration, cultural-loss, Bill 101, Canadian Federal Courts, discrimination, law, cultural policy Quebec, independence, language, culture, French-Quebecois, English-speaking, Canadian federation, immigration, cultural-loss, Bill 101, Canadian Federal Courts, discrimination, unrestricted flow, law, cultural policy"
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro01a	It makes it more likely that attorneys will lie for their clients  If communications between an attorney and their client are confidential, then it allows for lies to be put forward to the court in order to defend someone who is guilty. In the case of a criminal matter, it could mean that even though a defendant has stated they are guilty to their attorney, they will not be found to be guilty. Every attorney wants to win their case, and if they are likely to conceal the confession of their client if it means their client will be released. As the communication is confidential, such confession will not be informed to the court and the attorney would not be exposed for their lies. The confidential nature of the communications between attorney and client open the possibility for a system of justice based upon lies. This is not just and so the Attorney-Client Privilege should be abolished. attorney-client privilege, confidentiality, legal ethics, justice system, client confession, attorney liability, legal integrity, criminal defense, guilty clients, court deception, legal reform, professional conduct, truth in court, legal representation, abolishing attorney-client privilege attorney-client privilege, legal ethics, confidentiality, justice system, client confession, guilty clients, courtroom deception, legal integrity, abolishing attorney-client privilege, legal representation, client-attorney communication, defending guilty, legal confidentiality issues, justice based on lies, legal reform, attorney responsibilities, ethical dilemmas in law, lawyer-client confidentiality, courtroom honesty, legal profession ethics attorney-client privilege, confidentiality, legal ethics, justice system, lying, court proceedings, client confession, attorney misconduct, criminal defense, guilty clients, abolishing privilege, legal integrity attorney-client privilege, confidentiality, legal ethics, court deception, guilty clients, defense strategies, criminal justice, legal profession, justice integrity, privilege abolition attorney-client privilege, confidentiality, legal ethics, courtroom deception, justice system integrity, client confession, attorney responsibility, abolishing privilege, lawyer-client communication, criminal defense strategies, judicial fairness, professional misconduct, truthful representation, legal reforms, client-attorney trust
test-culture-ascidfakhba-con03a	The lack of control over, and profit from, art will serve as a serious disincentive to artistic output  Profit is as much a factor in artists’ decision to produce work, if not more so, than the primordial urge to create. Without the guarantee of ownership over one’s artistic work, the incentive to invest in its creation is certainly diminished. Within a strong copyright system, individuals feel free to invest time in their pursuits because they have full knowledge that the final product of their labours will be theirs to enjoy. [1] Without copyright protections the marginal cases, like people afraid to put time into actually building an installation art piece rather than doing more hours at their job, will not opt to create. If their work were to immediately leave their control, they would most certainly be less inclined to do so. Furthermore, the inability of others to simply duplicate existing works as their own means they too will be galvanized to break ground on new ideas, rather than simply re-tread over current ideas and to adapt existing works to markets. Art thrives by being new and original. Copyright protections shield against artistic laziness and drive the creative urges of the artistically inclined to ever more interesting fields.  [1] Greenberg, M. “Reason or Madness: A Defense of Copyright’s Growing Pains”. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 2007. artistic output, profit, control, copyright, incentive, investment, creation, ownership, disincentive, installation art, duplication, originality, creativity, intellectual property, artistic laziness, market, legal protection, economic motivation, cultural production, artistic expression artistic output, profit, control, copyright, incentive, creation, ownership, investment, installation art, job, duplication, originality, creativity, intellectual property, legal protection, artistic laziness, market adaptation, new ideas, creative urges Art, Profit, Incentive, Copyright, Ownership, Investment, Creation, Disincentive, Marginal, Cases, Installation, Art piece, Job, Duplicate, Originality, Creative, Laziness, Intellectual, Property, Protection, John, Marshall, Review, Defense, Growing, Pains artistic output, profit, copyright, control, ownership, incentive, investment, creation, installation art, duplication, originality, creativity, intellectual property, artistic laziness, market adaptation, creative urges art, copyright, profit, incentive, creation, ownership, investment, installation, laziness, originality, protection, disincentive, intellectual property, market, creativity, legal, economic, artistic output, marginal cases, duplication, adaptation, new ideas, control, time, job, galvanized, thrive, legal defense, intellectual property law
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-pro01a	"Sexist advertising is harmful to society, especially women.  Sexist advertising harms women through objectification and diminishing of self-image. The United Nations Convention to Eliminate Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) links stereotypes about women to prejudice based on gender.1 Through visual and verbal messages women are portrayed as subservient to men. Women are seen increasingly as sex objects and these ads legitimize violence against women.2 Sexist advertising also harms women's self-image by portraying an ideal stylized body.3 The implied message is that consumers should seek to acquire these images even if they are contrary to the reality of body types and features. Eating disorders and obsessive beauty products consumption results in order to attain ideal beauty images presented in the media.4 Sexist ads also harm men through stereotyped images of masculinity.5 1 Object.Org. ""Women not Sex Objects."" 2011/ August 24 2 Newswise.com. ""Study Find Rise in Sexualized Images of Women."" 2011/08/10 3 Kilbourne, Jean. ""Beauty... and the Beast of Advertising "" sexist advertising, harmful, society, women, objectification, self-image, CEDAW, stereotypes, gender prejudice, visual messages, verbal messages, subservient, sex objects, legitimize violence, self-image, ideal stylized body, eating disorders, beauty products, obsessive consumption, ideal beauty, media, men, stereotyped masculinity, sexualized images, rise, study, Jean Kilbourne, Beauty... and the Beast of Advertising sexism, advertising, societal harm, women, objectification, self-image, United Nations, CEDAW, gender stereotypes, visual messages, verbal messages, subservience, violence against women, eating disorders, beauty products, body image, masculinity, sexualization, Jean Kilbourne, media representation sexist advertising, harm, society, women, objectification, self-image, CEDAW, stereotypes, gender prejudice, visual messages, verbal messages, subservience, sex objects, violence against women, ideal body, stylized body, eating disorders, beauty products, body types, features, masculinity, sexualized images, Jean Kilbourne, object.org, newswise.com sexist advertising, harmful, society, women, objectification, self-image, CEDAW, stereotypes, gender prejudice, visual messages, verbal messages, subservient, sex objects, legitimize violence, self-image harm, stylized body, eating disorders, beauty products, obsessive consumption, ideal beauty, media portrayal, harm men, masculinity stereotypes sexist advertising, harm society, women objectification, self-image diminishment, CEDAW, gender stereotypes, visual messages, verbal messages, women subservience, sex objects, violence legitimization, ideal body image,eating disorders, beauty product consumption, ideal beauty, media portrayal, body types, masculinity stereotypes, sexualized images, study findings, Jean Kilbourne, Beauty... and the Beast of Advertising"
test-culture-mthbah-con02a	Advertising helps us choose between different goods.  Advertising has a positive role to play in modern society, helping us choose between competing goods. Many adverts are drawing our attention to products with new features, for example more powerful computers, telephones which are also cameras and music players, or foods with added vitamins. Other adverts try to compete on price, helping us seek out the cheapest or best value products. In most cases advertising does not make us go shopping – we would be planning to buy food, clothes, gifts and entertainment anyway. What advertising does is to help us make better decisions about how to spend our money, by giving us more information about the choices available. Advertising, consumer choice, product differentiation, market information, consumer decision-making, economic role of advertising, product features, price competition, value for money, informed purchasing, consumer benefits, advertising impact, modern society, product comparison, shopping behavior, consumer needs, advertising functions, economic efficiency Advertising, consumer choice, goods selection, product information, new features, technological advancement, price competition, value for money, shopping decisions, consumer information, market choices, economic role of advertising, societal impact of advertising Advertising, consumer choice, product comparison, modern society, product features, powerful computers, telephones, cameras, music players, foods, added vitamins, price competition, cheapest products, best value, shopping, consumer information, spending decisions, available choices Advertising, consumer choice, product comparison, market information, consumer decision-making, product features, price competition, value for money, informed purchases, shopping decisions, product variety, modern society, economic role of advertising, consumer awareness Advertising, consumer choice, product information, market competition, product features, price comparison, value for money, purchasing decisions, consumer awareness, market diversity, innovative products, economic role of advertising, consumer benefits, advertising impact, shopping behavior, product selection, goods comparison, modern society, consumer goods, commercial communication, marketing strategies
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro05a	Prosecutions of politicians are often motivated by partisan concerns.  As noted above, the political life is steeped in difficult decisions, and some of these are bound to result in choices that are at least potentially illegal. The ability to prosecute politicians incentivizes political opponents to search out past actions by said politicians so as to immobilize them politically. Such prosecutions are therefore not motivated by concern for justice, nor are they conducive to a well-functioning, multipartisan political system wherein representatives seek to work together to achieve their political ends. In the most extreme cases, powerful politicians use prosecutions to immobilize their political opponents. politicians, prosecutions, partisan, concerns, political, life, difficult, decisions, illegal, choices, incentivizes, opponents, search, immobilize, motivated, justice, well-functioning, multipartisan, system, representatives, achieve, ends, powerful, use, extreme, cases prosecutions, politicians, partisan, concerns, political, life, difficult, decisions, illegal, choices, incentivizes, opponents, search, immobilize, politically, justice, multipartisan, system, representatives, achieve, ends, extreme, powerful, use, opponents Prosecutions, Politicians, Partisan, Concerns, Political, Life, Decisions, Illegal, Incentivizes, Opponents, Search, Actions, Immobilize, Justice, Multipartisan, System, Representatives, Achieve, Ends, Extreme, Powerful, Use, Opponents Prosecutions, Politicians, Partisan, Concerns, Political, Life, Decisions, Illegal, Incentivizes, Opponents, Immobilize, Justice, Multipartisan, System, Representatives, Achieve, Ends, Extreme, Powerful, Use, Opponents Prosecutions, politicians, partisan, concerns, political, life, difficult, decisions, illegal, incentivizes, opponents, search, immobilize, justice, multipartisan, system, representatives, achieve, ends, extreme, powerful, use, immobilize, opponents
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-con04a	It is their culture and religion.  Religions themselves tend to encompass their own distinctive culture and, to many of their members, this culture and its methods comes before anything secular. For this reason, Muslims should be allowed to wear personal items as it states in the ruling of their religious book to do so. Had a particular garment been required in the Christian religious book - The Bible - then no doubt those stout Christians would follow this particular ruling. The question is, would it be wrong to take away something close and meaningful to these religions? Surely, a religious symbol or method is purely personal, and, therefore, banning such symbols would be an intrusion into their individuality.1  1 Jessica Shepherd, 'Uniform Dissent', The Guardian, 9th October 2007 , accessed on 24th July 2011 culture, religion, religious, culture, practice, methods, secular, Muslims, personal, items, ruling, religious, book, Christian, Bible, garment, religious, symbol, personal, individuality, banning, intrusion culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal, items, ruling, religious, book, garment, Christian, Bible, followers, religious, symbol, method, personal, banning, intrusion, individuality, uniform, dissent, guardian, jessica, shepherd, october, accessed, july culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal, items, ruling, religious, book, Christians, Bible, garment, ruling, wrong, take, close, meaningful, religions, religious, symbol, method, personal, banning, intrusion, individuality, Jessica, Shepherd, Uniform, Dissent, The, Guardian, October, accessed, July culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal, religious, book, ruling, garment, Christians, Bible, symbol, method, individuality, banning, intrusion, uniform, dissent, Jessica Shepherd, The Guardian culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal items, ruling, religious book, Christians, Bible, garment, religious symbol, individuality, uniform, dissent, banning, intrusion, meaningful, personal, methods, Jessica Shepherd, The Guardian
test-society-epsihbdns-pro04a	Poor, uneducated people are lured into cities  The cause of rural-urban migration in developing nations and the main reason why it becomes problematic is that people who move to the cities are not making informed decisions. They are led to believe that the cities contain opportunities that they cannot find where they live, and there are no mechanisms such as efficient media or adequate education to eradicate this misconception. [1] Myths can be easily propagated by a single successful migrant returning home to visit that then attracts many others to try their luck without any knowledge of the possible costs. [2] This is exacerbated by unscrupulous organisations that prey on their desperation to take all their money to organise their move to the city. Some of those who are trafficked find themselves brought to the city and exploited through forced labour, begging, or even prostitution. [3] Many of those who move to cities find themselves in a worse situation but have lost any moving power they originally had and are thus trapped.  [1] Zhan, Shaohua. “What Determines Migrant Workers' Life Chances in Contemporary China? Hukou, Social Exclusion, and the Market.” 243, 2011, Vol. 37.  [2] Waibel, Hermann, and Schmidt, Erich, “Urban-rural relations”, in Feeding Asian Cities: Food Production and Processing Issues, FAO, November 2000,   [3] “UNIAP Vietnam”, United Nations Inter Agency Project on Human Trafficking, accessed March 2013, rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated, uninformed decisions, city opportunities, media inefficiency, education inadequacy, myths, successful migrants, desperation, unscrupulous organizations, trafficking, forced labor, begging, prostitution, trapped, Hukou, social exclusion, market, urban-rural relations, food production, processing issues, human trafficking rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated people, cities, informed decisions, myths, successful migrant, unscrupulous organisations, trafficking, forced labour, begging, prostitution, worse situation, trapped, hukou, social exclusion, market, urban-rural relations, food production, processing issues, human trafficking, UNIAP Vietnam rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated people, informed decisions, media, education, myths, successful migrant, unscrupulous organisations, trafficking, forced labour, prostitution, worse situation, trapped, hukou, social exclusion, market, urban-rural relations, food production, processing issues, human trafficking rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated people, informed decisions, media, education, myths, successful migrants, unscrupulous organizations, human trafficking, forced labour, prostitution, social exclusion, hukou, urban-rural relations, food production, FAO, UNIAP Vietnam, life chances, migrant workers, contemporary China, exploitation, trapped, costs, opportunities, cities, rural areas, desperation, moving power, worse situation rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated, uninformed decisions, media inadequacy, education deficiency, myth propagation, successful migrant, unscrupulous organizations, exploitation, forced labour, prostitution, social exclusion, hukou, urban-rural relations, food production, human trafficking, UNIAP Vietnam
test-international-ipecfiepg-con01a	Defaulting would cause chaos in Greece  There is no good solution for the crisis Greece finds itself in, only less bad ones. Austerity measures imposed on Greece may currently be causing suffering, but austerity is the least bad option available for the Greek people: default would be considerably worse. Here is what would most likely happen:  The Greek banking sector would collapse [1]. A large portion of the Greek debt is owed to Greek banks and companies, many of which would quickly go bankrupt when the Government defaults. This is also because Greek banks are almost totally reliant on the ECB for liquidity. [2] People would consequently lose their savings, and credit would be close to impossible to find.  The Government would quickly devalue the Drachma by at least 50%. This will lead to imported goods being more expensive and consequently to a huge rise in inflation with the living costs increasing tremendously.[3]  These two events would lead to a severe shortage of credit, making it almost impossible for struggling companies to survive. Unemployment would soar as a result. It will become increasingly difficult to secure supplies of oil, medicine, foodstuffs and other goods. Naturally, those hit worst would be the poor. The Government, in this respect, would be failing on an enormous scale in providing many citizens with the basic needs. [4]  [1] Brzeski, Carsten: “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012,   [2] Ruparel, Raoul and Persson, Mats: “Better off Out? The short-term options for Greece inside and outside of the euro”, June 2012, Open Europe, 2012   [3] ibid  [4] Arghyrou, Michael: “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012, Greece, default, austerity, crisis, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, unemployment, poverty, supplies, euro exit, short-term options, economic impact, social consequences Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, living costs, unemployment, supplies, oil, medicine, food, poverty, government failure, euro exit, short-term options, economic impact, social impact Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banks, ECB, savings, Drachma, inflation, unemployment, credit, poverty, supplies, food, medicine, oil, exit, euro, Brzeski, Ruparel, Persson, Arghyrou, BBC, Open Europe Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banks, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, unemployment, poverty, imports, shortages, government failure, euro exit, BBC News, Open Europe Greece, default, chaos, crisis, solutions, less bad, austerity, suffering, least bad option, Greek people, Greek banking sector, collapse, Greek banks, companies, bankrupt, ECB, liquidity, savings, credit, impossible, devalue, Drachma, 50%, imported goods, expensive, inflation, living costs, shortage, credit, companies, survive, unemployment, soar, supplies, oil, medicine, foodstuffs, goods, poor, Government, failing, basic needs, Viewpoints, BBC News, Brzeski, Carsten, Ruparel, Raoul, Persson, Mats, Open
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con04a	The public is apathetic to reform.  Whether or not reform of the House of Lords should be a top priority in the current economic climate is debateable, let alone whether or not a coalition government would be able to initiate and drive through such measures. Attempts to reform the House of Lords have been delayed time and time again, demonstrating the House of Commons’ reservations on change. [1] A feeling that is no doubt echoed in popular British opinion – as demonstrated by the recent outcome of the Alternative Vote – the public are either adverse to the idea of change or apathetic to it. [2]  [1] Summers, Deborah, ‘Labour's attempts to reform the House of Lords’, The Guardian (27 January, 2009), viewed on 1 June 2011   [2] BBC News, ‘Vote 2011: UK rejects alternative vote, 7 May 2011, House of Lords, reform, public opinion, economic climate, coalition government, legislative change, political apathy, Alternative Vote, referendum, UK politics, political reform, constitutional change, parliamentary reform, House of Commons, political reservations, Deborah Summers, BBC News, Vote 2011, UK rejects alternative vote public apathy, reform, House of Lords, economic climate, coalition government, legislative measures, delay, House of Commons, resistance to change, British opinion, Alternative Vote, electoral reform, political engagement, voter preference, referendum results public apathy, reform, House of Lords, economic climate, coalition government, House of Commons, reservations on change, British opinion, Alternative Vote, public adversity, change, Labour, The Guardian, BBC News, Vote 2011, UK rejects, alternative vote public apathy, House of Lords reform, economic priorities, coalition government, legislative reform, House of Commons reservations, British public opinion, alternative vote rejection, political change resistance, parliamentary reform history public apathy, reform, House of Lords, economic climate, coalition government, political change, House of Commons, reservations, British opinion, Alternative Vote, electoral reform, public resistance, political stagnation, political priorities
test-law-ilppppghb-pro03a	"Self-determination embodies the fundamental right of peoples to decide their own futures.  Modern liberal democracy is founded on the idea that people should be free to decide their own leaders and their own futures, but not all states give their minority peoples such a right. However, this is a right guaranteed under international law. The International Court of Justice has held that this right applies not just to national governments but also people1. The two important United Nations studies on the right to self-determination set out factors of a people that give rise to possession of right to self-determination: a history of independence or self-rule in an identifiable territory, a distinct culture, and a will and capability to regain self-governance2. If these criteria are in place, such peoples should have the right to determine their own constitutional and political arrangements.  1 Western Sahara Case, 1975 International Court of Justice 12, 31. 2Critescu, A. and GrosEspiell, H. ""The Right to Self-determination"", United Nations, 1980 (not online, but widely cited self-determination, peoples, fundamental right, futures, modern liberal democracy, minority peoples, international law, International Court of Justice, national governments, United Nations, right to self-determination, history of independence, self-rule, distinct culture, will, capability, self-governance, constitutional arrangements, political arrangements, Western Sahara Case, Critescu, GrosEspiell Self-determination, fundamental right, peoples, futures, liberal democracy, minority peoples, international law, International Court of Justice, United Nations, right to self-determination, history of independence, self-rule, distinct culture, will and capability, self-governance, constitutional arrangements, political arrangements, Western Sahara Case, Critescu, GrosEspiell self-determination, fundamental right, peoples, futures, modern liberal democracy, free, leaders, minority peoples, international law, International Court of Justice, national governments, identifiable territory, distinct culture, self-governance, constitutional arrangements, political arrangements, Western Sahara Case, United Nations, right to self-determination, Critescu, GrosEspiell Self-determination, fundamental right, peoples, futures, modern liberal democracy, minority peoples, international law, International Court of Justice, national governments, United Nations, right to self-determination, history of independence, self-rule, identifiable territory, distinct culture, will, capability, self-governance, constitutional arrangements, political arrangements, Western Sahara Case, Critescu, GrosEspiell Self-determination, peoples, fundamental right, futures, modern liberal democracy, minority peoples, international law, International Court of Justice, United Nations, right to self-determination, history of independence, self-rule, identifiable territory, distinct culture, will, capability, self-governance, constitutional arrangements, political arrangements, Western Sahara Case, Critescu, GrosEspiell"
test-law-thgglcplgphw-pro02a	Coca production can be justified on cultural grounds  Coca chewing is hugely prevalent amongst the peoples of the Andes, and their social relationship with it is akin to that of ours with coffee in Western nations. This is why so many nations in this region cannot and simply will not ever conform to any international ban that calls for phasing it out. The custom of chewing coca leaves may date back as far as 3000 BC in the region, and so hugely pre-dates cocaine consumption, and thus shouldn't be bundled with it or banned on the grounds that cocaine is banned. [1] Coca has also been a vital part of the religious traditions of the Andean peoples from the pre-Inca period through to the present, being used 'to communicate with the supernatural world and obtain its protection, especially with offerings to the Pachamama, the personification and spiritual form of the earth.' [2] All South American countries have signed several declarations by the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) that acknowledged that the chewing of coca leaves is an ancestral cultural expression that should be respected by the international community. [3] The international discouragement of the practice of chewing coca leaves and the prohibition on its use by Andeans when they travel or reside abroad can thus be seen as a violation of their indigenous religious and traditional rights, and therefore is not acceptable on a moral level.  [1] Morales, Evo. “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves”. New York Times. March 13, 2009.   [2] Transnational Institute Debate Papers. “Coca yes, cocaine, no?”. Transnational Institute. No. 2006/2. No. 13. May 2006.   [3] Jelsma, Martin. “Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing”. Transnational Institute, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 11. March 2011. coca production, cultural justification, coca chewing, Andean peoples, social relationship, coffee comparison, international ban, cultural tradition, 3000 BC, cocaine distinction, religious traditions, pre-Inca period, Pachamama, UNASUR declarations, indigenous rights, moral violation, international discouragement, Evo Morales, Transnational Institute, legislative reform, drug policies Coca, production, cultural, grounds, chewing, Andes, social, coffee, Western, nations, international, ban, phasing, out, custom, 3000 BC, pre-dates, cocaine, consumption, religious, traditions, pre-Inca, Pachamama, supernatural, protection, South, American, countries, declarations, UNASUR, ancestral, cultural, expression, discouragement, prohibition, indigenous, religious, traditional, rights, moral, Morales, Evo, New, York, Times, Transnational, Institute, Debate, Papers, Lifting, coca, Jelsma, Martin Coca production, cultural justification, coca chewing, Andes, social relationship, coffee, Western nations, international ban, phasing out, 3000 BC, cocaine consumption, religious traditions, pre-Inca period, Pachamama, Union of South American Nations, UNASUR, ancestral cultural expression, international community, indigenous rights, moral level, Evo Morales, Transnational Institute, debate papers, legislative reform, drug policies, coca leaves, violation, religious rights, traditional rights, international discouragement, Andeans, travel, reside abroad Coca, production, cultural, grounds, chewing, Andes, social, coffee, Western, nations, international, ban, phasing, out, custom, 3000, BC, pre-dates, cocaine, consumption, religious, traditions, pre-Inca, Pachamama, supernatural, protection, South, American, countries, declarations, UNASUR, ancestral, expression, respected, international, community, discouragement, violation, indigenous, rights, moral, Morales, Evo, New, York, Times, Transnational, Institute, Debate, Papers, Lifting, Ban, Jelsma, Martin Coca, production, cultural, grounds, chewing, Andes, social, relationship, coffee, Western, nations, international, ban, phasing, out, 3000 BC, cocaine, consumption, religious, traditions, pre-Inca, supernatural, Pachamama, earth, South American, UNASUR, declarations, ancestral, expression, respected, community, discouragement, prohibition, Andeans, travel, abroad, indigenous, rights, moral, Morales, Evo, New York Times, Transnational Institute, Lifting, Ban, Jelsma, Martin, Legislative, Reform, Drug, Policies
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con01a	Time has removed the opportunity to truly make reparations to those who may have deserved it.  Reparations are used to make ‘amends for wrong or injury done’ [1] ; it is impossible to truly achieve this when the victims of wrongdoing are long since dead. Moreover, reparations which may have been made immediately after colonisation could have had a specific purpose – for example, to rebuild property which was destroyed, or to restore items which were wrongfully taken. However, the development of both countries has led to a very different state of affairs in both, and there may no longer be an obvious end for the money from reparations. There is also no precedent for giving reparations to countries after so long a period of time. For example, Germany began paying reparations to Israel in 1952 [2] , only 7 years after World War II ended in 1945. Time also makes it very difficult to judge who the ‘victims’ are now. The descendants of original victims may well be independently wealthy now – would it be right to financially cripple of Western country and their people, already suffering from economic depression, to pay people who may not need it now? In any case, it would take a very long to even work out how we could pay reparations, let alone whether we should.  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, time, victims, wrongdoing, colonisation, property, restoration, development, precedent, Germany, Israel, World War II, descendants, economic depression, financial burden, judgment, payment, moral amends reparations, time, opportunity, victims, wrongdoing, colonisation, property, restoration, development, countries, financial, precedent, Germany, Israel, World War II, descendants, economic depression, justification, payment, ethics time, reparations, opportunity, victims, wrongdoing, colonisation, property, restoration, development, countries, precedent, Germany, Israel, World War II, descendants, independently wealthy, financially cripple, economic depression, calculation, moral obligation Time, reparations, victims, wrongdoing, colonisation, property, restoration, countries, precedent, Germany, Israel, World War II, descendants, economic depression, payment, judgment reparations, time, victims, wrongdoing, colonisation, property, restoration, countries, development, precedent, Germany, Israel, World War II, descendants, wealth, economic depression, Western country, payment, judgement
test-science-eassgbatj-pro02a	Animal research causes severe harm to the animals involved  The point of animal research is that animals are harmed. Even if they don’t suffer in the experiment, almost all are killed afterwards. With 115 million animals used a year this is a big problem. Releasing medical research animals in to the wild would be dangerous for them, and they would not be usable as pets. [4]. The only solution is that they are wild from birth.  It is obvious that it’s not in the interest of animals to be killed or harmed. Research should be banned in order to prevent the deaths of millions of animals. animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, animal death, medical research animals, releasing animals, wild animals, pet suitability, animal ethics, research ban, animal rights, animal welfare, laboratory animals, animal testing, animal experimentation, humane alternatives, animal cruelty animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, animal experimentation, animal death, medical testing, animal rights, animal welfare, research ethics, laboratory animals, humane alternatives, animal cruelty, animal liberation, research bans, animal testing statistics, ethical treatment of animals, animal liberation, speciesism, vivisection, non-animal research methods, in vitro testing, computer modeling, clinical trials, animal-free science, compassionate science, harm reduction, ethical veganism, animal advocacy, animal protection, laboratory animal welfare, animal testing regulations, animal experimentation consequences, animal research impact, animal testing alternatives, animal experimentation ethics, animal testing morality, animal research justification animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, experimental death, medical research animals, wild release, pet suitability, wild birth, animal welfare, research banning, animal deaths prevention animal research, severe harm, animals harmed, killed afterwards, 115 million animals, medical research animals, releasing to wild, dangerous, unusable as pets, wild from birth, prevent deaths, millions of animals, research banned Animal research, severe harm, animals involved, point of research, animals harmed, not suffer, experiment, killed afterwards, 115 million animals, big problem, releasing animals, dangerous, not usable, pets, solution, wild from birth, interest of animals, prevent deaths, millions of animals, research banned
test-international-appghblsba-con02a	A local, decentralized authority can provide better opportunities and solutions for Lesotho  With a population of only 2 million people the Basotho would not have the voice and the votes for legislative and executive authority in SA. South Africa’s population of 53million would swamp their voice. Moreover, keeping the local government in place provides a better option for the people in Lesotho as they are closer to their government than they would be in a bigger state. Lesotho needs a decentralized government that can respond to the wishes and needs of the people. This is something the SA government might not be able to provide it as they are trying to provide general solutions for all of its territory. [1] Lesotho is one of the leaders for democracy in Southern Africa [2] ; joining South Africa would not provide an improvement in accountability. In Europe and even in South Africa, secession movements exists because people feel they are better represented in a smaller state as their vote is more important. This is the case with the king of the abaThembu who is seeking an independent state from the SA government. [3]  [1] ‘9 major problems facing South Africa - and how to fix them’, Leader, 18 July 2011,   [2] Jordan, Michael J., ‘Lesotho leads southern Africa in democracy’, globalpost, 7 June 2012,   [3] ‘Angry king Dalindyebo seeks independent state’, City Press, 23 December 2009, decentralized authority, local government, Lesotho, Basotho, population dynamics, legislative authority, executive authority, South Africa, secession movements, democracy, Southern Africa, accountability, abaThembu, independent state, king Dalindyebo, regional governance, voter representation, smaller state benefits, territorial administration, general solutions Lesotho, decentralized authority, Basotho, population, South Africa, legislative authority, executive authority, local government, democracy, accountability, secession movements, abaThembu, independent state, king Dalindyebo, Southern Africa, representation, vote importance, general solutions, territorial governance Lesotho, decentralized government, local authority, Basotho, South Africa, population, legislative authority, executive authority, accountability, democracy, secession movements, abaThembu, independent state, king Dalindyebo, Southern Africa, general solutions, local government, people's needs, vote importance, democracy leader Lesotho, decentralized authority, Basotho, population, legislative authority, executive authority, South Africa, local government, democracy, secession movements, abaThembu, independent state, accountability, representation, smaller state, general solutions, territorial governance, king Dalindyebo, City Press, globalpost, Leader Lesotho, decentralized authority, local government, Basotho, population, South Africa, legislative authority, executive authority, voice, votes, accountability, secession movements, smaller state, democracy, Southern Africa, abaThembu, independent state, King Dalindyebo
test-culture-ascidfakhba-con04a	Artists often rely on copyright protection to financially support themselves and their families  Artists as they are often not paid for anything else may rely on their creative output to support themselves. This is certainly no crime, and existing copyright laws recognize this fact. Artists often rely wholly on their ability to sell and profit from their work. This policy serves to drain them of that potential revenue, as their work is shunted into creative commons, and available to all. Artists often also have families to support, and putting the added financial burden on them of stripping them of their copyright only serves to further those problems as they exist. A robust system of copyright is a much better protection to struggling and successful artists alike who like all talented individuals seek to assuage their material wants. Artists cannot live on appreciation alone. With much less secure copyright many would have to find other work. Artists, copyright, financial support, families, creative output, sell, profit, work, revenue, creative commons, financial burden, copyright laws, protection, policy, robust system, struggling artists, successful artists, material wants, appreciation, less secure copyright, other work copyright protection, financial support, artists, families, creative output, existing copyright laws, sell, profit, work, revenue, creative commons, financial burden, robust system, struggling artists, successful artists, material wants, appreciation, less secure copyright, find other work Artists, copyright, protection, financial, support, families, creative, output, policies, revenue, creative commons, financial burden, robust system, struggling artists, successful artists, material wants, appreciation, secure copyright, other work artists, copyright, financial, support, families, creative, output, sell, profit, work, revenue, creative commons, financial burden, robust system, protection, struggling, successful, material wants, appreciation, less secure, find other work copyright protection, financial support, artists, families, creative output, existing copyright laws, sell, profit, work, revenue, creative commons, financial burden, copyright, robust system, struggling artists, successful artists, material wants, appreciation, less secure copyright, find other work
test-international-bmaggiahbl-pro01a	Authoritarian leadership  President Kagame though considered a visionary leader has made Rwanda a country based on one man’s ideas. He has silenced critics, opposition and any counter arguments that may not support his opinions through tough rules imposed against the media and free speech. This sparked misunderstandings within the government forcing 4 four high rank officials in exile, one, an ex-intelligence chief was recently murdered in South Africa[1].  Rwanda is essentially a hard-line, one-party, secretive police state with a façade of democracy[2]. To avoid future conflict and government break down Kagame needs to convene a genuine, inclusive, unconditional and comprehensive national dialogue with the aim of preparing and strengthening the country’s future progress.  The fact that most Rwandans still want him to run for re-election after his two terms in 2017 shows how much he has controlled people to believe he is the only potential leader in a country of more than 11 million citizens. If Rwanda is to have a stable future democracy it needs to be recognised that the opposition are patriots too and should be entitled to freedom of speech and press to give them an opportunity to share their views on how the country can be improved. For democracy in Rwanda to progress the country needs to accept the idea of freedom of speech and a ‘loyal opposition’.[3]  [1] Aljazeera Africa news, ‘Rwandan ex-spy chief found dead in S Africa’, Aljazeera.com, 2 January 2014  [2] Kenzer, Stephen, ‘Kagame's authoritarian turn risks Rwanda's future’, thegurdian.com, 27 January 2011  [3] Fisher, Julie, ‘Emerging Voices: Julie Fisher on Democratization NGOs and Loyal Opposition’, CFR, 13 March 2013 Authoritarian leadership, President Kagame, Rwanda, visionary leader, silenced critics, opposition, free speech, tough rules, media restrictions, government misunderstandings, high-ranking officials in exile, ex-intelligence chief murdered, hard-line, one-party state, secretive police state, façade of democracy, national dialogue, future conflict, government breakdown, re-election, controlled beliefs, stable future democracy, freedom of speech, loyal opposition, democratization, NGO, emerging voices, CFR, Aljazeera, The Guardian Authoritarian leadership, President Kagame, Rwanda, visionary leader, silenced critics, opposition, counter arguments, tough rules, media, free speech, misunderstandings, government, high rank officials, exile, ex-intelligence chief, murder, South Africa, hard-line, one-party, secretive police state, façade of democracy, future conflict, government breakdown, national dialogue, re-election, terms, Rwandans, controlled belief, potential leader, stable future, democracy, opposition, patriots, freedom of speech, press, country improvement, loyal opposition, Aljazeera Africa news, Rwandan ex-spy, Stephen Kenzer, Kag Authoritarian leadership, President Kagame, visionary leader, silenced critics, opposition, counter arguments, tough rules, media, free speech, misunderstandings, government, high rank officials, exile, ex-intelligence chief, murdered, South Africa, hard-line, one-party, secretive police state, façade of democracy, future conflict, government breakdown, national dialogue, inclusive, unconditional, comprehensive, country’s future progress, Rwandans, re-election, controlled people, potential leader, stable future democracy, freedom of speech, loyal opposition, democratization, NGOs, Emerging Voices, Julie Fisher, CFR, Aljazeera, thegurdian authoritarian leadership, President Kagame, visionary leader, Rwanda, one man’s ideas, silenced critics, opposition, counter arguments, tough rules, media, free speech, misunderstandings, government, high rank officials, exile, ex-intelligence chief, murdered, South Africa, hard-line, one-party, secretive police state, façade democracy, future conflict, government breakdown, national dialogue, future progress, Rwandans, re-election, controlled people, potential leader, stable future, democracy, freedom of speech, press, loyal opposition, Emerging Voices, democratization NGOs, CFR, Aljazeera Africa news, thegurdian.com Authoritarian leadership, President Kagame, Rwanda, visionary leader, silenced critics, opposition, free speech, media, high rank officials, ex-intelligence chief, murder, South Africa, hard-line, one-party, secretive police state, façade of democracy, national dialogue, future progress, re-election, controlled people, stable future democracy, loyal opposition, freedom of speech, press, Emerging Voices, democratization NGOs, CFR, Aljazeera Africa news, thegurdian.com
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro01a	"Radical changes risk the stability of the Catholic Church.  Whenever a Church makes a radical change to its doctrines and teachings it causes a huge amount of tension within the Church. An excellent example of this is the Church of England allowing women to become bishops; a huge number of people left the Church over the controversy. Since the Catholic Church's ban over contraception of all kinds is something that it has stood fast over for a great number of years, as well as something that sets it apart from most other denominations and faiths, the proposition believes that a change in this would result in a huge amount of tension within the Church. This tension would inevitably bring about a considerable risk of large parts of the Church collapsing altogether. This would be much the same as the tensions over gay priests in the Anglican church that have led to fears of a schism1. Therefore, in the interests of its own stability, the sensible course of action for the Catholic Church to take is to maintain its ban on contraception. 1 Brown, Andrew. ""Jeffrey John and the global Anglican schism: a potted history."" Guardian.co.uk, 8 July 2010 Catholic Church, stability, radical changes, doctrines, teachings, tension, Church of England, women bishops, contraception ban, denominations, faiths, Jeffrey John, Anglican church, gay priests, schism, collapse, maintenance, ban, contraception, Andrew Brown, Guardian Catholic Church, radical changes, stability, doctrine, tension, Church of England, women bishops, contraception, schism, gay priests, Anglican church, Jeffrey John, Andrew Brown, Guardian.co.uk Radical changes, Catholic Church stability, doctrinal shifts, Church of England, women bishops, contraception ban, Anglican schism, internal tension, church collapse, gay priests, institutional integrity, religious doctrine, social reforms, membership decline, traditional values, progressive changes, doctrinal consistency, moral authority, congregational loyalty, faith community dynamics, religious leadership, ecclesiastical policy, doctrinal adaptation, conservative backlash, denominational identity, faith-based controversies, religious reform, institutional resilience, theological disputes, church governance, moral teachings, celibacy, sacraments, religious practices, ecclesiastical tradition, ecclesiastical innovation Radical changes, Catholic Church, stability, tension, Church doctrines, teachings, Church of England, women bishops, controversy, Catholic contraception ban, denominations, faiths, stability risk, Church collapse, gay priests, Anglican schism, Jeffrey John, global Anglican schism, potted history, Guardian, Andrew Brown Radical changes, Catholic Church, stability, tension, doctrines, teachings, Church of England, women bishops, controversy, departure, Catholic Church, contraception ban, denominations, faiths, tension, Church collapse, schism, gay priests, Anglican church, Jeffrey John, global Anglican schism, Andrew Brown, Guardian.co.uk"
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con01a	Animals' rights are of less moral worth than human rights  Humans are complex beings with large well developed brains, that form sizeable social groups, have significant ability to communicate with one another, possess interconnected desires, preferences and interests about the world, have an awareness of their own existence and mortality, and as such are beings worthy of moral consideration. Animals too express some of these characteristics to some degree and thus animals too are worthy of moral consideration. However, animal lives and human lives are of unequal value. This is due to the fact that no animal possesses all of these characteristics to the same degree as the average human, or even comes particularly close. Thus any rights ascribed to animals should be truncated relative to the rights we ascribe to humans. [1] Therefore animals should not rightly possess the same rights to not be experimented upon as humans might. To the extent to which causing some harm to animals brings great benefit to humans, we are morally justified in creating some moral harm, to achieve a far greater moral good.  [1] Frey, R. G., “Moral Standing: The Value of Life and Speciesism”, in La Follette (ed.), Ethics in Practice, (Malden, Mass; Oxford : Blackwell Pub, 2007) animal rights, human rights, moral worth, moral consideration, cognitive abilities, social groups, communication, desires, preferences, interests, awareness, mortality, ethical value, speciesism, experimentation, moral harm, moral good, Frey, ethics, philosophy, moral standing, value of life Animals' rights, human rights, moral worth, complex beings, large well-developed brains, social groups, communication ability, interconnected desires, moral consideration, unequal value, truncated rights, moral justification, causing harm, moral good, speciesism, ethical practice, Frey, moral standing, life value animal rights, human rights, moral worth, complex beings, well-developed brains, social groups, communication abilities, interconnected desires, preferences, interests, self-awareness, mortality, moral consideration, unequal value, truncated rights, experimentation, moral harm, moral good, speciesism, ethics, R.G. Frey, moral standing, value of life Animals' rights, human rights, moral worth, moral consideration, complex beings, large brains, social groups, communication, interconnected desires, preferences, interests, awareness, existence, mortality, moral value, unequal value, animal characteristics, human characteristics, truncated rights, experimentation, moral harm, moral good, speciesism, ethics, R.G. Frey, La Follette, Ethics in Practice, Blackwell Pub animals, rights, moral, worth, human, complex, beings, brains, social, groups, communication, desires, preferences, interests, existence, mortality, consideration, value, life, unequal, characteristics, degree, average, truncated, experiment, harm, benefit, justified, moral, good, Frey, R.G., Moral, Standing, Value, Life, Speciesism, Ethics, Practice, La, Follette, Blackwell, Pub
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-con01a	Google can’t afford to abandon the Chinese market  In 2010, the search market in China was valued at $1.7 billion and was expected to grow at an average of 50% per year for the coming few years. [1] After the 2010 incident, Google has been losing market share in China rapidly. [2] From a business perspective, Google just can’t afford to miss out on such a business opportunity: not only will it miss entering this market when it is growing, it will also forfeit a comfortable position in the search market from which it can build its other businesses, like gmail and android, the way it does in other countries. [3]  [1] Melanie Lee, ‘Analysis: A year after China retreat, Google plots new growth’, Reuters, January 13, 2011. URL:   [2] Reuters, ‘Google search share slips as Baidu gains report’, July 26, 2010, URL:   [3] Kyle Baxter, ‘Android isn’t about building a mobile platform’, January 4, 2011. URL:  Last consulted: December 22, 2011 Google, China, market, search, business, Android, Gmail, Baidu, 2010, growth, share, opportunity,afford, abandon, retreat, plots, gains, mobile, platform Google, China, market, search, business, Android, Gmail, Baidu, growth, share, 2010, Melanie Lee, Reuters, Kyle Baxter, analysis, retreat, plots, gains, report, mobile, platform, opportunity, forfeit, position, enter, building, countries, incident, slipping, rapidly, comfortable, way, other, business perspective, valued, billion, average, year, coming, few, search market, Chinese, search share, loses, market share, business opportunity, mobile platform, new growth, China retreat, Google plots, Baidu gains, Android isn't, building mobile, Google, China, market, search, 2010, value, growth, business, opportunity, market share, decline, Baidu, Android, Gmail, platform, international, expansion, competition, cyber, censorship, regulation Google, Chinese market, search market, 2010, business opportunity, market share, China, Baidu, Android, Gmail, growth, business perspective, Melanie Lee, Reuters, Kyle Baxter, mobile platform, economic value, technology, internet, competition, digital market, strategic importance Google, China, market, search, 2010, value, growth, 50%, market share, business opportunity, gmail, Android, Baidu, mobile platform, business perspective, forfeit, comfortable position, search market, other countries, Kyle Baxter, Melanie Lee, Reuters, January 13, 2011, July 26, 2010, December 22, 2011
test-international-bldimehbn-pro01a	Broadcasters almost never show scenes of torture or torment because they know this will cause offence, the same principle should apply here.  Journalists and editors use their judgement all the time on what is acceptable to print or broadcast. Expletives [1] or graphic images of violence or sex are routinely prevented because they would cause offence, giving personal details might cause distress and are omitted as a courtesy, and the identities of minors are protected as a point of law in most jurisdictions. It is simply untrue to suggest that journalists report the ‘unvarnished truth’ with no regard to its ramifications. Where a particular fact or image is likely to cause offence or distress, it is routine to exercise self-censorship – it’s called discretion and professional judgement [2] . Indeed, the news outlets that fail to do so are the ones most frequently and vociferously denounced by the high-minded intelligentsia who so frequently argue that broadcasting issues such as this constitutes free speech.  It is palpably and demonstrably true that news outlets seek to avoid offending their market; so liberal newspapers avoid exposés of bad behaviour by blacks or homosexuals otherwise they wouldn’t have a readership. [3] Most journalists try to minimise the harm caused by their reporting as shown by a study interviewing journalists on their ethics but how they define this harm and what they think will cause offence differs. [4] Western journalists may find it awkward that many in the Arab world find the issue of homosexuality unpleasant or offensive but many of the same journalists would be aghast if they were asked to report activities that ran counter to their cultural sensibilities simply as fact.  [1] Trask, Larry, ‘The Other Marks on Your Keyboard’, University of Sussex, 1997,   [2] For example see the BBC guide to editorial policy.  [3] Posner, Richard, A., ‘Bad News’, The New York Times, 31 July 2005,   [4] Deppa, Joan A, &amp; Plaisance, Patrick Lee, 2009 ‘Perceptions and Manifestations of Autonomy, Transparency and Harm Among U.S. Newspaper Journalists’, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, pp.328-386, p.358, Broadcasters, scenes, torture, torment, offence, journalists, editors, judgement, acceptable, print, expletives, graphic, images, violence, sex, personal, details, distress, courtesy, minors, legal, protection, unvarnished, truth, ramifications, self-censorship, discretion, professional, discretion, broadcasting, issues, free, speech, news, outlets, market, liberal, newspapers, exposés, bad, behaviour, blacks, homosexuals, readership, journalists, harm, ethics, study, western, arab, world, homosexuality, cultural, sensibilities, facts, BBC, guide, editorial, Broadcasters, scenes, torture, torment, offence, journalists, editors, judgement, acceptable, print, expletives, graphic, violence, sex, personal, details, distress, courtesy, minors, law, jurisdictions, unvarnished, truth, ramifications, self-censorship, discretion, professional, news, outlets, market, liberal, newspapers, exposés, bad, behaviour, blacks, homosexuals, readership, minimise, harm, ethics, cultural, sensibilities, Arab, homosexuality, counter, fact, Western, BBC, editorial, policy, Posner, Bad, News, Times, Deppa, Pl Broadcasters, scenes, torture, torment, offence, journalists, editors, judgement, acceptable, print, expletives, graphic, images, violence, sex, personal, details, distress, courtesy, minors, identities, jurisdictions, unvarnished, truth, ramifications, self-censorship, discretion, professional, news, outlets, denounced, intelligentsia, broadcasting, free, speech, market, liberal, newspapers, exposés, bad, behaviour, blacks, homosexuals, readership, minimise, harm, reporting, ethics, western, journalists, arab, world, homosexuality, unpleasant, cultural, sensibilities, fact, Broadcasters, scenes, torture, torment, offence, journalists, editors, judgement, expletives, graphic, violence, sex, personal, details, distress, courtesy, minors, law, unvarnished, truth, ramifications, self-censorship, discretion, professional, news, outlets, denounce, intelligentsia, free, speech, market, liberal, newspapers, exposés, bad, behaviour, blacks, homosexuals, readership, harm, ethics, Western, journalists, Arab, world, homosexuality, unpleasant, cultural, sensibilities, fact, Trask, Larry, University, Sussex, BBC, guide, Broadcasters, scenes, torture, torment, offence, journalists, editors, judgement, acceptable, print, expletives, graphic, images, violence, sex, personal, details, distress, courtesy, identities, minors, jurisdictions, unvarnished, truth, ramifications, self-censorship, discretion, professional, news, outlets, decried, high-minded, intelligentsia, free, speech, avoid, market, liberal, newspapers, exposés, behaviour, readership, minimise, harm, reporting, ethics, define, difference, Western, Arab, world, homosexuality, cultural, sensibilities, facts, Tr
test-law-hrpepthwuto-pro02a	Terrorist organisations such as Al Qaida do not respect the rights of individuals and the only way to fight fire is with fire  Terrorist networks use fear, pain and suffering as their stock in trade. By definition, terror organisations are not bound by legal due process or rights of appeal and review. Instead they deal out death to innocent members of society who have no power to alter the events and policies that motivate terrorists atrocities.  By contrast, the first role of governments is to protect their citizens’ safety and they should use all tools possible to ensure that innocents are not threatened with random death and destruction.  In the light of these two realities, it is appropriate for governments to take extreme measure, such as torture, to protect their citizens. terrorist organisations, Al Qaida, individual rights, fight fire with fire, fear, pain, suffering, terror networks, legal due process, rights of appeal, death, innocent civilians, government responsibility, citizen safety, extreme measures, torture, protection, random death, destruction, policy motivation, atrocities, protection of innocents terrorism, Al Qaida, rights, individuals, combat, extreme measures, torture, government, protection, citizens, safety, terror networks, fear, suffering, innocence, due process, legal, atrocities, policies, motivation, random death, destruction, tools, appropriate, security, ethics, human rights, international law, counterterrorism, prevention, violence, response, state authority, civil liberties, moral justification, effectiveness, consequences terrorism, Al Qaida, individual rights, government role, citizen protection, torture, extreme measures, terrorist networks, fear, pain, suffering, legal due process, rights of appeal, review, innocents, death, destruction, random, policies, atrocities, motivation, fight fire with fire, protect citizens terrorist organisations, Al Qaida, rights of individuals, fight fire with fire, fear, pain, suffering, terror networks, legal due process, rights of appeal, death, innocent civilians, government role, citizen safety, extreme measures, torture, protection, random death, destruction, policies, motivations, atrocities Terrorist, Al Qaida, rights, individuals, fight, fire, networks, fear, pain, suffering, stock, trade, terror, organisations, legal, due process, appeal, review, death, innocent, citizens, safety, tools, protect, extreme measures, torture, atrocities, policies, government, protection, random, destruction
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro05a	Microfinance and protection  Access to a small loan provides benefits for the poor’s ability to access high quality health care. A lack of access to banking facilities - loans and credit - may mean the poor are left excluded from health care services as these are usually not free. Microfinance institutions accept the irregularities of the poor’s income, so enabling health care to be affordable to the poor by providing access to finance. As Ofori-Adjei (2007) shows the integration of microfinance institutions within healthcare systems in Ghana is required to resolve the issue of inaccessibility. Ill health should not put a household into a state of poverty - microfinance provides this protection.  Microfinance schemes not only provide loans to access health care but are now integrating non-financial services, such as health education, within their finance schemes. microfinance, health care, poverty, loans, credit, banking facilities, irregular income, affordability, healthcare systems, integration, non-financial services, health education, inaccessibility, Ghana, protection, household poverty, Ofori-Adjei microfinance, health care, poverty, loans, credit, banking facilities, irregular income, non-financial services, health education, Ghana, inaccessibility, household poverty, financial protection Microfinance, health care, poverty, loans, credit, banking facilities, irregular income, affordability, non-financial services, health education, Ghana, inaccessibility, household poverty, health protection, finance schemes, integration, healthcare systems Microfinance, health care, poverty, loans, credit, banking, affordability, income irregularities, financial protection, health education, integration, healthcare systems, Ghana, inaccessibility, household poverty, non-financial services Microfinance, health care, poverty, loans, credit, banking facilities, irregular income, affordability, finance access, healthcare systems, Ghana, inaccessibility, household poverty, non-financial services, health education, finance schemes
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-con03a	The status quo reveals that several powerful and influential people are in charge of the whole state  What is occurring in Russia now is closer to dictatorship rather than to strong leadership. Many commentators of the Russian political stage share the opinion that Medvedev is just a pawn in the hands of the former president and current prime minister – Putin. “The leading role still clearly belongs to Putin. This reflects the unspoken agreement that was reached between Putin and Medvedev,” said Yevgeny Volk, an independent political analyst in Moscow. (6) Russia’s both external and internal policy have not changed after the elections in 2008 and are following the same path, which is another argument that Putin continues to pull the strings.  In fact, the more important question is not whether or not Medvedev is a pawn, but who is actually in charge – “Kremlin-watchers say this system of interlocking and competing clans that is managed by Putin comprises the core of Russia's ruling elite. The key players, the people with decision making power, number about thirty. The inner circle, most agree, comprises about twelve people… There are something like a dozen of the most influential guys in the first circle and perhaps two dozen who are less influential in the second circle. These are not only managers but also shareholders who are not that visible or public...Not only do they manage Russia...but they also enrich themselves pretty actively.” (7) This poses the debate is such a status quo in the best interest of Russia and its people or is the exact opposite. Russia, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, leadership, political stage, Kremlin, clans, ruling elite, status quo, internal policy, external policy, elections, 2008, political analyst, Yevgeny Volk, decision making, shareholders, managers, influence, power, debate, best interest, people, state, control, elite circle, string pulling, pawn, strong leadership, power dynamics, Russian politics, governance, political system, elite control, public visibility, enrichment, competing interests status quo, powerful people, state control, Russia, dictatorship, strong leadership, Medvedev, pawn, Putin, political analyst, Yevgeny Volk, unspoken agreement, external policy, internal policy, 2008 elections, Kremlin-watchers, interlocking clans, competing clans, ruling elite, key players, decision making power, inner circle, influential guys, managers, shareholders, enrich themselves, best interest, Russian people Russia, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, Kremlin, political elite, status quo, leadership, power, clans, influence, policy, elections, 2008, governance, debate, interests, people, control, strings, pawn, management, enrichment, public, shareholders, decision-making, circle, elite, state, commentators, Yevgeny Volk, strong leadership, external policy, internal policy, unspoken agreement, rulers, influential, powerful, political stage, Kremlin-watchers, competing, interlocking, core, elite, debate, best interest, Russia's people, opposite, status quo, elite governance, political Russia, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, strong leadership, political analysts, Kremlin-watchers, ruling elite, clans, decision making, shareholders, status quo, public interest, enrichment, political power, influence, state management, elections 2008, internal policy, external policy Russia, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, political leadership, Kremlin, power dynamics, elite, clans, decision-making, status quo, governance, influence, shareholders, public interest, policy, elections, 2008, political analysts, Yevgeny Volk, strong leadership, external policy, internal policy, control, stability, debate, national interest, power structure, political system, state control, ruling elite, transparency, political influence, governance structure, political reform, leadership transition, political stability, authoritarianism, political control, power balance, political environment, political dynamics, political changes, political roles, political observers, political
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro02a	It blocks a significant amount of evidence  A system of just law is not based on opinions or ideologies. It is about finding evidence and using that evidence to prove or disprove either to 'beyond reasonable doubt' for criminal cases or 'on the balance of probabilities' for civil and commercial matters. The burden is on the importance of the evidence. It does not make sense for a legal system to on one hand place so much emphasis on evidence and lock away documents which will contain a vast array of empirical evidence with the other. Instead, attorney-client privilege should be abolished and all evidence should be in justices domain in order to ensure that the law achieves a just result. evidence, legal system, attorney-client privilege, just law, empirical evidence, burden of proof, beyond reasonable doubt, balance of probabilities, criminal cases, civil matters, legal reform, transparency, justice evidence, legal system, just law, attorney-client privilege, burden of proof, empirical evidence, criminal cases, civil matters, reasonable doubt, balance of probabilities, legal reform, justice, transparency evidence, legal system, attorney-client privilege, just law, empirical evidence, burden of proof, beyond reasonable doubt, balance of probabilities, abolish, justice, transparency, legal proceedings, criminal cases, civil matters, commercial matters, legal reform, fair trial, due process, legal ethics evidence, legal system, attorney-client privilege, just law, empirical evidence, burden of proof, reasonable doubt, balance of probabilities, civil matters, criminal cases, legal reform, justice, transparency evidence, just law, opinions, ideologies, prove, disprove, reasonable doubt, criminal cases, balance of probabilities, civil matters, commercial matters, importance of evidence, legal system, attorney-client privilege, abolish, justices domain, just result
test-education-udfakusma-pro01a	Opens up education  Higher education, as with other levels of education, should be open to all. Universities are universally respected as the highest form of educational institution available and it is a matter of principle that everyone should have access to this higher level of education. Unfortunately not everyone in the world has this access usually because they cannot afford it, but it may also be because they are not academically inclined. This does not however mean that it is right to simply cut them off from higher educational opportunities. Should those who do not attend university not have access to the same resources as those who do?  This can have an even greater impact globally than within an individual country. 90% of the world’s population currently have no access to higher education. Providing access to all academic work gives them the opportunities that those in developed countries already have. [1]  [1] Daniel, Sir John, and Killion, David, “Are open educational resources the key to global economic growth?”, Guardian Professional, 4 July 2012, opens up education, higher education, access, universities, equality, affordability, academic inclination, educational resources, global impact, development, open educational resources, economic growth, worldwide access, equity, learning opportunities, developed countries, international education, inclusion, university attendance, resource distribution, educational institutions, educational access, academic work, global education, economic development, OER, Sir John Daniel, David Killion, Guardian Professional, education policy, societal progress, knowledge dissemination, educational barriers, learning equity opens up education, higher education, access to all, universities, educational institution, academic inclination, financial barriers, global impact, open educational resources, economic growth, resource equity, worldwide education, developed countries, academic work, educational opportunities higher education, open education, university access, education resources, global education, academic opportunities, economic growth, open educational resources, education inequality, academic inclusion education, higher education, access, universities, academic, resources, global, economic growth, open educational resources, equity, opportunity, affordability, development, inclusivity, knowledge dissemination, societal impact, digital divide, lifelong learning, policy, technology, barriers, scholarship, research, sharing, collaboration, international, development aid, academic freedom, public good, innovation, diversity, quality, curriculum, student success, learning outcomes, teaching methods, accreditation, e-learning, online education, virtual classrooms, flexible learning, community colleges, vocational training, skills development, workforce readiness, cultural exchange, social mobility, empowerment, poverty reduction, sustainable development, educational opens, education, higher, access, universities, universal, principle, affordability, academic, inclined, resources, global, impact, population, opportunities, developed, countries, academic, work, open, educational, resources, economic, growth, development, equity, inclusion, online, learning, policy, funding, barriers, innovation
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-pro02a	"Quebec has the right to self-determination.  All people have the right to determine their own form of government and representation and Quebec has been systematically denied this right.  Quebec has historically been denied the right to determine its own form of governance systematically and therefore the Canadian government has no right to claim legitimacy over Quebec and cannot stop it from leaving the federation.  The Canadian Constitution was patriated in 1982 in a backroom deal known as the Meech Lake Accord [1] where Quebec was explicitly excluded from the negotiations and their issues were ignored. Specifically, Quebec was attempting to entrench recognition of their special status and needs as a distant society within Canada [2] and this was denied. To this day, Quebec has refused to sign the Canadian constitution as it feels it doesn’t adequately represent its interests and needs [3] .  Therefore, Quebec has the right to independence as its sovereignty was illegitimately taken from it and it is systematically denied adequate representation in Canadian politics.  [1] ""The Meech Lake Accord."" Peace and Conflict. Historica, n. d. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. &lt;  .  [2] ""The Meech Lake Accord."" Peace and Conflict. Historica, n. d. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. &lt;  .  [3] ""The Meech Lake Accord."" Peace and Conflict. Historica, n. d. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. &lt;  . Quebec, self-determination, right, government, representation, denied, Canadian, legitimacy, federation, independence, sovereignty, Meech Lake Accord, constitution, patriated, special status, distant society, signed, interests, politics, illegitimately, adequate, representation Quebec, self-determination, right, government, representation, denied, Canadian, legitimacy, independence, sovereignty, Meech Lake Accord, patriated, 1982, negotiations, special status, distant society, constitution, sign, interests, needs, politics, legitimacy, backroom deal, entrench, recognition, Canadian federation, separation, autonomy, political rights, constitutional exclusion, democratic representation, systemic denial, governance, federalism, sovereignty-association, national identity, Quebecois, Canadian state, constitutional reform, historical context, political movement, legal basis, international law, national self-determination, cultural protection, minority Quebec, self-determination, right, governance, representation, Canadian government, legitimacy, federation, Canadian Constitution, 1982, Meech Lake Accord, backroom deal, negotiations, special status, distant society, constitution, refusal, sign, interests, needs, independence, sovereignty, denied, representation, Canadian politics Quebec, self-determination, right, governance, Canadian government, legitimacy, federation, Meech Lake Accord, Canadian Constitution, 1982, backroom deal, special status, distant society, refusal, constitution, interests, sovereignty, independence, representation, Canadian politics Quebec, self-determination, right, government, representation, denied, legitimacy, Canadian, constitution, patriated, 1982, Meech Lake Accord, special status, distinct society, refused, sign, sovereignty, independence, politics, systematically, inadequate, representation, federation, leaving, historic, negotiations, ignored, interests, needs, backroom deal, entrench, recognition"
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-pro02a	"Women have a right to be free of stereotyping.  Women's rights to be free from stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination and objectification should be a matter of deep concern as they infringe on human rights related to gender. Advertising messages influence younger generations as well as send stereotypical images of men. As a result the objectification and violence against women will continue. Gender inequality and sexual harassment in the work place is not likely to diminish.1 This means that women will continue to suffer from discrimination based upon their gender. 1 Newswise.com, ""Study Find Rise in Sexualized Images of Women."" 2010 Women, stereotyping, rights, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human rights, gender, advertising, younger generations, objectification, violence, women, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace, discrimination, gender, sexualized images, study, rise, newswise.com, 2010 Women, stereotyping, rights, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human rights, gender, advertising, younger generations, stereotypical images, violence, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace, discrimination, gender-based, sexualized images women, stereotyping, women's rights, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human rights, gender, advertising, younger generations, stereotypical images, men, objectification, violence against women, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace, discrimination, gender-based歧视, sexualized images, study, rise Women, rights, stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human rights, gender, advertising, younger generations, stereotypical images, men, violence, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace, discrimination, gender-based, sexualized images, study, rise Women, stereotyping, rights, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human rights, gender, advertising, younger generations, images, men, objectification, violence, women, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace, discrimination, gender, sexualized images, study, rise, 2010"
test-culture-mthbah-con01a	Small businesses need advertisements to make their products known.  If there wasn't advertising then small businesses would have no chance at all to make their product well known. Adverts can actually level the playing field - if you have a good new product, and market it in a clever way then it doesn't matter how small your company is, you can still make consumers interested. The more you restrict the freedom of information, the more this helps the large companies who everyone already knows about. small businesses, advertisements, product awareness, advertising, market competition, clever marketing, consumer interest, information freedom, large companies, market visibility small businesses, advertisements, product awareness, advertising importance, market competition, leveling the playing field, clever marketing, consumer interest, information freedom, large companies, brand recognition small businesses, advertisements, product awareness, advertising importance, level playing field, market strategy, consumer interest, information freedom, large companies, competition small businesses, advertisements, product awareness, level playing field, marketing, consumer interest, information freedom, large companies small businesses, advertisements, product awareness, advertising importance, level playing field, market strategies, consumer interest, information freedom, large companies, competition
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con02a	There are problems with being vegetarian  A vegetarian or vegan diet may result in a person not getting enough iron. This is because, although you can get iron from foods such as pulses, green leafy vegetables and nuts, the iron in these foods isn't absorbed so easily. The symptoms of this feeling breathless after little exercise, feeling tired and a short attention span and poor concentration. [1] These symptoms could negatively affect proficiency in school and the ability to perform well at work ultimately leading to a loss of productivity which has both personal effects and broader effects for the economy. Other conditions include frequently becoming ill, frequently becoming depressed, and malnourishment.  [1] Bupa's Health Information Team, ‘Iron-deficiency anaemia’, bupa.co.uk, March 2010, vegetarian, vegan, diet, iron, absorption, symptoms, breathless, tired, concentration, school, work, productivity, economy, illness, depression, malnourishment, iron-deficiency, anaemia, health, Bupa, nutrition, deficiency, dietary, intake, plant-based, food, sources, pulses, leafy, vegetables, nuts vegetarian, vegan, diet, iron deficiency, iron absorption, pulses, green leafy vegetables, nuts, breathlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, school performance, work performance, productivity loss, economic impact, frequent illness, depression, malnourishment, iron-deficiency anaemia, Bupa, health information vegetarian, vegan, diet, iron deficiency, iron absorption, symptoms, breathless, tired, short attention span, poor concentration, school proficiency, work performance, productivity loss, personal effects, economic effects, frequently ill, depression, malnourishment, Bupa, health information, iron-deficiency anaemia vegetarian, vegan, diet, iron-deficiency, iron absorption, pulses, leafy vegetables, nuts, breathlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, school performance, work productivity, economic impact,频繁生病,抑郁症,营养不良, Bupa's Health Information Team, Iron-deficiency anaemia vegetarian, vegan, diet, iron deficiency, iron absorption, plant-based iron, fatigue, breathlessness, poor concentration, low productivity, school performance, work performance, frequent illness, depression, malnutrition, health impacts, economic effects, Bupa, iron-deficiency anaemia
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-pro01a	The ICC allows for the prosecution of war criminals.  Law-abiding states like the United States that have yet to ratify the ICC should have nothing to fear if they behave lawfully. The Prosecutor of the ICC is only concerned with the most grave offences and it defies belief that the US would approve a strategy of genocide or systematic mass violations of human rights that could attract the jurisdiction of the ICC. Further, the discretion of the Prosecutor is not unchecked. The Statute requires that the approval of three judges sitting in a pre-trial chamber be obtained before an arrest warrant can be issued or proceedings initiated. Moreover, there is no harm to the interests of the US in being subjected to a mere preliminary investigation. In fact, it is preferable that spurious accusations are briefly examined and shown to be baseless, than that these accusations be allowed to raise doubts about the credibility of a State's actions and the impartiality of the Tribunal in question. The US acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Prosecutor of the ICTY is evident ; the US troops forming part of the KFOR peacekeeping force in Kosovo could equally be subject to investigation and prosecution by the ICTY. The US is prepared for its forces to operate under the scrutiny of the ICTY since it reasonably does not expect its members to commit the very crimes they are deployed to prevent. ICC, war criminals, prosecution, United States, ratification, lawfully, grave offences, genocide, human rights, jurisdiction, Prosecutor, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, proceedings, preliminary investigation, accusations, credibility, state actions, impartiality, ICTY, KFOR, peacekeeping, forces, scrutiny, crimes prevention ICC, war criminals, prosecution, United States, ratification, lawful behavior, grave offences, genocide, human rights violations, Prosecutor discretion, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, preliminary investigation, accusations, credibility, state actions, ICTY, KFOR, peacekeeping force, Kosovo, scrutiny, crime prevention ICC, war criminals, prosecution, United States, ratification, law-abiding states, grave offences, genocide, human rights violations, Prosecutor discretion, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, proceedings, preliminary investigation, spurious accusations, credibility, State actions, impartiality, ICTY, KFOR peacekeeping force, US troops, scrutiny, prevent crimes ICC, war criminals, prosecution, United States, ratification, law-abiding states, grave offences, genocide, human rights violations, Prosecutor discretion, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, preliminary investigation, credibility, state actions, jurisdiction, ICTY, KFOR, peacekeeping force, Kosovo, US forces, scrutiny, prevention ICC, prosecution, war criminals, United States, ratification, lawfulness, grave offences, genocide, human rights, Prosecutor discretion, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, preliminary investigation, credibility, state actions, jurisdiction, ICTY, KFOR, peacekeeping, scrutiny, crime prevention
test-international-ipecfiepg-con02a	Defaulting would not solve Greece’s problems  The proposition argue that the hardship endured by the default would only be temporary, but an analysis at the particular situation facing Greece indicates the opposite. Greece’s problems arose from a horrifically inefficient public sector embedded within a mentality of corruption and tax evasion. Even if we assume that defaulting would eventually boost Greek exports and help the economy recover, this would not solve the underlying problems that caused the crisis in the first place. By leaving the Eurozone and defaulting, Greece would lose easy access to borrowing, meaning that taxpayers would soon have to face the reality that they would have to pay for the inefficiencies within the public sector and support all the other structures that need reform. [1] Greece must, therefore, address these underlying issues or face the exact same problems in the future. Given that solving these problems necessarily involve austerity measures and job cuts, it makes most sense for Greece to undergo these changes now (as it is with the current austerity measures), under the framework of IMF, ECB and European Commission funding and supervision.  [1] Barrell, Ray: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greece, default, Eurozone, economic crisis, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economic recovery, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis Greece, default, problems, Eurozone, public sector, inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economy, recovery, underlying issues, crisis, austerity measures, job cuts, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis, single currency, supervision, reform, borrowing, taxpayers, realism, long-term solutions, short-term hardships, currency devaluation, international support, structural changes, economic policies, financial supervision, governance improvements, political stability, economic recovery, socioeconomic impact, default consequences, euro, financial crisis, European Union, economic reforms, fiscal policies, economic governance, debt Greece, default, Eurozone, economic crisis, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, exports, currency recovery, IMF, ECB, European Commission, austerity measures, job cuts, funding, supervision, Barrell, Eurozone crisis Greece, default, Eurozone, economic recovery, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, exports, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, crisis, euro, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis Greece, default, Eurozone, problems, inefficient public sector, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economy recovery, underlying issues, crisis, borrowing, taxpayers, public sector inefficiencies, reform, austerity measures, job cuts, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, Eurozone crisis, single currency, Ray Barrell, The Guardian, 2012
test-law-ilppppghb-pro02a	Self-determination and independence is recognition of the fact that indigenous peoples were unfairly treated by colonial powers, and their proprietary rights abused.  In some contexts, separation may not be a realistic option for minority peoples. However, that does not mean that self-determination is not meaningful for such groups. For indigenous peoples, self-determination may take the form of restitution for land that was stolen from them, or compensation and reparations. Furthermore, self-determination may take the form of political autonomy, or greater rights to decide how children are educated, or parallel systems of justice such as sharia courts. Self-determination is about representation and identity and choice - not about outcomes. self-determination, independence, indigenous peoples, colonial powers, proprietary rights, minority peoples, separation, restitution, land, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education, parallel systems, justice, sharia courts, representation, identity, choice, outcomes self-determination, independence, indigenous peoples, colonial powers, proprietary rights, separation, minority peoples, restitution, land, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education, parallel systems, justice, sharia courts, representation, identity, choice, outcomes self-determination, independence, indigenous peoples, colonial powers, proprietary rights, separation, minority peoples, restitution, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education rights, parallel justice systems, representation, identity, choice Self-determination, independence, indigenous peoples, colonial powers, proprietary rights, abuse, separation, minority peoples, restitution, land, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education rights, parallel justice systems, sharia courts, representation, identity, choice, outcomes self-determination, independence, indigenous peoples, colonial powers, proprietary rights, separation, minority peoples, restitution, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education rights, parallel justice systems, sharia courts, representation, identity, choice, outcomes
test-law-thgglcplgphw-pro01a	Coca chewing is not equivalent to the consumption of hard drugs. It is no more harmful than drinking coffee.  The coca leaf, in its natural state, is not even a narcotic, even though the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs considers the natural leaf to be so. However it only truly becomes a narcotic when the paste or the concentrate is extracted from the leaf to form cocaine. [1] The simple coca leaf, by contrast, only has very mild effects when chewed and is different from cocaine. In 1995 the World Health Organisation found that the “use of coca leaves appears to have no negative health effects and has positive therapeutic, sacred and social functions for indigenous Andean populations.” [2] It may even be useful in combating obesity, and there is no evidence that coca use is addictive. At worst, it is comparable to caffeine in terms of its effect on its consumer. [3] Therefore there are no significant health reasons behind this ban on the cultivation of coca leaves for their chewed consumption in its traditional form.  [1] Morales, Evo. “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves”. New York Times. March 13, 2009.   [2] Jelsma, Martin. “Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing”. Transnational Institute, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 11. March 2011.  [3] Morales, Evo. “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves”. New York Times. March 13, 2009. coca chewing, hard drugs, coffee, coca leaf, natural state, narcotic drugs, 1961 Single Convention, cocaine, World Health Organisation, Andean populations, obesity, addiction, caffeine, health effects, cultivation ban, traditional consumption, Evo Morales, Martin Jelsma, Transnational Institute, legislative reform, drug policies coca chewing, hard drugs, coffee, coca leaf, narcotic drugs, 1961 Single Convention, cocaine, World Health Organisation, Andean populations, obesity, caffeine, health effects, addiction, cultivation ban, legislative reform, drug policies, coca leaves, traditional consumption, negative health effects, therapeutic functions, social functions, sacred functions, Evo Morales, Martin Jelsma, Transnational Institute Coca, chewing, coca leaf, cocaine, hard drugs, coffee, 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, World Health Organisation, Andean populations, obesity, caffeine, addiction, health effects, cultivation, traditional consumption, legislative reform, drug policies coca, chewing, hard drugs, coffee, coca leaf, natural state, narcotic, 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, cocaine, World Health Organisation, health effects, therapeutic functions, social functions, obesity, caffeine, addictive, cultivation, traditional form, ban, legislative reform, drug policies, Andean populations, Evo Morales, Martin Jelsma, Transnational Institute Coca, chewing, hard drugs, coffee, coca leaf, natural state, narcotic, 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, cocaine, paste, concentrate, effects, World Health Organisation, negative health effects, therapeutic functions, sacred functions, social functions, indigenous Andean populations, obesity, addiction, caffeine, cultivation, traditional form, legislative reform, drug policies
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-con02a	Google will help Chinese internet freedom more by staying  As Google itself argued in 2006 when it first entered the Chinese domestic market; when Google is fully present in China, it can at least do its very best to allow its Chinese users as much access to all the information that Chinese users are allowed to look up. By expanding their access, Google can at least contribute to a broadening of the amount of information Chinese internet users can gather. The alternative is them relying on an even more censored Chinese search engine called Baidu, or having them try to access a heavily blocked, slowed down, restricted and monitored version of Google outside of China, for example google.com or the Hong Kong-based Google.com.hk. Having a locally accessible version of Google that is censored might not be optimal, but it’s better than nothing. [1]  [1] Karen Wickre, ‘Testimony: The Internet in China’, February 15, 2006. URL:  Last consulted: December 22, 2011 Google, Chinese internet freedom, information access, censorship, Baidu, restricted access, Hong Kong, Karen Wickre, internet in China, 2006 testimony Google, Chinese internet freedom, censorship, information access, Baidu, Hong Kong, Google.com.hk, Karen Wickre, Internet in China, 2006, market entry, local presence, censored search engine, user access, information broadening, restricted access, monitored version, optimal solution, digital rights Google, Chinese, internet, freedom, censorship, Baidu, information, access, users, search, engine, Hong Kong, restricted, monitored, presence, market, Karen Wickre, testimony Google, Chinese internet freedom, censorship, Baidu, information access, Hong Kong, Google.com.hk, internet presence, China, Karen Wickre, internet policy Google, Chinese internet freedom, information access, Baidu, censorship, internet expansion, user privacy, digital rights, internet governance, technology policy
test-science-eassgbatj-pro03a	It isn’t necessary  We don’t know how we will be able to develop new drugs without animal testing until we end it. We now know how most chemicals work, and computer simulations of chemicals are very good.[6] Experimenting on tissue can show how drugs work, without the need for actual animals. Even skin left over from surgery can be experiment on, and being human, is more useful.  The fact that animal research was needed in the past isn’t a good excuse any more. We still have all the advancements from animal testing in the past, but it’s no longer needed. [7] animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experimentation, human skin samples, historical advancements, ethical research methods, non-animal alternatives, scientific progress animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experiments, human skin testing, past advancements, ethical research, alternatives to animal testing, medical progress animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experiments, human skin testing, medical advancements, ethical research, animal-free testing, scientific progress animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experimentation, human skin samples, medical advancements, ethical research methods, animal-free testing, scientific progress animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experimentation, human skin samples, past advancements, ethical research, non-animal alternatives, scientific progress
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con02a	Such reparations would do little to actually improve the developing countries.  Reparations are an incredibly short-term economic measure. To have any substantial impact, long-term systems would need to be put in place to truly benefit such countries, and it would be far better to encourage sustainable growth [1] than a one-off bumper payment. Developed countries should look towards improving their long-term relationship with former colonies and establishing measures such as fairer trade rules or debt relief as an efficient measure. This would allow the aid to be focused in the places where these countries need it most.  The symbolism of reparations is also potentially dangerous. Firstly, paying reparations may bring the belief that former colonial powers have ‘paid their debt’ and no longer have to seek to improve their own conduct of foreign policy. Secondly, this measure would allow dictators such as Robert Mugabe to feel justified in their declarations that colonial powers are independently responsible for all the problems affecting their countries [2] [3] [4] . In this way, Mugabe tries to hide his own shortcomings and place blame entirely on the West, which has negative impacts on the potential for international relations. In the case of Italy’s reparations to Libya, this could be seen as strengthening the Gaddafi dictatorship at the expense of the Libyan people and the West, particularly as Gaddafi is prone to blaming the West [5] or indeed anybody else he can [6] .  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [3] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [4] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [5] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [6] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, developing countries, short-term economic measure, sustainable growth, long-term systems, fair trade, debt relief, colonial powers, foreign policy, Robert Mugabe, colonial responsibility, international relations, Italy, Libya, Gaddafi dictatorship, Libyan people, West, blame, shortcomings reparations, developing countries, short-term economic measure, long-term systems, sustainable growth, fair trade rules, debt relief, former colonies, international relations, symbolism, colonial powers, foreign policy, Robert Mugabe, Gaddafi dictatorship, Libyan people, West, blame, shortcomings, Italy, Libya reparations, developing countries, short-term, economic measure, long-term systems, sustainable growth, developed countries, former colonies, fairer trade rules, debt relief, symbolism, colonial powers, foreign policy, dictators, Robert Mugabe, colonial responsibility, international relations, Italy, Libya, Gaddafi dictatorship, blaming the West reparations, developing countries, short-term economic measure, long-term systems, sustainable growth, long-term relationship, former colonies, fairer trade rules, debt relief, symbolism, former colonial powers, foreign policy, dictators, Robert Mugabe, colonial powers, international relations, Italy, Libya, Gaddafi, dictatorship, West, blaming reparations, developing countries, short-term economic measure, long-term systems, sustainable growth, fair trade rules, debt relief, international aid, colonial powers, foreign policy, dictators, Robert Mugabe, Gaddafi, Libyan people, Western blame, international relations, symbolism of reparations, economic impact, political responsibility, historical debt
test-international-appghblsba-con01a	Annexation is not needed where there is already extensive cooperation between the countries  Lesotho and South Africa already cooperate on a wide variety of issues. If we look at the example of the law system; the two systems are almost the same and all but one of the Justices on the Court of Appeal in Lesotho are South African jurists. [1] Moreover, there are at least four inter-governmental organizations that maximize the trade, help and social connections between the two states. Starting with the African Union, going on to the Southern African Development Community [2] that promotes socio-economic cooperation as well as political and security cooperation, moving to the Southern African Customs Union [3] and the Common Monetary Area. Lesotho is not only helped by SA but this is happening without them having to let go of their national identity and history. In much the same way as different nations, large and small, benefit from the EU so the countries of Southern Africa can benefit from some integration without the negative consequences of complete annexation with the loss of control that would bring.  [1] U.S. Department of State, ‘Lesotho (10/07)’, state.gov,   [2] Southern African Development Community Official website   [3] ‘Continued economic reforms would attract more foreign investment’, World Trade Organisation, 25 April 2003, Annexation, Cooperation, Lesotho, South Africa, Law System, Justices, Court of Appeal, Inter-governmental Organizations, African Union, Southern African Development Community, Socio-economic Cooperation, Political Cooperation, Security Cooperation, Southern African Customs Union, Common Monetary Area, National Identity, History, EU, Integration, Foreign Investment, WTO, World Trade Organisation Annexation, Cooperation, Lesotho, South Africa, Law System, Justices, Court of Appeal, Inter-Governmental Organizations, African Union, Southern African Development Community, Socio-Economic Cooperation, Political Cooperation, Security Cooperation, Southern African Customs Union, Common Monetary Area, National Identity, History, European Union, Integration, Economic Reforms, Foreign Investment annexation, Lesotho, South Africa, cooperation, legal system, justices, African Union, Southern African Development Community, socio-economic cooperation, political cooperation, security cooperation, Southern African Customs Union, Common Monetary Area, national identity, EU, integration, foreign investment, WTO, economic reforms annexation, cooperation, Lesotho, South Africa, law system, Justices, Court of Appeal, inter-governmental organizations, African Union, Southern African Development Community, socio-economic cooperation, political cooperation, security cooperation, Southern African Customs Union, Common Monetary Area, national identity, history, EU, Southern Africa, integration, foreign investment, economic reforms Annexation, Cooperation, Lesotho, South Africa, Law System, Justices, Court of Appeal, Inter-Governmental Organizations, African Union, Southern African Development Community, Socio-Economic Cooperation, Political Cooperation, Security Cooperation, Southern African Customs Union, Common Monetary Area, National Identity, History, EU, Integration, Foreign Investment, World Trade Organisation, Economic Reforms
test-society-epiasghbf-pro01a	The importance of jobs in livelihoods - money  Jobs are empowerment. Building sustainable livelihoods, and tackling poverty in the long term, requires enabling access to capital assets. A key asset is financial capital. Jobs, and employment, provide a means to access and build financial capital required, whether through loans or wages. When a woman is able to work she is therefore able to take control of her own life. Additionally she may provide a second wage meaning the burden of poverty on households is cumulatively reduced. Having a job and the financial security it brings means that other benefits can be realised such as investing in good healthcare and education. [1] .  Women working from home in Kenya, designing jewellery, shows the link between employment and earning an income [2] . The women have been empowered to improve their way of life.  [1] See further readings: Ellis et al, 2010.  [2] See further readings: Petty, 2013. jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, life, second wage, household poverty, financial security, healthcare, education, women working, home, Kenya, jewellery, income, empowerment, way of life, Ellis et al, 2010, Petty, 2013 jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, life, second wage, household poverty, financial security, healthcare, education, working from home, Kenya, jewellery, income, way of life, Ellis et al, 2010, Petty, 2013 jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, life, household, poverty reduction, healthcare, education, working from home, Kenya, jewellery, income, empowerment, way of life, readings, Ellis, Petty jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, women, control, life, second wage, household poverty, financial security, healthcare, education, women working, home, Kenya, jewellery, income, way of life, Ellis et al, 2010, Petty, 2013 jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, access, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, life, second wage, households, financial security, healthcare, education, working from home, Kenya, jewellery, income, way of life, Ellis et al 2010, Petty 2013
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro03a	It places excessive moral burden on solicitors  With the attorney-client privilege in place, there is an excessive burden on the solicitor to cope with any information their client may give to them on a confidential basis. This means they have to deal with the information alone. This is an excessive moral burden for any individual to have and should not be justified on the basis that a solicitor is there to advance the interests of their client. It should not be the solicitors role to deal with moral conflicts alone. attorney-client privilege, moral burden, solicitors, confidentiality, information management, client interests, moral conflicts, professional responsibility attorney-client privilege, moral burden, solicitors, confidential information, client communication, ethical responsibility, legal profession, moral conflicts, professional ethics, client representation moral burden, solicitors, attorney-client privilege, confidential information, individual responsibility, client interests, moral conflicts, legal ethics, professional responsibility, confidentiality obligations excessive, moral, burden, solicitors, attorney-client, privilege, confidential, information, cope, alone, justify, client, interests, moral, conflicts attorney-client privilege, moral burden, solicitors, confidential information, client-solicitor relationship, ethical responsibility, moral conflicts, professional ethics, legal profession, confidentiality obligations, client interests, moral justification
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-pro04a	Without collisions, either the catcher or the runner would have an enormous and unfair advantage.  There are two often-discussed ways to change the rules: require the runner to slide, just as they must do when attempting to reach other bases; or disallow catchers to block runners’ paths. Each results in an imbalance between the catcher and runner. A commentator describes this dynamic very well:  “If Major League Baseball was to employ a rule stating that runners must avoid contact with the catcher—similar to the ‘slide or avoid’ rule employed in amateur baseball—it would give the advantage to the catcher. The catcher would have the benefit of dictating the course of action that a baserunner must take, and would—perhaps more importantly—have peace of mind knowing that there is no chance of an ensuing collision. If Major League Baseball was to make a rule stating that the catcher cannot block the plate, the advantage would certainly go to the baserunner, who would enjoy the luxury of a straight path to the most sacred ground on a baseball diamond.” [1]  Allowing collisions is the fairest, most even match between the catcher and runner.  [1] Ricky Doyle, “Buster Posey’s Injury Unfortunate, But Home-Plate Collisions Still Have Place in Baseball,” NESN, May 29, 2011,  . collisions, catcher, runner, advantage, imbalance, slide, avoid, block, plate, Major League Baseball, rule, fairness, home-plate, baseball, injury, Buster Posey, NESN, May 29, 2011 baseball, collisions, catcher, runner, rule changes, slide rule, avoid contact, block plate, advantage, fairness, home-plate, Buster Posey, injury, Major League Baseball, amateur baseball, baserunner, straight path, sacred ground, match, sport ethics collisions, catcher, runner, advantage, rule, slide, block, path, imbalance, Major League Baseball, amateur baseball, slide or avoid, plate, baserunner, fair, even match, injury, Buster Posey, home-plate collisions, baseball baseball, collisions, catcher, runner, rule changes, slide rule, avoid contact, block plate, advantage, fairness, home plate, Major League Baseball, amateur baseball, Buster Posey, injury, sport ethics, competition balance baseball, collisions, catcher, runner, rule changes, slide rule, block plate, fairness, competitive balance, major league, amateur baseball, injury, buster posey, home plate, baserunner, sports ethics, game dynamics, rule enforcement, player safety, traditional gameplay
test-environment-ehwsnwu-pro01a	Underground Nuclear Storage is Necessary  Even states without nuclear waste programs tend to generate radioactive waste. For example, research and medicine both use nuclear material and nuclear technology. Technologies such as Medical imaging equipment are dependent and the use of radioactive elements. This means that all states produce levels of nuclear waste that need to be dealt with.  Moreover, many non-nuclear states are accelerating their programmes of research and investment into nuclear technologies. With the exception of Germany, there is an increasing consensus among developed nations that nuclear power is the only viable method of meeting rising domestic demand for energy in the absence of reliable and efficient renewable forms of power generation.  The alternatives to putting nuclear waste in underground storage tend to be based around the reuse of nuclear waste in nuclear power stations. Whilst this is viable in some areas, in countries which lack the technology to be able to do this and in countries which don’t need to rely on nuclear power, this option becomes irrelevant. Further, even this process results in the creation of some nuclear waste, so in countries with the technology to implement such a solution, the disposal of the remaining nuclear waste is still an issue.  As such, underground nuclear storage is a necessary method that should be used to dispose of nuclear waste. [1]  [1] “The EU’s deep underground storage plan.” 03/11/2010. World Nuclear News. Underground Nuclear Storage, Nuclear Waste, Radioactive Waste, Nuclear Technology, Medical Imaging, Energy Demand, Renewable Energy, Nuclear Power, Waste Reuse, Deep Underground Storage, EU Nuclear Policy underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste, non-nuclear states, radioactive waste, medical imaging, nuclear technology, energy demand, renewable power, nuclear power, waste reuse, deep underground storage, waste disposal, developed nations, Germany, World Nuclear News Underground Nuclear Storage, Nuclear Waste, Non-Nuclear States, Radioactive Waste, Medical Imaging, Nuclear Technology, Energy Demand, Renewable Energy, Nuclear Power, Waste Reuse, Deep Underground Storage, EU Nuclear Policy Underground Nuclear Storage, Nuclear Waste, Radioactive Waste, Nuclear Technology, Medical Imaging, Nuclear Power, Renewable Energy, Waste Reuse, Deep Underground Storage, EU Nuclear Policy Underground Nuclear Storage, Nuclear Waste, Radioactive Waste, Non-Nuclear States, Nuclear Technology, Medical Imaging, Nuclear Power, Renewable Energy, Nuclear Waste Reuse, Energy Demand, Deep Underground Storage, World Nuclear News, EU Storage Plan, Nuclear Waste Disposal
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con02a	People would die and suffer needlessly under such a policy  23 new drugs are introduced each year in the United Kingdom alone . [1] . While almost all of these drugs will have been brought to the market after extensive animal testing, the number of animals used to check their safety only seems to be a high cost when the benefits that each drug brings to its users are inadequately considered.  New drugs that are approved for medical use have the potential to relieve human pain and suffering not only for the first group of patients given access to them, but also for future generations of sick and suffering individuals too. Consider all the lives, all over the world, that have benefitted from penicillin since its discovery in 1928. If drugs cost more to research and develop, then that reduces potential profit margins, and some drugs that would have otherwise been discovered and released will fall below the new threshold of likely profits necessary to fund the research. Adopting this proposition will lead to more people suffering and dying in the future than would have otherwise been the case.  [1] BBC News. 2013. Falling drug breakthroughs 'a myth'. drug development, animal testing, drug costs, medical research, profit margins, drug approval, human suffering, penicillin, drug benefits, future generations, drug discovery, pharmaceutical industry, health policy, drug innovation, medical ethics animal testing, drug development, human suffering, medical advancements, new drugs, profit margins, research costs, UK drug approval, penicillin benefits, future generations, health policy impacts, drug accessibility, drug discovery threshold, medical ethics, pharmaceutical industry, drug safety, healthcare innovation, public health, biotechnology, clinical trials, drug efficacy drug development, animal testing, medical ethics, healthcare policy, pharmaceutical industry, drug approval, cost-benefit analysis, human suffering, penicillin, research funding, profit margins, drug breakthroughs, medical innovation, public health, patient access, future generations, drug safety, regulatory standards, healthcare economics, drug efficacy, medical research, drug discovery, healthcare improvement, policy impact, medical benefits, ethical considerations, drug pricing, healthcare affordability drug development, animal testing, human suffering, medical advancements, profit margins, research costs, drug approval, pharmaceutical industry, healthcare policy, penicillin, drug breakthroughs, patient access, future generations, medical ethics, drug safety, therapeutic benefits, economic impact, healthcare innovation, drug discovery, regulatory thresholds drug development, animal testing, human suffering, medical innovation, profit margins, drug approval, pharmaceutical research, healthcare costs, penicillin, drug breakthroughs, clinical trials, healthcare policy, patient access, future generations, health economics, research funding, treatment availability, medical ethics, drug pricing, therapeutic benefits
test-international-bldimehbn-pro02a	On issues such as gay marriage, human rights activists have taken the line that the right to marry is nobody else’s business. That principle of privacy should work both ways.  Many have argued that issues relating to homosexual relations are, fundamentally, a matter of privacy. That we should respect the rights of individuals to live their lives as they see fit without having the views, actions and opinions imposed upon them. [1] It’s a reasonable position but must surely relate to viewers and readers as much as it does to the subjects of news stories.  If gay men and women have the right to live their lives free from the intervention of other traditions and beliefs then so do those communities – religious and otherwise – that find some of their demands offensive or objectionable.  If the rights to privacy and self-determination are supported by those who support gay rights, then it would be inconsistent to suggest that this does not generate a right to avoid offence on behalf of those receiving news.  [1] Human rights campaign, ‘Should gay marriage be legal?’, procon.org, updated 10th August 2012, gay marriage, human rights, privacy, self-determination, religious communities, offense, news stories, individual rights, procon.org gay marriage, human rights, privacy, self-determination, homosexual relations, religious communities, offense, news stories, legal rights, procon.org gay marriage, human rights, privacy, self-determination, gay rights, religious communities, offense, news stories, legal, procon.org gay marriage, human rights, privacy, self-determination, religious communities, offense, news stories, individual rights, procon.org, legal rights, homosexual relations gay marriage, human rights, privacy, self-determination, offensive content, religious beliefs, news stories, individual rights, procon.org, campaign, legal rights, community values, freedom, intervention, traditions, opinions, views, actions, respect, demands, inconsistency, avoidance of offence, readers, viewers
test-law-hrpepthwuto-pro03a	Time is of the essence in a crisis. When confronted with extremists who see a virtue in their own death, extraordinary methods may be required.  The use of force and fear in enhanced interrogation gives quick results. In the event of a bomb hidden somewhere in Manhattan, it’s vital to have information quickly. Nobody, even the most diehard proponents of enhanced interrogation, would suggest that it is pleasant or should be used on a routine basis; the point is that techniques such as waterboarding are effective and fast.  Responding to terrorist threats is something that needs to be dealt with in minutes or hours. Unfortunately, it is in the nature of due process and legal procedure that they trials and questioning take place in a framework of days or weeks. time, crisis, extremists, death, extraordinary, methods, force, fear, enhanced, interrogation, quick, results, bomb, Manhattan, information, diehard, proponents, waterboarding, effective, fast, terrorist, threats, minutes, hours, due, process, legal, procedure, trials, questioning, days, weeks time, crisis, extremists, death, extraordinary, methods, force, fear, enhanced, interrogation, quick, results, bomb, Manhattan, information, diehard, proponents, unpleasant, routine, techniques, waterboarding, effective, fast, terrorist, threats, minutes, hours, due, process, legal, procedure, trials, questioning, framework, days, weeks time, crisis, extremists, death, extraordinary, methods, force, fear, enhanced, interrogation, quick, results, bomb, Manhattan, information, diehard, proponents, unpleasant, routine, techniques, waterboarding, effective, fast, terrorist, threats, minutes, hours, due, process, legal, procedure, trials, questioning, framework, days, weeks time, crisis, extremists, death, extraordinary, methods, force, fear, enhanced, interrogation, quick, results, bomb, Manhattan, information, proponents, unpleasant, routine, techniques, waterboarding, effective, fast, terrorist, threats, minutes, hours, due, process, legal, procedure, trials, questioning, days, weeks time, crisis, extremists, death, extraordinary, methods, force, fear, enhanced, interrogation, quick, results, bomb, Manhattan, information, vital, diehard, proponents, unpleasant, routine, techniques, waterboarding, effective, fast, terrorist, threats, minutes, hours, due, process, legal, procedure, trials, questioning, framework, days, weeks
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-pro01a	Collecting and selling personal information is a major violation of privacy  The gathering of personal data that companies undertake is done in a fashion that is fundamentally invasive of individuals’ privacy.  When individuals go online they act as private parties, often enjoying anonymity in their personal activities. Companies, particular online services, collate information and seek to use it to market products and services that are specifically tailored to those individuals. In the context of the internet, this means that individuals’ activities online are in fact susceptible to someone else’s interference and oversight, stealing from them the privacy and security the internet has striven to provide since its inception. At the most basic level, the invasion of privacy that collating and using private data gleaned from customers is unacceptable. [1] There is a very real risk of the information being misused, as the data can be held, and even resold to third parties that the customers never consented to giving their data and might well not want to come into possession of their personal details. This can lead to serious abuses of individuals’ private information by corporations, or indeed other agents that might have less savoury uses for the information, most obviously the more places your personal information is the more likely it is to be lost in a data breach with 267million records exposed in 2012. [2] Even when the information is not exposed it may be used in ways that have a real impact on the individual such as determining credit scores. [3] People as a matter of principle should have control over who gets access to their private information. Giving companies that are driven by profit motive to sell on their customers’ data to anyone that might offer a suitable price stands as an absolute theft of personal information and privacy.  [1] The Canadian Press. “Academics Want Watchdog to Probe Online Profiling”. CTV News. 28 July 2008.   [2] Risk Based Security, “2012 Sets New Record for Reported Data Breaches”, PR Newswire, 14 February 2013,   [3] Morris, J., and Lacandera, E., “Why big companies buy, sell your data”, CNN, 23 August 2012, privacy, personal information, data collection, online privacy, data misuse, third parties, data breach, credit scores, data security, personal data, online activities, corporate use, privacy violation, data selling, profit motive, information control, online profiling, big data, data protection, customer data, data exposure privacy, personal information, data collection, online activities, anonymity, marketing, data breaches, third parties, credit scores, customer data, profit motive, data privacy, online privacy, personal data misuse, information security, privacy violation, data control, personal information theft, internet privacy, data protection privacy, personal information, data collection, online privacy, data misuse, third parties, data breach, credit scores, personal data control, profit motive, data selling, online profiling, big data, internet security, data protection, privacy violation, digital privacy, information security, data oversight, customer data, personal details, data exposure, data security, privacy rights, information interference, online activities, private parties, data collation, marketing, personal activities, anonymity, internet history, data resale, individual privacy, corporate data use, privacy abuse, data buyers, data markets, online services, data sellers, data regulation, data ethics, consumer privacy privacy violation, personal data collection, online privacy, data misuse, third-party data sharing, data breaches, personal information control, credit score impact, profit-driven data selling, online profiling, data security, individual privacy rights, big companies data practices, data exposure risks privacy, personal information, data collection, online privacy, data misuse, third parties, data breaches, credit scores, data security, personal data, online activities, privacy invasion, data collation, data reselling, profit motive, customer data, personal details, privacy control, data protection, personal information theft, internet privacy, online profiling, data exposure, data impact, personal information security, privacy principles, data ownership, data exploitation, corporate data use, data consent, data oversight, data interference, data ethics, data sharing, data profiling, online services, data marketing, data management, individual privacy, data risks, data storage, data
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro04a	Rebuilding agricultural systems  Africa is faced with an agrarian crisis. Microfinance is providing rural communities a chance to gain food security and reduce vulnerability to risks such as climate change, unstable demand, and political tensions. Microfinance supports small scale agriculture – which is more sustainable, effective for growth, and beneficial for communities than larger scale agriculture. In Zimbabwe, small scale farming has the capability to improve production, benefiting households, communities, and the Nation (IRIN, 2013; Morrison, 2012).  Kiva, a microfinance NGO, is providing affordable capital to remote communities. Loans have been provided to small-scale farmers and a rental system has been set-up enabling farmers to borrow tools and resources needed. Rebuilding, agricultural, systems, Africa, agrarian, crisis, microfinance, rural, communities, food, security, reduce, vulnerability, risks, climate, change, unstable, demand, political, tensions, small, scale, agriculture, sustainable, effective, growth, beneficial, communities, large, scale, Zimbabwe, production, households, nation, Kiva, NGO, affordable, capital, remote, loans, farmers, rental, system, borrow, tools, resources agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small scale agriculture, sustainable, growth, communities, Zimbabwe, production, households, nation, Kiva, affordable capital, remote communities, loans, small-scale farmers, rental system, tools, resources Agricultural systems, Africa, Agrarian crisis, Microfinance, Rural communities, Food security, Climate change, Unstable demand, Political tensions, Small scale agriculture, Sustainability, Growth, Community benefits, Zimbabwe, Production improvement, Households, Communities, Nation, Kiva, Affordable capital, Remote communities, Loans, Small-scale farmers, Rental system, Tools, Resources Agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small scale agriculture, sustainable, growth, community benefits, Zimbabwe, production improvement, households, nation, Kiva, affordable capital, remote communities, loans, small-scale farmers, rental system, tools, resources Rebuilding, agricultural, systems, Africa, agrarian, crisis, microfinance, rural, communities, food, security, reduce, vulnerability, climate, change, unstable, demand, political, tensions, small, scale, agriculture, sustainable, effective, growth, beneficial, communities, Zimbabwe, production, households, nation, Kiva, NGO, affordable, capital, remote, loans, farmers, rental, system, tools, resources
test-science-sghwbdgmo-con02a	Genetically modified organisms can solve the problem of food supply in the developing world.  The possible benefits from GM food are enormous. Modifications which render plants less vulnerable from pests lead to less pesticide use, which is better for the environment. Other modifications lead to higher crop yield, which leads to lower food prices for all. However, This technology really comes into its own in developing countries. Here where water is at a shortage, modifications (which lead crops to needing less water), are of vital importance. The World Health Organization predicts that vitamin A deficiency, with the use of GMOs, could be wiped out rapidly in the modern world. The scientists developed the strain of rice, called “golden rice”, which produces more beta-carotene and this way produces 20 times more vitamins than other strains, creating a cure for childhood blindness in developing countries. [1]  The fact that it has not is illustrative of the lack of political and economic will to solve these problems. GM food provides a solution that does not rely on charity from Western governments. As the world population increases and the environment deteriorates further this technology will become not just useful but necessary.  [1] Black R., GM “golden rice” boosts vitamin A, published 03/25/2005,  , accessed 09/02/2011 genetically modified organisms, food supply, developing world, benefits, GM food, pest resistance, pesticide use, environment, higher crop yield, lower food prices, water shortage, vitamin A deficiency, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, political will, economic will, world population, environmental deterioration, technology necessity genetically modified organisms, GM food, food supply, developing world, benefits, pest resistance, pesticide use, environment, crop yield, food prices, water scarcity, vitamin A deficiency, World Health Organization, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, political will, economic will, world population, environmental deterioration, technology necessity genetically modified organisms, food supply, developing world, benefits, GM food, pest resistance, pesticide use, environmental impact, crop yield, food prices, water scarcity, vitamin A deficiency, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, political will, economic will, world population, environmental deterioration, necessity, technology solution, charity, Western governments, GMOs, sustainability, agricultural innovation, health improvement, economic development, food security, genetic engineering, biotechnology, public health, nutrition, poverty, food production, environmental sustainability, climate change, water efficiency, vitamin deficiency, genetic modification, crop modification, agricultural technology, global hunger, genetically modified organisms, food supply, developing world, benefits, GM food, pest resistance, pesticide use, environmental impact, higher crop yield, food prices, water scarcity, vitamin A deficiency, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, political will, economic will, world population, environmental deterioration, necessity genetically modified organisms, GMOs, food supply, developing world, benefits, pest resistance, pesticide use, environment, crop yield, food prices, water shortage, vitamin A deficiency, World Health Organization, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, political will, economic will, world population, environmental deterioration, technology necessity
test-law-ilppppghb-pro01a	"Self-determination is necessary to protect minority cultures.  Many states in the modern world do not respect the rights of minorities or actively seek to dilute and subsume them into the majority culture. Others offer limited protections to minority peoples but stop short of allowing them to choose their own futures. We need to reassert their right to self-determination to ensure that these minority cultures are not lost. Failure to defend the principle of self-determination now will effectively close off the choices of future generations.  For example, Australian government policy for many decades was to ignore Aboriginal rights, denying them full citizenship1 and removing children from their homes and relocating them with white families (the so-called ""stolen generation""2). As a result many indigenous Australians no longer have a strong link to their native cultures and languages. The same is arguably true in places like Tibet, where traditional culture is being diluted over time through the deliberate policy of the Chinese government.  1 See ""Collaborating for Indigenous Rights"", National Museum of Australia 2 ""Bringing Them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families"", Australia Human Rights Commission, April 1997. self-determination, minority cultures, state rights, cultural protection, indigenous rights, Aboriginal rights, stolen generation, Tibetan culture, Chinese government policy, cultural dilution, future generations, citizenship rights, human rights, minority futures, cultural preservation, policy reform, government accountability, international recognition, minority empowerment, cultural autonomy self-determination, minority cultures, state policies, cultural rights, indigenous peoples, Aboriginal rights, stolen generation, Tibet, cultural dilution, future generations, citizenship, relocation policies, traditional culture, government intervention, human rights, ethnic minorities, autonomy, preservation, identity, heritage Self-determination, minority cultures, states, rights, protections, futures, reassert, lost, future generations, Australian government, Aboriginal rights, full citizenship, stolen generation, indigenous Australians, native cultures, languages, Tibet, traditional culture, Chinese government, policy self-determination, minority cultures, state policies, indigenous rights, Aboriginal rights, stolen generation, cultural dilution, Tibet, Chinese government, future generations, cultural preservation, citizenship, relocation, Torres Strait Islander, National Museum of Australia, Human Rights Commission self-determination, minority cultures, state rights, indigenous rights, cultural preservation, Aboriginal rights, stolen generation, Tibetan culture, Chinese government policy, future generations, citizenship, relocation, cultural dilution, human rights, national inquiry, policy impact, historical injustices, ethnic groups, social justice, international law, minority protection, autonomy, self-governance, cultural identity, language preservation, ethnic cleansing, human rights violations, minority representation, colonialism, post-colonial studies, First Nations, activism, government accountability, legal rights, civil rights, cultural rights, social policies, indigenous communities, cultural genocide, minority languages, ethnic minorities"
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-con04a	"Corruption, an essential issue in Russia, is due to the strong leadership  There is a link between the high levels of corruption and the strong leadership of Russian president and prime minister of Russia. – “Some of Russia's most prominent opposition figures have produced a report accusing Prime Minister Vladimir Putin of presiding over a boom in corruption and enriching his inner circle over the past decade… Putin and President Dmitry Medvedev themselves have 26 ""palaces"" and five yachts, which in turn require costly state upkeep, according to the report.” (8)  Many argue that if it weren’t for the power of the prime minister and ex-president Putin, also his strong authority and management, corruption would have been minimized long ago. Corruption, Russia, Strong Leadership, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, Opposition, Report, Palaces, Yachts, Power, Authority, Management, Minimized Corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, opposition figures, report, enrichment, inner circle, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, power, authority, management, minimization, political influence, governance, accountability, transparency corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, opposition figures, report, enriching, inner circle, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, power, authority, management, minimized Corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, opposition figures, report, enriching, inner circle, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, power, authority, management, minimized Corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, President Dmitry Medvedev, opposition figures, power, authority, management, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, enrichment, inner circle, minimization, control, accountability, governance, political influence, bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, transparency, civic engagement, reform, democracy, human rights, media freedom, criticism, public funds, misuse, abuse of power, legal system, judicial independence, whistleblowers, investigative reporting, sanctions, international pressure, economic impact, social inequality, trust, legitimacy, public opinion, protests, demonstrations, civil society,"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-con01a	Regardless of the views expressed, freedom of speech means that all opinions should be heard.  Allowing politicians to regulate what it is acceptable to say – or think – is not something that has a happy history. This isn’t the result of a purely intellectual construct but one of altruistic self-interest; once people start banning ideas, they tend not to stop at one.  Voltaire’s comment that “I may not agree with what you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it” is a statement of the very same principle that that demands equality for all groups in society.  In exactly the same way that all views are, at the very least, worthy of a hearing, so are all lifestyles acceptable. Locking people up in the name of liberty makes no sense at all. Equally, banning statements on the basis that it might be offensive to some people has been used as an excuse to prevent social and cultural developments, the process of being offended usually made society and culture stronger for it. We tend to fear or hate that which is hidden or unspoken. The emancipation and liberation of other groups has tended to suggest that open debate is a more productive answer than trying to ban opinions and views. freedom of speech, political regulation, censorship history, intellectual construct, altruistic self-interest, idea banning, Voltaire, right to speak, equality, lifestyle acceptance, liberty, offense, social development, cultural development, open debate, opinion banning, emancipation, liberation, productive discourse freedom of speech, political regulation, censorship, intellectual construct, altruistic self-interest, banning ideas, Voltaire, equality, social development, cultural development, emancipation, liberation, open debate, offensive speech, societal progress, hidden truths, tolerance, opinion diversity freedom of speech, equality, Voltaire, intellectual construct, altruistic self-interest, banning ideas, social developments, cultural developments, offensive statements, open debate, emancipation, liberation, opinions, views, politics, regulation, history, lifestyles, liberty, tolerance, debate, society, culture freedom of speech, opinion, regulation, history, altruistic self-interest, banning ideas, Voltaire, equality, lifestyles, liberty, social development, cultural development, offended, society, open debate, emancipation, liberation freedom of speech, all opinions, politicians regulate, acceptable speech, history, altruistic self-interest, banning ideas, Voltaire, defend to death, equality, groups, society, lifestyles, acceptable, liberty, offensive statements, social developments, cultural developments, being offended, society stronger, emancipation, liberation, open debate, ban opinions
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-con03a	If this were about wearing a badge with a political slogan or something similar, everyone would agree that it was inappropriate. The same principle should apply to iconography.  If the image they were wearing endorsed a political candidate or another company, the issue would never have got to court. Neither complainant was employed in a capacity where their religious conviction was relevant to the job. If the situation were reversed and they were compelled to profess a religious faith in such a situation there would, rightly, be an outcry.  In neither situation would the consumer of the service being provided expect to be confronted with endorsements for which candidate to vote for or which soda to drink.  The question then arises, if political and corporate branding is out, why should suggestions about which god to pray to be okay? The very fact that they were willing to pursue this action demonstrates that images and symbols carry meaning beyond the explicit statement they make. If that is true, then it is equally true that others may object to, or be offended by, what that symbol represents. People who have bought airline tickets or are in need of healthcare should not be confronted by imagery they may find unpleasant. wearing badge, political slogan, inappropriate, iconography, image, political candidate, company, religious conviction, job relevance, religious faith, consumer expectations, service provision, political branding, corporate branding, god prayer, legal action, symbols meaning, objection, offended, airline tickets, healthcare, unpleasant imagery wearing badges, political slogans, inappropriate, iconography, endorsing candidates, religious conviction, job relevance, religious faith, consumer expectations, political branding, corporate branding, religious symbols, meaning beyond, objection, offended, imagery, unpleasant, airline tickets, healthcare, confrontation political, badge, slogan, inappropriate, iconography, image, endorsement, candidate, company, court, religious, conviction, job, discrimination, consumer, service, vote, soda, branding, gods, pray, action, meaning, objection, offended, symbol, represent, airline, healthcare, unpleasant wearing badge, political slogan, inappropriate, iconography, image, political candidate, company, religious conviction, job relevance, religious faith, consumer expectations, service provision, political branding, corporate branding, suggestions, god, pray, meaning, symbolism, objection, offense, symbol representation, airline tickets, healthcare, unpleasant imagery wearing,badge,political,slogan,iconography,endorsement,religious,conviction,employment,consumer,service,branding,meaning,symbolism,objection,offense,airline,healthcare,personal,beliefs
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-pro03a	International Law Mandates Quebec be allowed Independence  International law recognizes Quebec’s right to self-determination and denying them self-determination is therefore a violation of international law.  International law recognizes the right of all peoples to self-determination. The international community has decided that it is oppressive to individuals to live under a government that is systematically incapable or unwilling to protect them and their interests. [1]  The Quebecois have been systematically denied adequate representation in the federal government of Canada. Quebecois legislation protection their basic rights to retain their language and culture have been met with contempt [2] and legal action by the federal Canadian government and courts. [3] This is but one example of the very clear denial of basic representation and self-governance that afflicts the Quebecois in Canada.  Therefore, Quebec has the legal right to self-determination and independence in international law.  [1] „Reference re Secession of Quebec“, Supreme Court of Canada, 1998, 2 S.C.R. 217, &lt;  &gt;  [2] “Maxime Bernier on Quebec law: ‘We don’t need Bill 101’”, The Canadian Press, 4 February 2011, &lt;  &gt;  [3] Hudon, R., „Bill 101“, The Canadian Encyclopedia, &lt;  &gt; International Law, Quebec, Independence, Self-Determination, Violation, Representation, Federal Government, Canada, Legislation, Language, Culture, Supreme Court, Bill 101, Quebecois, Self-Governance, Oppression, Rights, Legal Right, International Community, Protection, Contempt, Hudon, Maxime Bernier International law, Quebec, independence, self-determination, Canadian federal government, representation, cultural rights, language protection, Reference re Secession of Quebec, Supreme Court of Canada, Bill 101, Maxime Bernier, legal action, international community, oppression, self-governance, violation, rights, legislation, Quebecois International Law, Quebec, Independence, Self-Determination, Legal Right, Federal Government, Canada, Representation, Cultural Protection, Bill 101, Supreme Court, Secession, Human Rights, Self-Governance, Legal Violation, International Community, Oppression, Quebecois, Language Rights, Constitutional Law International Law, Quebec, Independence, Self-Determination, Violation, International Community, Oppression, Quebecois, Representation, Federal Government, Canada, Language, Culture, Legislation, Supreme Court, Bill 101, Legal Action, Self-Governance, Maxime Bernier International Law, Quebec, Independence, Self-Determination, Federal Government, Canada, Representation, Cultural Rights, Legislation, Supreme Court, Bill 101, Legal Violation, International Community, Governance, Language Protection, Systematic Denial, Human Rights, Political Representation, Constitutional Law, National Identity, Ethnic Groups, Colonialism, Oppression, Self-Governance, Legal Action, Supreme Court of Canada, Quebec Secession, Maxime Bernier, Canadian Press, R Hudon, Canadian Encyclopedia
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro01a	Intellectual property is a legal fiction created for convenience in some instances, but copyright should cease to be protected under this doctrine  An individual’s idea only truly belongs solely to them so long as it rests in their mind alone. When they disseminate their ideas to the world they put them in the public domain, and should become the purview of everyone to use. Artists and creators more generally, should not expect some sort of ownership to inhere in an idea they happen to have, since no such ownership right exists in reality. [1] No one can own an idea. Thus recognizing something like a property right over intangible assets is contrary to reason, since doing so gives monopoly power to individuals who may not make efficient or equitable use of their inventions or products. Physical property is a tangible asset, and thus can be protected by tangible safeguards. Ideas do not share the same order of protection even now because they exist in a different order to physical reality. However, some intellectual property is useful in encouraging investment and invention, allowing people to engage their profit motives to the betterment of society as a whole. To an extent one can also sympathize with the notion that creators deserve to accrue some additional profit for the labour of the creative process, but this can be catered for through Creative Commons non-commercial licenses which reserve commercial rights. [2] These protections should not extend to non-commercial use of the various forms of arts. This is because art is a social good of a unique order, with its purpose not purely functional, but creative. It only has value in being experienced, and thus releasing these works through creative commons licenses allows the process of artistic experience and sharing proceeds unhindered by outmoded notions of copyright. The right to reap some financial gain still remains for the artists, as their rights still hold over all commercial use of their work. This seems like a fair compromise of the artist’s right to profit from their work and society right to experience and grow from those works.  [1] Fitzgerald, Brian and Anne Fitzgerald. Intellectual Property: In Principle. Melbourne: Lawbook Company. 2004.  [2] Walsh, K., “Commercial Rights Reserved proposal outcome: no change”, Creative Commons, 14 February 2013, Intellectual property, copyright, legal fiction, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, tangible assets, intangible assets, investment encouragement, invention, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, financial gain, commercial use, society rights, artistic sharing, outmoded copyright Intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, ownership, ideas, tangible assets, intangible assets, monopoly power, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, financial gain, society, creativity, invention, legal protection, commercial use, non-commercial use, art, sharing, monopolies, inefficiency, equity, creators, artists, profits, public goods, legal rights, innovation, social good, cultural exchange, free use, commercial rights, legal doctrines, property rights, creativity incentives, legal reform, intellectual property law, commons, profit-sharing, legal safeguards, tangible property, intangible property, economic Intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, tangible assets, intangible assets, investment, invention, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, commercial use, artistic experience, financial gain, society rights, creators, artists, sharing, outmoded notions, fair compromise Intellectual property, copyright, legal fiction, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, tangible assets, intangible assets, investment, invention, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, financial gain, commercial use, society, art, social good, fair compromise, legal protection, equitable use, creative process, dissemination, legal rights, monopoly, creativity, public access, sharing, innovation, legal doctrines, property rights, tangible safeguards, societal benefit, artistic works, commercial rights, non-commercial use, fair use, legal theory, intellectual assets, legal philosophy, artistic creation, economic incentives, public interest, legal reforms Intellectual property, copyright, legal fiction, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, tangible assets, intangible assets, investment, invention, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, financial gain, commercial use, creative works, society benefit, fair compromise, artistic sharing, outmoded copyright notions, Brian Fitzgerald, Anne Fitzgerald, Intellectual Property In Principle, K Walsh, Creative Commons proposal
test-religion-frghbbgi-con01a	Revealed wisdom  Godly wisdom is not the same as human wisdom and cannot be subject to the same criticism. The nature of humanity means that our ability to understand God’s wisdom is fundamentally limited; and thus arguments based on morality or science are irrelevant – what matters is that God has revealed Himself. Revealed wisdom, Godly wisdom, human wisdom, divine revelation, moral criticism, scientific criticism, human understanding, God's wisdom, spiritual knowledge, theological insight, biblical truth, faith-based reasoning, divine understanding, supernatural wisdom, religious epistemology Revealed wisdom, Godly wisdom, human wisdom, criticism, nature of humanity, understanding, God’s wisdom, arguments, morality, science, irrelevance, God revealed revealed wisdom, godly wisdom, human wisdom, criticism, nature of humanity, understanding, God's wisdom, arguments, morality, science, irrelevant, God revealed, divine revelation, spiritual knowledge, secular knowledge, faith-based understanding revealed wisdom, godly wisdom, human wisdom, criticism, nature of humanity, understanding, God’s wisdom, morality, science, arguments, irrelevant, God revealed revealed wisdom, godly wisdom, human wisdom, divine revelation, moral arguments, scientific arguments, understanding God, limitations of human knowledge, divine knowledge, religious epistemology, faith and reason, theology, revelation, Christian doctrine, spiritual wisdom, divine truth, human limitations, faith-based knowledge, transcendent wisdom, biblical wisdom
test-environment-opecewiahw-con04a	The cost is too high  The Grand Inga is ‘pie in the sky’ as the cost is too immense. At more than $50-100 billion it is more than twice the GDP of the whole country. [1] Even the much smaller Inga III project has been plagued by funding problems with Westcor pulling out of the project in 2009. [2] This much smaller project still does not have all the financial backing it needs having failed to get firm commitments of investment from anyone except the South Africans. [3] If private companies won’t take the risk on a much smaller project they won’t on the Grand Inga.  [1] Central Intelligence Agency, ‘Congo, Democratic Republic of the’, The World Factbook, 12 November 2013,   [2] ‘Westcor Drops Grand Inga III Project’, Alternative Energy Africa, 14 August 2009,   [3] ‘DRC still looking for Inga III funding’, ESI-Africa.com, 13 September 2013, cost, Grand Inga, pie in the sky, $50-100 billion, GDP, Inga III, funding problems, Westcor, 2009, financial backing, South Africans, private companies, risk, DRC, funding, Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook, Alternative Energy Africa, ESI-Africa.com Grand Inga, cost, funding problems, Inga III, Westcor, financial backing, private companies, risk, investment, South Africans, GDP, Congo, Democratic Republic, World Factbook, ESI-Africa, Alternative Energy Africa cost, high, Grand Inga, pie in the sky, immense, $50-100 billion, GDP, country, Inga III, funding problems, Westcor, 2009, smaller project, financial backing, South Africans, private companies, risk, DRC, funding, ESI-Africa.com, Alternative Energy Africa, Central Intelligence Agency, Congo, Democratic Republic of the, World Factbook cost, Grand Inga, funding problems, Inga III, Westcor, financial backing, private companies, risk, investment, South Africans, GDP, Congo, Democratic Republic of the, World Factbook, ESI-Africa, Alternative Energy Africa cost, Grand Inga, pie in the sky, funding problems, Inga III, Westcor, GDP, financial backing, South Africans, private companies, risk, DRC, investment, Congo, Democratic Republic of the, Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook, Alternative Energy Africa, ESI-Africa.com
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-con03a	Internet regulation is necessary to ensure a working economy on the internet  As seen above, the internet has enabled many types of criminal behavior. But it has also enabled normal citizens to share files. Music, movie and game producers have difficulty operating in a market where their products get pirated immediately after release and spread for free instantaneously on a massive scale. The internet enables violation of their right of ownership, gained through providing the hard work of creating a work of art, on a massive scale. Since it’s impractical to sue and fine each and every downloader, a more effective and less invasive policy would be government requiring Internet Service Providers to implement a graduated response policy, which has ISPs automatically monitor all internet traffic and fine their users when they engage in copyright violation. Something along these lines has already been tried in France, called HADOPI, which has succeeded in decreasing the downloading of unauthorized content. [1]  Apart from this, governments also need to think about how to translate everyday offline activities onto the internet. For example, when you file your tax report offline, you would sign it with your handwritten signature. The online variant would be a digital signature. [2] Developing and deploying a digital signature would enable citizens and corporations to do business, file their tax reports and pay their taxes online.  [1] Crumley, ‘Why France’s Socialists Won’t Kill Sarkozy’s Internet Piracy Law’, 2012  [2] Wikipedia, ‘Digital Signatures’, 2012. Internet regulation, working economy, criminal behavior, file sharing, music producers, movie producers, game producers, piracy, copyright violation, government policy, Internet Service Providers, graduated response policy, HADOPI, digital signature, online tax filing, digital rights management, cybersecurity, online commerce, intellectual property protection, legislative frameworks, digital signatures, online security, piracy deterrents, policy effectiveness, France, internet traffic monitoring, user fines, copyright enforcement, digital transactions, e-government, online citizenship, regulatory measures, cybersecurity laws, digital economy, online content distribution, consumer rights, content creators, legal frameworks, digital identity, electronic signature, secure online Internet regulation, working economy, criminal behavior, file sharing, music piracy, movie piracy, game piracy, copyright violation, ownership rights, graduated response policy, Internet Service Providers, HADOPI, France, unauthorized content, digital signature, tax reports, online business, cybersecurity, intellectual property, digital rights management, policy implementation, government intervention, online security, digital transactions, tax filing, cybersecurity law, digital copyright, piracy prevention, online content distribution, digital economy, legislations, technology policy, digital authentication, electronic signature Internet regulation, working economy, criminal behavior, file sharing, music piracy, movie piracy, game piracy, copyright violation, ownership rights, content creation, graduated response policy, Internet Service Providers, traffic monitoring, HADOPI, unauthorized downloading, digital signatures, online tax filing, tax reports, online business, cybersecurity, intellectual property, digital rights management, government intervention, online security, digital transactions, e-commerce, piracy prevention, policy implementation, France, digital signature deployment, tax payment, online activities, offline activities, digital identity, cybersecurity measures, legal framework, digital age, technological advancements, digital economy, regulatory framework, copyright law, internet internet regulation, working economy, criminal behavior, file sharing, music piracy, movie piracy, game piracy, copyright violation, ownership rights, graduated response policy, government policy, ISP monitoring, HADOPI, France, digital signature, online tax filing, cybersecurity, digital rights management, intellectual property, online commerce, policy implementation, digital transactions, tax compliance, internet governance, cybersecurity laws, digital identity verification, online security, privacy protection, legislative measures, technology policy, digital economy, consumer protection, online enforcement, regulatory framework, content protection, digital legislation, online business practices, digital transaction security, internet law, digital citizenship, digital signing, internet regulation, working economy, criminal behavior, file sharing, music piracy, movie piracy, game piracy, copyright violation, ownership rights, graduated response policy, ISP monitoring, HADOPI, digital signature, online tax filing, cybersecurity, content protection, online business, tax compliance, digital rights management, internet governance, technology policy, online security, user rights, data privacy, cyber laws, digital transactions, online identity verification
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro04a	This ban would be easy to introduce.  A ban in all public places would be no more difficult to introduce than existing bans preventing smoking in only some public places. As long as people are given plenty of notice of changes, as was done in airports in Saudi Arabia, and the rules are made clear and readily available1 there should be few difficulties in introducing this ban.  1 Smith, Louise. “Smoking in public places: the ban in force – Commons Library Standard Note.” Parliament. 20 May 2011. ban, public places, smoking, introduction, existing bans, notice, airports, Saudi Arabia, rules, clarity, Smith, Louise, Smoking in public places, Commons Library Standard Note, Parliament, 20 May 2011 ban, public places, smoking, introduction, difficulties, notice, rules, clarity, Saudi Arabia, airports, Parliament, Commons Library, Standard Note, Smith, Louise, 20 May 2011 ban, public places, smoking, introduction, existing bans, notice, changes, rules, clarity, Saudi Arabia, airports, Smith, Louise, Smoking in public places, Commons Library Standard Note, Parliament, 20 May 2011 ban, public places, introduction, smoking, existing bans, notice, changes, rules, clarity, Saudi Arabia, airports, difficulties, introduction, Commons Library Standard Note, Parliament, Smith, Louise, 20 May 2011 ban, public places, smoking, introduction, notice, rules, clarity, Saudi Arabia, airports, Parliament, Commons Library Standard Note, Smith, Louise, 20 May 2011
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-con01a	“Benefits” of capital punishment apply universally  The same arguments about capital punishment apply in Africa - deterrence value, potential cost savings, and principles of justice. [1] This could be more acute, with growing issues of international crime, such as drugs, growing in Africa [2] .  Africa has had many issues of conflict and crimes against humanity – these are the kind of crimes that many who are less enthusiastic about capital punishment would still support it for.  [1] See “This House Supports the Death Penalty” -   [2] See Cockayne, James, “Africa and the War on Drugs: the West African cocaine trade is not just business as usual”, African Arguments, 2012, benefits, capital punishment, universally, deterrence, cost savings, justice, Africa, international crime, drugs, conflicts, crimes against humanity, death penalty, West African cocaine trade benefits, capital punishment, universally, deterrence, cost savings, justice, Africa, international crime, drugs, conflict, crimes against humanity, death penalty, West African cocaine trade, African Arguments capital punishment, benefits, universal application, deterrence, cost savings, justice principles, international crime, drug trade, Africa, conflict, crimes against humanity, death penalty, West African cocaine trade, policy debate capital punishment, benefits, universal application, deterrence, cost savings, justice principles, international crime, drug trafficking, Africa, conflicts, crimes against humanity, death penalty, policy support, legal debate, crime control benefits, capital punishment, universally, deterrence, cost savings, justice, Africa, international crime, drugs, conflict, crimes against humanity, death penalty, West African cocaine trade, African Arguments
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-pro04a	Increase the number of Minorities  College admission processes are impersonal and favourably biased towards white, affluent students – therefore, quotas specifically for minority students need to be established. College admissions processes are as such because they heavily rely on standard tests or college admission exams. This has caused countries such as Brazil to create quotas for brown (mixed) and black students in most universities. [1] These students cannot afford the better education enjoyed by their rich, white counterparts, and therefore do not perform well in college exams and do not gain admission into university. Quotas are needed to make the admission process a little bit fairer and increase the number of minorities in university campuses.  [1] Stahlberg, S.G. “Racial Inequality and Affirmative Action in Education in Brazil”. August 2010, increase, minorities, college, admission, processes, impersonal, favorably, biased, white, affluent, quotas, minority, students, standard, tests, exams, Brazil, quotas, brown, black, universities, education, rich, white, counterparts, perform, college, exams, admission, university, racial, inequality, affirmative, action, education, Brazil, study, Stahlberg, S.G., 2010 Minorities, College admission, Affirmative action, Quotas, Education inequality, Racial bias, Standard tests, College exams, Brazil, Affirmative action in Brazil, Racial inequality, University diversity, Access to education, Socioeconomic factors, Education policy, Admission criteria, Equity in education, Educational opportunity, Underrepresented students, Admission reform minorities, college admission, impersonal, bias, white, affluent, quotas, minority students, standard tests, college exams, Brazil, racial inequality, affirmative action, education, black students, mixed students, universities, better education, rich, white counterparts, performance, university admission, fairness, university campuses, Stahlberg, racial inequality, affirmative action, Brazil Minorities, College admission, Impersonal processes, Bias, White students, Affluent students, Quotas, Minority students, Standard tests, College exams, Brazil, Racial inequality, Affirmative action, Education, Economic disparity, University campuses, Fairness, Admission criteria, Test performance, Educational opportunities increase, minorities, college, admission, processes, impersonal, favourably, biased, white, affluent, students, quotas, minority, standard, tests, college, admission, exams, Brazil, quotas, brown, black, students, universities, education, rich, white, counterparts, perform, college, exams, university, admission, process, fairer, university, campuses, racial, inequality, affirmative, action, education, Stahlberg, S.G., Racial, Inequality, Affirmative, Action, Education, Brazil, August, 2010
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro02a	Politicians should be able to make difficult decisions without fear that selecting one option will lead to their incarceration.  By the most popular definition, a state is the entity with the monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a defined territory. Politicians, as the government of that state, necessarily wield the institutions of that state force. This results in the tremendous responsibility of deciding when the overwhelming power of the state is exercised. This pertains to a variety of areas, such as police action against civil unrest, the interrogation of both alleged and convicted terrorists, and economic policies that subsidize industries with state resources. While it is certainly possible to brazenly abuse this power, in many cases politicians are presented with options which are, if at all illegal, marginally so, and made with the good faith interest of the nation at heart. There are even conceivable situations in which a politician may exercise options that are clearly illegal but serve an overwhelming state interest; consider an illegal raid on a private building in order to prevent a nuclear bomb from going off. While documented instances of policy-makers choosing not to act for a particular reason are rare, several senior CIA officials stated that they had become risk averse merely because the idea of prosecuting officials who made security policy had entered the public discourse. [1] We ought to place politicians in a situation where the only factor in their decision-making process is what serves the public interest, rather than having to weigh what they consider to be the right action against the chance it will lead to their incarceration. Attempting to avoid this through a limited system which allowed for the prosecution of apolitical crimes but immunity for political decisions would fail to accomplish the goals of prosecution of politicians, which is primarily to protect against political abuses of state power which threaten the rights of the citizenry.  [1] Crawford, Robert, ‘Torture and the Ideology of National Security’ Global Dialogue, Vol.12 No.1, Winter/Spring 2010, (“A Risk-Averse CIA” subsection)  [Accessed 22 September 2011] Politicians, decision-making, fear, incarceration, state, legitimate use of force, territory, government, state force, responsibility, exercise of power, civil unrest, interrogation, terrorists, economic policies, subsidies, industries, abuse of power, illegal actions, national interest, nuclear bomb, risk aversion, CIA, prosecution, political abuse, citizen rights, immunity, apolitical crimes, national security, torture, ideology, public discourse, political decisions, public interest, prosecution goals, rights protection, policy-makers, action, inaction, documented instances, security policy, official prosecution, political immunity, legal boundaries, state interests, ethical considerations Politicians, difficult decisions, fear, incarceration, state, monopoly, legitimate use of force, territory, government, state force, responsibility, state power, police action, civil unrest, interrogation, terrorists, economic policies, subsidies, industries, state resources, abuse of power, good faith, national interest, illegal actions, nuclear bomb, CIA, risk aversion, prosecution, policy-makers, security policy, public discourse, decision-making, public interest, political crimes, apolitical crimes, prosecution goals, political abuses, state power, citizen rights Politicians, decision-making, fear, incarceration, state, monopoly, legitimate use of force, government, institutions, state force, responsibility, police action, civil unrest, interrogation, terrorists, economic policies, subsidies, industries, state resources, abuse, power, illegal, state interest, nuclear bomb, prosecution, security policy, risk-averse, CIA, political abuses, state power, rights, citizenry, torture, ideology, national security Politicians, Decision-making, Incarceration, State Power, Legitimate Force, Civil Unrest, Terrorism, Economic Policies, State Resources, Abuse of Power, Public Interest, Prosecution, Political Abuses, Citizen Rights, CIA, Risk Aversion, National Security, Torture, Legal Immunity, Ethical Dilemmas, Governance, Accountability, Law Enforcement, Political Ethics, State Institutions, Security Policy, Legislative Immunity, Judicial Review, Public Servants, Legal Reforms, Policy-making, Democratic Accountability, Executive Power, Legal Constraints, Political Decisions, State Interest, Criminal Liability, Political Crimes, Public Trust, Government politicians, difficult decisions, incarceration, state, monopoly, legitimate use of force, government, state force, responsibility, decision-making, police action, civil unrest, interrogation, terrorists, economic policies, subsidies, industries, abuse of power, illegal actions, state interest, nuclear bomb, prosecution, security policy, risk-averse, limited prosecution, political immunity, political abuses, citizens' rights, national security, CIA, torture, ideology, Robert Crawford, Global Dialogue
test-education-ughbuesbf-pro03a	Individuals have a right to equal opportunities that free university provides.  The employment prospects created by a university degree are substantial, and many lines of work are only available to university graduates. True merit should define the ability to attend university, not the accident of birth. With the institution of fees, access becomes more difficult, and will certainly lead to lower attendance by poorer groups. This serves to lock people into the economic situation when they are born, as getting out is much more difficult when denied access to most high­income jobs.5  5 Tribune Opinion. 2005. “Education Paves Way Out of Poverty”. Greeley Tribune​ . Available: equal opportunities, free university, employment prospects, university degree, merit, university fees, access difficulties, lower attendance, poorer groups, economic situation, high-income jobs, education, poverty, Greeley Tribune right, equal, opportunities, free, university, employment, prospects, degree, graduates, merit, fees, access, poorer, groups, economic, situation, birth, high-income, jobs, poverty, education, Tribune, Opinion, Greeley, 2005 equal opportunities, free university, employment prospects, university degree, merit, university attendance, economic inequality, fees, poverty, education, high-income jobs, social mobility equal opportunities, free university, employment prospects, university degree, merit, university fees, lower attendance, poorer groups, economic situation, high-income jobs, education, poverty, Greeley Tribune equal opportunities, free university, employment prospects, university degree, merit, university attendance, fees, economic barriers, poverty, education, Greeley Tribune, Tribune Opinion
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-con02a	Celebrity involvement counters financial power to the benefit of the disenfranchised  Parties advocating policies that benefit the most financially powerful (big business etc.) are able to make large revenues from donations from wealthy business personalities involved in those industries.  Film and music stars tend towards the ‘liberal’ or ‘left’ wing of politics [1] . Consequently, in being prevented from exerting non-financial power (through endorsement) the different political parties are not equally affected: rather, you disproportionately punish the liberal parties. This is significant, given the necessity of a counter-balance to the power of big business (through donations – for example in the USA 90% of donations from mining and the automotive industry goes to the republicans [2] ) over our political system (which is not being similarly banned).  [1] Meyer, D., Gamson, J. ‘The Challenge of Cultural Elites: Celebrities and Social Movements’, Sociological Inquiry. Vol.65 No.2, 1995, pp.181-206  [2] Duffy, Robert J., ‘Business, Elections, and the Environment’, in Michael E. Kraft and Sheldon Kamieniecki, Business and Environmental Policy, 2007, pp.61-90, p.74, Celebrity involvement, financial power, disenfranchised, liberal, left-wing, film stars, music stars, political parties, big business, donations, wealthy personalities, industries, non-financial power, endorsement, punishment, liberal parties, counter-balance, political system, mining industry, automotive industry, republicans, cultural elites, social movements, business, elections, environment, environmental policy Celebrity involvement, financial power, disenfranchised, liberal politics, left wing, big business, donations, wealthy personalities, film stars, music stars, political parties, non-financial power, endorsement, disproportionate punishment, counter-balance, big business power, political system, mining industry, automotive industry, republicans, cultural elites, social movements, business, elections, environment, political influence, financial contributions, policy advocacy, regulatory capture, public opinion, media influence celebrity involvement, financial power, disenfranchised, big business, donations, wealthy business personalities, film stars, music stars, liberal politics, left wing, non-financial power, endorsement, political parties, counter-balance, power of big business, mining industry, automotive industry, republicans, cultural elites, social movements, business, elections, environment, political system, inequality, advocacy, policy influence, electoral funding, corporate donations, political finance, media influence, public opinion, political campaigns, campaign finance reform, lobbying, grassroots movements, political polarization, economic inequality, social justice celebrity involvement, financial power, disenfranchised, liberal politics, big business, donations, political influence, non-financial power, endorsement, counter-balance, mining industry, automotive industry, republican party, cultural elites, social movements, business personalities, political system, financial regulations, lobbying, media influence, public opinion, policy advocacy, regulatory capture, electoral funding, corporate governance, democratic participation, social responsibility, economic inequality, political spectrum, conservative policies, progressive agenda, media stars, philanthropy, advocacy groups, campaign finance reform, political parties, political dynamics, financial contributions, political activism, celebrity impact, public endorsement, celebrity, involvement, financial, power, disenfranchised, liberal, left-wing, politics, endorsements, big, business, donations, wealthy, personalities, film, music, stars, political, parties, counter-balance, mining, automotive, industry, republicans, cultural, elites, social, movements, elections, environment, policy
test-international-bmaggiahbl-pro03a	International concern  Rwanda, though a progressing country is still aid dependent which has been a backbone for its achievements today[1]. Spoiling Rwanda’s relations with the international community would therefor be destabilising Rwanda’s focus and growth. This has been evident when some countries cut aid to Rwanda recently following allegations of the government supporting insecurity in Congo [2].  Most donor governments are strong backers of human rights and freedom. Continued restrictions to freedom of speech may provoke international reaction through cutting aid and trade ties a move that may hinder the success of Rwanda’s goals. Aid has been cut on other human rights issues for example donor countries have recently acted to cut aid to Uganda as a result of their criminalisation of homosexuality.[3]  [1] DFID Rwanda, ‘Growth and Poverty reduction grant to the government of Rwanda (2012/2013-2014/2015), gov.uk, July 2012  [2] BBC news, ‘UK stops £21m aid payment to Rwanda’ bbc.co.uk, 30 November 2012  [3] Plaut, Martin, ‘Uganda donors cut aid after president passes anti-gay law’, theguardian.com, 25 February 2014 Rwanda, aid dependency, international relations, donor countries, human rights, freedom of speech, Congo, insecurity, UK aid, Uganda, homosexuality, DFID, poverty reduction, economic growth, trade ties, government support, international community, aid cuts, development goals, martin plaut, bbc news, guardian Rwanda, aid dependency, international relations, development, human rights, freedom of speech, donor countries, DFID, BBC, Uganda, homosexuality, anti-gay law, Martin Plaut, Congo, insecurity, government support, poverty reduction, economic growth, trade ties, international community, stability, achievements, aid cuts, reaction, progress, criticism, backing, support, allegations, destabilization, focus, goals, criminalisation, donors,Backing, strong supporters, international reaction, trade ties, economic goals, success, international concern, progressing, aid, backbone, achievements, cutting aid, international community, destabilising, focus, growth International concern, Rwanda, aid dependent, progress, international community, destabilization, donor countries, human rights, freedom of speech, international reaction, aid cuts, trade ties, Uganda, homosexuality, criminalization, BBC news, DFID Rwanda, Martin Plaut, theguardian.com Rwanda, aid dependency, international community, relations, destabilization, focus, growth, human rights, freedom, freedom of speech, international reaction, cutting aid, trade ties, success, goals, DFID, poverty reduction, BBC, UK, £21m aid, Martin Plaut, Uganda, anti-gay law, criminalization, homosexuality, donor countries, Guardian International concern, Rwanda, aid dependency, country progress, international community, relations, destabilization, government support, insecurity, Congo, donor governments, human rights, freedom, freedom of speech, international reaction, aid cuts, trade ties, Rwanda's goals, human rights issues, homosexuality, criminalization, Uganda, aid reduction, donor countries, anti-gay law, DFID Rwanda, UK aid, BBC news, Martin Plaut, theguardian.com
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-pro03a	Migrants can benefit developing countries  Migrants can bring the benefit of their industriousness to developing countries. When there are crises it is the middle professional classes who are most likely to migrate as they have the resources and knowledge with which to do so. When it comes to economic migrants it is often the educated youth who are looking for better work opportunities; skilled workers make up 33% of migrants from developing countries despite being only 6% of the population. [1] Developed countries already have a highly educated and skilled population, and will take in those migrants with skills they need. Developing countries on the other hand have a much less well educated population so derive more benefit from the influx of skilled workers to help them develop thus counteracting the ‘brain drain’.  [1] Docquier, Frédéric, Lohest, Olivier, and Marfouk, Abdeslam. ‘Brain Drain in Developing Countries’, The World Bank Economic Review. Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 193–218, p.198 migrants, developing countries, industriousness, crises, middle professional classes, resources, knowledge, economic migrants, educated youth, better work opportunities, skilled workers, population, developed countries, highly educated, skills, influx, skilled workers, development, brain drain, counteracting, Docquier, Frédéric, Lohest, Olivier, Marfouk, Abdeslam, World Bank Economic Review Migrants, Developing countries, Benefits, Industriousness, Crises, Middle professional classes, Resources, Knowledge, Economic migrants, Educated youth, Work opportunities, Skilled workers, Population, Developed countries, Highly educated, Skills, Influx, Skilled workers, Help, Develop, Brain drain, Counteracting, Education, Development, Docquier, Lohest, Marfouk, World Bank, Economic Review migrants, developing countries, industriousness, crises, middle professional classes, resources, knowledge, economic migrants, educated youth, better work opportunities, skilled workers, population, developed countries, highly educated, skilled population, benefit, influx, skilled workers, development, brain drain, Docquier, Frédéric, Lohest, Olivier, Marfouk, Abdeslam, World Bank Economic Review migrants, developing countries, industriousness, crises, middle professional classes, resources, knowledge, economic migrants, educated youth, work opportunities, skilled workers, population, developed countries, educated population, skill needs, developing countries, less educated population, skilled workers influx, development, brain drain, counteracting brain drain, Docquier, Frédéric, Lohest, Olivier, Marfouk, Abdeslam, World Bank Economic Review Migrants, developing countries, industriousness, crises, middle professional classes, economic migrants, educated youth, skilled workers, brain drain, education, population, development, benefits, counteracting, Docquier, Frédéric, Lohest, Olivier, Marfouk, Abdeslam, World Bank Economic Review
test-environment-aiahwagit-con03a	Legalising the trade of horns, ivory, furs and pelts would be more effective  Making it legal for hunters to kill these endangered animals, rather than protecting them, could prevent extinction. The protected status of endangered animals has made their pelts, horns and tusks more expensive as they are harder to obtain. [1] The current illegality of trading rhino horns has constrained supply in comparison to demand in Asia. This has driven the price of the horn to around £84,000. Softening protection for endangered animals could, in theory, reduce the price to a point where it is no longer profitable to hunt these endangered animals. [2] This would potentially increase supply by freeing up that seized by governments which is currently destroyed, and could potentially involve farming as South Africa is considering with Rhino horn. [3]  [1] Welz, A. ‘The War on African Poaching: Is Militarization Fated to Fail?’  [2] Player, I. &amp; Fourie, A. ‘How to win the war against poachers’  [3] Molewa, E., ‘Statement on Rhino poaching intervention’ Legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, endangered, animals, hunting, protection, extinction, poaching, militarization, demand, supply, price, profitability, farming, South Africa, rhino, horn, conservation, policy Legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, endangered, animals, hunting, extinction, protected, status, expensive, supply, demand, Asia, price, profitability, poaching, militarization, farming, South Africa, Rhino horn, seizure, government, destruction, intervention, poachers, war, conservation, economics, wildlife, policy, legislation Legalisation, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, hunters, endangered animals, extinction, protected status, pelts, horns, tusks, demand, supply, Asia, price, profitability, poaching, militarization, farming, South Africa, Rhino horn, government seizures, conservation, wildlife management, market economics, illegal trade, endangered species protection, poachers, intervention, rhino poaching Legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, hunters, kill, endangered, animals, extinction, protected, status, expensive, demand, supply, Asia, price, profitable, poaching, militarization, failure, farming, South, Africa, rhino, horn, intervention, war, poachers legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, hunters, kill, endangered, animals, extinction, protected, status, expensive, illegality, rhino, horns, supply, demand, Asia, price, profitable, hunt, free, seized, destroyed, farming, South, Africa, poaching, militarization, war, intervention, statement, Molewa, Player, Fourie
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-con03a	Markets like stability  Business and the markets prize political stability. Clearly when the leader of a country is ill this stability is damaged but the damage can be mitigated by being transparent. The markets will want to know how ill the leader is, and that the succession is secure so that they know what the future holds. Secrecy and the consequent spread of rumour is the worst option as businesses can have no idea what the future holds so cant make investment decisions that will be influenced by the political environment.  Leaders do matter to the economy; they set the parameters of the business environment, the taxes, subsidies, how much bureaucracy. They also influence other areas like the price of energy, the availability of transport links etc. It has been estimated that “a one standard deviation change in leader quality leads to a growth change of 1.5 percentage points”. 1 The leader who follows may be of the same quality in which case there will be little difference but equally it could mean a large change.  1 Jones, Benjjamin F., and Olken, Benjamin A., 'Do Leaders Matter? National Leadership and Growth Since World War II', Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2005, Markets, stability, business, political stability, leader illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, economic impact, leader quality, growth, national leadership, post-WWII, economic parameters, taxes, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, transport links, leadership change, Benjjamin F. Jones, Benjamin A. Olken, Quarterly Journal of Economics Markets, stability, business, political stability, leader illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, economic impact, leader quality, growth, leadership change, taxes, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, transport, national leadership, economic growth, World War II political stability, market uncertainty, leader health, transparency, succession, investment decisions, economic parameters, leader quality, economic growth, leadership impact, business environment, taxes, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, transport links, leadership change, national leadership, post-war growth stability, business, markets, political stability, leader illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, leader quality, economic growth, leadership impact, business environment, taxes, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, transport links, national leadership, post-war growth Markets, stability, business, political stability, leader, illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, economic impact, leader quality, growth, national leadership, World War II
test-international-bldimehbn-pro03a	Where there is a clear objection to discussing a certain subject, insisting on doing so is not news, it’s propaganda.  Ultimately all news outlets report that which is of interest to their viewers. Where there is no interest or, more frequently, an active lack of interest, news outlet do not - and should not – impose a particular set of judgements or interests on their customers. Doing so would arguably be patronizing and certainly be financial suicide [1] .  As a result they report what is both interesting and acceptable to those who consume the news and, for the vast majority of news outlets, the companies that advertise on the station, website or in the paper. Expecting news outlets to ignore those simple realities is asking them to self-destruct by ignoring their market. It is a clear example of sacrificing the good in the name of the best – in the example given, the writer mentions that Al Jazeera covers stories relating to gay rights but does so on its English language channels. [2] This exactly shows the market in action; Al Jazeera English broadcasts mostly to a European audience who are not offended by reports on gay rights whereas “Al Jazeera Arabic is geared towards a Middle Eastern audience and does not challenge cultural values or orthodox religion”. [3]  [1] For example the actions of advertisers and readers killed the News of the World.  [2] Pellot, Brian, 2012, ‘(Not) reporting homosexuality in the Middle East’, Free Speech Debate,   [3] Krajnc, Anita, ‘Al Jazeera Arabic ignores gay news’, Toronto Media Co-op, 2 August 2010, news, propaganda, objection, subject, interest, viewers, news outlets, financial suicide, patronizing, market realities, Al Jazeera, gay rights, European audience, Middle Eastern audience, cultural values, orthodox religion, News of the World, advertisers, readers, media, reporting, homosexuality, Middle East, Toronto Media Co-op, Free Speech Debate news ethics, media bias, audience interests, propaganda, market realities, financial sustainability, cultural sensitivity, Al Jazeera, gay rights, Middle East, European audience, News of the World, advertiser actions, reader reactions, homosexuality reporting, cultural values, religious orthodoxy, media self-censorship, news outlet strategies, broadcasting differences, public opinion, media responsibility objection, discussing, subject, insisting, news, propaganda, interest, viewers, lack, interest, active, lack, outlet, impose, judgements, interests, customers, patronizing, financial, suicide, realities, market, self-destruct, sacrificing, good, best, Al Jazeera, English, channels, European, audience, offended, reports, gay, rights, Arabic, Middle Eastern, audience, challenge, cultural, values, orthodox, religion, advertisers, readers, News of the World, Pellot, Brian, 2012, Free Speech Debate, Krajnc, Anita, Toronto Media Co-op, news, propaganda, objection, subject, interest, viewers, news outlets, financial suicide, patronizing, market, reality, Al Jazeera, gay rights, European audience, Middle Eastern audience, cultural values, orthodox religion, News of the World, advertisers, readers, Free Speech Debate, Toronto Media Co-op news, propaganda, interest, viewers, financial suicide, market, self-destruct, Al Jazeera, gay rights, European audience, Middle Eastern audience, cultural values, orthodox religion, News of the World, advertisers, readers
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-con02a	There is no right not to be offended, enforcing what is acceptable to be thought or said places far too much power in the hands of the state.  It is impossible to ensure that nobody is ever offended and it is questionable as to whether it is even desirable [1] . There is simply no way of protecting against offence. The state clearly has a role in protecting the physical safety of citizens and in other relevant areas such as preventing dismissal from employment on the grounds of sexuality but this is not the case with speech that may cause offense.  Governments that attempt to lead, ahead of public opinion, on matters such as this do little to resolve the problem. In doing so in this manner, they may well pour fuel on the fire of the very prejudice they are aiming to combat as well as creating additional problems by justifying the idea that it is okay to silence views simply because you happen to disagree with them.  Banning the expression of ideas has, historically, be the recourse of those who have run out of arguments to defeat them; doing so is an acknowledgement that the proposal is a weak one. Admitting that – or appearing to do so – for the principle of equality set a dangerous precedent.  [1] Harris, Mike, “It shouldn’t be a crime to insult someone”. Guardian.co.uk, 18 January 2012. right, offended, state, power, unacceptable, thought, speech, protection, physical, safety, employment, sexuality, government, public, opinion, prejudice, silence, views, expression, ideas, history, arguments, equality, precedent, crime, insult, Guardian, Mike Harris, 2012 freedom of speech, state power, offense, censorship, government role, physical safety, employment protection, public opinion, prejudice, silencing views, banning ideas, historical context, weak arguments, equality principle, dangerous precedent, Mike Harris, Guardian right, offended, power, state, protection, physical, safety, employment, sexuality, public, opinion, prejudice, banning, expression, ideas, arguments, equality, precedent, crime, insult freedom of speech, offense, state power, censorship, public opinion, prejudice, employment discrimination, physical safety, equality, historical perspective, argument strength, dangerous precedent, silencing views, government role, social issues,言论自由, 公民安全, 雇佣歧视, 公共意见, 政府角色, 历史观点, 平等原则, 危险先例, 消除观点, 社会问题, 弱势论点, 言论禁令, 偏见对抗, 权力集中, 保护措施, 争议解决, free speech, offensive speech, state power, censorship, public opinion, discrimination, employment protection, prejudice, argument strength, equality, dangerous precedent, Mike Harris, Guardian
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro03a	"In context of other teachings, does not promote the spread of AIDS/HIV.  The Catholic Church does not only forbid the use of barrier contraception but also of casual sex. The issue is not that the Church is being irresponsible by banning the use of barrier contraception but that people are choosing to follow some of the Church's teachings but not others. Pope Benedict XVI argues AIDS is ""a tragedy that cannot be overcome by money alone, that cannot be overcome through the distribution of condoms, which even aggravates the problems""1. If people followed the Church's teachings on casual sex as well as their teachings on barrier contraception, the AIDS epidemic would be dramatically decreased. Given, therefore, that it also forbids any sex outside of marriage, the Catholic Church is totally justified in forbidding barrier methods of contraception2. 1 Wynne-Jones, Jonathan. ""The Pope drops Catholic ban on condoms in historic shift."" The Telegraph, 20 November 2010, 2 Pope John Paul II. ""Evangelium Vitae."" 1995. Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, casual sex, Pope Benedict XVI, money, condoms, tragedy, problems, sex outside marriage, Pope John Paul II, Evangelium Vitae, teachings, justification, contraception methods, epidemic decrease, responsibility, Church doctrines, sexual morality, contraception ban Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, casual sex, Pope Benedict XVI, condoms, Evangelium Vitae, marriage, Jonathan Wynne-Jones, The Telegraph, Pope John Paul II Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, casual sex, Pope Benedict XVI, money, condoms, tragedy, Pope John Paul II, Evangelium Vitae, marriage, sexual teachings, contraception, epidemic, responsibility, sexual behavior, moral teachings, religious doctrines, public health Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, contraception, barrier methods, casual sex, marriage, Pope Benedict XVI, Pope John Paul II, Evangelium Vitae, sexual teachings, morality, public health, condom distribution, sexual behavior, religious doctrine, sexual ethics, tragedy, money, responsibility Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, casual sex, Pope Benedict XVI, Pope John Paul II, Evangelium Vitae, marriage, contraception, morality, sexual behavior, public health, condoms, religious teachings, sex education, tragedy, money, epidemic, justification, responsibility"
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-con01a	Persuasion is more effective than coercion  Forcing people into voting when they are disengaged from the politic process will exacerbate this problem; no one likes doing something simply because they have to. The election results from compulsory voting may not be a representative view of society, than the current systems. Just because people are required to vote does not mean they become more politically engaged than they were before.  Rather than forcing people to vote, more should be done to engage the public in political life. Government transparency should be further encouraged as well as evaluating to what extent the current voting system causes low voter turnout.  Low turnout is best cured by more education. Instead of trying to engage people by force, how about introducing political education in schools and encouraging political conversation. How about educating the public on how politics affects them?  Citizenship classes should be taught to students who are approaching voting age, as it would teach the importance of the electoral process, and the history of the suffragette movement, the reform bills of the 19th century and the responsibilities of living in a democracy.  The government should be trying to engage people by other means, not compulsory voting. Compulsory voting may improve low turnout but will not affect the root problem- what people actually think about politics. In essence it is just relieving the side effects without curing the disease. Persuasion, coercion, compulsory voting, voter engagement, political education, government transparency, low voter turnout, election results, political conversation, citizenship classes, suffragette movement, reform bills, democratic responsibilities, root problem, political apathy, education in schools, voting age, societal representation, political life, electoral process. persuasion, coercion, voting, disengagement, political process, election results, compulsory voting, representation, political engagement, government transparency, voting system, low voter turnout, political education, schools, political conversation, citizenship classes, suffragette movement, reform bills, democracy, root problem, political thought, engagement methods, compulsory voting effects persuasion, coercion, voting, political engagement, compulsory voting, election results, government transparency, voter turnout, political education, schools, political conversation, citizenship classes, suffragette movement, reform bills, democracy, root problem, political apathy, civic responsibility, electoral process Persuasion, Coercion, Voting, Political Engagement, Compulsory Voting, Election Results, Representation, Government Transparency, Voter Turnout, Political Education, Schools, Political Conversation, Citizenship Classes, Suffragette Movement, Reform Bills, Democracy, Root Problem, Political Indifference persuasion, coercion, compulsory voting, political engagement, government transparency, voter turnout, political education, citizenship classes, suffragette movement, reform bills, democracy, electoral process, low turnout, education, political conversation, public engagement, voting age, root problem, side effects, election results, disengagement, political life, force, responsibilities, history, improve, cure, society, representation, affects
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro03a	Ending poverty through entrepreneurialism  Introducing finance provides communities with access to startup capital. Access to financial capital is vital in several respects for initiating capitalism. Firstly, access to capital enables entrepreneurialism. The poor have business ideas that would benefit both themselves and their community they just require access to capital to invest in such ideas. The Initiative ‘Lend with Care’ is providing access to capital to empower entrepreneurs [1] .  Secondly, the cumulative effect of small-scale savings and borrowing, enabled through microfinance enables individuals, families and communities, to enter markets - of land and property. Being able to buy property and land can enable personal security, dignity, and increasing returns.  [1] See further readings: Lend with Care, 2013. ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, initiating capitalism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, savings, borrowing, property, land, personal security, dignity, increasing returns Ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, initiating capitalism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, small-scale savings, borrowing, markets, land, property, personal security, dignity, increasing returns ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, initiating capitalism, poor, business ideas, investment, Lend with Care, microfinance, savings, borrowing, markets, land, property, personal security, dignity, increasing returns Ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, capitalism, Lend with Care, microfinance, savings, borrowing, property, land, markets, personal security, dignity, increasing returns ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, initiating capitalism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, small-scale savings, borrowing, property, land, personal security, dignity, increasing returns
test-science-sghwbdgmo-con01a	Genetically modified food is no different from any other scientific advance, thus should be legal to use.  Genetic modification is entirely natural. The process of crop cultivation by selective breeding, which has been performed by farmers for thousands of years, leads to exactly the same kind of changes in DNA as modern modification techniques do. Current techniques are just faster and more selective. In fact, given two strands of DNA, created from the same original strand, one by selective breeding and one by modern modification techniques it is impossible to tell which is which. The changes caused by selective breeding have been just as radical as current modifications. Wheat, for example, was cultivated, through selective breeding, from an almost no-yield rice-type crop into the super-crop it is today. [1]  [1] Trewas A. and Leaver C., How Nature itself uses genetic modification,Published January 6 2000, Nature,  , accessed 09/05/2011 genetically modified food, scientific advance, genetic modification, natural, selective breeding, crop cultivation, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, selective breeding DNA, radical changes, wheat cultivation, no-yield rice-type crop, super-crop, nature genetic modification, Trewas A., Leaver C., Nature journal genetically modified food, scientific advance, legal, genetic modification, natural, selective breeding, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, same strand DNA, radical changes, wheat cultivation, nature genetic modification, Trewas A., Leaver C., Nature journal, 2000 genetically modified food, scientific advance, legal use, genetic modification, natural process, selective breeding, crop cultivation, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, DNA strands, original strand, selective breeding changes, current modifications, wheat cultivation, no-yield crop, super-crop, nature genetic modification, Trewas, Leaver, Nature journal genetically modified food, legal, scientific advance, genetic modification, natural, selective breeding, crop cultivation, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, selective, wheat, cultivation, radical modifications, nature, genetic engineering, biotechnology, plant breeding, historical context, food safety, regulatory policies genetically modified food, scientific advance, genetic modification, natural process, selective breeding, crop cultivation, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, DNA strand comparison, selective breeding changes, wheat cultivation, Trewas A., Leaver C., Nature, genetic modification in nature, biotechnology, agricultural advancement, plant genetics, genetic engineering, traditional breeding, modern agriculture, food safety, regulation, ethical considerations
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro02a	The default of total copyright is harmful to the spreading of information and experience  Current copyright law assigns too many rights, automatically, to the creator. Law gives the generator of a work full copyright protection that is extremely restrictive of that works reuse, except when strictly agreed in contracts and agreements. Making Creative Commons licenses the standard for publicly-funded works generates a powerful normalizing force toward a general alteration of people’s defaults on what copyright and creator protections should actually be like. The creative commons guarantees attribution to the creator and they retain the power to set up other for-profit deals with distributors. [1] At base the default setting of somehow having absolute control means creators of work often do not even consider the reuse by others in the commons. The result is creation and then stagnation, as others do not expend the time and energy to seek special permissions from the creator. Mandating that art in all its forms be released under a creative commons licensing scheme means greater access to more works, for the enrichment of all. This is particular true in the case of “orphan works”, works of unknown ownership. Fears over copyright infringement has led these works, which by some estimates account for 40% of all books, have led to huge amounts of knowledge and creative output languishing beyond anyone’s reach. A mix of confusion over copyright ownership and unwillingness of owners to release their works, often because it would not be commercially viable to do so, means that only 2% of all works currently protected by copyright are commercially available. [2] Releasing these works under creative commons licenses will spawn a deluge of enriching knowledge and creative output spilling onto the market of ideas. It would mark a critical advancement in the democratization and globalization of knowledge akin to the invention of the printing press.  [1] Creative Commons. “About the Licenses”. 2010.   [2] Keegan, V. “Shorter Copyright Would Free Creativity”. The Guardian. 7 October 2009. default copyright, harmful spreading information, automatic rights assignment, creator full protection, reuse restrictions, Creative Commons licenses, public funding, standard normalization, creator protections, absolute control, creation stagnation, permission seeking, art forms, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge access, commercial viability, copyright ownership confusion, enriching knowledge, creative output, democratization, globalization, printing press comparison, shorter copyright, creativity freedom default copyright, harmful spreading information, automatic rights, creator protection, restrictive reuse, creative commons licenses, public-funded works, attribution creator, for-profit deals, absolute control, creation stagnation, reuse permissions, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge languishing, commercially viable, democratization knowledge, globalization creativity, printing press analogy default copyright, harmful spreading information, automatic rights assignment, full copyright protection, restrictive reuse, creative commons licenses, standard publicly-funded works, attribution creator, for-profit deals distributors, absolute control creators, stagnation reuse, orphan works, copyright infringement fears, knowledge creative output, commercially viable, democratization globalization knowledge, printing press analogy, shorter copyright, free creativity copyright, Creative Commons, default settings, information spread, creator rights, reuse permissions, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge democratization, commercial availability, globalization of knowledge, printing press, legal reform, attribution, for-profit deals, public funding, restrictive copyright, enrichment of society, cultural works, legal ownership confusion default copyright, harmful spreading information, current copyright law, automatic rights, creator protection, restrictive reuse, creative commons licenses, public-funded works, attribution creator, for-profit deals, absolute control, creators consider reuse, creation stagnation, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge creative output, commercially viable, copyright ownership, democratization globalization knowledge, printing press analogy
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro04a	Seeing a politician put on trial hurts the integrity of their office.  It does tremendous damage to the public perception of a given political position to see the holder of that position on trial for criminal acts. Politicians are important role models for the populace at large, and shining light on everyone one of their misdeeds is not conducive to them playing such a role. This hurts the ability of their successors who, though completely innocent, are stepping into an institution now tainted with the image of corruption or scandal. Finally, the very process of prosecution can be damaging to the country, as citizens on opposing sides of the political spectrum disagree over the legitimacy of charges. These effects all deal real damage to the political institutions necessary for the functioning of the state. Politician, Trial, Integrity, Office, Public, Perception, Criminal, Acts, Role, Models, Misdeeds, Successors, Innocent, Tainted, Corruption, Scandal, Prosecution, Country, Citizens, Opposing, Sides, Political, Spectrum, Legitimacy, Charges, Damage, Political, Institutions, State, Functioning politician, trial, integrity, office, public, perception, political, position, criminal, acts, role, models, populace, misdeeds, successors, innocent, institution, tainted, corruption, scandal, prosecution, country, citizens, opposing, political, spectrum, disagreement, legitimacy, charges, damage, political, institutions, state, functioning politician, trial, integrity, office, public, perception, criminal, role, models, populace, misdeeds, successors, innocent, taint, corruption, scandal, prosecution, citizens, opposing, sides, political, spectrum, legitimacy, charges, damage, institutions, state, functioning political integrity, public perception, political trials, role models, political succession, institutional corruption, prosecution legitimacy, political polarization, state functionality, political scandals Politician, trial, integrity, office, public perception, political position, criminal acts, role models, populace, misdeeds, successors, innocent, institution, taint, corruption, scandal, prosecution, country, citizens, opposing sides, political spectrum, legitimacy, charges, damage, political institutions, state functioning
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-con01a	Internet regulation is necessary to ensure a safe internet  Citizens, corporations, and public organizations face several security threats when online: critical infrastructure systems can be hacked, like the energy transport system, [1] citizens can fall victim to identity theft, [2] and phishing, [3] whereby hackers gain access to bank accounts or other sensitive information. Specifically, it seems that the public sector is attacked the most. [4]  In response to cyber-threats like these, many governments have set up Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs), Incident Response and Security Teams (IRTs), or Computer Security and Incident Response Teams (CSIRT; the fact that we haven’t settled on a fitting acronym yet shows how much it is still a novel phenomenon): agencies that warn citizens and organizations alike when a new threat emerges and provides a platform for (the exchange of) expertise in methods of preventing cyber-threats and exchanging information on possible perpetrators of such threats. Oftentimes, these (inter)governmental agencies provide a place where private CSIRTs can also cooperate and exchange information. [5]  These agencies provide a similar function online as the regular police provides offline: by sharing information and warnings against threats, they create a safer world.  [1] ‘At Risk: Hacking Critical Infrastructure’. 2012.  [2] ‘Identity theft on the rise’. 2010.  [3] ‘Phishing websites reach all-time high’. 2012.  [4] ‘Public sector most targeted by cyber attacks’. 2012.  [5] see for example the About Us page of the US-CERT or the About the NCSC page of the Dutch CERT Internet regulation, safe internet, security threats, online security, critical infrastructure, energy transport system, identity theft, phishing, bank accounts, sensitive information, public sector, cyber attacks, Computer Emergency Response Teams, CERTs, Incident Response and Security Teams, IRTs, Computer Security and Incident Response Teams, CSIRTs, cyber-threats, governmental agencies, private CSIRTs, information exchange, threat warnings, cybersecurity, online police, risk management, cyber defense, digital security, network security, cyber hygiene, threat intelligence, security teams, cybercrime prevention Internet regulation, safe internet, security threats, online security, critical infrastructure, energy transport system, identity theft, phishing, bank accounts, sensitive information, public sector, cyber attacks, Computer Emergency Response Teams, CERTs, Incident Response and Security Teams, IRTs, Computer Security and Incident Response Teams, CSIRT, cyber-threats, governmental agencies, private CSIRTs, information exchange, cybersecurity, police, threat warnings, expertise sharing, cyber safety, online threats, threat prevention, perpetrators, cyber defense, digital security, public safety, cyber security teams, online security agencies, cyber protection, critical infrastructure protection, cyber crime, digital Internet regulation, safe internet, security threats, online safety, critical infrastructure, energy transport system, identity theft, phishing, bank accounts, sensitive information, public sector, cyber-attacks, Computer Emergency Response Teams, CERT, Incident Response and Security Teams, IRT, Computer Security and Incident Response Teams, CSIRT, cyber-threats, information exchange, expertise sharing, threat prevention, perpetrators, intergovernmental agencies, private CSIRTs, cooperation, online policing, information sharing, warnings, cybersecurity, public safety Internet regulation, safe internet, security threats, online security, critical infrastructure, energy transport system, identity theft, phishing, bank accounts, sensitive information, public sector, cyber threats, government response, Computer Emergency Response Teams, CERTs, Incident Response and Security Teams, IRTs, Computer Security and Incident Response Teams, CSIRTs, information exchange, cyber threat prevention, cybersecurity, online safety, police analogy, US-CERT, Dutch CERT, NCSC Internet regulation, safety, cybersecurity, threats, critical infrastructure, energy transport, identity theft, phishing, bank accounts, sensitive information, public sector, cyber attacks, Computer Emergency Response Teams, CERTs, Incident Response and Security Teams, IRTs, Computer Security and Incident Response Teams, CSIRTs, government agencies, cooperation, information exchange, online security, police, threat warnings, expertise sharing, US-CERT, Dutch CERT, NCSC
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-con02a	Internet governance is necessary to combat heinous crimes committed via the internet  The internet is a means of communication – therefore also a means of communication between criminals. And because it is global it creates global crime problems that need coordinated responses. One type of crime that has particularly become a problem on the internet is child sexual abuse material: the internet allows for an easy and anonymous distribution method which can even be secured by modern encryption methods. [1]  Governments can help fight this by requiring ISPs and mobile companies to track people’s internet histories, hand over data when requested, and allow police to get information from them without a search warrant, something which has been proposed by the Canadian government. [2] In Australia, the government even proposed mandatory filtering of all internet traffic by ISPs to automatically filter out all child sexual abuse material. [3]  Admittedly, these measures seem drastic – but in cases like these, or similar cases like terrorism, the harm prevented is more important.  [1] ‘Child Pornography on the Rise, Justice Department Reports’. 2010.  [2] ‘Current laws not focused enough to combat child porn online’. 2012.  [3] Mcmenamin, Bernadette, ‘Filters needed to battle child porn’. 2008. internet governance, heinous crimes, global crime, child sexual abuse material, encryption, government intervention, ISPs, mobile companies, data tracking, police information access, search warrant, mandatory filtering, terrorism, harm prevention, child pornography, justice department, laws, online safety, communication surveillance, digital privacy Internet governance, heinous crimes, online communication, global crime, coordinated responses, child sexual abuse material, anonymous distribution, encryption, government intervention, ISPs, mobile companies, internet histories, data requests, police information, search warrants, Canadian government, mandatory filtering, internet traffic, Australia, harm prevention, terrorism, child pornography, justice department, law enforcement, online safety, digital privacy, legislative measures Internet governance, heinous crimes, global crime, coordinated responses, child sexual abuse, internet communication, criminal communication, encryption, government intervention, ISPs, mobile companies, internet histories, data requests, police access, search warrants, Canadian government, mandatory filtering, Australian government, harm prevention, terrorism, child pornography, legal measures, online safety, digital privacy Internet governance, combating crimes, online communication, global crime, coordinated responses, child sexual abuse, material distribution, internet encryption, government intervention, ISP tracking, data requests, police information access, search warrants, Canadian government, mandatory filtering, Australian government, child pornography, terrorism, harm prevention, justice department, online child exploitation, legal measures, internet safety, cybersecurity, privacy concerns, digital crime, cyber law, policy making, child protection online, terrorist activities, digital tracking, network surveillance, online predators, legislative proposals, law enforcement, technological solutions, ethical considerations, public safety, cyber hygiene, parental controls, user awareness, digital rights, Internet governance, heinous crimes, cybercrime, global crime, coordinated responses, child sexual abuse material, internet communication, criminal communication, encryption, ISP tracking, data handover, police information access, search warrant, Canadian government, mandatory filtering, Australia, harm prevention, terrorism, child pornography, Justice Department, laws, online child porn, Bernadette McMenamin
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro03a	In the event of major abuses of power it should be the public that holds politicians to account.  The obvious benefit to prosecuting politicians is that it punishes – and thereby deters – corruption by politicians. However, this benefit can be achieved through other means. Firstly, many western liberal democracies have one form or another of removing a politician from office in the midst of their term, such as impeachment in the American system or a vote of no confidence against the government in the Westminster system. While defenders of immunity oppose impeachment as contrary to the principles outlined above (because of the effect that it may have on political duties), this is an option that remains in cases of gross misconduct. If the political will cannot be mobilized to remove a sitting politician, they are held accountable by the electorate to whom they must answer in the next election, and who will likely punish blatant misuse of political power. Even if the individual politician has reached a limit on their term of office, or does not seek reelection, they are still held in check by the damage that will be done to their party in the event of major misconduct on their part. Finally, most politicians are significantly concerned about their legacy, which is tarnished significantly by corruption even if they are never held legally accountable for it. While Nixon received a full pardon from his success, [1] his name has become synonymous with criminality and scandal: a fate most politicians wish to avoid.  [1] Ford, Gerald R., Proclamation 4311, 8 September 1974,  [Accessed September 9, 2011] abuses of power, public accountability, politicians, prosecution, corruption deterrence, impeachment, vote of no confidence, political removal, electoral punishment, term limits, party damage, political legacy, Nixon, Ford pardon, political misconduct, legal accountability, western democracies, political immunity, political duties, corruption scandal, legacy tarnish abuses of power, public accountability, prosecuting politicians, deter corruption, impeachment, vote of no confidence, political will, electorate, legacy, Nixon, Ford pardon accountability, politicians, public, prosecution, corruption, deterrence, impeachment, vote of no confidence, election, political will, legacy, misconduct, term limits, Nixon, Ford, pardon, scandal, criminality, checks and balances, western democracies, gross misconduct, legal accountability, political duties, electorate, party reputation, political legacy abuse of power, public accountability, politicians, prosecution, deterrence, corruption, impeachment, vote of no confidence, western democracies, political will, electorate, legacy, term limits, reelection, political party, misconduct, Nixon, Ford, pardon, scandal abuse of power, public accountability, politicians, prosecution, deterrence, corruption, impeachment, vote of no confidence, western democracies, political removal, electoral accountability, political legacy, tarnished reputation, Nixon pardon, Gerald Ford, Proclamation 4311
test-education-ughbuesbf-pro04a	The burden of fees and loans are too great to expect young people to shoulder  University fees are usually quite high. When fees are put in place in countries, many people find it extremely difficult to find the funds to pay for it, leading many people to seek school loans. In the United States, obtaining loans for university is the norm. These loans can put pressure on students to perform well. [1] But can lead to students dropping out. Debt encourages individuals to take jobs for which they are not necessarily best suited in order to get started on debt repayment immediately after leaving higher education. Furthermore, repayment of loans can take many years, leaving individuals with debt worries for much of their working lives. [2] With free university education everyone can go to college without crushing debt burden allowing them to study what they wish.  [1] Kane, Thomas. 1999. The Price of Admission: Rethinking How Americans Pay for College. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.  [2] Hill, Christine. 2007. “Still Paying Off that Student Loan”. National Public Radio. Available: university fees, student loans, financial burden, young people, education costs, debt pressure, academic performance, dropout rates, job choice, debt repayment, long-term debt, free education, college affordability, student debt crisis, higher education finance, Thomas Kane, Brookings Institution, Christine Hill, NPR, student loan repayment university fees, student loans, financial burden, young people, education costs, debt pressure, academic performance, dropout rates, job selection, debt repayment, free education, college affordability, economic impact, long-term debt, student finance, higher education policy, Thomas Kane, Christine Hill, Brookings Institution Press, National Public Radio University fees, student loans, financial burden, young people, education costs, debt pressure, academic performance, dropout rates, career choice, debt repayment, working life, free university education, college accessibility, Thomas Kane, Brookings Institution Press, Christine Hill, National Public Radio burden, fees, loans, young, people, university, high, funds, school, loans, United, States, performance, dropout, debt, jobs, repayment, years, worries, working, lives, free, education, college, study, wishes, crushing, debt, burden, Thomas, Kane, 1999, Price, Admission, Rethinking, Americans, Pay, College, Christine, Hill, 2007, Still, Paying, Student, Loan, National, Public, Radio university fees, student loans, financial burden, young people, education costs, debt repayment, academic performance, dropout rates, job choice, long-term debt, free university education, educational access, financial aid, student finance, college affordability, higher education funding, debt impact, economic pressure, career decisions, financial stress, Thomas Kane, Christine Hill, Brookings Institution Press, NPR
test-environment-opecewiahw-con03a	Dams displace communities  Dams result in the filling of a large reservoir behind the dam because it has raised the level of the water in the case of the Grand Inga it would create a reservoir 15km long. This is not particularly big but the construction would also displace communities. The previous Inga dams also displaced people. Inga I and II were built 30 and 40 years ago, yet the displaced are still in a shabby prefabricated town called Camp Kinshasa awaiting compensation. [1] Are they likely to do better this time around?  [1] Sanyanga, Ruto, ‘Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam’, International Policy Digest, 29 June 2013, Dams, communities, displacement, reservoir, Grand Inga, construction, Inga I, Inga II, Camp Kinshasa, compensation, Congo, benefit, International Policy Digest dams, displacement, communities, reservoir, Grand Inga, Inga I, Inga II, construction, water level, Camp Kinshasa, compensation, Congo, benefit, International Policy Digest Dams, displacement, communities, reservoir, Grand Inga, Inga I, Inga II, Camp Kinshasa, compensation, Congo, benefit, International Policy Digest Dams, communities, displacement, reservoir, Grand Inga, Inga I, Inga II, Camp Kinshasa, compensation, Congo, benefit, Ruto Sanyanga, International Policy Digest dams, displacement, communities, reservoir, Grand Inga, construction, Inga I, Inga II, Camp Kinshasa, compensation, Congo, benefit, International Policy Digest
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-pro03a	Changes negative perceptions of university life  Affirmative action is required to change negative perceptions of university life. In the status quo, many talented potential students are put off applying for top universities (or university at all) because of their negative perceptions of elite institutions. This perception exists in part because of the makeup of the student population – black high school students may see a university filled overwhelmingly with white lecturers and students as not being a welcoming environment for them, and may even perceive it as racist. [1] The only way to overcome this unfortunate stereotype of university is to change the student population, but this is impossible to do ‘organically’ while so few people from minority backgrounds apply. Therefore, it is necessary to use quotas and other forms of affirmative action, to change the student body in the short term, and encourage applications from more disadvantaged students in the long term.  [1] Ancis, J.R. “Student perceptions of campus cultural climate by race”. Journal of Counselling and Development. Spring 2000. negative perceptions, university life, affirmative action, talented students, top universities, student population, black high school students, white lecturers, welcoming environment, perception, minority backgrounds, quotas, student body, disadvantaged students, Ancis, campus cultural climate, race, Journal of Counselling and Development negative perceptions, university life, affirmative action, talented students, top universities, minority applications, student population, black students, white lecturers, welcoming environment, racism, stereotypes, quotas, disadvantaged students, campus cultural climate, race, higher education diversity, application rates, underrepresented groups, institutional inclusivity negative perceptions, university life, affirmative action, talented potential students, top universities, negative perceptions, elite institutions, student population, black high school students, white lecturers, welcoming environment, minority backgrounds, quotas, disadvantaged students, campus cultural climate, race, Journal of Counselling and Development, Ancis, J.R. negative perceptions, university life, affirmative action, status quo, talented potential students, top universities, elite institutions, student population, black high school students, university, white lecturers, welcoming environment, stereotype, student body, quotas, minority backgrounds, disadvantaged students, Ancis, campus cultural climate, race affirmative action, negative perceptions, university life, student population, minority backgrounds, quotas, disadvantaged students, campus cultural climate, elite institutions, talented potential students, welcoming environment, racist perception, application rates, higher education diversity, institutional makeup, long-term change, short-term measures, Ancis study, counselling and development
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro03a	The creative commons is a more effective means for artists to build and expand their reach and markets than traditional copyright licensing arrangements  The nature of the internet and mass media on the 21st century is such that many artists can benefit from the freedom and flexibility that creative commons licenses furnish to them. Wider use by other artists and laymen alike helps artistic works “go viral” and to gain major impact that allow the artist to generate a name for his or herself and to attain the levels of earnings conventional copyrights are meant to help artists generate but that ultimately hamstring them. A major example of this is the band Nine Inch Nails, which opted in 2008 to begin releasing its albums through the creative commons. [1] Creative commons licenses are so remarkable because they can be deployed by artists to expand their markets, and to profit even more from their greater recognition. After all, the artists still retain control of the commercial uses of their work and are guaranteed under creative commons licensing regulations to be credited by users of their content. [2] Giving undue artistic and distribution control to the artists through constricting and outmoded copyright may mean less significant reach and impact of the work. The state should thus facilitate the sharing by mandating the distribution of art of all kinds under creative commons licenses.  [1] Anderson, N., “Free Nine Inch Nails albums top 2008 Amazon MP3 sales charts”, arstechnica, 7 January 2009,   [2] Creative Commons. “About the Licenses”. 2010. creative commons, artists, reach, markets, traditional copyright, internet, mass media, 21st century, flexibility, viral, impact, name recognition, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, 2008, albums, Amazon MP3, sales, control, commercial uses, credited, content, sharing, distribution, state, mandate, art, licensing regulations creative commons, copyright, licensing, artists, reach, markets, internet, mass media, viral, impact, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, commercial uses, distribution control, state, sharing, art, regulations, recognition, control, flexibility, freedom, conventional copyrights, expansion, profitability, Amazon, MP3, sales, arstechnica, 2008, 2010 Creative Commons, artists, reach, markets, traditional copyright, internet, mass media, 21st century, flexibility, viral, impact, name recognition, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, 2008, albums, Amazon MP3, control, commercial uses, attribution, distribution, state, mandate, sharing, art, licensing Creative Commons, copyright, artists, reach, markets, internet, mass media, 21st century, Nine Inch Nails, viral, recognition, earnings, commercial uses, distribution, control, state, sharing, licensing Creative Commons, artists, reach, markets, traditional copyright, licensing, internet, mass media, 21st century, flexibility, viral, impact, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, 2008, albums, Amazon MP3, sales charts, control, commercial uses, distribution, state, sharing, mandating, art, licenses
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-con03a	Celebrity involvement can highlight minority interests  There exists a problem with regards to advocacy for minority issues within mainstream political movements. This motion would exacerbate that problem.  Voters tend to base their decisions on key issues (things like education, the state of the economy, healthcare policy etc.). Whilst they may care about more marginal issues (e.g. gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues), they are often unwilling to sacrifice something they think has a greater impact on them for something that has a lesser impact.  Minority issues suffer particularly here: by their very nature, there are fewer people who feel directly affected than there are people who feel indirectly affected or indifferent. Consequently, there are never a great enough proportion of votes that could be gained by a political party concentrating on these particular issues in a way which might be detrimental. See, for example, the public reaction in the UK to Cameron’s position on gay marriage: whilst most people feel that gay marriage should be allowed [1] , Cameron has not received a political boost as a result of this decision, but rather, has faced hostility from those who believe it is a “distraction” [2] , where they would rather he focused on issues like the economic crisis.  [1] ‘Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom’, Wikipedia, accessed 10 September 2012,   [2] Telegraph editor, ‘Gay marriage: A pointless distraction’, The Telegraph, 26 July 2012, celebrity, involvement, minority, interests, advocacy, mainstream, political, movements, voters, decisions, key, issues, education, economy, healthcare, policy, gay, rights, religious, freedoms, environmental, issues, minority, affect, proportion, votes, political, party, concentration, issues, impact, public, reaction, UK, Cameron, gay, marriage, political, boost, hostility, distraction, economic, crisis celebrity, involvement, minority, interests, advocacy, political, movements, voters, decisions, key, issues, education, economy, healthcare, marginal, gay, rights, religious, freedoms, environmental, impact, proportion, votes, political, party, concentration, detrimental, Cameron, gay, marriage, public, reaction, hostility, distraction, economic, crisis celebrity, involvement, minority, interests, advocacy, political, movements, voters, decisions, key, issues, education, economy, healthcare, policy, gay, rights, religious, freedoms, environmental, nature, affected, proportion, votes, political, party, concentration, detriment, UK, Cameron, gay, marriage, reaction, boost, hostility, distraction, economic, crisis Celebrity involvement, minority interests, advocacy, mainstream politics, voter decision-making, key issues, marginal issues, gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues, minority issues, political impact, public reaction, Cameron, gay marriage, political boost, economic crisis, distraction Celebrity, Involvement, Minority, Issues, Advocacy, Political, Movements, Voters, Decisions, Key, Issues, Education, Economy, Healthcare, Marginal, Gay, Rights, Religious, Freedoms, Environmental, Impact, Directly, Affected, Indirectly, Proportion, Votes, Political, Party, Concentration, Issues, Detrimental, Public, Reaction, UK, Cameron, Gay, Marriage, Political, Boost, Hostility, Distraction, Economic, Crisis
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-pro02a	Aid can ensure better treatment of migrants  Migrants in developed countries are often not very well treated, for example the Traiskirchen migrant camp in Austria, one of the richest countries in the EU was condemned for its inhumane conditions by Amnesty in August 2015. [1] The aid provided can be earmarked to ensure that migrants being well treated and provided for through safe transportation and access to essential government services such as healthcare and welfare.  The advantage of this provision in developing rather than developed countries is cost. The same amount of money goes a lot further in a developing country. This provision therefore makes sense in a time were many developed countries are both struggling with greater numbers of migrants and with austerity. Greece, which has had 124,000 migrants arrive in the first seven months of 2015, a 750% rise over the same period in 2014, is a notable case. [2]  [1] ‘'No respect' for human rights at Traiskirchen camp’, The Local at, 14 August 2015,   [2] Spindler, William, ‘Number of refugees and migrants arriving in Greece soars 750 per cent over 2014’, UNHCR, 7 August 2015, Aid, Migrants, Developed countries, Traiskirchen, Austria, Inhumane conditions, Amnesty, Safe transportation, Government services, Healthcare, Welfare, Cost-effectiveness, Developing countries, Austerity, Greece, Refugee crisis, UNHCR, Human rights aid, migrants, treatment, developed countries, Traiskirchen, Austria, inhumane conditions, Amnesty, 2015, safe transportation, government services, healthcare, welfare, cost, developing countries, austerity, Greece, refugees, 2014, UNHCR, William Spindler Aid, Migrants, Treatment, Developed Countries, Traiskirchen, Austria, Amnesty, Inhumane Conditions, Safe Transportation, Government Services, Healthcare, Welfare, Developing Countries, Cost, Austerity, Greece, Refugees, Migrant Crisis, UNHCR migrants, aid, treatment, developed countries, Traiskirchen, migrant camp, inhumane conditions, Amnesty, healthcare, welfare, transportation, cost, developing countries, austerity, Greece, refugee crisis, UNHCR, human rights, No respect, William Spindler, soar, 750 percent Aid, Migrants, Developed Countries, Treatment, Traiskirchen, Austria, Amnesty, Inhumane Conditions, Safe Transportation, Government Services, Healthcare, Welfare, Cost, Developing Countries, Austerity, Greece, Refugees, Migrants Arrival, UNHCR, Human Rights
test-environment-aiahwagit-con04a	Heavy handed approaches do not solve the motivations for poaching  Creating tougher responses to poaching will not deter poachers as they fail to recognise the motivations for illegal hunting. Many hunters, especially those who aren’t native to Africa, take part in poaching as there is a thrill in the illegal status. [1] The close calls, challenges and sense of independence will all be multiplied by increased protection on the game reserves.  Then there are those who take part out of necessity. Poachers will often be able to make $50-100 per kilogram for a rhinoceros’ horn [2] and the bush meat from kills can be a necessary source of nutrition. [3] Poaching creates opportunities for Africans which are usually unavailable in licit work. Tougher protection of animals fails to provide an alternative livelihood for these poachers.  [1] Forsyth, C. &amp; Marckese, T. ‘Thrills and skills: a sociological analysis of poaching’ pg.162  [2] Stewart, C. ‘Illegal ivory trade funds al-shabaab’s terrorist attacks’  [3] BBC, “Lions ‘facing extinction in West Africa’” heavy-handed, poaching, motivations, tougher-responses, deterrence, illegal-hunting, thrill, challenges, independence, game-reserves, necessity, financial-gain, rhinoceros-horn, bush-meat, nutrition, alternative-livelihood, sociological-analysis, illegal-ivory-trade, terrorist-funding, conservation, west-africa, lion-extinction, poachers, protection, economic-opportunities, licit-work heavy-handed, poaching, motivations, tougher-responses, deterrent, thrill, illegal-status, close-calls, challenges, independence, game-reserves, necessity, rhinoceros-horn, bush-meat, nutrition, opportunities, Africans, alternative-livelihood, protection, animals, sociological-analysis, illegal-ivory-trade, terrorist-attacks, West-Africa, lions, extinction heavy-handed, poaching, motivations, tougher-responses, deterrent, illegal-hunting, thrill, challenges, independence, game-reserves, necessity, rhinoceros-horn, bush-meat, nutrition, Africans, alternative-livelihood, terrorism, extinction, lions, West-Africa heavy-handed, poaching, motivations, tougher-responses, thrill, illegal-hunting, game-reserves, necessity, bush-meat, nutrition, rhinoceros-horn, livelihood, alternative-jobs, Africa, terrorism, extinction, lions, sociology, illegal-ivory-trade, al-shabaab, terroristattacks heavy-handed, poaching, motivations, tougher-responses, deterrent, thrill, illegal-status, challenges, independence, protection, game-reserves, necessity, rhinoceros-horn, bush-meat, nutrition, opportunity, alternative-livelihood, terrorism, extinction, West-Africa
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-con04a	Damages diplomacy to be too open  Diplomacy can be very personal; diplomatic initiatives are often the result of a single person, and the individual leader is necessary to conclude negotiations. Transparency about a leader's health may therefore prevent deals being done; Nixon went to China despite Mao's ill heath meaning the supreme Chinese leader contributed little to the historic change in diplomatic alinements. 1 Would such a momentous change in alignment have been possible if both the Chinese and American public knew about Mao's ill health? The Americans would have considered any deal unreliable as they could not be sure it was Mao who made the decision, while opponents in China could have argued that it was advisers like Zhou Enlai who made the deal not Mao himself potentially enabling them to repudiate or undermine the deal.  1 Macmillan, Margaret, Seize the Hour When Nixon met Mao, John Murray, London, 2006, p.76 Damages, Diplomacy, Transparency, Leader's Health, Deals, Nixon, China, Mao, Ill Health, Diplomatic Alignments, Public Knowledge, Decision Making, Reliability, Opposition, Zhou Enlai, Macmillan, Seize the Hour, John Murray, London, 2006 Damages, diplomacy, transparency, personal, individual, leader, negotiations, health, Nixon, China, Mao, health, historical, change, alignment, public, unreliable, decision, advisers, repudiate, undermine, deal, Macmillan, Margaret, Seize, Hour, John, Murray, London, 2006, p.76 Damages, diplomacy, transparency, leader's health, Nixon, China, Mao, negotiations, public knowledge, deal reliability, advisers, repudiation, undermining, diplomatic alignments, historic change, Macmillan, Margaret, Seize the Hour, John Murray, London Damages, diplomacy, transparency, personal, negotiations, leader, health, Nixon, China, Mao, illness, public, unreliable, deal, advisers, Zhou Enlai, repudiate, undermine, diplomatic alignments, historical, Macmillan, Seize the Hour, John Murray, London Diplomacy, transparency, leadership, health, negotiations, public knowledge, Mao, Nixon, China, United States, Zhou Enlai, diplomatic alignment, historic change, reliability, repudiation, undermining, leadership illness, international relations, secrecy, personal diplomacy, political advisors, decision-making, historical events, diplomatic initiatives, individual leaders, strategic alignments, political stability, health impact on diplomacy, Cold War diplomacy, Macmillan Margaret, Seize the Hour, John Murray, London, 2006
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-con02a	"Policing and financing the system is unmanageable  If a large proportion of the population decided not to vote it would be impossible to make every non-voter pay the fine. For example, if just 10% of the UK voters failed to do so the government would have to chase up about £4 million in fines. Even if they sent demand letters to all these people, they could not take all those who refused to pay to court. Ironically, this measure hurts most those who the proposition are trying to enfranchise because they are least able to pay.  The cost of policing this system will impact upon tax payers. The Government will need to expand and more civil servants positions will be needed to create, administer and enforce the processes. It is especially prudent that we look closely at the impact it would have financially on individual countries. For example, the US has more than ten times the voting population of Australia “the financial cost for the two nations is vastly different. Since it costs the Australian government roughly five dollars for every ballot they evaluate, the greater number of voters in America would exponentially increase bureaucratic costs"".1  1 Iowaprodigal Policing, financing, unmanageable, non-voters, fines, UK, voters, government, demand, letters, court, enfranchise, tax, payers, civil, servants, processes, financial, impact, countries, US, voting, population, Australia, costs, ballots, bureaucratic, exponentially, increase policing, financing, unmanageable, non-voter, fine, UK, tax, civil servants, administrative costs, US, Australia, voter population, bureaucratic expenses, financial impact, enfranchise, demand letters, court, tax payers, proposition, ballot evaluation, exponential increase Policing, financing, unmanageable, non-voter, fine, UK, voters, government, demand, letters, court, enfranchise, tax, payers, civil, servants, administering, enforcing, processes, financial, impact, individual, countries, US, voting, population, Australia, cost, ballot, evaluation, bureaucratic policing, financing, unmanageable, non-voter, fine, UK, voters, government, demand, letters, court, proposition, enfranchise, tax, payers, civil, servants, processes, impact, financially, individual, countries, US, voting, population, Australia, financial, cost, ballot, evaluate, exponentially, increase, bureaucratic, costs Policing, Financing, System, Unmanageable, Non-voters, Fines, UK, Voters, Government, Demand, Letters, Court, Enfranchise, Tax, Payers, Civil, Servants, Processes, Impact, Financial, Countries, US, Voting, Population, Australia, Costs, Ballot, Bureaucratic, Exponentially, Increase"
test-international-bmaggiahbl-pro02a	Blind obedience to authority  One of the major factors that exacerbated genocide ideology was the “AKAZU” controlled media which made most of the Hutu population wrongfully obey authority and government propaganda of divisionism[1].  This was achieved by proclaiming that the Tutsi are snakes and cockroaches in newspapers, and directing the Hutu extremists to where killings were to be conducted on radio RTLM. Meanwhile they also refused to broadcast speeches calling out for unity among people helping to lead to the assassination of the then Prime minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana who opposed government restrictions. There was no space to question policies and ideas that were encouraging genocide by manipulating people to believe it was right path for Rwanda.  The genocide should therefore serve as an example that restricting freedoms of speech and press can cause severe damage. This is especially harmful to a healing and reconciling country like Rwanda that needs the freedom to debate the past and analyse how far it has come openly. Rwanda should learn from the past that freedom of speech is necessary to prevent conflict while having only one side potentially exacerbates it.  [1] Chalk, Prof. Frank ‘Radio propaganda and genocide’, Concordia.ca, November 1999 Blind obedience, authority, genocide, ideology, AKAZU, media control, Hutu, Tutsi, propaganda, divisionism, RTLM, radio, newspapers, assassination, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, freedom of speech, press restrictions, Rwanda, reconciliation, conflict prevention Blind obedience, authority, genocide, ideology, AKAZU, controlled media, Hutu, Tutsi, propaganda, divisionism, newspapers, radio RTLM, killings, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, freedom of speech, press, Rwanda, conflict, reconciliation Blind obedience, authority, genocide ideology, AKAZU, controlled media, Hutu population, wrongfully obey, government propaganda, divisionism, Tutsi, snakes, cockroaches, newspapers, Hutu extremists, killings, radio RTLM, speeches, unity, Prime minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, government restrictions, question policies, genocide, restricting freedoms, speech, press, severe damage, healing, reconciling, freedom, debate, past, prevent conflict, one side, exacerbates Blind obedience, authority, genocide, ideology, AKAZU, media control, Hutu, Tutsi, propaganda, divisionism, RTLM, assassination, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, freedom of speech, press freedom, conflict prevention, Rwanda, reconciliation, debate, historical analysis Blind obedience, authority, genocide ideology, AKAZU, media control, Hutu population, government propaganda, divisionism, Tutsi, RTLM, radio propaganda, newspaper propaganda, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, assassination, freedom of speech, press restrictions, reconciliation, conflict prevention, Rwanda, historical analysis, free debate, Chalk, Frank
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro02a	"Going back on this rule would promote casual sex  Condoning the use of barrier methods of contraception would be implicitly condoning casual sex since their primary function is within that context. This is particularly important since the Catholic Church's teachings on casual sex are not taken particularly seriously already. Any action, such as the Catholic Church allowing the use of barrier contraception, that would promote casual sex in countries with severe AIDS/HIV problems, would be an incredibly irresponsible one. Pope Paul VI argued that when considering ""the consequences of methods and plans for artificial birth control. Let them first consider how easily this course of action could open wide the way for marital infidelity and a general lowering of moral standards."" The Church's current stance on barrier contraception, therefore, is the most responsible one1. 1 Pope Paul VI. ""Humanae Vitae."" 1968. casual sex, barrier methods, contraception, Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, marital infidelity, moral standards Catholic Church, barrier contraception, casual sex, AIDS, HIV, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, moral standards, marital infidelity, responsible action, contraception methods, artificial birth control Catholic Church, barrier contraception, casual sex, AIDS, HIV, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, marital infidelity, moral standards, artificial birth control, responsibility, sexual behavior, religious teachings, health consequences, ethical concerns, sexual morality, contraception use, public health, Catholic doctrine, sexual health, religious authority, sexual ethics, moral responsibility, sexual practices, barrier methods, sexual activity, Catholic teachings, sexual norms, sexual behavior, health implications, moral implications, sexual conduct, religious influence, sexual decision-making, sexual values, sexual attitudes, sexual culture, sexual norms, sexual behavior, sexual health education, sexual relationships casual sex, barrier methods, contraception, Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, marital infidelity, moral standards, responsible stance, artificial birth control Catholic Church, barrier contraception, casual sex, moral standards, marital infidelity, AIDS, HIV, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, artificial birth control, irresponsibility, health risks, sexual behavior, religious teachings, contraception ethics, public health, moral consequences, sexual morality, church doctrine, sexual health, prevention, sexual practices, moral guidance, societal impact, sexual responsibility, condom use, sexual norms, religious authority, sexual ethics, health policy, moral implications, sexual education, Catholic teachings, sexual attitudes, sexual conduct, moral reasoning, sexual policy, moral principles, sexual values, sexual risk, religious morality,"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-con03a	Silencing views that are considered offensive is self-defeating and would be detrimental to those attempting to advance gay rights.  If freedom of speech is to mean anything then it needs to be a principle that is universally applied. Unless speech represents a direct and immediate threat to public safety then it should not be curtailed. The overwhelming majority of the world would agree with Hammond. Globally this is a significant, possibly a majority, view. Certainly the 24% of people in the UK who believe that homosexual sex should be illegal [1] could be assumed to be sympathetic. These people might well consider gay pride marches to be offensive and a threat to public order but these are allowed to go ahead and so should Hammond’s protest and those like it. The freedom of expression must be allowed equally in both cases.  [1] The Guardian. “Sex uncovered poll: Homosexuality”. 28 August 2008. freedom of speech, gay rights, offensive speech, public safety, Hammond, gay pride marches, freedom of expression, homosexuality, legal status, public opinion, UK poll, sexual orientation, protest rights, equal application of law, speech curtailment, immediate threat, majority view, global perspective, offensive views, self-defeating censorship, public order, legal protection, democratic principles, human rights, social tolerance, minority rights, civil liberties, expression regulation, hate speech, moral values, cultural norms, legal debate, societal impact, progressive movements, conservative views, legislative consideration, constitutional rights, international standards, freedom of assembly, peaceful protest freedom of speech, gay rights, offensive views, public safety, Hammond, gay pride marches, freedom of expression, homosexuality, public order, poll, The Guardian, UK, illegal, protest, self-defeating, detrimental, universal principle, majority view, direct threat, immediate threat, sexually offensive, public protests, equal treatment, speech restrictions freedom of speech, offensive views, gay rights, public safety, Hammond, gay pride marches, freedom of expression, homosexuality, UK poll, public order, protest, equal application, speech curtailment, self-defeating, significant view, majority opinion, The Guardian, Sex uncovered poll, 2008 freedom of speech, gay rights, offensive views, public safety, Hammond, gay pride marches, freedom of expression, homosexuality, public order, protest, The Guardian, Sex uncovered poll, UK, illegal homosexual sex freedom of speech, gay rights, offensive speech, public safety, immediate threat, Hammond, gay pride marches, freedom of expression, homosexuality, legality, public order, protest, equal application, majority view, The Guardian, Sex uncovered poll, UK opinions, homosexual sex, societal views, self-defeating, curtailment, universal principle, global perspective
test-science-nsihwbtiss-pro04a	Teacher’s personal life might undermine educational message.  Access to a teacher’s private information and photos may lead to weakening her position as an educator. How can a teacher convincingly speak against smoking or substance abuse if students have access to pictures portraying the teacher themselves drinking or smoking [1] ? For example, a principal from the Bronx, who had been trying to impose a strict dress code at her school, was branded a ‘hypocrite’ by her students when a risqué photo of her was found on her facebook page [2] . And even if the teacher will be careful not to post anything inappropriate on her page, a friend or acquaintance might thereby undermining the teacher. A strict separation of personal and professional life would prevent such incidents from happening.  [1] Preston, Jennifer. ”Rules to Stop Pupil and Teacher from Getting too Social Online”. The New York Times. 17 December 2011. nytimes.com/2011/12/18/business/.../rules-to-limit-how-teachers-and-students-interact-online.html.  [2] Keneally, Megan. ”Pupils at scandal hit school post sexy Facebook shot of principal over hallways.” The Daily Mail. 5 December 2011. teacher, personal life, educational message, access, private information, photos, weakening, position, educator, speak, smoking, substance abuse, students, pictures, drinking, principal, Bronx, strict dress code, hypocrite, risqué photo, Facebook, friend, acquaintance, separation, professional life, incidents, online interaction, rules, pupil, scandal, daily mail, new york times, social media, privacy, digital footprint,professionalism, confidentiality, ethics, reputation, educational environment, boundaries, social networking, policy, guidelines, teacher-student relationship, cyber safety, digital citizenship Teacher, personal life, educational message, private information, photos, weakening position, educator, smoking, substance abuse, students, pictures, drinking, principal, Bronx, strict dress code, hypocrite, risqué photo, Facebook, friend, acquaintance, undermining, professional life, separation, social media, online interaction, rules, pupils, scandal, hallway, Daily Mail, New York Times teacher, personal life, educational message, private information, photos, weakening position, smoking, substance abuse, student access, principal, Bronx, dress code, hypocrite, risqué photo, Facebook, posting, inappropriate, friend, acquaintance, separation, professional life, online interaction, social media, privacy, education, ethics, digital footprint, public image, professional integrity, teacher-student boundaries, viral images, school policy, online presence, digital citizenship teacher, personal life, educational message, private information, photos, weakening position, educator, smoking, substance abuse, students, access, pictures, drinking, principal, Bronx, strict dress code, hypocrite, risqué photo, Facebook, friend, acquaintance, separation, personal, professional, incidents, online interaction, rules, pupil, scandal, sexy photo, hallway, Daily Mail, New York Times teacher, personal life, educational message, private information, photos, weakening position, educator, smoking, substance abuse, students, pictures, drinking, principal, Bronx, strict dress code, hypocrite, risqué photo, Facebook, friend, acquaintance, separation, personal, professional, online interaction, social media, classroom authority, professional boundaries
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con03a	Partial birth abortions are safer than any available alternative  The D&amp;X abortion procedure generates the minimum of risk for the mother. Banning it means that the only alternatives are premature labour induction for which mortality rates are 2.5 times higher and is emotionally very difficult due to the length of time it takes [1] (it is also likely to be unacceptable to the proposition) and hysterotomy (which results in removal of the womb). Finally as those who are having late partial birth abortions are likely to be suicidal, or at least will be very determined to get rid of their child they are the most likely to resort to back-street methods that cause damage to themselves.  [1] The Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, ‘Abortion’, partial birth abortions, D&X abortion procedure, safer alternatives, risk reduction, maternal health, premature labour induction, mortality rates, emotional impact, hysterotomy, womb removal, late-term abortions, suicidal tendencies, back-street methods, self-harm, population health, family health, abortion safety, medical procedures, reproductive rights, health risks partial birth abortions, D&X abortion, safer alternatives, risk reduction, mother's health, premature labour induction, mortality rates, emotional difficulty, hysterotomy, womb removal, suicidal patients, back-street methods, self-harm, Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department, Population and Family Health, abortion safety, late-term abortion, obstetric complications, mental health considerations partial birth abortions, D&X abortion, safer, minimum risk, mother, ban, alternatives, premature labour induction, mortality rates, emotionally difficult, hysterotomy, womb removal, suicidal, back-street methods, self-harm, late-term abortion, population and family health partial birth abortions, D&X abortion, safer alternatives, risk reduction, mother's health, premature labour induction, mortality rates, emotional difficulty, hysterotomy, womb removal, late term abortions, suicidal patients, back-street methods, self-harm, abortion safety, population health, family health, medical procedures, abortion alternatives, health risks, emotional impact, patient determination, unauthorized abortions, health complications, Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department, population and family health partial birth abortions, D&X abortion, safer alternatives, risk to mother, premature labour induction, mortality rates, emotional difficulty, hysterotomy, womb removal, late term abortions, suicidal tendencies, back-street methods, self-harm, Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department, Population and Family Health, abortion procedures, maternal health, abortion safety, abortion methods, late-stage abortion, medical risks, emotional impact, illegal abortion, health complications
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-con04a	Parties as coalitions  The two political parties are ideologically broad churches, with many different factions that stand up for varying positions on the ideological spectrum. The republicans for example contain within them several different republican movements; from social conservatives or ‘the religious right’, through libertarian conservatism like much of the tea party, to fiscal conservatives who are mostly more moderate. Interweaving these three is national security conservatism and issues conservatism. [1]  Policies formed by each party are specifically designed to take into account of the different strands within the party, creating a platform that all candidates can stand on.  The policy is in effect a compromise between different wings of the party, with Primaries adding credence to a particular view.  In effect, Policies enacted under Single-Party Government have had the oversight from party members in order to be representative of the different interests within the party, thus delivering clear, coherent policies to the people that are constantly self-corrected due to the different ideological streams.  [1] Westen, Drew, ‘The Five Strands of Conservatism: Why the GOP is Unraveling’, HuffPost, 23 January 2012, Parties, coalitions, political, ideologically, broad, churches, factions, ideological, spectrum, republicans, social, conservatives, religious, right, libertarian, conservatism, tea, party, fiscal, moderate, national, security, issues, policies, platform, candidates, compromise, wings, Primaries, Single-Party, Government, oversight, party, members, representative, interests, clear, coherent, self-corrected, ideological, streams, GOP, unraveling Parties, coalitions, political, ideological, factions, republicans, social, conservatives, religious, right, libertarian, conservatism, tea, party, fiscal, moderate, national, security, issues, policies, platform, candidates, compromise, wings, Primaries, Single-Party, Government, oversight, representative, interests, coherent, self-corrected, Drew, Westen, GOP, HuffPost Parties, coalitions, political, ideologically, broad, churches, factions, ideological, spectrum, republicans, social, conservatives, religious, right, libertarian, conservatism, tea, party, fiscal, moderate, national, security, issues, policies, platform, candidates, compromise, wings, Primaries, Single-Party, Government, oversight, representative, interests, clear, coherent, self-corrected, ideological, streams, GOP, unraveling, Drew, Westen, HuffPost Parties, coalitions, political, ideologically, broad, churches, factions, ideological, spectrum, republicans, social, conservatives, religious, right, libertarian, conservatism, tea, party, fiscal, moderate, national, security, issues, policies, platform, candidates, compromise, wings, primaries, single-party, government, oversight, representative, interests, clear, coherent, self-corrected, ideological, streams, GOP, unraveling Parties, coalitions, political, factions, ideological, spectrum, Republicans, social, conservatives, religious, right, libertarian, conservatism, Tea, Party, fiscal, moderate, national, security, issues, policies, platform, candidates, compromise, wings, Primaries, Single-Party, Government, oversight, representative, interests, clear, coherent, self-corrected, Drew, Westen, GOP, unraveling
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-con01a	Employers impose rules relating to conduct in the workplace, it’s one of the things that everyone accepts when they take and continue in a job.  Put simply, if you don’t like the rules, don’t do the job. The fact that the world of work and the life of faith can come into conflict should hardly have come as a surprise to the women concerned. From Biblical times onward, that has been a reality.  However, they chose these particular jobs and that choice comes with consequences. Their actions would seem to suggest that they prize their faith more highly than their jobs, the solution seems fairly straightforward – get another job.  Religious belief is also a choice. Nobody is compelling the two women into one particular faith and nobody, including the Church, is compelling them to wear a cross as a demonstration of that decision.  The problem seems to have arisen because one thing they chose to do was in conflict with another thing they chose to do. It is difficult to see how that is the responsibility of either the employer or the courts. workplace rules, employment conduct, job acceptance, work-life conflict, religious beliefs, workplace religion, faith and employment, job consequences, religious freedom, employment choices, legal responsibility, workplace accommodation, religious symbols, workplace diversity, employment discrimination Employers, workplace conduct, job acceptance, work-life conflict, religious faith, Biblical times, job choice, consequences, religious belief, choice, religious symbol, cross, employment conflict, employer responsibility, court responsibility Employers, workplace conduct, job acceptance, work-life conflict, religious belief, faith, employment rules, job choice, consequences, religious symbols, workplace regulations, employment law, religious freedom, workplace diversity, employee rights, employment disputes, faith practices, work ethics, professional conduct, legal responsibilities workplace conduct, employment rules, job choice, religious conflict, faith and work, biblical perspective, religious belief, personal choice, wearing religious symbols, employment consequences, employer responsibility, court intervention Employers, workplace conduct, job acceptance, work-life conflict, faith, Biblical times, job choice, consequences, religious belief, choice, faith demonstration, cross-wearing, employer responsibility, court responsibility
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro02a	Small is beautiful: community empowerment  Microfinance is empowering the communities that are using it - showing in development, small is beautiful. Communities are empowered to change their conditions. For example taking the case of savings - microfinance allows for savings. Half of the adults that saved in Sub-Saharan Africa, during 2013, used an informal, community-based approach (CARE, 2014). First, having savings reduces household risk. CARE is one of many organisations working in innovations for microfinance. At CARE savings have been mobilised across Africa by working with Village Savings and Loans Associations. Overtime, CARE has targeted over 30,000,000 poor people in Africa, to provide necessary finance. Savings ensures households have financial capital, can invest resources in education, health, and the future. Savings is security in livelihoods.  Second, microfinance is providing key skills. Oxfam’s Savings for Change Initiative provides training on savings, and lending, to women in communities in Senegal and Mali. Evidence from Mali indicates startup capital provided has ensured better food security, women’s empowerment in the financial decision-making of households, and crucially, a sense of community bond among the women (Oxfam, 2013). Gender based violence within households may also be reduced [1] .  [1] See further readings: Kim et al, 2007. small, beautiful, community, empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial capital, education, health, Oxfam, Savings for Change, Senegal, Mali, food security, women's empowerment, financial decision-making, community bond, gender-based violence, Kim et al, 2007 community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial capital, education, health, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women, Mali, Senegal, food security, women’s empowerment, financial decision-making, gender-based violence, Kim et al 2007 Small, Beautiful, Community, Empowerment, Microfinance, Development, Savings, Sub-Saharan, Africa, Household, Risk, CARE, Village, Savings, Loans, Associations, Financial, Capital, Education, Health, Future, Livelihoods, Skills, Oxfam, Savings, Change, Initiative, Women, Senegal, Mali, Food, Security, Empowerment, Financial, Decision-making, Community, Bond, Gender, Violence, Households small, beautiful, community, empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial capital, education, health, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women, Mali, Senegal, food security, gender based violence, financial decision-making, community bond, Kim et al, 2007 small, beautiful, community, empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, CARE, innovations, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial capital, education, health, security, livelihoods, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women, Mali, Senegal, food security, gender based violence, financial decision-making, community bond
test-international-miasimyhw-pro01a	Free movement will provide benefits for productivity.  A free labour market provides a space for sharing (knowledge, ideas, and socio-cultural traditions), competing, and sustaining efficiency in development. As neoliberal theory advocates a laissez-faire approach is fundamental for growth. A free labour market will enhance economic productivity. Free labour movement enables access to new employment opportunities and markets.  Within the East African Community the Common Market Protocol (CMP) (2010) has removed barriers towards the movement of people, services, capital, and goods. Free regional movement is granted to citizens of any member state in order to aid economic growth. Free movement is providing solutions to regional poverty by expanding the employment opportunities available, enabling faster and efficient movement for labour, and reducing the risk of migration for labour. Similar to initial justifications of Europe’s labour market, a central idea is to promote labour productivity within the region [1] .  [1] Much criticism has been raised with regards to the flexible labour market in Europe - with high unemployment across national member states such as Spain, Ireland, and Greece; the prevalent Euro-crisis, and backlash over social welfare with rising migration. Disparities remain in jobs, growth, and productivity across the EU. free movement, productivity, free labour market, knowledge sharing, competition, efficiency, development, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic growth, employment opportunities, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, regional movement, regional poverty, labour mobility, migration risk, Europe, labour market, unemployment, Euro-crisis, social welfare, job disparities, growth disparities, productivity disparities Free movement, productivity, free labour market, knowledge sharing, socio-cultural traditions, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic productivity, employment opportunities, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, free regional movement, regional poverty, labour productivity, flexible labour market, unemployment, Euro-crisis, social welfare, migration, disparities, jobs, growth, EU Free movement, productivity, labour market, knowledge sharing, socio-cultural traditions, competition, efficiency, development, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic growth, employment opportunities, markets, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, barriers, regional poverty, labour mobility, migration, Euro-crisis, social welfare, unemployment, disparities, jobs, growth, EU free movement, productivity, labour market, knowledge sharing, competition, efficiency, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic growth, employment opportunities, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, regional poverty, labour mobility, migration, European labour market, unemployment, Euro-crisis, social welfare, job disparities, growth disparities, productivity disparities free movement, productivity, free labour market, knowledge sharing, competition, efficiency, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic growth, employment opportunities, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, regional poverty, labour mobility, migration, Europe, labour productivity, unemployment, Euro-crisis, social welfare, job disparities, growth disparities, productivity disparities
test-religion-frghbbgi-con03a	The rareness of Life  Life requires an extremely fine set of conditions in order to exist. The right distance from the Sun, a magnetic field to deflect solar radiation, the right atmospheric composition and conditions etc. These conditions are extremely rare; indeed only on Earth have we observed that they are just right for life to have evolved. [1] This is so unlikely that it leads to the conclusion that God must have intervened.  [1] McAlpine, Kate, ‘Extraterrestrial life could be extremely rare’, physicsworld.com, 1 August 2011, rareness of life, fine conditions for life, distance from sun, magnetic field, solar radiation, atmospheric composition, Earth conditions, life evolution, unlikely conditions, divine intervention, extraterrestrial life, physicsworld, Kate McAlpine, August 2011 rareness of life, fine conditions for life, distance from sun, magnetic field, solar radiation, atmospheric composition, Earth, life evolution, extraterrestrial life, God intervention, McAlpine, physicsworld.com, August 2011 rareness, life, conditions, Sun, magnetic field, solar radiation, atmospheric composition, Earth, evolution, unlikely, God, intervention, extraterrestrial life, rarity, McAlpine, physicsworld, 2011 rareness of life, fine conditions for life, distance from sun, magnetic field, solar radiation, atmospheric composition, Earth's unique conditions, extraterrestrial life, unlikely conditions, divine intervention, McAlpine, physicsworld.com, 2011 rareness of life, fine conditions for life, distance from sun, magnetic field, solar radiation, atmospheric composition, Earth, life evolution, unlikely conditions, divine intervention, extraterrestrial life, McAlpine, physicsworld, 2011
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-con03a	Collective bargaining has been recognised as an enforcable right  Collective bargaining is a right. If the state allows freedom of association, individuals will gather together and exchange their ideas and views as a natural consequence of this freedom. Further, free association and free expression allows groups to then select a representative to express their ideas in a way that the individuals in the group might not be able to. In preventing people from using this part of their right to assembly, we weaken the entire concept of the right to assembly. The point of the right to assembly is to allow the best possible representation for individuals. When a group of individuals are prevented from enjoying this right then it leads to those individuals feeling isolated from the rest of society who are able to enjoy this right.  This is particularly problematic in the case of public sector workers as the state that is isolating them also happens to be their employer. This hurts the way that people in the public sector view the state that ideally is meant to represent them above all as they actively contribute to the well being of the state.1  Bloomberg, Michael. “Limit Pay, Not Unions.” New York Times. 27/02/2011 Collective bargaining, enforceable right, freedom of association, free expression, right to assembly, public sector workers, state employer, union representation, social isolation, Bloomberg, New York Times, union limits, pay constraints collective bargaining, enforceable right, freedom of association, free expression, right to assembly, representation, public sector workers, state employer, social isolation, Michael Bloomberg, New York Times, union rights, public welfare, state representation collective bargaining, enforceable right, freedom of association, free expression, right to assembly, public sector workers, state employer, union representation, Michael Bloomberg, New York Times collective bargaining, enforceable right, freedom of association, free expression, right to assembly, public sector workers, state employer, union representation, social isolation, government workers, labor rights, union rights, Michael Bloomberg, New York Times, limit pay, not unions collective bargaining, enforceable right, freedom of association, free expression, right to assembly, public sector workers, state isolation, Michael Bloomberg, New York Times, union rights, government employees, societal isolation, employee representation, labor rights
test-international-glilpdwhsn-con04a	"Problems with Verification.  Verification is vital in any agreement to limit arms. Both sides need to trust each other a bit but a lot of this trust needs to come from comprehensive mechanisms to monitor and ensure that both sides are carrying out their commitments. If the verification system is not good enough then neither side will have faith in the agreement and will be more likely to try and bypass it.  Unfortunately the expired START’s verification regime was robust when compared to that for the New START. Baker Spring at the Heritage foundation lists some of the specific areas that are significantly less robust: A narrowing of the requirements for exchanging telemetry (electronic transmissions that give details of missile performance that helps give a good idea about whether Russia is complying with the treaty) , A reduction in the effectiveness of the inspections (the Russians feel that inspections are unfairly biased against them), Weaknesses in the ability to verify the number of deployed warheads on ICBMs and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), Abolition of the START verification regime governing mobile ICBMs, and A weakening of the verification standards governing the elimination of delivery vehicles. [1]  [1] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010. Verification, Arms control, Trust, Monitoring, Commitments, START treaty, New START, Baker Spring, Heritage Foundation, Telemetry, Inspections, Warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, Mobile ICBMs, Delivery vehicles, Treaty compliance, Verification mechanisms, Treaty flaws Verification, arms control, trust, comprehensive mechanisms, monitoring, commitments, START treaty, New START, telemetry, inspections, warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicles, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring verification, arms limitations, trust, monitoring, treaty commitments, START, New START, telemetry, missile performance, inspections, deployed warheads, ICBMs, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, SLBMs, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicle elimination, verification standards, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring Verification, Arms Limitation, Trust, Monitoring, Commitments, START, New START, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring, Telemetry, Inspections, Warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, Mobile ICBMs, Delivery Vehicles Verification, Arms agreements, Trust, Monitoring, Commitments, START treaty, New START, Telemetry, Inspections, Warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, Mobile ICBMs, Delivery vehicles, Treaty compliance, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring, Treaty flaws, Verification mechanisms, Treaty standards"
test-education-ughbuesbf-pro01a	Individuals have a right to the experience of higher education  University offers personal, intellectual, and often spiritual, exploration. In secondary school and in professional life, no such opportunities exist as they are about instruction and following orders, not about questioning norms and conventions in the same way university so often is. [1] A life without the critical thinking skills provided by university will be less useful to society, as citizens will be unable to engage with political debate effectively – citizens need to be critical of what politicians tell them. The state has a responsibility to provide citizens with the skillset to take partake in the democratic process. [2] Free universities benefit both the citizen, as an exploration for his/her own development, and to society, for an educated and active populace.  [1] Key Degree. 2010. “How to Reap the Benefits of College”. Keydegree.com. Available:  ­of­college.html  [2] Swift, Adam. 2001. Political Philosophy: A Beginner’s Guide for Students and Politicians. Cambridge: Polity. right to education, university, personal exploration, intellectual growth, spiritual development, secondary school, professional life, critical thinking skills, societal contribution, political engagement, democratic process, state responsibility, free universities, citizen development, educated populace, active citizenship, political philosophy, beginner's guide, key degree, benefits of college, Adam Swift right, higher education, university, personal, intellectual, spiritual, exploration, secondary school, professional life, instruction, orders, questioning norms, conventions, critical thinking, society, political debate, citizens, democratic process, free universities, citizen development, educated populace, Key Degree, Adam Swift, political philosophy, benefits of college, beginner's guide, students, politicians right, higher education, personal exploration, intellectual growth, spiritual development, secondary school, professional life, instruction, following orders, questioning norms, conventions, critical thinking skills, society, political debate, citizenship, democratic process, free universities, citizen development, educated populace, active citizenry, Key Degree, Adam Swift, political philosophy, beginner's guide, students, politicians right, higher education, university, personal, intellectual, spiritual, exploration, secondary school, professional life, instruction, orders, questioning norms, conventions, critical thinking skills, society, political debate, citizens, politicians, democratic process, free universities, citizen development, educated populace, Key Degree, Adam Swift, political philosophy, beginners guide right to education, higher education, personal exploration, intellectual development, spiritual growth, secondary school, professional life, instruction, following orders, questioning norms, critical thinking skills, societal benefit, democratic process, active citizenship, free universities, individual development, educated populace, political engagement, critical analysis, social responsibility, university education, democratic participation, societal contribution, free higher education, citizen development, public education, university benefits, educational opportunities, learning environment, academic freedom, intellectual curiosity, civic engagement, democratic values, social progress, critical thought, higher learning, educational rights, societal improvement, governmental role, educational policy, political philosophy, beginner's guide
test-law-cpilhbishioe-con04a	ICC enforcement would create resentment  There are good reasons for why an ICC enforcement arm would be ineffective on its own. It may have all the necessary equipment and training but it would be a foreign force, that may or may not be seen as legitimate, attempting to arrest a native of that country. The result would be resentment in the community at the intrusion. This regularly occurs to national police forces when policing in minority areas. In London the Brixton race riots were seen by one inquiry as “essentially an outburst of anger and resentment by young black people against the police” as the police did not represent them. [1] The result with the ICC as elsewhere would likely to at the least be a lack of cooperation, and with most of the force unable to speak the native language altering perceptions would be difficult. Such a force may bring even fewer results than using local forces and would provide a scapegoat for local politicians. [2]  [1] Bowling, Ben, and Phillips, Coretta, ‘Policing ethnic minority communities’, LSE Research Online, 2003,  p.4  [2] Perritt, Henry H., ‘Policing International Peace and Security: International Police Forces’, Chicago-Kent College of Law, March 1999,  p.294 ICC, enforcement, resentment, legitimacy, foreign force, national police, minority areas, Brixton race riots, policing, ethnic minority, cooperation, language barrier, local forces, scapegoat, international police, peace, security ICC, enforcement, resentment, foreign force, legitimacy, community, intrusion, national police, minority areas, Brixton race riots, anger, policing, ethnic minority, cooperation, language, perceptions, local forces, scapegoat, local politicians, policing international peace, security, international police forces ICC, enforcement, resentment, foreign force, legitimacy, native, community, intrusion, national police, minority areas, Brixton race riots, anger, lack of cooperation, language barrier, local forces, scapegoat, local politicians, policing ethnic minority, international police forces, peace and security ICC enforcement, resentment, foreign force, legitimacy, arrest, native community, national police forces, minority areas, Brixton race riots, policing ethnic minorities, lack of cooperation, language barrier, local forces, scapegoat, local politicians, international peace, security, international police forces ICC, enforcement, resentment, foreign force, legitimacy, arrest, native, community, intrusion, national police, minority areas, Brixton race riots, anger, police representation, lack of cooperation, native language, perceptions, local forces, scapegoat, local politicians, international police, peace, security
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro02a	The fact that it is a Representative highlights the fact that the EU is based on consultation and consensus, and that is a positive thing.  While the new ‘EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy’ marks only a bold first step towards a more unified voice for the EU, the decisions are indeed still based on a state by state consultation mechanism – hence the name representative. This should however not to be downplayed as a less significant change in how the EU approaches its foreign policy. The consultation aspect is in fact essential to reaching agreement and the importance of not only presenting a united front to the rest of the world (the EU is exemplary in trade policy and environmental policy, but less important when it comes to presenting a united voice in foreign policy as Belgian Foreign minister Mark Eyskens put it in 1991 “Europe is an economic giant, a political dwarf, and a military worm” 1, but also creating a united front through collaboration and debate. One should thus see this not only as a means to an end, but rather as an important mechanism in itself, whereby new identities are slowly created along with a deeper sense of commitment to a common set of values.  1. Craig R Whitney, ‘WAR IN THE GULF: EUROPE; Gulf Fighting Shatters Europeans’ Fragile Unity’, EU, High Representative, Foreign Policy, Security Policy, Consultation, Consensus, United Voice, State Consultation, Change, Foreign Policy Approach, United Front, Collaboration, Debate, New Identities, Common Values, Europe, Economic Giant, Political Dwarf, Military Worm, Gulf War, European Unity EU, High Representative, Foreign Policy, Security Policy, Consultation, Consensus, United Voice, State-by-State, Foreign Minister, Mark Eyskens, Economic Giant, Political Dwarf, Military Worm, Gulf War, Europeans' Unity, Common Values, Identity Formation, Commitment, Collaboration, Debate EU, Representative, consultation, consensus, EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy, unified voice, state by state consultation, foreign policy, united front, collaboration, debate, new identities, commitment, common values, Mark Eyskens, economic giant, political dwarf, military worm, Gulf War, European unity Representative, EU, consultation, consensus, High Representative, Foreign Policy, Security Policy, unified voice, state by state, significant change, united front, collaboration, debate, new identities, commitment, common values, Europe, economic giant, political dwarf, military worm, Gulf War, European unity EU, Representative, consultation, consensus, High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy, unified voice, state by state consultation, foreign policy, united front, collaboration, debate, common values, Mark Eyskens, economic giant, political dwarf, military worm, Gulf War, European unity
test-environment-opecewiahw-con02a	A dam would damage the environment  Dams due to their generation of renewable electricity are usually seen as environmentally friendly but such mega projects are rarely without consequences. The Grand Inga would lower the oxygen content of the lower course of the river which would mean a loss of species. This would not only affect the river as the Congo’s delta is a submerged area of 300,000km2 far out into the Atlantic. This system is not yet understood but the plume transmits sediment and organic matter into the Atlantic ocean encouraging plankton offshore contributing to the Atlantic’s ability to be a carbon sink. [1]  [1] Showers, Kate, ‘Will Africa’s Mega Dam Have Mega Impacts?’, International Rivers, 5 March 2012, dam, environment, renewable, electricity, consequences, Grand Inga, oxygen, species, Congo, delta, Atlantic, sediment, organic matter, plankton, carbon sink, mega impacts, International Rivers dam, environment, renewable electricity, Grand Inga, oxygen content, species loss, Congo delta, submerged area, sediment, organic matter, Atlantic Ocean, plankton, carbon sink, mega impacts, Africa, International Rivers dam, environment, renewable, electricity, Grand Inga, oxygen, species, Congo, delta, Atlantic, sediment, organic matter, plankton, carbon sink, mega impacts, Kate Showers, International Rivers dam, environment, renewable, electricity, Grand Inga, oxygen, species, Congo, delta, Atlantic, sediment, organic matter, plankton, carbon sink, mega impacts, International Rivers dam, environment, renewable electricity, Grand Inga, oxygen content, species loss, Congo delta, submerged area, Atlantic Ocean, sediment, organic matter, plankton, carbon sink, mega impacts, International Rivers
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro04a	The costs of monitoring copyright by states, artists, and lawyers far outweigh the benefits, and is often simply ineffective  The state incurs huge costs in monitoring for copyright infringement, in arresting suspected perpetrators, in imprisonment of those found guilty, even though in reality nothing was stolen but an idea that, once released to it, belonged to the public domain more or less. [1] Furthermore, the deterrent effect to copyright piracy generated by all the efforts of the state and firms has proven generally minimal. In fact, the level of internet piracy of books, music, and films has increased dramatically year on year for several years, increasing by 30% in 2011 alone. [2] This is because in many cases copyright laws are next to unenforceable, as the music and movie industries have learned to their annoyance in recent years, for example ninety percent of DVDs sold in China are bootlegs while even western consumers are increasingly bypassing copyright by using peer to peer networks. [3] Only a tiny fraction of perpetrators are ever caught, and though they are often punished severely in an attempt to deter future crime, it has done little to stop their incidence. Copyright, in many cases, does not work in practice plain and simple. Releasing works under a creative commons licensing scheme does a great deal to cope with these pressures. In the first instance it is a less draconian regime, so individuals are more willing to buy into it as a legitimate claim by artists rather than an onerous stranglehold on work. This increases compliance with the relaxed law. Secondly, the compliance means that artists are given the vocal crediting under the license rules that gives them more public exposure than clandestine copying could not. Ultimately this adaptation of current copyright law would benefit the artist and the consumer mutually.  [1] World Intellectual Property Organization. “Emerging Issues in Intellectual Property”. 2011   [2] Hartopo, A. “The Past, Present and Future of Internet Piracy”. Jakarta Globe. 26 July 2011.   [3] Quirk, M., “The Movie Pirates”, The Atlantic, 19 November 2009, costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, huge, costs, monitoring, copyright, infringement, arresting, suspected, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, reality, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, copyright, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, increased, dramatically, years, 30%, 2011, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, annoyance, DVDs, China, bootlegs, western, consumers, bypassing, copyright, peer, peer, networks, tiny, fraction, perpetrators, caught, costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, huge, costs, infringement, arresting, suspects, imprisonment, guilty, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, piracy, minimal, internet, books, music, films, increased, dramatically, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, DVDs, China, bootlegs, consumers, bypassing, copyright, peer, networks, caught, punished, severely, deter, future, crime, incidence, practice, creative, commons, licensing, adaptation, current, copyright, law, benefit, artist, consumer, mutually, compliance, costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, costs, monitoring, copyright, infringement, arresting, imprisonment, guilty, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, increased, dramatically, year, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, China, DVDs, bootlegs, western, consumers, peer, networks, perpetrators, punished, crime, incidence, copyright, practice, creative, commons, licensing, pressures, draconian, regime, individuals, buy, legitimate, claim, artists, oner copyright, monitoring, costs, benefits, ineffective, state, artists, lawyers, infringement, arrests, imprisonment, public domain, piracy, internet, increase, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, China, peer-to-peer, deterrence, creative commons, compliance, vocal crediting, public exposure, adaptation, mutual benefit, World Intellectual Property Organization, internet piracy, Jakarta Globe, The Atlantic costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, huge, costs, monitoring, copyright, infringement, arresting, suspects, imprisonment, guilt, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, increased, enforcement, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, annoyance, DVDs, bootlegs, consumers, peer, networks, perpetrators, punished, deter, future, crime, incidence, practice, creative, commons, licensing, adaptation, current, copyright, benefit, artist, consumer, mutual, vocal, crediting, exposure,
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con05a	Animals involved in animal research are mostly well treated.  The vast majority of animals used in research are not subjected to suffering. Where there may be pain, they are given painkillers, and when they are euthanized it is done humanely. [1] They are looked after well, as the health of the animals is usually not only required by law and good practice, but beneficial for the experimental results. Many of these animals live better lives than they might have done had they been born into the wild. Many animals, and indeed humans, die untimely deaths that are due to reasons other than old age, animal experimentation may increase these numbers slightly but so long as the animals are treated well there should be no moral objection to animal research. If the foundation of the argument for banning animal experimentation is therefore based upon the cruel treatment and pain suffered by animals then this is a reason for regulation to make sure there is very little suffering rather than an outright ban.  [1] Herzog, H., “Dealing With the Animal Research Controversy”, in Akins, C. Panicker, S. &amp; Cunningham, C. L (eds.), Laboratory animals in research and teaching: Ethics, care and methods, (Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2005, Ch. 1. animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal health, legal requirements, good practice, experimental results, animal welfare, moral objections, animal experimentation, regulatory oversight, ethical treatment, laboratory animals, research controversy, humane treatment, animal suffering, scientific benefits, ethical considerations, laboratory animal care animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, legal requirements, ethical considerations, experimental results, better lives, wild conditions, untimely deaths, moral objections, animal experimentation, regulation, suffering, animal rights, ethical treatment, laboratory animals, research ethics, humane treatment, scientific research, animal care, Regulations, animal testing, animal welfare laws, ethical standards, research animals, humane practices, moral responsibility, humane conditions, animal ethics, laboratory animal care, pain reduction, ethical guidelines, scientific integrity, animal health, research integrity, humane methods, animal research controversy, ethical debate, animal experimentation ethics animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, legal requirements, experimental results, better lives, wild animals, moral objections, animal experimentation, regulation, cruelty prevention, ethical treatment, laboratory animals, scientific research, animal rights, humane treatment, research ethics, animal care animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, legal requirements, experimental results, better lives, moral objections, animal experimentation, regulation, cruelty, suffering, ethical treatment, laboratory animals, research ethics, humane treatment, animal rights, scientific research, animal testing Animals, Research, Well-treated, Pain, Painkillers, Euthanized, Humanely, Health, Law, Good Practice, Experimental Results, Better Lives, Wild, Untimely Deaths, Moral Objection, Cruel Treatment, Regulation, Suffering, Animal Experimentation, Banning, Controversy, Herzog, Akins, Panicker, Cunningham, Laboratory Animals, Research Ethics, Teaching Ethics, American Psychological Association
test-environment-aiahwagit-con01a	African countries have little money to spare  Africa has some of the least developed countries in the world, making extensive protection of endangered animals unviable. Many African countries are burdened by the more pressing issues of civil war, large debts, poverty, and economic underdevelopment. [1] These factors already draw significant amounts of money from limited budgets. Tanzania, for example, has revenue of $5.571 billion and an expenditure of $6.706 billion. [2] Increased expenditure on animal protection projects would only serve to worsen this budget deficit.  [1] Simensen, J. ‘Africa: the causes of under-development and the challenges of globalisation’  [2] The World Factbook ‘Tanzania’ African countries, little money, least developed, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, animal protection, revenue, expenditure, Simensen, The World Factbook African countries, least developed, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, Tanzania, budget deficit, animal protection projects African countries, limited money, least developed countries, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection projects, under-development, globalisation, The World Factbook African countries, least developed, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, animal protection, revenue, expenditure, under-development, globalisation African countries, least developed, endangered animals, protection unviable, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection, globalisation challenges
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-con03a	There are alternatives that tackle the real causes of voter disengagement  Compulsory voting hides the problem which is causing people to be disengaged from politics; it allows politicians to ignore measures that can tackle the true causes of political disengagement.  States instead should seek on strategies that will eliminate barriers to voting along with reducing the costs of turnout for its citizens, weekend voting, making election days a holiday, simple registration procedures, reforms such as to the party finance rules to widen the playing field, and the creation of a centralized, professional bureaucracy concerned with all aspects of election administration. In the UK, for example, adopting a more proportional system will allow for a political spectrum rather than the three major parties that currently dominate. voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political disengagement, barriers to voting, weekend voting, election day holiday, simple registration, party finance reform, centralized election administration, proportional representation, UK political parties voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political disengagement, barriers to voting, costs of turnout, weekend voting, election day holiday, simple registration, party finance reform, centralized election administration, proportional system, political spectrum voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political disengagement, barriers to voting, costs of turnout, weekend voting, election day holiday, registration procedures, party finance reforms, centralized bureaucracy, election administration, proportional system, political spectrum, major parties voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political disengagement, barriers to voting, reducing turnout costs, weekend voting, election day holiday, simple registration, party finance reform, proportional representation, UK electoral system, major parties domination, election administration, centralized bureaucracy voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political disengagement, barriers to voting, costs of turnout, weekend voting, election day holiday, simple registration, party finance reform, centralized bureaucracy, election administration, proportional system, political spectrum, major parties, UK politics
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-pro01a	Gender equality is based on fundamental human rights endorsed by the EU which needs to be addressed  Gender equality at the workplace is an important principle that businesses should follow. If we consider men and women to be equal then they should be equally represented at the top levels of politics, society, and business. This is not simply a national issue, but a pan-EU problem of justice and equal rights. Gender equality is linked to the fundamental human rights that the EU endorses and the lack of progress in terms of women in high positions of Europe requires a proactive stance. As Morin-Chartier argues, the EU directives are about being a model for one another and the quotas will serve as an archetype for others worldwide. Therefore, the quotas are necessary to encourage progress in this field as other tools have not brought equal gender representation. gender equality, human rights, EU, workplace, business principles, top levels, politics, society, pan-EU, justice, equal rights, progress, high positions, Europe, proactive stance, Morin-Chartier, EU directives, model, quotas, archetype, worldwide, progress encouragement, equal representation, tools effectiveness Gender equality, fundamental human rights, EU endorsement, workplace principle, equal representation, top levels, politics, society, business, national issue, pan-EU problem, justice, equal rights, human rights, EU progress, women in high positions, proactive stance, Morin-Chartier, EU directives, model for others, quotas, archetype, worldwide encouragement, progress tools, gender representation gender equality, fundamental human rights, EU endorsement, workplace principle, business practices, political representation, societal issues, pan-EU problem, justice, equal rights, EU directives, model archetype, quotas, global impact, proactive stance, women in leadership, progress measurement, alternative tools, gender representation, European context Gender equality, human rights, EU, workplace, businesses, top levels, politics, society, business, national issue, pan-EU, justice, equal rights, fundamental rights, progress, women, high positions, Europe, proactive stance, Morin-Chartier, EU directives, model, quotas, archetype, worldwide, progress, tools, gender representation gender equality, human rights, EU, workplace, business principles, top levels, politics, society, pan-EU, justice, equal rights, progress, women, high positions, proactive stance, Morin-Chartier, EU directives, model, quotas, archetype, worldwide, progress encouragement, equal representation, tools, ineffective
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-con01a	Freedom of expression is essential for women  Social movements should limit themselves to pushing for the rights of social groups, not restricting them. The feminist movement, as a social movement, should not limit the voices of women in the same way their oppressors have throughout history. Banning pornography would directly restrict the freedom of choice of women who want to manifest their sexuality and express themselves in revolutionary ways in art and media. Examples such as amateur and improvised porn, which are independent of a director, show the deep value of self-expression and self-definition women can find in this form of art. The desire of some actresses to become internationally recognised as ‘sex symbols’, become porn stars, or simply convey that sex is for women too, is a legitimate one, and not an act of desperation. This must be taken into account in cases of pornography between consenting adults, for consenting adults. Freedom of expression, women's rights, social movements, feminist movement, pornography, self-expression, sexuality, consent, censorship, sex symbols, adult content, revolutionary art, self-definition, women's choice, sexual autonomy freedom of expression, women's rights, social movements, feminist movement, restriction of rights, pornography, self-expression, sexuality, art, media, sex symbols, porn stars, consent, adults freedom of expression, women's rights, social movements, feminist movement, censorship, pornography, self-expression, sexuality, sex symbols, consent, art, media, independence, recognition, sex positivity freedom of expression, women's rights, social movements, feminist movement, pornography, self-expression, sexuality, art, media, sex symbols, porn stars, consenting adults, self-definition, independent production, amateur porn, revolutionary art, women's sexuality, legitimate desires, sex for women, oppression, voice limitation freedom of expression, women's rights, social movements, feminist movement, censorship, pornography, self-expression, sexuality, art, media, sex symbols, porn stars, consenting adults, self-definition, sex positivity, amateur porn, independent production, revolutionary art, female empowerment, sexual liberation, rights advocacy, expression limitations, historical oppression
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-con01a	Denial of privacy to the leaders  The leaders of states deserve privacy in exactly the same way as anyone else. Just like their citizens leaders want and deserve privacy and it would be unfair for everyone to know about their health. Leaders may suffer from diseases such AIDS/HIV or embarrassing illnesses which could damage a leader.  The people only a need for the people to know when the illness significantly damages the running of the government. The government can function on its own without its leader for several days; only if the illness incapacitates the leader for a long period is there any need to tell the people. Clearly if the President is working from his bed he is still doing the job and his government is functioning. William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister of Great Britain was toasted as 'the Saviour of Europe' while he was seriously ill but still running the country during the height of the Napoleonic Wars. 1  1 Bloy, Marjie, 'William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806)', Victorian Web, 4 January 2006, Denial, Privacy, Leaders, States, Citizens, Health, AIDS, HIV, Illnesses, Government, Running, Incapacitated, People, President, William Pitt, Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Napoleonic Wars, Saviour, Europe Denial, Privacy, Leaders, States, Citizens, Health, Diseases, AIDS, HIV, Embarrassing, Illnesses, Damage, Leadership, Government, Function, Incapacitation, President, Job, William Pitt, Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Saviour, Europe, Napoleonic Wars, Victorian Web, Marjie Bloy Denial of privacy, leaders, states, privacy rights, citizens, health issues, AIDS/HIV, embarrassing illnesses, government functionality, leader incapacitation, William Pitt the Younger, Napoleonic Wars, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Saviour of Europe Denial, Privacy, Leaders, States, Citizens, Health, AIDS, HIV, Illnesses, Government, Function, Incapacitated, President, William, Pitt, Younger, Prime, Minister, Great, Britain, Napoleonic, Wars privacy, leaders, states, health, AIDS, HIV, illnesses, government, running, incapacitates, President, William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Napoleonic Wars, Saviour of Europe, Victorian Web
test-science-nsihwbtiss-pro03a	Acting as a warning signal for children at risk.  It is very difficult for a child to realize that he is being groomed; they are unlikely to know the risk1. After all, a teacher is regarded as a trusted adult. But, if the child is aware that private electronic contact between teachers and students is prohibited by law, the child will immediately know the teacher is doing something he is not supposed to if he initiates private electronic contact. This will therefore act as an effective warning sign to the child and might prompt the child to tell a parent or another adult about what is going on. warning signal, children at risk, grooming, trusted adult, private electronic contact, prohibited by law, effective warning sign, tell a parent, another adult warning signal, children at risk, child grooming, trusted adult, private electronic contact, prohibited by law, warning sign, prompt, tell parent, adult supervision, child safety, teacher-student communication, legal boundaries, protection measures warning signal, children at risk, grooming, trusted adult, private electronic contact, prohibited by law, warning sign, tell parent, another adult warning signal, children at risk, grooming, trusted adult, private electronic contact, prohibited by law, warning sign, prompt, tell parent, another adult warning signal, children at risk, grooming, trusted adult, private electronic contact, prohibited by law, effective warning sign, tell a parent, another adult
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro05a	"Protects people from spending eternity in Hell.  It is important to remember that the Catholic Church believe that barrier contraception is against God and that using it will condemn people to Hell. Therefore, even if the Church's stance on condoms is harmful, which the proposition does not accept that it is, it is less harmful than people spending an eternity suffering. In this context, therefore, the most responsible thing for the Catholic Church to do is to forbid the use of condoms and, thereby, save people from Hell1. 1 Pope Paul VI. ""Humanae Vitae."" 1968. Catholic Church, eternity, Hell, contraception, barrier methods, condoms, moral theology, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, salvation, mortal sin, sexual ethics, Christian doctrine, religious beliefs, human suffering, spiritual salvation, doctrinal stance, moral responsibility Catholic Church, Hell, contraception, condoms, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, eternity, suffering, morality, religious beliefs, sexual health, doctrine, sin, salvation, responsibility Catholic Church, contraception, condoms, Hell, eternal suffering, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, moral doctrine, religious beliefs, harm reduction, sexual health, theological perspective, human salvation, moral teachings, religious authority Catholic Church, contraception, condoms, Hell, eternity, suffering, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, responsible action, moral stance, religious belief, harm reduction Catholic Church, contraception, condoms, Hell, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, eternity, suffering, morality, religious beliefs, ethical responsibility, human life, sexual health, doctrine, dogma, sin, salvation, Catholic theology, moral teachings"
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con02a	Opposition to partial birth abortion is part of a strategy intended to ban abortion in general  Partial-birth abortions form a tiny proportion of all abortions, but from a medical and psychological point of view they ought to be the least controversial. The reason for this focus is that late-term abortions are the most obviously distasteful, because late-term foetuses look more like babies than embryos or foetuses at an earlier developmental stage. Late-term abortions therefore make for the best pro-life campaigning material. By attempting to focus the debate here, campaigners are aiming to conflate all abortions with late-term abortions, and to increase opposition to all abortion on that basis. Opposition, partial-birth-abortion, strategy, ban-abortion, late-term-abortions, medical-view, psychological-view, pro-life-campaigning, fetal-development, public-opinion, abortion-debate, conflation, early-abortion, late-pregnancy-termination, fetal-resemblance, campaigning-strategy, abortion-rights, ethical-considerations, legislative-impact, reproductive-health-policy partial birth abortion, opposition, strategy, ban abortion, tiny proportion, medical view, psychological view, least controversial, late-term abortions, distasteful, late-term foetuses, babies, embryos, pro-life campaigning, conflate, increase opposition, all abortion Opposition, partial-birth-abortion, strategy, ban-abortion, late-term-abortions, medical-view, psychological-view, pro-life-campaigning, foetal-development, conflation, increase-opposition, all-abortions Opposition, partial-birth-abortion, strategy, ban-abortion, late-term-abortions, medical-view, psychological-view, pro-life-campaigning, late-term-foetuses, conflate-abortions, increase-opposition, abortion-debate opposition, partial-birth-abortion, strategy, ban-abortion, late-term-abortions, medical-view, psychological-view, pro-life-campaigning, conflate-abortions, increase-opposition, fetal-development, late-stage-pregnancy, ethical-debate, abortion-rights, pregnancy-termination, human-rights, reproductive-health, legal-abortion, controversial-procedures, fetal-viability, moral-arguments, public-opinion, legislative-strategy, anti-abortion-rhetoric
test-science-sghwbdgmo-con03a	Genetically modified organisms will prevent starvation due to global climate changes.  The temperature of the earth is rising, and the rate of increase is itself increasing. As this continues, foods that grow now will not be acclimatized to the hotter conditions. Evolution takes many years and we simply do not have the time to starve while we wait for this to occur. Whilst there may be a vast supply of food now, we need to look to the future and how our current crops will withstand our changing environment. We can improve our food supply for the future if we invest in GM crops now. These crops can be made specifically to deal with the hotter conditions.  Moreover, Rodomiro Ortiz, director of resource mobilization at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre in Mexico, is currently conducting trials with GM crops to get them to grow is drought conditions. [1] This has already in 2007 been implemented by Monsanto in South Africa and has shown that genetically modified maize can be grown in South Africa and so prevent starvation. [2]  In other countries, this would also mean that foods could be cultured where organic foods would not be able to. This would mean those in third world countries could grow their own crops on their low nutrient content soil. This has the additional benefit of not impacting on the environment as no transport would be needed to take the food to the places where it is needed; this would have to occur with organic foods grown in areas of good soil and weather conditions. [3]  [1] Ortiz R., Overview on Crop Genetic Engineering for Drought-prone Environments, published December 2007,  , accessed 09/05/2011  [2] African Center for Biosafety, Monsanto’s genetically modified drought tolerant maize in South Africa,  , accessed 09/02/2011  [3] Rosenthal E., Environmental Costs of Shipping Groceries around the World, published 04/26/2008,  , accessed 09/02/2011 genetically modified organisms, global climate changes, temperature rise, acclimatization, evolution, starvation, food supply, future crops, investment, GM crops, drought conditions, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Monsanto, South Africa, maize, third world countries, low nutrient soil, environmental impact, shipping groceries, organic foods Genetically modified organisms, GM crops, global climate changes, rising earth temperature, acclimatized crops, evolution, food supply, drought conditions, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Monsanto, South Africa, genetically modified maize, third world countries, low nutrient soil, organic foods, environmental impact, transport, crop genetic engineering, drought-prone environments, African Center for Biosafety, shipping groceries, environmental costs genetically modified organisms, global climate changes, starvation prevention, rising earth temperature, crop acclimatization, evolution duration, food supply future, GM crop investment, drought-resistant crops, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Monsanto, South Africa, genetically modified maize, third world countries, low nutrient soil, environmental impact, food transportation, organic foods, genetic engineering, drought-prone environments, African Center for Biosafety, Environmental Costs, shipping groceries, world groceries Genetically modified organisms, GM crops, global climate changes, rising earth temperature, acclimatized foods, evolution, food supply, drought conditions, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Monsanto, South Africa, genetically modified maize, third world countries, low nutrient soil, environmental impact, food transportation, organic foods, drought-prone environments, African Center for Biosafety, Environmental costs, shipping groceries, Rosenthal genetically modified organisms, global climate changes, earth temperature rise, acclimatization, evolutionary adaptation, food supply, future crops, drought-resistant crops, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, GM crops, Monsanto, South Africa, genetically modified maize, starvation prevention, third world countries, low nutrient soil, environmental impact, food transportation, organic foods, crop genetic engineering, drought-prone environments, African Center for Biosafety, environmental costs, shipping groceries, global food security, biotechnology solutions, sustainable agriculture
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-con02a	Both employers acted out of concern for the interests of their clients, employees should respect that.  Employers don’t introduce rules because it’s fun but, rather, because they serve a purpose. Ms. Chaplin has expressed concern about the legal costs incurred by the NHS Trust which employed her in fighting the action she initiated. Health and safety rules exist, in part, to avoid the possibility of subsequent legal action; it might be reasonable for her to support such rules given her concern [i] .  Likewise, airlines have uniform policies to make their services, well, uniform. It’s what their customers expect. In much the same way as many Christians refuse to receive communion from a woman or a homosexual, it simply goes with the job.  For any workplace to function, the lifestyles of the employees need to accommodate the needs of the customers or users of the service provided by the employer. Clearly there is a degree of balance involved and the values of the employee need to be respected. However, this case isn’t about the values of the employee – they weren’t fired for being Christian – it was about and active decision in how to demonstrate those values. A decision not taken by their co-religionists and one that seemed to owe more to belligerence than to belief.  [i] Daily Mail. “It's a very bad day for Christianity: Nurse's verdict after tribunal rules she can't wear crucifix at work” employers, concern, clients, employees, respect, rules, purpose, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health and safety, legal action, airlines, uniform policies, customer expectations, Christians, communion, workplace, employee values, customer needs, balance, values, belligerence, belief, crucifix, tribunal, Christianity employers, concerns, clients, employees, respect, rules, purpose, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health and safety, legal action, airlines, uniform policies, customer expectations, Christians, communion, workplace function, customer needs, balance, employee values, firing, Christianity, crucifix, tribunal, belligerence, belief employers, clients, employees, respect, rules, purpose, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health and safety, legal action, uniform policies, customers, Christian, communion, workplace, balance, values, decision, belligerence, belief, Daily Mail, crucifix, tribunal employers, interests, clients, employees, respect, rules, purpose, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health, safety, legal action, uniform policies, customers, Christians, communion, workplace, values, balance, belligerence, belief, Daily Mail, crucifix, tribunal employers, concerns, clients, employees, respect, rules, purpose, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health and safety, legal action, airlines, uniform policies, customers, workplace, balance, values, employee, Christianity, crucifix, tribunal, belligerence, belief
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro01a	A livelihoods approach  The livelihoods approach provides a useful model to understand how poor people live [1] ; and remains important to recognising the benefits of microfinance.  The provision of microfinance reduces vulnerability to shocks and changes such as losing a job; enhances people’s access to assets that they use and need (such as finance, friend networks, and land); and this fundamentally acts to change the lives of the poor. Microfinance provides social protection through tapping into social capital. Further, microfinance means aid is not simply provided, but the individual is taught valuable financial skills and given the means to sustain themselves for their lifetime.  [1] See further readings: IFAD, 2013. livelihoods approach, poverty, microfinance, vulnerability, shocks, job loss, asset access, finance, social capital, social protection, financial skills, sustainability, IFAD, 2013 livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability reduction, asset access, social capital, financial skills, sustainable aid, social protection, IFAD 2013 livelihoods, approach, poor, microfinance, vulnerability, shocks, changes, job, access, assets, finance, networks, land, change, lives, social, protection, capital, aid, skills, sustain livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty, vulnerability, shocks, job loss, assets, finance, social capital, social protection, financial skills, sustainability, IFAD, 2013 livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, social protection, vulnerability reduction, asset access, financial skills, sustainability, social capital, IFAD 2013
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-con02a	Collective bargaining is a counter to the creation of natural monopolies  Many public industries exist as public industries because they are natural monopolies. For example, rail travel, which is often public in Western Liberal democracies, is a sector in which it makes no sense to build multiple railway lines across the country, each for a different company, when one would simply be more efficient. A similar case can be made for things such as public utilities. As such, these sectors often only have a single, often public company working in that sector.  In the case where there is a monopolist, the workers in the sector often have no other employers that they can reasonably find that require their skills, so for example, teachers are very well qualified to teach, however, are possibly not as qualified to deal with other areas and as such will find difficulty moving to another profession. As such, the monopolist in this area has the power to set wages without losing a significant number of employees. Further, in many of these industries strike action will not be used, for example because teachers have a vocational, almost fiduciary relationship with their students and don’t wish to see them lose out due to a strike.1  “Monopoly Power.” collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, rail travel, public utilities, single company, sector workers, monopolist power, wages, strike action, teachers, vocational relationship, students, monopoly power collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, rail travel, public utilities, monopolist, workers, wages, strike action, teachers, vocational relationship, monopoly power collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, rail travel, public utilities, single company, monopolist, workers, skills, wages, strike action, teachers, vocational relationship, students, monopoly power collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, rail travel, public utilities, single company, worker skills, wage setting, strike action, vocational relationship, monopoly power collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, rail travel, public utilities, single company sector, monopolist, workers, skills, wages, strike action, teachers, vocational relationship, students, monopoly power, Western Liberal democracies
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-con03a	Growing partisanship  The current political climate makes divided government difficult anyway. The terms of debate in American politics is based on a perceived ‘culture war’ between liberals and conservatives over what it means to be American, something that has been exacerbated by 24-hour news and a proliferation of partisan blogging.  This makes agreements on core issues difficult to achieve and this has become apparent in recent years, with opposition to Barack Obama’s $1 trillion stimulus package helping to spawn the Tea Party movement [1] that has helped move the Republican Party to the right, making the compromise required for effective divided government unachievable. [2]  While it has been most noticeable recently the US political climate has been becoming more polarized for the last twenty-five years. This polarization helps to create gridlock and less public policy. [3] The stasis in Congress created by the dogmatic Republicans winning the House in the 2010 mid-terms shows how America’s political climate is now much more suited to Single-Party Government, allowing for much more effective decision making than divided government.  [1] Ferrara, Peter, ‘The tea Party Revolution’, The American Spectator, 15 April 2009,   [2] Rawls, Caroline, ‘Moderate Republicans Lament GOP Shift Further Right’, newsmax, 27 July 2011,   [3] McCarty, Nolan, ‘The Policy Consequences of Partisan Polarization in the United States’, bcep.haas.berkeley.edu/papers/McCarty.doc growing partisanship, divided government, american politics, culture war, liberals, conservatives, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, agreements, core issues, barack obama, stimulus package, tea party movement, republican party, right, compromise, polarization, gridlock, public policy, dogmatic republicans, house, 2010 mid-terms, single-party government, effective decision making, nolan mccarty, partisan polarization, policy consequences growing partisanship, divided government, political climate, culture war, liberals, conservatives, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, agreements, core issues, Barack Obama, stimulus package, Tea Party movement, Republican Party, polarization, gridlock, public policy, dogmatic Republicans, House mid-terms, Single-Party Government, decision making, partisan polarization, policy consequences Growing partisanship, political climate, divided government, culture war, liberals, conservatives, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, Barack Obama, stimulus package, Tea Party movement, Republican Party, compromise, polarization, gridlock, public policy, dogmatic Republicans, House, 2010 mid-terms, Single-Party Government, decision making, Ferrara, Peter, The American Spectator, Rawls, Caroline, newsmax, McCarty, Nolan, bcep.haas.berkeley.edu growing partisanship, divided government, culture war, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, political polarization, gridlock, public policy, tea party movement, Republican Party, compromise, effective decision making, single-party government, dogmatic Republicans, Congress, moderate Republicans, policy consequences Growing partisanship, political climate, divided government, culture war, liberals, conservatives, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, agreements, core issues, Barack Obama, stimulus package, Tea Party movement, Republican Party, compromise, polarization, gridlock, public policy, dogmatic Republicans, House, 2010 mid-terms, Single-Party Government, effective decision making, Nolan McCarty, partisan polarization
test-religion-frghbbgi-con02a	The Prime Mover  The universe follows rules of causality – cause precedes effect. But it cannot be the case that cause and effect regress infinitely into the past – there must be a ‘prime cause’. There is an identifiable point for this – the Universe was formed about 14 billion years ago with the Big Bang, before which we cannot detect any chain of causality. What was the prime mover? It had by definition to be a being existing outside of our conception of reality – the natural answer being ‘God’. Prime Mover, Causality, Cause and Effect, Infinite Regression, Prime Cause, Universe, Big Bang, 14 Billion Years Ago, Chain of Causality, Existence, Reality, God, Natural Answer, Theology, Cosmology, Philosophy Prime Mover, Causality, Cause, Effect, Infinite Regression, Prime Cause, Universe, Big Bang, 14 Billion Years, Chain of Causality, Being, Reality, Natural Answer, God prime mover, causality, cause and effect, infinite regression, prime cause, Big Bang, 14 billion years, universe formation, chain of causality, God, natural answer, existence outside reality Prime Mover, Causality, Cause and Effect, Infinite Regression, Prime Cause, Universe Formation, Big Bang, 14 Billion Years Ago, Chain of Causality, Natural Answer, God, Outside Reality Prime Mover, Causality, Cause, Effect, Infinite Regression, Prime Cause, Universe, Big Bang, 14 Billion Years, Chain of Causality, God, Natural Answer, Existence, Reality
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-con01a	Banning religious symbols is just a way of unfairly targeting people.  Banning religious symbols could be viewed as just a way of targeting a group of people. In a nutshell, religious symbols would be used as a scapegoat in order to both highlight and blame for problems that are much bigger. Removing the hijab, the Crucifix or the Jewish skullcap would take away someone's culture, religion and heritage, and, therefore, banning them would cause more problems.1 It could potentially increase hatred within religious groups, and lead to more racism and more criticism, ultimately making the country a worse place to live.  1 at 'Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 banning, religious, symbols, unfairly, targeting, people, scapegoat, highlight, blame, problems, hijab, crucifix, jewish, skullcap, culture, religion, heritage, increase, hatred, religious, groups, racism, criticism, country, worse, Belgian, ban, full, veils, BBC, News, Europe banning, religious, symbols, targeting, people, scapegoat, problems, culture, religion, heritage, hijab, crucifix, jewish, skullcap, hatred, religious, groups, racism, criticism, country, belgian, ban, full, veils, bbc, news, europe banning, religious, symbols, targeting, people, scapegoat, highlight, blame, problems, culture, religion, heritage, hijab, crucifix, jewish, skullcap, hatred, racism, criticism, country, worse, belgian, ban, full, veils, bbc, news, europe religious symbols, banning, unfairly targeting, scapegoat, cultural heritage, religious freedom, hatred, racism, societal problems, crucifix, hijab, jewish skullcap, belgian ban, full veils banning, religious, symbols, unfairly, targeting, people, scapegoat, problems, culture, religion, heritage, hijab, crucifix, jewish, skullcap, hatred, religious, groups, racism, criticism, country, belgian, ban, full, veils, bbc, news, europe
test-international-glilpdwhsn-con03a	"The New START treaty sets a bad approach for a changing world  New START reduces US deterrence in world that is arming, not disarming. The United States has relied on deterrence for sixty years and as a result has prevented war between the great powers. A US drawdown, especially as other new powers are arming, will undermine deterrence. This will then encourage rivals to try to catch the United States while the reductions show that the United States is in decline. [1]  While proponents of reducing nuclear weapons, or reaching global zero, argue that possession of nuclear weapons by the nuclear weapons states is the incentive behind proliferation, this is not true. The US has consistently taken leadership in the reduction of nuclear arms through treaties but this has so far had no effect in encouraging other nuclear powers to reduce their arsenals and indeed new powers have joined the club. Reducing nuclear arms through New START will therefore not encourage others to stop pursuing nukes. The U.S. should not be taking steps towards disarmament without all nuclear weapons states, including those not signed up to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty, also being involved. [2]  New START also fails to speak to the issue of protecting and defending the U.S. and its allies against strategic attack. The treaty fails to recognize that deterrence is no longer simply between the U.S. and Russia and that the whole policy should no longer be based on just against strategic attacks on the United States or very close allies. Instead it is much more critical to deal with nuclear policy towards ‘rogue’ states and rising powers. [3]  Finally, the US should not set a precedent that it will sacrifice its own interests to bribe Russia over issues like Iran. As the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) argues: “we are told that the real purpose of New START is to create a stronger U.S.-Russia bond in a broader international effort to restrain Iran's nuclear weapons program. Such a justification is wrong. Iran's nuclear ambitions are no secret; neither are Russia’s past efforts in aiding that program. We seriously question whether Russia is serious about stopping Iran, with or without New START. There is no reason why the United States should be required to sacrifice its own defense capabilities to inspire Russia to a greater degree of diplomatic fortitude. If Russia is indeed concerned with a nuclear-armed Iran to its immediate south, it should need no extra incentive to take the action necessary to stop it."" [4] If the U.S. bribes Russia over Iran China might expect to get similar treatment over North Korea. New START puts the US in a disadvantaged position in a changing world, and consequently should not be supported.  [1] Brookes, Peter. “Not a new START, but a bad START”. The Hill. 13 September 2010.   [2] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [3] Ibid.  [4] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010. New START, treaty, deterrence, US, disarmament, nuclear weapons, proliferation, global zero, reduction, nuclear arms, non-proliferation, New START flaws, strategic attack, rogue states, rising powers, Iran, Russia, diplomacy, China, North Korea, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, U.S.-Russia bond, defense capabilities, diplomatic fortitude, nuclear-armed Iran, disadvantage, changing world New START, treaty, US deterrence, nuclear weapons, disarmament, global security, proliferation, nuclear powers, strategic attack, rogue states, rising powers, Russia, Iran, China, North Korea, defense capabilities, international relations, nuclear policy, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, Heritage Foundation, The Hill, The Atlantic New START, treaty, deterrence, US, arms reduction, nuclear weapons, global zero, proliferation, leadership, disarmament, nuclear powers, allies, strategic attack, rogue states, rising powers, Russia, Iran, China, North Korea, defense capabilities, international relations, security policy, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, JINSA, The Hill, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, The Atlantic, Elizabeth Weingarten, Peter Brookes, Baker Spring New START, treaty, deterrence, US, nuclear weapons, disarmament, proliferation, great powers, world security, Russia, Iran, China, North Korea, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, rogue states, rising powers, US defense, strategic attack, allies, international relations, diplomacy, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, Peter Brookes, Baker Spring, Elizabeth Weingarten, The Hill, Heritage Foundation, The Atlantic New START, treaty, US deterrence, global arms race, nuclear disarmament, nuclear weapons states, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, strategic attack, rogue states, rising powers, US-Russia relations, Iran nuclear program, China, North Korea, defense capabilities, international security, US interests, diplomatic pressure, nuclear proliferation, strategic stability, military balance, bilateral relations, non-proliferation efforts, national security, arms control, strategic arms reduction, international affairs, geopolitical dynamics, military strategy, foreign policy, international law, treaty compliance, verification measures, strategic interests, global security architecture, nuclear policy, US military strength,"
test-international-miasimyhw-pro02a	Migration is 'developmental'.  Recent reports by the HDR (2009) and WDR (2009) have shown migration is a means of development – free movement has the power to alleviate poverty, enable markets, and connectivity. Taking recent evidence concerning worldwide remittance flows, the developmental nature of free movement is shown.  In 2013, it is estimated, through international migration, $414bn were remitted back to developing countries [1] . Remittance flows into Africa (from within and internationally) accounted for $40bn in 2010, accounting for an increasing percentage of GDP (AfDB, 2013; IFAD, 2013). Northern Africa articulated the largest total of remittances received. Remittances remain beneficial for supporting livelihoods. The influx of remittances to households provides security, an additional income for support, enables household consumption, and investment in alternative assets, such as education and land, of which present crucial benefits in reducing poverty. Although the geography of remittances remains uneven, and currently barriers remain to sending and receiving money, the developmental potential of remittances from African diasporas (both outside and within Africa) is now recognised [2] .  [1] See further readings: World Bank, 2013.  [2] For additional information on the debate of migration, remittances and social development see further readings: De Haas, 2010. migration, development, HDR, WDR, free movement, poverty alleviation, markets, connectivity, remittance flows, developing countries, Africa, GDP, Northern Africa, livelihoods, household consumption, investment, education, land, poverty reduction, geography of remittances, barriers, African diasporas, World Bank, De Haas Migration, Development, HDR, WDR, Free Movement, Poverty Alleviation, Markets, Connectivity, Remittance Flows, Developing Countries, Africa, GDP, Northern Africa, Livelihood Support, Household Consumption, Investment, Education, Land, Poverty Reduction, Geography of Remittances, African Diasporas, Barriers, World Bank, De Haas migration, development, HDR, WDR, free movement, poverty alleviation, markets, connectivity, remittances, developing countries, international migration, Africa, GDP, Northern Africa, livelihoods, household consumption, investment, poverty reduction, geography of remittances, barriers, African diasporas, World Bank, De Haas migration, developmental, HDR, WDR, free movement, poverty alleviation, markets, connectivity, remittances, developing countries, GDP, Africa, Northern Africa, livelihoods, household consumption, investment, education, land, poverty reduction, geography of remittances, barriers, African diasporas, World Bank, De Haas migration, development, HDR, WDR, free movement, poverty alleviation, markets, connectivity, remittance flows, developing countries, Africa, GDP, Northern Africa, livelihoods, household consumption, investment, education, land, poverty reduction, geography of remittances, barriers, African diasporas, World Bank, De Haas
test-education-ughbuesbf-pro02a	The state benefits from the skills of a university educated populace  A university educated society is of great value to any state, and provides three main benefits. Firstly, it provides extensive economic benefits. There is a profound advantage to countries that actively promote a culture of “smart economy”3, with a highly educated and technically able workforce. They are more likely to be innovative and highly productive. Secondly, higher education leads to an increase in cultural awareness via subjects like the arts, history, and the classics. The third benefit is the development of leaders in society. The barrier created by university fees will prevent some potentially high­ worth individuals from ever reaching their potential. university, education, populace, state, benefits, economic, smart economy, workforce, innovative, productive, cultural awareness, arts, history, classics, leaders, society, university fees, barrier, high-worth individuals, potential, reach, potential fulfillment university education, economic benefits, smart economy, workforce, innovation, productivity, cultural awareness, arts, history, classics, leadership development, society, high-worth individuals, university fees, potential fulfillment state benefits, university educated populace, economic benefits, smart economy, highly educated workforce, innovative, productive, cultural awareness, arts, history, classics, development of leaders, university fees, barrier, high-worth individuals, potential university education, economic benefits, smart economy, cultural awareness, societal leaders, university fees, innovation, productivity, arts, history, classics, high-worth individuals, potential realization university, educated, populace, state, benefits, economic, smart, economy, workforce, innovative, productive, cultural, awareness, arts, history, classics, leaders, society, university, fees, barrier, potential, high-worth, individuals
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro01a	The EU has already been unifying on multiple fronts, this is just a step in the same direction.  The EU has slowly been building up its own common military framework, with the UK and France leading the effort to pool European military capacity. In addition, the EU itself has created new institutional bodies such as the Political and Security Committee, a Military Committee and military staff. The EU has had military envoys in Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and has committed itself to the creation of a Common Security and Defense Policy with 3-4,000 troops on permanent standby in multilateral ‘battlegroups’ ready for immediate deployment(see Rockwell Schnabel’s article listed below)1. While incremental, these are steps not to be ignored. The Union has also placed that military capacity within the broader context of a security strategy designed to promote international peace, justice and development.  1. Schnabel, Rockwell A., 'U.S. Views on the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy', The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. IX. Issue2., (Winter/Spring 2003) accessed 1/8/11 EU, unifying, military framework, UK, France, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Brown Journal of World Affairs EU, unifying, fronts, common, military, framework, UK, France, European, capacity, institutional, bodies, Political, Security, Committee, Military, Committee, military, staff, envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common, Security, Defense, Policy, troops, standby, battlegroups, deployment, incremental, steps, Union, security, strategy, international, peace, justice, development, Schnabel, Rockwell, U.S., views, Common, Foreign, Security, Policy, Brown, Journal, World, Affairs EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, security strategy, international peace, justice, development EU, unifying, common military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Brown Journal of World Affairs EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, multilateral, permanent standby, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Brown Journal of World Affairs
test-environment-opecewiahw-con01a	Such a big project is beyond DRC’s capacity  The Grand Inga dam project is huge while it means huge potential benefits it just makes it more difficult for the country to manage. Transparency international ranks DRC as 160th out of 176 in terms of corruption [1] so it is no surprise that projects in the country are plagued by it. [2] Such a big project would inevitably mean billions siphoned off. Even if it is built will the DRC be able to maintain it? This seems unlikely. The Inga I and II dams only operate at half their potential due to silting up and a lack of maintenance. [3]  [1] ‘Corruption Perceptions Index 2012’, Transparency International, 2012,   [2] Bosshard, Peter, ‘Grand Inga -- The World Bank's Latest Silver Bullet for Africa’, Huffington Post, 21 April 2013,   [3] Vasagar, Jeevan, ‘Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?’, The Guardian, 25 February 2005, Grand Inga dam, DRC capacity, project management, corruption, Transparency International, financial siphoning, maintenance challenges, Inga I and II dams, potential benefits, project sustainability, African development, World Bank involvement DRC, Grand Inga dam, project capacity, potential benefits, project management, Transparency International, corruption, project costs, Inga I, Inga II, dam maintenance, siphoned funds, electricity generation, Africa, World Bank, silver bullet, river taming, electricity access Grand Inga, DRC, capacity, potential benefits, management difficulties, corruption, Transparency International, siphoning funds, maintenance, Inga I, Inga II, silting, World Bank, Africa, electricity, projects, development, infrastructure, financial management, environmental impact, sustainability Grand Inga dam, DRC capacity, project management, corruption, Transparency International, Inga I and II, maintenance, siltation, electricity, Africa, World Bank, potential benefits, financial mismanagement, development challenges Grand Inga dam, DRC, project capacity, potential benefits, management difficulties, Transparency International, corruption ranking, project corruption, siphoned funds, project maintenance, Inga I and II dams, silting, electricity for Africa, World Bank, silver bullet, development challenges, infrastructure, African projects, hydroelectric power, sustainable development
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro01a	Giving politicians’ immunity from prosecution allows them to focus on performing their duties  The premier reason that most states, even those that allow for the prosecution of politicians, abstain from prosecuting them while they hold office is that being a politician is a job that requires one’s undivided attention. Especially for the holders of prominent national-level offices, writing legislation, responding to crises under one’s purview, consulting one’s constituents, and engaging in campaign work often lead to politicians working an upwards of 12 hour day, every day. To expect politicians cope with all of these concerns will simultaneously constructing a defense against pending charges would be to abandon all hope of them serving their constituents effectively. We are rightly aggravated when politicians take extensive vacations or other extracurricular forays. [1] Being under indictment not only consumes even more of a politician’s time; the stress it causes will inevitably seep into what remaining time they do allocating to fulfilling their duties, further hindering their performance. The impeachment proceedings for Bill Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice were so intensive that they took tremendous resources away from not only the president himself, but all branches of the federal government for several months [2] , amidst serious domestic and foreign policy concerns such as the ongoing war in Kosovo.  [1] Condon, George E. Jr., ‘The Long History of Criticizing Presidential Vacations’ The Atlantic, 18 August 2011,  [Accessed September 9, 2011]  [2] Linder, Douglas O., ‘The Impeachment Trial of President William Clinton’, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-KANSAS CITY (UMKC) SCHOOL OF LAW, 2005,  [Accessed September 19, 2011] politicians, immunity, prosecution, job, undivided attention, legislation, crises, constituents, campaign, 12 hour day, defense, charges, performance, Bill Clinton, impeachment, perjury, obstruction of justice, federal government, domestic policy, foreign policy, Kosovo, presidential vacations, critique, George E. Condon Jr., Douglas O. Linder, UMKC School of Law politicians, immunity, prosecution, duties, undivided attention, national-level offices, legislation, crises, constituents, campaign work, defense, indictment, stress, performance, Bill Clinton, impeachment, perjury, obstruction of justice, resources, federal government, domestic policy, foreign policy, Kosovo, presidential vacations, criticism, history, public service, legal protection, political effectiveness, governance, judicial distraction, legislative impact, executive function, judicial proceedings, political responsibility, governmental efficiency, constitutional law, legal immunity, public office, political accountability, legislative process, governmental distraction, public interest, legal challenges, political distractions, judicial oversight, governmental operations Politicians, immunity, prosecution, duties, states, national-level offices, legislation, crises, constituents, campaign, 12-hour day, undivided attention, defense, indictment, stress, performance, Bill Clinton, impeachment, perjury, obstruction of justice, resources, federal government, domestic policy, foreign policy, Kosovo, presidential vacations, criticism, George E. Condon Jr., Atlantic, Douglas O. Linder, UMKC School of Law Politicians, immunity, prosecution, duties, states, undivided attention, national-level offices, legislation, crises, constituents, campaign, 12 hour day, defense, indictment, stress, performance, impeachment, Bill Clinton, perjury, obstruction of justice, federal government, domestic policy, foreign policy, Kosovo, presidential vacations, criticism, George E. Condon Jr., Atlantic, Douglas O. Linder, University of Missouri-Kansas City, UMKC School of Law Politicians, immunity, prosecution, duties, undivided attention, national-level offices, legislation, crises, constituents, campaign work, 12-hour days, defense, indictment, stress, performance, impeachment, Bill Clinton, perjury, obstruction of justice, federal government, domestic policy, foreign policy, Kosovo, presidential vacations, criticism, history, resources,trial
test-society-epsihbdns-pro01a	"The government has a right to make decisions in the best interest of the people  Man is a social being. Therefore people live in communities where decisions that affect the many, are taken by representatives of the many. Thus, a social contract exists between the people and their government. [1] In exchange for part of their autonomy and freedom, the government ensures that policies are made in the best interest of people, even if this might come at the expense of short-term interests for some individuals. This is a typical example of this kind of case. The trend is emptying the countryside, stopping the production of agricultural goods and hollowing the amenities provided by the cities. Even if each individual has a personal incentive to move to the cities, the harm to the cities is greater than their accumulated individual gains. It is in these cases that the state must act to protect its people and ensure long term benefits.  [1] D'Agostino, Fred, Gaus, Gerald and Thrasher, John, ""Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), government, decisions, best interest, people, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, short-term interests, trend, countryside, agricultural production, city amenities, individual incentives, urban migration, long-term benefits, state intervention, protection, contemporary approaches, social contract theory, philosophical perspectives, public policy, collective welfare, governance, communal interests, individual rights, societal impact, urbanization, rural depopulation, economic development, sustainable practices, ethical governance, community sustainability, social philosophy, political theory, civic responsibility, public good, societal well-being, collective decision-making, policy-making, social ethics, communal government, social contract, people, community, representatives, autonomy, freedom, policies, long-term interests, individual benefits, countryside, urban migration, agricultural production, city amenities, state intervention, social being, collective welfare, individual incentives, contemporary approaches, political philosophy government, decisions, best interest, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, short-term interests, countryside, agricultural production, urban amenities, individual incentives, city migration, long-term benefits, state intervention, social contract theory, philosophical approaches, D'Agostino, Gaus, Thrasher, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy government, decision-making, people's interest, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, short-term interests, rural depopulation, agricultural production, urban amenities, individual incentives, collective harm, state intervention, long-term benefits, social contract theory, philosophical approaches government, decisions, best interest, people, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, short-term interests, countryside, agricultural production, city amenities, individual incentives, urban migration, long-term benefits, state intervention, social contract theory, political philosophy, collective welfare"
test-environment-aiahwagit-con02a	Fewer human deaths  Fewer large beasts will lead to fewer deaths in Africa. Some endangered animals are aggressive and will attack humans. Hippopotamuses kill in excess of three hundred humans a year in Africa, with other animals such as the elephant and lion also causing many fatalities. [1] Footage released in early 2014 of a bull elephant attacking a tourist’s car in Kruger National Park, South Africa demonstrated the continued threat these animals cause. [2] Tougher protection would result in higher numbers of these animals which increases the risk to human lives.  [1] Animal Danger ‘Most Dangerous Animals’  [2] Withnall, A. ‘Rampaging bull elephant flips over British tourist car in Kruger Park’ Fewer human deaths, Fewer large beasts, Africa, Endangered animals, Aggressive animals, Hippopotamuses, Elephant, Lion, Human fatalities, Animal attacks, Kruger National Park, Tourist safety, Tougher animal protection, Increased animal population, Human-wildlife conflict, Animal danger, Most dangerous animals, Rampaging elephant, Car attack, British tourist Fewer human deaths, Fewer large beasts, Africa, Endangered animals, Aggressive animals, Hippopotamuses, Elephant, Lion, Fatalities, Animal attacks, Kruger National Park, Tourist car, Bull elephant, Animal protection, Human lives, Animal danger, Most dangerous animals, Withnall, Rampaging bull elephant, British tourist, South Africa human deaths, large beasts, Africa, endangered animals, aggressive, hippopotamuses, elephants, lions, fatalities, animal attacks, tourist, Kruger National Park, bull elephant, car, protection, risk, human lives, Animal Danger, Most Dangerous Animals, Withnall, Rampaging bull elephant, British tourist human deaths, large beasts, Africa, endangered animals, aggressive, attack humans, hippopotamuses, kill, elephants, lions, fatalities, tourist, Kruger National Park, bull elephant, car, threat, tougher protection, animal numbers, risk, human lives, Animal Danger, Most Dangerous Animals, Withnall, Rampaging bull elephant, flips, British tourist human deaths, large beasts, Africa, endangered animals, aggressive, hippopotamuses, elephants, lions, fatalities, Kruger National Park, tourist, car, bull elephant, tougher protection, animal danger, most dangerous animals, Withnall, A, Rampaging bull elephant, British tourist
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-pro03a	Threats to Freeware, Shareware and Objectivity  There are very real concerns that ISPs have a commercial interest in guiding people away from certain sites – especially when those sites provide services or products for nothing when the ISP or a related company charges for a competing product. File sharing more generally is an obvious target. The example of Comcast against NetFlix and other file sharing sites is simply the most obvious [i] .  There are also concerns about the impact on objectivity more generally; the Internet works most effectively as a tool because it is, by definition cross-referencing. Although there are many mistakes on many sources as a whole it is possible to reach something resembling the truth. Essentially, “We need freeware, we need shareware, and we need open access. People need to be able to trust sources that they can find on the internet, rather than have them controlled in a small number of hands or by the government.” [ii] Making some sites more accessible than others reduces users’ choice and their ability to check multiple sites so preventing this cross-referencing.  [i] A useful overview of some of the more notorious examples can be found here .  [ii] Bob Gibson, Executive Director of the University of Virginia’s Sorensen Institute for Political Leadership, on the Charlottesville, VA, politics interview program Politics Matters with host and producer Jan Madeleine Paynter discussing journalism Threats, Freeware, Shareware, Objectivity, ISPs, Commercial, Interest, Guidance, Sites, Services, Products, Free, Competing, File, Sharing, Comcast, NetFlix, Internet, Cross-referencing, Truth, Freeware, Shareware, Open, Access, Trust, Sources, Controlled, Government, Accessibility, Choice, Verification, Reduction, Bob, Gibson, University, Virginia, Sorensen, Institute, Political, Leadership, Politics, Matters, Jan, Madeleine, Paynter, Journalism Threats, Freeware, Shareware, Objectivity, ISPs, Commercial, Interests, Guidance, Sites, Free, Services, Products, Competition, File, Sharing, Comcast, NetFlix, Impact, Internet, Tool, Cross-referencing, Truth, Mistakes, Sources, Need, Open, Access, Trust, Controlled, Government, Accessibility, Choice, Check, Multiple, Prevent, Cross-referencing, Notorious, Examples, Bob, Gibson, University, Virginia, Sorensen, Institute, Political, Leadership, Charlottesville, Politics, Interview, Program, Journalism Matters, Jan, Madeleine, Pay Threats, Freeware, Shareware, Objectivity, ISPs, Commercial, Interest, Guiding, Sites, Services, Products, Free, Charging, Competing, File, Sharing, Target, Comcast, NetFlix, Impact, Internet, Tool, Cross-referencing, Mistakes, Sources, Truth, Need, Open, Access, Trust, Controlled, Government, Accessible, Choice, Check, Multiple, Prevent, Cross-referencing, Notorious, Examples, Bob, Gibson, Executive, Director, University, Virginia, Sorensen, Institute, Political, Leadership, Charlottesville, VA, Politics, Interview Threats, Freeware, Shareware, Objectivity, ISPs, Commercial, Interest, Guiding, Sites, Services, Products, Nothing, Competing, File, Sharing, Comcast, NetFlix, Impact, Internet, Cross-referencing, Truth, Open, Access, Trust, Sources, Controlled, Government, Accessible, Users, Choice, Check, Multiple, Preventing, Cross-referencing, Overview, Notorious, Examples, Bob, Gibson, University, Virginia, Sorensen, Institute, Political, Leadership, Charlottesville, Politics, Matters, Interview, Journalism, Jan, Madeleine, Paynt Threats, Freeware, Shareware, Objectivity, ISPs, Commercial, Interest, Sites, Services, Products, Free, Competing, File, Sharing, Comcast, NetFlix, Internet, Cross-referencing, Truth, Freeware, Shareware, Open, Access, Trust, Sources, Controlled, Government, Accessibility, Choice, Check, Multiple, Cross-referencing, Bob, Gibson, University, Virginia, Sorensen, Institute, Political, Leadership, Politics, Matters, Jan, Madeleine, Paynter, Journalism
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-con02a	Pornography liberates women  Pornography is massively produced and distributed: this provides women with a vast platform through which to define their sexual identity. This has been a great tool in the past: in the 1920’s America, the flapper became a great role model for women by promoting revolutionary values of a strong, sexual woman: she danced wildly in jazz clubs, was openly lesbian, and sexually active. This image spread throughout the country thanks to the boom of the film industry in the Roaring Twenties (Rosenberg). [1] Now pornography plays, or at least can play, this same role.  Pornography breaks the taboo of sexuality for women, and promoting the continuation of taboos is a label and a stereotype which the feminist movement must oppose. Instead, it should use pornography to spread its values. There is nothing intrinsic about pornography that makes it anti-women. There is female-friendly pornography, and in fact there are Feminist Porn Awards granted every year since 2006 (Techmedia Network). [2] There is also homosexual porn and porn that presents women as dominant: this can empower women and break current stereotypes, not only that women are not sexual, but that women in general cannot be powerful in society. The feminist movement should seek to promote this flow of ideas of what gender can be and allow women to influence the way their sexuality is perceived by men.  [1] Rosenberg, Jennifer. Flappers in the Roaring Twenties. About.com,   [2] Techmedia Network. Feminist Porn Award. pornography, women, sexual identity, flapper, 1920s, film industry, taboos, feminism, female-friendly pornography, Feminist Porn Awards, empowerment, gender stereotypes, sexuality, society, Roaring Twenties, revolutionary values, jazz clubs, openly lesbian, sexually active, anti-women, homosexual porn, dominant women Pornography, women, liberation, sexual identity, flapper, 1920s, film industry, feminism, feminist movement, taboos, sexuality, female-friendly, Feminist Porn Awards, homosexual porn, gender stereotypes, empowerment, social influence, sexual perception, gender roles, progressive values pornography, women, sexual identity, liberation, flappers, 1920s, feminism, female-friendly, feminist porn awards, empowerment, gender stereotypes, sexuality, social influence Pornography, women, sexual identity, feminism, flappers, 1920s, Roaring Twenties, film industry, sexual liberation, taboos, feminist movement, female-friendly pornography, Feminist Porn Awards, homosexual porn, gender stereotypes, empowerment, sexuality, societal influence pornography, liberates, women, produced, distributed, platform, sexual, identity, 1920s, America, flapper, role, model, revolutionary, values, strong, sexual, woman, danced, jazz, clubs, openly, lesbian, sexually, active, film, industry, Roaring, Twenties, taboo, sexuality, promoting, taboos, label, stereotype, feminist, movement, oppose, female-friendly, Feminist, Porn, Awards, homosexual, dominant, empower, stereotypes, gender, influence, perceived, men
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-con02a	Rivals could misuse the opportunity  While the leader suffers from an illness, rivals can use the opportunity to ease the leader out of office. A period of illness is a period of vulnerability in which the government is less able to respond to external and internal threats. Not telling the public about the leader's health during an illness helps prevent such attempts. The same is the case with a leader's death; a few days of secrecy allows for smooth succession as the appointed successor has the time to ensure the loyalty of the government, army and other vital institutions. In 2008 when General Lansana Conte of Guinea died power should have been transferred to the president of the National Assembly Aboubacar Sompare with an election within 90 days. Instead a group of junior military officers took advantage of the quick announcement to launch a coup. 1  1 Yusuf, Huma, ‘Military coup follows death of Guinea’s President’, The Christian Science Monitor, 23 December 2008, rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, threats, public, health, secrecy, smooth, succession, government, army, institutions, death, 2008, General, Lansana, Conte, Guinea, president, National, Assembly, Aboubacar, Sompare, election, junior, military, officers, coup, Yusuf, Huma, Military, coup, follows, death, President, Christian, Science, Monitor, December rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, threats, public, health, secrecy, succession, government, army, institutions, death, power, transfer, president, National Assembly, election, military, coup, Guinea, General Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, Yusuf Huma, Christian Science Monitor rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, government, threats, public, health, secrecy, succession, institutions, death, military, coup, Guinea, General Lansana Conte, National Assembly, Aboubacar Sompare, election, junior officers, power, Huma Yusuf, Christian Science Monitor rivals, illness, vulnerability, threats, secrecy, succession, loyalty, military, coup, Guinea, Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, election, junior officers, Christian Science Monitor, 2008 rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, threats, public, health, secrecy, smooth, succession, government, army, institutions, death, 2008, General, Lansana, Conte, Guinea, power, National, Assembly, Aboubacar, Sompare, election, junior, military, officers, coup, Yusuf, Huma, Military, coup, Christian, Science, Monitor, December
test-law-cpilhbishioe-con03a	An ICC enforcement arm would be highly detrimental to the relations between the ICC and state parties  Currently the ICC functions based on a relationship of trust and understanding with the state parties to the ICC – a bottom-up rather than a top-down approach. This is backed up by the court’s respect for the for the principle of complementarity – it is hoped that national courts are capable of prosecuting the crimes, and the ICC only takes a role if the state is unwilling or unable to do so. Being willing to use an international force to catch criminals would make a mockery of this determination to leave power and responsibilities at the national level wherever possible.  Having ICC forces on a country’s territory would be humiliating, showing that the international community does not trust that nation to catch war criminals itself. While this model did not provide for attempting to snatch government officials who have been indicted it does leave open the possibility of an international force intruding on states sovereignty without consent. This would diplomatically backfire and could even lead to an ICC force being involved in fighting with government forces protecting their national sovereignty. ICC, enforcement, arm, detrimental, relations, state parties, trust, understanding, bottom-up, top-down, complementarity, national courts, crimes, international force, criminals, mockery, power, responsibilities, national level, humiliating, international community, trust, war criminals, government officials, indicted, intruding, sovereignty, consent, diplomatically, backfire, fighting, government forces, national sovereignty ICC, enforcement, arm, detrimental, state parties, trust, understanding, bottom-up, top-down, complementarity, national courts, international force, criminals, power, responsibilities, national level, humiliating, international community, snatch, government officials, indicted, sovereignty, consent, diplomatically backfire, fighting, government forces, national sovereignty ICC, enforcement, detrimental, relations, state parties, trust, understanding, bottom-up, top-down, complementarity, national courts, crimes, international force, criminals, power, responsibilities, national level, humiliating, international community, war criminals, government officials, indicted, sovereignty, consent, diplomatic backlash, ICC force, fighting, government forces, national sovereignty ICC, enforcement, detrimental, state parties, trust, understanding, bottom-up, top-down, complementarity, national courts, international force, criminals, humiliation, international community, war criminals, sovereignty, consent, diplomatic backlash, fighting, government forces, national sovereignty ICC, enforcement, state parties, trust, bottom-up, complementarity, national courts, international force, criminals, sovereignty, diplomacy, war criminals, government officials, indicted, fighting, government forces, national sovereignty, top-down, humiliating, relationship, respect, prosecuting, crimes, unwilling, unable, power, responsibilities, international community, mockery, intrusion, consent, backfire, involvement, protection
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro04a	The Catholic Church believes that any limitation of procreation is against God.  Catholics consider the first commandment given to them by God to be to 'multiply'1. In light of this, anything that limits procreation, be it the use of contraception or even condoning the use of contraception, is against God. It is important to remember that the Catholic Church's primary obligation is not to its people but to God. The Church is, therefore, justified in any action where the alternative is going against what they believe to be the wishes of God, even if it is harmful to the people of the Church. 11:28, The Book of Genesis, The Bible. Catholic Church, procreation, God, contraception, commandment, multiply, Bible, Genesis, obligations, beliefs, actions, people, harm Catholic Church, procreation, God, contraception, commandment, multiply, Genesis, Bible, obligation, justified, harmful, people, beliefs, actions, wishes Catholic Church, procreation, God, contraception, commandment, multiply, obligations, people, beliefs, Bible, Genesis Catholic Church, procreation, God, contraception, multiply, commandment, obligation, people, wishes, harmful, action, justified, Bible, Genesis Catholic Church, procreation, God, contraception, commandment, multiply, Bible, Genesis, obligations, beliefs, actions, harm
test-science-nsihwbtiss-pro02a	Electronic communication facilitates sexual misconduct.  Social networking websites have proven to be particularly effective for child grooming by pedophiles [1] . Teachers are already in a position of power and trust in the relationship with their students. Being allowed to communicate with students via facebook would greatly facilitate misconduct by a teacher who wants to start an inappropriate relationship with a student, by giving him virtually unlimited access to the students after school. In fact, many such relationships do involve some form of electronic contact1. By banning this form of communication, the law would make it harder for teachers with bad intentions to carry them through.  [1] Choo, Kim. “Online child grooming: a literature review on the misuse of social networking sites for grooming children for sexual offences” Australian Institute of Criminology. 2009. electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking websites, child grooming, pedophiles, teachers, students, facebook, inappropriate relationships, position of power, trust, after school, electronic contact, banning communication, law, online grooming, literature review, misuse, sexual offences, Australian Institute of Criminology electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking, child grooming, pedophiles, teachers, students, facebook, inappropriate relationships, power, trust, electronic contact, law, banning, online grooming, literature review, Australian Institute of Criminology Electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking websites, child grooming, pedophiles, teachers, students, facebook, inappropriate relationships, after school, electronic contact, law, banning, online grooming, misuse, social networking sites, grooming children, sexual offences, Australian Institute of Criminology Electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking websites, child grooming, pedophiles, teachers, power and trust, students, Facebook, inappropriate relationships, electronic contact, legal restrictions, online grooming, literature review, misuse of social media, sexual offenses, Australian Institute of Criminology, Kim Choo electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking, child grooming, pedophiles, teachers, position of power, student communication, facebook, inappropriate relationships, electronic contact, law, banning, online grooming, literature review, misuse, social networking sites, sexual offenses, criminology
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-pro03a	A strong leader is working in the state’s best interest  Putin’s authoritarian style is not a threat to democracy but rather a requirement for a successful and quicker transition. Having Putin control the media is probably healthier than having it be controlled by a corrupt few that promote their personal interests rather than the interest of the state and thus those of the population at large. Democracy is a goal and while certain countries believe themselves to have achieved it, they are constantly struggling to maintain it. As a young democracy, Russia is still working towards defining its own version of democracy and finding what works best in its case. strong leader, state's best interest, Putin, authoritarian style, threat to democracy, requirement, successful transition, media control, corrupt few, personal interests, population, young democracy, Russia, defining democracy, works best strong leader, state's best interest, Putin, authoritarian style, threat to democracy, requirement for transition, control media, corrupt few, interest of state, population, young democracy, Russia, defining democracy, works best strong leader, state's best interest, Putin, authoritarian style, threat to democracy, requirement for transition, control media, corrupt few, personal interests, interest of state, population, young democracy, defining democracy, Russia, maintaining democracy strong leader, state's best interest, Putin, authoritarian style, threat to democracy, requirement for transition, control media, corrupt few, personal interests, population interest, young democracy, Russia, defining democracy, works best strong leader, state's best interest, Putin, authoritarian style, threat to democracy, requirement for success, media control, corrupt few, personal interests, interest of the state, population at large, young democracy, Russia, defining democracy, maintaining democracy
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro01a	Lower healthcare costs  Smoking caused disease causes large expenses for healthcare systems, something which is particularly burdensome in countries without the rich well developed healthcare systems of the developed world. In the UK lung cancer, one of the diseases caused by smoking, costs £90 per person or £9071 per patient. 1 Even the cost per head of population is higher than Ghana’s entire healthcare budget of $83.4 (about £50) per person. 2  The reduction in smoking, which would be triggered by the ban, would lead to a drop in smoking related illness. A study in the US state of Arizona showed that hospital admissions for smoking related diseases dropped after a ban on smoking in public places 3 .  This would allow resources to be focused on the big killers other than tobacco – including HIV AIDS.  1 The National Cancer Research Institute, ‘Lung cancer UK price tag eclipses the cost of any other cancer’, Cancer Research UK, 7 November 2012,   2 Assuming Ghanaian health spending of 5.2% of GDP which is $40.71 billion split between a population of 25.37 million from World Bank Databank    3 Herman, Patricia M., and Walsh, Michele E. “Hospital Admissions for Acute Myocardial Infarction, Angina, Stroke, and Asthma After Implementation of Arizona’s Comprehensive Statewide Smoking Ban”, American Journal of Public Health, March 2011, Lower healthcare costs, smoking, disease, healthcare systems, developed world, UK, lung cancer, cost per person, Ghana, healthcare budget, reduction in smoking, smoking ban, drop in smoking related illness, Arizona, hospital admissions, smoking related diseases, HIV AIDS, tobacco, health spending, GDP, population, public health, myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, statewide smoking ban, public health policy, healthcare resource allocation Lower healthcare costs, smoking, disease causes, large expenses, healthcare systems, developed countries, UK, lung cancer, cost per person, Ghana, healthcare budget, reduction in smoking, smoking ban, drop in illnesses, Arizona, hospital admissions, smoking-related diseases, resources, big killers, tobacco, HIV AIDS, National Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, World Bank Databank, American Journal of Public Health Lower healthcare costs, smoking, disease, healthcare systems, developed countries, UK, lung cancer, costs, Ghana, healthcare budget, reduction, smoking ban, smoking-related illness, hospital admissions, Arizona, resources, big killers, HIV AIDS, cancer, myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, public health, policy impact, economic burden, tobacco control, global health, healthcare economics, resource allocation, disease prevention, public smoking bans, health outcomes, epidemiology, population health, cost savings, non-communicable diseases, health policy, smoking cessation, healthcare spending, budget constraints, health disparities, tobacco-related diseases, Lower healthcare costs, smoking caused disease, healthcare systems, developed world, UK lung cancer, disease cost, Ghana healthcare budget, smoking ban, drop in smoking related illness, Arizona smoking ban, hospital admissions, tobacco, HIV AIDS, health spending, GDP, World Bank Databank, Patricia M. Herman, Michele E. Walsh, American Journal of Public Health lower healthcare costs, smoking, disease, healthcare systems, developed world, UK, lung cancer, costs, Ghana, healthcare budget, reduction, smoking-related illness, ban, public places, hospital admissions, Arizona, resources, big killers, tobacco, HIV AIDS, cancer research, myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, statewide smoking ban, public health
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro05a	In reality there are only two theological positions, atheism and theism; agnosticism is nothing but timid atheism:  God, like unicorns, has never been shown to exist, and thus it is logical to accept that He, just like unicorns, does not exist. That is why a position like agnosticism makes no sense. There are no agnostics on the subject of unicorns; there are only agnostics on the subject of God because people tend to be reticent to say they are atheists due to the prevalence of belief of God even in the most secular societies. But fantasy is fantasy, and an agnostic is really just an atheist by another name. Were someone to claim that dragons exist, the person he told it to would not be justified responding saying he did not know whether they exist and that it must be an open question until evidence is presented to corroborate the claim. [1] Rather, he would likely respond with disbelief in the absence of evidence. That is how reasoning works. Thus agnosticism is a philosophically meaningless position. There is either belief or lack of belief, atheism or theism. Opponents of atheism seeking to hide in the nebulous realm of agnosticism, or who claim that because one cannot know there is no God one must be agnostic, hold a position that is philosophically bankrupt.  [1] Dawkins, Richard. 2006. The God Delusion. Ealing: Transworld Publishers. atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, existence, evidence, belief, fantasy, reasoning, Dawkins, The God Delusion, philosophically meaningless, secular societies, reticent, disbelief, dragons, philosophically bankrupt atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, dragons, belief, lack of belief, philosophically meaningless, Dawkins, The God Delusion, evidence, reasoning, secular societies, fantasy, logical acceptance, theological positions, philosophical bankruptcy, reticence, atheism justification atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, dragons, belief, non-belief, philosophy, Dawkins, The God Delusion, evidence, reasoning, secular societies, fantasy, philosophically meaningless, position, opposition, atheism critics, knowledge, existence claims atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, dragons, Dawkins, The God Delusion, belief, disbelief, evidence, reasoning, philosophically meaningless, atheism or theism, philosophically bankrupt atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, dragons, evidence, belief, disbelief, philosophically meaningless, Dawkins, The God Delusion
test-science-ascidfakhba-con02a	Artists should retain the right to control their work’s interaction with the public space even if their work is publicly funded  Art is the expression of its creator’s sense of understanding of the world, and thus that expression will always have special meaning to him or her that no amount of reinterpretation or external appreciation can override. How a work is used once released into the public sphere, whether expanded, revised, responded to, or simply shown without their direct consent, thus remains an active issue for the artist, because those alternative experiences are all using a piece of the artist in its efforts. Artists deserve to have that piece of them treated in a way they see as reasonable. It is a simple matter of justice that artists be permitted to maintain the level of control they desire, and it is a justice that is best furnished through the conventional copyright mechanism that provides for the maximum protection of works for their creators, and allows them to contract away uses and rights to those works on their own terms. Many artists care about their legacies and the future of their artistic works, and should thus have this protection furnished by the state through the protection of copyright, not cast aside by the unwashed users of the creative commons. Samuel Beckett is a great example of this need. Beckett had exacting standards about the fashion in which in his plays could be performed. [1] For him the meaning of the art demanded an appreciation for the strict performance without the adulteration of reinterpretation. He would lack that power under this policy, meaning either the world would have been impoverished for want of his plays, or he would have been impoverished for want of his rights to his work. These rights are best balanced through the aegis of copyright as it is, not under the free-for-all of the creative commons license.  [1] Catron, L. “Copyright Laws for Theatre People”. 2003. artists, rights, public space, publicly funded, expression, creator, understanding, world, special meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, issue, artist, experiences, treated, reasonable, justice, control, copyright, protection, creators, contract, uses, rights, legacy, future, artistic works, state, protection, cast aside, unwashed users, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, exacting standards, plays, performance, meaning, strict, adulteration, policy, impoverished, rights, free-for-all, license Artists, rights, public space, publicly funded, expression, creator, understanding, world, meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, issue, artist, alternative experiences, treated, reasonable, justice, control, conventional copyright, maximum protection, creators, contract, uses, rights, works, terms, legacies, future, artistic, protection, state, copyright, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, standards, plays, meaning, art, strict performance, adulteration, impoverish, policy, balance, free-for-all, license Artists, rights, public space, public funding, expression, creator, understanding, world, special meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, consent, issue, justice, control, copyright, protection, creators, contract, terms, legacy, future, artistic works, state, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, standards, plays, performance, meaning, strict, adulteration, policy, impoverished, balance, aegis, free-for-all, license Artists, rights, public space, publicly funded, expression, understanding, world, special meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, issue, alternative experiences, treated, reasonable, justice, control, copyright, protection, creators, contract, terms, legacies, future, artistic works, state, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, standards, performance, meaning, strict, plays, adulteration, policy, impoverished, balance, aegis, free-for-all, license artists, retain, right, control, work, public, space, publicly, funded, expression, creator, understanding, world, meaning, reinterpretation, appreciation, released, expanded, revised, responded, consent, issue, treated, reasonable, justice, permitted, conventional, copyright, protection, creators, contract, terms, legacies, future, artistic, works, state, furnished, creative, commons, Samuel, Beckett, standards, plays, performed, meaning, art, appreciation, strict, performance, adulteration, policy, impoverished, rights, balance, aegis, free-for-all, license
test-law-phwmfri-con02a	The rich will resent this  The rich will feel like they are receiving an unfair, ‘greater’ punishment. This resentment will be magnified by media response: some newspapers and news outlets will choose to report this as an attack on the rich just as is the case with progressive taxation which is often attacked as an assault on ‘wealth creation’.1  This may well increase the extent to which they break the law, because if you perceive the law to be applied unfairly, you are less likely to consider it to be making an accurate assessment of whether an action is right or wrong in any given situation.  That is, in situations where you are unlikely to be caught committing a crime, the deterrent is clearly not the possible punishment (which you won’t face, because you won’t be caught). Rather, the deterrent is the extent to which you believe the illegal action to be morally wrong. If you believe a law is applied unfairly, you are less likely to consider the prohibited action to be actually, morally wrong, and therefore more likely to commit that act.  1 Cianfrocca, Francis, ‘Wealth Creation Under Attack’, Commentary, June 2009, rich, resent, unfair, punishment, media, response, newspapers, news, outlets, attack, wealth, creation, progressive, taxation, law, break, deterrent, punishment, moral, wrong, crime, commit, believe, applied, Francis, Cianfrocca, Wealth, Creation, Under, Attack, Commentary, June, 2009 resentment, rich, unfair punishment, media response, newspapers, news outlets, attack on the rich, progressive taxation, wealth creation, law breaking, moral wrong, deterrent, crime, Francis Cianfrocca, Wealth Creation Under Attack, Commentary, June 2009 resentment, rich, unfair punishment, media response, newspapers, news outlets, attack on the rich, progressive taxation, wealth creation, law breaking, moral wrong, crime deterrent, legal action, social inequality, economic justice, tax policy, public opinion, legal fairness, moral judgment rich, resentment, unfair, punishment, media, newspapers, news, outlets, attack, wealthy, progressive, taxation, wealth, creation, law, break, crime, deterrent, punishment, moral, wrong, commit, act, Cianfrocca, Francis, Wealth, Creation, Under, Attack, Commentary, June, 2009 resentment, unfair punishment, media response, progressive taxation, wealth creation, moral wrong, law compliance, crime deterrence, social inequality, legal fairness
test-economy-epsihbdns-con01a	Freedom of movement is an intrinsic human right  Every human being is born with certain rights. These are protected by various charters and are considered inseparable from the human being. The reason for this is a belief that these rights create the fundamental and necessary conditions to lead a human life. Freedom of movement is one of these and has been recognised as such in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [1] If a family finds themselves faced with starvation, the only chance they have of survival might be to move to another place where they might live another day. It is inhuman to condemn individuals to death and suffering for the benefit of some nebulous collective theory. While we might pass some of our freedoms to the state, we have a moral right to the freedoms that help us stay alive – in this context freedom of movement is one of those.  [1] General Assembly, “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, 10 December 1948, freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, universal declaration of human rights, article 13, survival, mobility, moral right, state authority, individual freedoms, human dignity, starvation, displacement, legal protection, inalienable rights, collective welfare, personal liberty Freedom of movement, intrinsic human right, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, fundamental conditions, human life, survival, starvation, moral right, state, freedoms, collective theory, moral obligation, human dignity, migration, legal rights, personal liberty, international law, human security, social justice, equity, humanitarian principles, civil liberties, human rights protection, legal frameworks, individual rights, societal welfare, ethical considerations, public policy, global standards, human rights advocacy, legal provisions, humanitarian law, constitutional rights, citizen rights, human rights law, legal protection, human rights violations, freedom of travel, freedom of Freedom of movement, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, intrinsic rights, fundamental conditions, human life, survival, starvation, moral right, state, freedoms, collective theory, individual rights, Article 13 freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, survival, moral right, state, collective theory, human life, inseparable rights, starvation, migration, survival rights, legal rights, ethical rights, fundamental conditions freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, survival, moral right, state, collective theory, human life, fundamental conditions, inseparable rights, starvation, relocation, individual rights, moral obligation, government authority, personal liberties, human dignity
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-pro02a	Socialism was a twentieth century ideology which ran its course and ran out of steam when it became clear that Capitalism worked better  The world has moved on; it is inconceivable that the protests of the seventies and eighties could be refought again. This issue was settled at the end of the eighties. It wasn’t just the collapse of the Soviet Union, although that no doubt played a major role in shaping the future of socialism in Europe.  In a globalised world the traditional ideas about class and the nature of the labour market have moved on and politics moved on with it.  Socialists may have won many of the arguments over social issues, but arguments on the advantages of free trade, deregulation, the role of the state, the relationship between government and industry all line up firmly in the Capitalist column.  There were some remnants of dogmatic, “classical” socialism left in continental Europe, especially amongst its union movements, which are now collapsing. As Margaret Thatcher put it, “The problem with Socialism is that you will eventually run out of other people’s money.” [i]  [i] Quoted in: James Turk. “Will Sovereign Debt Defaults Bring The End Of Socialism?” Free Gold Money Report. 19 December 2009. Socialism, capitalism, twentieth century, ideology, collapse, Soviet Union, globalisation, class, labour market, politics, free trade, deregulation, state, government, industry, union movements, Margaret Thatcher, socialism failure, public finance, economic history, political economy Socialism, Capitalism, twentieth century, ideology, collapse, Soviet Union, globalisation, class, labour market, politics, free trade, deregulation, state role, government-industry relations, union movements, Margaret Thatcher, other people’s money, social issues, protests, seventies, eighties, end of eighties, remnants, dogmatic socialism, classical socialism, Europe, Sovereign Debt Defaults, Free Gold Money Report Socialism, Capitalism, twentieth century, ideology, collapse, Soviet Union, globalisation, class, labour market, politics, free trade, deregulation, state role, government-industry relationship, union movements, Margaret Thatcher, Sovereign Debt Defaults, James Turk, Free Gold Money Report Socialism, twentieth century, ideology, Capitalism, protests, seventies, eighties, collapse, Soviet Union, globalisation, class, labour market, politics, free trade, deregulation, state, government, industry, union movements, Margaret Thatcher, James Turk, Sovereign Debt Defaults, Free Gold Money Report Socialism, twentieth century, ideology, Capitalism, globalisation, class, labour market, politics, free trade, deregulation, state role, government-industry relationship, union movements, Margaret Thatcher, other people’s money, Soviet Union collapse, European socialism, social issues, economic arguments, seventies protests, eighties protests, capitalism advantages, socialism remnants, classical socialism, Thatcher quote, James Turk, Free Gold Money Report, sovereign debt defaults, end of socialism
test-international-aegmeppghw-con02a	Turkey is a highly unstable democracy in an unstable part of the world  Turkey has a better history of democratic elections than a number of the former communist states currently negotiating their membership of the EU. Its election of a party with Islamist roots has led to a smooth transfer of power, with no attempt at intervention by the secularist military (as in the past). In 2010 the EU welcomed the success of a referendum on changes to the Turkish constitution which reduced the power of the military and made it fully subject to democratic authority.  Turkey is near some global flash points, but its entry into the EU would not bring these potential dangers closer to current EU members. The EU is already engaged in conflicts in Libya, Iraq, and Afghanistan; Turkey’s inclusion would not have made that more or less likely. Turkey is already a long-standing member of NATO; this means that any security crisis on Turkey’s borders, for example between Palestine and Israel, already involves its Western neighbours and the EU has had to involve Turkey over issues of planning and access.  Furthermore, Turkey as a strategic gateway to the Middle East does not only involve conflict; it also provides the West with the opportunity for reconciliation and cooperation. Turkey is potentially a crucial alternative conduit for oil and gas to and from central Asia [1] , making Europe less dependent on Russian favour. Engagement between Turkey and the EU has greatly reduced historic enmity between Turkey and Greece, and held out hope for a solution to the division of Cyprus, showing the benefits of a closer relationship. The EU was created to encourage political cooperation in just such circumstances [2] , and Turkey’s entry would be important for strengthening relationships with the increasingly important Muslim countries in the Middle East and breaking down the artificial barriers between ‘East’ and ‘West’.  [1]  ‘Turkey: still America’s best ally in the Middle East?’ by Joshua W Walker, 25th June 2010  [2]  ‘Turkey: an honest broker in the Middle East’ by Bulent Kenes, 9th June 2010 Turkey, democracy, unstable, former communist states, EU membership, Islamist roots, military intervention, constitutional reform, NATO, EU conflicts, Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan, security crisis, Palestine, Israel, Western neighbours, strategic gateway, Middle East, conflict, reconciliation, cooperation, oil and gas, central Asia, Russian favour, political cooperation, Turkey-Greece relations, Cyprus division, Muslim countries, East-West relations, Joshua W Walker, Bulent Kenes Turkey, democracy, instability, EU membership, former communist states, democratic elections, Islamist party, military intervention, secularist, 2010 referendum, constitutional changes, military power, democratic authority, global flash points, EU security, NATO, Western neighbours, strategic gateway, Middle East, conflict, cooperation, oil and gas, central Asia, Russian dependency, Turkey-Greece enmity, Cyprus division, political cooperation, Muslim countries, East-West barriers, strategic ally, Middle East broker, political stability, democratic transition, EU-Turkey relations, regional security, international relations, democratization, military oversight, constitutional reforms, democratic Turkey, unstable democracy, EU membership, democratic elections, former communist states, Islamist party, military intervention, secularist military, referendum, constitutional changes, military power, democratic authority, global flash points, NATO, security crisis, Middle East, conflict, cooperation, reconciliation, oil and gas, central Asia, Russian dependency, Greece, Cyprus, political cooperation, Muslim countries, East-West barriers, Joshua W Walker, Bulent Kenes Turkey, unstable democracy, democratic elections, former communist states, EU membership, Islamist roots, military intervention, secularist military, referendum, Turkish constitution, military power, democratic authority, global flash points, EU security, NATO member, Western neighbours, Palestine, Israel, strategic gateway, Middle East, conflict, reconciliation, cooperation, oil and gas, central Asia, Russian favour, political cooperation, Muslim countries, East-West barriers, Turkey-EU relations, Middle East conflicts, Turkey-NATO, Turkey-EU benefits, Greece, Cyprus, EU creation, political cooperation, Turkey as ally, Middle East diplomacy, EU-Turkey engagement, conflict Turkey, unstable democracy, EU membership, democratic elections, former communist states, Islamist party, military intervention, referendum, constitutional changes, NATO, global flash points, security crisis, Middle East, oil and gas, central Asia, Russia, Turkey-Greece relations, Cyprus, political cooperation, Muslim countries, East-West relations, strategic gateway, engagement, Turkey-EU relations, Joshua W Walker, Bulent Kenes
test-law-tlcplghwfne-con03a	"Needle exchanges cause crime  Needle exchanges gather a large number of drug addicts into a single area. Many drug addicts are forced into criminality because of their addiction. Given that this is true, the needle exchanges serve to concentrate a large number of potential criminals in a small area. Not only does this increase crime in the area itself significantly, what is also manages to do is cause criminals to meet other criminals who they may not have interacted with before.  This can either lead to the aforementioned criminals working together and causing more problems, or it can lead to violence between rival criminals and their gangs.  Further, the simple gathering of criminals in a single area can also serve to attract other criminals to the same area to possibly reap benefits. This often comes in the form of prostitution, which thrives in areas of high crime and weaker police presence.1  1. Toni Meyer. ""Making the case for opposing needle exchange"". New Jersey Family Policy Council. November 16, 2007. needle exchanges, crime, drug addicts, criminality, addiction, concentrate criminals, increase crime, criminal interaction, violence, gangs, attract criminals, prostitution, high crime, weak police presence, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council needle exchanges, crime, drug addicts, criminality, concentration, potential criminals, area, increase, problems, violence, rival criminals, gangs, gathering, attract, other criminals, benefits, prostitution, high crime, weaker police presence, New Jersey Family Policy Council, Toni Meyer, opposing needle exchange needle exchanges, crime, drug addicts, criminality, addiction, concentration, potential criminals, small area, increase crime, criminals meeting, problems, violence, rival criminals, gangs, attracting criminals, benefits, prostitution, high crime, weaker police presence, Toni Meyer, opposing needle exchange, New Jersey Family Policy Council needle exchanges, crime, drug addicts, criminality, addiction, concentration, potential criminals, area, increase, problems, violence, gangs, gathering, attract, prostitution, weaker police presence, New Jersey Family Policy Council, Toni Meyer, opposing needle exchange needle exchanges, crime, drug addicts, criminality, addiction, potential criminals, small area, increase crime, criminals meeting, problems, violence, rival criminals, gangs, attract criminals, prostitution, high crime, weaker police presence, New Jersey Family Policy Council, Toni Meyer, Making the case for opposing needle exchange"
test-culture-mmciahbans-con04a	Run education campaigns instead  Education is an alternative. Campaigns such as #darkisbeautiful (dark is beautiful) in India are the model for advancing equality and marginalizing colourism in India. The campaign has had some success attracting stars, including some such as Vishaka Sing who have modelled for fairness creams, to campaign against the prejudice against darker skin tones. [1]  The heavy hand of legislation is not the correct tool – other methods from social media campaigns to changing practices in the fashion, beauty and media industries (such as has occurred in Dakar Fashion Week [2] ) will reduce the cultural demand.  [1] Krupa, Lakshmi, ‘Dark is beautiful’, The Hindu, 8 September 2013,   [2] Reuters, “Dakar fashion week bans models who use skin lightning cream”, South China Morning Post, 01 July 2013, education campaigns, alternative education, #darkisbeautiful, India, equality, marginalizing colourism, success, stars, Vishaka Singh, fairness creams, prejudice, darker skin tones, legislation, social media campaigns, fashion industry, beauty industry, media industry, Dakar Fashion Week, cultural demand, models, skin lightning cream ban education, campaigns, #darkisbeautiful, India, equality, colourism, celebrities, Vishaka Sing, fairness creams, social media, fashion industry, beauty industry, media industry, Dakar Fashion Week, legislation, cultural demand, skin lightening education campaigns, #darkisbeautiful, India, equality, marginalizing colourism, social media campaigns, fashion industry, beauty industry, media industry, Dakar Fashion Week, cultural demand, legislation, prejudice, darker skin tones, fairness creams, stars, models, skin lightening, cultural change, social change, anti-discrimination education campaigns, dark is beautiful, India, colourism, equality, social media, Dakar Fashion Week, legislation, cultural demand, fairness creams, prejudice, darker skin tones, models, stars, Vishaka Sing, fashion industry, beauty industry, media industry, skin lightening, bans, models, South China Morning Post, The Hindu education campaigns, dark is beautiful, India, colourism, equality, social media campaigns, fashion industry, beauty industry, media industry, Dakar Fashion Week, skin lightening, model, legislation, cultural demand, prejudice, darker skin tones, fairness creams, stars, Vishaka Sing
test-international-amehbuaisji-pro02a	Domestic courts are often incapable of providing a fair trial, when they fail the ICC fills the void.  Domestic legal systems will often suffer from a lack of judicial independence and potentially politicised prosecutions, and are also open to allegations of victors’ justice, or whitewashes by a judiciary biased towards the winners of the conflict.  The ICC, as an effective court and with an independent judiciary, provide a suitable and unbiased climate for these cases to be heard in. While it is difficult to give any former head of state a fair trial, it is even more so in cases involving states divided along ethnic and political fault lines where any conviction could be seen as one based on continuing hatreds rather than evidence and criminal procedure.  It is clearly in the interests of the United States and Israel to support the principle that where there is no independent judiciary cases can be moved to a higher level. These states as much as any other desire that those who commit large scale international crimes be brought to book. The ICC for example might provide an alternative method of going after terrorists.  In addition, the principle of complementarity – that the ICC should only prosecute where states have shown themselves unable or unwilling to prosecute - means that when a state can take effective action against war crimes, there will be no role for the ICC. This means that the US and Israel with independent judiciaries should have nothing to worry about unless their judiciary proves unwilling to prosecute if one of their own nationals commits a crime prosecutable by the ICC. Domestic courts, fair trial, ICC, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, unbiased climate, former head of state, ethnic and political fault lines, United States, Israel, independent judiciary, international crimes, complementarity, war crimes, terrorism, nationals, prosecution Domestic courts, fair trial, ICC, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, unbiased climate, former head of state, ethnic fault lines, political fault lines, United States, Israel, independent judiciary, large scale international crimes, complementarity, war crimes, prosecutors, terrorists, nationals, crimes prosecutable Domestic courts, fair trial, ICC, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, unbiased climate, former head of state, ethnic and political fault lines, United States, Israel, independent judiciary, large scale international crimes, complementarity, war crimes, terrorists, nationals, crime prosecution Domestic courts, fair trial, ICC, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, unbiased climate, former head of state, ethnic and political fault lines, United States, Israel, independent judiciary, large scale international crimes, complementarity, war crimes, nationals, crime prosecution Domestic courts, fair trial, ICC, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, unbiased climate, former head of state, ethnic and political fault lines, United States, Israel, independent judiciary, complementarity, war crimes, terrorists, nationals, crimes prosecutable by ICC
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con03a	Police should not block the communications and freedom of expression of law-abiding citizens  The blocking of social networks, of the internet, or of mobile phone networks in times of riot would be an illegitimate curtailment of a private company’s right to do business and serve its customers. Social networks are business and have many users. Even more important is the impact on everyone who is not associated with the rioting. When these actions are taken it harms everyone, perhaps even millions of people at a given time. [1] The action taken by the state to seek to prevent the spreading of the riots is not only ineffective it is also a massive imposition on the rights of the citizens of the polity. Their freedom of speech is curtailed, business is harmed, and the riots continue. Studies of the use of Twitter during the riots in London showed that during rioting it was mostly used to react to the riots to send warnings to avoid trouble rather than incite violence. [2] Blocking access or cutting off communications would therefore mean putting at risk those people who otherwise would have been warned not to go near areas with rioting.  [1] Temperton, J. “Blocking Facebook and Twitter During Riots Threatens Freedom”. Computer Active. 15 August 2011.   [2] Ball, J., and Lewis, P., “Riots database of 2.5m tweets reveals complex picture of interaction”, The Guardian, 24 August 2011. Police, communications, freedom of expression, law-abiding citizens, social networks, internet, mobile phone networks, riot, illegitimate curtailment, private company rights, business, customers, impact, non-associated individuals, state action, prevent spreading riots, ineffective, massive imposition, freedom of speech, curtailed, business harm, riots continuation, Twitter, London riots, warnings, avoid trouble, incite violence, blocking access, communications, risk, warned, areas with rioting police, block, communications, freedom, expression, law-abiding, citizens, social, networks, internet, mobile, phone, riot, illegitimate, curtailment, private, company, rights, business, customers, impact, associated, rioting, state, prevent, spreading, ineffective, imposition, citizens, polity, freedom, speech, harm, continue, study, Twitter, London, riots, warnings, trouble, incite, violence, risk, access, cut, off, communication, database, tweets, complex, picture, interaction Police, communications, freedom of expression, law-abiding citizens, social networks, internet, mobile phone networks, riot, illegitimate curtailment, private company, right to do business, users, non-rioters, state action, prevent riots, ineffective, massive imposition, citizen rights, freedom of speech, business harm, Twitter, London riots, warnings, avoid trouble, incite violence, blocking access, cut communications, risk people, The Guardian, Computer Active, Temperton, Ball, Lewis Police, communications, freedom of expression, law-abiding citizens, social networks, internet, mobile phone networks, riot, illegitimate curtailment, private company, right to do business, customers, impact, non-rioters, harm, imposition, rights, citizens, freedom of speech, business, effectiveness, state action, Twitter, London riots, warnings, avoid trouble, incite violence, blocking access, communications risk, riots database, 2.5m tweets, complex interaction picture police, communications, freedom, expression, citizens, blocking, social, networks, internet, mobile, riot, illegitimate, curtailment, business, rights, impact, non-rioters, state, prevention, ineffective, imposition, freedom, speech, harm, studies, Twitter, riots, London, warnings, avoid, trouble, incite, violence, risk, areas, interaction, database, tweets, complex, picture
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-con03a	Collisions are unnecessary.  Baseball doesn’t need collisions. By requiring the runner to slide, just as they must do when attempting to reach other bases, or disallowing catchers to block runners’ paths, or—best of all—requiring both those steps, baseball can eliminate collisions.  Unlike in football or rugby, hits at the plate are not a necessary component of the sport. The game is played quite well at the amateur level without such brutal physical contact. [1] Collisions occur relatively infrequently, and the complexion of the game will not be dramatically different without them. Yet the benefits of improved safety are dramatic.  [1] See, for example, American Legion Baseball Rules, Rule 1(E),  . collisions, unnecessary, baseball, safety, slides, catchers, block, paths, amateur, brutal, physical, contact, frequency, game, improvement, rules, american, legion, rule, 1E baseball, collisions, safety, sliding, catchers, blocking, amateur, rules, physical, contact, game, improvement, American, Legion, frequency, dramatic, benefits, sports, rugby, football, plate, hits, elimination, steps, requirements, paths, runners, protection, injury, prevention, legislation, enforcement, regulation, play, enforcement, health, well-being, athletes, competition, strategy, tactics, sportsmanship, fairness, umpires, officiating, spectators, enjoyment, tradition, evolution, modernization, adaptation, controversy, debate, impact, rule, changes, proposals, discussions, stakeholders, MLB, minor baseball, collisions, safety, sliding, catchers, blocking, rules, amateur, physical, contact, frequency, game, improvement, sports, football, rugby, hits, plate, American, Legion, Baseball, Rule, 1E baseball, collisions, safety, sliding, catchers, blocking, amateur, football, rugby, physical, contact, rules, American, Legion, improvements, game, brutality, frequency, impact, sports, regulation baseball, collisions, unnecessary, safety, sliding, catchers, blocking, amateur, physical, contact, rules, American, Legion, dramatic, benefits, infrequent, football, rugby, plate, sport, brutal, improvement, game, elimination, requirement, prevention, sports, injuries, regulation, competition, health, impact, player, protection, strategy, play,(field)
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro05a	Consequentialism  Actions can only be justified by their outcomes, and if the outcome of an act of terror is an overall increase of justice, freedom and welfare, this action is therefore legitimate. Many people around the world suffer on a daily basis from poverty, injustices and violence. Generally, these people did not choose to suffer, nor was it a result of their actions; therefore it can be seen as a logical conclusion that it is a good thing that this suffering is diminished. However, authorities might not always agree to redistribution or an acknowledgement of rights, and more drastic measures are needed to obtain the goal. If, in this case, the use of acts of terror is needed to obtain greater goods such as justice and equality, and this would mean that on balance, more people would gain more utility, the action would be justified. In this way, terrorism can be seen as an effective weapon in a revolutionary struggle that results in progression. A very current example are the terrorist attacks in several Middle Eastern countries that have led to the Arab spring, such as the attack on the Yemen president Ali Abdullah Saleh. [1]  [1] Sinjab, L. (2011, June 3). Yemen: President Saleh injured in attack on palace. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from BBC News: Consequentialism, Justification, Outcomes, Terror, Justice, Freedom, Welfare, Suffering, Poverty, Injustices, Violence, Redistribution, Rights, Measures, Utility, Terrorism, Revolution, Progression, Arab Spring, Yemen, President Saleh, Attack, Palace Consequentialism, Actions, Outcomes, Terrorism, Justice, Freedom, Welfare, Suffering, Poverty, Injustices, Violence, Redistribution, Rights, Utility, Revolutionary, Progression, Arab, Spring, Yemen, Ali, Abdullah, Saleh, Attack, Palace Consequentialism, Actions, Outcomes, Terrorism, Justice, Freedom, Welfare, Suffering, Poverty, Injustices, Violence, Redistribution, Rights, Utility, Revolution, Progression, Arab Spring, Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, BBC News, Sinjab, June 3, 2011 Consequentialism, Actions, Outcomes, Terrorism, Justice, Freedom, Welfare, Suffering, Poverty, Injustices, Violence, Redistribution, Rights, Utility, Revolutionary, Struggle, Progression, Arab, Spring, Yemen, President, Saleh, Attack, Palace Consequentialism, outcomes, justification, terror, justice, freedom, welfare, suffering, poverty, injustices, violence, redistribution, rights, utility, terrorism, revolutionary struggle, progression, Arab Spring, Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-con02a	There are clear and proven benefits to the health of the Filipino families, especially women  Both sides of this debate have spoken about the need to respect the rights and lives of women. It is, however, difficult to see how exactly opponents of the legislation reconcile this with their actions. Decades’ worth of research demonstrates that educational, health and nutritional levels all fall once a family outgrows its means. In the slums of Manila that research is unnecessary as it is all too apparent at a glance. However the research is there [i] to provide grisly commentary to the narrative folding out on the streets.  Investigations on a personal, national and global level demonstrate that effective family planning is at the heart of eradicating poverty [ii] . When families have less children they are more able to afford better education for those they do have and have a greater incentive to do so as they need their child to be able to support them when they are retired. [iii] Proposition is keen that this money should have been spent on eradicating poverty – they fail to realise, deliberately or otherwise, that that is exactly what it is being spent on.  [i] Rauhala, Emily, ‘The Philippines’ Birth Control Battle’, Time, 6 June 2008.   [ii] Brown, Lester, ‘Smart Family Planning Improves Women’s Health and Reduces Poverty’, guardian.co.uk 14 April 2011.   [iii] Merrick, Thomas, W., ‘Population and P{overty: New Views on an Old Controversy’, International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol.28, No.1, March 2002, Filipino families, women's health, rights of women, opponents of legislation, family planning, eradicating poverty, educational levels, health levels, nutritional levels, Manila slums, family size, child education, retirement support, birth control, reproductive health, population control, poverty reduction, women's rights, family welfare Filipino families, women's health, reproductive rights, family planning, poverty eradication, education levels, nutritional levels, Manila slums, demographic research, economic incentives, elderly support, legislative debate, public health, population control, global investigations, family welfare, resource allocation, birth control, social policy, developmental economics, gender equality, maternal health, child welfare, urban poverty, demographic studies, contraception access, socioeconomic impact, long-term benefits, empirical evidence, health outcomes, policy effectiveness, societal benefits, international perspectives, family size, financial stability, community development, health initiatives, reproductive health services, poverty reduction strategies, healthcare reform, health, Filipino families, women's rights, legislation, family planning, poverty eradication, education, nutrition, Manila slums, research, contraception, economic well-being, child support, retirement, public spending, smart family planning, women's health, population control, socioeconomic development, reproductive rights, birth control, legislative debate, social welfare, demographic studies, poverty reduction strategies, family size, economic incentives, healthcare access, policy analysis, international perspectives, development economics, gender equality, reproductive health services, sustainable development, social policies, urban poverty, family welfare, health outcomes, economic outcomes, legislative impact, policy effectiveness, public health, socioeconomic Filipino families, women's health, rights, lives, family planning, poverty, education, nutrition, slums, Manila, research, effective family planning, eradicating poverty, birth control, reproductive health, economic support, child welfare, retirement support, demographic studies, policy debates, social commentary, global perspectives, contraceptive access, public health, population control, family welfare, legislative actions, women's rights, socioeconomic impacts, family size, financial stability, long-term benefits, community development, healthcare initiatives, poverty reduction strategies, demographic trends, social policies, reproductive rights, maternal health, child mortality, sustainable development, economic growth, Filipino families, women's health, rights of women, family planning, poverty eradication, education levels, nutritional status, Manila slums, reproductive health, economic support, elderly care, birth control, legislation impact, global research, health benefits, population control, social welfare, developmental outcomes, family means, child welfare, financial planning, government spending, smart family planning, women's empowerment, societal improvement, demographic trends, public policy, reproductive rights, health care access, socioeconomic factors, community development, family size, child education, poverty reduction strategies, sustainable development, healthcare services, government intervention, social issues, economic planning, demographic
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-pro01a	The concept of what is a journalist needs to be clarified to deal with the reality of new forms of mass communication. Assange gathers, collates and disseminates information, ergo, he is a journalist.  Few industries have been changed more radically by the advent of the Internet than journalism. The traditional role of the journalist, disseminating information to which they had special or privileged access, has changed beyond recognition. Now readers and viewers have direct access to much of that information and can access it at their own convenience and through their own choice of media. Sales of newspapers are in freefall and the stranglehold of a handful of broadcasters on political access has been lost forever. There are still extraordinary journalists finding news and genuinely affecting the society around them. For the most part, however, journalists increasingly comment on the news rather than directly collecting it. In many ways, Assange has taken journalism back to basics – acquiring information to which most people do not have access and making it public. The very fact that the powerful and the privileged dislike what he is doing so much could even be taken to suggest that he has to be doing something right as one of the roles of the fourth estate is to act as a check on government. [1]  At a time when much of the traditional media seems to have lost its sense of what its role is, Wikileaks is providing a timely reminder [2] .  [1] Hume, Ellen, ‘Freedom of the Press’, Issues of Democracy, December 2005,   [2] The Guardian. Julian Assange Wins Martha Gellhorn Journalism Prize. Jason Deans. 2 June 2011. journalist, mass communication, Assange, information dissemination, internet, journalism change, media access, newspaper sales decline, broadcaster influence, news collection, commentary, WikiLeaks, fourth estate, government check, traditional media role, Martha Gellhorn Journalism Prize journalist, journalism, new forms of mass communication, Assange, WikiLeaks, information dissemination, Internet, traditional journalism, news access, media change, news gathering, fourth estate, freedom of press, Martha Gellhorn Journalism Prize, political access, media choice, news commentary, societal impact, powerful and privileged, check on government, media role, newspaper sales, broadcasters, extraordinary journalists, news affecting society, information acquisition, public disclosure, media reminder, Hume, Ellen, Issues of Democracy, The Guardian, Jason Deans journalist, mass communication, Assange, information dissemination, Internet, journalism, traditional role, media access, newspaper sales, broadcasters, political access, news collection, society impact, Wikileaks, fourth estate, government check, media role, Martha Gellhorn Journalism Prize journalist, mass communication, Assange, information, Internet, journalism, news, media, newspapers, broadcasters, political access, society, Wikileaks, fourth estate, government, press freedom, Martha Gellhorn Journalism Prize journalist, clarification, new forms, mass communication, Assange, gathers, collates, disseminates, information, WikiLeaks, Internet, journalism, traditional role, disseminating, privileged access, readers, viewers, direct access, newspapers, sales, freefall, broadcasters, political access, extraordinary journalists, society, comment, news, basics, powerful, privileged, dislike, fourth estate, government check, traditional media, role, reminder, freedom of the press, issues of democracy, Martha Gellhorn, journalism prize
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro04a	"Having trial by jury for people accused of very small offences is a waste of resources.  Juries are very expensive and time consuming, and courts may not be capable of using them for all trials. Indeed, in both the UK and the United States, minor or petty offences can be tried without jury (such offenses are defined differently in different places; in the US petty offences are those carrying less than 6 months prison time or a fine of $5000)1. That is because in densely populated areas, the courts are simply not capable of handling all trials with juries 2. But even beyond the limitations already in place, there may be more small-scale trials which could function without juries, and free up resources. According to British government crime advisor Louise Casey, if all of the either-or cases (cases dealing with minor offences which can be tried in either a crown or a magistrates court) were shifted entirely to the latter, Britain would save £30m in the costs of setting up juries. Such money could be used to help out victims of serious crimes, or otherwise improve the justice system 3. For example, if more time and money were freed up in the United States, the courts might not need to pressure so many defendants into plea bargaining, or pleading guilty without a trial in exchange for less harsh sentencing or the dropping of other charges (in 1996, about two thirds of American criminal case dispositions involved guilty pleas) 4. That would allow more trials to take place, and more justice to be done.  1.  )  2.Robert P. Connolly, ""The Petty Offence Exception and Right to a Jury Trial""  3.Peter Wozniak, ""Trial by Jury Faces the Axe for Petty Crimes"" trial, jury, small offences, waste, resources, expensive, time consuming, courts, incapable, minor, petty offences, prison, fine, densely populated, limitations, small-scale trials, free up, British government, crime advisor, Louise Casey, either-or cases, crown court, magistrates court, save, costs, victims, serious crimes, justice system, United States, pressure, defendants, plea bargaining, guilty pleas, criminal case dispositions, justice trial by jury, small offences, waste of resources, juries expensive, time consuming, UK, United States, petty offences, minor offences, prison time, fine, densely populated areas, court limitations, British government, crime advisor, Louise Casey, either-or cases, crown court, magistrates court, cost savings, justice system improvement, plea bargaining, guilty pleas, criminal case disposition, Robert P. Connolly, Peter Wozniak, trial by jury exception, petty crimes, justice delivery, resource allocation, legal efficiency, court capacity, judicial reform jury, trial, petty offences, minor crimes, resources, cost, time, UK, United States, courts, legal system, justice, Louise Casey, either-or cases, savings, plea bargaining, guilty pleas, criminal cases, prosecution, defense, judicial efficiency, legal reform trial by jury, small offences, waste of resources, expensive, time consuming, UK, United States, minor offences, petty offences, 6 months prison, $5000 fine, densely populated areas, court capacity, minor trials, free up resources, Louise Casey, either-or cases, Britain, save £30m, justice system, plea bargaining, guilty pleas, criminal case dispositions, more trials, justice trial by jury, minor offences, petty crimes, resource allocation, legal costs, court efficiency, jury trials, minor offenses, petty offences, legal system, criminal justice, jury expenses, court capacity, plea bargaining, legal reform, justice system improvement, victim support, Louise Casey, Robert P. Connolly, Peter Wozniak"
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-pro02a	A strong leader has more benefits than harms  Putin is the strong leader that Russia has been waiting for. His electoral success and consistently high approval rates show that the people of Russia are ready for someone who can rid their society of increasing corruption and restore a sense of calm and equality. His ability to maintain a high level of support despite what some have called authoritarian tendencies shows that people are ready to sacrifice a certain degree of freedom for the promise of stability. Enthusiasm for Putin among the young also shows that he does not only appeal to those looking back to past certainties. strong leader, Putin, Russia, electoral success, high approval rates, anti-corruption, stability, calm, equality, authoritarian tendencies, sacrifice freedom, stability promise, young enthusiasm, past certainties strong leader, Putin, Russia, electoral success, high approval rates, corruption, stability, authoritarian tendencies, freedom, young supporters, past certainties strong leader, Putin, Russia, electoral success, high approval rates, corruption, stability, authoritarian tendencies, freedom, stability, young supporters, past certainties strong leader, benefits, harms, Putin, Russia, electoral success, high approval rates, corruption, stability, authoritarian tendencies, freedom, young enthusiasm, past certainties strong leader, Putin, Russia, electoral success, high approval rates, reducing corruption, stability, authoritarian tendencies, sacrificing freedom, stability promise, young enthusiasm, appealing to conservatives
test-economy-bepiehbesa-con01a	CAP maintains European food security  The subsidies to agriculture are important for maintaining self-sufficiency to enable Europe to feed its own citizens. In the world of fluctuating markets, global climate change, commodity crisis such in 2008, the state intervention is even more important because that means that the needed goods can become unavailable. Without EU’s help the prices can fluctuate wildly which can be of concern mainly for poorer parts of EU, where the major part of household spending is still food and non-alcoholic beverages. To prevent this kind of situations only the continent-wide policy can be an effective measure. The markets of other countries can compensate losses from others and vice versa. The result of a secure supply of affordable food has been that the amount an average EU household devotes to food has halved since 1960. [1]  [1] European Commission, ‘CAP – how much does it cons’ ‘Food Prices’, ec.europa.eu, CAP, European food security, agriculture subsidies, self-sufficiency, food prices, market fluctuations, global climate change, commodity crisis, state intervention, EU policy, food affordability, household spending, food supply, European Commission CAP, European food security, agriculture subsidies, self-sufficiency, market fluctuations, global climate change, commodity crisis, state intervention, EU support, price stability, household spending, food affordability, continent-wide policy, market compensation, food supply, affordable food, household expenditure, EU food prices, European Commission, CAP costs, food security policy CAP, European food security, agriculture subsidies, self-sufficiency, market fluctuations, global climate change, commodity crisis, state intervention, food prices, household spending, affordable food, EU policy, food supply, European Commission CAP, European food security, agriculture subsidies, self-sufficiency, market fluctuation, global climate change, commodity crisis, state intervention, EU help, price fluctuation, poorer EU regions, household spending, food, non-alcoholic beverages, continent-wide policy, supply compensation, affordable food, EU household, food prices, European Commission, CAP costs CAP, European food security, agriculture subsidies, self-sufficiency, food prices, global climate change, commodity crisis, state intervention, EU support, household spending, food affordability, continent-wide policy, market compensation, affordable food supply, European Commission, CAP costs, Food Prices
test-science-ascidfakhba-con01a	Artists have a fundamental property right over their creative output  Whatever the end product, be it music, film, sculpture, or painting, artistic works are the creations of individuals and a property right inheres within them belonging to their creators. An idea is just an idea so long as it remains locked in someone’s mind or is left as an unfinished sketch, etc. But when the art is allowed to bloom in full, it is due to the artist and the artist only. The obsession, the time, the raw talent needed to truly create art is an incredible business, requiring huge investment in energy, time, and effort. It is a matter of the most basic, and one would have hoped self-evident, principle that the person who sacrificed so much to bring forth a piece of art should retain all the rights to it and in particular have the right to profit from it. [1] To argue otherwise would be to condone outright theft. The ethereal work of the artist is every bit as real as the hard work of a machine. Mandating that all forms of art be released under a creative commons license is an absolute slap in the face to artists and to the artistic endeavour as a whole. It implies that somehow the work is not entirely the artist’s own, that because it is art it is somehow so different as to be worthy of being shunted into the public sphere without the real consent of the artist. This is a gross robbing of the artist’s right over his or her own work. If property rights are to have any meaning, they must have a universal protection. This policy represents a fundamental erosion of the right to property, and attacks one sector of productive life that is essential for the giving of colour to the human experience. This policy serves only to devalue that contribution.  [1] Greenberg, M. “Reason or Madness: A Defense of Copyright’s Growing Pains”. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 2007. Artists, property rights, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, ideas, art creation, business, investment, energy, time, effort, principle, profit, theft, machine work, creative commons, public sphere, consent, property erosion, human experience, copyright, intellectual property Artists, Property Rights, Creative Output, Music, Film, Sculpture, Painting, Creations, Individuals, Property Right, Idea, Unfinished Sketch, Art, Artist, Sacrifice, Basic Principle, Self-Evident, Profit, Theft, Ephemeral Work, Real Work, Machine, Creative Commons License, Public Sphere, Consent, Universal Protection, Erosion, Property, Essential, Human Experience, Devalue, Contribution, Copyright, Intellectual Property Law Artists, property rights, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, creations, individuals, property right, inheres, ideas, unfinished sketch, artistic works, obsession, time, raw talent, creation, business, investment, energy, effort, principle, sacrifice, profit, right, condone, theft, ethereal, hard work, machine, creative commons license, public sphere, artist's consent, sector, productive life, color, human experience, policy, devalue, contribution, Greenberg, Reason or Madness, Defense of Copyright, John Marshall Review, Intellectual Property Law, 2007 Artists, property right, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, artistic works, creators, idea, unfinished sketch, art, artist, obsession, time, talent, business, investment, energy, effort, principle, rights, profit, theft, machine, creative commons, public sphere, consent, property, sector, productive life, human experience, policy, devalue, contribution, Greenberg, copyright, intellectual property Artists, property rights, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, intellectual property, copyright, artistic creation, creative commons, public domain, artistic rights, legal protection, intellectual labor, artistic value, creative process, artist's rights, copyright law, legal defense, intellectual property rights, art protection, creative rights, artistic expression, property erosion, artistic contribution, legal recognition
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro04a	"The nature of God as it is conventionally described is logically contradictory:  A creator god is a logical absurdity, as demonstrated by empirical fact and rational reflection. Certainly God cannot exist outside of the Universe, as such a concept is effectively meaningless. In fact, physics explains that when the Universe expanded as an inflating field of space and time as the result of a quantum fluctuation, causality itself arose from the process, making a causative agent “prior” to the Universe not only unnecessary, but also impossible. Furthermore, the idea of an omnipotent God is logically contradictory because if God were omnipotent He would be able to create an entity greater than Himself, yet that is impossible. [1] The very attribute is logically unfounded, making the conventional explanation of God invalid. Thus atheism, the absence of belief in gods, is the only logically justified theological position.  [1] Savage, C. 1967. ""The Paradox of the Stone"". Philosophical Review 76(1). nature, God, logically contradictory, creator, empirical fact, rational reflection, existence, Universe, physics, quantum fluctuation, causality, omnipotent, paradox, stone, logically unfounded, atheism, theological position, Savage, 1967, Philosophical Review nature of God, logical contradictions, creator god, empirical facts, rational reflection, existence outside Universe, physics, quantum fluctuation, causality, causative agent, omnipotent God, Paradox of the Stone, logical unfoundedness, atheism, theological positions, logical justification God, atheism, omnipotence, logical contradiction, empirical fact, rational reflection, universe, quantum fluctuation, causality, theism, paradox of the stone, philosophical argument, non-existence God, creator, logical contradiction, empirical fact, rational reflection, universe, physics, quantum fluctuation, causality, omnipotence, paradox of the stone, theological position, atheism atheism, theism, God, omnipotence, logical contradiction, empirical evidence, rational reflection, universe, causality, quantum fluctuation, space-time, causative agent, paradox of the stone, philosophical theology, logical justification, theological position"
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-con01a	Argument One: Contact leads to the dissemination of values  There is certainly some evidence to suggest the view that trade with a country can benefit human rights as increased wealth provides many with more choice and better standards of living. [i] Certainly that argument has been made by governments and multi-nationals based in the West. It is not unreasonable to suspect that this may relate to academic cooperation as well, as Richard Levin suggests in the introduction. However it seems likely that in this latter case, as in the former, that a gradualist approach is the sensible one to take. We build on existing strengths while agreeing to differ in certain areas. To extend the trade example, China, the US and the EU all manage to trade with each other despite differing approaches to the death penalty. They trust that through cooperation over time, changes can be achieved. This will happen slowly in some instances – as with the ‘drip, drip’ affect in China - or quickly in others as has been the case in Burma [ii] .  On key difference to note with the shift towards establishing elite universities around the world rather than shipping the world’s elite in to attend them in the UK and the US is that it opens opportunities to a much wider social group. For decades a small handful – children of the wealthy and political elite - have had the opportunity to have a Western education before returning home as well-educated tyrants and sycophants. Expanding the learning opportunities to the rest of the nation seems both just and reasonable.  [i] Sirico, Robert A., ‘Free Trade and Human Rights: The Moral Case for Engagement’, CATO Institute, Trade Briefing Paper no.2, 17 July 1998  [ii] Education has long been seen as a critical starting point for the development of human rights in any country as is examined in this UNESCO report . contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, existing strengths, differences, cooperation, changes, elite universities, social group, Western education, just, reasonable, free trade, moral case, engagement, development, UNESCO, starting point, education, critical contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, changes, elite universities, Western education, social group, just, reasonable, free trade, moral case, engagement, education, development, UNESCO, critical starting point trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, changes, elite universities, Western education, social group, just, reasonable, UNESCO, education, development, human rights contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, cooperation, changes, elite universities, social group, Western education, education, human rights development, UNESCO trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, changes, elite universities, Western education, social group, just, reasonable, Sirico, Free Trade, Human Rights, Moral Case, Engagement, CATO Institute, UNESCO, education, development, human rights
test-economy-beghwbh-con04a	If Musk won’t build it who will?  Elon Musk himself is unwilling to build his Hyperloop. He has stated “Maybe I would just do the beginning bit, create a subscale version that is operating and then hand it over to someone else. Ironing out the details at a subscale level is a tricky thing. I think I would probably end up doing that. It just won’t be immediate in the short term because I have to focus on Tesla and SpaceX execution.” [1] If the visionary for the project is having little to do with the project itself it seems unlikely that the proposal will come to anything. The Hyperloop being such a low priority for Musk is also likely to put off anyone else who might be interested in being involved.  [1] Elliott, Hannah, ‘Hyperloop Update: Elon Musk Will Start Developing It Himself’, Forbes, 12 August 2013, Elon Musk, Hyperloop, subscale version, Tesla, SpaceX, visionary, low priority, development, involvement, project, innovation, transportation, technology, investment, partnership, future, infrastructure, engineering, feasibility, entrepreneurship Elon Musk, Hyperloop, subscale version, Tesla, SpaceX, visionary, project development, low priority, investor interest, Hyperloop proposal, Forbes, Hannah Elliott, August 2013 Elon Musk, Hyperloop, subscale version, Tesla, SpaceX, visionary, project development, low priority, investor interest, Hannah Elliott, Forbes, August 2013 Elon Musk, Hyperloop, subscale version, Tesla, SpaceX, project development, visionary role, prioritization, stakeholder interest, transportation innovation Elon Musk, Hyperloop, Tesla, SpaceX, subscale version, project development, visionary involvement, low priority, investor confidence, Hyperloop Update, Forbes, Hannah Elliott
test-law-phwmfri-con03a	Creates the perception that fines are like taxes, rather than a punishment  If we detach fines from the crimes committed, people are more likely to see fines as unrelated to justice. Rather, they will see fines as another mechanism by which the government makes money, this will be especially the case if as in New Zealand the money goes into government coffers without being hypothecated.1  This is similar to the way in which some people in the UK see speed cameras as less about preventing speeding, and more about getting money from motorists with one poll showing 49% of people believe they are primarily about revenue raising.2  This is harmful because it decreases the probability of people who deem the fine ‘worth it’ nevertheless abstaining from the criminal act.  1 ‘Frequently Asked Questions’, New Zealand Police,   2 ‘Drivers conflicted over cameras’, IAM Driving Road Safety, 11 August 2010, perception, fines, taxes, punishment, justice, government, revenue, New Zealand, speed cameras, UK, motorists, crime, deterrence, public opinion, poll, driving, road safety, IAM, police, FAQs, crime prevention, hypothecation, legal system, financial penalties, enforcement, public trust, policy, legislation, fines administration, monetary sanctions, judicial system, community perception, legal penalties, regulatory compliance, fiscal policy, public finance, law enforcement, legal reform, judicial fines, legal accountability, social norms, behavioral economics, criminal justice, governance, public administration, legal sanctions, judicial punishment, legal deterrence, fines, taxes, punishment, crimes, government revenue, hypothecation, New Zealand, speed cameras, UK, public perception, justice, criminal behavior, revenue raising, motorist fines, driving safety, IAM Driving Road Safety, New Zealand Police, Frequently Asked Questions, Drivers conflicted over cameras fines, taxes, punishment, justice, government revenue, hypothecation, New Zealand, UK, speed cameras, revenue raising, criminal act, public perception, poll, IAM Driving Road Safety, New Zealand Police, Frequently Asked Questions perception, fines, taxes, punishment, crimes, government, revenue, New Zealand, UK, speed cameras, motorists, poll, revenue raising, criminal act, abstaining, justice, hypothecated, police, driving, road safety fines, taxes, punishment, justice, government revenue, New Zealand, UK, speed cameras, public perception, crime deterrence, motorists, IAM Driving Road Safety, Frequently Asked Questions, New Zealand Police, revenue raising, criminal act, public opinion, speed enforcement, traffic laws, legal system, policy effectiveness
test-economy-beghwbh-pro01a	Fastest possible transportation over a short distance  Public transportation has not been getting much faster over the last few decades. The fastest method of transport, supersonic jets in the form of Concorde ceased operation in October 2003. [1] Even if at some point a new generation of supersonic planes are built these will not be ideal for travelling between cities that are comparatively close together. The time spent getting the plane up and down from cruising altitude means they would take longer over these short distances than a slower option at ground level. The Hyperloop at more than 700mph will be twice as fast as high speed rail. To take the different options on the San Francisco-Los Angeles route cars take 5hours 30minutes, the proposed high speed train would take 2hours 38minutes, by plane takes 1hour 15minutes whereas the Hyperloop would only take 35minutes. [2]  [1] ‘End of an era for Concorde’, BBC News, 24 October 2003,   [2] Musk, Elon, ‘Hyperloop Alpha’, SpaceX, 12 August 2013,  p.8, 56 Fastest transportation, short distance, public transportation, supersonic jets, Concorde, Hyperloop, high speed rail, San Francisco-Los Angeles, travel time, cars, planes, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha fastest transportation, short distance, public transportation, supersonic jets, Concorde, Hyperloop, high speed rail, San Francisco-Los Angeles, travel time, plane, car, high speed train, cruising altitude, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha Fastest, transportation, short distance, public transportation, supersonic jets, Concorde, Hyperloop, San Francisco-Los Angeles, high speed rail, cars, planes, travel time, ground level, cruising altitude, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha Fastest, transportation, short distance, public transportation, supersonic jets, Concorde, Hyperloop, high speed rail, San Francisco-Los Angeles, travel time, cars, planes, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha Fastest, transportation, short distance, public transportation, supersonic jets, Concorde, Hyperloop, high speed rail, San Francisco-Los Angeles, travel time, cars, plane, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha
test-law-sdfclhrppph-con02a	Individual Liberty outweighs any potential harms  Whatever the potential harms that may arise from unrestrained free speech; they pale in comparison to the harm that arises from banning an individual from freely expressing his own mind.  It is a matter of the upmost individual liberty that one’s thoughts and feelings are one’s own, and that individuals are free to express those thoughts and feelings openly. A prohibition on this liberty is a harm of incalculable value – it strikes right to the core of what it means to be in individual person. Individual liberty, free speech, expression, thoughts, feelings, prohibition, harm, personal freedom, unrestrained, censorship, individual rights, autonomy, dignity, societal harm, self-expression, constitutional rights, philosophical argument, fundamental freedoms, democratic values, human rights, intellectual independence, moral harm, government control, speech regulation, legal constraints, societal impact, individualism, collectivism, balance, principled stand, core values, freedom of conscience, expression limitations, absolutist view, harm principle, repressive measures, involuntary silencing, expressive freedom, constitutional protections, legal philosophy, civil liberties, individual empowerment, freedom of thought, expressive autonomy Individual liberty, free speech, unrestrained expression, harm, censorship, thought freedom, personal autonomy, self-expression, constitutional rights, freedom of conscience individual liberty, free speech, expression, thoughts, feelings, censorship, harm, prohibition, personal freedom, individual rights, autonomy, self-expression Individual Liberty, Free Speech, Unrestrained Expression, Harm from Censorship, Personal Freedom, Thought Expression, Individual Rights, Speech Restrictions, Censorship Consequences, Freedom of Expression, Personal Autonomy, Prohibition of Speech, Harm to Individuality, Core Individualism, Liberty vs. Harm individual liberty, free speech, expression, censorship, personal freedom, thought, feelings, prohibition, harm, individuality, autonomy, rights, self-expression, democratic values, constitutional rights, civic engagement, human dignity, mental freedom, societal norms, liberal democracy, moral autonomy, ethical principles, individual rights, collective society, personal integrity, communication, people's rights, legal protections, freedom of conscience, intellectual liberty, philosophical discourse, political philosophy, civil liberties, government restriction, societal harm, individual empowerment, moral agency, expressive freedom, thought control, personal autonomy, democratic principles, legal ethics, human rights, moral reasoning, civil rights,
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-pro03a	Even the leaders of the Left have given up on Socialism as a creed and have now accepted the vast majority of modern Capitalist principles  Even the leaders of those European political parties that still call themselves socialist tend to avoid the word. Broadly speaking even the leaders of the left- outside Cuba and Colombia- accept the basic principles of Market economics and recognise that high-tax, high-spend economics simply does not work.  Like it or not borders are now open and the idea that the state can control the flow of capital is a thing of the past. As a result people generally are richer and the idea that there a solid class block is simply no longer relevant to their lives. leaders, Left, Socialism, creed, Capitalist, principles, European, political, parties, socialist, Market, economics, high-tax, high-spend, borders, open, state, control, capital, richer, class, block, irrelevant Left leaders, Socialism, Capitalist principles, European socialist parties, Market economics, high-tax high-spend, open borders, capital flow, state control, class block, economic policies, political ideology, modern capitalism, socialism decline, economic pragmatism,富裕, class relevance, international capital, fiscal policies Leaders, Left, Socialism, Capitalist, Principles, European, Political, Parties, Socialist, Market, Economics, High-tax, High-spend, Borders, Open, State, Control, Capital, Richer, Class, Block, Relevant Leaders, Left, Socialism, Capitalist, Principles, European, Socialist, Parties, Market, Economics, High-tax, High-spend, Borders, Open, State, Control, Capital, Richer, Solid, Class, Block, Relevant Socialism, Capitalism, Left leaders, Market economics, High-tax, High-spend, Open borders, Capital flow, State control, Class block, Political parties, European socialism, Economic principles, Modern Capitalist, Wealth distribution, Socioeconomic change
test-philosophy-npegiepp-con01a	The assumption of the automaticity of Spill-over is wrong.  The core of Neo-functionalism that spill-over being the main driving force behind continuing integration assumed the automaticity of integration. Once integration has started it will be a self-continuing force that will eventually integrate the whole of Europe - is clearly wrong. Supranational functionalism 'assumed first, that national sovereignty, already devalued by events, could be chewed up leaf by leaf like an artichoke'. [1] The functional method of spill-over is very limited, its success in the relatively painless area in which it works relatively well lifts the participants to the level of issues to which it does not apply well any more. For example no common defence or foreign policy within the community project has been successful. This failure in high politics is fundamental, without a coordinated foreign and security policy the role of the EU in the world is open to question. Opposition too much further enlargement reduces the role the EU can play outside the union unless a common foreign policy can be agreed. [2]  [1] Hoffmann, S. ‘Obstinate or obsolete? The fate of the nation-state and the case of Western Europe.’, Daedalus, Vol. 95, No. 3, 1966, pp. 862-915, p882  [2] Pabst, Adrian, ‘The EU as a Security/Defence Community?’, Luxembourg Institute for European and International Studies, 2/3 July 2004, Neo-functionalism, spill-over, automaticity, integration, supranationalism, sovereignty, high politics, common defence, foreign policy, EU enlargement, security community, defence community, European integration, political cooperation, international relations, European Union, CFSP, CSDP, functionalism, artichoke analogy, nation-state, Europeanization, policy coordination, strategic autonomy, institutional development, multilateralism, regional integration, state sovereignty, governance, policy-making, European security, political integration, institutional mechanisms, integration theory, European politics, international cooperation, EU role, global stage, enlargement dynamics, security policy, defence policy, political Neo-functionalism, Spill-over, Automaticity, Integration, Supranational functionalism, National sovereignty, High politics, Common defence, Foreign policy, EU, Enlargement, Security policy, Defence community Spill-over, Neo-functionalism, automaticity, integration, Europe, Supranational functionalism, national sovereignty, functional method, high politics, common defence, foreign policy, EU, Security/Defence Community, enlargement, international role Neo-functionalism, Spill-over, Automaticity, Integration, Supranational functionalism, National sovereignty, High politics, Common defence, Foreign policy, EU, Enlargement, Security policy, Defence community, Pabst, Hoffmann Neo-functionalism, Spill-over, automaticity, integration, supranational functionalism, national sovereignty, devalued, artichoke, functional method, high politics, common defence, foreign policy, EU, security policy, enlargement, international role, Pabst, Hoffmann
test-international-aegmeppghw-con01a	"The geographical definition of Europe must be limited and does not include Turkey  There is no obvious and widely accepted geographical definition of a frontier to Europe. Is Russia a European country? Are Georgia and Armenia? Are Cyprus and Malta? The fact that the Mediterranean country Italy became a member of a regional organisation, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), was certainly not determined by geography, but was an act of political imagination. Today the location of a Mediterranean state in the North Atlantic is no longer considered as something ""odd"". Another example of changing perceptions of a region is the change from regarding the border of Europe as falling between East and West Germany; Europe broadened to include all the former Eastern European countries as potential members of the EU.  Given that part of Turkey’s territory is on what everyone accepts is the European mainland, why shouldn’t it be allowed to join the main European club? While Turkey's land area is almost entirely in Asia the European part does have immense historical significance, and Turkey has a population in Europe of about 14million, larger than many of the smaller EU members. It already belongs to NATO, the OECD and the Council of Europe, and participates in the Eurovision Song Contest and European football competitions. Turkey is a westward-looking country. Europe, geographical definition, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus, Malta, NATO, Italy, Mediterranean, political imagination, East-West Germany, EU, historical significance, population, westward-looking, Eurovision Song Contest, European football competitions, Council of Europe, OECD geographical definition, Europe, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus, Malta, Italy, NATO, political imagination, Mediterranean, North Atlantic, East-West Germany, EU, European club, historical significance, population, westward-looking, Eurovision Song Contest, European football competitions, OECD, Council of Europe Europe, geographical definition, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus, Malta, NATO, Italy, Mediterranean, political imagination, East-West Germany, EU, European Union, historical significance, population, European mainland, westward-looking, Eurovision Song Contest, European football, OECD, Council of Europe Europe, geographical definition, frontier, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus, Malta, Italy, NATO, Mediterranean, North Atlantic, East Germany, West Germany, EU, Turkey, European mainland, historical significance, population, European club, Asian, NATO, OECD, Council of Europe, Eurovision Song Contest, European football competitions, westward-looking Europe, geographical definition, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus, Malta, Italy, NATO, political imagination, Mediterranean, North Atlantic, Eastern Europe, EU, historical significance, population, European mainland, westward-looking, Eurovision Song Contest, European football competitions, OECD, Council of Europe"
test-international-amehbuaisji-pro03a	The American people support ICC membership.  In a democracy the voice of the people should carry weight in determining how the country acts internationally. According to a 2005 poll carried out by the Chicago Council on foreign relations 69% of the US population are in favour of US participation in the ICC. This clearly shows that the US people are unconvinced by the arguments on the theorized drawbacks of the International Criminal Court and are happy for it to be ratified. American people, ICC membership, democracy, voice of the people, international actions, 2005 poll, Chicago Council, foreign relations, US population, participation, International Criminal Court, drawbacks, ratification American people, ICC membership, democracy, voice of the people, international actions, 2005 poll, Chicago Council, foreign relations, US population, participation, International Criminal Court, ratification, drawbacks, public opinion, US international policy, human rights, justice American people, ICC membership, democracy, voice of the people, international actions, 2005 poll, Chicago Council, foreign relations, US population, participation, International Criminal Court, ratification, public opinion, theorized drawbacks, support, international law, human rights, judicial cooperation American people, ICC membership, democracy, voice of the people, international actions, 2005 poll, Chicago Council, foreign relations, US population, participation, International Criminal Court, ratification, public opinion, international law, human rights American people, ICC membership, democracy, voice of the people, international actions, 2005 poll, Chicago Council, foreign relations, US population, US participation, International Criminal Court, ratification, public opinion, international law, human rights, justice system, US foreign policy, international cooperation, legal jurisdiction, crime prosecution
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-con04a	Collisions heighten antagonisms.  When someone gets hurt in a collision at the plate, the injured player’s teammates are more likely to hold a grudge—and to try to get even. There are numerous opportunities to do that, whether by aiming a pitch at that player, or by seeking another opportunity to hurt him. When Posey was injured, the Giants’ General Manager Brian Sabean said, “If I never hear from Cousins [who hit Posey] again or if he never plays another game in the big leagues, I think we’ll all be happy.... We’ll have a long memory.” [1] This is exactly the unsportsmanlike behaviour engendered by these dangerous and unnecessary plays.  Former MLB catcher Mike Matheny noted that catchers don’t forget when they get hit, saying, “I think you just put a mark in the column that that kid took a run at a catcher. To me as a catcher I know the next time I get the ball I'm going to stick it to him. You make those notes as a catcher.” [2]  [1] “Source: Joe Torre to call Brian Sabean,” ESPN.com News Services, June 3, 2011,  .  [2] R.B. Fallstrom, “Matheny critical of Cousins’ hit on Posey,” Associated Press, May 30, 2011,  . collisions, antagonisms, injured, teammates, grudge, retaliation, pitch, hurt, Posey, Brian Sabean, unsportsmanlike, dangerous, unnecessary, Mike Matheny, catcher, remember, hit, critical, Cousins collisions, antagonisms, injuries, plate, grudge, revenge, pitching, hitting, Posey, Sabean, unsportsmanlike, dangerous, unnecessary, plays, catcher, Matheny, memory, notes, retaliation Collisions, antagonisms, injured, grudge, retaliation, pitch, hurt, Posey, Giants, Brian Sabean, unsportsmanlike, dangerous, unnecessary, MLB, catcher, Mike Matheny, memory, run,柱子, stick, notes collisions, antagonisms, injuries, grudges, retribution, pitches, violence, unsportsmanlike, behavior, dangerous, plays, catchers, memory, retaliation, baseball, MLB, Posey, Sabean, Matheny, Cousins, Giants collisions, antagonisms, hurt, plate, injured, teammates, grudge, even, pitch, opportunity, Posey, Giants, Brian Sabean, Cousins, unsportsmanlike, dangerous, unnecessary, former, MLB, catcher, Mike Matheny, forget, hit, notes, stick, run, critical
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con04a	The state can use blocking Twitter and its ilk as precedent to censor the internet in the “public interest”  The state always likes to expand its powers over speech, particularly when that speech is damaging to the government’s credibility. The freedom of speech is a critical right in all free societies precisely because it is the ultimate check ordinary citizens have to challenge the powers that be, to express dissent, and to organize with like-minded people dissatisfied with the way government is running. The internet has been the most powerful and valuable tool in the expansion of individuals’ power of their governments. [1] The state quakes at the raw people power services like Twitter provides. It is the last frontier largely free of the state’s power, and the state has sought to expand its influence. By blocking Twitter the government would be able to get its first foothold in blocking free speech online. [2] The power of that beachhead would serve to give it further credibility in censoring other services online in the public interest. It is much better that the government be kept entirely out of these services, than let them begin the slow creep of intervention that would be a serious threat to the freedom of individuals on the internet.  [1] Anti-Defamation League. “Combating Extremism in Cyberspace”. 2000.   [2] Temperton, J. “Blocking Facebook and Twitter During Riots Threatens Freedom”. Computer Active. 15 August 2011. state, blocking, Twitter, precedent, censor, internet, public interest, expand, powers, speech, damaging, government credibility, freedom of speech, critical right, free societies, check, powers that be, express dissent, organize, government running, internet, powerful tool, expansion, individuals power, quakes, people power, last frontier, state power, blocking free speech, online, foothold, beachhead, credibility, censoring, services, serious threat, freedom, individuals, intervention, Anti-Defamation League, Combating Extremism in Cyberspace, Temperton, Blocking Facebook, Riots, Freedom state, blocking, Twitter, precedent, censor, internet, public interest, expand, powers, speech, damaging, government, credibility, freedom, critical, right, free, societies, check, citizens, challenge, powers, dissent, organize, like-minded, people, dissatisfied, government, running, internet, powerful, valuable, tool, expansion, individuals, power, governments, quakes, raw, people, power, services, last, frontier, free, state, influence, blocking, free, speech, online, government, foothold, beachhead, credibility, censoring, services, public, interest, better, government state, blocking, Twitter, precedent, censor, internet, public interest, expand, powers, speech, damaging, government, credibility, freedom, critical, right, free societies, check, challenge, powers, express, dissent, organize, dissatisfaction, powerful, valuable, tool, expansion, individuals, power, governments, quakes, raw, people, power, services, last, frontier, free, influence, foothold, free speech, online, beachhead, credibility, censoring, services, threats, freedom, individuals, internet, intervention, serious, threat, Anti-Defamation League, Combating Extremism, Cy state, blocking, Twitter, precedent, censor, internet, public interest, expand, powers, speech, damaging, government, credibility, freedom, critical, right, free, societies, check, citizens, challenge, powers, express, dissent, organize, like-minded, people, dissatisfied, running, powerful, valuable, tool, expansion, individuals, government, quakes, raw, power, service, last, frontier, free, influence, foothold, free, speech, online, credibility, censoring, services, better, kept, entirely, out, slow, creep, intervention, threat, individuals, internet, Anti- state, blocking, Twitter, precedent, censor, internet, public interest, expand, powers, speech, damaging, government, credibility, freedom, critical right, free societies, ultimate check, citizens, challenge, dissent, organize, like-minded, unsatisfied, government running, internet, powerful, valuable, expansion, individuals, power, governments, quakes, people power, largely free, state power, foothold, blocking free speech, beachhead, credibility, censoring, services online, public interest, kept out, services, slow creep, intervention, serious threat, freedom, individuals, internet, Anti-Defamation League, Comb
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro01a	"Exposing non-smokers to second-hand smoke goes against their rights.  The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (a list of rights to which the United Nations has declared that all human beings should be entitled) states that ""Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family""1. More than 50 studies carried out worldwide have found that people are at an increased risk of lung cancer if they work or live with somebody who smokes2. Given these very serious health risks, it goes against people's human rights to be exposed to second-hand smoke when they have not chosen to breathe it in. To avoid this happening, smoking should be banned in public places, so that non-smokers can be sure that they will not have to breathe in second-hand smoke.  1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights', General Assembly of the United Nations,   2 'Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking', World Health Organisation, Vol.83, 24 July 2002, Exposure, Non-smokers, Second-hand smoke, Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations, Health, Well-being, Lung cancer, Risk, Smoking, Public places, Ban, Involuntary smoking, World Health Organisation second-hand smoke, non-smokers, rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, health, well-being, lung cancer, studies, risk, smoking ban, public places, involuntary smoking, World Health Organisation second-hand smoke, non-smokers, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, health risks, lung cancer, smoking ban, public places, involuntary smoking, World Health Organisation non-smokers, second-hand smoke, rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, health, well-being, lung cancer, risk, public places, smoking ban, World Health Organisation, involuntary smoking second-hand smoke, non-smokers, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, health risks, lung cancer, public places, smoking ban, involuntary smoking, World Health Organisation"
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-con01a	This is a victory for democracy – a precious Filipino value - clear majorities in both houses and in the wider public support it  Opposition have conveniently glossed over one critical issue in this debate – that the RH Bill has significant popular support [i] . It also, as has been demonstrated that a majority of elected representatives support it. In itself these two facts provide evidence that modern Filipinos are sick of the fact that around half of the 3.4 million pregnancies each year are unplanned or the atrocious reality that 90,000 women a year seek the help of back street abortionists. When many of these go wrong, they were denied access to medical care and around 1,000 die each year as a result [ii] .  The values for the respect for the life of the mother, the value of life of the child, respect for the opinions of the majority, respect for democracy and placing the future of individuals and society above the outdated mythology of the Church would seem to be alive and well in the decision to pass this bill.  [i] Rauhala, Emily, ‘Culture Wars: After a decade of debate, the Philippines passes Reproductive Health Bill’, Time, 17 December 2012.   [ii] Ibid. democracy, Filipino values, RH Bill, popular support, elected representatives, unplanned pregnancies, back street abortionists, maternal deaths, respect for life, maternal health, reproductive rights, Church influence, societal values, legislation, Philippines, Culture Wars, Emily Rauhala, Time Magazine, 2012 democracy, Filipino values, RH Bill, popular support, elected representatives, unplanned pregnancies, back street abortionists, maternal mortality, respect for life, maternal health, reproductive rights, cultural values, legislative decision, Philippines, reproductive health law, public opinion, church influence, societal progress democracy, Filipino, RH Bill, opposition, popular support, elected representatives, unplanned pregnancies, back street abortion, maternal mortality, respect for life, mother, child, society, Church, mythology, reproductive health, culture wars, Philippines, legislative process, public opinion, political values victory, democracy, Filipino, values, majorities, houses, public, support, opposition, RH Bill, popular, majority, representatives, pregnancies, unplanned, abortion, women, medical care, deaths, respect, life, mother, child, opinions, society, Church, mythology, bill, passed, Rauhala, Emily, Culture Wars, Philippines, Reproductive Health Bill, debate, Time, December 2012 democracy, Filipino, RH Bill, popular support, elected representatives, unplanned pregnancies, back street abortionists, maternal deaths, respect for life, reproductive health, culture wars, Philippines, legislative decision, societal values, church influence, public opinion, majority rule, healthcare access, maternal care, legislative debate, abortion safety, women's rights, maternal mortality, political values, social change, religious influence, democratic values, reproductive rights, public health, legislative history, abortion debate, maternal health, unplanned pregnancy, Reproductive Health Law, Filipino society, legislative process, abortion safety, maternal mortality rate, women's health, abortion providers
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-pro02a	Governments have always struggled with the idea of press investigation and freedom of information, claiming Assange is not a journalist is simply a stunt.  We know that most governments struggle with the idea of not having control over information and are suspicious of the media. In a pre-Internet age working with a handful of proprietors made controlling information far easier.  Since the creation of the Internet, the idea of controlling the media has become harder, now there are those who can broadcast themselves directly; a mass of information and opinion that doesn’t rely on the patronage of publishers or political favour.  Assange has simply taken a journalistic position that makes sense for the new media age.  In contrast to the opinion driven mainstream press and much of the blogosphere, Wikileaks actually breaks new stories [1] . New media requires new skills and attitudes of its journalists because the relationship with their readers has changed dramatically but the core of the role, speaking truth to power, remains the same. Furthermore they do so in such a way as allows them to publish their source material and allow the reader themselves to make a judgement as to whether their story really reflects that material. This ability, reflecting effectively limitless capacity for providing textual information, meets the frequently heard desire for news without spin – routinely featured in research into people’s views on the press. This may be a new approach, just as Assange is a new type of Journalist but he is still a journalist.  [1] John Pilger and Julian Assange discuss citizen journalism here . Governments, press investigation, freedom of information, Assange, journalist, media control, Internet, Wikileaks, new media, journalism, source material, citizen journalism, news without spin, John Pilger press investigation, freedom of information, Assange, journalist, government control, media, pre-Internet age, information control, new media age, direct broadcasting, Wikileaks, breaking stories, new media skills, reader relationship, speaking truth to power, source material, news without spin, citizen journalism, Julian Assange, John Pilger press investigation, freedom of information, governments, control over information, media suspicion, pre-Internet age, media control, Internet age, direct broadcasting, new media, Julian Assange, WikiLeaks, journalistic position, new media age, opinion-driven press, breaking new stories, new journalistic skills, reader relationship, speaking truth to power, source material transparency, news without spin, citizen journalism, John Pilger press investigation, freedom of information, Assange, journalist, government control, media suspicion, pre-Internet age, information control, new media age, direct broadcasting, mass information, opinion, journalistic position, new media skills, reader relationship, speaking truth to power, source material, news without spin, citizen journalism, Wikileaks, John Pilger Governments, Press Investigation, Freedom of Information, Assange, Journalist, Media Control, Internet Age, New Media, Wikileaks, Citizen Journalism, Truth to Power, Source Material, News Without Spin, Media Skills, Media Attitudes, John Pilger, Julian Assange
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro05a	Western societies are secularly focused  Many societies are founded on secular values that do not permit the sponsorship of any religion by the state. British society aspires to this and has consciously acted to separate religion from state authority with many organisations such as the National Secular Society encouraging the suppression of any religious expression in public places.1 In this climate it is important that all citizens of the state are seen as equal. If some dress differently to others, deliberately identifying themselves as members of one religion, this can harm the unity and ethos of the state. This holds particularly true for institutions of the state like schools and government offices. In this way, it is possible to deduce that religious symbols are detrimental to the secular and equality focused identity of Western society.  1 'UK: One Law for all and the National Secular Society Back Bill that Aims to Curb Sharia Courts', 11th June 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 Western societies, secular focus, secular values, state religion separation, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression suppression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, religious identity, state unity, school institutions, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Sharia courts, UK law Western societies, secular values, state-religion separation, National Secular Society, religious expression suppression, civic equality, religious dress, unity, state institutions, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, UK, one law for all, Sharia courts Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship, religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, state unity, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, UK, Sharia courts, legal system, religious accommodation, cultural integration Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship, religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, state unity, school institutions, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality focus, UK law, Sharia courts Western societies, secular focus, secular values, state-religion separation, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression suppression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, religious identity, state unity, state institutions, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Western society, UK, Sharia courts, one law for all
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con05a	It is impossible to acquire the information necessary to create a coherent economy  A planned economy requires that the planners have the information necessary to allocate resources in the right way. This is a virtually impossible task.  The world contains trillions of different resources: my labour, iron ore, Hong Kong harbour, pine trees, satellites, car factories – etc. The number of different ways to use, combine and recombine these resources is unimaginably vast.  And almost all of them are useless. For example, it would be a mistake to combine Arnold Schwarzenegger with medical equipment and have him perform brain surgery.  Centralised planning cannot possibly sort through the myriad of way of arranging resources to arrive at the most efficient usage. Only a decentralised price system can achieve this via the institution of private property and associated duties and rights. [1]  [1] Boudreaux, Donald J, ‘Information and Prices’. information, economy, planned, resources, allocation, complexity, centralised, planning, decentralised, price, system, private, property, rights, duties, efficiency, Boudreaux, Donald, J, Information, Prices economy, planned economy, resource allocation, information, resources, labour, iron ore, Hong Kong harbour, pine trees, satellites, car factories, Arnold Schwarzenegger, medical equipment, brain surgery, centralised planning, decentralised price system, private property, duties, rights, Boudreaux, Donald J, Information and Prices impossible, information, coherent, economy, planned, planners, resources, allocation, task, world, trillions, different, labour, iron, ore, Hong, Kong, harbour, pine, trees, satellites, car, factories, useless, mistake, Arnold, Schwarzenegger, medical, equipment, brain, surgery, centralised, planning, sort, myriad, arranging, efficient, usage, decentralised, price, system, institution, private, property, duties, rights, Boudreaux, Donald, J, Information, Prices impossible, information, coherent economy, planned economy, planners, resource allocation, trillions, resources, labour, iron ore, Hong Kong harbour, pine trees, satellites, car factories, ways, combine, recombine, useless, Arnold Schwarzenegger, medical equipment, brain surgery, centralised planning, myriad, efficient usage, decentralised price system, private property, duties, rights, Boudreaux, Donald J, Information and Prices planned economy, resource allocation, information complexity, central planning, decentralized price system, private property, economic efficiency, resource combinations, market mechanisms, economic information, Donald Boudreaux, information and prices
test-international-epglghbni-pro05a	Economic efficiency  A Unified Ireland would be better off economically. “Ireland is too small for two separate administrations….There is a draw towards the greater integration of services, structures and bodies on an all-Ireland basis in order to deliver quality services and economies of scale.” – Martin McGuinness, Deputy First Minister for Northern Ireland*  Having two electricity grids, two transport networks, two separate police and judiciary hamper economic growth and waste resources that could be better used in a unified system, as cost would lower as efficiency rises.  *McGuinness, 2010, Economic efficiency, Unified Ireland, Martin McGuinness, Two administrations, Integration, Services, Structures, Bodies, All-Ireland, Quality services, Economies of scale, Electricity grids, Transport networks, Police, Judiciary, Economic growth, Resource waste, Cost reduction, System unification Economic efficiency, Unified Ireland, Martin McGuinness, Integration, Services, Structures, Bodies, All-Ireland, Quality services, Economies of scale, Electricity grids, Transport networks, Police, Judiciary, Economic growth, Resource allocation, Cost reduction, System unification Economic efficiency, unified Ireland, Martin McGuinness, integration, services, structures, bodies, all-Ireland, quality services, economies of scale, electricity grids, transport networks, police, judiciary, economic growth, resource allocation, unified system, cost reduction, efficiency improvement Economic efficiency, Unified Ireland, Martin McGuinness, administrations, integration, services, structures, bodies, all-Ireland, quality services, economies of scale, electricity grids, transport networks, police, judiciary, economic growth, resources, unified system, cost reduction, efficiency increase Economic efficiency, Unified Ireland, Martin McGuinness, small country, two administrations, integration, services, structures, bodies, all-Ireland, quality services, economies of scale, electricity grids, transport networks, police, judiciary, economic growth, resource waste, unified system, lower costs, efficiency rise
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro05a	"It may be necessary to limit trial by jury in cases where it is impossible to recruit an impartial jury.  Especially in cases of nationalist conflict or terrorist attacks, it may be extremely difficult to have a non-biased jury. In Northern Island, for example, jurors may sympathize with violent offenders and acquit them despite a preponderance of evidence. Similarly, it can be a struggle to appoint non-biased juries for terrorism trials post 9/11. In 2003, the ""Lackwana Six"" were accused of aiding a foreign terrorist organization. The magistrate noted that ""Understandably, the infamous, dastardly and tragic deeds and events of September 11, 2001 have caused a maelstrom of human emotions to ... create a human reservoir of strong emotional feelings such as fear, anxiety and hatred as well as a feeling of paranoia... These are strong emotions of a negative nature which, if not appropriately checked, cause the ability of one to properly reason to ... be blinded."" Questions about jury impartiality have been raised in multiple similar cases, even leading some defendants to claim that they pled guilty out of resignation that the jury would inevitably be biased and refuse to acquit.1 The implication is that in some trials, juries may be unable to make impartial decisions, thus making the trial unfair. The only way for justice to be done, in such cases, is to allow a judge to decide the verdict.  1Laura K. Donohue, ""Terrorism and Trial by Jury: The Vices and Virtues of British and American Criminal Law"" trial by jury, impartial jury, nationalist conflict, terrorist attacks, Northern Ireland, jurors, violent offenders, acquittal, terrorism trials, 9/11, Lackawana Six, emotional impact, fear, anxiety, hatred, paranoia, jury bias, defendants, guilty plea, judicial verdict, fair trial, Laura K. Donohue, Terrorism and Trial by Jury, British law, American law jury impartiality, terrorist attacks, nationalist conflict, non-biased jury, Northern Ireland, terrorism trials, post 9/11, Lackwana Six, emotional bias, fear, anxiety, hatred, paranoia, jury bias, judge verdict, fair trial, Laura K. Donohue, Terrorism and Trial by Jury, British and American Criminal Law jury impartiality, terrorist attacks, nationalist conflict, non-biased juries, Northern Ireland, post 9/11 trials, Lackwana Six, emotional bias, jury decisions, judge verdict, fair trial, terrorism cases, Laura K. Donohue, British and American criminal law, jury bias, trial by jury limitations, justice system, prejudiced jurors trial by jury, impartial jury, nationalist conflict, terrorist attacks, Northern Ireland, post 9/11, Lackawana Six, emotional bias, jury impartiality, fair trial, judge decision, terrorism cases, Laura K. Donohue, British and American law jury, impartiality, nationalist conflict, terrorist attacks, Northern Ireland, post 9/11, Lackwana Six, terrorism trials, jury bias, judge, trial fairness, Laura K. Donohue, Terrorism and Trial by Jury, British and American Criminal Law"
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-pro03a	Returning to the 1967 borders would bring peace to Israel.  If Israel were to withdraw to its 1967 borders, the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) would recognise Israel as legitimate within its remaining territories and end the conflict. In October 2010 Senior Palestine Liberation Organization official Yasser Abed Rabbo said that the Palestinians will be willing to recognize the State of Israel in any way that it desires, if the Americans would only present a map of the future Palestinian state that includes all of the territories captured in 1967, including East Jerusalem. “We want to receive a map of the State of Israel which Israel wants us to accept. If the map will be based on the 1967 borders and will not include our land, our houses and East Jerusalem, we will be willing to recognize Israel according to the formulation of the government within the hour... Any formulation [presented to us] – even asking us to call Israel the 'Chinese State' – we will agree to it, as long as we receive the 1967 borders ” added Rabbo. [1] Even Ismail Haniyeh, leader of the more extreme Hamas organisation, has said Hamas will accept a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and will offer Israel a “long term truce” if it withdraws accordingly. [2] Significant international support for Israel withdrawing to the 1967 borders also exists, even from states with a history of hostility with Israel such as Iran and Saudi Arabia, who have made such a withdrawal a precondition of peace and recognition talks with Israel. [3] [4] Even then-Israeli Prime Miniser Ehud Olmert acknowledged in 2008 that “almost all” of the territory seized during the Six-Day War in 1967 will have to be given back to the Palestinians return for peace. [5] Therefore Israel should withdraw to its 1967 borders as this would bring peace and security to Israel by ending the conflict with the Palestinians and neighbouring states.  [1] Haaretz. “PLO chief: We will recognize Israel in return for 1967 borders”. Haaretz.com. 13 October 2010.   [2] Amira Hass News Agencies, Haaretz. “willing to accept a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders”. Haaretz.com. 9 November 2008.   [3] Al-Quds. “Ahmadinezhad and the Implications of the Two-State Solution”. Pro-Fatah Palestinian newspaper Al-Quds. 29 April 2009  [4] UPI.com. “Saudi to Israel: Return to 1967 borders”. UPI.com. 5 November 2010.   [5] MacIntyre, Donald. “Israel will have to reinstate pre-1967 border for peace deal, Olmert admits”. The Independent. 30 Septemebr 2008. 1967 borders, peace, Israel, Palestinian Liberation Organisation, PLO, recognition, conflict, Yasser Abed Rabbo, Palestinian state, East Jerusalem, Ismail Haniyeh, Hamas, long term truce, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Ehud Olmert, Six-Day War, security, two-state solution, Ahmadinezhad, UPI, The Independent, Donald MacIntyre, Pro-Fatah, Al-Quds 1967 borders, peace, Israel, Palestinian Liberation Organisation, PLO, recognition, conflict, Yasser Abed Rabbo, territories, East Jerusalem, map, state, acceptance, formulation, Ismail Haniyeh, Hamas, long term truce, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, peace talks, Ehud Olmert, Six-Day War, security, Palestinians, neighbouring states, Pro-Fatah, Palestinian, Two-State Solution, Ahmadinezhad, UPI, The Independent, MacIntyre, Donald 1967 borders, peace, Israel, Palestinian Liberation Organisation, PLO, recognition, conflict, Yasser Abed Rabbo, Palestinian state, East Jerusalem, Ismail Haniyeh, Hamas, long term truce, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, peace talks, Ehud Olmert, Six-Day War, security, Palestinian territories, Haaretz, Al-Quds, UPI, The Independent, Donald MacIntyre, Ahmadinezhad, two-state solution 1967 borders, peace, Israel, Palestinian Liberation Organisation, PLO, recognition, conflict, Yasser Abed Rabbo, Palestinian state, East Jerusalem, Ismail Haniyeh, Hamas, long term truce, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, peace talks, Ehud Olmert, Six-Day War, territory, security, Al-Quds, Saudi, UPI, The Independent, MacIntyre, Donald 1967 borders, peace, Israel, Palestinian Liberation Organisation, PLO, recognition, conflict, Yasser Abed Rabbo, Palestinian state, East Jerusalem, Ismail Haniyeh, Hamas, long term truce, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Ehud Olmert, Six-Day War, security, Palestinian territories, two-state solution, Ahmadinezhad, Saudi peace initiative, UPI, The Independent, MacIntyre, Donald
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-pro01a	Stability is more important than reform  Since the fall of communism, Russia has plunged into a deep economic recession. The introduction of market reforms and privatization has led to a swift increase in inequalities coupled with an increase in corruption. The chaos of economic and political reform, along with the chaos of the break-up of former USSR, has left the majority of the population both disillusioned and distrustful of their government. In a period of such chaos, stability seems to be much more important than reform. A strong leader is the only solution to providing such stability, setting a clear direction and pulling a country at risk of falling apart together again. This is also proven from various polls among the Russian population – “…The most eye-catching statistic is the overwhelming majority of respondents who say that order is more important for Russia than democracy – 72 per cent, with 16 per cent responding conversely.” (1) stability, reform, communism, Russia, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequalities, corruption, political reform, USSR, disillusionment, distrust, government, chaos, strong leader, direction, unity, polls, Russian population, order, democracy stability, reform, post-communism, Russia, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequality, corruption, political chaos, USSR dissolution, public distrust, strong leadership, public opinion, order, democracy, Russian polls, social cohesion, governance, political stability stability, reform, post-communism, Russia, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequality, corruption, political chaos, disillusionment, government distrust, strong leader, order, democracy, public opinion, poll, USSR collapse, social cohesion stability, reform, post-communism, Russia, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequality, corruption, political chaos, USSR breakup, public distrust, strong leadership, order, democracy, public opinion polls stability, reform, Russia, communism, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequalities, corruption, political reform, USSR, disillusionment, distrust, government, chaos, strong leader, clear direction, national unity, public opinion, order, democracy, polls, Russian population
test-economy-beghwbh-con03a	There have been similar suggestions before for intercity travel  The Hyperloop is not the first proposal to use tubes with low – or no – pressure in them. A very high speed train was proposed by Robert M. Salter in 1972. This as a train running in a vacuum would have gone substantially faster than anything that is currently being proposed travelling at around 3000 mph. [1]  Nor is this the first proposal for a pneumatic transport system; such trains were around in the 19th century. They were first proposed as far back as 1812 [2] and several short demonstration tracks were constructed such as the Beach Pneumatic Transit in New York which opened in 1870. [3] Such idea has not got off the ground in the past and there seems no reason why they should now when the basic technology is pretty much the same.  [1] Salter, Robert M., ‘The Very High Speed Transit System’, RAND Corporation, 1972,   [2] Medhurst, George, ‘Calculations and Remarks, Tending to Prove the Practicability, Effects and Advantages of a Plan for the Rapid Conveyance of Goods and Passengers: Upon an Iron Road Through a Tube of 30 Feet in Area, by the Power and Velocity of Air’, D.N. Shury, 1812,   [3] Mihm, Stephen, ‘New York Had a Hyperloop First, Elon Musk’, Bloomberg, 14 August 2013, Hyperlloop, intercity travel, low-pressure tubes, high-speed train, Robert M. Salter, 1972, vacuum train, 3000 mph, pneumatic transport system, 19th century, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, 1870, technology, history, innovation, Elon Musk, rapid conveyance, George Medhurst, D.N. Shury, 1812, Stephen Mihm, Bloomberg, 2013 Intercity travel, Hyperloop, Robert M. Salter, Very High Speed Transit System, pneumatic transport system, 19th century, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, 1870, George Medhurst, Rapid Conveyance, Iron Road, Air Power, Velocity, RAND Corporation, Bloomberg, Stephen Mihm, 1812, 1972, 2013, Tubes, Low pressure, Vacuum, Train, 3000 mph Intercity travel, Hyperloop, low-pressure tubes, Robert M. Salter, very high speed train, vacuum, 3000 mph, pneumatic transport system, 19th century, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, 1870, RAND Corporation, 1972, George Medhurst, 1812, D.N. Shury, Stephen Mihm, Bloomberg, 2013 Intercity travel, Hyperloop, low-pressure tubes, Robert M. Salter, 1972, very high speed train, vacuum, 3000 mph, pneumatic transport system, 19th century, 1812, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, 1870, technology, Elon Musk Hyperloop, intercity travel, low-pressure tubes, Robert M. Salter, 1972, very high speed train, vacuum, 3000 mph, pneumatic transport system, 19th century, 1812, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, 1870, technology, infrastructure, Elon Musk, historical proposals, Rapid Conveyance, George Medhurst, D.N. Shury, Stephen Mihm, Bloomberg
test-economy-bepighbdb-pro02a	Dictatorships assure low cost political stability  Due to the lack of rotation in office, a dictatorship allows for a more stable government with more ability to plan for the long term, which is crucial for attracting foreign investment.  Given that a democracy requires regular elections, each election can change the economic environment of a country. A change in government may lead to a switch in policies, partisan appointments to government bodies, and a medium term focus always set on the next election.  Close elections can lead to disorder as votes are recounted and appeals lodged in the courts. After the 2006 Mexican presidential election, tight results lead to popular unrest and mass protests calling for a recount. The president elect had to deal with a large legislative faction that did not recognise him, and his opponent refused to concede defeat. [1] Without a stable framework, the lack of foreign confidence may impede development. The countries that have developed rapidly have tended to be those that have managed to attract this foreign direct investment thus in 2012 China managed to get $243 billion of FDI (18% of the total) against only $175 billion for the United States which is still a much bigger economy. [2]  Additionally the resources needed to operate a democratic society and run elections are a large expense for the state and society as a whole; the US presidential election costs $6bn, [3] money which would be much better spent investing in building infrastructure or businesses.  [1] See for example the case of Mexico’s 2006 elections. ‘Mass protest over Mexico election’, BBC News, 9 July 2006,  ‘Fracas mars Mexico inauguration’, BBC News, 2 December 2006,   [2] OECD, ‘FDI in Figures’, April 2013,   [3] Hebblethwaite, Cordelia, ‘US election: How can it cost $6bn?’, BBC News, 2 August 2012, dictatorship, low-cost, political-stability, lack-rotation, office, stable-government, long-term-planning, foreign-investment, democracy, regular-elections, economic-environment, policy-changing, partisan-appointments, medium-term-focus, election-disorder, vote-recount, court-appeals, post-election-unrest, foreign-confidence, development, foreign-direct-investment, China-FDI, US-FDI, election-costs, democratic-society, election-resources, infrastructure-investment, business-investment, Mexico-election-2006, US-election-cost-2012 dictatorships, low cost, political stability, lack of rotation, stable government, long-term planning, foreign investment, democracy, regular elections, economic environment, policy changes, partisan appointments, medium-term focus, close elections, disorder, vote recounts, court appeals, popular unrest, mass protests, legislative factions, foreign confidence, development, foreign direct investment, China, United States, election costs, state expenses, society expenses, infrastructure investment, business investment, Mexico 2006 elections, US presidential election costs dictatorship, political stability, low cost, government planning, long term, foreign investment, democracy, regular elections, economic environment, policy change, partisan appointments, medium term focus, close elections, disorder, vote recounts, court appeals, popular unrest, mass protests, foreign confidence, development, foreign direct investment, China, United States, election costs, infrastructure, businesses, Mexico, 2006 elections, BBC News, OECD, FDI in Figures, US presidential election, Cordelia Hebblethwaite, BBC News, election expenses, state expenses, societal expenses, infrastructure investment, business investment dictatorship, low cost, political stability, lack of rotation, stable government, long-term planning, foreign investment, democracy, regular elections, economic environment, policy change, partisan appointments, medium-term focus, close elections, disorder, vote recount, appeals, court, popular unrest, mass protests, stable framework, foreign confidence, development, foreign direct investment, China, United States, election costs, democratic society, US presidential election, infrastructure, businesses, Mexico 2006 elections, FDI in Figures, OECD, BBC News, Hebblethwaite Cordelia, US election cost dictatorships, political stability, low cost, democracy, elections, government change, foreign investment, economic environment, policy shifts, partisan appointments, election disorder, recounts, popular unrest, protests, legislative opposition, foreign confidence, development, China, FDI, United States, democratic society, election costs, infrastructure, businesses, Mexico, 2006 elections, presidential election, BBC News, OECD, FDI in Figures, Cordelia Hebblethwaite, US election costs
test-international-ghbunhf-con05a	As world becomes more globalised, the need for a global forum for resolving problems becomes ever more important.  In a globalised economy nations depend on each other as never before, and the costs of war and conflict grow ever higher. So it is more important than ever than countries have a forum for resolving their disputes and simply talking to each other. Regional bodies such as the EU or ASEAN can perform some of these functions, and specialised bodies such as the WTO some others; but there can never be a substitute for the global forum provided by the UN. If the United Nations did not exist, we would have to invent it. [1]  [1] Hammarskjold, Dag. “Do We Need The United Nations?”. Address to the Students’ Association, Copenhagen, 2nd May 1959. www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/docs/needun.pdf globalisation, global, forum, resolving, problems, globalised, economy, nations, depend, costs, war, conflict, countries, disputes, talking, regional, bodies, EU, ASEAN, specialised, WTO, global, forum, United, Nations, UN, Hammarskjold, Dag, address, students, association, Copenhagen, 1959 globalisation, global forum, resolving problems, globalised economy, interdependence, costs of war, conflict, dispute resolution, international dialogue, regional bodies, EU, ASEAN, specialised bodies, WTO, United Nations, global governance, international cooperation, peacekeeping, Dag Hammarskjold, UN significance, necessity of UN globalisation, global forum, resolving problems, globalised economy, interdependence, costs of war, conflict, dispute resolution, international communication, regional bodies, EU, ASEAN, specialised bodies, WTO, United Nations, global governance, international cooperation, peace, diplomacy, Hammarskjold, Dag, UN importance, world peace, international relations, global community, global challenges, international law, global security, multilateralism, global dialogue, international conflict, global stability, global cooperation, international organisations, global policy, global issues, international peacekeeping, UN role, global decision-making, international agreements, global leadership, global partnerships, international globalisation, global forum, resolving problems, globalised economy, interdependence, costs of war, conflict, international disputes, dialogue, regional bodies, EU, ASEAN, specialised bodies, WTO, United Nations, UN, necessity, Hammarskjold, Dag, address, students, Copenhagen, 1959, historical perspective, importance of UN globalisation, global forum, problem resolution, interdependence, war costs, conflict, dispute resolution, international dialogue, regional bodies, EU, ASEAN, specialised bodies, WTO, United Nations, UN, Dag Hammarskjold, necessity, global governance, international cooperation, peace, diplomacy, conflict prevention, global issues, international community, global stability, international relations, global peacekeeping, UN importance, global challenges, international law, global security, world peace, international forums, global decision-making, international organizations, global cooperation, international institutions, global policy, global sustainability, international treaties, global economic stability, international trade, global environmental issues
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro03a	"If there were a God there would be irrefutable evidence of His existence and people would feel compelled to belief by the fact of it:  Many people do not believe in God, and the ranks of atheists are growing every day, particularly in the developed world. It seems that as human knowledge of the Universe expands and as social institutions develop and improve, people feel less dependent upon the crutch of religious faith, and place greater store in reason. [1] If God existed He would make His existence clear to all humanity, not just to a chosen few. In so doing His wisdom would naturally drown out an earthly knowledge, which would obviously be inferior to any that might be furnished by an omniscient being. [2] God has clearly never imparted His wisdom to people since no such divine wisdom exists in any holy book. Were there a correct holy book currently in use, it would necessarily be the only one, because everyone would acknowledge its superiority at once. Reality shows all holy books to be flawed works of flawed men. There is no glimmer of divine spark in any of them, and the only thing that separates most of them from the ravings of madmen is that large groups of people have chosen to believe them. The more reasonable conclusion is one of atheism, and that people believe in God out of ignorance, not revelation.  [1] Drange, Theodore. 1998. ""Nonbelief as Support for Atheism"". Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy.  [2] Schellenberg, John. 2005. ""The Hiddenness Argument Revisited"". Religious Studies 41. atheism, irrefutable evidence, existence of God, belief in God, nonbelief, theism, divine wisdom, holy books, religious faith, reason, omniscience, ignorance, divine spark, atheists, social institutions, human knowledge, universe, chosen few, hiddenness argument, Theodore Drange, John Schellenberg atheism, nonbelief, divine evidence, irrefutable proof, human knowledge, social institutions, religious faith, reason, omniscient being, holy books, divine wisdom, flawed works, ignorance, revelation, Theodore Drange, John Schellenberg, hiddenness argument God, existence, evidence, belief, atheism, developed world, human knowledge, universe, social institutions, religious faith, reason, wisdom, omniscient being, holy books, divine wisdom, flaws, ignorance, revelation, Theodore Drange, John Schellenberg, hiddenness argument atheism, irrefutable evidence, God's existence, disbelief, atheists, developed world, human knowledge, social institutions, religious faith, reason, divine wisdom, omniscient being, holy books, flawed works, divine spark, nonbelief, atheism support, hiddenness argument, Theodore Drange, John Schellenberg atheism, nonbelief, evidence, God, existence, religious faith, human knowledge, social institutions, reason, omniscient, wisdom, holy books, divine, flawed, ignorance, revelation, Theodore Drange, John Schellenberg, hiddenness argument, atheism support, Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, Religious Studies"
test-science-ascidfakhba-con04a	Artists often rely on copyright protection to financially support themselves and their families  Artists as they are often not paid for anything else may rely on their creative output to support themselves. This is certainly no crime, and existing copyright laws recognize this fact. Artists often rely wholly on their ability to sell and profit from their work. This policy serves to drain them of that potential revenue, as their work is shunted into creative commons, and available to all. Artists often also have families to support, and putting the added financial burden on them of stripping them of their copyright only serves to further those problems as they exist. A robust system of copyright is a much better protection to struggling and successful artists alike who like all talented individuals seek to assuage their material wants. Artists cannot live on appreciation alone. With much less secure copyright many would have to find other work. Artists, copyright, financial support, families, creative output, sell, profit, work, revenue, creative commons, financial burden, copyright laws, robust system, protection, struggling artists, successful artists, material wants, appreciation, secure copyright, other work artists, copyright, financial, support, families, creative, output, profit, revenue, creative-commons, policy, burden, robust, protection, struggling, successful, appreciation, secure, work Artists, Copyright, Protection, Financial, Support, Families, Creative, Output, Paid, Work, Revenue, Creative Commons, Policy, Struggle, Successful, Talented, Appreciation, Employment artists, copyright, financial, support, families, creative, output, sell, profit, work, policy, creative commons, revenue, burden, robust, protection, struggling, successful, talented, material, wants, appreciation, secure, find, other, job Artists, Copyright, Financial Support, Families, Creative Output, Existing Copyright Laws, Sell, Profit, Policy, Creative Commons, Potential Revenue, Added Financial Burden, Robust System, Protection, Struggling Artists, Successful Artists, Material Wants, Appreciation, Less Secure Copyright, Other Work
test-economy-epsihbdns-con03a	"Rural life is miserable and has higher mortality rates than cities  This planet does not find worse living standards anywhere than in the rural areas of developing countries. These are the areas where famine, child mortality and diseases (such as AIDS) plague the people. [1] China’s Hukou system has condemned millions of people to premature death by locking them in areas that never will develop. [2] While the cities enjoy the benefits of 12% growth, the villages are as poor and deprived as ever. [3] It is a poorly concealed policy aimed at maintaining a gaping social cleavage and allowing the rich to remain rich.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1.  [2] Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine. London : Walker &amp; Company, 2010. 0802777686.  [3] Wang, Fei-Ling. “Organising through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System"". 2005. Rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban food security, social cleavage, economic disparity, Mao's Great Famine, Fei-Ling Wang, Frank Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell, Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty, village deprivation, urban-rural divide rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban food security, social cleavage, wealth inequality, Mao's Great Famine, Fei-Ling Wang, Frank Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell, Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty, village deprivation rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, urban development, social cleavage, poverty, political economy, urban food security, Mao's Great Famine, Fei-Ling Wang, Frank Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell, sub-Saharan Africa, social policy, economic growth, rural deprivation, urban-rural gap rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, social cleavage, poverty, deprivation, growth disparity, political economy, Fei-Ling Wang, Frank Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell Rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, China, Hukou system, urban food security, social cleavage, economic development, poverty, deprivation, political economy, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, Fei-Ling Wang, Frank Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell"
test-international-aegmeppghw-con04a	Turkey would be an unstable Muslim state in a traditionally Christian union  Turkey’s citizens may be Muslims, but the state is as firmly secular as France in terms of its constitution and government. The new Justice and Development Party (AK) which is currently in government is not seeking to overturn the secular constitution, although it does want to amend some laws that positively discriminate against devout Muslims. These include rules such as the ban on women wearing headscarves in government buildings; restrictions on expressing religious belief which would break human rights laws within the EU.  Regardless of one's beliefs surrounding Turkey's possible ascension to the European Union, the fact that the nation's predominant religion is Islam is surely not one of the issues to be considered. Millions of Muslims already live within the EU; excluding Turkey from membership on the grounds of religion would suggest these European Muslims were second-class citizens in a Christian club. It would also presumably rule out future EU entry for Albania, Bosnia and Kosovo. If the EU is to be regarded as an institution that promotes freedom for the citizens of its member states then surely this also means that it promotes freedom of religion. If EU member states are fearful of building closer relations with Islam, which they will inevitably have to, proceeding with the world's most moderate and 'western' Islamic country is the most logical first step. The EU should welcome a state which could provide a positive example of how Islam is completely compatible with democracy, progress and human rights. Turkey, unstable, Muslim, state, Christian, union, citizens, Muslims, secular, constitution, government, Justice and Development Party, AK, amend, laws, headscarves, government buildings, religious belief, human rights, EU, excluding, ascension, religion, second-class, citizens, Christian club, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, freedom, religion, Islam, moderate, western, Islamic, democracy, progress, human rights, positive example, compatible Turkey, Muslim, state, Christian, union, citizens, Islam, secular, constitution, Justice and Development Party, AK, government, headscarves, religious belief, human rights, European Union, ascension, exclusion, religion, Muslims, EU, freedom, democracy, progress, human rights, moderate, Islamic, compatible, democracy, positive example Turkey, unstable, Muslim, state, Christian, union, citizens, Islam, secular, constitution, government, Justice and Development Party, AK, secular constitution, laws, devout Muslims, headscarves, government buildings, religious belief, human rights, EU, Muslims, European Union, exclusion, religion, second-class citizens, Christian club, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, freedom, religion, closer relations, Islam, moderate, western, Islamic country, democracy, progress, human rights, positive example, compatibility Turkey, unstable, Muslim, state, Christian, union, secular, constitution, government, Justice and Development Party, AK, headscarves, religious belief, human rights, EU, Muslims, ascension, exclusion, religion, second-class citizens, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, freedom, democracy, progress, human rights, compatible, Islam, Western, moderate, relations, logical first step, positive example, membership, diversity, secularism, integration, European Union, political Islam, constitutional amendments, religious expression, democratic values, international relations, multiculturalism, religious freedom, political stability, geopolitical strategy Turkey, unstable, Muslim, Christian, union, secular, constitution, government, Justice and Development Party, AK, headscarves, government buildings, religious belief, human rights, EU, citizens, second-class, exclusion, religion, Christianity, Albanian, Bosnian, Kosovo, freedom, Islam, democracy, progress, human rights, compatibility, moderate, Western, Islamic, state, positive example, EU membership, accession, fear, closer relations, logical step, promotion, religious freedom
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro03a	China will simply get similar products elsewhere  In a global marketplace, if EU states don't sell China arms, others will. Russia and Israel [1] already sell China much high-tech military material, between 2001 and 2010 Russia sold over $16billion of arms to China. [2] As Israel is a key American ally, US criticism of Europe over lifting this ban is particularly unfair. It is in Europe's economic interest to gain part of the huge Chinese market and so safeguard European jobs. And if European arms industries cannot find export markets, their production for domestic military forces is simply not enough to support the cost of research and development, [3] so our indigenous arms sector may collapse.  [1] BBC News, ‘US ‘anger’ at Israel weapons sale’, 2004.   [2] Ottens, Nick, ‘Russian Arms Sales to China Drying Up’, 2010.   [3] Ashbourne, Alex, ‘Opening the US Defence Market’, 2011, p1. China, global marketplace, EU, arms sales, Russia, Israel, high-tech military material, US criticism, European economic interest, Chinese market, European jobs, arms industry, export markets, research and development, indigenous arms sector, collapse, BBC News, Russian Arms Sales, Opening the US Defence Market China, global marketplace, EU, arms sales, Russia, Israel, high-tech military, $16billion, US criticism, economic interest, Chinese market, European jobs, arms industries, research and development, indigenous arms sector, collapse, BBC News, Russian Arms Sales, Opening the US Defence Market China, global marketplace, EU, arms sales, Russia, Israel, high-tech military material, US criticism, European economic interest, Chinese market, European jobs, arms industries, export markets, domestic military forces, research and development, indigenous arms sector, US Defence Market China, EU, arms sales, Russia, Israel, US criticism, economic interest, European jobs, arms industry, research and development, indigenous sector, global marketplace, high-tech military material, export markets, domestic forces, production costs, defence market China, global marketplace, EU, arms sales, Russia, Israel, high-tech military material, US criticism, economic interest, Chinese market, European jobs, arms industries, research and development, indigenous arms sector, export markets, domestic military forces, production costs, US Defence Market, Ashbourne, Ottens, BBC News
test-law-tlcplghwfne-con01a	"Creating needle exchange may normalise drug-taking behaviour  Needle exchanges increase drug use. The state implicitly accepts that drug use is an acceptable practice when it aids drug users in practicing their habit. As such drug users feel less afraid of taking drugs. This can extend to first time users who might be encouraged by friends to take drugs using the morally grey area created by needle exchanges as an argument.  Further, it is principally wrong that the state should help those who choose to take drugs to begin with. In doing so these people are choosing to firstly harm themselves and secondly cause harm to society as well as contravene the law. The state should exist in such a way that should someone contravene the law they be punished, not rewarded with extra supplies from the taxpayer with no further strings.1  1. Toni Meyer. ""Making the case for opposing needle  exchange"". New Jersey Family Policy Council. November 16, 2007. needle exchange, normalise drug-taking, increase drug use, state implication, drug user confidence, first-time users, moral grey area, state responsibility, self-harm, societal harm, law contravention, taxpayer burden, punishment, reward, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council needle exchange, drug use, normalise behaviour, state acceptance, drug users, harm reduction, moral grey area, first time users, societal harm, law contravention, taxpayer funds, punishment, reward, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council needle exchange, drug use, normalise, behaviour, state acceptance, drug users, first time users, moral grey area, state responsibility, harm, society, law, punishment, taxpayer, supplies, no strings, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council, case opposing, policy, health, addiction, public safety, ethics, legal implications, moral arguments, social impact, public health, harm reduction, substance abuse, law enforcement, community standards, drug policy, moral hazard, enablement, drug culture needle exchange, drug-taking behavior, increase drug use, state acceptance, drug users, first time users, moral grey area, state responsibility, harm to society, law contravention, punishment, taxpayer funding, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council needle exchange, drug use, normalise, behaviour, state acceptance, drug users, first time users, moral grey area, state responsibility, law contravention, punishment, taxpayer funding, harm reduction, public health, addiction, social impact, legal drugs, policy, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council"
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro02a	This ban would lower healthcare costs.  The health problems that smokers experience cost taxpayers (where healthcare is provided by the government) or the individual (for private healthcare) a lot of money. Decreasing the number of smokers – as a result of a reduction in both “social smokers” (those who smoke when out with friends) and “passive smokers” (those who do not smoke themselves but are exposed to the second-hand smoke of others) – will lead to a decrease in these healthcare costs. This has been reported – for example – in Arizona, where a study found that hospital admissions due to diagnoses for which there is evidence for a cause by smoking have decreased since the statewide smoking ban, and that costs have thus decreased [1] .  [1] Herman, Patricia M., and Walsh, Michele E. “Hospital Admissions for Acute Myocardial Infarction, Angina, Stroke, and Asthma After Implementation of Arizona’s Comprehensive Statewide Smoking Ban. American Journal of Public Health. 101(3). March 2011. healthcare costs, smokers, taxpayers, individual, private healthcare, social smokers, passive smokers, second-hand smoke, healthcare costs reduction, Arizona, smoking ban, hospital admissions, smoking-related diagnoses, costs decrease, Patricia M. Herman, Michele E. Walsh, American Journal of Public Health, Acute Myocardial Infarction, Angina, Stroke, Asthma smoking ban, healthcare costs, taxpayers, individual costs, social smokers, passive smokers, second-hand smoke, Arizona, hospital admissions, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, smoking ban effects, public health, Patricia M. Herman, Michele E. Walsh, American Journal of Public Health smoking ban, healthcare costs, taxpayers, private healthcare, social smokers, passive smokers, second-hand smoke, Arizona, hospital admissions, smoking-related diagnoses, cost reduction, public health, comprehensive statewide smoking ban, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma smoking ban, healthcare costs, taxpayers, individual costs, social smokers, passive smokers, health problems, Arizona study, hospital admissions, smoking-related diagnoses, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, statewide smoking ban, public health, second-hand smoke, reduction in smoking, cost reduction, health benefits, smoking policy, government-provided healthcare, private healthcare smoking ban, healthcare costs, taxpayers, social smokers, passive smokers, hospital admissions, Arizona, smoking-related diseases, cost reduction, public health, second-hand smoke, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, statewide smoking ban, health economics, tobacco control, epidemiology, medical expenses
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con01a	Blocking social networks will not work  How are the police to block social networks when riots are ongoing? The idea that blocking an individual network like Twitter would stop online networking and reporting during riots is laughable and misunderstands the rapidity with which the internet community adapts to changed circumstances and attempts at censorship. Blocking Twitter might work once, but never again. This is why there have been suggestions that the police would go further and either cut off the internet or phone networks as they would effectively need to impose a communications blackout in order for it to be successful, much as the Chinese does in Tibet when there is unrest. [1] Even then the action may not work, rioters will likely simply post pictures and encouragement for the next night’s rioting once the internet and mobile connections are restored as governments would have to do if they did not want to affect the law abiding majority during the day.  [1] Branigan, T., “China cut off internet in area of Tibetan unrest”, The Guardian, 3 February 2012. Blocking, social networks, police, riots, Twitter, online networking, reporting, censorship, internet community, adaptation, attempts, suggestions, cut off, internet, phone networks, communications blackout, China, Tibet, unrest, action, effectiveness, rioters, pictures, encouragement, government, law abiding, majority Blocking, social networks, police, riots, Twitter, online networking, reporting, internet community, censorship, communications blackout, internet cut off, phone networks, Chinese, Tibet, unrest, pictures, encouragement, rioting, law abiding majority, Branigan, The Guardian blocking, social networks, police, riots, Twitter, online networking, reporting, internet community, adaptation, censorship, internet, phone networks, communications blackout, Chinese, Tibet, unrest, pictures, encouragement, law abiding majority Blocking, social networks, police, riots, Twitter, online networking, reporting, internet community, censorship, internet blackout, communications blackout, Chinese, Tibet, unrest, rioters, pictures, encouragement, law abiding majority, internet restoration, mobile connections, government action blocking, social networks, police, riots, Twitter, online networking, reporting, internet community, censorship, communication blackout, internet, phone networks, Chinese, Tibet, unrest, Branigan, The Guardian, pictures, encouragement, rioting, law abiding, majority
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-pro02a	Overcomes prejudice  Affirmative action is required to overcome existing prejudice in universities’ admissions procedures. There is clear prejudice in the job market, as shown in a study by Marianne Bertrand, an associate professor at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, and Sendhil Mullainathan of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [1] [2] Following this line of thinking, it is therefore not a far-fetched idea that admissions departments in top universities are likely to be discriminating against applicants from minority backgrounds, even if this process is not deliberate. A senior academic will look to see in applicants qualities they see in themselves, so, given the overwhelmingly white, affluent, male makeup of the academic community, minorities are at a disadvantage even if the admissions officer is not intending to discriminate against them. Prejudice towards certain types of applicants is blatantly unfair, and also undermines meritocracy (as explained above). Since we do not expect applicants from minority backgrounds to actually be worse applicants, it makes sense to require universities to take more of them, so as to protect the system from any bias that may exist.  [1] Bertrand, M. “Racial Bias in Hiring”. Spring 2003.   [2] BBC News Magazine. “Is it wrong to note 100m winners are always black?” August 27, 2011. prejudice, affirmative action, universities, admissions, job market, study, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, discrimination, minority backgrounds, academic community, meritocracy, racial bias, hiring, BBC News Magazine prejudice, affirmative action, university admissions, job market discrimination, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, minority applicants, academic community, meritocracy, racial bias, BBC News Magazine, diversity in higher education overcomes prejudice, affirmative action, universities admissions, job market bias, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, discrimination, minority applicants, academic community, meritocracy, racial bias, hiring practices, BBC News Magazine, 100m winners, black athletes prejudice, affirmative action, universities, admissions procedures, job market, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, University of Chicago, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, discrimination, minority backgrounds, academic community, meritocracy, racial bias, BBC News Magazine overcomes prejudice, affirmative action, university admissions, job market prejudice, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, academic community, minority backgrounds, discrimination, meritocracy, racial bias, hiring practices, top universities, admissions procedures, bias, diversity, fairness, equity, representation
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro04a	A ban would be simple to enforce.  A ban would be simple to create and enforce. Religious symbols are for the most part meant to be shown therefore it is simple for police or authorities to check that someone is not wearing them. There are many societies that have had bans on a religious symbol in public buildings, for example in France where there is a ban on religious symbols in schools has been in force since 2004. In France the ban is made even easier to enforce by restricting it to 'conspicuous' religious apparel.1 Moreover when the ban is only when entering public buildings it can be enforced by the teacher, or the building's security guards rather than being an issue for the police to deal with.  1 BBC News, 'French scarf ban comes into force', 2 September 2004 , accessed 28/8/11 ban, enforcement, simplicity, religious symbols, police, authorities, public buildings, France, schools, 2004, BBC News, scarf ban, conspicuous, apparel, teachers, security guards ban, enforce, create, religious, symbols, police, authorities, check, wearing, societies, France, public, buildings, schools, 2004, conspicuous, apparel, teacher, security, guards ban, enforce, create, religious, symbols, police, authorities, check, wearing, societies, France, public, buildings, schools, 2004, conspicuous, apparel, teacher, security, guards ban, enforce, create, religious, symbols, police, authorities, check, wearing, societies, public, buildings, France, schools, 2004, conspicuous, apparel, teacher, security, guards ban, enforce, create, religious, symbols, police, authorities, public, buildings, France, schools, 2004, conspicuous, apparel, teacher, security, guards
test-society-epsihbdns-con01a	Freedom of movement is an intrinsic human right  Every human being is born with certain rights. These are protected by various charters and are considered inseparable from the human being. The reason for this is a belief that these rights create the fundamental and necessary conditions to lead a human life. Freedom of movement is one of these and has been recognised as such in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [1] If a family finds themselves faced with starvation, the only chance they have of survival might be to move to another place where they might live another day. It is inhuman to condemn individuals to death and suffering for the benefit of some nebulous collective theory. While we might pass some of our freedoms to the state, we have a moral right to the freedoms that help us stay alive – in this context freedom of movement is one of those.  [1] General Assembly, “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, 10 December 1948, Freedom of movement, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, intrinsic rights, moral right, survival, state, collective theory, inseparable rights, fundamental conditions, human life, starvation, rights protection, charters, human dignity, mobility rights, legal rights, ethical rights, individual rights, societal benefits, state sovereignty, human security, movement restrictions, international law, human rights law, dignity, personal freedom, migration, displacement, right to life, economic rights, social rights, civil rights, political rights, humanitarian law, human rights defenders, asylum, refugee rights, international human rights, global standards, human Freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, survival, moral right, state, freedoms, collective theory, starvation, Article 13, General Assembly, 1948 freedom of movement, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, fundamental rights, survival, moral right, state authority, human life conditions, starvation, collective theory, individual freedoms, legal charters, inseparable rights, human dignity, Article 13, General Assembly, 1948 Declaration, right to life, mobility rights, ethical considerations, social justice Freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, survival, moral right, state, collective theory, fundamental conditions, human life, starvation, mobility, legal rights, human dignity, individual rights, Article 13, General Assembly, 1948, freedom, rights protection, inseparable rights, charter rights Freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, moral right, survival, state, collective theory, individual freedoms, human life, necessary conditions, charters, protected rights, starvation, relocation, living conditions, ethical considerations, legal protections, international law
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-pro02a	A UN standing army would be ideally suited to respond to contemporary crises.  Changes in modern warfare dictate the need for an impartial, rapidly-deploying, multi-national force. Modern warfare is no longer the trench battles of battalions aligned to a flag, it is increasingly police actions designed to prevent the resort to warfare in the first place or enforce ceasefires once they have begun. As such, the impartiality of a UN standing army would be highly valuable, offering both parties in the conflict a neutral peacemaker and peacekeeper. Contrast this to the perceived differences in attitude between troops from Britain, the US, Russia and France to warring sides in the Balkans. It would be free of accusations of meddling and self-interest that accompany the participation of troops from neighbouring states in UN interventions (for example, Nigeria in West African missions). A UN standing army could overcome local civilian suspicion, free from the threat of propaganda from those opposed to it and free from the restraints of state power on those troops involved.  Furthermore, a UN standing army would be able to deploy much faster than current peacekeeping missions which are held back by the bureaucracy of finding troops, equipment and funding. The present system takes months to put forces in the field, and these are often inadequate to the task in hand, as member states have pledged fewer troops than were requested and they then struggle to co-ordinate across cultural and linguistic barriers. This has meant the UN has often acted too late, with too little force, and has thereby failed to avert humanitarian disasters in such places as Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone and Somalia. A UN standing army would be permanently available and able to deploy rapidly to contain crises before they turn into full-scale wars and humanitarian disasters. Without an independent army, the UN has ‘no capacity to avert such catastrophes’ 1 for it simply cannot raise forces quickly or effectively enough.  [1] Johansen, R. C. (2006). A United Nations Emergency Peace Service to Prevent Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, p.23. UN standing army, contemporary crises, modern warfare, impartial, rapidly-deploying, multi-national force, police actions, prevent warfare, enforce ceasefires, neutral peacemaker, peacekeeper, Balkans, impartiality, neutrality, local civilian suspicion, propaganda, state power, deploy faster, peacekeeping missions, bureaucracy, troops, equipment, funding, humanitarian disasters, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, independent army, avert catastrophes, UN Emergency Peace Service, genocide, crimes against humanity UN standing army, contemporary crises, modern warfare, police actions, ceasefire enforcement, impartiality, neutral peacemaker, peacekeeper, Balkans conflict, accusations of meddling, self-interest, Nigerian interventions, West African missions, rapid deployment, bureaucracy, troop deployment, equipment, funding, humanitarian disasters, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, genocide prevention, crimes against humanity, United Nations Emergency Peace Service UN standing army, contemporary crises, modern warfare, impartial force, rapidly-deploying, multi-national, police actions, ceasefire enforcement, neutral peacemaker, peacekeeper, Balkans conflict, Nigeria intervention, local civilian suspicion, propaganda resistance, rapid deployment, bureaucratic delays, troop coordination, cultural barriers, humanitarian disasters, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, prevent genocide, crimes against humanity, UN Emergency Peace Service UN standing army, contemporary crises, modern warfare, impartiality, rapidly-deploying, multi-national force, police actions, prevent warfare, enforce ceasefires, neutral peacemaker, peacekeeper, perceived differences, troop neutrality, local civilian suspicion, propaganda resistance, state power, rapid deployment, peacekeeping missions, bureaucracy, troop coordination, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, humanitarian disasters, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, independent army, avert catastrophes, United Nations Emergency Peace Service, genocide, crimes against humanity UN standing army, contemporary crises, modern warfare, impartiality, rapidly-deploying, multi-national force, police actions, enforce ceasefires, neutral peacemaker, peacekeeper, perceived differences, warring sides, Balkans, accusations, meddling, self-interest, neighbouring states, UN interventions, Nigeria, West African missions, civilian suspicion, propaganda, restraints, state power, deploy faster, peacekeeping missions, bureaucracy, troops, equipment, funding, co-ordinate, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, humanitarian disasters, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, avert catastrophes, raise forces, capacity, United Nations
test-international-epglghbni-pro04a	Uniting Ireland would bring about an end to sectarian violence  A united Ireland doesn’t have to marginalize the Protestant population. If they are included more in the political process there can be debate, discussion and an airing of grievances which can then be resolved.  There is little sense of attachment to the UK, and British institutions. Much like the Scottish and Welsh, the Northern Irish feel Northern Irish. This shows that the ties to Britain are not emotional, but political. It is clear that Unionists just want to have power over how they run their lives. If Unionists are included in the political process in a united Ireland they will have no grievances and there will finally be a lasting peace. uniting Ireland, sectarian violence, Protestant population, political process, debate, discussion, grievances, attachment to UK, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, ties to Britain, Unionists, power, lasting peace united Ireland, sectarian violence, Protestant population, political inclusion, debate, discussion, grievances resolution, attachment to UK, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, ties to Britain, Unionist power, political process, lasting peace uniting Ireland, sectarian violence, Protestant population, political process, debate, discussion, grievances resolution, attachment to UK, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, Unionist power, lasting peace, inclusion, marginalization, political representation, conflict resolution, national identity, emotional ties, political ties Uniting Ireland, sectarian violence, end conflict, Protestant population, inclusion, political process, debate, discussion, grievances resolution, attachment to UK, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, Unionists, power, self-governance, lasting peace Uniting Ireland, Sectarian Violence, Protestant Population, Political Inclusion, Debate, Discussion, Grievance Resolution, Attachment to UK, British Institutions, Northern Irish Identity, Unionist Power, Political Process, Lasting Peace
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con04a	Globalisation has made socialism impractical to implement  Global economic forces have rendered socialism powerless. Financial speculation, and investment flows can make or break economies, and the agents who channel these monies want to see countries liberalise, privatise and de-regulate more. This is being shown by the speculative attacks on Eurozone countries where the markets are showing they can force governments to implement tough austerity or even force changes in government without an election as has happened in Greece and Italy where technocrats have taken over as Heads of Government. [1]  These more flexible markets generate higher levels of growth and prosperity, and provide higher returns on investment, encouraging more. Countries which try to resist globalisation and liberal economic markets, as in ‘old Europe’, suffer stagnant growth and higher unemployment as a result. Old socialist-style economic models of tight economic regulation and central planning are unsustainable.  [1] Frankel, Jeffrey, ‘Let European technocrats weave their magic’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 November 2011, Globalisation, socialism, impractical, global economic forces, financial speculation, investment flows, economies, liberalise, privatise, deregulate, speculative attacks, Eurozone, markets, governments, austerity, technocrats, Heads of Government, Greece, Italy, flexible markets, growth, prosperity, returns on investment, resist globalisation, liberal economic markets, old Europe, stagnant growth, unemployment, unsustainable, old socialist-style, economic models, tight economic regulation, central planning globalisation, socialism, impractical, global economic forces, financial speculation, investment flows, liberalise, privatise, de-regulate, speculative attacks, Eurozone, markets, governments, austerity, technocrats, Greece, Italy, flexible markets, growth, prosperity, investment returns, old Europe, stagnant growth, unemployment, unsustainable, economic regulation, central planning Globalisation, socialism, impractical, global-economic-forces, financial-speculation, investment-flows, economies, liberalise, privatise, deregulate, speculative-attacks, Eurozone, markets, governments, austerity, changes, Greece, Italy, technocrats, Heads-of-Government, flexible-markets, growth, prosperity, returns, investment, resistance, old-Europe, stagnant-growth, unemployment, unsustainable, economic-models, tight-economic-regulation, central-planning, Jeffrey-Frankel, European-technocrats Globalisation, socialism, impractical, economic forces, powerless, financial speculation, investment flows, economies, liberalise, privatise, deregulate, speculative attacks, Eurozone, markets, governments, austerity, changes, election, Greece, Italy, technocrats, Heads of Government, flexible markets, growth, prosperity, investment returns, resistance, liberal economic markets, old Europe, stagnant growth, unemployment, unsustainable, economic regulation, central planning Globalisation, socialism, impractical, economic forces, financial speculation, investment flows, liberalise, privatise, deregulate, Eurozone, speculative attacks, markets, government, technocrats, growth, prosperity, returns, investment, stagnant growth, unemployment, economic regulation, central planning, unsustainable, old Europe, European technocrats
test-law-tlcplghwfne-pro01a	"Needle exchanges prevent the transmission of disease  A needle exchange as mentioned in the introduction allows drug users to trade in dirty needles for new ones. This can prevent disease simply by preventing transfer of fluids from one drug user to another. As such, if one drug addict has HIV and has not yet been diagnosed it becomes less likely that he will transmit the disease to another person. Further, many drug addicts fail to even consider the possibility of infection via dirty needles, the mere presence of a needle exchange in the nearby vicinity causes drug addicts to be more aware of the dangers associated with dirty needles.  Further, the liberalising effect that needle exchanges have on public opinion can often cause societal change that allows needles to be bought over the counter. This is especially good in targeting drug users who do not wish to reveal that they have an addiction and allows them use of clean needles.  To back this up it has been found by some researchers that, there has been a one-third reduction in HIV prevalence in New Haven, Connecticut, after its NEP had been in operation for only 4 months. Researchers found an 18.6% average annual decrease in HIV seroprevalence in cities that had introduced an NEP, compared to an 8.1% annual increase in HIV seroprevalence in cities that had never introduced NEPs. HIV prevalence among NEP attenders in a Canadian city was low, even though high-risk behaviors were common. Injecting drug users in Seattle who had formerly attended an NEP were found to be more likely than non-exchangers to reduce the frequency of injection, to stop injecting altogether, and to remain in drug treatment, while new users of the NEP were five times more likely to enter drug treatment than never-exchangers.""1  1. Debra L. O’Neill. ""Needle Exchange Programs: A Review of the Issues"". Missouri Institute of Mental Health. September 27, 2004 www.mimh200.mimh.edu/mimhweb/pie/reports/Needle%20Exchange.pdf needle exchanges, disease transmission, drug users, dirty needles, HIV, public opinion, over-the-counter needles, HIV prevalence, New Haven, Connecticut, HIV seroprevalence, Canadian city, injecting drug users, Seattle, drug treatment, frequency of injection, new users, never-exchangers needle exchanges, disease prevention, drug users, HIV transmission, public health, clean needles, societal change, over-the-counter needles, HIV prevalence, NEP impact, drug treatment, injection frequency, high-risk behaviors, Seattle study, Canadian study, New Haven study, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health needle exchanges, disease transmission, drug users, new needles, HIV prevention, public health, societal awareness, over-the-counter needles, HIV seroprevalence, NEP impact, drug treatment, injecting drug users, high-risk behaviors, public opinion, addiction management, health policy, epidemiology, prevention strategies, substance abuse, community health, health interventions,针头交换,疾病传播,吸毒者,新针头,HIV预防,公共卫生,社会意识,非处方针头,HIV血清流行率,NEP影响,药物治疗,注射吸毒者,高危行为,公众意见,成瘾管理,健康 needle exchanges, disease transmission, drug users, new needles, HIV prevention, public health, societal change, over-the-counter needles, HIV reduction, NEP impact, seroprevalence decrease, drug treatment, injection frequency, high-risk behaviors, Seattle NEP, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health needle exchanges, disease prevention, HIV transmission, drug users, clean needles, public health, societal change, over-the-counter needles, HIV prevalence, New Haven, Connecticut, NEP, HIV seroprevalence, injecting drug users, drug treatment, reduction in injection, high-risk behaviors, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health"
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro02a	It may be necessary to limit trial by jury in cases where there is a real danger of jury tampering or intimidation.  It is very difficult to carry out trial by jury if people involved in the case continuously attempt to tamper with the jury, or unduly influence its decision. For example, the UK home office has stated that trying to protect jurors from tampering can be extremely disruptive to the jurors themselves, who may in extreme cases need police protection 24 hours a day. Cases involving international terrorism, drug smuggling or organized crime are the most likely to present such problems 1. In the infamous trial of Italian anarchists Vanzetti and Sacco, one of the jurors had a bomb thrown at his house, despite a huge number of security measures taken by the Massachusetts government 2. Another example is the 2008 case of a large armed robbery at Heathrow. After three mistrials, which cost £22m and the last of which collapsed after a serious attempt at jury tampering, it was decided that the case would be tried by a judge alone 3. If eliminating the jury is the only way to ensure that a) a trial occurs and b) jurors are safe, particularly when it is the defendants' fault that a fair trial by jury is untenable, it may be necessary to do so. jury tampering, intimidation, trial by jury, juror safety, police protection, international terrorism, drug smuggling, organized crime, Vanzetti and Sacco, Heathrow armed robbery, mistrials, judge alone, fair trial, defendants' fault, security measures jury tampering, intimidation, trial by jury, juror protection, police protection, international terrorism, drug smuggling, organized crime, Vanzetti and Sacco, Heathrow armed robbery, mistrials, judge alone, fair trial, defendant fault, public safety, judicial integrity, legal system, crime prevention, courtroom security, judicial proceedings, legal reform, trial fairness, juror safety, judicial alternatives, legal challenges, criminal justice, judicial oversight, public trust, legal procedures, security measures, judicial decisions, legal ethics, courtroom management, legal implications, juror misconduct, judicial administration, legal principles, trial management, legal safeguards, jury tampering, intimidation, trial by jury, juror protection, police protection, international terrorism, drug smuggling, organized crime, Vanzetti and Sacco, jury safety, fair trial, judge alone, mistrials, Heathrow robbery, defendants' fault, safe trial, juror security, extreme cases, legal reform jury tampering, intimidation, trial by jury, protection, police protection, international terrorism, drug smuggling, organized crime, Vanzetti and Sacco, jurors safety, Heathrow armed robbery, mistrials, judge alone, fair trial, defendants fault, legal system, judicial proceedings jury tampering, intimidation, trial by jury, security measures, police protection, international terrorism, drug smuggling, organized crime, Vanzetti and Sacco, armed robbery, Heathrow, mistrials, judge alone, fair trial, defendants' fault, jurors' safety
test-science-ascidfakhba-con03a	The lack of control over, and profit from, art will serve as a serious disincentive to artistic output  Profit is as much a factor in artists’ decision to produce work, if not more so, than the primordial urge to create. Without the guarantee of ownership over one’s artistic work, the incentive to invest in its creation is certainly diminished. Within a strong copyright system, individuals feel free to invest time in their pursuits because they have full knowledge that the final product of their labours will be theirs to enjoy. [1] Without copyright protections the marginal cases, like people afraid to put time into actually building an installation art piece rather than doing more hours at their job, will not opt to create. If their work were to immediately leave their control, they would most certainly be less inclined to do so. Furthermore, the inability of others to simply duplicate existing works as their own means they too will be galvanized to break ground on new ideas, rather than simply re-tread over current ideas and to adapt existing works to markets. Art thrives by being new and original. Copyright protections shield against artistic laziness and drive the creative urges of the artistically inclined to ever more interesting fields.  [1] Greenberg, M. “Reason or Madness: A Defense of Copyright’s Growing Pains”. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 2007. lack of control, profit, artistic output, disincentive, artists' decision, primordial urge, ownership, investment, time, pursuits, copyright system, copyright protections, marginal cases, installation art, job, immediate control, duplication, originality, artistic laziness, creative urges, interesting fields, intellectual property, greenberg, reason or madness, defense of copyright, growing pains, john marshall review, intellectual property law artistic output, profit, control, copyright, incentive, creation, ownership, investment, creativity, originality, protection, disincentive, artistic laziness, market, intellectual property,艺术家收入, 艺术创作动力, 版权系统, 作品所有权, 艺术家投资, 创新, 复制, 原创作品, 市场适应, 知识产权保护 Copyright, artistic output, profit, control, ownership, incentive, investment, creation, installation art, duplicate works, originality, creativity, intellectual property, legal protections, artistic laziness, creative urges, economic factors, artist motivation, market adaptation, new ideas, legal defense, intellectual property law, John Marshall Review artistic output, profit, control, copyright, incentive, creation, investment, ownership, creativity, protection, disincentive, marginal cases, duplication, originality, intellectual property, legal protections, artistic laziness, market adaptation, creative urges artistic output, profit, copyright, incentive, creation, ownership, investment, disincentive, installation art, duplication, originality, creativity, intellectual property, Greenberg, copyright protections, artistic laziness, market adaptability
test-economy-beghwbh-con02a	"Lack of capacity or room for expansion  The plans for the Hyperloop provide that “The capacity would be 840 passengers per hour which more than sufficient to transport all of the 6 million passengers traveling between Los Angeles and San Francisco areas per year.” With only 28 people per capsule and a maximum of one capsule every 30 seconds there is not much room for expansion. It would seem surprising if this service only carried 6million passengers a year. The Taiwan High Speed Rail running between Taipei and Zuoying carried 41.6 million passengers in 2011 [1] considering that Taiwan has a population of 23 million compared to the combined population of the San Francisco Bay and Los Angeles metropolitan areas of 26million this does not seem an unreasonable comparison. [2] Even if we assume it will not be used at all for commuting and take the Eurostar as the point of comparison the Hyperloop still has only two thirds of the capacity it would need as Eurostar’s ridership is currently approaching 10million. [3]  [1] ""Table 2-8 Passenger Traffic of High-Speed Rail"" . Monthly Statistics of Transportation &amp; Communications . MOTC Department of Statistics .  [2] ‘Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas’, Census.gov, 2012,   [3] ‘’Strong’ 2012 for Eurostar’, Global Rail News, 25 March 2013, Hyperloop, capacity, expansion, passengers, per hour, per year, Taiwan High Speed Rail, Eurostar, commuters, population, metropolitan areas, ridership, comparison, capsule, transportation, statistics, Census.gov, Global Rail News Lack of capacity, room for expansion, Hyperloop, passenger capacity, expansion limits, transportation demand, Taiwan High Speed Rail, population comparison, Eurostar comparison, commuting usage, ridership estimates, passenger traffic, metropolitan areas, transportation statistics, annual population estimates, rail news Hyperloop, capacity, expansion, passengers, per, hour, 840, 28, capsule, 30, seconds, 6, million, annually, Taiwan, High, Speed, Rail, 41.6, 2011, 23, population, San, Francisco, Bay, Los, Angeles, metropolitan, Eurostar, 10, million, commuting, ridership, comparison, traffic, statistics, transportation, communications, census, estimates, strong, 2012, global, rail, news Hyperloop, capacity, expansion, passengers, per hour, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Taiwan High Speed Rail, Eurostar, ridership, comparison, commuting, population, metropolitan areas, capsule, frequency, transportation, statistics, census, global rail news Hyperloop, capacity, expansion, passengers, per hour, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Taiwan High Speed Rail, Eurostar, commuting, population, comparison, ridership, capsules, frequency, transit, transportation, infrastructure, demand, metropolitan areas, annual estimates, census, global rail news, traffic, statistics, department, 2011, 2012, 2013"
test-international-emephsate-pro01a	The admission of Turkey will help the economy of the EU develop more dynamically.  Turkey has a booming economy with one of the fastest growing economies of the world [1] . Turkey has a young, skilled and vibrant workforce contributing in the fields of innovation, industry and finance. Having a young and growing population means that Turkey is in the opposite situation to the European Union, whose population is declining. As a result Turkey joining would be very complementary to the European Economy. In Turkey 26.6% of the population are under 15 [2] while in the EU only 15.44% is. [3] This is significant because the population of the European Union as a whole will be declining by 2035 [4] and because of the aging population the working population will be declining considerably before this. Aging obviously means that the EU will not be able to produce as much, but also that much more of EU resources will be devoted to caring for the elderly with a result that there is likely to be an drag on GDP per capita of -0.3% per year. [5] One way to compensate for this is to bring new countries with younger populations into the Union.  [1] GDP growth (annual %). The World Bank.  Accessed on: September 3, 2012.  [2] ‘Turkey’, The World Factbook, 24 August 2012,   [3] ‘European Union’, The World Factbook, 24 August 2012,   [4] Europa, ‘Population projections 2008-2060 From 2015, deaths projected to outnumber births in the EU27’, STAT/08/119, 26 August 2008,   [5] Carone, Giuseppe, et al., ‘The economic impact of aging populations in the EU 25 Member States’, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, n.. 236, December 2005,  p.15 Turkey, EU, economy, development, workforce, young population, GDP growth, demographic, aging population, economic impact, complementarity, workforce decline, GDP per capita, population projections, births, deaths, resources, elderly care, compensation, member states Turkey, EU, economy, development, workforce, innovation, industry, finance, population, decline, aging, young, GDP, growth, resources, elderly, compensation, membership, demographic,活力,生产力,资源分配,人口结构,经济增长,欧盟扩张,劳动力市场,老龄化社会,年轻人口,经济补偿,人口预测,经济影响,财政事务总局,经济与金融事务总局 Turkey, EU, economy, development, workforce, innovation, industry, finance, population, aging, young, growth, GDP, resources, elderly, compensation, member states, projections, births, deaths, impact, financial affairs Turkey, EU, economy, development, workforce, innovation, industry, finance, population, demographics, aging, young, GDP, growth, resources, caregiving, GDP per capita, population projections, economic impact, aging populations, member states, births, deaths, union, countries, complementarity, productivity, labor force, economic benefits, demographic balance, workforce contribution, economic dynamics, economic drag, fiscal impact, economic projections, societal impact, population decline, workforce replenishment, economic sustainability Turkey, EU, economy, development, workforce, innovation, industry, finance, population, youth, aging, GDP, growth, resources, elderly, compensation, countries, union, projections, impact, members, states, financial affairs, statistics
test-international-ghbunhf-con04a	Solution to problems of UN is to reform outdated structures.  It is undeniably true that some of the UN’s procedures need to be improved, and standards of financial transparency improved. However, this is true of many governments and international organisations, not just the UN. The answer to the UN’s problems is not to give up on it but rather reform it for the 21st century, including perhaps changing or augmenting the permanent membership of the Security Council to reflect the reality of the modern world. [1]  [1] London, Jacqueline. “Reform of the United Nations Security Council”. International Affairs and Foreign Policy Institute. 29th June 2007. UN reform, outdated structures, financial transparency, international organizations, government procedures, 21st century adaptation, Security Council membership, permanent membership change, modern world reflection, international policy, foreign affairs, global governance UN reform, outdated structures, procedural improvements, financial transparency, international organizations, government reforms, 21st century adaptation, Security Council membership, modern world reflection, Jacqueline London, International Affairs and Foreign Policy Institute UN reform, outdated structures, procedural improvements, financial transparency, government reforms, international organizations, 21st century adaptation, Security Council membership, modern world reflection, UN problems, reform solutions, international affairs, foreign policy, Jacqueline London, 2007 UN reform, outdated structures, financial transparency, international organizations, government procedures, 21st century reforms, Security Council membership, modern world representation, international affairs, foreign policy, Jacqueline London, UN Security Council reform UN reform, outdated structures, procedural improvements, financial transparency, government reforms, international organizations, 21st century adaptation, Security Council membership, modern world reflection, UN improvement, international affairs, foreign policy, Jacqueline London, UN Security Council reform, June 2007
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro02a	If there is a benevolent deity, then there should not be the kinds of evil observable in the world and He would likely show more interest in His creation than He appears to have done so far:  If God, or the gods, were good there would be no evil in the world. Disasters would not kill millions of innocents, disease and hunger would not claim the lives of children every day, war and genocide would not slaughter people indiscriminately as they have done for countless bloody millennia. The world is awash with blood, pain, and suffering. No loving God would make a world so imperfect and troubled. [1] The world’s ills are perfectly explained by the natural, amoral development of the Universe, of life, and of humanity. The reality of the Universe, however, is incompatible with a God of goodness, as He is conventionally described by today’s predominant religions, which stem from the Abrahamic tradition.  [1] Tooley, Michael. 2009. “The Problem of Evil”. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Available: benevolent deity, evil observable, world, God, gods, goodness, disasters, innocents, disease, hunger, children, war, genocide, blood, pain, suffering, loving God, imperfect world, troubled world, natural development, Universe, life, humanity, amoral development, reality Universe, incompatible God, goodness, conventional description, predominant religions, Abrahamic tradition, problem evil, Tooley, Michael, 2009, Stanford Encyclopaedia Philosophy benevolent deity, evil observable, creation interest, good gods, no evil, disasters innocents, disease hunger, war genocide, bloody millennia, world suffering, loving God, imperfect troubled, natural amoral development, universe life humanity, incompatible God goodness, Abrahamic tradition, problem evil, Michael Tooley, Stanford Encyclopaedia Philosophy benevolent deity, evil, observable world, God, gods, goodness, disasters, innocents, disease, hunger, children, war, genocide, bloody millennia, world's ills, natural development, Universe, life, humanity, reality, Universe, God of goodness, Abrahamic tradition, Problem of Evil, Michael Tooley, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy benevolent deity, evil observable, loving God, world imperfection, natural development, Universe amoral, problem of evil, Tooley, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, Abrahamic tradition, disasters, disease, hunger, war, genocide, suffering, children, predominant religions, moral evil, natural evil, theological problem, philosophical debate benevolent deity, evil observable, God's interest, good gods, world's evil, disasters, disease, hunger, war, genocide, loving God, world imperfection, natural development, amoral Universe, Universe reality, Abrahamic tradition, problem of evil, Tooley Michael, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy
test-economy-bepighbdb-pro03a	Dictatorships can prevent social unrest  Dictatorships are better at controlling discipline and order within society. They generally promote a state based on hierarchical values, through strict policies based on security. This allows them to prevent financial losses due to strikes and riots, and reduce crime rates, making the country more stable.  Singapore is a de-facto one party state, in which the ruling People’s Action Party, is accused of stopping the operation of opposition parties. A former Foreign Minister of Singapore has asked “How many Singaporeans really want free speech anyway? They want orderliness, a decent living” [1] . This both makes the country more competitive because there are more productive days and more attractive to invest in as expats will want to live in countries with little crime. Moreover when it comes to attracting immigration for sectors of the economy there is none of the opposition that would occur in democracies.  Autocracy may be the only way to stabilize some countries that have never had a democratic government. It has been suggested by Mancur Olson, a leading economist, that “anarchy not only involves loss of life but also increases the incentives to steal and to defend against theft, and thereby reduces the incentive to produce [2] ”. A dictatorship may be the only way to restore order and create a political framework stable enough for trade and investment.  [1] Huff, W.G. (1994). The economic growth of Singapore: trade and development in twentieth century”. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 358  [2] Olson, M. (2000). Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorships. New York: Basic Books. p. 64 Dictatorships, social unrest, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial losses, strikes, riots, crime rates, stability, Singapore, one-party state, People’s Action Party, free speech, orderliness, decent living, competitiveness, investment, expats, immigration, economy, autocracy, stabilization, countries, democratic government, anarchy, loss of life, theft, production, Mancur Olson, political framework, trade, investment dictatorships, social unrest, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial losses, strikes, riots, crime rates, stability, Singapore, one-party state, People’s Action Party, free speech, productivity, investment, expats, immigration, economy, autocracy, stabilization, anarchy, theft, economic growth, Mancur Olson, political framework, trade, investment dictatorships, social unrest, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial losses, strikes, riots, crime rates, stability, Singapore, one-party state, People’s Action Party, free speech, orderliness, decent living, competitiveness, productive days, investment, expats, immigration, economy, opposition, autocracy, stabilization, anarchy, Mancur Olson, loss of life, theft, production, political framework, trade, investment, communist dictatorships, capitalist dictatorships dictatorships, social unrest, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial losses, strikes, riots, crime rates, stability, Singapore, one-party state, People’s Action Party, free speech, orderliness, decent living, competitiveness, productive days, investment, expats, immigration, economy, autocracy, stabilization, countries, democratic government, anarchy, loss of life, theft, production, Mancur Olson, political framework, trade, investment dictatorships, social unrest, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial losses, strikes, riots, crime rates, stability, Singapore, one-party state, People’s Action Party, opposition parties, free speech, orderliness, decent living, competitiveness, productive days, investment, expats, immigration, economy, autocracy, stabilization, anarchy, loss of life, theft, production, Mancur Olson, political framework, trade, investment
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-pro01a	Although there are protests as a result of the banking crisis and the resulting financial meltdown, they have no cohesive ideology  There is clearly a difference between the general malaise of those protesting the result of the financial crisis and any form of coherent ideology or manifesto for government. The only people pretending that protesters in Athens or Rome – or the Occupy movement worldwide – are in some meaningful way Socialists are aging class warriors from the seventies.  The Occupy movement may well count many social liberals [i] among its members, and these individuals are almost certainly unhappy about many aspects of modern Capitalism but that doesn’t make Occupy, or the Athens street protestors Socialist.  [i] Occupy Wall Street Website. “Forum Post Liberalism is Not Socialism”. 12 November 2011. protests, banking crisis, financial meltdown, cohesive ideology, general malaise, coherent ideology, manifesto, government, Athens, Rome, Occupy movement, Socialists, aging class warriors, seventies, social liberals, modern Capitalism, Occupy Wall Street, Forum Post Liberalism, Not Socialism protests, banking crisis, financial meltdown, cohesive ideology, general malaise, coherent ideology, manifesto, government, Athens, Rome, Occupy movement, Socialists, aging class warriors, seventies, social liberals, modern Capitalism, Occupy Wall Street, Forum Post Liberalism, Not Socialism protests, banking crisis, financial meltdown, cohesive ideology, general malaise, coherent ideology, manifesto, government, Athens, Rome, Occupy movement, Socialists, aging class warriors, seventies, social liberals, modern Capitalism, Occupy Wall Street, liberalism, socialism protests, banking crisis, financial meltdown, no cohesive ideology, general malaise, coherent ideology, manifesto, government, Athens, Rome, Occupy movement, worldwide, not Socialists, aging class warriors, seventies, social liberals, unhappy, modern Capitalism, Occupy Wall Street, Forum Post, Liberalism is Not Socialism protests, banking crisis, financial meltdown, cohesive ideology, general malaise, coherent ideology, manifesto for government, aging class warriors, Occupy movement, social liberals, modern Capitalism, Socialist, Athens street protestors, Occupy Wall Street, Forum Post Liberalism is Not Socialism
test-economy-epsihbdns-con02a	"It is practically impossible to control people's movement  One of the major problems with the proposal lies in the very fact that we are indeed dealing with developing nations. These nations have very limited capacity to manage this kind of system. What will happen instead, will be a state of confusion, where the law will be upheld in some parts while ignored in others. The case in China clearly shows that corruption follows in the wake of this kind of legislation, where urban Hukous are sold illegally or officials are frequently bribed to ignore the law. [1]  Furthermore, it only causes those who choose to move to the cities, in spite of the law, to be alienated from society and live a life outside of the law. Once outside of the law, the step to other crimes is very small as these people have little to lose. [2] In short, the law will only work in some cases and where it works it will lead to increased segregation and more crime.  [1] Wang, Fei-Ling. “Organising through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System"". 2005.  [2] Wu. s.l., and Treiman, The Household Registration System and Social Stratification in China: 1955-1996. Springer, 2004, Demography, Vol. 2. control, people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, management, state of confusion, law enforcement, corruption, China, Hukou system, urban migration, illegal sales, bribery, alienation, social exclusion, lawlessness, crime, segregation, social stratification, Fei-Ling Wang, Wu, Treiman, Demography, 1955-1996 control, people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law enforcement, corruption, China, Hukou system, illegal sales, bribery, urban migration, social alienation, life outside law, crime, segregation, social stratification control, people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law enforcement, corruption, China, Hukou system, illegal sales, bribery, urban migration, alienation, social exclusion, crime, segregation, Fei-Ling Wang, social stratification, Demography, Springer, Treiman, Wu, 1955-1996 developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law enforcement, corruption, China, Hukou system, illegal sales, bribery, urban migration, alienation, social exclusion, crime, segregation, social stratification, Fei-Ling Wang, Wu, Treiman, demography control, people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law, corruption, China, Hukou system, illegal, bribery, officials, urban, alienation, society, lawlessness, crime, segregation, social stratification, Fei-Ling Wang, Wu, Treiman, demography, 1955-1996"
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro02a	"China has changed a lot since Tiananmen  China has changed over the past two decades, becoming more open to the world and more open domestically. For example it is experimenting with democratic elections at village level and since 1998 begun extending these to townships. [1] It has also effectively scrapped the repressive one-child policy. Internationally China is a responsible member of the international community, as befits a permanent member of the UN Security Council. At the United Nations, although it occasionally abstains from votes, it very rarely threatens to use its veto power in the Security Council, it has only used the veto six times since 1971 when the PRC joined the UN [2] - unlike the USA, for example. Its ""peaceful rise"" can also be seen in its hosting of the six-nation talks over North Korea's nuclear programme. And China is increasingly willing to operate within regional diplomatic frameworks covering East Asia, SE Asia and Central Asia.  [1] Horsley, Jamie P., ‘Village Elections: Training Ground for Democratization’, 2001   [2] Sun, Yun, ‘China’s Acquiescence on UN SCR 1973: No Big Deal’, 2011. China, Tiananmen, change, openness, domestic, international, village elections, township elections, one-child policy, UN Security Council, veto power, peaceful rise, six-nation talks, North Korea, nuclear programme, regional diplomacy, East Asia, SE Asia, Central Asia, democratization, UN SCR 1973 China, Tiananmen, change, openness, democracy, village elections, one-child policy, international community, UN Security Council, veto power, peaceful rise, six-nation talks, North Korea, nuclear programme, regional diplomacy, East Asia, SE Asia, Central Asia China, Tiananmen, Change, Openness, Domestic, International, Village Elections, Township Elections, One-Child Policy, UN Security Council, Veto Power, Responsible Member, Peaceful Rise, Six-Nation Talks, North Korea, Nuclear Programme, Regional Diplomacy, East Asia, SE Asia, Central Asia, UN SCR 1973, PRC, Democratic Elections, Diplomatic Frameworks China, Tiananmen, change, two decades, open, world, domestic, experimentation, democratic elections, village level, townships, one-child policy, international community, UN Security Council, veto, United Nations, peaceful rise, six-nation talks, North Korea, nuclear programme, regional diplomacy, East Asia, SE Asia, Central Asia, village elections, democratization, UN SCR 1973, China's acquiescence China, Tiananmen, change, openness, domestic policy, village-level elections, one-child policy, international community, UN Security Council, veto power, peaceful rise, six-nation talks, North Korea, nuclear programme, regional diplomacy, East Asia, SE Asia, Central Asia"
test-international-aegmeppghw-con03a	"Turkey has a poor human rights record  Turkey’s human rights record is improving rapidly, with the abolition of the death penalty and the removal of restrictions on the use of the Kurdish language. ""Encouraged by the EU, Turkey has pursued legislative and constitutional reforms liberalizing the political system and relaxing restrictions on freedom of the press, association, and expression. Turkey signed and ratified Protocols 6 and 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It abolished the death penalty and adopted measures to promote independence of the judiciary, end torture during police interrogations, and reform the prison system. In addition, Turkey has significantly reduced the scope of its antiterrorism statutes, which had been used to curtail political expression, and it amended the Penal Code and Codes of Criminal and Administrative Procedure. Police powers have been curbed and the administration of justice strengthened, due partly to the dismantling of state security courts."" [1]  The Kurdish minority is also enjoying better treatment. “The protection and promotion of the rights of the Kurds, which make up about a fifth of Turkey's population, have also progressed… In June, an appeals court ordered the release of Leyla Zana and three other Kurdish parliamentarians who were jailed ten years ago after the Kurdistan Workers' Party was banned."" [2]  Surely countries with a history of bad human rights activities should be embraced by the EU, in the hope that the EU will have a positive influence on them. It is true that banning them from membership is an effective punishment but that will not enforce any change. If we wish to see compliance with Human Rights conventions we have to ensure that countries that may contravene them are under its jurisdiction in the first place. Once they are members we can then encourage better behaviour through punishing any further contraventions.  [1]  ‘Turkey’s Dreams of Accession’ by David Phillips, Foreign Affairs September/October 2004  [2]  ‘Turkey’s Dreams of Accession’ by David Phillips, Foreign Affairs September/October 2004 Turkey, human rights, improvement, EU, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, death penalty, Kurdish language, freedom of press, association, expression, European Convention on Human Rights, judicial independence, torture prevention, prison reform, antiterrorism statutes, Penal Code, Criminal Procedure, Administrative Procedure, police powers, justice administration, state security courts, Kurdish minority, Kurdish rights, EU influence, membership, human rights conventions, compliance, jurisdiction, behavior encouragement, punishment, contraventions, David Phillips, Foreign Affairs Turkey, human rights, improvement, death penalty, Kurdish language, EU, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, freedom of press, association, expression, European Convention on Human Rights, judicial independence, torture, police interrogations, prison system, antiterrorism statutes, Penal Code, Criminal Procedure, Administrative Procedure, police powers, justice administration, state security courts, Kurdish minority, Leyla Zana, Kurdish parliamentarians, Kurdistan Workers' Party, EU membership, human rights conventions, compliance, jurisdiction, positive influence, encouraging behavior, punishment, contraventions Turkey, human rights, EU influence, Kurdish rights, death penalty, freedom of press, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, European Convention on Human Rights, judiciary independence, torture prevention, prison reform, antiterrorism statutes, Penal Code amendments, police powers, state security courts, Kurdish minority treatment, EU membership, human rights compliance, political expression Turkey, human rights, EU, death penalty, Kurdish language, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, freedom of press, association, expression, European Convention on Human Rights, judiciary independence, torture, police interrogations, prison system, antiterrorism statutes, Penal Code, Criminal Procedure, Administrative Procedure, police powers, state security courts, Kurdish minority, Leyla Zana, Kurdish parliamentarians, Kurdistan Workers' Party, EU membership, human rights conventions, compliance, jurisdiction, encouragement, behavior, punishment, contraventions Turkey, human rights, EU, death penalty, Kurdish language, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, freedom of press, association, expression, European Convention on Human Rights, judiciary independence, torture, police interrogations, prison system, antiterrorism statutes, political expression, Penal Code, Codes of Criminal and Administrative Procedure, police powers, administration of justice, state security courts, Kurdish minority, Leyla Zana, Kurdish parliamentarians, EU membership, Human Rights conventions, compliance, punishment, behavior, jurisdiction"
test-law-tlcplghwfne-con02a	Needle exchanges will increase the incidence of drug use  Beyond increasing drug use through condoning the practice, needle exchanges also facilitate drug use by gathering all the drug addicts in a single area. This allows drug dealers to operate more efficiently and as such gives them more time to explore new markets for their drugs. As well as this, people are encouraged to keep on taking drugs as they feel the risk to them from doing so has been significantly decreased by the exchange. Given the lower risk, those drug users that are still somewhat rational actors will be more likely to take drugs because of the lower potential harm.  Further, in the long run, needle exchanges through these mechanisms make it harder to eradicate drug use entirely in the future. By causing addicts and the public to accept drugs needle exchanges ingrain drugs in society as any removal of the facility in the future will be seen as the state coming down too harshly on drug addicts and can be opposed much more easily.1  1. Lawrence Aaron, “Why a Needle Exchange Programme is a Bad Idea.” RedOrbit. August 26, 2005. needle exchanges, increase drug use, condone drug practice, gather addicts, facilitate drug dealing, lower risk perception, rational drug users, long-term drug eradication, societal acceptance, public opposition needle exchanges, drug use, condoning, gathering addicts, facilitating drug use, drug dealers, market expansion, reduced risk, rational actors, harm reduction, long-term effects, eradicating drug use, societal acceptance, state intervention, opposition needle exchanges, increase drug use, condone drug use, gather drug addicts, facilitate drug dealing, reduce perceived risk, rational drug users, lower potential harm, ingrain drug culture, obstruct drug eradication, public acceptance, state intervention, harm reduction, drug policy, addiction treatment, Lawrence Aaron, RedOrbit, 2005 needle exchanges, increase drug use, condone drug use, gather drug addicts, facilitate drug dealing, encourage drug use, lower risk perception, rational drug users, long-term drug eradication, societal acceptance, state intervention, public opposition needle exchanges, increase drug use, facilitate drug use, gather drug addicts, drug dealers, explore new markets, lower risk, rational actors, long run, eradicate drug use, addicts, public acceptance, removal facility, state intervention, harm reduction, Lawrence Aaron, RedOrbit, bad idea
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro03a	This ban would encourage smokers to smoke less or give up smoking altogether.  Not being able to smoke in public will make it more difficult for smokers to keep up with their habit. For example, if they are no longer able to smoke in the pub, smokers would have to go outside – possibly in the rain or other uncomfortable weather – and be away from their non-smoking friends every time they wanted to have a cigarette. So, a smoking ban would encourage smokers to smoke less frequently and maybe even give up. This can be seen in countries already with smoking bans. For example, a study in England found that in the nine months after the smoking ban was introduced, there was a 5.5% fall in the number of smokers in the country, compared to the much lower fall of 1.6 % in the nine months before the ban [1] . This can only be a good thing, since giving up smoking decreases the risk of death, even for those suffering from early stage lung cancer [2] .  [1] Daily Mail. “Smoking ban spurs 400,000 people to quit the habit.” Daily Mail. 4 July 2008.  [2] Parsons, A., Daley, A., Begh, R., and Aveyard, P.. “Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis.” British Medical Journal. 340. 21 January 2010. smoking ban, encourage smokers, smoke less, give up smoking, public smoking, pub smoking, uncomfortable weather, smoking frequency, study England, fall in smokers, health benefits, smoking cessation, lung cancer, meta-analysis, systematic review, early stage lung cancer, risk of death, prognosis improvement smoking ban, public smoking, smokers, smoke less, give up smoking, pub smoking, uncomfortable weather, non-smoking friends, smoking frequency, England smoking ban, fall in smokers, smoking cessation, lung cancer, risk of death, systematic review, observational studies, meta-analysis smoking ban, encourage smokers, smoke less, give up smoking, public smoking, smokers habit, non-smoking friends, smoking frequency, smoking bans, countries, England, fall in smokers, Daily Mail, smoking cessation, early stage lung cancer, prognosis, systematic review, observational studies, meta-analysis, British Medical Journal smoking ban, smokers, smoke less, give up smoking, public smoking, smoking in pubs, weather conditions, non-smoking friends, smoking frequency, smoking cessation, England, study, smokers reduction, health benefits, lung cancer, smoking risks, systematic review, meta-analysis smoking ban, smokers, smoke less, public smoking, pub, uncomfortable weather, non-smoking friends, study, England, fall in smokers, risk of death, lung cancer, quitting smoking, health benefits, smoking cessation, early stage lung cancer, systematic review, meta-analysis
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-pro01a	Equality of opportunity  Affirmative action is required for equality of opportunity. Under the status quo, it is easier for students who go to better schools to get into university. This is reflected in data from the UK - Oxford and Cambridge universities (the top academic institutions) take more than 50% of their students from private schools, despite 93% of UK schoolchildren state educated. [1] In addition, there is a clear underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in these universities. [2] A similar story is evident with regards to ethnic minorities in the USA - white students are more likely to graduate from high school and go to college than black and Hispanic ones. [3] [4] These examples reflect the opportunities granted to wealthier children from particular socioeconomic and racial groups, whose superior education and less disruptive home lives give them a leg-up. It is unfair that such random aspects, which have nothing to do with talent or hard work, have such a determining influence on one’s life chances. Moreover, it undermines meritocracy – by allowing the rich to be advantaged, we create a society in which wealth, rather than ability, is rewarded.  [1] Sagar, P. “The truth about Oxbridge admissions: a reply To Dave Osler”. Liberal Conspiracy. May 21, 2010.   [2] Vasagar, J. “Twenty-one Oxbridge colleges took no black students last year”. The Guardian. December, 2010.   [3] Orfield, Gary, et al., 'Losing Our Future; How Minority Youth Are Being Left Behind by the Graduation Rate Crisis', Urban Institute, 25 February 2004,   [4] Marklein, M.B. “Minority enrollment in college still lagging”. USA TODAY. October, 2006. equality of opportunity, affirmative action, university admissions, private schools, state schools, Oxford, Cambridge, ethnic minorities, socioeconomic status, racial groups, education inequality, meritocracy, wealth advantage, graduation rates, minority youth, college enrollment, USA, UK, higher education, underrepresentation equality of opportunity, affirmative action, Oxford, Cambridge, private schools, state schools, UK, ethnic minorities, USA, white students, black students, Hispanic students, high school, college, socioeconomic status, racial groups, meritocracy, wealth, talent, hard work, life chances, education, home life, socioeconomic factors, graduation rates, underrepresentation, college enrollment, minority youth, graduation rate crisis Equality of opportunity, Affirmative action, University admissions, Private schools, State schools, Oxford, Cambridge, Ethnic minorities, Socioeconomic status, Racial groups, Education inequality, Meritocracy, Wealth advantage, College enrollment, Graduation rates, USA, UK, Minority students, White students, Hispanic students, Black students equality of opportunity, affirmative action, university admissions, Oxford, Cambridge, private schools, state schools, ethnic minorities, socioeconomic status, racial groups, education inequality, meritocracy, wealth advantage, graduation rates, college enrollment, minority youth, graduation rate crisis, underrepresentation, socioeconomic factors, racial factors, educational opportunities, life chances, fairness, USA, UK, higher education, student demographics, academic institutions, admission statistics, socioeconomic diversity, racial diversity equality of opportunity, affirmative action, university admissions, private schools, state schools, Oxford, Cambridge, ethnic minorities, socioeconomic groups, racial groups, education inequality, meritocracy, wealth advantage, high school graduation, college enrollment, minority youth, graduation rate crisis, USA, UK, college lagging, underrepresentation
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro01a	"The character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done  ""The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic."" [1] Shouting fire in a crowded cinema when there is no fire, and you know it, is wrong because doing so creates a clear and present danger of harm to others.  Likewise, in the US (and many other countries) there is no protection for ‘false commercial speech’ (i.e. misrepresentation) and the contents of adverts can be regulated in order to ensure that they are truthful and do not deceive consumers. [2] On that basis, restrictions can be placed on how tobacco products may be advertised, and people may be prevented from promoting illegal and fraudulent tax advice.  [1] U.S. Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 1919,  [2] U.S. Supreme Court, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly, AG of Massachusetts, 533 U.S. 525, 200 自由言论, 公共安全, 假信息, 剧院, 消防, 危险, 美国最高法院, Schenck v. United States, 虚假商业言论, 广告监管, 烟草广告, 非法税务建议, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly, AG of Massachusetts, 明确和现实的危险, 消费者保护 free speech, shouting fire, theatre, clear and present danger, false commercial speech, misrepresentation, advertisement regulation, truthful advertising, tobacco advertising restrictions, illegal tax advice, U.S. Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly free speech, shouting fire, crowded cinema, clear and present danger, false commercial speech, misrepresentation, tobacco advertising, illegal tax advice, U.S. Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly act,circumstances,free,speech,shouting,fire,theatre,panic,clear,present,danger,harm,others,US,countries,false,commercial,speech,misrepresentation,adverts,truthful,deceive,consumers,restrictions,tobacco,advertised,illegal,fraudulent,tax,advice,Schenck,United,States,Lorillard,Tobacco,Reilly,AG,Massachusetts clear and present danger, false speech, free speech, shouting fire, theatre panic, U.S. Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States, false commercial speech, advertising regulation, tobacco advertising, illegal tax advice, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly, consumer protection, misrepresentation, legal restrictions, public safety, First Amendment limitations"
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro01a	China can’t be ignored  Europe has a developing strategic partnership with China. China is Europe’s largest trading partner with EU exports in goods of €113.1billiion and imports of €281.9billion and in services of €20.2billion and €16.3billion respectively, [1] and as China's rapid growth continues it is playing an increasingly important part in the global economy and in international affairs. Clearly it is in the EU's interests to work together with this emerging superpower. Ma Zhaoxu a Foreign Ministry spokesman called it ‘the obstacle to the sound growth of the China-EU relationship,’ [2] after more than fifteen years, it is time to lift it. China has repeatedly said that it will never enjoy a normal trading relationship with the EU until the ban is lifted. Europe’s first responsibility is to its own citizens economic wellbeing which would benefit from greater trade ties between China and the European Union.  [1] European Commission, ‘China’, 2011   [2] Xinhua, ‘China calls for end to “prejudiced” EU arms embargo’, 2010 China, Europe, strategic partnership, trading partner, EU exports, EU imports, global economy, international affairs, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry spokesman, China-EU relationship, EU arms embargo, economic wellbeing, trade ties, European Union, European Commission, Xinhua China, Europe, strategic partnership, trading partner, EU exports, EU imports, global economy, international affairs, emerging superpower, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry, sound growth, China-EU relationship, EU arms embargo, normal trading relationship, economic wellbeing, trade ties, European Commission, Xinhua China, Europe, strategic partnership, largest trading partner, EU exports, imports, global economy, international affairs, EU interests, emerging superpower, Foreign Ministry spokesman, Ma Zhaoxu, China-EU relationship, obstacle, sound growth, EU arms embargo, prejudiced, normal trading relationship, economic wellbeing, greater trade ties, European Commission, Xinhua China, Europe, strategic partnership, trading partner, EU exports, imports, global economy, international affairs, EU interests, emerging superpower, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry, China-EU relationship, arms embargo, economic wellbeing, trade ties, European Union, European Commission, Xinhua China, Europe, strategic partnership, trading partner, EU exports, imports, services, global economy, international affairs, EU interests, emerging superpower, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry, obstacle, China-EU relationship, ban, normal trading relationship, citizens economic wellbeing, greater trade ties, European Commission, Xinhua, EU arms embargo
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-pro03a	A UN standing army would be more effective in operations themselves.  A UN standing army would be more effective than the variety of troops staffing missions under the current system. At present most UN operations are supplied by developing nations who hope to make a profit from the payments they receive for their services, but who are under-equipped and badly trained. Forces from the major powers are provided sparingly and only after substantial public pressure or when there exists an incentive for their use. A UN standing army would be better prepared, both in regards to training and equipment, and its soldiers would have greater motivation as they would have made a choice to enlist, rather than being conscripts forced by their own states to fight someone else’s war. A single UN force would also have better command and control than in current situations, when different national forces and their commanders often fail to work effectively together in the field for cultural and linguistic reasons. Successful forces such as the French Foreign Legion, the Indian army and the Roman army show that issues of language and culture need not be problems in combat situations. They can be overcome through a strong professional ethos and a commitment to a mutual cause, values that can only be expected to develop if troops prepare, train and fight together. UN standing army, effectiveness, operations, current system, developing nations, profit, payments, under-equipped, badly trained, major powers, public pressure, incentive, better prepared, training, equipment, motivation, enlist, conscripts, command and control, national forces, cultural reasons, linguistic reasons, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, professional ethos, mutual cause, values, prepare, train, fight together UN standing army, effectiveness, current system, developing nations, profit, payments, under-equipped, badly trained, major powers, public pressure, incentive, better prepared, training, equipment, motivation, choice to enlist, conscripts, single UN force, command and control, cultural reasons, linguistic reasons, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, professional ethos, mutual cause, values, prepare, train, fight together UN standing army, effectiveness, operations, current system, developing nations, profit, under-equipped, badly trained, major powers, public pressure, incentive, better prepared, training, equipment, motivation, voluntary enlistment, command and control, cultural differences, linguistic differences, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, professional ethos, mutual cause, values, prepare, train, fight together UN standing army, effectiveness, operations, current system, developing nations, profit, under-equipped, badly trained, major powers, public pressure, incentive, better prepared, training, equipment, soldier motivation, voluntary enlistment, command and control, national forces, cultural differences, linguistic differences, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, professional ethos, mutual cause, combat situations UN standing army, effectiveness, operations, troop variety, current system, developing nations, profit, payments, services, under-equipped, badly trained, major powers, public pressure, incentive, better prepared, training, equipment, soldier motivation, enlistment, conscripts, states, single force, command, control, national forces, commanders, cultural reasons, linguistic reasons, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, professional ethos, mutual cause, values, prepare, train, fight together
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con02a	Blocking social networks denies people the ability to mobilize on genuine social issues  The state may not be the best placed to gauge the legitimacy of riots. Oftentimes riots are the result of massive social pressures, like poverty or limited integration of immigrant communities. When these issues are not properly addressed, or outright ignored by the ruling elites, they boil over. Positive things can come from riots. They can put the issues on the table and bring them screaming into the public consciousness. This is the difference between the Arab Spring that was considered legitimate and the London riots that were not, apart from the initial peaceful protests the riots did not have an agenda to create change. [1] The government suppressing legitimate demonstrations, whether they do it with physical force or internet repression, ultimately serves only to push away the problem, to continue to ignore it. [2] Blocking social networks therefore only seeks to muzzle the expression of outrage that is sometimes entirely justified. The media attention and organizing power of social networks serves to get people engaged, motivated, and visible. The government should not seek to stop that. They should seek to prevent protest and demonstration from spilling into violence. Blocking access to social networks will not aid in that endeavour.  [1] Stylianou, A., “Cyber Regulation and the Riots”, Legal matters, Autumn 2011.   [2] Dugan, L. “Blocking Twitter During Riots a Bad Idea, Study Proves”. Media Bistro. 2011. Blocking, social networks, mobilize, genuine social issues, state, gauge legitimacy, riots, social pressures, poverty, immigrant communities, issues, public consciousness, Arab Spring, London riots, initial peaceful protests, agenda, change, suppressing, demonstrations, physical force, internet repression, problem, ignore, muzzle, outrage, justified, media attention, organizing power, engaged, motivated, visible, prevent, protest, violence, access, Twitter, study, bad idea Blocking, social networks, mobilize, social issues, state, legitimacy, riots, social pressures, poverty, immigrant communities, issues, ruling elites, public consciousness, Arab Spring, London riots, physical force, internet repression, media attention, organizing power, government, prevent, violence, study, media bistro Blocking, social networks, mobilize, social issues, state, legitimacy, riots, social pressures, poverty, immigrant communities, issues, public consciousness, Arab Spring, London riots, government, suppression, demonstrations, internet repression, outrage, media attention, organizing power, protest, violence, cyber regulation, study, Dugan, Media Bistro Blocking, social networks, mobilize, social issues, state, legitimacy, riots, social pressures, poverty, immigrant communities, issues, public consciousness, Arab Spring, London riots, government, physical force, internet repression, problem, media attention, organizing power, protest, demonstration, violence, Cyber Regulation, Legal matters, Media Bistro blocking, social, networks, mobilize, social, issues, state, gauge, legitimacy, riots, social, pressures, poverty, immigrant, integration, issues, ignored, ruling, elites, boil, over, positive, consequences, riots, public, consciousness, Arab, Spring, London, riots, peaceful, protests, agenda, change, government, suppressing, demonstrations, physical, force, internet, repression, problem, ignore, muzzle, outrage, justified, media, attention, organizing, power, engaged, motivated, visible, prevent, violence, access, study
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-con03a	Affirmative action will not work  The underlying issue which affirmative action tries to gloss over is the embedded social problems which put the poor and ethnic monitories in continual disadvantages generation after generation. This policy merely papers over the cracks by masking the fact that the failures of state-funded schooling and attempts at integration have led to a situation in which ethnic minorities and the poor are so vastly underrepresented in universities. The state should do more to address these underlying problems, rather than covering up its failures with a tokenistic policy. Better funding of state schools, real parental choice in education, and accountability through the publication of comparable examination data would all drive up standards and allow more underprivileged children to fulfil their potential. [1] [2]  [1] Gryphon, M. “The Affirmative Action Myth”. Cato Institute Policy Analysis. No 540. April 13, 2005.   [2] Rosado, C. “Affirmative Action: A Time for Change?” March 3, 1997. affirmative action, social problems, poverty, ethnic minorities, disadvantages, state-funded schooling, integration, underrepresentation, universities, failures, tokenistic policy, funding, state schools, parental choice, education, accountability, examination data, standards, underprivileged children, potential, policy analysis, Cato Institute, change, minority representation, educational reform, societal equity Affirmative action, social problems, poverty, ethnic minorities, disadvantages, state-funded schooling, integration, underrepresentation, universities, policy failures, tokenism, education funding, parental choice, accountability, examination data, standards, underprivileged children, potential, Cato Institute, policy analysis, change, Rosado, Gryphon Affirmative action, social problems, poverty, ethnic minorities, state-funded schooling, integration, underrepresentation, universities, state intervention, education funding, parental choice, accountability, examination data, underprivileged children, policy analysis, Cato Institute, Gryphon, Rosado affirmative action, social problems, ethnic minorities, poverty, education, state-funded schooling, university representation, policy effectiveness, educational reform, funding, parental choice, accountability, examination data, underprivileged children, potential fulfillment, Cato Institute, policy analysis, Gryphon, Rosado, affirmative action myth, time for change affirmative action, social problems, ethnic minorities, poverty, education, state-funded schooling, university representation, policy effectiveness, education reform, school funding, parental choice, accountability, examination data, underprivileged children, potential fulfillment, Cato Institute, policy analysis, Gryphon, Rosado, affirmative action myth, time for change
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro03a	Religious symbols cause division within Western society.  Religious symbols can be seen as possible tools for fuelling division within society. When some women wear the Hijab it creates pressure on other Muslim women to also cover their heads. Pressure comes both socially from wanting to look like other women in their community and religiously from imams and family leaders pressing for observance. As such, Muslims themselves are divided and religious oppression against women is internalized.1 Approving of Muslim head coverings in society cements the Hijab as an essential tenet of Islam, in the minds of non-Muslims as well as believers. However, many different schools of Islam exist and as on other issues, they often disagree how to interpret the Koran's dress prescriptions. Moderate interpretations accept modest forms of modern dress while severe interpretations require full covering with the Burka or similar veil. Banning the veil furthers the cause of moderate interpretations and prevents the entrenchment of severe interpretations.  1 Rumy Hassan, 'Banning the hijab', Workers Power 283 February 2004, accessed on 24th July 2011 religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, religious oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, Burka, veil, banning, Workers Power Religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious oppression, internalized oppression, Muslim head coverings, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, Burka, banning the veil, Workers Power, Rumy Hassan Religious symbols, Western society, division, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, internalized oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, Burka, veil, banning, moderate Islam, severe Islam Religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, religious observance, internalized oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, Burka, banning veil, moderate Islam, severe Islam religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, religious oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, banning veil, moderate Islam, severe Islam, Workers Power, Rumy Hassan
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con03a	Class consciousness is an important aspect of Socialism, it would be hard to find a period in recent history when the majority have been so aware that their interests are not the same as the uber-rich  It has rarely been so clear that the interests of the few are not the same as those of the vast bulk of either European societies or the world outside it. At a time of rising unemployment, a handful of people who are already fantastically rich continue to pay themselves obscene salaries and bonuses. Of course there is nothing in this that is unusual, it’s just not usually done in so cavalier a fashion.  Although there is nothing mechanical in the process, most Socialist thinkers have been clear that the popular realisation that there really is a class distinction between what the Occupy protesters refer to as the 1% and the rest of us is an important first step towards establishing Socialism.  Whatever the media and political classes may pretend, Socialism is not – and never was – a single party or policy. It is a process. And that process is being seen on the streets across Europe class consciousness, socialism, recent history, majority awareness, interests, uber-rich, European societies, world, rising unemployment, rich salaries, bonuses, Occupy protesters, 1%, class distinction, Socialist thinkers, process, media, political classes, streets, Europe class consciousness, socialism, recent history, majority awareness, interests, uber-rich, European societies, world, rising unemployment, rich, salaries, bonuses, Occupy protesters, 1%, class distinction, Socialist thinkers, process, media, political classes, streets, Europe Class consciousness, Socialism, recent history, majority awareness, interests, uber-rich, European societies, world, rising unemployment, fantastically rich, salaries, bonuses, Occupy protesters, 1%, class distinction, Socialist thinkers, popular realisation, process, media, political classes, streets, Europe Class consciousness, Socialism, recent history, majority, interests, uber-rich, European societies, world, rising unemployment, fantastically rich, salaries, bonuses, Occupy protesters, 1%, class distinction, Socialist thinkers, popular realisation, media, political classes, process, streets, Europe class consciousness, socialism, recent history, majority awareness, interests, ultra-rich, European societies, world, rising unemployment, rich salaries, bonuses, Occupy protesters, 1%, class distinction, Socialist thinkers, media, political classes, process, streets, Europe
test-international-epglghbni-pro03a	It would be easier to protect the rights of religious minorities within a united Ireland  Unrest in Northern Ireland was started by the appalling treatment of the Catholic minority there. When there was a Northern Ireland Parliament there was some gerrymandering, while the discrimination in representation was slight very few nationalists were able to get senior jobs, in the civil service for example in 1927 fourteen of the 229 officers of staff officer rank or above, or 6 per cent, were Catholic, while in 1959 there were forty-six Catholics out of 740 in such ranks, or once again, 6 per cent.* Over the years reforms have been introduced but there is still huge stigma against the Catholic community in Northern Ireland, who have little representation in politics, because it is dominated by Unionist rhetoric.  The best way to ensure equal treatment of the Catholics in Ireland is to unite majority Protestant Northern Ireland with Catholic majority Republic of Ireland, where they will be better represented in politics and not stigmatized by their neighbors.  *Whyte, 1983, united Ireland, religious minorities, Northern Ireland unrest, Catholic minority, gerrymandering, discrimination, civil service representation, reforms, stigma, Catholic community, Unionist rhetoric, equal treatment, majority Protestant, Catholic majority Republic, political representation united Ireland, religious minorities, Northern Ireland, Catholic minority, unrest, gerrymandering, discrimination, representation, civil service, reforms, stigma, Catholic community, Unionist rhetoric, equal treatment, majority Protestant, Catholic majority, Republic of Ireland, politics, neighbors religious minorities, united Ireland, Northern Ireland unrest, Catholic minority, gerrymandering, discrimination, civil service, reforms, stigma, Catholic community, Unionist rhetoric, equal treatment, Protestant, Catholic majority, Republic of Ireland, political representation united Ireland, religious minorities, Northern Ireland, Catholic minority, unrest, gerrymandering, discrimination, civil service, representation, reforms, stigma, Unionist rhetoric, Catholic community, politics, majority Protestant, Catholic majority, Republic of Ireland, equal treatment, Whyte 1983 united Ireland, religious minorities, Northern Ireland, Catholic minority, unrest, gerrymandering, discrimination, civil service, representation, reforms, stigma, politics, Unionist rhetoric, equal treatment, majority Protestant, Catholic majority, Republic of Ireland, political representation, Whyte 1983
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro03a	"Judges are better at delivering justice than juries are.  Juries are not technically trained in evaluating evidence.1 Additionally, judges are trained to recognize and suppress their own prejudices, evaluate information given to them, recognize prosecutorial strategy etc., better allowing them to make objective decisions. Furthermore, some studies suggest that juries actually work against the innocent; a 1979 study found that ""more than 5 per cent of defendants found guilty by juries were considered by professionals to have been convicted in questionable circumstances.""2This is hardly surprising given that jurors are ordinary citizens who are forced to sit through what are often dull and protracted trials, and who may have little interest in actually listening to what is being said (Joanne Frail, a juror convicted for contempt of court stated that she 'drew more than she wrote [during the trial]').3 Perhaps we should trust in the expertise of screened and trained justices instead.  1Sir Louis Blum Cooper QC, ""A Judge Can Do the Work of 12 Amateurs, and Better  2Baldwin and McConville, ""Jury Trials""  3BBC, ""Juror Admits Contempt of Court Over Facebook Case"" judges, juries, justice, technical training, evidence evaluation, prejudices, prosecutorial strategy, objective decisions, studies, defendants, guilty, questionable circumstances, ordinary citizens, dull trials, protracted trials, juror disinterest, expertise, screened justices, trained justices, Sir Louis Blum Cooper QC, Baldwin and McConville, Jury Trials, BBC, Juror Admits Contempt of Court, Facebook Case judges, juries, delivering justice, technically trained, evaluating evidence, trained, prejudices, objective decisions, studies, defendants, guilty, questionable circumstances, ordinary citizens, dull trials, protracted trials, jurors, interest, listening, expertise, screened, trained justices, Sir Louis Blum Cooper, jury trials, Baldwin and McConville, BBC, Juror, contempt of court, Facebook case judges, juries, justice, evidence evaluation, technical training, prejudices, objective decisions, prosecutorial strategy, jury studies, innocent defendants, questionable convictions, jurors, citizen jurors, trial participation, juror contempt, expert justices, Sir Louis Blum Cooper, Baldwin and McConville, BBC, Facebook case judges, juries, justice, evidence evaluation, prejudice, objectivity, studies, wrongful convictions, juror interest, trials, expert justices, amateur jurors, legal professionals, courtroom practices, juror misconduct, social media influence judges, juries, delivering justice, technically trained, evaluating evidence, trained, recognize prejudices, evaluate information, prosecutorial strategy, objective decisions, studies, defendants, guilty, professionals, questionable circumstances, ordinary citizens, dull trials, protracted trials, jurors, listening, expertise, screened justices, Sir Louis Blum Cooper QC, Jury Trials, Baldwin and McConville, BBC, Juror, Contempt of Court, Facebook Case"
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-pro02a	You are not going to be arrested because the government has access to your communications  Clearly much of the time you really do have nothing to worry about when it comes to intelligence agencies having information about you. People are not regularly arrested without just cause and we have little evidence that democratic governments use this information to put pressure on their citizens. There have been no known cases of this happening since the start of the war on terror. [1] When it comes to foreign governments this is even less of a cause for concern; while your own government might be interested in various aspects of your life to help it with the services it provides foreign governments only have one motivation; their own national security. If you are not a threat to that national security the chances of them ever taking any action against you are essentially nonexistent.  [1] Posner, Eric, ‘I Don’t See a Problem Here’, The New York Times Room for Debate, 10 June 2013, government surveillance, privacy, intelligence agencies, arrest, just cause, democratic governments, national security, war on terror, foreign governments, threat, citizen pressure, Eric Posner, New York Times, Room for Debate government surveillance, privacy concerns, intelligence agencies, data collection, arrest rates, national security, foreign governments, war on terror, legal protections, democratic oversight, Posner, New York Times, Room for Debate, civil liberties, domestic spying, foreign espionage, communication privacy, justified arrests, unwarranted pressure, citizen safety arrest, government, communications, intelligence, agencies, information, citizens, democratic, war, terror, foreign, national, security, threat, action, Eric, Posner, New, York, Times, debate government access, communications, intelligence agencies, information, arrest, just cause, democratic governments, evidence, pressure, citizens, war on terror, foreign governments, national security, threat, action, Eric Posner, New York Times, Room for Debate arrest, government, communications, intelligence, agencies, information, citizens, democratic, war, terror, foreign, national, security, threat, action, Posner, Eric, New, York, Times, debate
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con02a	Unenforceable  Smoking bans are often unenforceable in higher income countries. This is because they require expensive manpower or CCTV in order to stop those flouting the ban, with scarce resources a police force will almost always have other more important crimes to deal with. If Berlin 1 and New York City 2 cannot enforce them, most African cities won’t be able to either.  Ghana's advertising ban has been flouted in the past. When asked in a survey about advertising 35% of Ghanaians recalled hearing a tobacco advert on radio or television despite such ads being banned. 3  1 AFP, 'Smoking Ban not Enforced in Parts of Germany', Spiegel Online, 2 July 2008,   2 Huff Post New York, 'NYC Smoking Ban In Parks Will Not Be Enforced By NYPD: Mayor', Huffington Post, 2 November 2011,   3 Kaloko, Mustapha, 2013,  , p.18 unenforceable, smoking bans, higher income countries, manpower, CCTV, police force, Berlin, New York City, African cities, Ghana, advertising ban, flouted, tobacco advert, survey, Spiegel Online, Huffington Post, Mustapha Kaloko unenforceable, smoking bans, higher income countries, expensive manpower, CCTV, police force, scarce resources, Berlin, New York City, African cities, Ghana, advertising ban, tobacco adverts, radio, television, survey, flouted, enforcement, parts of Germany, Spiegel Online, NYC parks, Mayor, Huffington Post, Mustapha Kaloko, 2013 unenforceable, smoking bans, higher income countries, manpower, CCTV, police force, crimes, Berlin, New York City, African cities, Ghana, advertising ban, tobacco adverts, radio, television, survey, enforcement, Germany, NYC parks, Mayor, NYPD, Mustapha Kaloko unenforceable, smoking bans, higher income countries, manpower, CCTV, police force, crimes, Berlin, New York City, African cities, Ghana, advertising ban, tobacco advert, radio, television, survey, enforcement, Germany, NYC parks, mayor, enforcement resources unenforceable, smoking bans, higher income countries, manpower, CCTV, police force, priority crimes, Berlin, New York City, African cities, Ghana, advertising ban, flouted, tobacco adverts, survey, radio, television, AFP, Spiegel Online, Huff Post New York, NYC parks, Mayor, Kaloko, Mustapha, 2013
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-pro01a	Israel has no right to the occupied territories.  Because Israel won the land during war, it is considered occupied territory under international law, and it is illegal for Israel to annex it. [1] In July 2004, the International Court of Justice delivered an Advisory Opinion observing that under customary international law as reflected in Article 42 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague IV Convention, territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army, and the occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised. Israel raised a number of exceptions and objections, but the Court found them unpersuasive. The Court ruled that territories had been occupied by the Israeli armed forces in 1967, during the conflict between Israel and Jordan, and that subsequent events in those territories, had done nothing to alter the situation. [2] Even the Israeli Supreme court has ruled that “Judea and Samaria [a.k.a. The West Bank] areas are held by the State of Israel in belligerent occupation.” [3] Therefore, Israel has no better claim to these lands than that it won them in a war, which is an illegitimate claim under international law, and also illegitimate as a thinly-disguised, morally abhorrent “might makes right” argument. The fact that Arab states initiated the 1967 war does not justify Israel responding by annexing Palestinian territory. [4] A just settlement would have been a return to the previous borders in exchange for security guarantees, etc. Instead, Israel unjustly used the opportunity to take land from an innocent people. One bad act does not justify another bad act in return. Moreover, it is notable that the nations which Israel took Gaza and the West Bank from in 1967 (Egypt and Jordan, respectively) were not representative nations of the areas' majority inhabitants, the Palestinian people. [5] It is thus illegitimate for Israel to claim ownership of Palestinian land because it defeated non-Palestinian nations in a war, and Israel should therefore return to its pre-1967 borders, leaving Gaza and the West Bank to the Palestinian people.  [1] BBC News. “Israeli settlements condemned by Western powers”. BBC News. 2 November 2011.   [2] International Court of Justice. “Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”. International Court of Justice, United Nations Organisation. July 2004.   [3] The Supreme Court of Israel. “Mara'abe vs The Prime Minister of Israel”. The Supreme Court of Israel. June 2005.   [4] BBC News. “1967: Israel launches attack on Egypt”. BBC News On This Day. 5 June 1967.   [5] BBC News. “Israeli settlements condemned by Western powers”. BBC News. 2 November 2011. Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, Hague IV Convention, Article 42, Israeli Supreme Court, Judea and Samaria, West Bank, belligerent occupation, 1967 war, Palestinian territory, pre-1967 borders, Gaza, Jordan, Egypt, settlements, security guarantees, BBC News, Mara'abe vs The Prime Minister of Israel, Legality of the Wall, Palestinian people, unjust settlement, might makes right, moral argument, non-Palestinian nations, ownership, Palestinian land, representative nations, response, bad acts, legal Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, Hague IV Convention, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, 1967 war, Jordan, Israeli Supreme Court, Judea, Samaria, West Bank, belligerent occupation, Palestinian territory, Arab states, Gaza, Egypt, pre-1967 borders, settlements, Western powers, security guarantees, Palestinian people, Mara'abe vs The Prime Minister of Israel, BBC News, Israeli attack on Egypt Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, Hague IV Convention, belligerent occupation, Israeli Supreme Court, Judea and Samaria, West Bank, 1967 war, Palestinian territory, Arab states, just settlement, pre-1967 borders, Gaza, Jordan, Egypt, Palestinian people, Israeli settlements, Western powers, security guarantees Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, Hague IV Convention, customary international law, belligerent occupation, Israeli Supreme Court, Judea and Samaria, West Bank, 1967 war, Arab states, Palestinian territory, just settlement, pre-1967 borders, Gaza, Egypt, Jordan, Palestinian people, Israeli settlements, Western powers, BBC News, Mara'abe vs The Prime Minister of Israel Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, Article 42, Hague IV Convention, belligerent occupation, Israeli Supreme Court, Judea and Samaria, West Bank, 1967 war, Palestinian territory, pre-1967 borders, Gaza, Egypt, Jordan, Palestinian people, Israeli settlements, Western powers, attack on Egypt, security guarantees, just settlement, moral justification, territorial disputes, Palestinian land rights, Israel-Palestine conflict, legal consequences, construction of wall, Mara'abe vs The Prime Minister of Israel, Palestinian representation, historical
test-international-emephsate-pro02a	Turkey is actually part of the European continent both geographically and historically.  Geographically, Turkey is astride the divide between Europe and Asia, it is uncontestable that Turkey is in part a European country and so has the right to become a member of the European Union. Turkey’s biggest city, Istanbul, is located within Europe. One of the core values of the EU stands as “every country on the European continent after having completed all the necessary preparations has the right to join the EU’’ [1] . Furthermore, Turkey and its predecessors, the Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire were major European and World powers from the end of the Roman Empire until the breakdown of the World War I. The Ottoman Empire took part in the European state’s system from its birth even if as in some ways an outsider, until the end of the eighteenth century Turkey was considered to be much more a part of the European system than Russia. [2] Turkey since the first world war has been orientated towards the west using western methods to modernize including for example making the state secular; building a law system based not on Islamic law but on Swiss civil law. [3] Turkey can therefore be said to be as much a western nation as an Islamic one.  [1] The EU: A Community of Values. EU Focus.  Accessed on September 3, 2010.  [2] Anderson, M.S., The Origins of the Modern European State System 1494-1618, Longman London, 1998, p.57  [3] Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the remaking of world order, Simon &amp; Schuster London, 1996, pp.144-145 Turkey, Europe, European continent, European Union, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Roman Empire, World War I, western methods, secular state, Swiss civil law, western nation, Islamic, European state system, modernization, Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, values, European powers, geographical division, membership, core values, European system, legal system, secularization, cultural identity, historical context, political integration, state secularism, legal reforms, geographical position, cultural heritage, European values, world order, historical powers, European continent membership, European identity, legal framework, cultural influence, historical significance, Turkey, European continent, geographically, historically, European Union, Istanbul, core values, European system, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Western methods, secular, Swiss civil law, modernization, Samuel P. Huntington, clash of civilizations, world order Turkey, European continent, geography, history, European Union, Istanbul, European values, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Roman Empire, World War I, westernization, secularization, Swiss civil law, Samuel Huntington, clash of civilizations, European state system, modernization, Islamic law, European powers, legal system, cultural identity, western orientation, European integration, historical ties, geopolitical significance, membership eligibility, state secularism Turkey, European continent, geography, European Union, Istanbul, European values, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, European state system, Western modernization, secularization, Swiss civil law, Western nation, Islamic nation, Samuel Huntington, clash of civilizations Turkey, Europe, European continent, European Union, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, European state's system, secular state, Swiss civil law, western nation, Islamic, modernization, values, EU membership, geography, history, World War I, Samuel P. Huntington, clash of civilizations
test-international-ghbunhf-con03a	Many UN organs carry out valuable work around the world.  The United Nations is far more than simply a debating forum; it does a massive amount of vital work around the world through its other organs. Examples of these are the World Health Organisation (WHO), UNESCO, UNICEF, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) among many others. [1]  Even if the slow speed of diplomacy at the UN General Assembly can sometimes be frustrating, the idea that the United Nations as a whole has “failed” simply does not take account of all these very important bodies. Furthermore, the UN remains one of the most respected of international organisations among ordinary citizens.  [1] “United Nations: Structure and Organisation”. United Nations, 2011. UN organs, valuable work, World Health Organisation, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, UNHCR, international bodies, UN General Assembly, diplomacy, respected international organisations, United Nations structure, United Nations organisation UN organs, valuable work, World Health Organisation, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, UNHCR, diplomacy, UN General Assembly, international organisations, respected, Structure and Organisation UN organs, valuable work, World Health Organisation, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, ICJ, High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, diplomacy, UN General Assembly, United Nations, failed, respected, international organisations UN organs, valuable work, World Health Organisation, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, ICJ, High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, United Nations, debating forum, diplomacy, UN General Assembly, international organisations, respected, citizens, failure, structure, organisation UN organs, valuable work, United Nations, debating forum, World Health Organisation, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, ICJ, High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, diplomacy, UN General Assembly, failed, respected, international organisations, ordinary citizens, Structure and Organisation
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro05a	"A code of conduct is needed not a ban  The current arms ban is purely symbolic. China is already able to buy a range of military items from Europe ($555 million worth in 2003) [1] and the USA, which has a similar ""ban"" on weapons sales to China. This is because the EU’s current ban is not legally binding and it is up to each EU member to define and implement the embargo meaning the embargo is not effective. [2] An arms ban is therefore a blunt instrument that does not work. Instead future sales should be regulated by a tough EU code of conduct which prevents military equipment being sold to any state which might use it for external aggression or internal repression. Such a code of conduct for all arms exports has already existed since 1998. [3] Such a code of conduct will be a much better guarantee that China is not sold arms unless EU states are sure they will not be misused.  [1] Tkacik, ‘E.U. Leadership Finds Little Public Support for Lifting China Arms Ban’, 2005.   [2] Archick, Kristin, et al., ‘European Union’s Arms Embargo on China’, 2005, p5.   [3] Ibid, p21 code of conduct, arms ban, symbolic, military items, China, Europe, USA, sales, EU, legally binding, member states, embargo, effectiveness, blunt instrument, regulation, future sales, military equipment, external aggression, internal repression, guarantee, misuse, public support, Tkacik, Archick, European Union, 1998, arms exports code of conduct, arms ban, symbolic, military items, China, Europe, USA, legally binding, EU member, define, implement, embargo, effective, blunt instrument, future sales, regulated, tough EU code, prevent, military equipment, state, external aggression, internal repression, guarantee, sold arms, EU states, misused, Tkacik, E.U. Leadership, public support, Archick, Kristin, European Union, arms embargo, China, 1998 code of conduct, arms ban, military items, China, Europe, USA, legally binding, member states, embargo, ineffective, blunt instrument, future sales, regulation, EU, military equipment, external aggression, internal repression, arms exports, guarantee, misuse, public support, lifting ban, European Union, embargo effectiveness code of conduct, arms ban, China, military items, Europe, USA, embargo, EU member, legally binding, effective, blunt instrument, future sales, regulated, tough EU code, military equipment, external aggression, internal repression, arms exports, guarantee, misuse, public support, Lifting China Arms Ban, European Union's Arms Embargo, Tkacik, Kristin Archick code of conduct, arms ban, China, military items, EU, embargo, legally binding, arms sales, external aggression, internal repression, EU code of conduct, arms exports, public support, European Union, Tkacik, Kristin Archick"
test-economy-thsptr-pro05a	A well-implemented progressive taxation scheme serve to promote economic growth  Progressive taxation can serve very effectively to increase the economic welfare and development of societies. It does so in three ways. First, it lifts the poor out of poverty by redistributing the tax burden from them onto the wealthy who are more able to pay, and gives them more disposable income to put back into the economy, which increases the velocity of money in the system, increasing growth. [1] Second, workers will be more likely to work harder since they will feel the system is more equitable; perceptions of fairness are very important to individuals. People will still work and save since they will want the goods and services they always did in the presence of progressive taxation, and will thus not be less motivated as detractors of progressive systems suggest. Third, progressive taxes serve as an automatic stabilizer in the event of recessions and temporary downturns in the market, in the sense that a loss of wages due to unemployment or wage cuts places an individual in a lower tax bracket, dampening the blow of the initial income loss. The American economy is a perfect example of how progressive taxation promotes broader economic growth; data shows that average yearly growth has been lessened since the 1950s after the reduction in progressively in the tax system. In the 1950s annual growth was 4.1%, while in the 1980s, when progressively in taxes fell dramatically, growth was only 3%. [2] Clearly, a progressive tax regime is best for workers and the economy generally.  [1] Boxx, T. William and Gary Quinlivan. The Cultural Context of Economics and Politics. Lanham: University Press of America. 1994.  [2] Batra, Ravi. The Great American Deception: What Politicians Won’t Tell You About Our Economy and Your Future. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1996. progressive taxation, economic growth, redistribution, tax burden, disposable income, poverty reduction, velocity of money, worker motivation, fairness, automatic stabilizer, recessions, tax brackets, American economy, historical data, tax policy, economic welfare, societal development, income inequality, wage cuts, unemployment, annual growth, cultural context, political economy, future prospects, economic policies, tax regimes, economic performance, wealth distribution, worker incentives, economic stability, tax fairness, public finance, fiscal policy, economic development, income distribution, economic theory, economic research, economic history, tax reforms, economic justice, societal impact, economic models, tax efficiency progressive taxation, economic growth, poverty reduction, tax burden, wealth redistribution, disposable income, economic welfare, social development, worker motivation, economic equity, automatic stabilizer, recession, unemployment, wage cuts, American economy, historical data, 1950s growth, 1980s growth, tax policy, economic stability, wealth inequality, fiscal policy, government revenue, public spending, tax brackets, economic fairness, social justice, income distribution, macroeconomics, economic development, tax reform, fiscal stimulus, economic theory, economic impact, policy effectiveness, economic research, tax rates, economicperformance, tax progression, progressive taxation, economic growth, economic welfare, development, poverty reduction, tax burden redistribution, wealthy, disposable income, velocity of money, equity, fairness, work motivation, automatic stabilizer, recession, unemployment, tax bracket, American economy, historical data, yearly growth, 1950s, 1980s, tax policy, income distribution, economic stability, social justice, public finance, fiscal policy, economic inequality, tax reform progressive taxation, economic growth, poverty reduction, wealth redistribution, disposable income, velocity of money, equity, worker motivation, savings, automatic stabilizer, recessions, unemployment, wage cuts, tax brackets, American economy, historical data, 1950s growth, 1980s growth, tax policy impact, fiscal policy, economic welfare, societal development, fairness, economic stability, tax brackets, income distribution, economic inequality, government revenue, public spending, social mobility, economic efficiency, tax reform, economic models, fiscal sustainability, policy analysis, economic theory, empirical evidence, tax incidence, marginal tax rates, progressive taxation, economic growth, poverty reduction, wealth redistribution, disposable income, velocity of money, worker motivation, fairness, economic stability, automatic stabilizer, unemployment, wage cuts, tax brackets, American economy, historical data, tax policy, income inequality, economic welfare, societal development, tax reform, fiscal policy, economic equity, tax burden, economic performance, recession mitigation, tax bracket adjustments, economic indicators, public finance, economic theory, tax legislation, income distribution, economic sustainability, government revenue, social equity, economic justification, political economy, economic analysis, financial stability, economic justice, tax efficiency, economic incentives, policy effectiveness,
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-con03a	Why should those who foot the bill have chunks of airtime from which they are, effectively, excluded.  How can it be okay for a broadcaster, funded by a compulsory levy on anyone who owns a television, to willingly produce programmes they know will cause offence to that consumer?  The charge of blasphemy is far more than saying ‘I didn’t enjoy this’ or ‘not my kind of show’, it is a deeply held belief that what has been said is a deliberate and willful attack on values and beliefs that the viewer holds sacred and fundamental to who they are.  All major broadcasters, including the BBC, routinely test shows and monitor audience response and yet, in this particular regard, feel relaxed about producing material that certain viewers would consider it not only uncomfortable but sinful to watch. By definition, those viewers cannot watch those shows or, quite probably, that station and yet they are still expected to pay for it.  Even if a British viewer were to choose never to watch the BBC again because of the offence caused by programmes such as Jerry Springer: The Opera, they would still be paying the salaries of those who had caused the offence in the first place. That cannot be reasonable by any standard. public funding, compulsory levy, offence, broadcaster responsibility, audience exclusion, blasphemy, deeply held beliefs, deliberate attack, audience testing, viewer values, uncomfortable content, sinful programming, payment obligation, viewer choice, reasonable standards, Jerry Springer: The Opera, BBC, television license fee television, compulsory levy, broadcaster, offence, blasphemy, values, beliefs, audience response, sinful, Jerry Springer: The Opera, BBC, salaries, reasonable BBC, compulsory levy, television license, offensive content, blasphemy, audience values, viewer rights, public funding, censorship, Jerry Springer: The Opera, religious sensitivity, broadcast regulation, consumer rights, media ethics broadcasters, compulsory levy, offensive content, blasphemy, viewer values, audience testing, programme monitoring, public funding, Jerry Springer: The Opera, BBC, television license, viewer offense, content regulation, media ethics television license, broadcaster accountability, viewer offense, compulsory levy, programme content, audience values, blasphemy, religious sensitivity, BBC, Jerry Springer: The Opera, public funding, media regulation, viewer choice, offensive content, broadcast ethics
test-science-nsihwbtiss-con01a	Social media can be powerful educational resources.  Many teachers have been using social media as an extension of the classroom, some of them setting up discussion pages, or allowing students to contact them about homework or things that they did not understand in the classroom, it allows the teachers to provide extra help whenever the student needs it. This keeps students interested and makes learning fun by using a tool that they are already fond of. The enormous success of tools like ‘The Khan Academy’, which uses youtube videos to deliver lectures to kids, is proof of that [1] . It also allows even those students who are too shy to speak out in class or ask for help, to participate3. Tools like facebook and twitter have the advantage of being ready-made platforms that lend themselves well to extending classroom discussions through groups, pages, pictures, and videos. Not all schools have access to the funding to set up such pages separately and not all teachers have the skills to create them. It would be a mistake for schools to dismiss their use and their value.  [1] Khan, Salman. ”Turning the Classroom Upside Down.” The Wall Street Journal. 9 April 2011. social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, student contact, homework help, learning engagement, student interest, Khan Academy, youtube videos, lectures, shy students, participation, Facebook, Twitter, ready-made platforms, classroom discussions, school funding, teacher skills, educational value, classroom upside down social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, homework help, student engagement, learning fun, Khan Academy, shy students, participation, Facebook, Twitter, ready-made platforms, classroom discussions, school funding, teacher skills, educational value social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, homework help, student engagement, learning fun, Khan Academy, YouTube lectures, shy students, participation, Facebook, Twitter, platforms, classroom discussions, school funding, teacher skills, educational value social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, homework help, student engagement, learning fun, Khan Academy, youtube videos, shy students, facebook, twitter, ready-made platforms, classroom discussions, school funding, teacher skills, educational value social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, student contact, homework help, learning engagement, Khan Academy, youtube videos, lectures, shy students, participation, Facebook, Twitter, platform advantage, group discussions, school funding, teacher skills, classroom discussions, value recognition
test-society-epsihbdns-con03a	"Rural life is miserable and has higher mortality rates than cities  This planet does not find worse living standards anywhere than in the rural areas of developing countries. These are the areas where famine, child mortality and diseases (such as AIDS) plague the people. [1] China’s Hukou system has condemned millions of people to premature death by locking them in areas that never will develop. [2] While the cities enjoy the benefits of 12% growth, the villages are as poor and deprived as ever. [3] It is a poorly concealed policy aimed at maintaining a gaping social cleavage and allowing the rich to remain rich.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1.  [2] Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine. London : Walker &amp; Company, 2010. 0802777686.  [3] Wang, Fei-Ling. “Organising through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System"". 2005. rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban food security, social cleavage, poverty, deprivation, political economy, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, Fei-Ling Wang, Frank Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell, economic growth, urban-rural disparity Rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban food security, political economy, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, social cleavage, poverty, exclusion, Fei-Ling Wang, Frank Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell Rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, social cleavage, wealth inequality, village poverty, economic growth, Fei-Ling Wang, Frank Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell Rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China’s Hukou system, premature death, urban food security, political economy, social cleavage, wealth inequality, poverty, deprivation, urban development, rural development, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, Fei-Ling Wang, Frank Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban growth, villages, poverty, social cleavage, wealth inequality, political economy, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, Fei-Ling Wang, exclusion, division, Hukou policy"
test-society-tsmihwurpp-pro01a	When you know terrorists are likely to be members of particular national and ethnic groups, it is simply more practical to focus searches on those groups.  The reality is that all of the major terrorist attacks against Western targets in recent years have been perpetrated by young, Muslim men. It doesn’t require any prejudice at all to realise that they are the most sensible group to check and recheck.  Although it is important to respect people’s rights and liberties regardless of ethnicity or religious belief, a sensible security policy must force police officers and security officials to make decisions based on factual information. Everybody- including most members of the groups identified by profiling- has an interest in not being blown up on an aeroplane. They will, therefore, accept that this is a regrettable necessity. Airport staff can only stop so many people and it makes sense to target groups that terrorists are likely to be part of. terrorists, national, ethnic, groups, practical, searches, Western, attacks, young, Muslim, men, prejudice, security, policy, police, officers, factual, information, rights, liberties, ethnicity, religious, belief, profiling, airport, staff, target, aeroplane, safety terrorists, national, ethnic, groups, practical, searches, recent, attacks, Western, targets, young, Muslim, men, prejudice, sensible, security, policy, police, officers, rights, liberties, ethnicity, religious, belief, factual, information, interest, blown, aeroplane, necessity, airport, staff, target, profiling terrorists, national, ethnic, groups, practical, searches, major, attacks, Western, targets, recent, years, young, Muslim, men, prejudice, sensible, check, recheck, rights, liberties, ethnicity, religious, belief, security, policy, police, officers, officials, decisions, factual, information, interest, blown, aeroplane, regrettable, necessity, airport, staff, stop, people, target, groups, likely, part terrorists, national, ethnic, groups, practical, searches, major, attacks, Western, targets, recent, years, young, Muslim, men, prejudice, sensible, check, recheck, rights, liberties, ethnicity, religious, belief, security, policy, police, officers, factual, information, interest, blown, aeroplane, regrettable, necessity, airport, staff, target, likely, part, profiling terrorists, national, ethnic, groups, searches, major, attacks, Western, targets, recent, years, young, Muslim, men, prejudice, sensible, security, policy, police, officers, officials, decisions, factual, information, rights, liberties, ethnicity, religious, belief, interest, blown, aeroplane, accept, regrettable, necessity, airport, staff, target, likelihood, profiling
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-pro02a	Non violent methods of disrupting riots must be tried before using force  When riots are on-going then the police needs to act but the safety of everyone involved should be considered to be paramount. If a riot will not disperse peacefully then the police often find they need to use batons, water cannon, or even in extremis tear gas or rubber bullets. It is the police’s duty to bring back public order by stopping riots through these methods. However this should not be at the expense of a much more preventative approach that shutting down social media networks would allow. If during instances of rioting the police are able to prevent those rioters from encouraging their friends to join them so expanding the riots then this is the right course of action to take. Rioters used social media like activists, to outmanoeuvre the police targeting areas where there was little police presence. Cutting off their means of communication would make this much harder and less effective. [1] This has been used effectively in the past; the San Francisco BART, shut down mobile phones on its network to prevent protests which it feared could lead to clashes with commuters, it may well have been the reason why there were no such protests, but it did spark outrage over violations of freedom of speech. [2]  [1] O’Rourke, Simon, “Empowering protest through social media”, Edith Cowan University Research Online, 2011,  P.51  [2] Cabanatuan, M., “BART admits halting cell service to stop protests”, SFGate, Non-violent methods, disrupting riots, police intervention, public safety, batons, water cannon, tear gas, rubber bullets, social media networks, preventing expansion, riot communication, San Francisco BART, mobile phone shutdown, protest prevention, freedom of speech, activist tactics, police presence, communication disruption, public order, legal implications, civil rights Non-violent, riots, police, safety, batons, water-cannon, tear-gas, rubber-bullets, public-order, preventative-approach, social-media, network-shutdown, rioters, communication, protests, San-Francisco-BART, cell-service, freedom-of-speech, clashes, commuters, activists, outmanoeuvre, police-presence, P.51, SFGate non-violent, riot-disruption, police-intervention, public-safety, batons, water-cannon, tear-gas, rubber-bullets, public-order, preventative-measures, social-media-networks, communication-shutdown, riot-prevention, social-media-activism, police-strategy, freedom-of-speech, san-francisco-bart, mobile-phone-shutdown, protest-prevention non-violent, riots, police, safety, batons, water-cannon, tear-gas, rubber-bullets, public-order, preventative-approach, social-media, communication, protests, freedom-of-speech, BART, mobile-phones, activists, clashes, commuters, San-Francisco non-violent, disruption, riots, police, force, safety, batons, water-cannon, tear-gas, rubber-bullets, public-order, preventative-approach, social-media, networks, communication, shutdown, activists, protests, mobile-phones, BART, freedom-of-speech, riots-prevention, communication-disruption, public-safety, Riot-control, Social-media-regulation
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro02a	Religious symbols cause problems in schools.  As well as division in society in general, religious symbols are also a source of division within school environments. The Hijab causes schools many problems. It is potentially divisive in the classroom, marking some children out as different from the others and above the rules that the school enforces for everyone else. This may lead to alienation and bullying. Full headscarves may also be impractical or dangerous in some lessons, for example PE, swimming, or in technology and science lessons where machinery is being operated. In the same way, there have been discussions as to whether to ban the display of Crucifixes in public classrooms. Authorities in Italy have followed through with the ban saying that such a Christian symbol segregates those who are not Christian.1  1 'Decision due in Crucifix ban case', Times of Malta, March 17th 2011 , accessed on 24th July 2011 Religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, problems, classrooms, alienation, bullying, full headscarves, PE, swimming, technology, science, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, ban religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, problems, classroom, alienation, bullying, full headscarves, PE, swimming, technology, science, machinery, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, non-Christian, Crucifix ban, Times of Malta Religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, problems, classroom, alienation, bullying, practicality, danger, PE, swimming, technology, science, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, ban, Times of Malta, Crucifix ban case, March 17th 2011, July 24th 2011 religious symbols, schools, division, society, hijab, classroom, alienation, bullying, full headscarves, PE, swimming, technology, science, crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, non-Christian, ban religious symbols, problems in schools, division in society, Hijab, school environments, divisiveness, classroom, alienation, bullying, full headscarves, practicality, danger, PE, swimming, technology, science lessons, machinery, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Christian symbol, segregation, non-Christian, Italy, ban, authorities, Times of Malta, Crucifix ban case
test-culture-mmciahbans-pro03a	Monetizing colonialism  Skin whitening can be seen as an attempt to fit in with a form of a neo-colonialist mind-set; a form of cultural imperialism driven by capitalism.  These products, often sold by big international FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) companies feed off a neo-colonialist mind-set – one of a cultural inferiority complex. These products form part of the process of tying African people into a globalised consumer world where non-westerners feel compelled to buy western products that they don’t need. They are therefore kept in a colonial situation where they are dependent on the west both mentally and in terms of the products they buy. That is reason enough for nations that have been victims of colonialism by the Global North to take action against them. Monetizing colonialism, skin whitening, neo-colonialist mindset, cultural imperialism, capitalism, FMCG, cultural inferiority complex, globalized consumer world, non-westerners, western products, colonial dependency, mental colonization, economic exploitation, Global North, anti-colonial action, consumerism, post-colonial critique, beauty standards, economic imperialism Monetizing colonialism, Skin whitening, Neo-colonialist mindset, Cultural imperialism, Capitalism, FMCG, Cultural inferiority complex, Globalized consumer world, Non-westerners, Western products, Colonial situation, Mental dependence, Product dependence, Global North, Victims of colonialism, Action against colonial products Monetizing colonialism, skin whitening, neo-colonialist mindset, cultural imperialism, capitalism, FMCG, cultural inferiority complex, globalized consumer world, non-westerners, western products, colonial dependency, mental dependence, economic exploitation, post-colonial critique, action against colonialism, Global North, victim nations Monetizing colonialism, Skin whitening, Neo-colonialist mindset, Cultural imperialism, Capitalism, FMCG, Cultural inferiority complex, Globalised consumer world, Non-westerners, Western products, Colonial dependence, Mental dependence, Action against colonialism, Global North, Victims of colonialism Monetizing colonialism, Skin whitening, Neo-colonialist mindset, Cultural imperialism, Capitalism, FMCG companies, Cultural inferiority complex, Globalized consumer world, Non-westerners, Western products, Colonial situation, Mental dependence, Product dependence, Global North, Victims of colonialism, Taking action
test-international-epdlhfcefp-con01a	The post of a High Representative is merely a shadow of what it should have been, and its failure shows the EU's inability to consolidate foreign policy.  While seemingly groundbreaking, the current agreement on the EU reform treaty was nothing but a lame attempt to salvage a much bolder initiative: an EU Constitution. The rejection of the EU Constitution in the Dutch and French referendums, as well as the extreme difficulty in getting even its watered-down version accepted, shows the extent to which the member states of the EU are not yet ready to think and act in unison. The UK representatives successfully insisted that the language of the reform treaty clearly states that major foreign policy decisions will continue to be taken at the state level. High Representative, EU, foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, unison, UK representatives, major foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU failure, foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, unison, UK representatives, foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU, foreign policy, failure, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, consensus, UK, foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU, foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, UK, foreign policy decisions, state level, consolidation, unison, rejection, watered-down, groundbreaking, inability, shadow, bolder initiative, salvage, major decisions High Representative, EU, foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, unison, UK representatives, major foreign policy decisions, state level
test-law-lgplhbssbco-pro04a	Suicide undermines the sanctity of the human body  Like abortion, euthanasia, cloning and genetic engineering, suicide undermines the sanctity and inviolability of the human body. It is legitimate to legislate against such actions because the sanctity of the human body is an intrinsic constituent part of the respect for human dignity, which is the sine qua non of social life in any country. suicide, sanctity, human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, legislation, human dignity, social life suicide, sanctity, human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, legislation, human dignity, social life, intrinsic value, respect, inviolability suicide, sanctity, human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, legislation, human dignity, social life suicide, sanctity, human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, legislation, human dignity, social life, ethics, moral values, intrinsic value, respect for life suicide, sanctity, human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, legislation, human dignity, social life
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-pro03a	Collisions are not as dangerous as they’re feared to be.  Some hits lead to injury, but the vast majority do not. One commentator challenged proponents of a rule change “to name as many as five MLB catchers in the last 30 years who have had their careers ended or shortened as a result of a home plate collision. Personally, I can’t think of one.” [1] In posing some—though not a substantial—risk, home plate collisions are very much like other aspects of the sport. Every time a pitcher throws a pitch, the batter could get struck and hurt. Every time two outfielders converge on a fly ball, there’s a risk of injury. Baseball, as with many other sports, inherently involves the risk of injury. It makes little sense to focus on this play, which doesn’t often result in significant injury.  Moreover, catchers are trained to position their bodies in ways that minimize the injury risk from crashes. [2] If catchers do as they’re trained, they’re very unlikely to get hurt.  [1] Joe Janish, “Buster Posey Aftermath: What Should Be Done?,” On Baseball, May 30, 2011,  (internal quotation marks omitted).  [2] See, for example, “Relays, Cutoffs, and Plays at Home,” Baseball-Catcher.com,  . collisions, danger, injury, MLB, catchers, careers, risk, home plate, sport, pitcher, batter, outfielders, fly ball, baseball, trained, minimizes, crashes, Buster Posey, relays, cutoffs, plays at home collisions, dangerous, injury, MLB, catchers, careers, home plate, risk, sport, pitcher, batter, outfielders, fly ball, baseball, minimized, training, unlikely, hurt, plays, significant, sense, Buster Posey, prevention, safety, debate, rules, change, inherent, Relays, Cutoffs, Plays at Home, Baseball-Catcher.com, On Baseball, Joe Janish, May 30, 2011 collisions, dangerous, injury, MLB, catchers, home plate, risk, sport, baseball, pitch, batter, outfielders, fly ball, inherently, Buster Posey, Joe Janish, training, positioning, relays, cutoffs, plays at home, Baseball-Catcher.com collisions, danger, injury, MLB, catchers, career, risk, home plate, sport, pitcher, batter, outfielders, fly ball, baseball, training, crashes, minimized, unlikely, hurt, relays, cutoffs, plays at home, Buster Posey, Joe Janish, On Baseball, Baseball-Catcher.com baseball,collisions,home plate,catchers,injury,risk,MLB,safety,rule change,training,sports injuries,pitcher,batter,outfielders,game risks,buster posey,relays,cutoffs,plays at home
test-economy-epsihbdns-pro01a	"The government has a right to make decisions in the best interest of the people  Man is a social being. Therefore people live in communities where decisions that affect the many, are taken by representatives of the many. Thus, a social contract exists between the people and their government. [1] In exchange for part of their autonomy and freedom, the government ensures that policies are made in the best interest of people, even if this might come at the expense of short-term interests for some individuals. This is a typical example of this kind of case. The trend is emptying the countryside, stopping the production of agricultural goods and hollowing the amenities provided by the cities. Even if each individual has a personal incentive to move to the cities, the harm to the cities is greater than their accumulated individual gains. It is in these cases that the state must act to protect its people and ensure long term benefits.  [1] D'Agostino, Fred, Gaus, Gerald and Thrasher, John, ""Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), government, decisions, best interest, people, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, short-term interests, trend, countryside, agricultural goods, amenities, cities, individual incentive, harm, state, act, long term benefits, D'Agostino, Fred, Gaus, Gerald, Thrasher, John, Contemporary Approaches, Social Contract, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta government decisions, best interest, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, short-term interests, countryside, agricultural production, city amenities, individual incentives, city harms, state action, long-term benefits, social contract theory, political philosophy, collective good, public policy, urbanization, rural depopulation, socio-economic impact, government responsibility, communal welfare, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, contemporary social contract approaches government, decisions, people, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, best interest, short-term interests, individuals, countryside, agricultural production, amenities, cities, personal incentive, urbanization, state intervention, long-term benefits, social contract theory, philosophy, political theory, public interest, collective welfare, individual rights, community, governance, policy-making, political science, ethics, societal impact, rural decline, urban migration, communal good, stakeholder, representative democracy, civic duty, public policy, social responsibility, societal well-being, societal goals, collective action, communal benefits, policy analysis, government role government, social contract, best interest, people, representatives, autonomy, freedom, policies, short-term interests, countryside, agricultural goods, amenities, cities, individual gains, state action, long-term benefits, social being, community decisions, trend, D'Agostino, Gaus, Thrasher, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, contemporary approaches, political philosophy, collective welfare, public policy, rural depopulation, urbanization, social ethics, governance, civic responsibility, collective action, societal well-being government, social contract, decision-making, public interest, community, representatives, autonomy, freedom, policies, long-term benefits, individual interests, rural depopulation, agricultural production, urban amenities, state intervention, social contract theory, political philosophy, collective welfare, governance"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-con01a	Violent imagery can serve different purposes.  Calls for a ban on music that references or glorifies violence are frequently based on an overly simplistic understanding of contemporary and popular musical genres. It is instructive that the loudest voices of protest raised against violent content in hip hop and rock music are, overwhelmingly, white, middle class, middle-aged newspaper columnists. Any ban created under these circumstances would reduce the diversity and depth of popular musical genres, by preventing musicians from commenting- in any way- on violent events.  Banning particular musical tracks due only to the fact that they discuss violent acts would be damaging to the creative industries and would not reflect methods currently used to classify and restrict content appearing in other media. Criminal acts are punished when an act results in a damaging outcome and because that act is performed with a particular dishonest or malicious intention. Generally, someone cannot be found guilty of murder if they did not intend to kill their victim. Similarly, it is unusual for films or videogames to be censored or banned because they happen to depict violent acts. The intention that underlies the use of graphic images or words must also be examined. As BBC director general Mark Thompson noted when discussing the controversial religious content of Jerry Springer: The Opera with freespeechdebate.com  “… Jerry Springer I saw without feeling that it was offensive to me because the intention of the piece was so clearly a satire about an American talk show host and his world rather than the religious figures as such.”  Classification boards will look at the context in which an offensive act is shown. The violence of war is portrayed vividly in Saving Private Ryan, but the film has not been banned on this basis. Private Ryan portrays violence and suffering in order to remind us of the inhumanity that pervaded the Second World War. It uses violence to make a didactic point, to move its audience to sympathy and disgust. If a film were to use images of extreme violence or suffering as a form of entertainment, inviting the audience to take pleasure in brutality, a classification board would try to restrict or censor its content.  Comparably, “violent” music can use brutal language and themes to make moving and engaging observations about the world. Violent music does not automatically glorify violence, nor does it cause its audience to see violence as something that is glamorous.  Listened to out of context, without any attempt to critically analyse the imagery of the song and the intentions of the artists, it is easy to condemn many acclaimed examples of popular music as containing violent lyrics. By giving into the populist pressure that is represented and generated by newspaper columnists and talk show hosts, we risk creating a chilling effect, not only on mainstream hip hop culture, but on any other musical form that dares to discuss themes that fall outside narrowly and arbitrarily defined limits of social acceptability. violent imagery, musical genres, ban, music, violence, hip hop, rock, white, middle class, newspaper columnists, diversity, depth, creativity, content classification, criminal acts, intention, murder, censorship, films, videogames, graphic images, BBC, Mark Thompson, Jerry Springer: The Opera, satire, war, Saving Private Ryan, inhumanity, entertainment, brutality, social acceptability, chilling effect, free speech, artistic expression Violent imagery, music censorship, hip hop, rock music, white middle-class columnists, musical diversity, creative industries, content classification, criminal intent, film censorship, videogame censorship, artistic intention, graphic content, Saving Private Ryan, Jerry Springer: The Opera, war portrayal, didactic violence, entertainment violence, violent music, social acceptability, chilling effect, free speech, populist pressure violent imagery, music ban, hip hop, rock music, white middle class, newspaper columnists, creative industries, content classification, criminal acts, murderous intent, film censorship, videogame censorship, intent analysis, graphic images, offensive content, religious satire, war violence, didactic point, audience reaction, violent lyrics, artistic expression, social acceptability, chilling effect, free speech violent imagery, music censorship, hip hop, rock music, white middle class, newspaper columnists, musical diversity, creative industries, content classification, graphic images, violent acts, criminal intentions, film censorship, video game censorship, Jerry Springer: The Opera, Saving Private Ryan, war violence, entertainment brutality, violent lyrics, social acceptability, chilling effect violent imagery, music ban, hip hop, rock music, white middle class, newspaper columnists, musical diversity, creative industries, content classification, criminal acts, murder intent, film censorship, videogame restriction, graphic images, Jerry Springer: The Opera, Saving Private Ryan, war violence, didactic point, audience reaction, brutality entertainment, violent music, lyrical analysis, artistic intentions, social acceptability, chilling effect, mainstream culture, talk show hosts
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-con03a	Restriction based on social disgust prevents socially liberal ideas from flourishing  Great, socially liberal movements have always been controversial, and always been supported, encouraged and propagated by art. Art is a realm wherein an artist’s expression is less limited by social structures (like the necessity of pleasing your box; of being ‘commercially viable’). Subsequently it has easily, and often, been utilised as a means of changing public opinion.  Some of these movements, for example, the breaking down of stereotypes and norms surrounding sexuality (in particular female sexuality) and gender that Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin and others contributed to in the liberalising 80s and 90s, attract social disgust. In any situation where a taboo is being attacked, this will happen. The converse however, is not the case: it is almost impossible to provoke social disgust by maintaining the status quo.  As a result, restriction of art that provokes social disgust will disproportionately attack the socially liberal, and thus help to maintain the status quo, regardless of whether it is worthy of such protection. social disgust, socially liberal ideas, art and society, artistic expression, challenging social norms, public opinion, gender stereotypes, female sexuality, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, 1980s, 1990s, taboo, maintaining status quo, restriction of art, liberal movements, commercial viability, social structures, controversy, changing perceptions, artistic freedom, censorship, social change, progressive art, societal impact, expression limitations, art censorship, cultural evolution, taboo subjects, social norms, artistic rebellion, liberal values, conservative reaction, art and controversy, representation in art, gender equality, artistic influence, social dynamics, challenging social disgust, liberal ideas, art influence, public opinion, gender stereotypes, female sexuality, status quo, artistic expression, commercial viability, taboo, social structures, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, liberalising 80s, 90s, restriction, creative freedom, controversy, progressive movements, censorship social disgust, restriction, socially liberal ideas, art, public opinion, stereotypes, gender, sexuality, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, 80s, 90s, liberalising, taboo, status quo, protection, creativity, commercial viability social disgust, socially liberal ideas, art, public opinion, stereotypes, gender norms, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, 80s and 90s, taboo, status quo, restriction, commercial viability, expression, controversy, sexual liberation, female sexuality, creativity, censorship, progressive movements, social structures, change, conservative values social disgust, restriction, socially liberal ideas, art, public opinion, taboo, status quo, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, 80s and 90s, female sexuality, gender norms, controversy, expression, commercial viability
test-international-epglghbni-pro02a	The partition of Ireland was undemocratic  The people of Northern Ireland should have decided whether or not they wanted to be united with Northern Ireland, rather than it being battled out in the British Parliament and the country partitioned by the Government of Ireland Act of 1920* that created a separate parliament for the six counties of Northern Ireland.** It was because the vote was not put to the Irish that the Unionists could twist arms and manipulate British politicians into allowing the six counties to remain part of the UK. After partition, the Unionists fixed electoral boundaries so there would never be a Republican majority in an electorate. This was unjust and illegitimately prevented a pro-Republic vote passing in future.  * Government of Ireland Act, 1920,   ** Ferriter, ‘Ireland in the Twentieth Century’, partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, British Parliament, Government of Ireland Act 1920, Unionists, manipulating politicians, electoral boundaries, Republican majority, unjust, illegitimate, pro-Republic vote, Ireland history, Ferriter, Ireland 20th century partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, Government of Ireland Act 1920, Unionists, manipulation, British Parliament, electoral boundaries, Republican majority, injustice, illegitimate, pro-Republic vote, Ferriter, Ireland in the Twentieth Century partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, Government of Ireland Act 1920, Unionists, British Parliament, electoral boundaries, Republican majority, Ferriter, Ireland in the Twentieth Century, Unionists manipulation, pro-Republic vote, injustice, legitimacy partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, Government of Ireland Act 1920, Unionists, British Parliament, electoral boundaries, Republican majority, unjust, Ferriter, Ireland in the Twentieth Century, pro-Republic vote, manipulation, politicians partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, British Parliament, Government of Ireland Act 1920, Unionists, manipulation, British politicians, electoral boundaries, Republican majority, unjust, Ferriter, Ireland in the Twentieth Century, pro-Republic vote
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con02a	The idea that wealth should be more fairly and evenly distributed has never had so many supporters and the failure to do so has rarely been more keenly felt  In the model of Blair and Clinton, it didn’t matter if the rich got a lot richer, as long as the poor got a bit richer. That model has now been shown not to work and the rather timid new leaders of the left are starting to return to concepts of fairness and equality rather than the rather bland concepts of ‘opportunity’ and ‘choice’.  Europe is increasingly governed by unelected technocrats who seem to think that the opinions of a handful of international bankers are somehow more important than the jobs and livelihoods of millions. This may always have been the case but it tends not to show during times of plenty. Now these latent inequalities are becoming apparent and people are angry.  It is perhaps one of the great ironies of history that one of the aspirations of early nineteenth century Socialists- nationalising the banks- required Capitalists to actually achieve it. wealth distribution, supporters, failure, fairness, equality, Blair, Clinton, rich, poor, model, new leaders, left, opportunity, choice, Europe, unelected technocrats, international bankers, jobs, livelihoods, latent inequalities, anger, history, nineteenth century Socialists, nationalising banks, Capitalists wealth distribution, social inequality, political leadership, left-wing politics, economic policies, Blair Clinton model, fairness, equality, opportunity, choice, European governance, technocrats, international bankers, job security, public opinion, historical irony, socialism, bank nationalization, capitalism wealth distribution, supporters, failure, Blair, Clinton, rich, poor, model, ineffective, left leaders, fairness, equality, opportunity, choice, Europe, unelected technocrats, international bankers, jobs, livelihoods, inequalities, anger, history, nineteenth century Socialists, nationalizing banks, Capitalists wealth distribution, supporters, model failure, Blair, Clinton, rich getting richer, poor improvement, inequality, left leaders, fairness, equality, opportunity, choice, Europe, technocrats, international bankers, jobs, livelihoods, latent inequalities, public anger, historical irony, nineteenth century Socialists, nationalising banks, Capitalists wealth distribution, fairness, equality, Blair, Clinton, rich, poor, economic model, left leaders, fairness concepts, technocrats, bankers, jobs, livelihoods, inequality, public anger, socialism, nationalising banks, capitalists, historical irony
test-science-cpisydfphwj-pro03a	"Facebook is good for democracy  Social networks aid our society on multiple levels, one of them being the democratic process. This happens both in autocracies, where the democratic process is basically nonexistent and in western liberal democracies where Facebook acts as a megaphone for the will of the population.  Firstly, when talking about oppressive regimes, Facebook allows the population to organize themselves in massive protests which can, in time, overthrow the government. This is of particular importance as the population cannot organize protests ""offline"" in the real world, because government forces would quickly find them and stop the protests before they even started. These people need a safe house, where government intervention is minimized, so that they can spread the news and organize the protests. The online environment is the best options. We have seen this happening in the Arab Spring(1), Brazil (2), Turkey(3) as well as for protests in democracies as in Wisconsin(4)  For western liberal democracies too Facebook plays a very important role in aiding the democratic process. Even in a democracy the government often engages in unpopular policies. Unfortunately, as we are talking about countries with tens of millions of people, citizens often feel they can’t make a difference. Luckily, here's where Facebook comes in. It connects all the people who share the same disapproval of government actions, removing the feeling that you can do nothing as there is no one backing you. Millions can come together to voice their opinions. Therefore there is more likely to be dissent. Moreover, the internet allowed individuals to start massive campaigns of online petition gathering, which they will later use as an irrefutable argument to the government showing the desire for change. There are a lot of sites, one of the biggest being Avaaz.org which facilitates this process, which use Facebook as a medium through which the petition is shared and so grows.  (1) Sonya Angelica Diehn “Social media use evolving in Egypt”, DW , 04.07.2013   (2) Caroline Stauffer “Social media spreads and splinters Brazil protests”, Reuters ,June 22, 2013   (3) “Activists in Turkey use social media to organize, evade crackdown As protests continue across Turkey against the government”   (4)Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, oppressive regimes, government intervention, online environment, citizen organization, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, policy change, political engagement, digital activism, social media impact, civic participation, government accountability, public opinion, civil society, information dissemination, political mobilization, democratic participation, digital democracy, internet and politics, online protest, social change, political campaigns, user-generated content, political communication, grassroots movements, advocacy, political representation, freedom of expression, social media and democracy, mobilization Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, government, policies, citizens, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, social media, Egypt, Reuters, Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, government, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, social media, political change, citizen engagement, organization, communication, freedom, activism, online mobilization, governmental policies, public opinion, digital activism, political participation Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, oppressive regimes, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, Avaaz.org, online petitions, government policies, citizen engagement, digital organizing, social media impact, political activism, civil disobedience, online mobilization, public opinion, political change, digital democracy, civic participation, online campaigns, free speech, government surveillance, offline protests, online safety, political expression, social media platforms, government intervention, political dissidents, grassroots movements, participatory democracy, digital activism, citizen journalism, free assembly, digital rights, political transparency, social Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, protests, autocracies, western liberal democracies, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, government intervention, online environment, petition gathering, Avaaz.org, dissent, campaign, citizens, policies, unpopular, change, news, organization, megaphone, population, safe house, spread, voice, opinions, irrefutable argument, massive, campaigns, shared, grows, evolving, Egypt, splinters, Reuters, continues, crackdown, Wikipedia"
test-international-amehbuaisji-con04a	ICC trials violate the due process guarantees of the US constitution  US ratification of the Rome Statute would lead to the possibility of Americans being subject to trials with procedures that violate the American Constitution. For example, there are no jury trials at the ICC – a majority vote of the judges is enough to convict - is a violation of the Sixth Amendment to the US Constitution.  The independence and neutrality of some of the judges may be doubtful if they come from countries with definite foreign policy interests that run contrary to those of the US. This is particularly pertaining to judges who are from backgrounds where judicial independence from the executive is not a defining feature of the legal system who will be more likely swayed by political considerations.  There is, in addition, a lack of rules against double jeopardy, and the glacial rate of progress made by the ICC with lengthy waits in pre-trial detention for defendants, affecting the right to a speedy trial. It has also been argued that the procedures for special measures to protect witnesses hamper the defence. ICC, US Constitution, due process, Rome Statute, American Constitution, Sixth Amendment, jury trials, judges, foreign policy interests, judicial independence, executive influence, political considerations, double jeopardy, pre-trial detention, speedy trial, witness protection, defence rights ICC, US Constitution, due process, Rome Statute, jury trials, Sixth Amendment, judge independence, neutrality, foreign policy, judicial independence, executive, double jeopardy, pre-trial detention, speedy trial, witness protection, defence rights ICC, US Constitution, Rome Statute, due process, jury trials, Sixth Amendment, judicial independence, neutrality, foreign policy interests, double jeopardy, pre-trial detention, speedy trial, witness protection, defence rights ICC, trials, due process, US Constitution, US ratification, Rome Statute, Americans, conviction, Sixth Amendment, jury trials, judges, independence, neutrality, foreign policy, judicial independence, executive, political considerations, double jeopardy, pre-trial detention, speedy trial, witness protection, defence rights ICC, trials, due process, US Constitution, US ratification, Rome Statute, Americans, jury trials, Sixth Amendment, judge independence, neutrality, foreign policy, judicial independence, double jeopardy, pre-trial detention, speedy trial, witness protection, defence rights
test-international-ghbunhf-con02a	The UN has been at the forefront of promoting respect for international law and human rights.  When the United Nations was founded in 1945, the idea of “international law”, in so far as it had any meaning, was little more than the customary behaviour of states towards each other. Over the succeeding 60 years, the UN and its various offices and organs have taken a lead role in codifying and promoting the concept of international law and the protection of human rights. For example, the crime of genocide was first enshrined in international law in the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. [1]  [1] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “What is Genocide?”. UN, international law, human rights, 1945, customary behaviour, states, codification, protection, genocide, 1948 Convention, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, crime definition UN, international law, human rights, 1945, customary behavior, states, codifying, protection, crime of genocide, 1948 Convention, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, What is Genocide UN, international law, human rights, 1945, customary behaviour, states, codifying, protection, crime of genocide, 1948 Convention, Prevention, Punishment, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, What is Genocide UN, United Nations, international law, human rights, 1945, customary behaviour, states, codifying, protection, crime, genocide, 1948 Convention, Prevention, Punishment, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, What is Genocide UN, United Nations, international law, human rights, 1945, customary behaviour, states, codifying, promoting, crime of genocide, 1948 Convention, Prevention, Punishment, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, What is Genocide
test-politics-oapghwliva-con03a	Has made little difference in the past  The precedent of the Line Item Veto Act under President Clinton should warn against a constitutional amendment. The sums saved were laughably small, $355 million, in the context of the entire federal budget, $1.7 trillion, (0.02% of spending)1 but nonetheless provoked considerable friction between elected representatives and the White House. There was unhappiness that the large majority of his cuts were of earmarks requested by Republican members, and an allegation that the Administration had threatened a Congressman with the veto of an item dear to them unless they supported an unrelated piece of legislation.  1Virginia A. McMurty, 'Enhancing the President's Authority to Eliminate Wasteful Spending and Reduce the Deficit', Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services and International Security Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Committee Hearing 15/3/2011, p.9 Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, $355 million, $1.7 trillion, 0.02% spending, friction, elected representatives, White House, earmarks, Republican members, allegation, threatened, Congressman, unrelated legislation, Virginia A. McMurty, Subcommittee, Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services, International Security, Senate Homeland Security, Governmental Affairs, Committee Hearing, Enhancing President's Authority, Wasteful Spending, Reduce Deficit Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, savings, political friction, White House, earmarks, Republican members, presidential power, wasteful spending, deficit reduction, congressional relations, legislative threats, government finance, budgetary process, fiscal policy, executive authority, legislative oversight Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, savings, earmarks, Republican members, White House friction, political leverage, Virginia A. McMurty, Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Senate Homeland Security, Governmental Affairs Committee Hearing Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, savings, political friction, earmarks, Republican members, legislative threats, Virginia McMurty, wasteful spending, deficit reduction Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, savings, government spending, earmarks, Republican members, White House, friction, legislative process, political leverage, waste reduction, deficit reduction, congressional relations, executive power, Virginia A. McMurty, Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Committee Hearing
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-pro01a	There is no physical risk  In terms of physical risk it is almost certainly true that you have nothing to fear from government having loads of information. With the exception perhaps of the Russian FSB and despite the James Bond films intelligence agencies in democracies are not in the habit of bumping people off this mortal coil. In this sense it does not matter at all what information the intelligence services have on you; no matter how naughty you may have been it is not going to be worth some kind of physical retaliation. Essentially the argument here is that it does no harm, and even does some good, so why should it not continue? physical risk, government information, Russian FSB, James Bond, intelligence agencies, democracies, physical retaliation, information security, privacy concerns, data collection, harm assessment, ethical considerations physical risk, government information, Russian FSB, James Bond, intelligence agencies, democracies, physical retaliation, personal safety, information collection, harm assessment, public good physical risk, government information, Russian FSB, James Bond films, intelligence agencies, democracies, physical retaliation, information services, harm, benefits, surveillance, privacy, ethics, national security, individual rights physical risk, government information, Russian FSB, James Bond films, intelligence agencies, democracies, physical retaliation, information services, harm, benefits, privacy debate, surveillance, public safety, individual rights physical risk, government information, Russian FSB, James Bond, intelligence agencies, democracies, physical retaliation, harm, good, information services, privacy concerns, surveillance, data collection, democratic societies, security, personal data, intelligence operations, safety, risk assessment, public fear, espionage, covert operations, democratic oversight, civil liberties
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-pro02a	Failure to withdraw blocks legitimate Palestinian aspirations to statehood.  The Palestinian people since 1967 have demonstrated through resistance to Israeli occupation their desire for an independent state of their own. [1] Throughout the years polls have consistently showed respectable Palestinian majorities in favour of a negotiated two-state settlement, which would offer them an independent state as well as allowing Israel to continue to exist as an independent state alongside the new Palestinian nation. [2] Israel's refusal to withdraw to the 1967 borders means that the majority of Palestinian people are compelled to live under the control of a state they do not wish to be a part of, a violation of their right to self-determination under international law. The 1993 Vienna Declaration, which reaffirmed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Charter (and so sets the standard in current international law), unequivocally gives all peoples the right to self-determination: “All people have the right to self-determination. Owing to this right they freely establish their political status and freely provide their economic, social and cultural development...World Conference on Human Rights considers refusal of the right to self-determination as a violation of human rights and emphasizes the necessity of effective realization of this right”. [3] Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva said in 2006 that the pre-1967 borders uphold the “legitimate aspiration of the Palestinian people for a secure, united, democratic and economically viable state coexisting peacefully with Israel.” [4] By this measure, the Palestinian majority in the occupied territories have the right to self-determination (by democratic processes), and Israel's suppression of that right through its refusal to withdraw to the 1967 borders should be seen as a human rights violation. Consequently, Israel should withdraw to its 1967 borders in order to end its violation of the rights of the Palestinian people.  [1] BBC News. “Israeli settlements condemned by Western powers”. BBC News. 2 November 2011.   [2] Kennedy, Hugh. “The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In”. Da Capo Press. 2007.  [3] United Nations World Conference on Human Rights. “VIENNA DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION”. United Nations. 14-25 June 1993.   [4] Agence France-Presse, NDTV. “Brazil recognises Palestinian state on 1967 borders”. NDTV. 5 December 2010. Palestinian, statehood, Israeli, occupation, resistance, independent, two-state, settlement, 1967, borders, self-determination, international, law, Vienna, Declaration, human, rights, Brazilian, President, Lula, da, Silva, pre-1967, democratic, coexisting, withdrawal, violation, suppression, recognition, Agence, France-Presse, NDTV, Hugh, Kennedy, Great, Arab, Conquests, Da, Capo, Press Failure, withdraw, Palestinian, aspirations, statehood, 1967, resistance, Israeli, occupation, independent, two-state, settlement, respected, majority, self-determination, international, law, 1993, Vienna, Declaration, Universal, Human, Rights, UN, Charter, World, Conference, peoples, political, status, economic, social, cultural, development, refusal, violation, human, rights, effective, realization, right, Brazilian, President, Luiz, Inacio, Lula, da, Silva, pre-1967, secure, united, economically, viable, coexisting Palestinian, statehood, Israeli, occupation, 1967, borders, self-determination, international, law, human, rights, two-state, settlement, Vienna, Declaration, UN, Charter, democracy, economic, social, cultural, development, Brazilian, President, Lula, da, Silva, Western, powers, Arab, conquests, Islamic, spread, recognition, coexistence Palestinian aspirations, statehood, Israeli occupation, resistance, two-state settlement, 1967 borders, self-determination, international law, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, human rights violation, Brazilian President, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, 2006, secure state, economically viable, coexistence, Western powers, settlements condemnation, Hugh Kennedy, Great Arab Conquests, Islam spread, World Conference on Human Rights, VIENNA DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION, Brazil recognition, Palestinian state, Agence France-Presse, NDTV Palestinian, statehood, resistance, Israeli, occupation, two-state, settlement, independent, 1967, borders, self-determination, international, law, Vienna, Declaration, human, rights, UN, Charter, Brazilian, President, Luiz, Inacio, Lula, da, Silva, pre-1967, democratic, economically, viable, coexisting, suppression, violation, withdrawal
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-pro01a	Collective bargaining is not a right  Whilst the freedom of association exists under the state and it is true that people should be allowed to communicate with one another and form groups to forward their personal and political interests, it is not true that the freedom of association automatically grants access to the decision making process.  Unions in this instance are problematic because whilst other groups do not have access to special privileges, unions are able to exert a significant and disproportionate amount of influence over the political process through the use of collective bargaining mechanisms. This argument applies to private unions as well, although to a lesser extent, and the banning of collective bargaining for private unions would be principally sound. In the case of unions in the private sector they can cause large amounts of disruption which has a large knock on impact on the economy giving leverage over politicians for whom the economy and jobs are always important issues. For example unions in transport in the private sector are just as disruptive as in the public sector. Even more minor businesses can be significant due to being in supply or logistics chains that are vital for important parts of the economy.1 The access to the decision making process that unions are granted goes above and beyond the rights that we award to all other groups and as such this right, if it can be called one at all, can easily be taken away as it is the removal of an inequality within our system.  Further, even if collective bargaining were to be considered a “right,” the government can curtail the rights of individuals and groups of people should it feel the harm to all of society is great enough. We see this with the limits that we put on free speech such that we may prevent the incitement of racial hatred.2  Shepardson, David, “GM, Ford warn rail strike could cripple auto industry”, The Detroit News, 30 November 2011,   Denholm, David “Guess What: There is no ‘right’ to collective bargaining.” LabourUnionReport.com 21/02/2011 collective bargaining, freedom of association, union influence, political process, private unions, economic disruption, supply chains, decision making process, societal harm, government limits, free speech, rights curtailment, inequality removal, labor disputes, auto industry, rail strike, GM, Ford, logistics chains, public sector unions, private sector unions collective bargaining, freedom of association, union influence, decision making process, private unions, economic disruption, supply chains, inequality, government intervention, free speech limitations, labor rights, public sector unions, private sector unions, economic impact, political leverage, societal harm, union privileges, legal restrictions, worker rights, industrial relations collective bargaining, freedom of association, decision making process, unions, special privileges, political influence, private unions, economic disruption, supply chains, inequality, government intervention, societal harm, free speech, rail strike, auto industry, no right to collective bargaining collective bargaining, freedom of association, unions, decision making process, private unions, disruption, economy, supply chains, government intervention, rights, harm to society, free speech, racial hatred, rail strike, auto industry collective bargaining, freedom of association, decision making process, unions, special privileges, political influence, private unions, disruption, economy, supply chains, decision making access, inequality, government intervention, societal harm, free speech, rail strike, auto industry, Denholm, Shepardson, LabourUnionReport, The Detroit News
test-international-emephsate-pro03a	Strategic position and energy benefits  There would be immense strategic benefits both to Europe and to Turkey if she were allowed to join the European Union. Turkey is already a important regional power with a lot of influence in the Middle East and Central Asia and it is already a member of NATO, which most members of the EU are also a part of. [1] This is in part because Turkey is in an immensely strategic geographic situation as the border between Europe and Asia. Historically this has meant Turkey is ideally located for trade, today it means it is strategically close to the oil and gas fields advanced economies like the EU’s depend on.  Turkey is therefore vital for Europe’s energy security. According to the EU energy minister “Turkey comes first in these countries for cooperation” on energy issues because of its location. [2] This is because Turkey is an important transit point for Oil coming through the Bosporus from the Caspian Sea and Russia and also for gas. Turkey acts as a bridge both to the Caspian and the Gulf and creates a second option for importing gas into Europe through pipelines that Europe needs as shown by the cut offs caused by Russian disputes with Belarus and Ukraine. Having gas pipelines through Turkey to the EU, such as the Nabucco pipeline, would shatter Russia’s gas monopoly in Europe. [3]  [1] Solana, Javier, ‘Why Turkey must join the European Union’, CNN World, 13 June 2011,   [2] Kurtaran, Gökhan, ‘Turkey vital for energy, EU commissioner says’, Daily News, 10 February 2012,   [3] Tekin, Ali, and Williams, Paul A., ‘Europe’s External Energy Policy and Turkey’s Accession Process’, Center for European Studies Working Paper Series #170, 2009, Strategic position, energy benefits, Europe, Turkey, European Union, regional power, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, strategic geography, border, Europe and Asia, trade, oil, gas, energy security, EU energy minister, cooperation, Bosporus, Caspian Sea, Russia, gas pipelines, Nabucco pipeline, Russia's gas monopoly, energy policy, accession process Strategic benefits, Europe, Turkey, European Union, regional power, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, geographic location, trade, energy security, oil, gas, Bosporus, Caspian Sea, Russia, gas pipelines, Nabucco pipeline, Russia gas monopoly, energy cooperation, European energy policy, accession process Strategic benefits, Europe, Turkey, European Union, regional power, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, strategic geography, Europe-Asia border, trade, energy security, EU energy minister, transit point, Bosporus, Caspian Sea, Russia, oil, gas, energy cooperation, Nabucco pipeline, Russia gas monopoly, EU energy policy, Turkey accession process Strategic position, energy benefits, Europe, Turkey, European Union, regional power, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, strategic geography, trade, energy security, EU energy minister, oil transit, Caspian Sea, Russia, gas transit, Nabucco pipeline, Russian gas monopoly, energy cooperation, external energy policy, accession process Strategic position, energy benefits, Turkey, European Union, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, geographic situation, trade, energy security, oil, gas fields, EU energy minister, Caspian Sea, Russia, transit point, Bosporus, gas monopoly, Nabucco pipeline, Russian disputes, Belarus, Ukraine, external energy policy, accession process
test-economy-bepighbdb-pro01a	Dictatorships are more effective than democracies at mobilizing resources for investment.  Dictatorships are superior to democracies in that they can make decisions and implement policies quicker. They can easily modify institutional and legal frameworks towards development goals, as there is no need for a political consensus behind their actions. This also insulates government from special interests that must be reconciled with in democracies. This allows dictatorships to create a pro-investment legal, economic and institutional framework such as low taxes, exchange rate manipulations and import tariffs, without facing political opposition.  For example, fracking, a technique used to extract hard to obtain gas, has generated widespread opposition in the West, leading to it being banned in France [1] . An autocratic government would find it easier to allow cheap access to this energy, boosting industry, as it could disregard this opposition.  Dictatorships can also control resources to allow for better health and education services, by determining curricula, salaries and supplies. Cuba has one of the best healthcare systems in the world, with more doctors per capita than much of the Western world [2] , and in 2009 Shanghai came first in the PISA test [3] .  [1] Castelvecchi, Davide, ‘France becomes first country to ban extraction of natural gas by fracking’, Scientific American, 30 June 2011,   [2] The Economist, ‘Reshoring manufacturing: Coming Home’, 19 January 2013,   [3] Brouwer, Steve, ‘The Cuban Revolutionary Doctor: The Ultimate Weapon of Solidarity’, Monthly Review, Vol.60 No.8, January 2009, Dictatorships, Democracies, Resource Mobilization, Investment, Decision Making, Policy Implementation, Institutional Modification, Legal Frameworks, Development Goals, Political Consensus, Special Interests, Pro-Investment, Legal Framework, Economic Framework, Institutional Framework, Taxes, Exchange Rate, Import Tariffs, Fracking, Energy Extraction, Autocratic Government, Political Opposition, Health Services, Education Services, Curricula, Salaries, Supplies, Cuba, Healthcare System, Doctors, PISA Test, Shanghai, Governance Efficiency, Resource Control, Public Services, Economic Development, Political Stability, Administrative Efficiency dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, investment, decision-making, policy implementation, legal frameworks, development goals, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, political opposition, fracking, energy, environmental opposition, health services, education services, curricula, salaries, supplies, healthcare, Cuba, doctors per capita, PISA test, Shanghai, autocratic government, resource control dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, investment, decision-making, policy implementation, institutional frameworks, legal frameworks, development goals, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, political opposition, fracking, energy access, health services, education services, curricula, salaries, supplies, healthcare system, doctors per capita, PISA test, Cuba, Shanghai dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, investment, decision-making, policy implementation, institutional modification, legal frameworks, development goals, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment, legal framework, economic framework, institutional framework, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, political opposition, fracking, energy, industry, health services, education services, curricula, salaries, supplies, healthcare systems, doctors per capita, PISA test, Cuba, Shanghai dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, investment, decision-making, policy implementation, institutional frameworks, legal frameworks, development goals, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment, legal framework, economic framework, institutional framework, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, political opposition, fracking, gas extraction, opposition, autocratic government, energy access, health services, education services, curricula, salaries, supplies, healthcare system, doctors per capita, Western world, Shanghai, PISA test, Cuba, revolutionary doctor, solidarity
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con01a	Paternalistic  Personal autonomy has to be the key to this debate. If people want to smoke – and the owner of the public place has no issue with that – it is not the role of the state to step in. While smoking is dangerous, people should be free in a society to take their own risks, and live with their decisions. All that is required is ensuring that smokers are educated about the risks so that they can make an informed decision. paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state intervention, individual freedom, risk-taking, informed decision, education, health risks paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state intervention, individual freedom, risk-taking, informed decision, health risks, education paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state intervention, individual rights, informed decision, risk awareness, freedom of choice, health risks, societal role, regulation, self-responsibility paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state intervention, individual freedom, informed decision, risk-taking, education, self-responsibility, societal norms, health risks paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state intervention, individual freedom, risk-taking, informed decision-making, health education, societal norms, self-responsibility
test-international-eiahwpamu-con02a	Deeper issues unresolved  Microfinance provides a quick-fix solution for the poor. The individual, or community, is provided with a loan to invest in their future. However, although access to capital is a key concern for enabling entrepreneurialism it is not the silver bullet. Microfinance schemes will fail without providing a stable political and economic environment that makes a good climate to invest in.  Microfinance is essentially short-termist. It encourages investment but only in things that will bring a quick return. With interest rates as high as 30% the person taking the loan needs to pay it back as quickly as possible. This can sometimes be against an individual’s long term interests, for example access to microfinance often reduces primary school attendance as this is a long term investment that will not pay back the loan money (IOE, 2011). Microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, loans, investment, entrepreneurship, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, high interest rates, long-term interests, primary school attendance, education, IOE 2011 deeper issues, unresolved, microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, loans, investment, community development, capital access, entrepreneurship, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, interest rates, repayment, long-term interests, primary school attendance, education, IOE 2011 Microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, capital access, entrepreneurship, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, investment, high interest rates, debt repayment, long-term interests, primary school attendance, IOE 2011 microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, loans, investment, entrepreneurship, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, high interest rates, loan repayment, long-term interests, primary school attendance, IOE, 2011 Deeper issues, unresolved, Microfinance, quick-fix, poor, loan, investment, community, capital, entrepreneurialism, stable political environment, economic environment, short-termism, quick return, high interest rates, long term interests, primary school attendance, IOE, 2011
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro04a	Cooperation is the best way to gain influence  Cooperating with China is the best way to gain influence with the regime in order to promote democracy and human rights, engage it internationally, etc. The Chinese respond very badly to being publicly lectured or threatened, [1] but they will listen to those friendly nations who have earned their trust in ways like these. China for example often follows Russia, since the beginning of the 1990s its biggest arms supplier, when it comes to voting in the United Nations Security Council. Thus both vetoed sanctions against Syria in 2011 and shortly after Russia shifted its position to urging Assad to carry out reforms China followed. [2] The influence of the United States over other East Asian states in encouraging their democratization also shows that friends can apply influence on issues such as human rights as well as where interests coincide; The United States played a key role in sheparding Philippine dictator Marcos out of office and then encouraged Korean President Chun Doo Hwan to stick to a single term of office and not to use force against the opposition in 1988. [3] Lifting the ban is an investment in the future of the Europe-China relationship, and could be of benefit to the whole world, not just the EU.  [1] Byrnes, Sholto, ‘David Cameron’s China visit’, 2010.   [2] Chulov, Martin, ‘China urges Syria regime to deliver on promised reforms’, 2011.   [3] Oberdorfer, Don, The Two Koreas, 2001, pp.163-4, 170. cooperation, influence, China, democracy, human rights, international engagement, trust, public lecturing, threats, Russia, United Nations Security Council, Syria, sanctions, United States, East Asia, democratization, Philippine dictator Marcos, Korean President Chun Doo Hwan, Europe-China relationship, global benefit, EU, David Cameron, Martin Chulov, Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas cooperation, influence, China, democracy, human rights, international engagement, trust, public lecturing, threats, UN Security Council, Russia, Syria, United States, East Asia, democratization, Philippines, South Korea, Europe-China relationship, global benefits Cooperation, influence, China, democracy, human rights, international engagement, trust, public lecturing, threats, Russia, United Nations Security Council, sanctions, Syria, United States, East Asia, democratization, Philippines, Marcos, Korea, Chun Doo Hwan, Europe-China relationship, global benefit, EU Cooperation, China, influence, regime, democracy, human rights, international engagement, public lecturing, trust, Russia, United Nations Security Council, sanctions, Syria, United States, East Asian states, democratization, Philippines, Marcos, Korean President, Chun Doo Hwan, Europe-China relationship, global benefit, EU cooperation, China, influence, regime, democracy, human rights, international engagement, public lectures, threats, trust, friendly nations, Russia, United Nations Security Council, Syria sanctions, United States, East Asia, democratization, Philippine dictator Marcos, Korean President Chun Doo Hwan, opposition, Europe-China relationship, benefit, global impact
test-international-aegmeppghw-con05a	Turkey would have the largest population of all member states and would therefore hold a disproportionate amount of voting power  Turkey is a large country in European terms, but even if its population would make it the largest single EU member by 2020, this would still only give it some 15% of the total in an enlarged EU of 25 countries or more. This is a much smaller proportion than Germany represented in the EU of 15 before the 2004 enlargement (21.9%) [1] , so it is ridiculous to argue that Turkey would dominate EU decision-making. It would not gain full status for many years anyway; an inauguration period, in which it had semi-membership status, would introduce it slowly to the process. Turkey would not be able to change EU policy to suit itself as soon as it arrives.  [1]  European Union (EU-15) &amp; Constituent Nation Population from 1950 &amp; Projections to 2050, Demographia, 2001 Turkey, population, EU member states, voting power, European Union, enlargement, Germany, decision-making, semi-membership, policy change, demographic projection, EU-15, Demographia Turkey, population, EU, member states, voting power, enlarged EU, Germany, 2004 enlargement, EU-15, Demographia, 2050 projections, semi-membership, policy influence Turkey, population, EU, member states, voting power, disproportionate, 2020, 15%, enlarged EU, 25 countries, Germany, 21.9%, 2004 enlargement, full status, inauguration period, semi-membership, EU policy, Demographia, 2001 Turkey, EU, population, voting power, member states, disproportionate, enlarged EU, Germany, decision-making, semi-membership, policy change, Demographia, projections, European Union, EU-15, nation population, 2020, 2004 enlargement, 2050 Turkey, population, EU member states, voting power, disproportionate, large country, European terms, 2020, 15%, enlarged EU, 25 countries, Germany, EU-15, 21.9%, 2004 enlargement, domination, decision-making, full status, inauguration period, semi-membership, EU policy, Demographia, projections, 2050
test-science-nsihwbtiss-con02a	The law would violate freedom of speech and association.  Under this law a random person who the student has never met, even a potential predator, would be allowed to send a message via facebook or twitter. And yet a teacher doing the same thing, regardless of the content of that message, would be instantly committing an offence. Every person is allowed to speak to and associate with whomever they choose. That is a fundamental right that the government is not allowed to take away [1] . A person’s status as a teacher should not be an excuse to violate their rights.  [1] Solove, Daniel. “Missouri Bans Teachers from Friending Students on Social Networking Webistes.” The Huffington Post. 02 August 2011. freedom of speech, freedom of association, social networking, teacher-student communication, legal restrictions, constitutional rights, Missouri law, Daniel Solove, Huffington Post, online messaging, predators, teacher rights, student safety, fundamental rights, government overreach freedom of speech, association rights, social media, teachers, students, legal restrictions, Missouri, Daniel Solove, Huffington Post, constitutional rights, teacher-student communication, online messaging, predators, Facebook, Twitter, offense, status discrimination, fundamental rights, government overreach freedom of speech, association rights, social networking, teacher-student communication, legal restrictions, constitutional rights, Missouri law, Daniel Solove, Huffington Post, online messaging, predator prevention, professional boundaries, digital privacy, education policy, civil liberties law, freedom of speech, association, social networking, facebook, twitter, teacher, student, predator, communication, offense, rights, government, Missouri, Solove, Daniel, Huffington Post, friending, status, excuse, violation law, freedom of speech, association, teacher, student, social networking, facebook, twitter, rights, violation, predicate, Solove, Daniel, Missouri, legislation, communication, instant offence, fundamental right, government, status, excuse, friending, banning
test-economy-thsptr-pro04a	Progressive taxation promotes a more equal, more harmonious society  Progressive taxation provides real equality of opportunity, and serves to level the playing field so that social classes are not fixed. Everyone deserves a chance to climb the economic ladder, but without a regime of progressive taxation this is nearly impossible. [1] If tax revenues are generated by flat or regressive taxes the poor will necessarily have to contribute substantial portions of their own income to the state, cutting into their ability to consume and save. Social services must still be financed, and the best way to do that is through a progressive tax regime that makes those most able to pay more pay more; if more of the burden is placed on the poor and disadvantaged, as it must in a flat-rate system, fewer people will be able to climb out from the social strata in which they are born. [2] The more equal society created by these taxes is thus more equitable, since it affords people greater opportunities. It is also more harmonious, since well-funded services keep people from feeling desperate and to turn to such things as crime. But greater equality itself can also be beneficial, as it reduces distinctions between groups in society, and prevents stratification into social classes based on wealth. People who are more alike can sympathize and empathize more with one another. Progressive taxation thus promotes a very real and powerful social message that can greatly benefit social cohesion.  [1] Young, H. Peyton. 1990. “Progressive Taxation and Equal Sacrifice”. The American Economic Review 80(1): 253-266.  [2] Benabou, Roland. “Social Mobility and the Demand for Redistribution: The Poum Hypothesis”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2001. Available: Progressive taxation, equal society, harmonious society, equality of opportunity, level playing field, social classes, economic ladder, tax revenues, flat taxes, regressive taxes, poor, tax contribution, state funding, social services, financial burden, disadvantaged, social mobility, social strata, equitable society, social cohesion, crime prevention, wealth distinctions, social classes, social message, equal sacrifice, social mobility, redistribution, Poum Hypothesis Progressive taxation, equal society, harmonious society, equality of opportunity, social mobility, economic ladder, flat taxes, regressive taxes, tax revenues, social services, equitable society, social cohesion, stratification, social classes, wealth distribution, social message, economic fairness, fiscal policy, income inequality, public services, redistribution, poverty reduction, social welfare, economic growth, financial stability, tax equity, progressive tax rates, marginal tax rates, tax burden, economic opportunity, social harmony, community solidarity, fiscal reform, tax justice, economic justice, social equity, public finance, tax system, inclusive growth, social integration, economic mobility, progressive taxation, equal society, harmonious society, equality of opportunity, level playing field, social mobility, economic ladder, tax revenues, flat taxes, regressive taxes, poor contribution, state contribution, consumption ability, savings ability, social services funding, poverty burden, social strata, equitable society, social cohesion, social message, progressive tax regime, equal opportunity, social harmony, crime prevention, wealth stratification, social classes, empathy, sympathy, social mobility, redistribution, economic equality, tax fairness, public funding, social welfare, progressive tax policy, economic justice, social integration, economic diversity, financial inclusion, communal solidarity, income Progressive taxation, equal society, harmonious society, equality of opportunity, level playing field, economic ladder, tax revenues, flat taxes, regressive taxes, poor, state contribution, consumption, savings, social services, financing, tax burden, disadvantaged, social strata, social mobility, equitable society, social cohesion, crime prevention, wealth stratification, social classes, sympathy, empathy, social message, redistribution, demand for redistribution, Poum Hypothesis Progressive taxation, equal society, social harmony, equality of opportunity, economic ladder, tax revenues, flat taxes, regressive taxes, social services, tax burden, poor, disadvantaged, social strata, equitable, harmonious, well-funded services, crime, social cohesion, social mobility, redistribution, wealth stratification, economic inequality, social classes, societal well-being, fiscal policy, economic justice, public finance, progressive tax regime, economic opportunity, income distribution, social message, empathy, sympathy, social integration, economic stratification, social policy, economic fairness, income inequality, redistribution policy, social equity, economic stability, economic growth,
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-pro01a	Free speech is not useful in this context, as riot is never legitimate in a free society  Riots should not be tolerated in a free society as there are already legal and peaceful methods of dissenting such as through demonstrations, petitions, and contacting your representative in Parliament. It demonstrates a fundamental unwillingness to engage with not only the apparatus of the state, but society more generally. Rioters have no regard for the public, and the violence and damage they cause harms everyone. Riots tend to do little to actually challenge the state, but rather they tend to harm the most disadvantaged, those who happen to be in the vicinity of the mobs. The freedom of speech social media provides to its users is being fundamentally misused in the context of riots. [1] When speech is used to organize violence, it must be curtailed for the sake of society as individuals security and safety is more important that freedom of speech that is briefly curtailed. Violence damages long after the event whereas those who have their freedom of speech curtailed for a few hours can swiftly voice their opinions once the riot has ended and the block lifted.  [1] Thomson, A. and Hutton, R., “UK May Block Twitter, Blackberry Messaging Services in Future Riots”. Bloomberg. 11 August 2011. free speech, riots, legitimate, free society, legal dissent, peaceful methods, demonstrations, petitions, parliamentary representation, state engagement, public regard, violence, disadvantage, social media misuse, speech curtailment, individual security, safety, long-term damage, temporary restriction, opinion expression, riot aftermath, Thomson, Hutton, UK, Twitter, Blackberry, messaging services, protest, public order, law enforcement, community impact, democratic values, civil liberties, societal harm free speech, riot, legitimate, free society, legal methods, dissent, demonstrations, petitions, representative, Parliament, state, society, public, violence, damage, disadvantaged, mobs, social media, misuse, organize violence, curtail, society, security, safety, block, messaging services, UK, Bloomberg, Thomson, Hutton Free speech, riots, free society, legal methods, peaceful dissent, demonstrations, petitions, parliamentary representation, state engagement, public regard, violence, disadvantaged, social media misuse, organizing violence, curtailment, individual security, societal safety, long-term damage, temporary restriction, public opinion, Thomson, Hutton, UK, Twitter, Blackberry Messaging, future riots free speech, riot, legitimate, free society, legal methods, peaceful dissent, demonstrations, petitions, parliamentary representation, state apparatus, societal engagement, public regard, violence, damage, disadvantaged, social media misuse, speech curtailment, individual security, safety, long-term impact, brief curtailment, Thomson, Hutton, UK, Twitter, Blackberry Messaging, future riots free speech, riot, legitimate, free society, legal methods, dissent, demonstrations, petitions, parliament, state apparatus, public regard, violence, disadvantage, social media misuse, speech curtailment, security, safety, long-term damage, opinion expression, riot blocking, messaging services
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-con01a	Produces Employment  Tourism is the second largest employer in the country. The industry produces over 400,000 jobs for Tunisians1. This employment figure is vital to Tunisia which has a large number of students in higher-education, around 346,000 in 2010, and a consequentially high expectation of employment2. Tourism also has a positive effect on other linked industries such as transport, creating jobs in these sectors as well. This creation of employment allows more people to sufficiently contribute to society through taxes and the purchasing of goods through their wages. This, in turn, produces economic growth and should therefore be encouraged.  1) Padmore,R. ‘Tunisia tourism industry looks to rebuild’, BBC, 22nd August 2013  2) Global Edge, ‘Tunisia: Economy’, data accessed 27 January 2014 Tunisia, tourism, employment, second-largest-employer, jobs, 400000, students, higher-education, 346000, 2010, high-employment-expectation, transport-sector, economic-growth, taxes, purchasing, wages, BBC, Global-Edge, economy, rebuild, 2013, 2014 Employment, Tourism, Tunisia, Jobs, Higher-education, Students, Linked Industries, Transport, Economic Growth, Taxes, Purchasing Power, Wages, Society Contribution, Economy, BBC, Global Edge, Rebuilding, 2013, 2014 Tourism, Employment, Tunisia, Jobs, Higher-Education, Students, Transport, Economic-Growth, Taxes, Wages, Society, Padmore, BBC, Global-Edge, Economy, Rebuild, 2013, 2014 Employment, Tourism, Tunisia, Jobs, Economy, Higher-education, Students, Transport, Economic Growth, Taxes, Wages, Purchasing, Goods, Society, BBC, Global Edge, 2013, 2014 Tunisia, employment, tourism, second largest, jobs, students, higher-education, transport, economic growth, taxes, wages, society, BBC, Global Edge, economy, rebuild, 2013, 2014, positive effect, linked industries, contribution, purchasing, goods, encouragement
test-education-pteuhwfphe-con04a	Graduates may move abroad to avoid tax payments  As taxes are collected nationally there is no reason why a UK graduate could not simply upon graduating leave the country and avoid paying the education tax. If enough people exploited this obvious loophole in the system the Government could end up severe deficit in the education budget which ultimately could lead to lower investment which would have a detrimental effect on the quality of education on offer. The proposed system then is simply not a practical one seeing as this massive and clear to see loophole exists with it. graduates, move, abroad, avoid, tax, payments, UK, national, tax-collection, loophole, government, deficit, education, budget, investment, quality, education, detrimental, effect, practical, system, massive, clear, exploitation graduates, move, abroad, avoid, tax, payments, UK, leave, country, education, tax, loophole, government, deficit, budget, investment, quality, education, detrimental, effect, proposed, system, practical, massive, clear, see graduates, move, abroad, avoid, tax, payments, UK, education, tax, loophole, government, deficit, investment, quality, education, practical, system graduates, abroad, tax, payments, UK, education, tax, loophole, government, deficit, investment, quality, education, practical, system tax avoidance, graduates, move abroad, education tax, UK, government deficit, education investment, quality of education, tax loophole, practicality of system
test-society-tsmihwurpp-pro02a	Profiling would have caught many of the perpetrators of terrorism in recent years.  Profiling takes account of many more characteristics than an individual’s ethnicity. Targeted checks would have caught, for example, the so called Christmas Day Bomber. Individuals who pay in cash for a one way flight while carrying no luggage, as Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab [i] did, are a fairly small group and it makes sense to target them.  Profiling is a great deal more subtle than a decision to target a single ethnic group. It is entirely possible to identify patterns in the behaviour of terrorists, drug mules and smugglers, and to respond to that accordingly.  Obviously, the more refined the profile can be, the better. It is incredibly unlikely that an affluent, Caucasian businessman with a return ticket for the following day is either a suicide bomber or a drug smuggler. Both common sense and statistics show this to be the case.  [i] “Obama vows to repair intelligence gaps behind Detroit airplane incident”. The Washington post, 30 December 2009. terrorism, perpetrators, profiling, ethnicity, targeted checks, Christmas Day Bomber, cash, one way flight, luggage, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, subtle, ethnic group, patterns, terrorists, drug mules, smugglers, refine, affluent, Caucasian, businessman, return ticket, suicide bomber, drug smuggler, common sense, statistics, intelligence gaps, Detroit airplane incident terrorism, profiling, perpetrators, ethnicity, targeted checks, Christmas Day Bomber, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, cash payment, one way flight, no luggage, behavior patterns, terrorists, drug mules, smugglers, refined profile, affluent, Caucasian, businessman, return ticket, suicide bomber, drug smuggler, common sense, statistics, intelligence gaps, Detroit airplane incident, Obama terrorism, perpetrators, profiling, characteristics, ethnicity, targeted checks, Christmas Day Bomber, cash payment, one-way flight, no luggage, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, behavioral patterns, terrorists, drug mules, smugglers, refined profile, affluent, Caucasian businessman, return ticket, suicide bomber, drug smuggler, common sense, statistics, intelligence gaps, Detroit airplane incident profiling, terrorism, perpetrators, characteristics, ethnicity, targeted checks, Christmas Day Bomber, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, cash, one way flight, luggage, small group, targeting, subtle, ethnic group, patterns, behaviour, terrorists, drug mules, smugglers, refined profile, affluent, Caucasian businessman, return ticket, suicide bomber, drug smuggler, common sense, statistics, intelligence gaps, Detroit airplane incident terrorism, profiling, perpetrators, ethnicity, targeted checks, Christmas Day Bomber, cash payment, one-way flight, no luggage, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, refined profile, behavior patterns, terrorists, drug mules, smugglers, affluent, Caucasian, businessman, return ticket, suicide bomber, drug smuggler, common sense, statistics, intelligence gaps, Detroit airplane incident
test-society-epsihbdns-con02a	"It is practically impossible to control people's movement  One of the major problems with the proposal lies in the very fact that we are indeed dealing with developing nations. These nations have very limited capacity to manage this kind of system. What will happen instead, will be a state of confusion, where the law will be upheld in some parts while ignored in others. The case in China clearly shows that corruption follows in the wake of this kind of legislation, where urban Hukous are sold illegally or officials are frequently bribed to ignore the law. [1]  Furthermore, it only causes those who choose to move to the cities, in spite of the law, to be alienated from society and live a life outside of the law. Once outside of the law, the step to other crimes is very small as these people have little to lose. [2] In short, the law will only work in some cases and where it works it will lead to increased segregation and more crime.  [1] Wang, Fei-Ling. “Organising through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System"". 2005.  [2] Wu. s.l., and Treiman, The Household Registration System and Social Stratification in China: 1955-1996. Springer, 2004, Demography, Vol. 2. control, movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law enforcement, corruption, China, Hukou, illegal sales, bribery, urban migration, alienation, social exclusion, crime, segregation, social stratification, Fei-Ling Wang, Wu, Treiman, 2004, 1955-1996, Demography, Springer, illegal migration, societal impact, legislation challenges control, people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law enforcement, corruption, China, Hukou system, illegal sales, bribery, urban migration, social alienation, crime, segregation, Fei-Ling Wang, s.l. Wu, Treiman, social stratification, 1955-1996, Demography, Springer control, people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law enforcement, corruption, China, Hukou, illegal sale, bribery, urban migration, alienation, social exclusion, crime, segregation, social stratification, law enforcement variability people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law enforcement, corruption, China, Hukou system, illegal selling, bribery, urban migration, alienation, societal exclusion, increased crime, social stratification, segregation, legal framework, demographic impact, policy effectiveness control, movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law, corruption, China, Hukou, illegal, bribery, urban, alienation, society, crime, segregation, social stratification, legislation, enforcement, urbanization, demographic impact, policy failure"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-con02a	A ban will be ineffective  A new legal prohibition on any type of behaviour or conduct can only be set up by investing large amounts of political capital in order to transform vague proposals into a legislative document and then into a fully-fledged law. This expense can only be justified if the ban is effective – if it is seen as a legitimate use of a state’s power; is enforceable; and if it brings about some form of beneficial social change. The change being sought in this instance is a reduction in the violence, criminality and social disaffection that some people associate with hip hop music and its fans.  Laws do not create changes in behaviour simply because they are laws. It is unlikely that the consumers of hip hop will refrain from listening to it. The ease with which music can be distributed and performed means that any ban on violent songs will, inevitably, be ineffective. File sharing networks and cross border online stores such as eBay and Silk Road already enable people to obtain media and controlled goods with little more than a credit card and a forwarding address. The total value of all of the music illegally pirated during 2007 is estimated to be $12.5 billion. The same network of file sharing systems and data repositories would be used to distribute banned music if proposition’s policies became law.  Current urban music genres are already defined and supported by grassroots musicians who specialise in assembling tracks using minimal resources before sharing them among friends or broadcasting them on short-range pirate radio stations. Just as the internet contains a resilient, ready-made distribution network for music, urban communities contain large numbers of ambitious, talented amateur artists who will step into fill the void created by large record company’s withdrawal from controversial or prohibited genres.  Although a formal ban on the distribution of music has yet to happen within a western liberal democracy, similar laws have been created to restrict access to violent videogames. Following widespread reports of the damaging effects that exposure to violent videogames might have on children, Australia banned outright the publication of a succession of violent and action-oriented titles. However, in several instances, implementation of this ban led only to increased piracy of prohibited games through file sharing networks and attempts by publishing companies to circumvent the ban using websites based in jurisdictions outside Australia. Similar behaviour is likely to result in other liberal democracies following any ban on music with violent lyrics.  If banned, controversial music will move from the managed, regulated space occupied by record companies and distributors- where business entities and artists’ agents can engage in structured, transparent debate with classification bodies- to the partly hidden and unregulated space of the internet. As a consequence it will be much more difficult to detect genuinely dangerous material, and much harder for artists who do not trade in violent clichés to win fans and recognition.  As discussed in principle 10, effective control and classification of controversial material can only be achieved if it is discussed with a high specificity and a nuanced understanding of the shared standards that it might offend. This would not be possible under a policy that effectively surrenders control of the content of music to the internet. ban, ineffective, political capital, legislative document, law, legitimacy, enforceability, social change, violence, criminality, social disaffection, hip hop music, behavior change, file sharing, online stores, music piracy, grassroots musicians, pirate radio, internet distribution, urban communities, artist talent, record companies, violent videogames, Australia, censorship, regulated space, unregulated space, classification, content control, nuance, shared standards ban, ineffective, political capital, legislative document, law, legitimacy, enforceability, beneficial social change, violence, criminality, social disaffection, hip hop, music, consumer behavior, file sharing networks, illegal piracy, grassroots musicians, pirate radio, distribution networks, urban communities, amateur artists, violent videogames, Australia, game piracy, internet, unregulated space, dangerous material, classification, content control, shared standards ban, ineffective, political, capital, legislative, document, law, legitimate, enforceable, beneficial, social, change, violence, criminality, disaffection, hip, hop, music, fans, behaviour, change, consumers, listening, ease, distribution, performed, file, sharing, networks, cross, border, online, stores, eBay, Silk, Road, illegally, pirated, music, value, genres, defined, supported, grassroots, musicians, tracks, minimal, resources, friends, short-range, pirate, radio, stations, internet, resilient, ready-made, distribution, network, urban, communities, ambitious ban, ineffective, political, capital, legislation, law, legitimacy, enforceable, beneficial, social, change, violence, criminality, disaffection, hip, hop, behaviour, law, file, sharing, networks, illegal, piracy, grassroots, musicians, minimal, resources, pirate, radio, urban, communities, artists, record, companies, genre, western, democracy, videogames, children, Australia, publishing, companies, jurisdiction, internet, regulation, dangerous, material, artists, recognition, control, classification, controversial, material, specificity, nuanced, understanding, shared, standards ban, ineffective, political, capital, legislative, document, law, legitimacy, enforceability, social, change, violence, criminality, disaffection, hip, hop, music, fans, laws, behavior, file, sharing, networks, online, stores, eBay, Silk, Road, illegally, pirated, music, urban, genres, grassroots, musicians, pirate, radio, stations,internet, distribution, network, amateur, artists, record, companies, controversial, prohibited, genres, western, liberal, democracy, violent, videogames, Australia, children, piracy, banning, music, regulated, space, transparency,
test-international-eiahwpamu-con01a	Realistic barriers  There are significant barriers to introducing microfinance. Microfinance can’t reach everywhere; a lack of infrastructure, or poor infrastructure, can mean that microfinance initiatives often can’t reach where need is greatest. Those who are poorest most need money just to get buy, not to invest. They would be unable to repay even tiny loans. It returns to the question of who is the poorest, and what do we know about them - where they are, what they need, and why are they poor?  Secondly, structural constraints limit the ability for microfinance to be sustainable and provide a long term solution. Bad governance, inadequate structures to regulate microfinance, and political instability, mean the theoretical benefits of microfinance may not become a lived reality.  Thirdly, who is involved in the supply? The involvement of multiple actors - NGOs, communities, the state, and private sector, complicates how microfinance is being run and therefore the effectiveness. Tensions emerge with such partnerships as each actor has the different objectives and motivations. microfinance, barriers, infrastructure, poverty, investment, repayment, poorest, sustainability, governance, regulation, political instability, actors, NGOs, communities, state, private sector, partnerships, objectives, motivations realistic barriers, significant barriers, microfinance, lack of infrastructure, poor infrastructure, poorest people, money needs, investment, tiny loans, repayment, who is poorest, where they are, what they need, why they are poor, structural constraints, sustainability, long-term solution, bad governance, inadequate regulation, political instability, theoretical benefits, lived reality, supply actors, NGOs, communities, state, private sector, effectiveness, partnerships, different objectives, motivations, tensions Realistic barriers, significant barriers, microfinance, lack of infrastructure, poor infrastructure, poorest people, money for survival, inability to repay loans, poorest identification, structural constraints, sustainability, bad governance, inadequate regulation, political instability, multiple actors, NGOs, community involvement, state participation, private sector, partnership tensions, different objectives, motivations microfinance, barriers, infrastructure, poverty, investment, repayment, poorest, governance, regulation, political instability, sustainability, actors, NGOs, communities, state, private sector, partnerships, objectives, motivations, effectiveness realistic barriers, microfinance, lack of infrastructure, poverty, repayment issues, poorest communities, structural constraints, sustainability, bad governance, inadequate regulation, political instability, multiple actors, NGO involvement, community participation, state role, private sector engagement, partnership tensions, different objectives, effectiveness issues
test-law-lgplhbssbco-pro03a	Prohibiting suicide sends the message that it is not an acceptable behaviour  Individual action is shaped by what norms and standards are set by society. By prohibiting suicide, society sends out a message that it is not an acceptable action. Legislation is a useful social tool, in that it proscribes the limits of individual action. And by failing to prohibit suicide, society fails to add the ultimate sanction of its laws into the balance of any decision whether or not to commit suicide. Many of those who have tried and failed to commit suicide never attempt it again. This suggests that many who kill themselves do so because of their particular short-term circumstances, perhaps while ill, suffering financial problems or under emotional stress, rather than through a considered and rational decision. More than 30% of suicides are precipitated by intimate partner problems, more than 10% by jobs problems and 10% by financial problems. [1] Given this, even a small deterrent will help to save many lives that are currently wasted needlessly.  [1] Canters for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘Suicide: Data Sources’, 26 August 2011, prohibiting suicide, societal norms, individual action, legislation, suicide prevention, deterrence, mental health, financial stress, emotional stress, intimate partner problems, job problems, suicide statistics, public health, legal sanctions, behavioral norms, social influence, mental illness, crisis intervention, suicide legislation, legal deterrents, emotional distress Prohibiting suicide, societal norms, legislation, individual action, social standards, acceptable behaviour, suicide prevention, legal sanctions, suicide attempts, short-term circumstances, emotional stress, financial problems, intimate partner issues, job problems, deterrent effects, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suicide data sources suicide, prohibition, societal norms, legislation, individual action, social behavior, deterrent, emotional stress, financial problems, intimate partner problems, job issues, suicide prevention, legal sanctions, mental health, public policy, CDC data, suicide statistics suicide, prohibition, societal norms, legislation, individual action, social tool, legal sanctions, suicide prevention, emotional stress, financial problems, intimate partner problems, job issues, deterrent, life preservation, mental health, CDC data, public health policy suicide, legislation, social norms, individual action, prohibition, societal message, legal sanctions, decision making, emotional stress, financial problems, intimate partner issues, job problems, deterrent, life saving, CDC data, suicide prevention
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-con02a	Freedom of speech  Artists ought to be allowed to express themselves, and display the world they see, as they see it.  Freedom of speech is considered integral to the modern democracy, and with good reason! Free speech makes a vital contribution to a plurality of ideas. It is only when a great number of ideas are expressed and challenged, such that people’s beliefs remain fluid, and can be formed and reformed, that we are able to arrive at such a point where we are likely to progress. This ‘marketplace of ideas’ prevents us from stagnating; from continuing harmful practices and modes of thought simply because they are traditional.  The more free speech is limited, the less able we are to access this plurality of ideas, and thus the less able we are to truly challenge harmful habits. freedom of speech, artists, self-expression, modern democracy, plurality of ideas, free speech, marketplace of ideas, idea challenging, harmful practices, traditional modes, speech limitation, intellectual progress, belief fluidity, harmful habits, societal stagnation Freedom of speech, Artists, Self-expression, Modern democracy, Plurality of ideas, Free speech, Marketplace of ideas, Idea challenge, Harmful practices, Modes of thought, Speech limitation, Intellectual progress, Traditional practices, Belief fluidity Freedom of speech, Artists, Expression, Democracy, Plurality of ideas, Marketplace of ideas, Progress, Harmful practices, Modes of thought, Tradition, Limited free speech, Challenging beliefs, Fluid beliefs, Formation and reformation of beliefs, Stagnation, Cultural progress, Intellectual diversity, Censorship, Critical thinking, Social change, Artistic freedom, Public discourse, Free expression, Idea exchange, Democracy health, Civic engagement, Thought evolution, Tradition critique, Innovation, Intellectual challenge, Creative expression, Societal improvement, Free thought, Debate, Dialogue, Intellectual freedom, Speech limitations, Idea suppression, Harm reduction, Soci Freedom of speech, artists, expression, democracy, plurality of ideas, free speech, marketplace of ideas, progression, challenging beliefs, harmful practices, traditions, limiting free speech, intellectual stagnation freedom of speech, artists, self-expression, democracy, plurality of ideas, free speech, marketplace of ideas, societal progress, challenging beliefs, harmful practices, tradition, speech limitations, intellectual fluidity
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro01a	Many symbols are seen as a symbol of oppression on women.  Religious symbols are seen to, in some cases, increase the equality divide between genders. As an example, the Muslim Hijab is considered by some as a very powerful symbol for the oppression of women, particularly in countries such as Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan where it is compulsory. Therefore, when it is worn in Western countries that encourage democracy and equality, the wearing of the Hijab is seen as almost counter-productive to the goals of democratic society. For this reason Belgium has recently banned the wearing of the full Muslim veil, much like France in 2010.1 Often Muslim dress rules for women are seen as more severe than those for men. Inequality between men and women is a form of discrimination and liberal societies should fight all forms of discrimination.  1 ' Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011, accessed on 23rd July 2011 symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi, Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, countries, democracy, Belgium, banned, full, veil, France, 2010, BBC, News, Europe, dress, rules, severe, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal, societies, fight symbols, oppression, women, religious, inequality, gender, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, democracy, equality, counter-productive, Belgium, ban, full Muslim veil, France, 2010, dress rules, men, discrimination, liberal societies oppression, women, religious symbols, equality divide, genders, Muslim Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Western countries, democracy, full Muslim veil, Belgium, France, dress rules, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, democracy, Belgium, ban, full veil, France, 2010, dress rules, severe, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, gender, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, democracy, Belgium, ban, full veil, France, 2010, dress rules, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-pro02a	Collisions are a part of the game.  First, collisions are part of the tradition of baseball. They have been part of the game for a very long time. Fans, players, and managers all expect home plate hits to occur from time to time. “Some things are part of the game. There’s not a whole lot you can do,” said Red Sox catcher Jason Varitek, who has been on the receiving end of numerous crashes in his career. [1] Varitek’s manager at the time, Terry Francona, agreed: “Nobody wants to see anybody get hurt, but you got to play the game.” [2] And former catcher Brad Ausmus, who had also been hit multiple times in his career, echoed the sentiment: “[I]t's part of the game.… When you put on the shin guards and chest protector, you know that if there’s a play at the plate and you’re blocking the plate, you could take a hit at any moment.” [3] As the Associated Press put it, many people believe “home plate collisions are as much a part of baseball tradition as peanuts and Cracker Jacks and the seventh-inning stretch.” [4]  Second, home plate hits are an essential element of playing the game hard. Without them, baseball would be much less deserving of its nickname “hardball.” One commentator notes, “[An injury is] extremely unfortunate, but it's the result of a hard-nosed play that is as old as the game itself. To take away the potential for a high-intensity, physical play in an otherwise non-physical sport would be a mistake.” [5] In that vein, collisions are also part of the dynamic between the offense and defense that, once removed, will make the game much poorer: “A baserunner wants to get there at all costs, whereas a catcher wants to protect it at all costs. The mutual discomfort that's evoked in both the catcher and the baserunner as a play at the plate develops is one of the intriguing peculiarities that makes the game of baseball so great.” [6]  [1] Antonio Gonzalez, “Posey’s injury stirs debate on baseball collisions,” Associated Press, May 27, 2011,  .  [2] Ibid.  [3] Jayson Stark, “On a collision course,” ESPN.com (Rumblings &amp; Grumblings blog), May 28, 2011,  .  [4] Ibid.  [5] Ricky Doyle, “Buster Posey’s Injury Unfortunate, But Home-Plate Collisions Still Have Place in Baseball,” NESN, May 29, 2011,  .  [6] Ibid . baseball, collisions, tradition, home plate, hits, game, players, managers, fans, catcher, Jason Varitek, Terry Francona, Brad Ausmus, Associated Press, peanuts, Cracker Jacks, seventh-inning stretch, hardball, non-physical sport, offense, defense, baserunner, catcher, mutual discomfort, intrigue, baseball greatness, injury, Buster Posey, debate, physical play, high-intensity, sports dynamics, game elements, play hard, sport tradition, hard-nosed play, essential element, commentator, unfortunate, mistake, removal, poorer game, dynamic, peculiarity, collisions, baseball, tradition, home plate, hits, fans, players, managers, Jason Varitek, Terry Francona, Brad Ausmus, peanuts, Cracker Jacks, seventh-inning stretch, hardball, non-physical sport, offense, defense, baserunner, catcher, mutual discomfort, Buster Posey, injury, debate, baseball collisions, hard-nosed play, dynamic, intriguing peculiarities, game improvement, physical play, sports tradition, game element, essential component, game integrity, sport culture, player safety, injury risk, sport ethics, game strategy, competitive spirit, sport history, fan expectation, Collisions, baseball, tradition, home plate hits, fans, players, managers, expectation, Jason Varitek, Terry Francona, Brad Ausmus, shin guards, chest protector, Associated Press, peanuts, Cracker Jacks, seventh-inning stretch, hardball, injury, hard-nosed play, non-physical sport, offense, defense, mutual discomfort, intriguing peculiarities, baseball greatness, Buster Posey, debate, safety, sport culture, physical play, high-intensity play baseball, collisions, tradition, home plate, crashes, catcher, players, fans, managers, Jason Varitek, Terry Francona, Brad Ausmus, hardball, non-physical sport, offense, defense, baserunner, dynamic, game integrity, physical play, safety, injury, debate, Buster Posey collisions, baseball, tradition, home plate, hits, game, players, managers, fans, Jason Varitek, catcher, crashes, Terry Francona, Brad Ausmus, Associated Press, peanuts, Cracker Jacks, seventh-inning stretch, hardball, commentator, injury, high-intensity, physical play, offense, defense, baserunner, mutual discomfort, intriguing peculiarities, sport, hard-nosed play, Buster Posey, debate, NESN, ESPN, blog, Rumblings & Grumblings
test-economy-epsihbdns-pro02a	Restrictions on migration would benefit people in the cities economically and socially  Cities are very appealing to poor people. Even if their living standards in cities might be unacceptable, they get closer to basic goods, such as fresh water, sanitation etc. However, these things exist because there are productive people in the cities who work and pay taxes. What happens when too many people come at the same time is that public money is stretched too thinly and these basic goods can no longer be provided. This leads to severe humanitarian problems such as malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, etc.  However, this humanitarian crisis does not only harm those directly affected, it also creates an unattractive environment for business. Thus, people who enter the city cannot find work, as production does not grow in relation to the people who enter. They become excluded from society and often turn to crime, which further erodes the economy. [1]  Limiting migration to reasonable levels give the cities a chance to develop progressively and become the kind of places that people in rural areas currently believe them to be.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1. restrictions, migration, cities, economic, social, benefits, poor, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive people, taxes, public money, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, medication, unattractive environment, business, crime, exclusion, society, progressive development, rural areas, political economy, urban food security, sub-Saharan Africa migration restrictions, urban economic benefits, social benefits, city appeal, poverty, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive people, tax contribution, public funds, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, business environment, unemployment, crime, social exclusion, progressive development, rural perception, urban food security, political economy, sub-saharan africa migration restrictions, urban economic benefits, social benefits, city appeal, poor population, urban living standards, basic goods access, productive urban residents, taxes, public resources, overpopulation, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, business environment, unemployment, social exclusion, crime, economic erosion, progressive urban development, rural-to-urban migration, urban food security, sub-saharan africa, political economy, urban development, sustainable cities migration, restrictions, urban development, economic benefits, social benefits, cities, poor people, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive people, taxes, public money, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, business environment, unemployment, crime, rural areas, progressive development, urban food security, sub-saharan africa migration, economic benefits, social benefits, urban poverty, basic goods, public services, tax base, humanitarian crisis, malnutrition, sanitation, crime, urban development, rural-to-urban migration, economic growth, sub-saharan africa, urban food security, political economy, urban environment, business environment, social exclusion, progressive development
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con01a	Socialism has changed historically to meet the challenges of the moment and is addressing those of the 21st century in new ways  It should perhaps come as no surprise that the days of standing outside shopping centres and train stations handing out soggy newspapers have passed into the annals of political history – although some still do it.  Equally, trades union are no longer seen as being as central to European Socialism as they once were. However, the militancy seen over the last few years suggest, if anything, that what was a diversified ‘anti-capitalist’ movement is now coalescing around a rather clearer set of goals of which the basics of the anti-capitalism movement are merely a part. In the light of the globalisation of Capitalism, the left is increasingly rediscovering its internationalist roots which were lost to a great extent in the seventies and eighties in national struggles to save industries and jobs. Socialism, historical changes, 21st century challenges, political strategies, trade unions, European socialism, anti-capitalism, global capitalism, internationalism, national struggles, industrial decline, job preservation, political movements, activism, newspaper distribution, political history, militancy, coalescing goals, left-wing politics, ideological evolution, globalization impact, worker's rights, economic systems, socio-political trends Socialism, historical changes, 21st century challenges, political history, trades unions, European Socialism, anti-capitalist movement, globalisation, Capitalism, internationalist roots, national struggles, industries, jobs Socialism, historical changes, 21st century challenges, political history, trades unions, European Socialism, anti-capitalism, globalisation, Capitalism, internationalism, national struggles, industries, jobs Socialism, historical changes, 21st century challenges, political activism, trades unions, European socialism, anti-capitalism, global capitalism, internationalism, national struggles, industrial protection, job security Socialism, historical evolution, 21st century challenges, political tactics, trades unions, European politics, anti-capitalist movement, globalization, Capitalism, internationalism, national struggles, industries, jobs
test-culture-mmciahbans-pro02a	They fuel colourism in society  Allowing the use of racial overtones – the perception that a product will bring a person towards a “white ideal” is harmful for several reasons. It could cause communities to generate a form of inferiority complex, and it reinforces the structural difference rather than aiming to minimize it. While it may sound absurd, in the US darker-skinned African Americans (and darker skinned latinos) are less well educated and have lower incomes [1] . Elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere, such as in Brazil, race is seen as an issue of colour and socio-economic background, not ancestry highlighting a much more obvious link between whitening creams and racism [2] .  Is it not the role of the state to reduce that discrimination, not to fuel it? Banning such creams would help prevent such harmful effects by discouraging the notion that people should aim to make themselves lighter skinned.  [1] Hunter, Margaret L., “If you’re light you’re alright: light skin color as social capital for women of color”, Gender and Society, 2002,  , p.35  [2] Telles, Edward, Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Colour in Brazil, 2004, online sample chapter, colorism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural difference, darker-skinned, African Americans, Latinos, lower income, education, Brazil, socio-economic background, ancestry, whitening creams, racism, state responsibility, discrimination, banning, social capital, women of color, skin color, Edward Telles, Margaret Hunter colourism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural difference, darker-skinned, African Americans, Latinos, lower incomes, education, Brazil, socio-economic background, whitening creams, racism, state, discrimination, banning, social capital, women of color, skin color colourism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural difference, darker-skinned, African Americans, Latinos, lower incomes, education, Brazil, socio-economic background, whitening creams, racism, state discrimination, banning creams, social capital, women of color, skin color, Edward Telles, Race in Another America colorism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural difference, darker-skinned, African Americans, Latinos, education, income, Brazil, socio-economic background, ancestry, whitening creams, racism, state intervention, discrimination, banning, social capital, women of color, skin color colourism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural difference, darker-skinned, African Americans, Latinos, lower education, lower income, Brazil, socio-economic background, whitening creams, racism, state intervention, discrimination, banning, social capital, women of color, skin color, Race in Another America, Edward Telles, Margaret Hunter
test-international-epglghbni-pro01a	Britain is morally obliged to permit the secession of northern Ireland  The age of colonialism is over. We recognize that the dominance of one country over another is morally wrong. Ireland was already in the hands of the Irish people before English earls and kings invaded. The Irish had a right to the ownership of their land because they cultivated it and so put their labor into it. The use of force to seize that land from the people’s control is unjust because it denies them the right they had to their land. They had no choice to voluntarily hand over their land either.  To right this historical wrong, the British government should relinquish Northern Ireland, just as they have decolonized the rest of the world ending the British empire except for a few scattered outposts. Since Hong Kong was handed back to China in 1997 Northern Ireland is the only remaining colony with a significant population and independent identity. Britain, moral obligation, Northern Ireland, secession, colonialism, decolonization, Irish land rights, historical wrongs, British Empire, Hong Kong, self-determination, independence, sovereignty, justice, Irish identity, voluntary control, land ownership, force, cultivation, Earl, King, invasion, population, identity, relinquish, empire, scattered outposts, significant population, independent identity Britain, moral obligation, secession, Northern Ireland, colonialism, decolonization, Irish ownership, land rights, historical wrongs, British Empire, Hong Kong, colony, population, independent identity Britain, moral obligation, secession, Northern Ireland, colonialism, decolonization, Irish people, land rights, historical wrong, British Empire, Hong Kong, independence, sovereignty, political ethics, self-determination Britain, moral obligation, secession, Northern Ireland, colonialism, Irish people, land rights, labor, historical wrongs, decolonization, British Empire, Hong Kong, significant population, independent identity Britain, moral obligation, secession, Northern Ireland, colonialism, moral wrong, Irish people, land ownership, English invasion, labor, force, unjust, historical wrong, British government, decolonization, British Empire, Hong Kong, China, 1997, significant population, independent identity
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-con02a	"Public and private institutions should hire people based on skills not gender to achieve positive economic impact  Businesses advance when they hire the best person for a job who can unite people and create value. These qualities are individual and enhanced through training rather than not gender-specific. Letting both private and public companies to hire according to their needs and those who meet them is a more efficient way to ensure economic growth.  In some countries in the EU the proportion of women with relevant education is lower and such a measure will bring structural inefficiencies in the short to mid - term for the companies and the overall economy. The empirical data from Norway, for example, reveals that after being exposed to a severe limitation on their choice of directors, boards experienced large declines in value. [1] Often women hired after the quotas implementation had less upper management experience than the previously hired employees. However, since the average size of boards did not increase, male employees were dismissed and less experienced female professionals hired, so that companies could fulfil the quotas.  [1] Ahern, Kenneth, and Amy Dittmar. ""The Changing of the Boards: The Impact on Firm Valuation of Mandated Female Board Representation."" The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2012. public institutions, private institutions, hiring practices, skills-based hiring, gender-based hiring, economic impact, business efficiency, workforce diversity, gender quotas, board representation, Norway, Ahern, Dittmar, female directors, company value, upper management experience, quota effects, economic growth, structural inefficiencies, relevant education public institutions, private institutions, hiring based on skills, gender-neutral hiring, economic impact, business advancement, best person for job, uniting people, creating value, individual qualities, training, economic efficiency, gender quotas, EU countries, women education, structural inefficiencies, Norway example, board value decline, female board representation, upper management experience, quota implementation, male dismissals, less experienced hires, company quotas fulfillment Public institutions, private institutions, hiring practices, skills-based hiring, gender-neutral hiring, economic impact, business efficiency, workforce diversity, gender quotas, board representation, Norway, Ahern and Dittmar, female directors, company value, management experience, economic growth, structural inefficiencies, EU, workforce quality, training, individual qualifications, gender equality public institutions, private institutions, hiring practices, skills-based hiring, gender-neutral hiring, economic impact, business growth, workforce diversity, gender quotas, board representation, Norway case study, female board members, male board members, upper management experience, corporate value, empirical evidence, economic inefficiencies, short-term impacts, mid-term impacts, gender diversity in leadership, hiring efficiency, talent selection, value creation, team cohesion, training programs, gender equality, policy analysis, corporate governance, leadership qualities, professional qualifications, labor market dynamics, EU policies, women in business, gender biases, organizational performance, company quotas, legislative influence, business strategy, economic public institutions, private institutions, skills-based hiring, gender-neutral hiring, economic impact, business growth, individual qualities, training, gender-specific policies, EU countries, women's education, structural inefficiencies, Norway, board representation, female directors, company value, quotas, upper management experience, male employees, board size"
test-international-ghbunhf-con01a	The UN has performed a valuable service in preventing wars and in peacekeeping.  It is clearly unrealistic to imagine that the United Nations could prevent all wars, but nonetheless it has been successful at negotiating peaceful resolutions to international disputes. It has also authorised military force to defend countries from unprovoked attacks; Kuwait and South Korea, to name just two, owe their freedom to UN action. Finally, UN peacekeepers do vital work all over the world from Cyprus to Korea. [1]  [1] “What is Peacekeeping?”. United Nations, 2011. UN, peacekeeping, preventing wars, international disputes, peaceful resolutions, military force, unprovoked attacks, Kuwait, South Korea, freedom, UN action, Cyprus, Korea, vital work, United Nations, Peacekeeping UN, prevention, wars, peacekeeping, international, disputes, military, force, defense, unprovoked, attacks, Kuwait, South Korea, freedom, action, peacekeepers, vital, work, Cyprus, Korea, resolution, negotiation, successful, realistic, UN-authorised, military-intervention, global, security, international-peace, conflict-resolution, humanitarian, missions, stability, operational, deployments UN, peacekeeping, preventing wars, international disputes, military force, unprovoked attacks, Kuwait, South Korea, freedom, UN action, Cyprus, Korea, vital work, peacekeepers, United Nations, peaceful resolutions, realistic, successful UN, peacekeeping, preventing wars, international disputes, military force, unprovoked attacks, Kuwait, South Korea, freedom, UN action, peacekeepers, Cyprus, Korea UN, preventing wars, peacekeeping, peaceful resolutions, international disputes, authorised military force, unprovoked attacks, Kuwait, South Korea, UN peacekeepers, Cyprus, Korea, peacekeeping UN, UN success, international peace, global security, conflict resolution, humanitarian intervention, UN mandate, international cooperation, UN effectiveness, military intervention, peace enforcement, UN missions, international law, state sovereignty, global governance
test-economy-bepiehbesa-con02a	It protects rural communities  People in EU are hard to convince that staying in rural areas and working as a farmer is a viable life choice. The profit is often low, the starting costs are high and work is hard. The income of a farmer is usually around half of the average wage in a given country and the number of these farmers fell by 20% in the last decade. [1] By having CAP we have an additional incentive for the people to stay in villages. The direct payments help the people with the starting of business, subsidies helps them to sell their goods at reasonable prices. The process of urbanisation is at least slowed and that, by extend, helps to preserve traditional culture of such communities and thus diversity of European culture itself.  [1] Murphy, Caitriona, ‘Number of EU farms drops 20pc’, Independent, 29 November 2011, rural communities, CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, farmer profitability, starting costs, farming income, urbanization, cultural preservation, subsidies, direct payments, European culture, farmer population decline rural communities, EU, farming, viable life choice, low profit, high starting costs, hard work, low income, average wage, CAP, incentives, direct payments, subsidies, slow urbanisation, preserve traditional culture, European culture diversity, Murphy, Independent, 2011 rural communities, EU, farming, viable life choice, low profit, high starting costs, hard work, low income, average wage, farmer decline, CAP, direct payments, subsidies, reasonable prices, urbanisation, traditional culture, European culture diversity, farm drop, Caitriona Murphy, Independent rural communities, EU, farming, viability, low profit, high starting costs, hard work, low income, CAP, direct payments, subsidies, urbanisation, traditional culture, cultural diversity, European farms, decline in farmers rural communities, EU, farming, viable life choice, low profit, high starting costs, hard work, low income, CAP, direct payments, subsidies, urbanization, traditional culture, cultural diversity, European culture, declining farmers, agricultural policy
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con04a	Pack labelling or taxation a better alternative  If it’s not enforceable, enforceable solutions ought to be used instead. It would be easier to enforce pack labelling and branding requirements, from larger and clearer health warnings to even brand-free packs. Of course, American-style lawsuits by governments against tobacco manufacturers could be tried, as suggested in Nigeria 1 .  1 IRIN, “NIGERIA: Govt hits tobacco companies with whopping law suit”, irinnews.org, 9 November 2007, Pack labelling, taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, brand-free packs, American-style lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, Nigeria, government lawsuit, tobacco control, policy alternatives, enforcement mechanisms, public health measures, regulatory strategies pack labelling, taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, brand-free packs, lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, government action, Nigeria, IRIN, tobacco control, public health measures, legal strategies Pack labelling, taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, brand-free packs, American-style lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, Nigeria, government lawsuits, tobacco control policies, enforcement mechanisms, public health measures, regulatory compliance, legal strategies, tobacco industry regulation, health policy, legislative approaches, smoking prevention, tobacco harm reduction, legal enforcement Pack labelling, taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, brand-free packs, American-style lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, Nigeria, government lawsuits, tobacco control policies, health policy enforcement, tobacco regulation, public health measures, legal action against tobacco pack labelling, taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, brand-free packs, lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, government actions, Nigeria, IRIN, tobacco control policies
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro07a	Even if atheism was wrong and God did exist His seeming lack of interest and interaction with the Universe as far as humans can perceive means his existence is irrelevant:  It seems as if life goes on whether God exists or not. Theologians, philosophers, and laypeople have been fighting both in academia and on the actual battlefield over the question of God’s existence, yet in all the centuries no definitive answer one way or the other has been given by either side. [1] It seems there is little value to belief one way or the other, so arguing for God’s existence seems simply to be a waste of time. If God were proved to exist, or not to exist, little in life would change at all. Thus a position of atheism serves to relieve the hassle of pointless debate.  [1] Borne, Étienne. 1961. Atheism. New York: Hawthorn Books. atheism, God, existence, relevance, human perception, theologians, philosophers, laypeople, academic debate, battlefield, definitive answer, value of belief, argument, waste of time, proof, life changes, position of atheism, Étienne Borne atheism, God, existence, irrelevant, human perception, theologians, philosophers, debate, academic, battlefield, waste of time, belief value, Étienne Borne, Atheism book, Hawthorn Books, 1961 atheism, God, existence, universe, human perception, irrelevant, life, theologians, philosophers, laypeople, academia, battlefield, debate, waste of time, belief, position, relieve, hassle, pointless, Borne, Étienne, Atheism, Hawthorn Books, 1961 atheism, God, existence, irrelevant, human perception, theologians, philosophers, laypeople, academic debate, battlefield, centuries, definitive answer, value of belief, waste of time, atheism position, pointless debate, Étienne Borne, Atheism book, 1961, Hawthorn Books atheism, God, existence, relevance, human perception, universe, theologians, philosophers, academia, debate, belief value, time waste, life changes, Étienne Borne, Atheism book, Hawthorn Books
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-pro01a	The academic tradition of the West  The growth of universities as beacons of free speech has been a fundamental part of their history in the West; notably during the renaissance, reformation and enlightenment. The democratisation of that process with the expansion of the university sector in recent decades is merely the latest stage in an ongoing process.  However, that entire process has been driven (along with the artistic, cultural and scientific changes they have inculcated) on the basis that universities allow for the free exchange of ideas and flourish in environments where that approach is standardised throughout society [i] . Marxist scholars have gone further in calling for a critical pedagogy in which perspectives other than academic orthodoxy are normalised within universities.  Such institutions produce the best graduates because they have the best academics and the best academics will stay where they are free to publish whatever their research is and express their own views. For example in the 1990s 55.7% of those who had immigrated to the USA from the USSR described themselves as academics, scientists, professional or technical workers. [ii] Those academics in turn respect the intellectual tradition of dissent and critical scrutiny of which they are the inheritors. To take something else and slap the name ‘Yale’– or for that matter Oxford, Harvard or ETH Zurich – on it and pretend that nothing has changed devalues the qualification. Without the intellectual dissent and freedom of academic inquiry it is intellectually dishonest to call the degree the same thing.  [i] The Nebraskan. Doug Anderson. Learning depends on the free exchange of ideas, Nebraskan says.  [ii] Harvard, ‘Russians and East Europeans in America’ academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, academic freedom, research, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, intellectual dishonesty, degree devaluation, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Russians, East Europeans, America academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, intellectual dishonesty, qualifications, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Russians, East Europeans, America, Harvard, USSR, academics, scientists, professional workers, immigration, USA academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, intellectual dishonesty, degree, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Russians, East Europeans, America, Harvard, USSR, immigrants, academics, scientists, professional, technical workers academic tradition, west, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, academic freedom, research, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, intellectual dishonesty, degree, Russians, East Europeans, USA, USSR, immigrants, Harvard, professional workers academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research freedom, intellectual dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, intellectual tradition, dissent, academic inquiry, intellectual dishonesty, degree value, academic migration, USSR, Russians, East Europeans, Harvard, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, learning dependence, free idea exchange
test-international-eiahwpamu-con03a	Debt cycles and the curse of microfinance  Microfinance is incorporating free market ideologies and subprime (lending to those who may not be able to repay) lending at a smaller scale. Unstable crises’ form as a result, and debt is intensified for the poorest - of which are given access to credit they are not able to repay. This is a problem with all lending, microfinance is no exception.  In India the pressures of microfinance repayment has become linked to suicide and early mortality (Biswas, 2010). The stress of looking for microcredit, and then how to pay it back, has created a crisis within the microfinance industry. Regulation is required on the microfinance organisation: controlling the distribution of credit and the use of threats if the individual defaults. Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, debt intensification, poorest credit access, lending risks, India microfinance, repayment pressure, suicide, early mortality, microcredit stress, microfinance regulation, credit distribution control, default threats debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, lending practices, repayment stress, suicide, early mortality, microcredit, crisis, regulation, credit distribution, default threats, India, Biswas 2010 Debt cycles, microfinance, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, lending regulation, microcredit repayment, suicide, early mortality, credit distribution, default threats, financial stress, India, Biswas 2010, microfinance industry crisis Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment inability, lending problems, India, microfinance repayment pressure, suicide, early mortality, crisis, regulation, credit distribution control, default threats Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment inability, lending problems, India, microfinance repayment pressure, suicide, early mortality, crisis, regulation, credit distribution control, default threats
test-environment-ehwsnwu-con01a	Underground Nuclear Storage is Expensive.  Underground nuclear storage is expensive. This is because the deep geological repositories needed to deal with such waste are difficult to construct. This is because said repositories need to be 300m underground and also need failsafe systems so that they can be sealed off should there be a leak. For smaller countries, implementing this idea is almost completely impossible.  Further, the maintenance of the facilities also requires a lot of long term investment as the structural integrity of the facilities must consistently be monitored and maintained so that if there is a leak, the relevant authorities can be informed quickly and efficiently.  This is seen with the Yucca mountain waste repository site which has cost billions of dollars since the 1990s and was eventually halted due to public fears about nuclear safety. [1]  [1] ISN Security Watch. “Europe’s Nuclear Waste Storage Problems.” Oilprice.com 01/06/2010 underground nuclear storage, deep geological repositories, construction difficulty, 300m underground, failsafe systems, smaller countries, implementation challenges, long-term maintenance, structural integrity, monitoring, leak detection, Yucca mountain, waste repository, billions of dollars, public safety fears, nuclear waste storage, Europe, security Underground nuclear storage, expensive, deep geological repositories, construction difficulty, 300m underground, failsafe systems, small countries, maintenance, long-term investment, structural integrity, monitoring, Yucca Mountain, waste repository, billions of dollars, public fears, nuclear safety, Europe, nuclear waste storage problems Underground, Nuclear, Storage, Expensive, Deep, Geological, Repositories, Construction, Difficult, Failsafe, Systems, Sealed, Leak, Smaller, Countries, Impossible, Maintenance, Facilities, Long-term, Investment, Structural, Integrity, Monitored, Yucca, Mountain, Waste, Repository, Billion, Dollars, 1990s, Halted, Public, Fears, Safety, Europe, Problems Underground nuclear storage, deep geological repositories, construction difficulty, 300m depth, failsafe systems, sealing mechanism, small countries, implementation challenges, maintenance, long-term investment, structural integrity, monitoring, leak detection, Yucca Mountain, cost, billions, 1990s, public fears, nuclear safety, Europe, nuclear waste storage problems Underground nuclear storage, expensive, deep geological repositories, construction difficulty, 300m underground, failsafe systems, small countries, maintenance, long-term investment, structural integrity, Yucca Mountain, waste repository, billions of dollars, 1990s, public fears, nuclear safety, Europe, nuclear waste storage problems
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-pro01a	The head of state/government must be accountable to the people  Secrecy in relation to the leader’s health shows a distrust or distain of the electorate. Not being open about health issues almost invariably means that the administration is lying to those who elected them, those who they are accountable to. A couple of days before John Atta Mills died Nii Lantey Vanderpuye a candidate for Mills’ party stated “He [Mills] is stronger and healthier than any presidential candidate”, information that in retrospect was clearly untrue. 1  1 Takyi-Boadu, Charles, ‘Confusion Hits Mills’, Modern Ghana, 21 July 2012, accountability, head of state, government transparency, leader's health, public trust, electoral responsibility, political deception, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, Mills' health controversy, Modern Ghana, Charles Takyi-Boadu Head of state, government accountability, leader's health, secrecy, distrust, electorate, lying, presidential candidates, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, health transparency, political ethics, public trust, leadership integrity, electoral promises, Modern Ghana, Takyi-Boadu Charles, political scandals, health misinformation head of state, government accountability, leader's health, secrecy, distrust, electorate, transparency, lying, presidential candidates, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, health issues, Modern Ghana, Charles Takyi-Boadu, political ethics, public trust, electoral integrity head of state, government accountability, leader's health, public trust, electoral transparency, political deceit, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, presidential health, public health disclosure, political ethics, Ghana politics, electoral responsibility, leadership health secrecy head of state, government accountability, leader's health, transparency, distrust, electorate, secrecy, lying, presidential candidates, John Atta Mills, health issues, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, political honesty, electoral trust, Modern Ghana, Takyi-Boadu Charles, confusion, political ethics
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-con01a	If this work had been an attack on Mohammed it would never have been broadcast, the BBC is applying double standards.  A week before the broadcast of the opera, protest by Sikhs in Birmingham about the play Bezthi by the Birmingham Rep, brought the show to a close. Like many organisations, the BBC panics when it believes it has caused offence to some religions and yet Christianity – by far the world’s most populous and diverse creed [i] - is routinely ignored or expected to ‘take it on the chin.  Christian symbols and imagery are routinely profaned by major broadcasters, publishers and others in a way that would simply not be tolerated if they were directed at ‘minority’ faiths in the UK.  Article Four (4) of the BBC’s charter [ii] stipulates quite clearly that all of the UK’s communities should be reflected in all of its activities. Despite this the interests of the community that is represented by the established church of the country, headed by the monarch, receives the least support or consideration from the institution.  [i]   [ii] BBC Charter. BBC, double standards, Mohammed, Sikhs, Birmingham, Bezthi, Christianity, Christian symbols, profaned, minority faiths, Article Four, BBC Charter, established church, monarch, community representation BBC, double standards, Mohammed, Christianity, profanity, media bias, religious representation, Article Four, established church, monarch, community reflection, broadcasting regulations, Sikh protest, Birmingham Rep, Bezthi, religious offense, Christian symbols, imagery profanation, minority faiths, public broadcasting, charter stipulations BBC, double standards, Mohammed, Sikhs, Birmingham, Bezthi, Christianity, religious offence, Christian symbols, profanity, media bias, BBC Charter, Article Four, established church, monarch, UK communities BBC, double standards, Mohammed, Sikhs, protest, Birmingham, Christianity, religious offence, Christian symbols, profanity, minority faiths, Article Four, BBC Charter, established church, monarch, community representation BBC, double standards, Mohammed, Sikhs, Birmingham, Bezthi, Christianity, Christian symbols, profaned, minority faiths, BBC Charter, established church, monarch
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-pro04a	No one will ever actually look at the information  If the concern is privacy then there really should be little concern at all because there is safety in numbers. The NSA and other intelligence services don’t have the time or motivation to be tracking down all of our foibles. [1] If the intelligence agencies are watching everyone then they clearly do not have the personnel to be watching the actual communications. Instead certain things or patterns will raise alarm bells and a tiny number will be investigated more closely.  [1] Walt, Stephen M., ‘The real threat behind the NSA surveillance programs’, Foreign Policy, 10 June 2013, privacy, NSA, intelligence, surveillance, safety in numbers, personnel, communications, patterns, investigation, Walt, Foreign Policy NSA, surveillance, privacy, intelligence, safety, numbers, tracking, foibles, communication, patterns, alarm, investigation, personnel, Walt, Stephen, M., Foreign, Policy, real, threat NSA, surveillance, privacy, intelligence, agencies, communications, patterns, security, monitoring, investigations, personnel, concerns, safety, numbers, tracking, foibles, threat, real, Foreign Policy, Stephen M. Walt NSA, surveillance, privacy, intelligence, services, communication, tracking, investigation, patterns, security, personnel, Walt, Stephen, M., real, threat, Foreign, Policy, 2013 privacy, safety in numbers, NSA, intelligence services, surveillance, communication tracking, personnel limitations, pattern recognition, investigation, Stephen M. Walt, Foreign Policy, NSA surveillance programs, real threat, mass surveillance, public concern, privacy concerns, intelligence agencies, communication monitoring, selective investigation, alarm triggers
test-economy-thsptr-pro03a	The state should promote the efficient distribution of income in order to maximize the utility derived by society from its economic resources  All goods suffer from diminishing marginal utility, and this includes money. The more money someone, the less happy they are made from each successive addition of wealth after a certain point. One might be able to buy a second car or a second house with extra money, but eventually one runs out of things one particularly wants to buy or own. [1] When wealth is unevenly distributed in society, the wealth of society is inefficiently distributed. The aim of the state must be to attempt to maximize the aggregate utility of its citizens insofar as it is able without damaging the economy. With progressive taxation, wealth is effectively reallocated to poorer people, who gain more utility than the wealthy lose in the process. The state has a right to do this not only because it generates a more efficient distribution of income than the market does, but also because income is partly a collective good. [2] Ownership rights to property and the ability to expand them is only possible within the framework of the state; thus the state can make a moral ownership claim to some of the products of the services it provides, and does so most effectively through the mechanism of progressive taxation.  [1] Thune, Kent. “The Diminishing Marginal Utility of Wealth”. The Financial Philosopher. 2008. Available:   [2] Weisbrod, Burton. Public Interest Law: An Economic and Institutional Analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1978. state, efficient distribution, income, maximize utility, society, economic resources, diminishing marginal utility, wealth, happiness, aggregate utility, citizens, progressive taxation, reallocation, poorer people, efficient distribution, market, collective good, property rights, moral ownership, public interest, economic analysis income distribution, utility maximization, diminishing marginal utility, wealth, happiness, economic resources, progressive taxation, aggregate utility, economic efficiency, market inefficiency, collective good, property rights, state intervention, public interest law, economic institutions Efficient distribution, income, utility, society, economic resources, diminishing marginal utility, wealth, happiness, progressive taxation, aggregate utility, state intervention, economy, ownership rights, property, moral claim, public interest, economic analysis, institutional analysis state, efficient distribution, income, maximize utility, society, economic resources, diminishing marginal utility, wealth, happiness, progressive taxation, poorer people, aggregate utility, economy, collective good, ownership rights, property, moral claim, public interest, economic analysis efficient distribution, income, utility, society, economic resources, diminishing marginal utility, wealth, happiness, market inefficiency, aggregate utility, progressive taxation, wealth reallocation, poorer people, income distribution, state right, moral ownership, property rights, public interest, economic analysis
test-science-nsihwbtiss-con03a	Teachers can be essential in supervising cyberspace.  Social media has become the primary way in which children interact with their peers. These interactions are largely unsupervised by any adult, and yet they have a fundamental impact on the development of the children involved. Adolescents use social networking websites to gage peer opinion about themselves which may subsequently influence identity formation [1] . With so much cyber bullying happening on such websites, and postings of inappropriate behaviour that may later surface to affect a student’s chances of getting into college or getting a job, it would be useful to have a teacher supervise these interactions to make sure no harm comes to the children involved.  [1] Pempek, Yermolayeva, and Calvert. ”College students social networking experiences on facebook.” Journal of Applied Developmental Pshychology. Vol. 30. 2009. teachers, supervision, cyberspace, social media, children, peer interaction, unsupervised, adult, impact, development, adolescents, social networking, peer opinion, identity formation, cyber bullying, inappropriate behavior, college, job, intervention, online safety teachers, supervision, cyberspace, social media, children, peers, unsupervised, adult, impact, development, adolescents, identity formation, cyber bullying, inappropriate behavior, college, job, Pempek, Yermolayeva, Calvert, Facebook, online interactions, digital supervision, adolescent development, online safety, educational technology, cyber wellness cyberspace supervision, social media, child development, unsupervised interactions, adolescent identity, peer influence, cyber bullying, inappropriate behavior, college admissions, job opportunities, teacher supervision, online safety, digital footprint, social networking, youth online behavior teachers, supervision, cyberspace, social media, children, peer interaction, unsupervised, development, adolescents, identity formation, cyber bullying, inappropriate behavior, college admission, job prospects, Pempek, Yermolayeva, Calvert, Facebook, applied developmental psychology teachers, supervising, cyberspace, social media, children, unsupervised, adult, development, adolescents, social networking, peer opinion, identity formation, cyber bullying, inappropriate behavior, college, job, teacher supervision, harm, student interactions, online safety, digital citizenship, Pempek, Yermolayeva, Calvert, college students, Facebook, applied developmental psychology
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-pro03a	People will have less information about politicians’ manifestos and ideas.  Celebrity endorsement distracts those who normally provide information to voters. Newspapers, blogs and other online media all have limited space, and, because celebrities sell, will use that space showing who is supporting whom, rather than covering debate about a politician’s policies and ideas.  Though the presence of celebrities may actually give the masses more avenue to relate to electoral processes, the fact still stands that in status quo people are more interested in the activities of their favorite celebrities which will thus blot out the candidates themselves. When voters see celebrity endorsements they are no longer thinking about how these future politicians can make an impact on their lives. In some cases the celebrity may help show the platform of policies the candidate is standing on but most of the time they are simply taking airtime from more in depth analysis. What is worse when wooing celebrities becomes important for politicians the politicians themselves have less time to formulate and articulate their policies.  This is detrimental to the democratic process. People having less information than they would otherwise impairs their ability to make an informed choice about how they would like to vote. A prohibition on celebrity interference in political debate would remove this obscuring effect.  All of the above adds to the depoliticisation of politics. If the celebrity endorsement continues to thrive, younger generations will disengage with the important political issues at hand. Instead of learning about the fundamental issues surrounding their country, they will be exposed to party tactics that are of no use to their political development. celebrity endorsement, distraction, voter information, limited media space, politician policies, celebrity impact, electoral process, voter engagement, political debate, informed voting, depoliticisation, younger generations, political development Celebrity endorsement, political debate, voter information, policy coverage, media space, democratic process, informed voting, depoliticisation, younger generations, political engagement, party tactics, electoral processes, manifesto ideas, celebrity activities, candidate policies, in-depth analysis, political development, prohibited interference, public interest, politician time, fundamental issues celebrity endorsement, voter information, media coverage, political debate, policy analysis, democratic process, informed voting, depoliticisation, political engagement, younger generations, party tactics, electoral processes, candidate policies, manifesto ideas, media space, celebrity activities, political development, airtime, politician impact, prohibition, obscuring effect, public interest, fundamental issues, political disengagement Celebrity endorsement, voter information, political manifestos, media coverage, policy debate, democratic process, informed voting, political engagement, younger generations, depoliticisation, electoral processes, celebrity activities, politician platform, policy formulation, political development, party tactics, fundamental issues, media space, celebrity influence, informed choice, political issues, airtime, in-depth analysis, political debate, prohibition, electoral processes, candidate policies, voter disengagement. celebrity endorsement, political information, voter distraction, media space, policy coverage, democratic process, informed voting, depoliticisation, youth engagement, political development
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-con02a	Investment  Tourism should be relied upon for economic growth as it attracts significant foreign investment. Tourism is the largest form of foreign currency income, with around £728 million being produced by external visitors in 20121. Attracting Europeans, who have relatively large disposable incomes, has been a prominent tactic of the industry with favourable results. It is estimated that Europeans account for 95% of all overnight stays in Tunisia2. The other major sectors of services and agriculture do not inspire foreign investment of this magnitude.  1) Khalifa,A. ‘Foreign direct investment and tourism receipts pick back up in Tunisia’, Global Arab Network, 7 October 2012  2) Choyakh,H. ‘Modelling Tourism Demand in Tunisia Using Cointegration and Error Correction Models’ pg.71 Investment, Tourism, Economic Growth, Foreign Investment, Foreign Currency Income, External Visitors, Europeans, Disposable Incomes, Overnight Stays, Tunisia, Major Sectors, Services, Agriculture, Foreign Direct Investment, Cointegration, Error Correction Models Investment, Tourism, Economic Growth, Foreign Investment, Foreign Currency Income, External Visitors, Europeans, Disposable Incomes, Overnight Stays, Tunisia, Major Sectors, Services, Agriculture, Foreign Direct Investment, Cointegration, Error Correction Models Investment, Tourism, Economic Growth, Foreign Investment, Foreign Currency Income, Europeans, Disposable Incomes, Overnight Stays, Tunisia, Major Sectors, Services, Agriculture, Foreign Direct Investment, Tourism Receipts, Cointegration, Error Correction Models investment, tourism, economic growth, foreign investment, foreign currency income, external visitors, Europeans, disposable incomes, overnight stays, Tunisia, services, agriculture, foreign direct investment, Global Arab Network, Cointegration, Error Correction Models, Choyakh, Khalifa Investment, Tourism, Economic Growth, Foreign Investment, Foreign Currency Income, External Visitors, Europeans, Disposable Incomes, Overnight Stays, Tunisia, Major Sectors, Services, Agriculture, Foreign Direct Investment, Global Arab Network, Cointegration, Error Correction Models
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-pro03a	There is a difference between actual journalists and those who like having their names published in newspapers. Assange has far more claim to the description than many of them.  One of the things that the Leveson Inquiry [1] has made all too apparent is that simply working for a newspaper or broadcaster is not a satisfactory definition of journalist. In terms of maintaining a professional ethic, the difference between those who hacked into phones – including that of murdered schoolgirl Millie Dowler – and the journalists who broke the story, Nick Davies and Amelia Hill [2] could not be starker. Equally many popular blogs that focus exclusively on opinion or areas of news far more specialist than has traditionally been considered the role of the daily media.  A more useful definition, it would seem, relates more to the ethics and aims of the individual or organisation involved. This has the advantage of ruling out those organisations devoted to advertising (such as listings magazines or shopping channels) or those focused purely on entertainment.  A Journalist should therefore have a commitment to revealing and disseminating information that is held by those with power to those over whom they wield that power. This means that the journalist gains access to information through various sources and then publicises that information as a story. Anonymous sources such as those used by Assange are a key part of journalism with many of the biggest stories such as Watergate only being published because of anonymity. [3]  By such a definition, Assange would clearly qualify [4] . This was clearly felt to be the case by the New York Times, the Guardian, Le Monde and others who reprinted his original material and drew conclusions from it. It would come as something of a surprise to such publications to discover they were not staffed by journalists.  [1] For a link to the inquiry’s website, click here  [2] The Guardian. “Missing MIlly Dowler’s Voicemail was Hack by News of the World”. Nick Davies and Amelia Hill. 5 July 2011.  [3] Myers, Steve, ‘Study: Use of anonymous sources peaked in 1970s, dropped by 2008’, Poynter.org, 9 August 2011,   [4] The Spectator. “Yes, Julian Assange is a Journalist”. Alex Massie. 2 November 2010. journalists, media, Assange, Leveson Inquiry, ethics, professional, phone hacking, Millie Dowler, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, blogs, opinion, news, advertising, entertainment, commitment, information, power, anonymous sources, Watergate, New York Times, Guardian, Le Monde, journalism, definition, role, publication, story, public, access, sources, dissemination, power, Spectator, Alex Massie journalists, actual, name, newspapers, Assange, Leveson Inquiry, definition, professional ethics, phone hacking, Millie Dowler, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, blogs, opinion, specialist news, daily media, advertising, entertainment, commitment, revealing information, power, sources, anonymous, Watergate, New York Times, Guardian, Le Monde, reprinted, conclusions, study, anonymous sources, 1970s, 2008, Spectator, Alex Massie journalists, Assange, Leveson Inquiry, phone hacking, Millie Dowler, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, professional ethic, blogs, opinion, daily media, ethics, aims, information, power, anonymity, Watergate, New York Times, Guardian, Le Monde, anonymous sources, journalism, definition, commitment, disseminating, stories, sources, Spectator, Alex Massie journalists, Assange, Leveson Inquiry, ethics, professional ethic, phone hacking, Millie Dowler, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, blogs, opinion, news, media, advertising, entertainment, commitment, information, power, anonymous sources, Watergate, New York Times, Guardian, Le Monde, journalism, definition, professional journalism, Spectator, Alex Massie journalists, Assange, Leveson Inquiry, ethics, professional, phone hacking, Millie Dowler, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, blogs, media, definition, advertising, entertainment, power, information, anonymous sources, Watergate, New York Times, Guardian, Le Monde, publication, study, anonymous sources peaked, Spectator, Alex Massie
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-pro01a	Collisions are exciting and fun to watch.  Baseball is a form of entertainment, and few plays are as entertaining as bang-bang plays (a close call on whether the runner is thrown out) at the plate. As a sport that’s often criticized for being too slow and boring—“baseball has no clock,” the saying goes [1] —it’s important that it hold onto perhaps the most dramatic, vivid play it has to offer. One columnist described it this way: “When [collisions] do occur, they’re exciting. We watch to see how well the catcher blocks the plate, how hard the runner slides, and whether the catcher can hold the ball. As dangerous as that play may be, it’s exciting to watch.” [2]  Other sports—like American football, ice hockey, and rugby—feature plenty of violent hits. Baseball has so few of them that when they do happen, they are doubly entertaining. It is just not necessary for baseball to prohibit a small dose of something that is extremely common in other sports.  [1] William Deresiewicz, “Metaphors We Play By,” American Scholar, June 6, 2011,  .  [2] Nick Cafardo, “Let’s keep rule change off our plate, please,” Boston Globe, May 29, 2011,  . collisions, baseball, entertainment, bang-bang plays, excitement, catcher, runner, plate, slow, boring, sport, criticism, American football, ice hockey, rugby, violent hits, prohibition, rule change collisions, baseball, entertainment, bang-bang plays, catcher, plate, runner, slides, violent hits, American football, ice hockey, rugby, rule change collisions, baseball, entertainment, bang-bang plays, plate, catcher, runner, slides, dangerous, exciting, American football, ice hockey, rugby, violent hits, rule change collisions, baseball, entertainment, bang-bang plays, plate, catcher, runner, slides, ball, dangerous, exciting, American football, ice hockey, rugby, violent hits, rule change, prohibition, sports, drama, excitement, safety collisions, baseball, entertainment, bang-bang plays, plate, catcher, runner, slides, dangerous, exciting, American football, ice hockey, rugby, violent hits, rule change, prohibition, sports, drama, excitement, safety
test-international-epvhwhranet-pro01a	The decision not to hold a referendum directly ignores the wishes of the people and is therefore undemocratic.  The Lisbon Treaty and the Constitution have 96% of the same text. Former French President Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, who wrote the original EU Constitution, has publicly stated that the Lisbon Treaty is essentially the same as the proposed Constitution [1]. The decision from countries not to hold referendums in 2007 that they had previously agreed to is a flagrant disregard for the wishes of the people. Moreover the decision to ratify the Lisbon Treaty through national parliaments in France and the Netherlands where the 2004 Treaty was rejected in popular vote demonstrates that the decision not to hold referendums was in the fear that they would be rejected when put to the people. Any decision that is forced through parliament in the fear that it would fail when opened to the citizens of that country lacks legitimacy.  [1] Valéry Giscard d'Estaing: The EU Treaty is the same as the Constitution’, The Independent (30 October 2007), viewed on 13 June 2011 referendum, undemocratic, Lisbon Treaty, Constitution, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, EU Constitution, national parliaments, popular vote, legitimacy, citizens, 2007, 2004, rejection, flagrant disregard, people's wishes, forced through parliament, fear, rejection referendum, undemocratic, Lisbon Treaty, Constitution, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, EU Constitution, national parliaments, popular vote, legitimacy, citizens, rejection, fear, text similarity, 2007, 2004, France, Netherlands, The Independent, public statement, decision, disregard, wishes, people, ratification, parliament, democracy, political process, European Union, treaty adoption, public opinion, government accountability referendum, undemocratic, Lisbon Treaty, Constitution, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, national parliaments, France, Netherlands, popular vote, legitimacy, public wishes, EU Treaty, same text, decision, ratification, fear, rejection, citizens, democracy, 2007, 2004 Treaty referendum, undemocratic, Lisbon Treaty, Constitution, Valéry Giscard d'Estaung, EU Constitution, national parliaments, France, Netherlands, popular vote, legitimacy, citizens, decision, text similarity, flagrant disregard, wishes of people, forced through parliament, fear of rejection referendum, undemocratic, Lisbon Treaty, Constitution, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, national parliaments, popular vote, legitimacy, citizens, European Union
test-law-lgplhbssbco-pro02a	Suicide is a selfish act that causes suffering to others  Suicide is an entirely selfish act that causes immense pain and suffering for those loved ones that are left behind. It is also cowardly; rather than facing your problems and being strong, you instead take the easy way out and kill yourself. It is important, therefore, to instil a strong sense of responsibility to one’s family and for one’s affairs and to do this by punishing those who try and fail to perpetrate this selfish and cowardly act. suicide, selfish, suffering, loved ones, pain, cowardly, problems, strength, responsibility, family, affairs, punishment, failed attempt, selfish act, cowardly act Suicide, selfish, act, suffering, loved, ones, left, behind, cowardly, facing, problems, strong, easy, way, out, kill, oneself, responsibility, family, affairs, punishing, fail, perpetrate, instil, sense, mental, health, awareness, support, prevention, compassion, understanding, consequences, impact, others, societal, views, stigma, depression, anxiety, crisis, intervention, help, resources, coping, mechanisms, resilience, strength, courage, facing, challenges, ethical, moral, considerations, legal, implications, psychological, well-being, community, support, empathy, perspective suicide, selfish, act, suffering, loved, ones, left, behind, cowardly, facing, problems, strong, responsibility, family, affairs, punishing, fail, perpetrate, selfishness, cowardice, mental, health, stigma, support, prevention, awareness, emotional, distress, reasons, consequences, societal, impact, intervention, empathy, understanding, prevention, strategies, coping, mechanisms, help, resources, crisis, intervention, suicidal, thoughts, mental, illness, trauma, grief, loss, therapy, counseling, compassion, judgment, education, awareness, advocacy, community, support, resilience, hope, recovery suicide, selfish, act, suffering, loved ones, cowardly, problems, responsibility, family, affairs, punishment, failed attempt, mental health, societal impact, emotional pain, morality, legal consequences, psychological distress, support systems, prevention, awareness suicide, selfish, suffering, loved ones, pain, cowardly, problems, strength, responsibility, family, affairs, punishment, failed attempt, selfishness, cowardice
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-con03a	A ban will further marginalise young members of impoverished communities  Hip hop is an extremely diverse musical genre. Surprisingly, this diversity has evolved from highly minimal series of musical principles. At its most basic, raping consists of nothing more than rhyming verses that are delivered to a beat. This simplicity reflects the economically marginalised communities that hip hop emerged from. All that anyone requires in order to learn how to rap, or to participate in hip hop culture, is a pen, some paper and possibly a disc of breaks – the looped drum and bass lines that are used to time rap verses. Thanks to its highly social aspect, hip hop continues to function as an accessible form of creative expression for members of some of impoverished communities in both the west and elsewhere in the world.  Point 7 suggests that free speech flourishes when we respect believers but are not forced to respect their beliefs. Free Speech Debate discusses this principle in the light of religious belief and religious expression. However, it is also relevant when we consider how our appraisal of an individual’s background, culture and values affects our willingness to accept or dismiss what she says.  The positive case for banning- or at least condemning- hip hop often rests on its ability to reinforce the negative stereotypes of impoverished and marginalised communities that are propagated by majority communities. Critics of hip hop note that black men have often been stigmatised as violent, uncivilised and predatory. They claim that many hip hop artists cultivate a purposefully brutal and misogynist persona. The popularity of hip hop reflects the acceptance of this stereotype, and further entrenches discrimination against young black men. This line of thinking portrays hip hop artists as betrayers or exploiters of their communities, reinforcing damaging stereotypes and convincing adolescents that a violent rejection of mainstream society is a way to achieve material success.  Arguments of this type fail to recognise the depth of nuance and meaning that words and word-play can convey. They are predicated on an assumption that the consumers of hip hop engage with it in a simplistic and uncritical way. In short, such arguments see hip hop fans as being simple minded and easily influenced. This perspective neglects the “recognition respect”, the recognition of equality and inherent dignity that is owed to all contributors of a debate. Moreover, it also bars us from properly assessing the “appraisal respect” owed to the content of hip hop and other controversial musical genres. When hip hop is seen as being inherently harmful, and as being targeted at an especially impressionable and vulnerable part of society, we both demean members of that group and prevent robust discussion of rap lyrics themselves. Academics such as John McWhorter see only the advocacy of violence and nihilism in lyrics such as  “You grow in the ghetto, living second rate/ and your eyes will sing a song of deep hate”.  But these are words that can also be interpreted as astute observation on the brutality that is bred by social exclusion. In point of fact, there is little in the previous verse, or those that follow it,  “You’ll admire all the numberbook takers/ thugs, pimps and pushers, and the big money makers”,  that could be interpreted as permitting, popularising or endorsing violence. That is, unless the individual reading the verse had already concluded that its intended audience lacked his own critical perspective and understanding of social norms and values.  Even if an observer were ultimately conclude that a particular hip hop track had no redeeming value, a broad interpretation of point 7 suggests that he should, at the very least, credit its artists and listeners with a modicum of intelligence and reflectiveness. When we approach music with a custodial mind-set, determined to protect young listeners from what we see as harm or exploitation, we prevent those individuals from access a form of speech that may be the only affordable method of expression open to them.  Just as we allow individuals the right to be heard in a language of their choosing (see point 1), we should also accept that perspectives from marginalised communities may not appear in a conventional form. Under these circumstances, it would be dangerous for us to curtail and marginalise a form of speech geared toward discussing the problems faced by impoverished young people that has, against the odds, penetrated the mainstream. We are likely to deepen existing prejudices by viewing rappers and their fans as infantile, impressionable and in need of protection. ban, marginalise, young, impoverished, communities, hip hop, diversity, musical, genre, rhyming, verses, beat, social, creative, expression, free, speech, respect, beliefs, stereotypes, stigmatised, violent, uncivilised, predatory, misogynist, persona, discrimination, nuance, word-play, consumers, simplistic, uncritical, recognition, respect, equality, dignity, appraisal, controversial, inherently, harmful, violence, nihilism, social, exclusion, numberbook, takers, thugs, pimps, pushers, money, makers, redeeming, value, intelligence, reflect ban, marginalise, young, impoverished, communities, hip hop, musical genre, diversity, minimal, musical principles, rhyming, verses, beat, social, accessible, creative expression, free speech, respect, beliefs, appraisal, background, values, negative stereotypes, majority communities, stigmatised, violent, uncivilised, predatory, brutal, misogynist, stereotype, discrimination, black men, adolescents, material success, nuance, word-play, simplistic, uncritical, recognition respect, dignity, appraisal respect, inherently harmful, impressionable, vulnerable, critical perspective, social norms, violence, nihilism, social exclusion ban, marginalise, young, impoverished, communities, hip hop, diverse, musical, genre, minimal, musical, principles, rhyming, verses, beat, simplicity, economically, marginalised, pen, paper, disc, breaks, looped, drum, bass, lines, social, aspect, accessible, creative, expression, free, speech, respect, believers, beliefs, Point 7, Free Speech Debate, religious, belief, expression, background, culture, values, positive, case, condemning, negative, stereotypes, majority, stigmatised, violent, uncivilised, predatory, brutal, misogynist, ban, marginalise, young, impoverished, communities, hip-hop, diversity, musical, genre, rhyming, verses, beat, simplicity, economically, social, creative, expression, free, speech, believers, respect, religious, belief, expression, background, culture, values, negative, stereotypes, stigmatised, violent, uncivilised, predatory, brutal, misogynist, stereotype, discrimination, black, men, nuance, meaning, word-play, simplistic, uncritical, recognition, inherent, dignity, appraisal, controversial, inherently, harmful, impressionable, vulnerable, society, violence, nihilism, brutality Hip hop, marginalised communities, free speech, cultural expression, social norms, stereotypes, violence, censorship, appraisal respect, recognition respect, nuance, word-play, critical thinking, youth, social exclusion, discrimination, ghetto, pimps, pushers, thugs, material success, violence advocacy, nihilism, intelligence, reflective listeners, affordable expression, unconventional perspectives, mainstream penetration, prejudices, protectionism, custodial mindset
test-international-amehbuaisji-con02a	Risk of “lawfare” against Israel  The specific position that Israel is in, places it at a unique risk of “lawfare”, the use and abuse of the legal process by states for political ends.  A particular concern is Article 8(2)(b)(viii), which could be used as a particular tool to attack Israel over the settlements policy. Issues over settlements in the West Bank should be resolved by negotiation during the existing, albeit fractious, peace process, rather than being used as a tool for those who wish to derail good faith negotiations by dragging matters in to the hands of the international courts.  Israel has regularly been singled out for particular beration by UN bodies. For example, over half of the country-specific resolutions passed by the UN Human Rights Council have been about Israel, while praising Muammar Gadaffi. Lawfare, Israel, Legal Process, Political Ends, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), Settlements Policy, West Bank, Peace Process, International Courts, UN Bodies, UN Human Rights Council, Country-Specific Resolutions, Muammar Gadaffi Risk, Lawfare, Israel, Legal process, Political ends, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), Settlements policy, West Bank, Peace process, International courts, UN bodies, UN Human Rights Council, Country-specific resolutions, Muammar Gadaffi lawfare, Israel, legal process abuse, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), settlements policy, West Bank, peace process, international courts, UN bodies, UN Human Rights Council, country-specific resolutions, Muammar Gadaffi lawfare, Israel, risk, legal process, political ends, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), settlements policy, West Bank, peace process, international courts, UN bodies, UN Human Rights Council, country-specific resolutions, Muammar Gadaffi Risk, lawfare, Israel, legal process, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), settlements policy, West Bank, peace process, international courts, UN bodies, Human Rights Council, resolutions, Muammar Gadaffi
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-con01a	Social disgust can be central to artwork  Some forms of art rely strongly on the provocation of disgust or other strong reactions. For example, conceptual artists often rely heavily upon the provocation of strong emotions in the viewer as a way of drawing attention to important, taboo areas (e.g. death, religion and sexuality). If they are banned from doing this, then we lose an entire branch of art: we are left instead with forms of art that choose not to engage with these areas at all.  Particularly in cases where people want to draw attention to what they see as unnecessary taboos, shock is integral. For example, the work of Sarah Lucas explored taboos surrounding sexuality and gender: her work drew attention to stereotyping and taboo in a way that (necessarily) many people found disgusting. Further, it is possible to critically engage with that disgust. It is wrong to assume that the end point of a provocative piece of art is “oh, I’ve been provoked”. Rather, this emotional first response is only the beginning when it comes to the contemplation of that work. Thinking about the reasons for your disgust, and its context, allows us a greater insight into the work, which if you believe ideas are central to pieces of art (which conceptual artists do) is vital. social disgust, artwork, provocation, strong reactions, conceptual artists, strong emotions, viewer, attention, taboo areas, death, religion, sexuality, banned, forms of art, engage, taboos, shock, integral, Sarah Lucas, taboos surrounding sexuality, gender, stereotyping, critical engagement, disgust, emotional response, contemplation, insight, ideas, conceptual art social disgust, conceptual art, provocation, strong emotions, taboo, death, religion, sexuality, censorship, artistic expression, shock, Sarah Lucas, sexuality taboo, gender, stereotyping, critical engagement, emotional response, contemplation, insight, ideas, art importance Social disgust, artwork, provocation, strong reactions, conceptual artists, strong emotions, viewer, drawing attention, taboo areas, death, religion, sexuality, banned, lose, branch of art, engage, unnecessary taboos, shock, integral, Sarah Lucas, taboos, sexuality, gender, stereotyping, disgusting, critically engage, disgust, emotional response, contemplation, insight, ideas, conceptual art social disgust, artwork, provocation, strong reactions, conceptual artists, emotions, viewer, taboo, death, religion, sexuality, banned, art forms, engagement, unnecessary taboos, shock, Sarah Lucas, sexuality, gender, stereotyping, disgust, contemplation, emotional response, critical engagement, insight, ideas, conceptual art social disgust, artwork, provocation, strong reactions, conceptual artists, emotions, viewer, taboo, death, religion, sexuality, banned, art forms, engagement, unnecessary taboos, shock, Sarah Lucas, sexuality, gender, stereotyping, emotional response, critical engagement, contemplation, reasons, context, insight, ideas, conceptual art
test-science-cpisydfphwj-pro01a	Facebook encourages socialisation  One of the most crucial elements in any child's development is the ability to socialize with peers. By having a large circle of friends to talk to and share interests, the child gains trust, self-esteem and self-confidence. If you have people to talk to when you have a problem, it is much easier to overcome any problems.  Facebook and social networks in general help teenagers on multiple levels to maintain and expand their circle of friends. Firstly, it lets you remain in touch with friends even if you are very far apart. As we live in an increasingly globalized world, friend circles tend to be broken up very easily. As a result, individuals need to be able to keep in touch in spite of the physical distance. Facebook enables them to do that. (1)  Secondly, by allowing people with shared opinions, hobbies or interests to gather, social networks allow users to expand their circle of friends, something that is more applicable the bigger the social network. Thirdly, it allows young people to spend more time with the friends and people they already know through chat conversations, shared photos or status updates. As a result, people who are engaged on these social networks have more self esteem, more confidence in them, feel more appreciated and tend to be happier in general due to their wide circle of friends. (2)  (1) Keith Wilcox and Andrew T. Stephen “Are Close Friends the Enemy? Online Social Networks, Self-Esteem, and Self-Control” Journal of Consumer Research, 2012   (2) Brittany Gentilea, Jean M. Twengeb, Elise C. Freemanb, W. Keith Campbella “The effect of social networking websites on positive self-views: An experimental investigation” 2012 Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, self-confidence, globalized world, friend circles, physical distance, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, positive self-views, online social networks, consumer research, experimental investigation Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, confidence, friend circle, globalized world, social networks, teenagers, communication, shared interests, hobbies, self-control, positive self-views, experimental investigation, peer interaction, digital communication, psychological impact, social media benefits, youth socialization, online friendships, mental health, social support, interpersonal relationships Facebook, socialisation, child development, peer interaction, trust, self-esteem, self-confidence, problem-solving, globalized world, friend circles, physical distance, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, happiness, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell, social networks, self-control, positive self-views Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, confidence, friends, social networks, globalized world, communication, shared interests, peer interaction, self-appreciation, happiness, online interaction, teenager socialization, chat conversations, status updates, shared photos, online friends, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell, Journal of Consumer Research, positive self-views, experimental investigation, self-control, close friends, enemy Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, self-confidence, problem-solving, globalized world, friend circles, social networks, teenagers, communication, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, happiness, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Journal of Consumer Research, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell, positive self-views, experimental investigation
test-economy-epsihbdns-pro03a	Restrictions would benefit rural areas  Unlimited rural-urban migration erodes the economy of the cities, as shown in the previous argument, and limits their economic growth and available resources. On a national level, this causes decision makers to prioritise the cities, as the country relies more on urban than rural areas, thus preventing them from investing in the country-side. [1] China is a good example of this where urban privilege has become entrenched with ‘special economic zones’ being created in urban areas (though sometimes built from scratch in rural areas) with money being poured into infrastructure for the urban areas which as a result have rapidly modernised leaving rural areas behind. This leads to a whole culture of divisions where urbanites consider those from rural areas to be backward and less civilized. [2]  Moreover, there will be little other reason to invest in rural areas, as the workforce in those areas has left for the cities. By preserving resources in the cities and keeping the workforce in the rural areas, it becomes possible to invest in rural communities and change their lives for the better as these areas maintain the balanced workforce necessary to attract investors.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1.  [2] Whyte, Martin King, “Social Change and the Urban-Rural Divide in China”, China in the 21st Century, June 2007,  p.54 urban-urban migration, rural economy, city resource depletion, urban prioritization, rural underinvestment, China urban privilege, special economic zones, urban-rural cultural divide, rural workforce preservation, rural investment, balanced workforce, urban food security, sub-Saharan Africa, social change, urban-rural divide, China 21st century rural areas, urban-urban migration, economy, cities, economic growth, resources, national level, decision makers, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure, modernisation, rural areas, cultural divisions, urbanites, backward, less civilized, workforce, investment, balanced workforce, investors, political economy, urban food security, sub-saharan africa, social change, china, 21st century, urban-rural divide, martin king whyte, daniel maxwell Restrictions, rural areas, Unlimited rural-urban migration, economy, cities, economic growth, resources, national level, decision makers, urban areas, China, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure, urban areas modernisation, rural areas, culture of divisions, urbanites, rural backwardness, invest, rural communities, balanced workforce, investors, political economy, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, social change, urban-rural divide, 21st Century Restrictions, rural areas, urban-urban migration, economy, cities, economic growth, resources, national level, decision makers, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure, modernized, rural areas, culture, urbanites, backward, less civilized, workforce, investment, balanced workforce, investors, political economy, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, social change, urban-rural divide, China rural areas, urban-urban migration, economic growth, resources, national level, decision makers, urban areas, rural investment, China, special economic zones, infrastructure, modernisation, cultural divisions, urbanites, rural workforce, balanced workforce, investors, political economy, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, social change, urban-rural divide
test-culture-mmciahbans-pro01a	These products are dangerous  Skin whitening creams often contain a wide variety of harmful ingredients – in some cases, mercury. These can cause various health problems; mercury in particular causes renal (kidney) damage, major skin problems as well as mental health issues [1] .  States, throughout the world, ban consumer products because they are harmful regardless of whether this is for consumption or for cosmetics. This is just another case where that is appropriate in order to prevent the harm to health that may occur.  [1] World Health Organization, “Mercury in skin lightening products”, WHO.int, 2011, dangerous, skin, whitening, creams, harmful, ingredients, mercury, health, problems, renal, kidney, damage, skin, issues, mental, health, states, ban, consumer, products, harmful, consumption, cosmetics, prevent, WHO, World, Health, Organization, 2011 dangerous, skin whitening creams, harmful ingredients, mercury, health problems, renal damage, kidney damage, major skin problems, mental health issues, states, ban, consumer products, harmful, cosmetics, World Health Organization, mercury in skin lightening products, prevention, health harm dangerous, skin, whitening, creams, harmful, ingredients, mercury, health, problems, renal, kidney, damage, skin, issues, mental, health, states, ban, consumer, products, harmful, consumption, cosmetics, prevention, World, Health, Organization, WHO, 2011 skin whitening, creams, harmful ingredients, mercury, health problems, renal damage, kidney, skin issues, mental health, consumer products, ban, cosmetics, World Health Organization, WHO, 2011 skin whitening creams, harmful ingredients, mercury, health problems, renal damage, kidney damage, major skin problems, mental health issues, ban consumer products, harmful products, cosmetics, World Health Organization, WHO, mercury in skin lightening products, 2011
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con03a	Ban would harm the wider economy  A ban could harm the wider economy – from bars to clubs, if smokers are unable to smoke inside, they may be more likely to stay away. According to some critics, this lead to the closures of bars in the UK when such a ban was brought in 1 . Research in the United States has shown drops in employment in bars of between 4 and 16 percent. 2  1 BBC News, “MPs campaign to relax smoking ban in pubs”, BBC News, 2011,   2 Pakko, Michael R., 'Clearing the Haze? New Evidence on the Economic Impact of Smoking Bans', The Regional Economist, January 2008, smoking ban, economy, bars, clubs, closures, employment drops, United States, United Kingdom, research, economic impact, smoking restrictions, public venues, hospitality industry, legislation, MPs, campaign, relax regulations, Clearing the Haze, Michael R. Pakko, The Regional Economist Ban, economy, bars, clubs, smokers, closures, UK, employment, drops, United States, research, evidence, impact, smoking, pubs, campaign, relax, MP, BBC, Pakko, Regional Economist, 2008, 2011 ban, harm, wider economy, bars, clubs, smokers, smoke inside, closures, UK, employment drops, United States, MPs, relax smoking ban, pubs, economic impact, smoking bans, Regional Economist, Pakko, Michael R. ban, economy, bars, clubs, smokers, closures, UK, employment, drops, United States, research, smoking, relaxation, evidence, impact, regional, MP, campaign, pubs Ban, economy, bars, clubs, smokers, closures, UK, employment, drops, United States, research, smoking, pubs, Relax, smoking ban, economic impact, evidence, Regional Economist, Pakko, Michael R.
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-pro03a	There are safeguards to prevent misuse  In democracies there are numerous safeguards and levels of oversight to prevent abuse. In the UK for example there is a “strong framework of democratic accountability and oversight”. Agencies are required “to seek authorisation for their operations from a Secretary of State, normally the Foreign Secretary or Home Secretary.” The Secretary is given legal advice and comments from civil servants. Once the Secretary has given assent they are “subject to independent review by an Intelligence Services Commissioner and an Interception of Communications Commissioner… to ensure that they are fully compliant with the law”. [1]  [1] Hague, William, ‘Prism statement in full’, politics.co.uk, 10 June 2013, safeguards, democracy, oversight, abuse, UK, democratic, accountability, agencies, authorisation, Secretary, State, Foreign, Home, legal, advice, civil, servants, independent, review, Intelligence, Services, Commissioner, Interception, Communications, Commissioner, compliance, law, Hague, William, Prism, statement, politics.co.uk, June, 2013 safeguards, democracies, oversight, abuse, UK, democratic accountability, agencies, authorisation, Secretary of State, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, legal advice, civil servants, independent review, Intelligence Services Commissioner, Interception of Communications Commissioner, law, compliance, Prism, William Hague, politics.co.uk, 2013 safeguards, democracies, oversight, abuse, UK, democratic, accountability, agencies, authorisation, Secretary, State, Foreign, Home, legal, advice, civil, servants, independent, review, Intelligence, Services, Commissioner, Interception, Communications, compliant, law, Hague, William, Prism, statement, politics.co.uk, June, 2013 misuse, democracies, safeguards, oversight, abuse, UK, democratic, accountability, agencies, authorisation, Secretary, State, Foreign, Home, legal, advice, civil, servants, independent, review, Intelligence, Services, Commissioner, Interception, Communications, Commissioner, compliant, law, William, Hague, Prism, statement, politics.co.uk, June, 2013 safeguards, democracies, oversight, abuse, UK, democratic, accountability, agencies, authorisation, Secretary, State, Foreign, Home, legal, advice, civil, servants, independent, review, Intelligence, Services, Commissioner, Interception, Communications, Commissioner, compliant, law, Prism, statement, politics, Hague, William, 2013
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-con03a	There are other policy options that are less distortive and more advantageous for the economy.  Quotas are discriminatory and could be anti-constitutional in countries like France while there are other policy instruments that could be easier to implement.  Rather than implementing quotas as a top-down approach, for example, there could be more access to capital and less regulatory obstacles for starting businesses for women. However, women in OECD enterprise account for an average 30% of all entrepreneurs and there are more self-employed or firm-owners. These gender gaps are particularly large in Ireland, Iceland, and Sweden. [1] Entrepreneurs or individuals starting up new firms are crucial to productivity in all countries. In the OECD area, the levels of entrepreneurship are highest in countries showing the fastest growth. The number of women entrepreneurs, as seen in female to male start-up ratios, is also growing fastest in these countries, which include the United States and Canada. Enhanced access to credit and less red tape for women-owned ventures is a promising source of business and job creation without the distortive effects of quotas on business competitiveness.  Other non-legislative instruments encouraging gender equality in companies are labels, awards, charter signing, and rankings. [2] They do not require externally imposed structural changes but stimulate companies to commit to gender equality in a manner acceptable to them.  Moreover, even if quotas are implemented, they should be flexible and voluntary. A one-size fits all binding quota scheme could easily harm more national economies than it would help. Even by implementing voluntary rather than obligatory quotas in addition to existing national efforts for gender equality, the EU could avoid economic distortions and constitutional complications.  [1] OECD, “Gender and Sustainable Development: Maximising the economic, social and environmental role of women”, 2008, p.35  [2] European Parliament, “Gender Quotas in Management Boards”, 2012 policy options, economic advantages, quotas, anti-constitutional, capital access, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, gender gaps, OECD, productivity, business creation, job creation, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, rankings, voluntary quotas, EU, economic distortions, constitutional complications policy options, less distortive, advantageous economy, quotas, discriminatory, anti-constitutional, France, policy instruments, access to capital, regulatory obstacles, women, OECD, entrepreneurs, self-employed, firm-owners, gender gaps, Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, productivity, entrepreneurship, growth, United States, Canada, female to male start-up ratios, access to credit, red tape, women-owned ventures, business creation, job creation, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, charter signing, rankings, flexible quotas, voluntary quotas, national economies, EU, gender equality efforts, economic distortions, constitutional complications policy options, less distortive, advantageous economy, quotas, discriminatory, anti-constitutional, policy instruments, access to capital, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, OECD, enterprise, gender gaps, Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, productivity, female to male start-up ratios, United States, Canada, credit, red tape, women-owned ventures, business creation, job creation, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, charter signing, rankings, flexible quotas, voluntary quotas, national efforts, gender equality, EU, economic distortions, constitutional complications policy options, quotas, anti-constitutional, capital access, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, gender gaps, OECD countries, entrepreneurship growth, female to male start-up ratios, access to credit, red tape, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, charter signing, rankings, voluntary quotas, binding quota scheme, national economies, sustainable development, management boards policy options, less distortive, advantageous economy, anti-constitutional, implementation, capital access, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, gender gaps, productivity, female to male ratios, entrepreneurship growth, access to credit, red tape, business and job creation, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, charter signing, rankings, voluntary quotas, national efforts, economic distortions, constitutional complications, gender quotas, management boards
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro06a	entirely natural theories can adequately explain belief in God and the development of religions, so an existent God is superfluous to the understanding of the phenomenon:  The reason people believe in God and why religions have formed can be explained perfectly well by natural processes and psychology. Religion is an outgrowth of humans’ brain architecture developed through the process of evolution; it developed as a by-product of other useful cognitive processes. [1] For example, survival capability is promoted by an ability to infer the presence of potentially hostile organisms, the ability to establish causal narratives for natural occurrences, and the ability to recognize that other people are independent agents, with their own minds, desires, and intentions. [2] These cognitive mechanisms, while invaluable to human survival and communal development, have the effect of causing humans to imagine supernatural purposefulness behind natural phenomena that could not be explained by other means. No gods are required to explain religious belief, so the existence of such belief is no reason to believe in such beings. Religion was a cradle during mankind’s childhood and adolescence. The time has come to grow up as a species and accept that there are no gods.  [1] Henig, Robin. 2007. “Darwin’s God”. The New York Times. Available:   [2] Pinker, Steven. 2004. “The Evolutionary Psychology of Evolution”. Annual Meeting of the Freedom from Religion Foundation. Available: natural theories, belief in God, development of religions, cognitive processes, brain architecture, evolution, survival capability, causal narratives, cognitive mechanisms, supernatural purposefulness, no gods required, religious belief, existence of beings, childhood and adolescence, species growth, evolutionary psychology, human survival, communal development, independent agents, desires and intentions, unexplained phenomena, time to grow up, accept no gods, freedom from religion foundation, darwin's god, robin henig, steven pinker natural theories, belief in God, development of religions, cognitive processes, brain architecture, evolution, survival capability, causal narratives, supernatural purposefulness, no gods required, religion cradle, human childhood, species maturity, Darwin's God, evolutionary psychology, Steven Pinker, Robin Henig, natural explanations, psychological mechanisms, communal development, independent agents, unexplained phenomena, existence of gods, religion phenomenon, superfluous existence, belief reason, no reason to believe, grow up spiritually, Freedom from Religion Foundation natural theories, belief in God, development of religions, cognitive processes, brain architecture, evolution, survival capability, causal narratives, independent agents, supernatural purposefulness, no gods required, religious belief, existence of beings, mankind's childhood, species growth, Darwin's God, Robin Henig, evolutionary psychology, Steven Pinker, Freedom from Religion Foundation natural theories, belief in God, development of religions, existent God, superfluous, human brain architecture, evolution, cognitive processes, survival capability, hostile organisms, causal narratives, natural occurrences, independent agents, minds, desires, intentions, supernatural purposefulness, unexplained phenomena, no gods, religious belief, mankind’s childhood, adolescence, grow up, species, accept no gods, Darwin’s God, Robin Henig, evolutionary psychology, Steven Pinker, Freedom from Religion Foundation natural theories, belief in God, development of religions, cognitive processes, human brain architecture, evolution, survival capability, cognitive mechanisms, supernatural purposefulness, evolutionary psychology, human development, religion as cradle, species growth, no gods, scientific explanation, psychology of religion, natural phenomena, human survival, communal development, independent agents, causal narratives, hostile organisms, mental intentions, Pinker, Henig, Darwin's God, Freedom from Religion Foundation, evolutionary processes, existential superfluity, religious belief explanation
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-pro04a	Russia as a state and Russians as a nation need strong leadership  Historically, Russia has always needed strong centralised leadership for it to make progress. This was true both in imperial times under tsars such as Peter the Great (who made Russia a European power and built St Petersburg) and Alexander II (who freed the serfs), and since 1917 under Lenin and Stalin. Russia is too big, too diverse and too thinly-populated for western systems of representative democracy to be applied. Culturally its people are temperamentally suited to following the decisive lead of a strong ruler who can unite them in the face of great challenges. Without such a ruler Russia is likely to fragment with local strongmen grabbing power in the regions, religious fundamentalism dominating much of the Caucasus and Central Asia, and economic stagnation. Russia, state, nation, strong leadership, historically, centralised leadership, progress, imperial times, tsars, Peter the Great, St Petersburg, Alexander II, serfs, 1917, Lenin, Stalin, big, diverse, thinly-populated, western systems, representative democracy, culturally, temperament, decisive lead, strong ruler, unite, challenges, fragment, local strongmen, power, regions, religious fundamentalism, Caucasus, Central Asia, economic stagnation Russia, strong leadership, centralised leadership, progress, imperial times, tsars, Peter the Great, St Petersburg, Alexander II, serfs, 1917, Lenin, Stalin, big, diverse, thinly-populated, western systems, representative democracy, culturally, people, temperamentally, decisive, ruler, unite, challenges, fragment, local strongmen, power, regions, religious fundamentalism, Caucasus, Central Asia, economic stagnation Russia, strong leadership, centralised leadership, historical context, tsars, Peter the Great, Alexander II, Lenin, Stalin, imperial times, Soviet era, representative democracy, cultural traits, decisive ruler, unity, challenges, fragmentation, local strongmen, religious fundamentalism, Caucasus, Central Asia, economic stagnation Russia, strong leadership, centralised leadership, progress, imperial times, tsars, Peter the Great, St Petersburg, Alexander II, serfs, 1917, Lenin, Stalin, big, diverse, thinly-populated, western systems, representative democracy, cultural, temperament, decisive lead, strong ruler, unite, great challenges, fragment, local strongmen, power, regions, religious fundamentalism, Caucasus, Central Asia, economic stagnation Russia, strong leadership, centralised leadership, historical context, tsars, Peter the Great, Alexander II, serfs, 1917, Lenin, Stalin, size, diversity, population, western democracy, representative democracy, cultural temperament, strong ruler, great challenges, fragmentation, local strongmen, religious fundamentalism, Caucasus, Central Asia, economic stagnation
test-law-phwmfri-con01a	A flat rate is more just  A fine ought to be proportionate to the severity of the crime committed, not the income of the offender. It is fundamental that the justice system should treat all offenders equally; if two people commit the same crime in the same circumstances but one is richer than the other then they have caused the same amount of harm so should pay the same price for that harm. Having a richer person pay more implies that crimes by the rich are necessarily more harmful to society regardless of what the crime actually is.  Further, this system will cause anomalies, where rich people fined for small offences (e.g. littering) will have much larger fines than poorer people fined for more serious offences (e.g. speeding). This will make people question the fairness of the fines, which will negatively impact their relationship with the justice system. flat rate, justice, equality, fines, income, crime severity, harm, rich, poor, fairness, anomalies, society,relationships, justice system flat rate, justice, equality, crime severity, income, offender, harm, society, fines, anomalies, fairness, relationship, justice system flat rate, justice, fine proportionality, crime severity, income equality, offender treatment, harm causation, societal impact, fine anomalies, public perception, justice system fairness flat rate, justice, fairness, crime, proportionate, fine, income, offender, equality, harm, society, anomalies, rich, poor, speeding, littering, relationship, system flat rate, fine proportionality, crime severity, offender income, justice equality, rich offender, poor offender, harm equivalency, societal harm, fine anomalies, minor offenses, serious offenses, public perception, justice fairness, system trust
test-economy-thsptr-pro02a	Those who have more owe more to the state  Wealthier people benefit from the state more than do those who are worse off for two reasons. First, they have more to lose in the absence of the state. Without the rule of law, people would no longer be bound by any power to respect one another’s property rights. A rich person has much more to lose should there be a reversion to the state of nature; nothing would shield him from the mob. For this reason it is in the interest of the wealthy to preserve the just rule of law in the state and to uphold its institutions. It does so by funding it through taxation, and those who have more to lose have a greater interest in paying more to ensure its continuity. The second benefit the rich have is that they have gained more from the state than have the poor and less well off. It is only within a state system that maintains order and provides vital services that markets can form and be maintained. [1] Warren Buffett, for example, has argued that he could never have amassed anywhere near the sort of wealth he has in a country without the rule of law, such as Bangladesh. [2] Wealthy business owners and corporations use state utilities far more than poorer individuals quite often, when for example they use public roads to move their vast fleets of trucks, while individuals only drive their personal car. The state guarantees property rights, which allows markets to form and provides the protections and services to businesses that need them to function. Those who profit from that have an obligation to contribute to its upkeep.  [1] Lakoff, George and Bruce Budner. “Hidden Truths of Progressive Taxes”. Institute for America’s Future. 2007. Available:   [2] Terkel, Amanda. “Warren Buffett: ‘I Should Be Paying a Lot More in Taxes’”. Huffington Post. 2010. Available: Wealth distribution, taxation, state benefits, property rights, market formation, public services, Warren Buffett, progressive taxes, economic fairness, rule of law, social contract, wealth accumulation, public infrastructure, tax obligation, economic inequality, state institutions, fiscal responsibility, institutional support, social responsibility, public utilities, economic order, state maintenance, financial security, state of nature, economic mobility, corporate responsibility, tax policy, individual vs. corporate usage, systemic support, wealth protection, socioeconomic structure, government role, fiscal contribution, equitable taxation, economic stability, state contribution, public good, wealth disparity, societal benefit, state functionality, collective welfare, Wealth, state, taxation, rule of law, property rights, wealthy, poor, benefit, markets, order, services, public roads, Warren Buffett, obligation, progressive taxes, Institute for America’s Future, Huffington Post wealth, state, taxation, rule of law, property rights, markets, wealth distribution, progressive taxes, Warren Buffett, public services, obligations, social contract, economic benefits, order, institutions, inequality, financial responsibility, public roads, utilities, business, corporations, individuals, personal car, fleets, trucks, profit, maintenance, protection, mobility, commerce, economic growth, investment, opportunity, democratic principles, fiscal policy, governance, contributions, economic stability, prosperity, social welfare, public goods, civic duty, economic justice, societal benefits, shared resources, infrastructure, legal framework, property ownership, economic activity, capital, entrepreneurship, wealth wealth redistribution, progressive taxation, social contract, state benefits, wealth accumulation, property rights, market maintenance, public infrastructure, tax obligation, economic justice, Warren Buffett, fiscal responsibility, public services, state of nature, rule of law, institutional support, economic inequality, societal contribution, fiscal policy, public goods wealth, taxation, state, rule of law, property rights, markets, public services, wealth inequality, progressive taxes, Warren Buffett, economic benefits, social contract, public infrastructure, corporate responsibility, fiscal policy, income distribution, government services, economic security, public goods, societal obligations, financial contributions, state institutions, economic growth, fiscal justice, tax fairness, economic stability, social welfare, civic duty, legal framework, economic opportunity, communal responsibility, economic prosperity, justo distribution, public investment, societal benefits, fair taxation, economic benefits, state support, economic contribution, societal impact, tax obligations, public sector, economic role, state maintenance
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-con02a	Tens of thousands of licence fee payers objected to this, ultimately they are the BBC’s key stakeholder and that view is worthy of respect.  As an institution, the BBC may like to position itself as a global media brand but that doesn’t alter the fact that it is funded by, and chartered to serve, the British population. The whole British population. That combination – paying the pipers and calling the tune – would suggest that the corporation might be sensitive to that group.  If 50,000 to 60,000 users of any other brand registered their protest or objection to a product put forward by that brand, it would cause chaos, resignations, sackings and a rethink of whatever strategy had caused the problem in the first place.  In the case of the BBC, it caused a few slightly dismissive comments from senior managers, one editor resigned because he felt that the protesters comments were not being taken seriously and the organisation continued as though nothing had happened.  The sheer arrogance required for that response beggars belief. The BBC, as a public institution has a duty of care that might be thought of as greater than that of a private corporation. And yet it gave the impression of acting like it was just one of the other venues who had staged the opera. There is clearly a difference between a theatre that I choose to attend or not – and choose whether to support financially – and the national broadcaster which is beamed into people’s living room paid for by a compulsory licence fee. licence fee, BBC, stakeholders, British population, protest, objection, brand, media, public institution, duty of care, compulsory licence fee, public broadcasting, user feedback, institutional response, managerial arrogance, resignation, public trust, media ethics, regulatory compliance, audience engagement licence fee payers, BBC, stakeholders, British population, protest, objection, public institution, duty of care, compulsory licence fee, media brand, corporate sensitivity, public funding, institutional arrogance, editorial responsibility, national broadcaster, viewer rights licence fee payers, BBC, stakeholders, British population, public service, protest, objection, senior managers, editor resignation, arrogance, duty of care, public institution, national broadcaster, compulsory licence fee licence fee payers, BBC, stakeholders, British population, public institution, protest, objection, senior managers, editor resignation, arrogance, duty of care, national broadcaster, compulsory licence fee licence fee, BBC, stakeholders, British population, protest, objection, public institution, duty of care, arrogance, public broadcaster, compulsory licence fee
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-pro04a	Social networks serve as a powerful signalling device for the expansion of violent behaviour  By using Twitter to signal the start of riots it attracts people to join the mob. People in riots generally look to those around them in order to see what is considered acceptable behaviour. As boundaries are crossed, such as the change from indiscriminate vandalism to looting, and reported on Twitter, the same behaviour echoes elsewhere. The lens through which rioters determine acceptable behaviour is expanded, so the chance of behaviours like looting rippling across the various mob groups within a locale increases. One escalation of violence becomes multiple escalations. Twitter is thus a serious danger to society during periods of social unrest and rioting, because it acts as a catalyst for further mayhem. By blocking Twitter governments are able to manage flashpoints and prevent them from expanding violence to other locations. This makes riot situations both less likely to escalate, and easier to break up. Social networks, Twitter, violent behaviour, riots, mob, signalling device, expansion, escalation, looting, vandalism, social unrest, government intervention, flashpoints, management, prevention, catalysis, mayhem, acceptable behaviour, boundaries, social media impact, public safety, digital communication, crowd control, riot control, online influence, real-world consequences social networks, Twitter, violent behaviour, riots, mob, signalling device, escalation, looting, vandalism, social unrest, government intervention, flashpoints, mayhem, behaviour mirroring, community safety, digital communication, crowd control, public order, online influence, riot management social networks, signalling device, violent behaviour, Twitter, riots, mob, acceptable behaviour, boundaries, vandalism, looting, escalation, violence, social unrest, government, flashpoints, prevent, expansion, catalyst, mayhem, manage, break up social networks, Twitter, violent behaviour, riots, mob, signalling device, escalation, looting, vandalism, social unrest, government intervention, flashpoints, mayhem, behavioural norms, catalysis, prevention, expansion, community safety, online influence Social networks, Twitter, violent behaviour, riots, mob, signalling device, escalation, social unrest, looting, vandalism, catalyst, mayhem, government intervention, flashpoints, manage violence, prevent expansion, crowd behaviour, online influence, public order, digital communication, unrest control
test-science-nsihwbtiss-con04a	The law would be hard to enforce.  It would be difficult to find out whether a student and teacher have had contact over the internet. If a teacher were having a relationship with a student, and this law was in effect, both parties would try to conceal it from others and from the authorities. There is then a question about how the state would find out about such behaviour. Would the state be allowed to access private facebook accounts, personal computers, or internet service provider records to make sure teachers and students are not communicating with each other? That would constitute a serious intrusion and privacy violation. law enforcement, student-teacher contact, internet communication, relationship concealment, state surveillance, privacy violation, facebook accounts, personal computers, ISP records, privacy intrusion law enforcement, student-teacher contact, internet communication, privacy violation, intrusion, surveillance, legal challenges, digital privacy, relationship concealment, enforcement mechanisms, facebook accounts, personal computers, ISP records, privacy rights, ethical concerns law enforcement, student-teacher contact, internet communication, privacy violation, surveillance, legal intrusiveness, digital privacy, relationship concealment, regulatory challenges, data access law enforcement, student-teacher relationship, internet contact, privacy violation, surveillance, legal Intrusion, social media monitoring, digital communication, privacy rights, regulatory challenges law enforcement, student-teacher contact, internet communication, relationship concealment, state surveillance, privacy violation, facebook accounts, personal computers, ISP records, privacy intrusion
test-society-epsihbdns-con04a	Restrictions cause an incredible loss of potential  One of the best things about a functioning developed nation is that young people can choose their profession. Apart from this being beneficial for the individual, this means that the best suited person for a given trade will often be the same that pursues it. If we prevent people from moving freely we deprive the cities of talented people whose talents and skills are much better suited for urban professions than for rural jobs. In short, this policy would make farmers out of the potential lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers etc. Indeed this is the whole basis of most models of migration, people leave rural areas because there is surplus labour in that area while the cities needs new workers. [1]  [1] Taylor, J. Edward, and Martin, Philip L., “Human Capital: Migration and Rural Population Change”, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, restrictions, loss, potential, developed, nation, young, people, choose, profession, beneficial, individual, best, suited, person, trade, prevent, moving, freely, deprive, cities, talented, skills, urban, professions, rural, jobs, policy, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, models, migration, surplus, labour, urban, needs, workers, human, capital, rural, population, change, agriculture, economics restrictions, loss, potential, developed, nation, young, people, profession, beneficial, individual, suited, person, trade, prevent, moving, freely, deprive, cities, talented, talents, skills, urban, professions, rural, jobs, policy, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, basis, models, migration, leave, areas, surplus, labour, needs, workers, Taylor, Edward, Martin, Philip, Human, Capital, Rural, Population, Change, Handbook, Agricultural, Economics restrictions, loss, potential, developed, nation, young, people, choose, profession, beneficial, individual, best, suited, person, trade, prevent, moving, freely, deprive, cities, talented, talents, skills, urban, professions, rural, jobs, policy, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, models, migration, leave, surplus, labour, needs, workers, Taylor, Edward, Martin, Philip, Human, Capital, Rural, Population, Change, Handbook, Agricultural, Economics Restrictions, Potential, Developed Nation, Young People, Profession, Individual Benefit, Talent, Skills, Urban Professions, Rural Jobs, Policy, Farmers, Lawyers, Politicians, Doctors, Teachers, Migration Models, Rural Areas, Surplus Labour, Urban Workers, Human Capital, Rural Population Change, Taylor, Edward, Martin, Philip, Agricultural Economics Restrictions, potential, developed nation, young people, profession, individual benefits, talent allocation, urban professions, rural jobs, policy impact, migration, surplus labour, cities, workers, human capital, rural population change, agricultural economics
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-pro03a	"Would stop riots from spreading  The police must try to stop riots from spreading and stop copycat rioting elsewhere. Knowledge of rioting happening elsewhere is often the Oxygen of riots; the riots in Manchester and elsewhere outside of London in 2011 were mostly as a result of media exposure. According to Greater Manchester Police chief Peter Fahy ""A certain group of people saw what was happening in London and decided they seemed to be getting away with it. We knew what was absolutely critical was that there needed to be control of London. Because that was just creating more and more copycat violence up here."" [1] Cutting off social media would have helped prevent the riots from spreading so ensuring that they remain small and a localised problem.  [1] Pilkington, D., “Rioting in London sparked 'copycat' behaviour”, The Independent, 14 November 2011. riots, spreading, police, stop, copycat, rioting, media, exposure, Greater, Manchester, London, 2011, Peter, Fahy, control, social, media, prevention, localised, problem riot prevention, police intervention, copycat rioting, media exposure, social media control, localised riots, 2011 London riots, Greater Manchester Police, Peter Fahy, riot spreading, oxygen of riots, media influence, public order, law enforcement strategies riots, spreading, police, stop, copycat, rioting, media, exposure, social, media, control, localised, problem, violence, London, Manchester, Greater, Manchester, Police, Peter, Fahy riots, spreading, police, stop, copycat, rioting, media, exposure, Greater Manchester Police, Peter Fahy, control, London, violence, social media, prevention, localized, problem riots, spreading, police, stop, copycat, rioting, media, exposure, Greater Manchester Police, Peter Fahy, social media, control, localised, problem, London, violence"
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-pro01a	Regulating the Internet is a means for governments to spy on their citizens  Governments around the world are tracking their citizens’ activities online. [1] They can use all sorts of techniques, like automated data-mining (i.e. via trawling your Facebook and Twitter accounts) and deep packet inspection of each electronic message sent (i.e. intercepting and reading your email). All these methods are violations of important principles.  The automated data-mining violates the principle that people shouldn’t be investigated by their governments unless there is warrant for it (so there is reasonable suspicion that they have been involved in a crime). Also, data mining creates many false positives, leading to citizens being thoroughly investigated without probable cause. [2] Deep packet inspection violates people’s fundamental right to secrecy of correspondence, which is a violation of privacy.  The problem with these government policies is that they’re hard to control – even in democracies: much of the spying is done by intelligence agencies, which are often able to evade democratic control on account of the need for secrecy rather than transparency. [3]  [1] Reporters Without Borders, Enemies of the internet, 2012 and Kingsley, Britain won’t be the only country snooping on people’s internet use, 2012  [2] US Researchers Decide Spying On Citizens Is Bad, 2008  [3] Electronic Frontier Foundation, ‘NSA Spying’. Internet regulation, government surveillance, online tracking, data mining, deep packet inspection, privacy violation, false positives, secrecy of correspondence, democratic control, intelligence agencies, transparency, Reporters Without Borders, NSA spying, Electronic Frontier Foundation Internet regulation, government surveillance, citizens' online activities, automated data-mining, deep packet inspection, electronic messages, Facebook, Twitter, privacy violations, reasonable suspicion, false positives, secrecy of correspondence, democratic control, intelligence agencies, transparency, Reporters Without Borders, Enemies of the Internet, NSA spying, Electronic Frontier Foundation Internet regulation, government surveillance, digital privacy, data mining, deep packet inspection, false positives, warrantless search, probable cause, secrecy of correspondence, intelligence agencies, democratic control, transparency, Reporters Without Borders, NSA spying, Electronic Frontier Foundation Internet regulation, government surveillance, citizens' online activities, automated data-mining, deep packet inspection, privacy violations, reasonable suspicion, false positives, secrecy of correspondence, democratic control, intelligence agencies, transparency, Reporters Without Borders, Electronic Frontier Foundation, NSA Spying Internet regulation, government surveillance, online tracking, data-mining, deep packet inspection, privacy violation, false positives, secrecy of correspondence, democratic control, intelligence agencies, Enemies of the Internet, NSA Spying, Reporters Without Borders, Electronic Frontier Foundation
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-con03a	Other industries are less reliable  Other sectors, such as agriculture and the industrial sectors, have proven to be unreliable as well. Tunisia’s agriculture sector is the largest employer in the country and has received significant investment since the 1980s. Despite this, the sector performed poorly between 1985-2000 and was costly to the Tunisian economy; ensuring low returns and importation of food to meet domestic demand1. The industrial sector also demonstrated itself to be vulnerable in the 2008 economic recession. In addition, the low value of produced goods creates little opportunity for lucrative profits2. The flaws of these sectors make them unviable as alternatives to tourism.  1) Aoun,A. ‘The Performance of Tunisian Agriculture: An Economic Appraisal’ pg.7  2) Elj,M. ‘Innovation in Tunisia: Empirical Analysis for Industrial Sector’ 2012 Tunisia, agriculture, industrial sectors, reliability, investment, performance, economy, food importation, 1980s, 1985-2000, costs, low returns, 2008 economic recession, low value goods, profits, tourism, Aoun, Elj, economic appraisal, empirical analysis, innovation Tunisia, agriculture, industrial sector, economy, employment, investment, performance, 1980s, 1985-2000, low returns, food importation, 2008 recession, low value goods, profitability, tourism, alternatives, economic sectors, reliability, economic appraisal, empirical analysis, innovation Tunisia, agriculture, industrial sectors, unreliable, investment, economic performance, low returns, food importation, 2008 recession, low-value goods, tourism, economic viability, Aoun, Elj, economic appraisal, innovation, empirical analysis Tunisia, agriculture, industrial sector, unreliable, employment, investment, 1980s, poor performance, economy, low returns, food importation, 2008 recession, low value goods, profits, unviable, tourism alternatives, economic appraisal, empirical analysis, innovation Tunisia, agriculture, industrial sector, economic reliability, investment, employment, performance, low returns, food importation, 1985-2000, 2008 recession, low value goods, tourism alternative, economic appraisal, innovation, empirical analysis
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-pro02a	This is an unjust use of unelected power  Politicians want endorsements because they know it will bring votes; it is estimated that Oprah’s endorsement of Obama in the Democratic Primary of 2008 brought an additional 1 million votes to Obama. [1] It is unjust for celebs to use their influence in this way. Celebrities have an ability to influence the political sphere that bears no necessary relationship with their knowledge of the subjects concerned, or qualifications otherwise to do so.  Consequently, they represent an unelected, unaccountable pressure on the democratic system: they have been given power and influence, with no mechanism of checking that power, or way to prevent them from misleading the public (unlike, for example, political journalists, news channels and other sources of political information).  This is principally unjust: the optimum democratic system is the one that holds the closest to the principle of “one person, one vote”, and attempts to ensure that those votes are as informed as possible. Celebrity involvement in politics is a hindrance to that, effectively handing the famous more votes than is their due.  [1] Garthwaite, Craig, and Moore, Timothy J., ‘Can Celebrity Endorsements Affect Political Outcomes? Evidence from the 2008 US Democratic Presidential Primary’, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 2012, unelected power, politicians, endorsements, votes, Oprah, Obama, Democratic Primary 2008, unjust, celebrity influence, political sphere, knowledge, qualifications, democratic system, unaccountable pressure, misleading public, political journalists, news channels, one person one vote, informed votes, celebrity involvement, hindrance, Craig Garthwaite, Timothy J. Moore, 2008 US Democratic Presidential Primary, Journal of Law Economics and Organization unelected power, celebrity influence, political endorsements, democracy, informed voting, public accountability, media influence, political participation, voter manipulation, democratic principles, celebrity activism, political responsibility, media bias, public misinformation, election integrity unjust use, unelected power, politician endorsements, votes, Oprah endorsement, Obama, Democratic Primary 2008, celebrity influence, political sphere, knowledge, qualifications, unelected pressure, unaccountable, power, influence, misleading public, democratic system, one person one vote, informed votes, celebrity involvement, political outcomes, Garthwaite, Moore, 2008 US Democratic Presidential Primary, Journal of Law Economics and Organization unelected power, celebrity influence, political endorsements, democratic principles, voter impact, informed voting, accountability, public mislead, political pressure, Garthwaite, Timothy J. Moore, 2008 US Democratic Presidential Primary, Oprah endorsement, Barack Obama, additional votes, political journalists, news channels, democratic system, one person one vote, celebrity involvement, political outcomes unjust, unelected, power, politicians, endorsements, votes, Oprah, Obama, 2008, Democratic, Primary, influence, celebrities, knowledge, qualifications, unaccountable, pressure, democratic, system, misleading, public, political, journalists, news, channels, information, principle, one, person, one, vote, informed, hindrance, famous, more, votes, due, Garthwaite, Craig, Moore, Timothy, J., 2012, Journal, Law, Economics, Organization
test-law-lgplhbssbco-pro01a	Suicide is a waste of life  Suicide is a waste of life. It is an immoral act that ignores the sacrosanct nature of human life – something that is universally considered to be the case as shown by being something nearly all religions consider to be the case. [1] Failure to criminalize such a flagrant violation of the sanctity of human life condemns any society as irreligious and immoral. Nowadays we hear everyone talking about human rights; we hear precious little about human obligations. If we believe in the moral worth of human rights we do so because we think that human life is a wonderful thing and something with which we should not interfere. Whether the interference is by others or by ourselves, any action that denigrates human life is morally wrong for precisely the reason that we support human rights. We have an obligation to preserve all life, including our own.  [1] Perrett, Roy Wo., ‘Buddhism, euthanasia and the sanctity of life’, Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 22, No. 5, October 1996, suicide, waste of life, immoral act, sacrosanct nature, human life, religions, criminalization, society, irreligious, immoral, human rights, human obligations, moral worth, interference, euthanasia, sanctity of life, preserve life, obligation, Buddhisme, Journal of Medical Ethics suicide, waste of life, immoral act, sacrosanct nature, human life, religions, criminalize, violation, sanctity, society, irreligious, immoral, human rights, human obligations, moral worth, interference, preserve, Roy Wo. Perrett, Buddhism, euthanasia, journal of medical ethics Suicide, waste of life, immoral act, sacrosanct nature, human life, religions, criminalization, sanctity, society, irreligious, immoral, human rights, human obligations, moral worth, interference, euthanasia, preservation, obligation suicide, waste of life, immoral act, sacrosanct nature, human life, religions, criminalization, society, irreligious, immoral, human rights, human obligations, moral worth, interference, preserve life, euthanasia, sanctity of life, Journal of Medical Ethics, Roy Wo. Perrett, Buddhism suicide, waste of life, immoral act, sacrosanct nature of human life, religions, criminalization, sanctity of human life, society, human rights, human obligations, moral worth, interfere, euthanasia, Buddhism, Journal of Medical Ethics, Roy Wo. Perrett, 1996
test-science-cpisydfphwj-pro02a	Facebook provides an information point  Undoubtedly, one of the most important aspects which will influence your efforts to improve your life is your ability to take advantage of every opportunity which comes up. Obviously, one of the, if not the, best way to do this is to stay connected with the world around you, this enables you to be able to quickly find out about job opportunities, sporting competitions or social events in your area. Facebook created and developed an efficient, extremely widely visited platform on which millions of users can get in touch with each other. This can prove to be an extremely useful tool both for companies or event planners and direct customers. No matter if we are talking about Google's new hiring policy or Toyota's new discount, an upcoming music festival or a football tournament for amateur players, Facebook is informing the individuals about these events, keeping them connected with their community.  Social networks are more efficient to serving this purpose than other more conventional means like TV commercials because it is free. A very good example of this is the Kony 2012 campaign, which informed the people about the atrocities that happened in Uganda at the time, mainly relying only on social media. The Youtube video telling its story has more than 98 million views and also there were more posts on Facebook about Kony on March 6th and 7th than even Apple’s new iPad or TV releases. (1) No matter if we talk about TV ads, radio commercials or billboards, the price that has to be paid in order to promote an event is a big drawback for anyone who wants to inform the population. As a result, Facebook as with other social media is the online, cheap, efficient equivalent to an info point.  (1) Kyle Willis “Kony 2012 Social Media Case Study “, March 8, 2012 Facebook, information, opportunity, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google, Toyota, music festival, football tournament, community, social networks, TV commercials, Kony 2012, Uganda, Youtube, social media, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, population, online, cheap, efficient, info point Facebook, information point, opportunities, life improvement, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google, hiring policy, Toyota, discount, music festival, football tournament, amateur players, informing, community, social networks, TV commercials, Kony 2012, campaign, Uganda, atrocities, social media, Youtube, views, Facebook posts, March 6th, March 7th, Apple, iPad, TV releases, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, price, population, online, cheap, efficient, info point, social media Facebook, information, opportunity, life improvement, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google, Toyota, music festival, football tournament, community, social networks, TV commercials, cost-effective, Kony 2012, Uganda, atrocities, YouTube, views, Apple, iPad, TV, radio, billboards, promotion, population, online, cheap, efficient, info point Facebook, information point, opportunity, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google, Toyota, music festival, football tournament, social networks, TV commercials, Kony 2012 campaign, Uganda, atrocities, social media, YouTube, views, Apple, iPad, TV releases, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, price, promote, event, population, online, cheap, efficient, info point Facebook, information point, opportunities, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, tool, companies, event planners, customers, Google hiring policy, Toyota discount, music festival, football tournament, community, social networks, TV commercials, Kony 2012 campaign, Uganda atrocities, social media, Youtube video, views, Facebook posts, Apple iPad, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, inform, population, online, cheap, efficient, info point
test-economy-bepiehbesa-con03a	CAP protects the quality of the food in EU  The role of CAP is to produce food at affordable prices while maintaining its quality. By having policies which favour agriculture in Europe it is easier to control the quality of the food, maintain it and also support the diversity of the food produced in EU. [1] The goods imported from developing countries are often not produced under such scrutiny as are those in EU. In EU the quality standards of production are one of the highest – the hygiene, the amount of additives in products – all these are set and controlled by the EU. The result of it is that European citizens eat healthy food of high quality which is still affordable – mainly due to subsidies and payments obtained via CAP.  [1] European Commission, ‘The Common Agricultural Policy A partnership between Europe and Farmers’, 2012, CAP, quality, food, EU, affordable, agriculture, policies, control, diversity, imported, developing, countries, scrutiny, standards, production, hygiene, additives, healthy, subsidies, payments, European, Commission, partnership, farmers CAP, quality, food, EU, affordable, agriculture, policies, control, diversity, imported, developing, countries, scrutiny, standards, production, hygiene, additives, healthy, subsidies, payments, European, Commission, partnership, farmers CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, EU, food quality, affordable prices, agriculture, European Commission, hygiene, additives, production standards, subsidies, payments, food diversity, import control, developing countries, European citizens, healthy food, high quality CAP, food quality, EU, affordable prices, agriculture policies, food diversity, imported goods, developing countries, production scrutiny, quality standards, hygiene, additives, EU control, high-quality food, subsidies, payments, European citizens, healthy food, Common Agricultural Policy, partnership, Europe, farmers CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, food quality, EU, affordable prices, agriculture policies, food diversity, imported goods, developing countries, quality standards, hygiene, additives, production standards, European citizens, healthy food, subsidies, payments, European Commission, partnership, farmers
test-economy-epsihbdns-pro04a	Poor, uneducated people are lured into cities  The cause of rural-urban migration in developing nations and the main reason why it becomes problematic is that people who move to the cities are not making informed decisions. They are led to believe that the cities contain opportunities that they cannot find where they live, and there are no mechanisms such as efficient media or adequate education to eradicate this misconception. [1] Myths can be easily propagated by a single successful migrant returning home to visit that then attracts many others to try their luck without any knowledge of the possible costs. [2] This is exacerbated by unscrupulous organisations that prey on their desperation to take all their money to organise their move to the city. Some of those who are trafficked find themselves brought to the city and exploited through forced labour, begging, or even prostitution. [3] Many of those who move to cities find themselves in a worse situation but have lost any moving power they originally had and are thus trapped.  [1] Zhan, Shaohua. “What Determines Migrant Workers' Life Chances in Contemporary China? Hukou, Social Exclusion, and the Market.” 243, 2011, Vol. 37.  [2] Waibel, Hermann, and Schmidt, Erich, “Urban-rural relations”, in Feeding Asian Cities: Food Production and Processing Issues, FAO, November 2000,   [3] “UNIAP Vietnam”, United Nations Inter Agency Project on Human Trafficking, accessed March 2013, rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated people, informed decisions, media influence, education deficiency, myths propagation, successful migrants, unscrupulous organizations, exploitation, forced labor, prostitution, social exclusion, market dynamics, urban-rural relations, food production, human trafficking, UNIAP Vietnam, migrant workers, life chances, Hukou system, FAO rural-urban migration, developing nations, uninformed decisions, urban myths, media inefficiency, education inadequacy, successful migrants, unscrupulous organizations, exploitation, forced labor, prostitution, social exclusion, market dynamics, urban-rural relations, food production, human trafficking, UNIAP Vietnam rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated people, informed decisions, media, education, misconceptions, successful migrant, unscrupulous organizations, desperation, human trafficking, forced labour, exploitation, social exclusion, UNIAP, FAO, urban-rural relations, China, hukou system, life chances, market, migrant workers, trapping, worse situation, moving power, costs, opportunities, cities, rural areas rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated people, informed decisions, opportunities, efficient media, adequate education, misconceptions, myths, successful migrant, unscrupulous organisations, desperation, trafficked, forced labour, begging, prostitution, worse situation, trapped, Shaohua Zhan, Hukou, social exclusion, market, Hermann Waibel, Erich Schmidt, urban-rural relations, FAO, UNIAP Vietnam, human trafficking rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated people, informed decisions, media, education, myths, migrant, successful return, unscrupulous organizations, exploitation, forced labour, prostitution, trapped, migrant workers, Hukou, social exclusion, market, urban-rural relations, food production, human trafficking, UNIAP Vietnam
test-international-amehbuaisji-con03a	The rest of the world is better off with the US out  The crucial role that the US plays for international security means that, for the benefit of the rest of the world, it is advantageous for the US to be outside of the ICC jurisdiction.  When military intervention is needed , it will often be the US that does so. The US being in a position where its actions would be constrained by a fear of ICC prosecution.  This would be even worse if the crime of aggression were to take effect, a broad definition of which could harm US interests. With the notable exceptions of the 1991 Gulf War and the invasion of Afghanistan, most recent US overseas missions could be seen as amounting to the crime of aggression. Depending on the definition used, it has been argued that every single US president since Kennedy has committed the crime of aggression. In an increasingly uncertain world, it could be necessary for the US to intervene  American ratification of the ICC would therefore have the unintended consequence of constraining US actions that would otherwise save lives. If the United States does not intervene in cases where there may be considered to be a responsibility to protect then it is unlikely that any other state will either. US, international security, ICC, jurisdiction, military intervention, crime of aggression, US interests, Gulf War, Afghanistan, US presidents, Kennedy, responsibility to protect, American ratification, constraining US actions, saving lives, world stability, global interventions, legal constraints, humanitarian missions, international law, US foreign policy, state sovereignty, international courts, prosecution fears, political implications, global leadership, security council, veto power, international relations, geopolitical dynamics, non-intervention, state sovereignty, legal accountability, human rights violations, war crimes, military operations, diplomatic tensions, national security, global peace, conflict zones, international community, UN Charter US, international security, ICC, jurisdiction, military intervention, crime of aggression, US interests, Gulf War, Afghanistan, presidency, Kennedy, responsibility to protect, American ratification, constrained actions, global uncertainty, overseas missions, legal prosecution, world benefit, US presence, international court, state intervention, humanitarian missions, conflict zones, US military, foreign policy, international law, global stability, security council, defense strategy, diplomatic relations, peacekeeping, military operations, global leadership, geopolitical influence, international relations, US commitment, global peace, military presence, legal implications, prosecution risks, American troops, military engagements, international community, US leadership US, international security, ICC, jurisdiction, military intervention, crime of aggression, US interests, Gulf War, Afghanistan, US presidents, Kennedy, responsibility to protect, American ratification, constraining US actions, save lives US, international security, ICC, jurisdiction, military intervention, crime of aggression, US interests, Gulf War, Afghanistan, US presidents, Kennedy, responsibility to protect, American ratification, constrain US actions, save lives US, international security, ICC, jurisdiction, military intervention, crime of aggression, US interests, Gulf War, Afghanistan, US presidents, Kennedy, responsibility to protect, American ratification, constraint, save lives
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro03a	"Much of the complexity of life cannot be explained by evolution, but is perfectly explained by Creationism.  Nature is marked by clear design. The complexity of the human body, of ecosystems, and even of bacteria, attests to the existence of creative agency. It is impossible that such things as, for example, interdependent species could come to exist without the guidance of a designer. Likewise, certain organisms can be shown to be irreducibly complex, meaning that if one were to remove any part of it, it would lose all functionality. This refutes the gradualist argument of evolution, since there is no selective pressure on the organism to change when it is functionless. For example, the bacterial flagellum, the ""motor"" that powers bacterial cells, loses all functionality if a single component is removed. [1] Besides design, the only explanation of its development is blind chance, which is nonsensical. Creationism serves to explain the various mysteries of biology currently absent from the evolutionary biologists' picture of the world. The existence of complexity of the order found in the natural world is too great to envisage an origin other than complex design.  [1] Behe, Michael. 1996. Darwin’s Black Box. Glencoe: Free Press. Creationism, evolution, complexity, life, design, human body, ecosystems, bacteria, interdependent species, irreducibly complex, bacterial flagellum, gradualism, selective pressure, blind chance, Darwin’s Black Box, Michael Behe complexity, evolution, Creationism, nature, design, human body, ecosystems, bacteria, interdependent species, designer, irreducibly complex, gradualist argument, bacterial flagellum, motor, components, functionality, selective pressure, blind chance, mysteries, biology, evolutionary biologists, origin, complex design, Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box, Free Press, Glencoe, 1996 complexity, evolution, Creationism, nature, design, human body, ecosystems, bacteria, creative agency, interdependent species, irreducibly complex, gradualist argument, bacterial flagellum, selective pressure, blind chance, mysteries, biology, Darwin’s Black Box, Michael Behe complexity, evolution, Creationism, nature, design, human body, ecosystems, bacteria, creative agency, interdependent species, irreducibly complex, gradualist argument, bacterial flagellum, selective pressure, blind chance, mysteries, biology, evolutionary biologists, origin, complex design, Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box Complexity, Evolution, Creationism, Design, Human Body, Ecosystems, Bacteria, Interdependent Species, Irreducible Complexity, Gradualist Argument, Bacterial Flagellum, Selective Pressure, Blind Chance, Darwin's Black Box, Michael Behe, Free Press, Glencoe, Biological Mysteries, Natural World, Origin, Complex Design"
test-international-epglghbni-con03a	Unification would reignite civil disorder and violent factionalism among Irish communities  As shown above, the Northern Irish don’t want to unite with the Republic. The Irish in the Republic will also resent the new drain on their economy. Either the Republican parties in Ireland will resent having to concede some power to new political entities or the Unionists will resent being marginalized. The recent reoccurrence of violence in Belfast is being attributed to the breakdown of protestant communities and low job prospects for young protestants. Both of these problems will be exacerbated in a majority Catholic Ireland. All of these examples illustrate how unrest is likely to breakout again in a united Ireland. unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Irish communities, Northern Irish, Republic, economic drain, Republican parties, Unionists, power concession, marginalized, Belfast, violence, protestant communities, job prospects, young protestants, majority Catholic Ireland, unrest, breakout unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Irish communities, Northern Irish, Republic, economic drain, Republican parties, power concession, Unionists, marginalized, violence, Belfast, breakdown, Protestant communities, job prospects, young Protestants, majority Catholic Ireland, unrest, breakout Unification, Civil Disorder, Violent Factionalism, Irish Communities, Northern Irish, Republic of Ireland, Economic Drain, Republican Parties, Unionists, Political Entities, Marginalization, Violence, Belfast, Protestant Communities, Job Prospects, Young Protestants, Majority Catholic, Unrest, United Ireland unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Irish communities, Northern Irish, Republic, economic drain, Republican parties, Unionists, marginalized, violence, Belfast, protestant communities, low job prospects, young protestants, majority Catholic, unrest, united Ireland Unification, Civil disorder, Violent factionalism, Irish communities, Northern Irish, Republic, Economic drain, Republican parties, Unionists, Marginalization, Violence, Belfast, Protestant communities, Job prospects, Young Protestants, Catholic majority, Unrest, United Ireland
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-pro03a	Transparency allows citizens to choose for a healthy leader as to ensure proper functioning  The health and fitness of a leader is a vital issue when choosing a leader; the electorate deserves to know if they are likely to serve out their term. When health conditions are hidden from the people they may mistakenly elect a leader who is unable to serve a full term or is at times not in control of the country. There would be little point in voting for a leader who will often not truely be in charge of the country, if voters are told it becomes their choice whether this is a problem. Transparency in terms of clear, accurate and up-to-date information is necessary for the electorate to judge the fitness of a leader which is a necessary precondition for election. In a democracy a leader needs to be accountable, he can only be accountable if the elctorate knows such vital information. transparency, citizens, choose, healthy, leader, proper, functioning, health, fitness, vital, issue, electorate, serve, term, hidden, conditions, elect, unable, control, country, voting, choice, problem, clear, accurate, up-to-date, information, judge, necessary, precondition, election, democracy, accountable, knows, vital, information transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, leader, vital issue, electorate, serve term, hidden health conditions, elect, unable serve, in control, voting, choice, problem, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge fitness, necessary precondition, election, democracy, accountability, vital information transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, vital issue, electorate, full term, health conditions, hidden, unable to serve, in control, voting, necessary precondition, election, democracy, accountable, vital information transparency, citizen, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, leader, vital issue, electorate, serve term, hidden health conditions, elect, unable serve, control country, voting, choice, problem, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge fitness, necessary precondition, election, democracy, accountability, vital information transparency, citizens, choose, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, vital issue, electing leader, electorate, serve term, hidden health conditions, mistaken election, unable serve, control country, voting, informed choice, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge fitness, necessary precondition, election, democracy, accountability, vital information
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-con02a	"Through jury nullification, juries make the law more accountable to the people.  Although juries are not technically supposed to nullify the law, or choose to acquit even if the evidence suggests that the defendant is guilty, they sometimes do. This usually happens when the jury believes the law is unjust: for example when the punishment is disproportionate to the crime1 (for example some activists encourage juries to nullify in cases of non-violent drug crimes). We believe this is good because it allows the public to check the government in a way for which rare elections and complex legislative processes do not allow. Only consider how many 'democratic' countries have upheld policies of segregation or discrimination, and it becomes clear that 'free and fair' elections can lead to outcomes that are anything but. Thus jury nullification can a) protect individuals from blatantly unjust laws, and b) provide impetus to actual legislative change. For example, some scholars believe that it was in part the frequent acquittal by juries of defendants who were probably guilty, but who would have received the death penalty if found to be so, that led to the US Supreme Court declaring mandatory capital punishment schemes unconstitutional.2 This community input is valuable in all circumstances, and there is no reason why it should be limited to certain cases.  1Doug Linder, ""What Is Jury Nullification?  2Andrew Leipold, ""Rethinking Jury Nullification jury nullification, accountability, public check, government oversight, unjust laws, non-violent drug crimes, democratic processes, elections, legislative change, segregation, discrimination, free and fair elections, mandatory capital punishment, Supreme Court, community input, unconstitutional, Doug Linder, Andrew Leipold jury nullification, accountable, people, acquit, guilty, unjust laws, non-violent drug crimes, public check, government, democratic policies, segregation, discrimination, free elections, legislative processes, protect individuals, legislative change, acquittal, death penalty, mandatory capital punishment, unconstitutional, community input, Andrew Leipold, Doug Linder jury nullification, accountable law, public check, government oversight, unjust laws, non-violent drug crimes, democratic outcomes, segregation, discrimination, legislative change, community input, capital punishment, mandatory death penalty, Supreme Court decision, constitutional law, civic engagement, jury empowerment, legal reform, democratic process, nullification ethics jury nullification, accountability, public check, government, unjust laws, non-violent drug crimes, democratic processes, segregation, discrimination, free elections, legislative change, capital punishment, mandatory death penalty, community input, unconstitutional, Doug Linder, Andrew Leipold jury nullification, juries, accountability, public, government checks, unjust laws, non-violent drug crimes, democratic countries, segregation, discrimination, free elections, legislative processes, individual protection, legislative change, acquittal, death penalty, unconstitutional, community input, Doug Linder, Andrew Leipold"
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-pro04a	The cultural construction of armed conflict  The jurisdiction of the ICC is primarily exercised according to culturally constructed assumptions about the way war works – that there will be a clear division between aggressors and defenders, that armies will be organised according to chains of command, the civilians will not be targeted and will be evacuated from conflict zones. But countless conflicts in Africa and central Asia have proven these assumptions to be flawed.  It should not be forgotten that almost all formulations of this motion define cultural relativism only as a defence to the use of child soldiers. It will still be open for ICC prosecutors to prove that the use of child soldiers has been systematic, pernicious and deliberate, rather than the product of uncertainty, necessity and unstable legal norms. Moreover, not all defences are “complete” defences; they do not all result in acquittal, and are often used by judges to mitigate the harshness of certain sentences.  It can be argued that it was never intended for the ICC to enforce laws relating to child soldiers against other children or leaders of vulnerable communities who acted under the duress of circumstances. At the very least, those responsible for arming children in these circumstances should face a more lenient sentence than a better-resourced state body that used child soldiers as a matter of policy.  Due to the nature of conflicts in developing nations, where the geographic influence of “recognised” governments is limited, and multiple local law-making bodies may contribute to an armed struggle, it is difficult for the international community to directly oversee combat itself. United Nations troops are often underfunded, unmotivated and poorly trained, being sourced primarily from the same continent as the belligerent parties in a conflict. When peacekeepers are deployed from western nations, their rules of engagement have previously prevented robust protection of civilian populations. Ironically, this is partly the result of concerns that western states might be accused of indulging in neo-colonialism. It is outrageous for the international community to dictate standards of war-time conduct to communities and states unable to enforce them, while withholding the assistance and expertise that might allow them to do so.  Therefore, the ICC, as a specialist legal and investigative body, should be encouraged to use the expertise it has accumulated to distinguish between child military participation driven by a desire to terrorise populations or quickly reinforce armies, and child military participation that has arisen as a survival strategy. cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors defenders, organised armies, civilian targeting, conflict zones, African conflicts, central Asian conflicts, cultural relativism, child soldiers, legal formulations, ICC prosecutors, systematic use, pernicious use, duress circumstances, vulnerable communities, lenient sentencing, developing nations, recognised governments, local law-making, international oversight, UN troops, underfunded peacekeepers, western peacekeepers, neo-colonialism, international community, war-time conduct, survival strategy, terrorise populations, reinforce armies Cultural construction, armed conflict, International Criminal Court, ICC, cultural relativism, child soldiers, systematic, pernicious, deliberate, legal norms, lenient sentencing, resource-limited states, peacekeeping, UN troops, western intervention, neo-colonialism, war-time conduct, expert investigation, survival strategy, terrorism, army reinforcement cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, culturally constructed assumptions, war assumptions, aggressors, defenders, organised armies, civilians, conflict zones, African conflicts, central Asian conflicts, flawed assumptions, cultural relativism, child soldiers, formulations, defence, use of child soldiers, ICC prosecutors, systematic, pernicious, deliberate, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, complete defences, acquittal, sentence mitigation, ICC enforcement, laws, child soldiers, vulnerable communities, duress, lenient sentences, state policy, developing nations, recognised governments, local law-making bodies, armed struggle, international community oversight, combat, United Nations cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors, defenders, chains of command, civilian targeting, conflict zones, African conflicts, central Asian conflicts, cultural relativism, child soldiers, systematic use, pernicious use, deliberate use, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, incomplete defences, sentence mitigation, duress, resource-limited states, policy enforcement, developing nations, recognised governments, local law-making, armed struggle, international oversight, combat supervision, UN troops, underfunding, unmotivation, poor training, peacekeeper deployment, western nations, rules of engagement, civilian protection, neo-colonialism cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors defenders, organised armies, civilian targets, conflict zones, Africa central Asia, cultural relativism, child soldiers, systematic use, necessity, unstable legal norms, lenient sentencing, vulnerable communities, duress circumstances, developing nations, recognised governments, local law-making, international oversight, UN troops, peacekeepers, western nations, neo-colonialism, war conduct standards, international assistance, ICC expertise, military participation, survival strategy
test-environment-assgbatj-pro02a	Animal research causes severe harm to the animals involved  The point of animal research is that animals are harmed. Even if they don’t suffer in the experiment, almost all are killed afterwards. With 115 million animals used a year this is a big problem. Releasing medical research animals in to the wild would be dangerous for them, and they would not be usable as pets. [4]. The only solution is that they are wild from birth.  It is obvious that it’s not in the interest of animals to be killed or harmed. Research should be banned in order to prevent the deaths of millions of animals. Animal research, severe harm, animals involved, point of animal research, animals harmed, not suffer, experiment, killed afterwards, 115 million animals, big problem, releasing medical research animals, dangerous, wild, usable as pets, wild from birth, animals interest, killed, harmed, research banned, prevent deaths, millions of animals animal research, severe harm, animals harmed, killed afterwards, 115 million animals, medical research, release animals, dangerous, not usable as pets, wild from birth, prevent deaths, research banned animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, animal death, medical research, animal testing, animal rights, animal welfare, research ethics, laboratory animals, animal experimentation, harm reduction, alternative methods, ethical treatment, animal protection, banning animal research, animal cruelty, animal conservation, wild animals, pet adoption, humane research, non-animal models, scientific ethics, moral responsibility, animal liberation, vivisection, laboratory practices, animal sacrifice, research alternatives, ethical dilemmas, animal justice animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, animal death, medical research, animal testing, animal welfare, ethics, animal rights, research ban, alternative methods, humane treatment, animal experimentation, laboratory animals, wildlife, pet adoption, moral issues, scientific research, cruelty-free research, animal conservation animal research, severe harm, animals harmed, experiments, killed afterwards, 115 million animals, medical research, releasing animals, wild from birth, animal deaths, research ban
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-pro02a	Internet regjulation is a euphemism for censorship  Governments are trying to control what citizens can and can’t say online and what they can and can’t access. This can vary from France and Germany requiring Google to suppress Nazism in search results [1] to the Great Firewall of China, where the Chinese government almost fully controls what’s said and seen on the internet and has an army of censors. [2]  This type of internet censorship is bad because citizens should have freedom of speech and uninhibited access to information, [3] a right so fundamental that we have enshrined it in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [4] and reaffirmed by the participants of the World Summit on the Information Society in 2003. [5]  [1] Zittrain and Edelman, Localized Google search result exclusions, 2005  [2] Internet censorship in China, 2010  [3] Free Speech Debate, 2012  [4] article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights  [5] Declaration of Principles, article 4, 2003 Internet regulation, censorship, government control, online speech, information access, Google, suppress Nazism, search results, Great Firewall of China, censors, freedom of speech, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, localized search result exclusions, Internet censorship in China, Free Speech Debate, article 19, Declaration of Principles, 2003 Internet regulation, censorship, government control, online speech, information access, France, Germany, Google, Nazism, search results, Great Firewall of China, Chinese government, censors, freedom of speech, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, Free Speech Debate, article 19, Declaration of Principles, human rights, information society, online freedom, digital rights, speech regulation, internet freedom, global censorship,--;--online surveillance Internet regulation, censorship, government control, online speech, access restrictions, France, Germany, Google, Nazism suppression, China, Great Firewall, censors, freedom of speech, information access, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, Zittrain, Edelman, Free Speech Debate, article 19, Declaration of Principles internet regulation, censorship, government control, online freedom, information access, Google search exclusions, Nazism suppression, Great Firewall of China, Chinese internet censorship, freedom of speech, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, Free Speech Debate, article 19, Declaration of Principles Internet regulation, censorship, government control, online speech, access restrictions, France, Germany, Google, Nazism suppression, Great Firewall of China, censors, freedom of speech, uninhibited information access, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, Zittrain, Edelman, Localized Google search result exclusions, Internet censorship in China, Free Speech Debate, article 19, Declaration of Principles
test-international-epvhwhranet-pro03a	Reform treaties are too important to be left to politicians of the day  Decisions that affect the national sovereignty of a country should not just be left to elected politicians who have power for a limited time but should be given to the citizens through direct vote. The nature of the Lisbon Treaty changed the relationship between member states and Brussels; it is clearly a constitutional issue and therefore needs to be ratified by all citizens. The Blair Labour Government held referenda on a whole range of constitutional changes, including not only devolution in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, but even on whether individual cities should have directly elected mayors reform treaties, national sovereignty, elected politicians, direct vote, citizens, Lisbon Treaty, constitutional issue, member states, Brussels, constitutional changes, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, elected mayors, Blair Labour Government, referendum reform treaties, national sovereignty, elected politicians, direct vote, citizens, Lisbon Treaty, constitutional issue, member states, Brussels, constitutional changes, Blair Labour Government, referenda, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, elected mayors, cities reform treaties, national sovereignty, elected politicians, citizens, direct vote, Lisbon Treaty, constitutional issue, ratification, citizens, Blair Labour Government, referenda, constitutional changes, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, cities, elected mayors reform treaties, national sovereignty, elected politicians, direct vote, citizen participation, constitutional issue, Lisbon Treaty, member states, Brussels, constitutional changes, Blair Labour Government, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, elected mayors, cities reform treaties, national sovereignty, elected politicians, citizens, direct vote, Lisbon Treaty, constitutional issue, ratification, Blair Labour Government, referenda, constitutional changes, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, cities, elected mayors
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro03a	Will enable the rebuilding of DRC  DR Congo has been one of the most war ravaged countries in the world over the last two decades. The Grand Inga provides a project that can potentially benefit everyone in the country by providing cheap electricity and an economic boost. It will also provide large export earnings; to take an comparatively local example Ethiopia earns $1.5million per month exporting 60MW to Djibouti at 7 cents per KwH [1] comparable to prices in South Africa [2] so if Congo were to be exporting 500 times that (at 30,000 MW only 3/4ths of the capacity) it would be earning $9billion per year. This then will provide more money to invest and to ameliorate problems. The project can therefore be a project for the nation to rally around helping create and keep stability after the surrender of the rebel group M23 in October 2013.  [1] Woldegebriel, E.G., ‘Ethiopia plans to power East Africa with hydro’, trust.org, 29 January 2013,   [2] Burkhardt, Paul, ‘Eskom to Raise S. Africa Power Price 8% Annually for 5 Years’, Bloomberg, 28 February 2013, DRC, DR Congo, war ravaged, Grand Inga, cheap electricity, economic boost, export earnings, Ethiopia, Djibouti, South Africa, power export, Congo, investment, stability, M23, rebel group, hydro power, East Africa, Eskom, power price DRC, DR Congo, war-ravaged, Grand Inga, cheap electricity, economic boost, export earnings, Ethiopia, Djibouti, power export, South Africa, Congo, M23, stability, hydro, Eskom, power price DRC, DR Congo, war ravaged, Grand Inga, cheap electricity, economic boost, export earnings, Ethiopia, Djibouti, South Africa, energy export, economic investment, stability, M23, rebel group, hydro power, East Africa, power price, Eskom DRC, DR Congo, war-ravaged, Grand Inga, cheap electricity, economic boost, export earnings, Ethiopia, Djibouti, South Africa, M23, stability, hydro, Eskom, power prices DRC, DR Congo, war ravaged, Grand Inga, cheap electricity, economic boost, export earnings, Ethiopia, Djibouti, South Africa, M23, stability, hydro, power price
test-religion-yercfrggms-con02a	"The complexity of the universe and of life cannot be explained by atheism:  Atheism suggests that the Universe came about by chance and the interaction of natural properties. Yet nature is marked by clear design that atheism cannot explain. The complexity of the human body, of planets, stars, and galaxies, and even of bacteria attests to the existence of creative agency. It is impossible that such things as interdependent species could come to exist without the guidance of a higher power. [1] Likewise, certain organisms can be shown to be irreducibly complex, meaning that if one were to remove any part of it, it could not function. This refutes the gradualist argument of evolution, since there is no selective pressure on the organism to change when it is functionless. For example, the bacterial flagellum, the “motor” that powers bacterial cells, loses all functionality if a single component is removed. [2] Besides design, the only explanation of its development is blind chance, which seems less sensible. Atheism cannot account for these facts and thus collapses into nonsense.  [1] Ratzsch, Del. 2009. ""Teleological Arguments for God's Existence"" The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy.   [2] Davis, Percival and Dean Kenyon. 1989. Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins. Richardson: Foundation for Thought and Ethics. complexity, universe, life, atheism, chance, natural properties, design, human body, planets, stars, galaxies, bacteria, creative agency, interdependent species, higher power, irreducibly complex, gradualist argument, evolution, selective pressure, bacterial flagellum, teleological arguments, God's existence, Pandas and People, biological origins complexity, universe, life, atheism, natural properties, design, creativity, human body, planets, stars, galaxies, bacteria, interdependent species, higher power, irreducible complexity, gradualist argument, evolution, bacterial flagellum, motor, functionality, selective pressure, blind chance, teleological arguments, God's existence, Pandas and People, biological origins atheism, complexity, universe, life, natural properties, design, creative agency, human body, planets, stars, galaxies, bacteria, interdependent species, higher power, irreducible complexity, gradualist argument, evolution, selective pressure, bacterial flagellum, teleological arguments, God's existence, Of Pandas and People, biological origins atheism, universe, life, complexity, natural properties, design, human body, planets, stars, galaxies, bacteria, creative agency, higher power, interdependent species, irreducible complexity, gradualist argument, evolution, selective pressure, bacterial flagellum, teleological arguments, God's existence, blind chance, nonsense, Del Ratzsch, Percival Davis, Dean Kenyon, Of Pandas and People, Biological Origins, Foundation for Thought and Ethics complexity, universe, life, atheism, natural properties, design, creative agency, human body, planets, stars, galaxies, bacteria, interdependent species, higher power, irreducibly complex, gradualist argument, evolution, selective pressure, bacterial flagellum, blind chance, teleological arguments, God's existence, Pandas and People, biological origins"
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-pro01a	Cutting off bit of children’s bodies for no apparent reason is simply wrong  If this is simply a matter of performing a procedure with no apparent benefit to the patient – in most cases a young child – then it does rather raise the question of “Why”. If the procedure were, say, cutting off a toe or an earlobe then all involved would require a clear and compelling case for such a practice. There are grown adults that think that cutting off a finger is the next stage up from getting a tattoo or a piercing [i] . At best most people would consider such a practice odd, at worst unstable. However, these are grown adults who have made the decision to mutilate their bodies for themselves and as a statement they feel appropriate.  Consider society’s reaction if the fingers of unwilling adults were forcibly removed. What about unwilling children? What about the fingers of babies fresh out of the womb? The only sane response to such an action would be condemnation – and probably an arrest. The logic of this argument does not change if “finger” is replaced with “foreskin”.  Research undertaken by the World Health Organization found that the overwhelming determining factor in the decision as to whether a boy should be circumcised was whether the father had been [ii] .  Although the report suggest a correlation with a reduction in the possibility in the spread of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa it also comments, “If correctly planned, increased provision of accessible, safe adult male circumcision services could also increase opportunities to educate  men in areas of high HIV prevalence about a variety of sexual and reproductive health topics, including hygiene, sexuality, gender relations and the need for ongoing combination prevention strategies to further decrease risk of HIV acquisition and transmission.”  Out with this area the rate of adult male circumcision is very low, suggesting that when the individual is of an age to give consent, they chose not to. Performing an act on a child that would not be consented to by an adult except in extremis would seem a fairly reasonable definition of child abuse.  [i] Shannon. “De-Fingered: Finger Amputations in BME News/Publishers’ Ring”. BME News. 11 March 2008.  [ii] “Male Circumcision: Global Trends and Determinants of Prevalence, Safety and Acceptability”. World Health Organisation and the Joint United Nations Council on HIV AIDS. 2007. child abuse, circumcision, foreskin, health benefits, HIV prevention, informed consent, male circumcision, medical ethics, non-consensual surgery, religious practice, sexual and reproductive health, unnecessary procedure, WHO research, adult male circumcision, genital mutilation, parental decision, cultural practice, human rights, child welfare, surgical consent, underage surgery, healthcare policy, medical justification, infant circumcision, ethical concerns, public health, sexual health education,alternative prevention strategies, voluntary medical procedure, legal implications, bodily autonomy, medical procedure, pediatric surgery, surgical risks, long-term effects, societal norms, cultural rituals, informed decision-making, medical intervention, pediatric circumcision, child abuse, foreskin, medical ethics, consent, AIDS, HIV, World Health Organization, adult male circumcision, sexual health, gender relations, reproductive health, human rights, pediatric surgery, genital mutilation, non-therapeutic circumcision, cultural practices, health education, prevention strategies circumcision, child abuse, foreskin, medical ethics, informed consent, cultural practice, health benefits, HIV prevention, adult circumcision, pediatric surgery, bodily autonomy, mutilation, human rights, WHO report, parent decision-making, non-therapeutic surgery, genital integrity, unnecessary procedures, pediatric ethics, legal implications children's rights, circumcision, medical ethics, informed consent, bodily integrity, child abuse, cultural practices, health benefits, HIV prevention, parental choice, foreskin, infant surgery, non-therapeutic circumcision, adult circumcision, surgical procedures, human rights, autonomy, genital mutilation, public health, pediatric surgery child abuse, circumcision, foreskin, consent, adult male circumcision, World Health Organization, HIV, sub-Saharan Africa, sexual health, reproductive health, gender relations, hygiene, combination prevention strategies, finger amputation, body modification, Shannon, BME News, male circumcision prevalence, safety, acceptability, non-consensual procedures, ethical concerns, cultural practices, medical ethics, infant health, pediatric surgery, religious circumcision, health education, AIDS prevention, public health policy, human rights, bodily integrity, child welfare, medical ethics, surgical consent, pediatric surgery ethics, non-therapeutic circumcision, genital integrity, moral philosophy, bioethics
test-international-bldimehbn-con03a	Journalism should report the experiences of the vulnerable and oppressed just as much as those of the elite and powerful.  The idea that people are not widely interested in the lives of their fellow citizens is clearly untrue. Indeed, ‘people sell papers’ is one of the oldest sayings in journalism. However, there is also a moral obligation on journalists to report the news that impacts on the marginalized the most. This is demonstrably the case as it tends to those stories that bring to life disadvantage or the vulnerable just as much as those that report the misdeeds of the powerful that win journalists the recognition of their peers and the professional awards and prestige that goes along with that. Pulitzers and others are rarely handed out for reporting what is comfortable, mundane or safe. For example the 2012 Pulitzer for local reporting was for an article on the sex scandal at Penn State and Feature Writing on “haunting story of a woman who survived a brutal attack that took the life of her partner”. [1]  [1] ‘2012 Winners and Finalists’, The Pulitzer Prizes, Journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, public interest, moral obligation, news impact, marginalized, disadvantage, professional recognition, Pulitzer Prizes, investigative reporting, local reporting, feature writing, social issues, public awareness, media ethics, underrepresented voices, accountability journalism Journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, moral obligation, marginalized, impact, news, Pulitzers, professional awards, recognition, peers, uncomfortable, mundane, safe, sex scandal, Penn State, Feature Writing, woman, brutal attack, partner Journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, public interest, moral obligation, marginalized, news impact, disadvantage, Pulitzer Prizes, investigative reporting, local reporting, feature writing, awards, recognition, professional prestige, scandal, Penn State, sex scandal, brutal attack, survivor journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, moral obligation, marginalized, news impact, disadvantage, professional awards, Pulitzer, recognition, sex scandal, Penn State, feature writing, brutal attack, survivor, partner Journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, public interest, moral obligation, marginalized, impact, disadvantage, professional recognition, awards, Pulitzer, local reporting, feature writing, investigative journalism, social issues, community, ethics, storytelling, reporting standards, media responsibility
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro02a	Scientific opinion often changes; evolution may be accepted in the scientific community now, but it could well be rejected in future.  The opinion of the scientific community with regard to facts and theories has a great propensity to change with time. Once scientists adamantly maintained that the Earth was flat. For centuries it also maintained that there were two kinds of blood flowing through the human body. Science is not infallible and the prevailing theory is no more than the opinion currently in vogue among scholars. In light of new evidence, theories can change over time, giving way to better explanations [1] . For this reason, the evolutionists' dogmatic adherence to their position in spite of contrary evidence provided by Creationists is hard to understand. However, it becomes clear why the scientific establishment takes such a confrontational position toward Creationism when one considers that many eminent scientists and researchers have built their careers within the paradigm of evolution, and their research often depends wholly on its acceptance. These scientists would lose their exalted position in the light of a paradigm-shift in scientific understanding away from evolution. It is for this reason that scientists who adhere to established norms so often fight things like Creationism, even though they provide explanations where evolution cannot. For science to progress, these conservative impulses must be fought against, which is why it is essential that when science is taught, so are all the prevailing theories concerning branches of the sciences, including Creationism.  [1] Understanding Science. 2011. “Science Aims to Explain and Understand”. University of California Berkeley. Scientific opinion, evolution, scientific community, facts, theories, change over time, Earth flat, two kinds of blood, science infallibility, prevailing theory, new evidence, better explanations, evolutionists, dogmatic adherence, contrary evidence, Creationists, scientific establishment, confrontational position, Creationism, eminent scientists, careers, paradigm of evolution, research acceptance, paradigm-shift, scientific understanding, conservative impulses, science progress, teaching science, prevailing theories, branches of sciences, including Creationism scientific opinion, evolution, scientific community, theory acceptance, scientific change, Earth flat, blood types, scientific infallibility, prevailing theory, scientific evidence, new explanations, evolution dogma, Creationism, scientific careers, paradigm shift, scientific establishment, scientific understanding, conservative impulses, science education, prevailing theories, scientific progress scientific opinion, evolution, scientific community, facts, theories, change over time, Earth flat, two kinds blood, science infallibility, prevailing theory, opinion in vogue, new evidence, theories change, evolutionists, dogmatic adherence, contrary evidence, Creationists, scientific establishment, confrontational position, Creationism, careers, research, paradigm shift, conservative impulses, science progress, teach prevailing theories, Creationism Scientific opinion, evolution, scientific community, facts, theories, change over time, Earth flat, two kinds blood, science infallibility, prevailing theory, scientific opinion, new evidence, better explanations, evolution dogma, creationism evidence, scientific establishment, career investment, paradigm shift, research dependence, conservative impulses, science teaching, prevailing theories, creationism inclusion, scientific progress, University of California Berkeley, Understanding Science scientific opinion, evolution, scientific community, scientific theories, Earth flat, two kinds blood, science infallibility, prevailing theory, scientific evidence, theories change, evolutionists, Creationists, contrary evidence, scientific establishment, eminent scientists, scientific careers, research acceptance, paradigm shift, conservative impulses, scientific progress, teaching science, prevailing theories, Creationism
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-con01a	There is no clear link between gender quota and economic growth  As Pande and Ford found in their report, countries often adopt gender quotas as a response to changing attitudes to women. However, these countries more often than not are Western advanced economies characterised by efficiency. [1] Therefore, the correlations between gender quotas and good economic performance cannot be attributed entirely to the gender equality measures.  Moreover, the competitiveness of the EU economies is damaged by domestic policies and the sovereign debt crisis which will have a larger negative impact on the European economies rather than this measure. Therefore, the expected spillover effects on the economy are unlikely to be realised. [2]  Such sceptic views on quotas when accompanied by bad economic factors are shared by international institutions like the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Breaking the glass ceiling may require affirmative action like gender quotas, but if supply-side barriers remain, even such proactive policies will not necessarily lead to the desired result of gender equality and economic advantages. [3]  [1] Pande, Rohini &amp; Deanna Ford, “Gender Quotas and Female Leadership: A Review” , Background Paper for the World Development Report on Gender, 2011  [2] ibid  [3] Gerecke, Megan, “A policy mix for gender equality? Lessons from high-income countries”, International Labour Organisation, 2013, p.13 gender quota, economic growth, Pande, Ford, advanced economies, efficiency, EU, competitiveness, sovereign debt crisis, International Labour Organisation, ILO, glass ceiling, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, gender equality, high-income countries gender quota, economic growth, Pande, Ford, Western advanced economies, efficiency, EU economies, competitiveness, sovereign debt crisis, International Labour Organisation, ILO, glass ceiling, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, gender equality, high-income countries, policy mix, Rohini Pande, Deanna Ford, World Development Report, Megan Gerecke gender quota, economic growth, Pande, Ford, Western advanced economies, efficiency, competitiveness, EU economies, domestic policies, sovereign debt crisis, International Labour Organisation, ILO, glass ceiling, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, gender equality, high-income countries gender quota, economic growth, Pande, Ford, Western advanced economies, efficiency, correlation, gender equality, competitiveness, EU economies, domestic policies, sovereign debt crisis, International Labour Organisation, ILO, glass ceiling, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, proactive policies, gender equality, economic advantages, high-income countries gender quota, economic growth, Pande, Ford, Western economies, efficiency, European Union, competitiveness, sovereign debt crisis, International Labour Organisation, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, gender equality, proactive policies, high-income countries, policy mix, glass ceiling, female leadership, World Development Report, economic factors, spillover effects, sceptic views
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-pro02a	The people are interested in the health of their leader  The health of the leader of the state is an issue that the people and the media inevitably want to know about. There will always be a lot of interest in it. Occasionally this can be played by the administration as with Kissinger saying he was ill and using time to fly to Beijing to arrange for Nixon’s visit without press attention. But most of the time keeping things from the press is purely negative; it drives rumors.  This was the case of John Atta Mills, people were not allowed to know about his health. The presidential staff and communication members constantly lied about his health but there were two reports that he had died. Mills spent time in a US hospital, on returning to Ghana, he was made to jog around the airport to show the media that he was healthy. 1  1 Committee for Social Advocacy, 'Who and what killed President John Evans Atta Mills?', Modern Ghana, 13 August 2012, health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, presidential staff, communication, US hospital, Ghana, airport, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy, death health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, Ghana, presidential staff, hospital, US, airport, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, presidential staff, communication, lies, death reports, US hospital, Ghana, airport, jog, show, media, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, rumors, John Atta Mills, presidential staff, communication, Ghana, hospital, airport, jog, media, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, presidential staff, Ghana, hospital, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy, death rumors, public health, political transparency
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-con03a	"Trial by jury is a fundamental right and should never be abridged.  Trial by jury is an essential check on abuse in the court system for three main reasons. First, it prevents governmental oppression by ensuring that non-state actors determine guilt 1. It is dangerous to allow the government—the same body which makes and enforces the laws—to also decide who is guilty of breaking the laws. Second, it checks against corrupt judges and prosecutors2. Judges are only human, and are susceptible to the same weaknesses, like prejudice and corruption, as the rest of us. Consequently, it is very dangerous to put the future of defendants in their hands. A representative group of jurors, approved by both sides, is far less likely to reach an unjust decision, since they are generally required to reach unanimous decisions to convict, and it is unlikely that an entire jury will be made up of biased, corrupt, or negligent people. Third, trial by jury allows for community input in the justice system (see Opp Argument 4 and response to Prop Argument 3 for more explanation). Thus trial by jury is essential to ensuring that innocent individuals are fairly treated, and is a fundamental right which ought never be denied. As Chairman of the Criminal Bar Association Paul Mendelle QC said, ""Some principles of justice are beyond price. Trial by your peers is one of them.""3  1.Robert P. Connolly, ""The Petty Offence Exception and Right to a Jury Trial""  2.Robert P. Connolly, ""The Petty Offence Exception and Right to a Jury Trial""  3.Clive Coleman, “Debating non-jury criminal trial” trial by jury, fundamental right, governmental oppression, corrupt judges, community input, innocent individuals, fair treatment, principles of justice, trial by peers, non-jury criminal trial, petty offence exception, right to jury trial, abuse in court system, check on power,Clive Coleman, Paul Mendelle QC, Criminal Bar Association trial by jury, fundamental right, governmental oppression, non-state actors, corrupt judges, prosecutors, community input, justice system, unanimous decision, fair treatment, innocent individuals, Chairman Criminal Bar Association, principles of justice, peers, Robert P. Connolly, Clive Coleman, non-jury criminal trial trial by jury, fundamental right, governmental oppression, non-state actors, corrupt judges, prosecutors, community input, justice system, unanimous decisions, innocent individuals, principles of justice, chairman criminal bar association, clive coleman, debating non-jury trials, robert p. connolly, petty offence exception trial by jury, fundamental right, governmental oppression, non-state actors, corrupt judges, prosecutors, community input, justice system, unanimous decisions, innocent individuals, Paul Mendelle QC, Clive Coleman, petty offence exception, debating non-jury trials, principles of justice, trial by peers trial by jury, fundamental right, governmental oppression, non-state actors, corrupt judges, corrupt prosecutors, community input, justice system, innocent individuals, fair treatment, Chairman Criminal Bar Association, Paul Mendelle QC, principles of justice, trial by peers, petty offence exception, Clive Coleman, non-jury criminal trial"
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-pro03a	Removing barriers to demobilisation, disarmament and rehabilitation  It can easily be conceded, without weakening the resolution, that war and combat are horrific, damaging experiences. Over the last seventy years, the international community has attempted to limit the suffering that follows the end of a conflict by giving soldiers and civilians access to medical and psychological care. This is now an accepted part of the practice of post-conflict reconstruction, referred to as Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) [i] .  The effects of chronic war and chronic engagement with war are best addressed by a slow and continuous process of habituation to normal life. Former child soldiers are sent to treatment centres specialising in this type of care in states such as Sierra Leone [ii] .  What is harmful to this process of recovery is the branding of child soldiers as war criminals. The stigma attached to such a conviction would condemn hundreds of former child soldiers to suffering extended beyond the end of armed conflicts.  Sentencing guidelines binding on the ICC state that anyone convicted of war crimes who is younger than eighteen should not be subject to a sentence of life imprisonment. Their treatment, once incarcerated, is required to be oriented toward rehabilitation.  Many child soldiers become officers within the organisations that they join. Alternately, they might find themselves ordered to seek more recruits from their villages and communities. For these children participation in the conflict becomes participation in the crime itself. What began as a choice of necessity during war-time could, under the status quo, damage and stigmatise a child during peace-time [iii] . Even if their sentence emphasises reform and education, a former child soldier is likely to become an uninjured casualty of the war, marked out as complicit in acts of aggression. When labelled as such children will become vulnerable to reprisal attacks and entrenched social exclusion.  Discussing attempts to foster former Colombian child combatants, the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers state that, “The stigmatization of child soldiers, frequently perceived as violent and threatening, meant that families were reluctant to receive former child soldiers. Those leaving the specialized care centres moved either to youth homes or youth protection facilities for those with special protection problems. While efforts continued to strengthen fostering and family-based care, approximately 60 per cent of those entering the DDR program were in institutional care in 2007.” [iv]  Crucially, fear of being targeted by the ICC may lead former child soldiers to avoid disclosing their status to officials running demobilisation programs. They may be deterred from participating in the DDR process [v] .  Moreover, the authority of the ICC is often subject to criticism on the international stage by politicians and jurists linked to both democratic states [vi] and the non-liberal or authoritarian regimes most likely to become involved in conflicts that breach humanitarian law. It cannot assist the claims of the ICC to be a body that represents universal concepts of compassion and justice if it is seen to target children- often barely in their teens- in the course of prosecuting war crimes.  As the Child Soliders 2008 Global Report notes, “Prosecutions should not, by focusing solely on the recruitment and use of child soldiers, exclude other crimes committed against children. Such an approach risks stigmatizing child soldiers and ignores the wider abuses experienced by children in conflict situations. It is on these grounds that some have questioned the exclusive child-soldier focus of the ICC’s charges against Thomas Lubanga. After all, the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC/L), the armed group he led, is widely acknowledged to have committed numerous other serious crimes against children, as well as adults.” [vii]  [i] “Case Studies in War to Peace Transition”, Coletta, N., Kostner, M., Widerhofer, I. The World Bank, 1996  [ii] “Return of Sierra Leone’s Lost Generation”, The Guardian, 02 March 2000,   [iii] “Agony Without End for Liberia’s Child Soldiers”, The Guardian, 12 July 2009,   [iv] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p103,   [v] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p16,   [vi] “America Attacked for ICC Tactics”, The Guardian, 27 August 2002,   [vii] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, pp32-33, demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, post-conflict reconstruction, DDR, child soldiers, Sierra Leone, war criminals, stigma, sentencing guidelines, ICC, rehabilitation, social exclusion, Colombia, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, fear, disclosure, international criticism, humanitarian law, prosecution, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, child abuse, justice, compassion, universal concepts Demobilisation, Disarmament, Rehabilitation, DDR, Child Soldiers, War Crimes, ICC, Stigmatization, Rehabilitation Programs, Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Sierra Leone, Colombia, International Criminal Court, Humanitarian Law, Social Exclusion, Treatment Centers, Psychological Care, Stigma, Youth Protection, Institutional Care, Political Criticism, Human Rights, Child Recruitment, Conflict Situations, Prosecutions, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, Aggression, Remediation, Peace Transition, Legal Repercussions, Necessity, Reform, Education, Sentencing Guidelines, Life Imprisonment, Chronic War, Habit Removing barriers,demobilisation,disarmament,rehabilitation,war,combat,horrific,damaging,international community,suffering,medical care,psychological care,post-conflict reconstruction,Disarmament Demobilisation Reintegration,DDR,chronic war,habituation,normal life,child soldiers,treatment centres,Sierra Leone,stigma,war criminals,ICC,sentencing guidelines,rehabilitation,officers,recruitment,communities,participation,crimes,status quo,peace-time,state,democratic states,non-liberal,authoritarian regimes,humanitarian law,justice,compassion Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reintegration, DDR, War, Conflict, Child Soldiers, Rehabilitation, Stigma, War Crimes, ICC, International Criminal Court, Prosecution, Sentencing, Treatment, Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Sierra Leone, Colombia, Stigmatization, Social Exclusion, Reprisal Attacks, Institutional Care, Humanitarian Law, Union of Congolese Patriots, UPC/L, Liberation, Thomas Lubanga, Human Rights, Combat, Trauma, Youth Protection, Foster Care, Political Criticism, Universal Justice, Compassion Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reintegration, DDR, Child Soldiers, War Crimes, Stigma, Rehabilitation, International Criminal Court, ICC, Sierra Leone, Colombia, Social Exclusion, Stigmatization, Political Criticism, Humanitarian Law, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, UPC/L, Liberia, Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Treatment Centres, Sentencing Guidelines, Recruitment, Abuses, Conflict Situations, America, ICC Tactics, Global Report, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Recovery, Habituation, Normal Life, Combat, Medical Care, Psychological Care, Former Child Soldiers, War Criminal
test-environment-assgbatj-pro01a	Animals shouldn’t be harmed  The difference between us and other animals is a matter of degree rather than type [2]. Their bodies resemble ours, as do their ways of conveying meaning. They recoil from pain, appear to express fear of a tormentor, and appear to take pleasure in activities; a point clear to anyone who has observed a pet dog on hearing the word “walk”.  We believe other people experience feelings like us because they are like us in appearance and behaviour. An animal sharing our anatomical, physiological, and behavioural characteristics is surely likely to have feelings like us.  If people have a right to not be harmed, we must ask ourselves what makes animals different? If animals feel what we feel, and suffer like us, to condemn one to testing because of them being of a different species is similar to racism or sexism.[3] animal rights, pain perception, emotional expression, anatomical similarity, physiological similarity, behavioral similarity, moral consideration, speciesism, ethical treatment, cruelty prevention, sentient beings, ethical obligation, compassion, non-human animals, suffering, ethical philosophy, moral status, humane treatment, animal welfare, anti-cruelty, empathy, respect for life, inter-species ethics, animal testing, species equality, moral equivalence, anti-racism, anti-sexism, ethical consistency animal rights, pain perception, emotional capacity, speciesism, anatomical similarity, physiological similarity, behavioral similarity, moral consideration, harm avoidance, ethical treatment, racism, sexism, species equality, sentient beings, ethical responsibility, compassion, non-human rights, suffering recognition, empathy, justice animal rights, harm, speciesism, anatomy, physiology, behavior, pain, fear, pleasure, empathy, ethics, testing, racism, sexism, animal consciousness, moral consideration, non-human animals, suffering, rights, species equality animal rights, harm, species similarity, pain, fear, pleasure, anatomy, physiology, behavior, feelings, right to not be harmed, speciesism, racism, sexism, testing, ethics, moral consideration, sentience, human-animal comparison animal rights, harm, species similarity, human-animal comparison, pain, fear, pleasure, pet behavior, anatomical resemblance, physiological resemblance, behavioural characteristics, feelings, moral rights, testing, speciesism, racism, sexism
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-pro03a	Internet regulation is an attempt by big interest groups to regulate the internet in their favour  Large companies have an active interest in shaping the structure of the internet. One example of this is the Stop Online Piracy-Act (SOPA), [1] wherein U.S.-based music and movie companies proposed that they themselves would be able to police copyright infringements against websites that are hosted outside of the United States. [2]  The phenomenon whereby companies succeed in shaping government policies according to their own wishes is called ‘regulatory capture’. Another example from the telecommunications industry is the lobby effort by several large corporations, who have succeeded in eroding consumer protection in their favour. [3] If the government wouldn’t have been involved in regulating the internet in the first place, big companies wouldn’t have had any incentive to attempt regulatory capture.  [1] 112th Congress, ‘H.R.3261 – Stop Online Piracy Act’  [2] Post, ‘SOPA and the Future of Internet Governance’, 2012  [3] Kushnick, ‘ALEC, Tech and the Telecom Wars: Killing America's Telecom Utilities’, 2012 Internet regulation, big interest groups, large companies, shaping internet structure, Stop Online Piracy Act, SOPA, copyright infringements, regulatory capture, telecommunications industry, consumer protection, government involvement, incentive, 112th Congress, H.R.3261, future internet governance, ALEC, telecom wars, killing telecom utilities Internet regulation, big interest groups, structure of the internet, Stop Online Piracy Act, SOPA, U.S. music and movie companies, copyright infringement, regulatory capture, telecommunications industry, consumer protection, government involvement, 112th Congress, H.R.3261, Future of Internet Governance, ALEC, Telecom Wars, Killing America's Telecom Utilities Internet regulation, big interest groups, large companies, shaping internet structure, Stop Online Piracy Act, SOPA, copyright infringements, regulatory capture, telecommunications industry, consumer protection, government involvement, internet governance, ALEC, telecom utilities internet regulation, big interest groups, shaping internet structure, Stop Online Piracy Act, SOPA, copyright infringement, regulatory capture, telecommunications industry, consumer protection, government involvement, lobby effort, ALEC, telecom utilities Internet regulation, big interest groups, large companies, Stop Online Piracy Act, SOPA, copyright infringements, regulatory capture, telecommunications industry, consumer protection, government policies, lobby effort, ALEC, Telecom Wars, internet governance
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro04a	A dam could make the Congo more usable  While the Congo is mostly navigable it is only usable internally. The rapids cut the middle Congo off from the sea. The building of the dams could be combined with canalisation and locks to enable international goods to be easily transported to and from the interior. This would help integrate central Africa economically into the global economy making the region much more attractive for investment. dam, Congo, navigable, rapids, canalisation, locks, international, transportation, economic integration, global economy, investment, central Africa dam, Congo, navigation, rapids, canalisation, locks, transportation, international, goods, economy, investment, central Africa, global, integration dam, Congo, navigable, rapids, canalisation, locks, international, transportation, economic integration, global economy, investment, central Africa dam, Congo, navigable, rapids, canalisation, locks, transportation, international, goods, economic, integration, global, investment, central, Africa Congo, navigable, dam, rapids, canalisation, locks, international, transportation, economic, integration, global, investment, central, Africa, interior, goods, sea, usable, internally
test-international-epvhwhranet-pro02a	Major changes need to be put to the people and the people must be trusted.  The Lisbon Treaty significantly affects the workings of each member country. It gives the European Union a legal personality, allowing it to sign international agreements and member countries are now made subject to majority voting [1]. The Lisbon Treaty does not only affect international policies, criminal law and national justice systems, it also gives power over to the Commission and European Court. Such major changes must be put to popular vote, the citizens of each EU member state have a right to legitimise or reject these changes that push for a more centralized European superstate. Furthermore the will of the people needs to be trusted, if a reform is intentionally ambiguous and complicated, which was one of the criticisms of the Lisbon Treaty [2], it is the job of the politician to explain the cause to the public. Voters should be included in the debate and key issues need to be highlighted not just ignored.  [1] European Commission, Your Guide to the Lisbon Treaty, viewed on 13 June 2011   [2] Foley, Kathy, ‘Lisbon treat: yes, no or eh?’, Sunday Times (13 January 2008). Lisbon Treaty, EU member states, majority voting, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, criminal law, national justice systems, Commission, European Court, popular vote, citizens rights, centralized European superstate, political transparency, public debate, voter inclusion, key issues, reform ambiguity, political responsibility Lisbon Treaty, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, majority voting, member countries, criminal law, national justice systems, European Commission, European Court, popular vote, centralized European superstate, citizen legitimisation, reform ambiguity, public explanation, voter inclusion, key issues, Sunday Times, Kathy Foley Lisbon Treaty, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, majority voting, member countries, criminal law, national justice systems, Commission, European Court, popular vote, citizens, EU member state, centralized European superstate, ambiguity, complexity, politicians, public explanation, voter inclusion, debate, key issues Lisbon Treaty, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, majority voting, member countries, criminal law, national justice systems, Commission, European Court, popular vote, citizens, EU member state, centralized European superstate, reform, ambiguity, complications, politicians, public explanation, voter inclusion, debate, key issues Lisbon Treaty, major changes, popular vote, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, majority voting, criminal law, national justice systems, European Commission, European Court, centralized European superstate, political transparency, public debate, voter inclusion, key issues, political ambiguity, citizen rights, reform criticism, democratic legitimacy
test-religion-yercfrggms-con03a	Everything that begins to exist must have a cause. Since the Universe began to exist it must be caused:  Every human, every being, every object in the Universe is a finite and contingent being. These all have causes, yet a causal chain cannot be infinitely long. Humans are born, stars form from gases, even the Universe had a beginning 4.3 billion years ago. Nothing in the Universe causes itself. In order to escape the logical impossibility of the infinite causality loop it is necessary to posit the existence of an uncaused cause. This cause exists outside of the Universe, as it is cause of the Universe. [1] Without a creator, the Universe is a logical absurdity. Atheism cannot provide an alternative explanation to a creator, and thus fails quite literally from the beginning.  [1] Craig, William Lane. 1979. The Kalam Cosmological Argument. London: MacMillan. Kalam Cosmological Argument, William Lane Craig, Universe origin, causality, finite beings, infinite causal chain, uncaused cause, logical absurdity, atheism, creation, MacMillan, 1979 Kalam Cosmological Argument, William Lane Craig, Universe origin, causality, philosophy of religion, atheism critique, existence cause, infinite regress, uncaused cause, logical absurdity, creationism, cosmology, metaphysics, argument for God, finite beings, contingent existence, infinite causal chain, logical impossibility, alternative explanations, MacMillan, 1979 Kalam Cosmological Argument, William Lane Craig, causality, universe origin, finite beings, infinite regression, uncaused cause, logical absurdity, atheism, creation, philosophical argument, metaphysics, existence, cosmic origin, causal chain, cosmology, theology, first cause, existence of God creation, causality, universe, existence, infinite regress, finite beings, contingent existence, uncaused cause, Kalam Cosmological Argument, William Lane Craig, logical absurdity, atheism, alternative explanation, beginning of universe, causal chain Kalam Cosmological Argument, William Lane Craig, Universe origin, causal chain, infinite regress, uncaused cause, Creator, atheism, logical absurdity, existence causality, finite beings, contingent existence, Universe beginning, MacMillan 1979
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro01a	Easily affordable drugs will mean greater access  Generic drugs are much cheaper to produce, which is ideal for Africa’s struggling population. While there has been significant gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Africa, the actual distribution of wealth is relatively unequal. According to Afrobarometer, 53% of Africans still feel that their economic condition is poor [1] . This restricts their ability to purchase high cost drugs. Generic medication would reduce the price of these drugs, making them affordable to the average citizen. The patented drug Glivec, used for cancer treatment, costs £48.62 for 400 mg in South Africa while its generic equivalent (produced in India) costs £4.82 [2] . Increased access will result in higher levels of treatment, which in turn will reduce death rates from preventable diseases in Africa.  [1] Hofmeyr, Jan, ‘Africa Rising? Popular Dissatisfaction with Economic Management Despite a Decade of Growth’  [2] Op Cit Affordable drugs, Generic drugs, Africa, Economic condition, Wealth distribution, Patented drugs, Glivec, Cancer treatment, Drug cost, Health access, Preventable diseases, GDP growth, Afrobarometer, Healthcare inequality, Medication prices, Treatment rates, Death reduction, South Africa, India, Jan Hofmeyr, Africa Rising affordable drugs, generic drugs, cheaper production, Africa, GDP growth, wealth distribution, economic condition, high cost drugs, generic medication, Glivec, cancer treatment, drug costs, South Africa, India, increased access, treatment levels, preventable diseases, death rates, Africa Rising, economic management affordable drugs, generic drugs, cheaper production, Africa, struggling population, GDP growth, unequal wealth distribution, economic condition, high cost drugs, generic medication, average citizen, patented drug, Glivec, cancer treatment, drug cost, increased access, treatment levels, death rates, preventable diseases, Afrobarometer, Hofmeyr Easily affordable drugs, greater access, generic drugs, cheaper production, Africa, struggling population, GDP growth, wealth distribution, economic condition, poor, high cost drugs, generic medication, affordable, average citizen, patented drug, Glivec, cancer treatment, cost reduction, increased access, higher treatment levels, reduced death rates, preventable diseases, South Africa, India, Afrobarometer, Jan Hofmeyr, Africa Rising, economic management affordable drugs, generic drugs, cheaper production, Africa, struggling population, GDP growth, wealth distribution, economic condition, high cost drugs, generic medication, average citizen, patented drug, Glivec, cancer treatment, drug cost, increased access, treatment levels, death rates, preventable diseases, Africa rising, economic management
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro01a	Religious belief is completely irrational  There is no evidence that God exists. Reported miracles, healings etc. are never reliably proved actually to have happened, and in any case everyone’s religious experiences are different and point to the psychological differences between human beings not to any objective divine reality. Belief in God is simply wish-fulfilment. It would be nice if there was a loving all powerful being watching over us, but there isn’t. atheism, agnosticism, religious skepticism, evidence-based reasoning, miracles, healings, psychological differences, human perception, wish fulfillment, divine reality, all-powerful being, objective truth, religious experience, critical thinking, secular humanism, scientific method, faith versus reason, existentialism, philosophical debate, metaphysical claims Religious belief, irrationality, evidence, God, existence, miracles, healings, proof, religious experiences, psychological differences, human beings, objective reality, wish-fulfilment, loving, all-powerful, divine, watching over Religious belief, irrational, evidence, God, miracles, healings, proof, religious experiences, psychological differences, human beings, objective reality, wish-fulfilment, loving, all-powerful, being, watching over us, atheism, skepticism, divine reality, subjective experience religious belief, irrational, evidence, God, miracles, healings, reliable proof, psychological differences, human beings, objective reality, wish-fulfilment, loving, all-powerful, divine, watching over, atheism, skepticism, faith, spirituality, supernatural, existential, philosophy, theology, empirical, subjective experience, cognitive science, religion, secular, humanism, cosmology, moral psychology Religious belief, irrationality, evidence, God, existence, miracles, healings, proof, reliability, religious experiences, psychological differences, human beings, objective reality, wish-fulfilment, loving, all-powerful, divine, oversight, non-existence
test-culture-mthbah-pro01a	There are too many advertisements in everyday life.  The sheer volume of advertising in our society is incredible. You cannot watch television, ride on a bus or even walk down the street without someone trying to sell you something or inform you of something. Recent research suggests people living in a city today sees up to 5,000 advertisements a day1. 50% of those surveyed said they thought 'advertising today was out of control'1. People shouldn't have to go about their lives having their minds saturated with such a vast quantity of, in most cases, redudant and profiteering information. They should be able to go about their daily lives in peace without being forced to watch, listen or view an advertisement.  1 Anywhere the Eye Can See, It's Likely to See an Ad. New York Times. advertisements, volume, advertising, society, television, bus, street, sell, inform, city, 5000, advertisements, day, surveyed, advertising, control, saturated, redundant, profiteering, minds, peace, forced, watch, listen, view, advertisement, New York Times advertisements, advertising, society, volume, television, bus, street, research, city, people, daily, lives, saturated, redundant, profiteering, peace, forced, New York Times, out of control advertisements, advertising, society, volume, television, bus, street, research, city, daily, survey, control, minds, saturated, redundant, profiteering, peace, view, listen, watch, New York Times, eye, see, ad advertisements, advertising, volume, society, television, bus, street, research, city, daily, survey, out of control, minds, saturated, redundant, profiteering, peace, forced, New York Times advertisements, advertising, society, television, bus, street, city, 5000 advertisements, survey, out of control, saturated, redundant, profiteering, daily lives, peace, forced, New York Times
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro01a	There is a very real controversy regarding the origin and development of life, and children deserve to hear both sides.  Many scientists do not accept the conclusions of the evolutionists. People like Dr. Michael Behe have dedicated themselves to exposing the flaws in evolution and showing that there is very real disagreement within the scientific community. This controversy is highlighted in the many court cases, books, and televised debates occurring in countries all over the world [1] . Children deserve to hear about the controversy, and not to simply be fed one story set for them by the prevailing majority in the scientific community, even if that community cannot claim anything near consensus. Until consensus is reached and indisputable proof of one theory or the other given, both sides should be taught in schools.  [1] Linder, Doug, 2011. “The Evolution Controversy”. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. evolution controversy, origin of life, development of life, scientific disagreement, Michael Behe, flaws in evolution, court cases, books, televised debates, teaching both sides, consensus, indisputable proof, schools, Doug Linder, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law origin of life, development of life, evolution controversy, Michael Behe, scientific disagreement, court cases, books, televised debates, teaching both sides, consensus, indisputable proof, evolution education, creationism, intelligent design, scientific community, Doug Linder, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law evolution, controversy, origin of life, development of life, children education, scientific community, Dr. Michael Behe, flaws in evolution, scientific disagreement, court cases, books, televised debates, teaching evolution, consensus, indisputable proof, educational policy origin of life, development of life, controversy, children education, scientific community, evolution, evolutionists, Dr. Michael Behe, flaws in evolution, scientific disagreement, court cases, books, televised debates, global perspective, teaching both sides, consensus, indisputable proof, education policy, scientific theories evolution controversy, origin of life, development of life, scientific disagreement, Michael Behe, flaws in evolution, scientific community, court cases, books, televised debates, teaching both sides, consensus, proof, schools, Doug Linder, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-pro02a	Collective bargaining leades to pay crises in the public sector  The public sector is often significantly overpaid. The workers within the public sectors of Western liberal democracies often get paid more than people of equal education and experience who are employed in the private sector. In the United States there is a salary premium of 10-20 percent in the public sector. This means that there is likely a waste of resources as these people are being paid more than they should be by the government.1  The reason this happens is that collective bargaining means that workers can often, through the simple idea that they can communicate with the government and have a hand in the decision making process, make their demands much more easily.  Further, governments in particular are vulnerable during negotiations with unions, due their need to maintain both their political credibility and the cost effectiveness of the services they provide. This is significantly different to private enterprise where public opinion of the company is often significantly less relevant. As such, public sector workers can earn significantly more than their equally skilled counterparts in the private sector. This is problematic because it leads to a drain of workers and ideas from the private sector to the public. This is, in and of itself, problematic because the public sector, due to being shackled to the needs of public opinion often take fewer risks than the private sector and as such results in fewer innovations than work in the private sector.  Biggs, Andrew G. “Why Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker Is Right About Collective Bargaining.” US News. 25/02/2011 Collective bargaining, public sector, pay crises, overpaid, salary premium, government workers, private sector comparison, resource waste, union negotiations, political credibility, cost effectiveness, public opinion, worker drain, innovation, risk-taking, public sector inefficiency, Scott Walker, Wisconsin, US News collective bargaining, public sector, pay crises, overpaid, salary premium, government, negotiations, unions, political credibility, cost effectiveness, private sector, drain of workers, public opinion, risk taking, innovation, Andrew G. Biggs, Wisconsin, Scott Walker Collective bargaining, pay crises, public sector, overpaid, private sector, salary premium, resource waste, union demands, government negotiations, political credibility, cost effectiveness, public opinion, wage disparity, worker migration, innovation gap, risk aversion, Biggs, Andrew G., Wisconsin, Scott Walker collective bargaining, pay crises, public sector, overpaid, salary premium, government, negotiations, unions, political credibility, cost effectiveness, private sector, public opinion, drain of workers, innovation, risks, public opinion, Wisconsin, Scott Walker collective bargaining, pay crises, public sector, overpaid, salary premium, government workers, private sector, education, experience, resource waste, union negotiations, political credibility, cost effectiveness, public opinion, worker drain, innovation, risk-taking, public services, private enterprise, Wisconsin, Scott Walker
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro02a	The problem of suffering  The world is full of suffering and pain among innocent people. If God is good and all-powerful then why is this the case? Either God does not exist or he is not worth believing in since he does not care about human suffering. suffering, pain, innocent, God, good, all-powerful, existence, belief, human, care, problem, religion, theodicy, evil, compassion, omnipotence, omnibenevolence, atheism, faith, questioning suffering, pain, innocent, God, good, all-powerful, existence, belief, human, care, theology, philosophy, religion, ethics, morality, divine, omnipotence, omnibenevolence, theodicy, atheism, skepticism theodicy, problem of evil, divine justice, religious philosophy, existence of God, omnipotence, omnibenevolence, human suffering, pain, innocence, moral theology, atheism, agnosticism, faith and doubt, philosophical theology, critique of religion, divine indifference, moral arguments, free will defense, evil and good suffering, pain, innocent, God, good, all-powerful, existence, belief, human, care, morality, theodicy, religion, philosophy, evil suffering, pain, innocent, God, good, all-powerful, existence, belief, human, care, theodicy, divine, omnibenevolence, omnipotence, paradox, morality, religion, philosophy, ethics, evil
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-con04a	"Limiting trial by jury in some cases sets the stage for limiting it in other, unjustified, cases.  Humans are fallible, and so sometimes it is better to have absolute rules against certain actions, even if we recognize that in a perfect world, it might be better to allow such actions in very specific circumstances.1 It is for this reason, for example, that we never allow evidence obtained by illegal measures to be presented in court, even though such evidence would sometimes make it possible to convict. Similarly, even if removing trial by jury might be good in individual circumstances, it is too great a power to give to a fallible government which may misuse that authority. If there is a precedent of the right to trial by jury being removed in some circumstances, even if that removal is justified, it becomes much easier for corrupt governments to remove it for unjustified reasons, and it becomes correspondingly more difficult for us to condemn that decision as illegitimate.  1Brad Hooker, ""Rule Consequentialism"" trial by jury, limiting jury trials, fallible humans, absolute rules, illegal evidence, court convictions, government misuse, corrupt governments, precedent setting, rule consequentialism, Brad Hooker trial by jury, limiting jury trials, absolute rules, fallible humans, illegal evidence, court proceedings, government power, misuse of authority, corrupt governments, precedent, rule consequentialism, Brad Hooker, legal ethics, judicial system, citizen rights, unjustified limitations, legal reforms, judicial integrity, constitutional rights, judicial precedent, trial rights, legal philosophy, consequentialism, moral rules, judicial corruption, legal safeguards, democratic principles trial by jury, limiting jury trials, fallibility of humans, absolute rules, illegal evidence, court proceedings, rule consequentialism, government power, misuse of authority, corrupt governments, precedent, legitimacy, justice system, legal ethics, Brad Hooker jury, trial, limitations, fallibility, absolute rules, evidence, illegal measures, conviction, government power, misuse, precedent, corrupt governments, rule consequentialism, Brad Hooker trial by jury, limiting jury trials, fallibility of humans, absolute rules, illegal evidence, court proceedings, corrupt government, precedent, rule consequentialism, Brad Hooker"
test-economy-beplcpdffe-pro04a	Online gambling encourages crime  Human trafficking, forced prostitution and drugs provide $2.1 billion a year for the Mafia but they need some way through which to put this money into circulation. Online gambling is that way in. They put dirty money in and win clean money back [8]. Because it is so international and outside normal laws, it makes criminal cash hard to track. There is a whole array of other crime associated with online gambling; hacking, phishing, extortion, and identity fraud, all of which can occur on a large scale unconstrained by physical proximity [9]. Online gambling also encourages corruption in sport. By allowing huge sums of money to be bet internationally on the outcome of a game or race, it draws in criminals who can try to bribe or threaten sportsmen. Online gambling, crime, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, Mafia, money laundering, criminal cash, tracking, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, corruption, sports, betting, international, laws, criminals, bribery, threats, sportsmen Online gambling, crime, Mafia, money laundering, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, illegal cash flow, international law, criminal activities, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, sports corruption, bribery, threats, illegal betting Online gambling, crime, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, Mafia, money laundering, criminal cash, international laws, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, corruption, sports, bribing, threatening, sportsmen Online gambling, crime, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, Mafia, money laundering, criminal cash, tracking, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, corruption, sport, bribery, threats, sportsmen Online gambling, crime, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, Mafia, money laundering, criminal cash, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, corruption, sport, betting, international, laws, tracking, dirty money, clean money, physical proximity, bribery, threatening, sportsmen
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro01a	The dam would power Africa  Only 29% of Sub Saharan Africa’s population has access to electricity. [1] This has immense consequences not just for the economy as production and investment is constrained but also on society. The world bank says lack of electricity affects human rights “People cannot access modern hospital services without electricity, or feel relief from sweltering heat. Food cannot be refrigerated and businesses cannot function. Children cannot go to school… The list of deprivation goes on.” [2] Conveniently it is suggested that the “Grand Inga will thus provide more than half of the continent with renewable energy at a low price,” [3] providing electricity to half a billion people so eliminating much of this electricity gap. [4]  [1] World Bank Energy, ‘Addressing the Electricity Access Gap’, World Bank, June 2010,  p.89  [2] The World Bank, ‘Energy – The Facts’, worldbank.org, 2013,   [3] SAinfo reporter, ‘SA-DRC pact paves way for Grand Inga’, SouthAfrica.info, 20 May 2013,   [4] Pearce, Fred, ‘Will Huge New Hydro Projects Bring Power to Africa’s People?’, Yale Environment 360, 30 May 2013, Grand Inga, renewable energy, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity access, economic development, social impact, human rights, World Bank, energy poverty, infrastructure, hydroelectric power, population, Africa, investment, production, education, health services, food preservation, business functionality, school attendance, electricity gap, Fred Pearce, SA-DRC pact, Yale Environment 360, SouthAfrica.info dam, power, Africa, electricity, Sub-Saharan Africa, population, access, economy, production, investment, society, human rights, hospital services, refrigeration, businesses, education, Grand Inga, renewable energy, low price, half billion, electricity gap, World Bank, energy, facts, SA-DRC pact, hydro projects, Yale Environment 360 dam, power, Africa, electricity, Sub-Saharan Africa, population, access, economy, production, investment, society, human rights, healthcare, food preservation, education, Grand Inga, renewable energy, electricity gap, World Bank, energy, development, infrastructure, hydroelectric, projects, people, poverty, sustainable, environment, investment, policy, technology, impact, benefits, challenges, sustainability, climate change, energy security, economic growth, social development, public health, water management, regional cooperation, international aid, poverty reduction, environmental impact, climate resilience, energy access, energy poverty, energy efficiency, energy policy, energy infrastructure, dam, Africa, electricity, Sub-Saharan Africa, economy, society, human rights, Grand Inga, renewable energy, electricity gap, World Bank, energy access, hydro projects, Fred Pearce, Yale Environment 360, SA-DRC pact, SouthAfrica.info dam, Africa, electricity, Sub-Saharan Africa, population, access, economy, production, investment, society, human rights, hospital services, heat, food, businesses, education, Grand Inga, renewable energy, low price, electricity gap, World Bank, energy, facts, SAinfo, SA-DRC pact, hydro projects, Yale Environment 360
test-international-miasimyhw-con02a	Urbanisation without industrialisation, the dangerous livelihoods of migrants.  Across Africa a reality of ‘urbanisation without industrialisation’ is found (Potts, 2012). Economic growth, and activity, have not matched the urban phenomena across Sub-Saharan Africa. The sombre picture of urban economics questions - what do new migrants do as opportunities are not found?  More than 50% of Youth in Africa are unemployed or idle. [1] With migrants entering urban environments presented with a lack of safe and secure jobs unhealthy sexual politics are found, and precarious methods are used to make a living. The scarcity of formal jobs, means a majority of migrants are forced to work in informal employment. Informal employment will continue to rise creating its own problems such as being barrier to imposing minimum wages and employment security.  [1] Zuehlke, 2009 Urbanisation, Industrialisation, Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Migrants, Economic Growth, Youth Unemployment, Informal Employment, Formal Jobs, Sexual Politics, Precarious Living, Employment Security, Minimum Wages, Urban Economics, Urban Phenomena, Safe Jobs, Secure Jobs, Zuehlke, Potts Urbanisation, Industrialisation, Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Economic Growth, Migrants, Youth Unemployment, Informal Employment, Formal Jobs, Urban Economics, Sexual Politics, Precarious Living, Minimum Wages, Employment Security Urbanisation, Industrialisation, Migrants, Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Economic Growth, Youth Unemployment, Informal Employment, Precarious Livelihoods, Sexual Politics, Job Security, Minimum Wages, Urban Economics, Formal Jobs, Urban Phenomena, Zuehlke, Potts Urbanisation, industrialisation, Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, economic growth, urban phenomena, migrants, unemployment, youth unemployment, informal employment, urban economics, sexual politics, precarious livelihoods, job scarcity, minimum wages, employment security Urbanisation, industrialisation, Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, economic growth, urban phenomena, migrants, unemployment, youth, informal employment, formal jobs, sexual politics, precarious living, minimum wages, employment security, urban economics, Potts, Zuehlke
test-society-tsmihwurpp-pro03a	The experience of Israel proves that profiling works  Israel has been using profiling for decades to identify those individuals at airports that should be stopped, questioned and have their luggage thoroughly checked [i] .  Despite the massive threats that Israel faces, the Israeli state does not feel the need to invade the privacy of most passengers because they simply know what and who they are looking for. This approach has meant that, despite high odds, hijackings and bombings are not the routine affairs on El Al flights that one might expect it to be.  As the focus for terrorist atrocities has now become the US and the UK, it simply makes sense to follow the example of a nation that has been such a target since its creation.  [i] “Exposing hostile intent”. SecuritySolutions.com. Israel, profiling, airports, security, privacy, passengers, hijackings, bombings, El Al, terrorist, atrocities, US, UK, hostile intent, SecuritySolutions.com Israel, profiling, airports, security, El Al, hijackings, bombings, privacy, terrorist atrocities, US, UK, hostile intent, SecuritySolutions.com Israel, profiling, airport security, El Al, terrorism, hijackings, bombings, privacy, passenger screening, hostile intent, security measures, terrorist threats, US, UK, security solutions Israel, profiling, airports, security, threats, privacy, passengers, hijackings, bombings, El Al, terrorist, atrocities, US, UK, hostile intent, SecuritySolutions.com Israel, profiling, airports, security, El Al, hijackings, bombings, privacy, terrorist atrocities, US, UK, hostile intent, SecuritySolutions.com
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-pro03a	Collective bargaining undermines the democractic process  The bargain between normal unions and private enterprise involves all parties being brought to the table and talking about the issues that they might have. However, the public sector represents the benefits of taxpayers, the politicians and the unions. The power that unions exercises means that negotiations can happen without the consent or involvement of the public sector’s stakeholders, the public.  Even though power in a democracy is usually devolved to the politicians for this purpose, given the highly politicised nature of union negotiations, government office-holders who supervise union negotiations may act inconsistently with the mandate that the electorate have given them. This is because public unions often command a very large block of voters and can threaten politicians with this block of voters readily. This is not the same as a private business where officials aren’t elected by their workers. As such, collective bargaining rights for public union undermine the ability of taxpayers to dictate where their money is being spent significantly.1  “Union Bargaining Just A Dream For Many Gov Workers.” Oregan Herald. 27/02/2011 collective bargaining, democratic process, public sector, unions, taxpayers, politicians, stakeholder involvement, power imbalance, politicized negotiations, government oversight, electoral mandate, public unions, voter influence, private enterprise, union bargaining rights, taxpayer control, government spending collective bargaining, democratic process, public sector, unions, private enterprise, stakeholders, taxpayers, politicians, union negotiations, public unions, voter block, government office-holders, mandate, electorate, bargaining rights, taxpayer control, Oregon Herald, union bargaining, government workers collective bargaining, public sector unions, democratic process, taxpayer interests, union power, stakeholder involvement, elected officials, union negotiations, voter influence, political mandate, government oversight, union rights, public spending, private enterprise, union workers, electorate, democracy, union influence, political accountability, bargaining rights collective bargaining, democratic process, public sector, unions, private enterprise, taxpayers, politicians, stakeholder involvement, public unions, political influence, voter block, government oversight, electoral mandate, taxpayer control, union rights, government workers, bargaining rights, democratic undermining, public sector negotiations, private sector comparison collective bargaining, public sector, unions, democratic process, taxpayer representation, political influence, union negotiations, public involvement, government accountability, elected officials, union power, voter influence, private enterprise, union mandate, taxpayer money, government workers, bargaining rights, democratic mandate, stakeholder involvement, union block votes
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro03a	The God hypothesis is unnecessary  Science provides us with the tools to form a comprehensive view of the Universe which does not include a supernatural being. From Galileo to Darwin to the modern day, scientists have continually uncovered the true natural mechanisms behind the creation and evolution of the universe. There are no gaps left for God to act in [1] - science has revealed a closed natural order governed by natural laws. Brain science has shown that there is not a ‘soul’ but that all our mental states are simply caused by brain activity. There is, therefore, no reason to believe in life after death - one of the main tenets of religious belief.  [1] Bube, Richard H, ‘Man Come of Age: Bonhoeffer’s Response to the God-of-the-gaps’, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society,  , p.207 God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, comprehensive view, universe, supernatural being, Galileo, Darwin, modern day, scientists, natural mechanisms, creation, evolution, no gaps, God, closed natural order, natural laws, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, no reason, belief, life after death, religious belief, Bube, Richard H, Man Come of Age, Bonhoeffer, God-of-the-gaps, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, comprehensive view, Universe, supernatural being, Galileo, Darwin, natural mechanisms, creation, evolution, no gaps, God, closed natural order, natural laws, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religious belief, Richard H. Bube, Man Come of Age, God-of-the-gaps, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, comprehensive view, Universe, natural laws, supernatural being, Galileo, Darwin, natural mechanisms, creation, evolution, gaps, closed natural order, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religious belief, Richard H. Bube, God-of-the-gaps, Man Come of Age, Bonhoeffer's Response God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, comprehensive view, Universe, supernatural being, Galileo, Darwin, natural mechanisms, creation, evolution, natural laws, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religious belief, Bube, Richard H, Man Come of Age, God-of-the-gaps, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, comprehensive view, Universe, supernatural being, Galileo, Darwin, natural mechanisms, creation, evolution, no gaps, natural laws, closed natural order, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religious belief, Bube, Richard H, Man Come of Age, God-of-the-gaps, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-pro04a	A lack of transparency can endanger the leader  A person is most likely to survive when they have an accident, a heart attack, or some other condition if they get prompt treatment and doctors are aware of any underlying conditions. Mills may well have lived, or lived longer if there had been more transparency about his death. There had been no prior warning that the president might be rushed to hospital despite the doctors having been called in the previous day. For the same reason his outriders were not available leading to indecision over whether to send off the ambulance. And finally he was initially turned away from the emergency ward because they did not know it was the President they were being asked to treat. 1 Transparency would allow procedures to be in place and advance notice given possibly gaining a few minutes and enabling survival.  1 Daily Guide, ‘How Mills died: Sister tells it all’, My Joy Online, 31 August 2012, transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, president, hospital, doctors, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, president, hospital, doctors, warning, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, president, hospital, doctors, prior warning, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, My Joy Online transparency, leader, endanger, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, transparency, hospital, doctors, prior warning, outriders, indecision, ambulance, emergency ward, survival, procedures, advance notice, Daily Guide, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, prior warning, hospital, doctors, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, My Joy Online
test-economy-beplcpdffe-pro03a	Gambling is addictive.  Humans get a buzz from taking a risk and the hope that this time their luck will be in, this is similar to drug addicts [7]. The more people bet, the more they want to bet, so they become hooked on gambling which can wreck their lives. Internet gambling is worse because it is not a social activity. Unlike a casino or race track, you don’t have to go anywhere to do it, which can put a brake on the activity. The websites never shut. There won’t be people around you to talk you out of risky bets. There is nothing to stop you gambling your savings away while drunk. gambling, addiction, risk, hope, luck, drug, addicts, betting, hooked, lives, internet, gambling, social, activity, casino, race, track, websites, shut, people, talk, risky, bets, savings, drunk Gambling, Addiction, Risk-taking, Hope, Luck, Drug-addiction, Betting, Hooked, Wreck-lives, Internet-gambling, Social-activity, Casinos, Race-tracks, Websites, Non-stop, Risky-bets, Savings, Drunk, Impulse-control, Online-gambling, Financial-harm, Isolation, Compulsive-behavior gambling, addiction, risk, hope, luck, drug, addicts, betting, hooked, ruin, lives, internet, gambling, social, activity, casino, race, track, websites, 24-7, people, influence, savings, drunk, risky, bets Gambling, addiction, risk, hope, luck, drug, addicts, betting, hooked, destructive, internet, gambling, social, activity, casino, race, track, websites, continuous, isolation, savings, drunk, risky, bets, prevention, support gambling, addiction, risk, hope, luck, drug, betting, hooked, internet, gambling, social, activity, casino, racetrack, websites, savings, drunk, betting, risky, bets, talk, stop, wreck, lives
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con01a	The right of self-defence must be exercised in accordance with international law.  There can be no right to such terribly destructive weapons; their invention is one of the great tragedies of history, giving humanity the power to destroy itself. Even during the Cold War, most people viewed nuclear weapons at best as a necessary defence during that great ideological struggle, and at worst the scourge that would end all life on Earth. Nuclear war has never taken place, though it very nearly has on several occasions, such as during the Cuban Missile Crisis. And in 1983 a NATO war game, the Able Archer exercise simulating the full release of NATO nuclear forces, was interpreted by the Soviet Union as a prelude to a massive nuclear first-strike. Oleg Gordievsky, the KGB colonel who defected to the West, has stated that during Able Archer, without realising it, the world came ‘frighteningly close’ to the edge of the nuclear abyss, ‘certainly closer than at any time since the Cuban missile crisis of 1962’. [1] Soviet forces were put on immediate alert and an escalation was only avoided when NATO staff realised what was happening and scaled down the exercise. [2] Cooler heads might not prevail in future conflicts between nuclear powers; when there are more nuclear-armed states, the risk of someone doing something foolish increases. After all, it would take only one such incident to result in the loss of millions of lives. [3] Furthermore, in recent years positive steps have finally begun between the two states with the largest nuclear arsenals, the United States and Russia, in the strategic reduction of nuclear stockpiles. These countries, until recently the greatest perpetrators of nuclear proliferation, have now made commitments toward gradual reduction of weapon numbers until a tiny fraction of the warheads currently active will be usable. [4] All countries, both with and without nuclear weapons, should adopt this lesson. They should contribute toward non-proliferation, thus making the world safer from the threat of nuclear conflict and destruction. Clearly, the focus should be on the reduction of nuclear weapons, not their increase.  [1] Andrew, Christopher and Gordievsky, Oleg. 1991. “KGB: The Inside story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev”. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.  [2] Rogers, Paul. 2007. “From Evil Empire to Axis of Evil”. Oxford Research Group.  [3] Jervis, Robert. 1989. The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution: Statecraft and the Prospect of Armageddon, Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.  [4] Baker, Peter. 2010. “Twists and Turns on Way to Arms Pact With Russia”. The New York Times. self-defence, international law, destructive weapons, nuclear weapons, Cold War, ideological struggle, nuclear war, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer, NATO, Soviet Union, Oleg Gordievsky, nuclear abyss, nuclear-armed states, nuclear conflict, United States, Russia, nuclear proliferation, non-proliferation, reduction, nuclear stockpiles, arms pact, Peter Baker, Christopher Andrew, KGB, Paul Rogers, Robert Jervis, nuclear revolution, statecraft, armageddon, Cornell University Press, Harper Collins Publishers, Oxford Research Group, The New York Times self-defence, international law, destructive weapons, nuclear weapons, Cold War, ideological struggle, nuclear war, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer, NATO, KGB, Oleg Gordievsky, nuclear abyss, Soviet Union, nuclear-armed states, nuclear proliferation, non-proliferation, United States, Russia, nuclear stockpiles, reduction, world safety, nuclear conflict, nuclear destruction, positive steps, cooler heads, nuclear arsenals, strategic reduction, warheads, commitments, global security, international relations, arms control, disarmament, nuclear deterrence, nuclear arms race, international cooperation, historical events, nuclear policy, self-defence, international law, destructive weapons, nuclear weapons, Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer, nuclear war, nuclear proliferation, nuclear disarmament, nuclear reduction, United States, Russia, non-proliferation, nuclear conflict, nuclear destruction, KGB, NATO, Soviet Union, Oleg Gordievsky, Paul Rogers, Robert Jervis, Peter Baker self-defence, international law, destructive weapons, nuclear weapons, Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer, NATO, Soviet Union, Oleg Gordievsky, nuclear abyss, nuclear-armed states, nuclear conflict, United States, Russia, nuclear proliferation, nuclear stockpiles, non-proliferation, nuclear reduction, global security, nuclear war, nuclear weapons increase, nuclear disarmament, international security, nuclear deterrence, strategic weapons, arms control, military strategy, nuclear policy, international relations, nuclear threat, historical conflicts, nuclear crisis, nuclear ethics, non-proliferation treaty, nuclear arms race, global nuclear right of self-defence, international law, destructive weapons, nuclear weapons, Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer exercise, KGB, Oleg Gordievsky, nuclear abyss, NATO, Soviet Union, nuclear proliferation, United States, Russia, nuclear stockpiles, non-proliferation, nuclear conflict, nuclear destruction, gradual reduction, weapon numbers
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro02a	An immense boost to DRC’s economy  The Grand Inga dam would be an immense boost to the DRC’s economy. It would mean a huge amount of investment coming into the country as almost all the $80 billion construction cost would be coming from outside the country which would mean thousands of workers employed and spending money in the DRC as well as boosting local suppliers. Once the project is complete the dam will provide cheap electricity so making industry more competitive and providing electricity to homes. Even the initial stages through Inga III are expected to provide electricity for 25,000 households in Kinshasa. [1]  [1] ‘Movement on the Grand Inga Hydropower Project’, ujuh, 20 November 2013, DRC economy, Grand Inga dam, investment, construction cost, employment, local suppliers, electricity, industry competitiveness, Inga III, Kinshasa households DRC, economy, Grand Inga dam, investment, construction cost, workers, local suppliers, cheap electricity, industry, Kinshasa, Inga III, households, hydropower project DRC economy, Grand Inga dam, investment, construction cost, workers, local suppliers, cheap electricity, industry competitiveness, household electricity, Kinshasa, Inga III, hydropower project DRC, economy, Grand Inga dam, investment, construction, workers, local suppliers, cheap electricity, industry, Kinshasa, households, hydropower project DRC, Grand Inga dam, economy boost, investment, construction cost, employment, local suppliers, cheap electricity, industry competitiveness, household electricity, Kinshasa, Inga III, hydropower project
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-pro03a	Internet access is a necessary part of the right to freedom of information and expression.  Freedom of expression and speech and freedom of information is a fundamental freedom and is article 19 in the universal declaration of human rights. This is usually taken to have three parts for governments to uphold: a duty to respect, for the government not to interfere with the freedom to impart information, a duty to protect, preventing interference with lawful communications and, a duty to fulfil, a duty to provide government held information. [1] Access to the internet falls within this. The duty to respect means that governments cannot block access for people wishing to use the internet to express themselves. The duty to protect means government should prevent others from interfering with internet users and the duty to fulfil could easily be taken just a little bit further to having to provide access to the internet. Freedom of expression therefore covers a freedom to access the internet as it already provides for a freedom to access mediums to express ones’ self.  [1] Callamard, Agnes, ‘Towards a Third Generation of Activism for the Right to Freedom of Information’, in Freedom of Expression, Access to Information and Empowerment of People, UNESCO, 2009 pp.43-57. p.44 Internet access, freedom of information, freedom of expression, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, government duties, duty to respect, duty to protect, duty to fulfil, government interference, lawful communications, government-held information, freedom to impart information, freedom of speech, access to mediums, Callamard, UNESCO, third generation activism, empowerment of people Internet access, freedom of information, freedom of expression, fundamental freedoms, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, government duties, respect, protect, fulfil, information imparting, lawful communications, government-held information, non-interference, internet expression, internet user protection, internet provision, third-generation activism, empowerment, UNESCO, Callamard, Agnes Internet access, freedom of information, freedom of expression, fundamental freedom, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, government duties, respect, protect, fulfil, prevent interference, lawful communications, government-held information, block access, Internet users, third generation activism, empowerment, UNESCO, Callamard, Agnes Internet access, freedom of information, freedom of expression, universal declaration of human rights, government duties, duty to respect, duty to protect, duty to fulfil, Callamard, UNESCO, right to information, activism, human rights, communication, lawful communications, self-expression, digital rights, information access, empowerment Internet access, freedom of information, freedom of expression, fundamental freedom, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, government duties, respect, protect, fulfil, government interference, lawful communications, government-held information, blocking access, internet users, third generation activism, empowerment, UNESCO, Agnes Callamard
test-law-phwmfri-pro03a	Creates the perception that the rich are not immune to the consequences of their actions  Fines that are not proportionate to income may create the perception that the rich are immune to the consequences of their actions. This is because people see those earning the least struggling to pay a fine, whilst the rich are able to pay that fine easily, without making any significant sacrifices. Canada is an example of this being the case with two thirds of respondents on surveys saying that the Canadian justice system is unfair because it provides preferential treatment to the rich compared to how harsh it is towards the poor.1  Making fines proportionate to income would change that perception. People would then see the law being applied in such a way as to punish all, not just certain sections of society. This will improve perceptions of (and consequently, relations with) the justice and law enforcement systems.  It is important that justice is seen to be done, as well as occurring (sometimes referred to as the Principle of Open Justice), for several reasons. First, we operate a system of government by consent: people’s opinions of the justice system are deemed an important check and balance on the power of the law-makers. Consequently, if they are seen to ‘abuse their power’ by imposing a law seen to be unfair, they have an obligation either to adequately explain and defend the law, or change it.  Second, people’s perceptions of law enforcement in one area spill over into other areas: it is the same police force enforcing all aspects of the law, and so the differences in policy origin are obscured. Consequently, if people deem law-enforcement to be unfair in one regard, they are less likely to trust it in other circumstances.  Third, it is important that the justice system is seen to be impartial, rather than favouring any particular group, because it is only under such circumstances that its designations of acts as ‘crimes’ can be seen as a true reflection of what you ought and ought not to do, rather than just what would be in the interests of a given group.  1 ‘Justice and The Poor’, National Council of Welfare, 10 September 2012, perception, rich, consequences, actions, fines, income, inequality, justice, law enforcement, fairness, public opinion, trust, impartiality, crime, policy, national council of welfare, canada, survey, preferential treatment, poor, open justice, government by consent, power, explanation, defense, social contract, legal system, crime designation, group interests, societal norms, law enforcement trust, policy spillover, criminal justice reform, equitable fines perception, rich, consequences, actions, fines, income, proportionate, justice, fairness, Canadian, survey, law, enforcement, impartial, trust, crimes, government, consent, open, principle perception, rich, consequences, actions, fines, income, proportionate, Canada, justice, fairness, poor, law enforcement, government, consent, trust, impartiality, crimes, society, equality, punishment, social justice, legal system, public opinion, economic disparity, enforcement, poverty, wealth, criminal justice, policy, equity, public trust, legitimacy, social contract, accountability, legal reform, social impact, financial penalties, socioeconomic status, redistribution, equality before law, judicial fairness, economic fairness, public perception, penal system, legal principles, open justice, community relations, enforcement practices, socio-economic, inequality, punishment effectiveness income proportionate fines, perception of justice, rich and poor, Canadian justice system, fairness in law enforcement, principle of open justice, government by consent, law enforcement trust, impartial justice system, crime designation fairness, public opinion on justice, legal system accountability, socioeconomic fairness in fines, wealthy accountability, economic disparity in punishment, justice system perception, legal fairness, socioeconomic justice, equitable fines, public trust in law enforcement, justice system impartiality, crime and society, legal penalties and social impact, wealth and legal consequences, public perception of law, equitable legal punishment, socioeconomic factors in justice, legal equity, public confidence in justice, fairness in justice, inequality, fines, income proportionality, perception, law enforcement, fairness, rich, poor, consequences, Canadian justice system, national council of welfare, principle of open justice, government by consent, police trust, impartiality, crime definition, societal trust, public opinion, legal fairness
test-international-miasimyhw-con01a	Migration reasonings and exploitation.  A free labour market perceives migration in a predominantly neoclassical light - people migrate due to pull factors, to balance the imbalance of jobs, people move due to economic laws. However, such a perspective fails to include the complex factors enticing migration and lack of choice in the decision. Promoting a labour market, whereby movement is free and trade enabled, makes it easier to move but does not take into account the fact migration is not only purely economical. By focusing on a free labour market as being economically valuable, we neglect a bigger picture of what the reasons for migration are.  Without effective management a free labour market raises the potential of forced migration and trafficking. Within the COMESA region trafficking has been identified as a growing issue with the 40,000 identified cases in 2012 being the tip of the iceberg (Musinguzi, 2013). A free labour market may mean victims of trafficking will remain undetected. Moving for ‘work’, how can distinctions be made to identify trafficked migrants; and clandestine migration be managed?  A free labour market, across Africa, justifies cheap and flexible labour to build emerging economies - however, remains unjust. Promoting free labour movement needs to be matched with a question on ‘what kind of labour movement’? Migration, exploitation, free labour market, neoclassical, pull factors, economic imbalance, job market, complex factors, lack of choice, economic laws, labour movement, management, forced migration, trafficking, COMESA, identified cases, 2012, Musinguzi, trafficked migrants, clandestine migration, Africa, cheap labour, flexible labour, emerging economies, unjust, labour movement types migration, exploitation, free labour market, neoclassical, pull factors, economic imbalance, job opportunities, complex factors, lack of choice, forced migration, trafficking, COMESA, clandestine migration, cheap labour, flexible labour, emerging economies, unjust, labour movement management migration, exploitation, neoclassical, pull factors, economic laws, complex factors, lack of choice, free labour market, trade, non-economic reasons, forced migration, trafficking, COMESA, undetected victims, clandestine migration, cheap labour, flexible labour, emerging economies, unjust, labour movement types, management, trafficking identification migration, exploitation, neoclassical, pull factors, economic laws, free labour market, complex factors, lack of choice, forced migration, trafficking, COMESA, undetected, trafficked migrants, clandestine migration, cheap labour, flexible labour, emerging economies, unjust, labour movement migration, exploitation, neoclassical, pull factors, economic laws, complex factors, lack of choice, free labour market, trade, forced migration, trafficking, COMESA, undetected victims, clandestine migration, cheap labour, flexible labour, emerging economies, unjust, labour movement
test-culture-mthbah-pro03a	Advertisements are an attempt to brainwash customers.  People cannot just choose to ignore advertising, because advertisers use many underhand methods to get their message across. Posters have attention grabbing words, or provocative pictures. Some adverts today are even being hidden in what seem like pieces or art or public information so people don't realise they are being marketed to. The introduction of digital screens allows businesses to alter their advertising to respond to specific events, making advertisements not only everywhere, but seemingly all-knowing1. By targeting people's unconscious thoughts adverts are a form of brainwashing that take away people's freedoms to make choices.  1 Anywhere the Eye Can See, It's Likely To See an Ad. The New York Times. advertising, brainwashing, customers, ignore, underhand, methods, posters, attention-grabbing, provocative, hidden, art, public, information, digital, screens, events, unconscious, thoughts, freedoms, choices, New York Times, everywhere, all-knowing Advertisements, brainwash, customers, underhand, methods, posters, attention-grabbing, provocative, hidden, art, public, information, digital, screens, events, unconscious, thoughts, freedoms, choices, New York Times, marketing, manipulation, ubiquitous, technology advertisements,brainwash,customers,ignore,underhand,methods,posters,attention-grabbing,provocative,pictures,hidden,art,public,information,digital,screens,specific,events,all-knowing,targeting,unconscious,thoughts,freedoms,choices,new,york,times,anywhere,eye,see,ad Advertisements, brainwash, customers, ignore, underhand, methods, posters, attention, grabbing, words, provocative, pictures, hidden, art, public, information, marketing, digital, screens, events, all-knowing, unconscious, thoughts, freedom, choices, New York Times Advertisements, brainwash, customers, ignore, underhand, methods, posters, attention-grabbing, provocative, hidden, art, public, information, digital, screens, events, all-knowing, unconscious, thoughts, freedoms, choices, New York Times, pervasive, marketing, manipulation, ubiquitous
test-economy-beghwbh-con01a	It will never work  The plan for the Hyperloop is sound technically but would it work politically? It is unlikely that the California high speed rail project will be scrapped simply because there is a new competitor on the block. The Hyperloop has the advantage of being cheap but it is cheap because it is being built in the middle of an existing highway, the interstate-5. Building the Hyperloop would therefore cause traffic chaos so there would not be much political support. [1] Build it elsewhere and land would need to be bought just as with proposals for high speed rail.  Maglevs are, like the Hyperloop, practically sound – one travels from Shanghai Airport into the center of the city [2] – but they have not been built. High speed trains, despite being slower, have been the preferred method for creating high speed transportation systems because they can easily connect into the existing rail infrastructure, a problem for both the Hyperloop and maglevs.  [1] Yarow, Jay, ’41 Years Ago, A Scientist Explained Why Elon Musk’s Hyperloop is Doomed’, Business Insider, 12 August 2013,   [2] Kidman, Alex, ‘Shanghai’s Maglev Train: Astonishingly Fast… and a little dull’, Gizmo, 12 September 2011, Hyperloop, California high speed rail, political feasibility, cost, Interstate-5, traffic disruption, maglev, Shanghai Airport, high speed trains, infrastructure integration, Elon Musk, transportation technology, public support, land acquisition, competition, speed, efficiency, urban transit systems Hyperloop, California high speed rail, political feasibility, cost efficiency, traffic disruption, land acquisition, maglev technology, Shanghai Maglev Train, high speed transportation, rail infrastructure integration, Elon Musk, scientist critique, transportation systems, urban development, public policy, technological innovation, infrastructure challenges, environmental impact, economic factors, regional planning Hyperloop, California high speed rail, political feasibility, cost-effectiveness, highway construction, traffic disruption, land acquisition, maglev trains, Shanghai maglev, high speed transportation, rail infrastructure, Elon Musk, transportation technology, public support, urban planning, infrastructure development, transportation policy, technological innovation, economic impact, environmental considerations Hyperloop, California high speed rail, political feasibility, cost-effectiveness, traffic impact, maglev trains, Shanghai Maglev, high speed transportation, existing rail infrastructure, Elon Musk, transportation innovation, public policy, urban planning, technological feasibility Hyperloop, California high speed rail, political feasibility, cost-effectiveness, interstate-5, traffic impact, maglev, Shanghai Maglev Train, high speed transportation, rail infrastructure, Elon Musk, transportation planning, public support, technological innovation, urban development, infrastructure integration, project competition, environmental impact, economic viability, regulatory challenges
test-economy-beplcpdffe-pro02a	Online gambling affects families  A parent who gambles can quickly lose the money their family depends on for food and rent. It is a common cause of family break-up and homelessness, so governments should get involved to protect innocent children from getting hurt [5]. Each problem gambler harmfully impacts 10-15 other people [6]. The internet makes it easy for gamblers to bet secretly, without even leaving the house, so people become addicted to gambling without their families realising what is going on until too late. Online gambling, families, parent gambling, financial dependence, food, rent, family break-up, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, problem gamblers, impact on others, internet gambling, secret betting, addiction, family unawareness online gambling, family impacts, financial dependency, family break-up, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, problem gambling, collateral damage, internet gambling, secrecy, addiction, unnoticed gambling online gambling, family impact, financial dependence, family break-up, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, problem gambling, collateral damage, internet gambling, secrecy, addiction, unaware families online gambling, family impact, financial strain, parent gambling, food insecurity, rent arrears, family breakup, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, problem gambling, secondary harm, internet gambling, secret betting, addiction, family awareness online gambling, family impact, financial loss, parent gambling, family break-up, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, problem gambler, indirect harm, internet gambling, secret betting, addiction, family unawareness
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-pro02a	Integration and the acceptance of Western values are important  Arranged marriages have not been a part of the cultures of most European countries for many years now. Part of the reason for this is because ideas about marriage have become more progressive, with people accepting that men and women of any orientation should be allowed to choose their own partners. This was even the case during the socially conservative era of the 1950s, when it was generally accepted in countries like Britain that people would court and meet their partners independently of their parents. [1]  Arranged marriages also conform to a view of women in particular which regards them as chattel. This does not fit in with the type of egalitarianism many European countries seek to practice, and thus does not conform to Western notions of individual rights. [2] It is also hypocritical to adopt a double-standard with diaspora communities, turning a blind eye to practices which many other majority groups find reprehensible. The rights and norms of a country of block of countries such as the EU must apply to all.  [1] Cook, Hera, ‘No Turning Back: Family forms and sexual mores in modern Britain,’ History &amp; Policy -  (accessed on 19 September 2012)  [2] ‘Human Rights with Reference to Women,’ UKEssays.com -  (accessed on 19 September 2012) integration, Western values, arranged marriages, European countries, progressive ideas, marriage, orientation, partner choice, 1950s, socially conservative, Britain, court, independence, parents, women, chattel, egalitarianism, individual rights, double-standard, diaspora communities, reprehensible practices, rights, norms, EU, human rights, women's rights Integration, Western values, arranged marriages, European cultures, progressive ideas, marriage, individual choice, 1950s, social conservatism, Britain, courtship, independent partners, women, chattel, egalitarianism, individual rights, double-standard, diaspora communities, human rights, women's rights, EU norms integration, western values, arranged marriages, european countries, progressive ideas, marriage, social conservatism, 1950s, Britain, courtship, independence, parents, women, chattel, egalitarianism, individual rights, diaspora communities, double-standard, human rights, women's rights, EU norms, social practices, historical context, cultural evolution, sexual mores, family forms, human rights policies, cultural integration, social norms, legal standards, societal change, gender equality, marriage practices, cultural values, progressive societies, social acceptance, partner choice, legal rights, cultural practices, social hypocrisy, rights application, cultural adaptation Integration, Western values, arranged marriages, European countries, progressive ideas, marriage, social conservatism, 1950s, Britain, courtship, parental influence, women, chattel, egalitarianism, individual rights, double standard, diaspora communities, human rights, women's rights, EU norms, sexual mores, family forms, Hera Cook, UKEssays Integration, Western values, arranged marriages, European countries, progressive ideas, marriage, social norms, 1950s, Britain, courtship, egalitarianism, individual rights, women's rights, human rights, diaspora communities, double-standard, EU, rights, norms
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro04a	Religions have no true claim to special moral knowledge  Religions through the ages, and still today, have been agents of repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, and - most of all - conflict, war, and racial hatred. The very nature of belief in received wisdom means that it must be, at its core, a conservative and regressive force. Moreover the positive moral rules that religions claim to promote tend to have existed independently of those religions – the world did not have to wait for the ten commandments to learn that murder and theft was wrong, but it waited until the 19th Century to reach a consensus that Slavery was wrong.  Whatever small amount of psychological comfort religious belief may give, the evils it is responsible for in the social and political worlds easily outweigh it. religion, moral knowledge, repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, conflict, war, racial hatred, belief, conservatism, regression, moral rules, ten commandments, murder, theft, slavery, psychological comfort, social evils, political evils Religions, moral knowledge, repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, conflict, war, racial hatred, belief, conservative, regressive, moral rules, ten commandments, murder, theft, slavery, psychological comfort, social evils, political evils religion, moral knowledge, repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, conflict, war, racial hatred, belief, conservatism, regression, moral rules, ten commandments, murder, theft, slavery, psychological comfort, social evils, political evils Religions, moral knowledge, repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, conflict, war, racial hatred, belief, conservative force, regressive force, moral rules, ten commandments, murder, theft, slavery, psychological comfort, social evils, political evils Religion, moral knowledge, repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, conflict, war, racial hatred, conservative, regressive, belief, received wisdom, moral rules, ten commandments, murder, theft, slavery, psychological comfort, social evils, political evils
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro05a	Nip the problem in the bud  Smoking rates in Africa are relatively low; a range of 8%-27% with an average of only 18% of the population smoking 1 (or, the tobacco epidemic is at an early stage 2 ). That’s good, but the challenge is to keep it that way and reduce it.  A ban on smoking in public places at this stage would stop tobacco gaining the widespread social acceptability that caused it to thrice in the 20th century in the Global North. The solution is to get the solutions in now, not later.  1 Kaloko, Mustapha, 'The Impact of Tobacco Use on Health and Socio-Economic Development in Africa', African Union Commission, 2013,  , p.4  2 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, “What we do: Tobacco control strategy overview”, Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation, no date, Nip problem bud, Smoking rates Africa, Low smoking prevalence, Tobacco epidemic early stage, Public smoking ban, Social acceptability tobacco, 20th century smoking increase, Global North smoking, Prevent widespread tobacco use, Early intervention tobacco control, Impact tobacco health Africa, Socio-economic development Africa, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Tobacco control strategy Nip, problem, bud, Smoking, rates, Africa, low, 8%, 27%, 18%, population, tobacco, epidemic, early, stage, challenge, reduce, ban, public, places, social, acceptability, Global, North, 20th, century, solutions, now, later, Impact, Health, Socio-Economic, Development, African, Union, Commission, Bill, Melinda, Gates, Foundation, Tobacco, control, strategy Nip, problem, bud, smoking, rates, Africa, low, population, tobacco, epidemic, early, stage, challenge, reduce, ban, public, places, social, acceptability, widespread, Global, North, 20th, century, solutions, now, later, impact, health, socio-economic, development, African, Union, Commission, Bill, Melinda, Gates, Foundation, strategy, overview Nip, problem, bud, smoking, rates, Africa, low, 8%, 27%, average, 18%, population, tobacco, epidemic, early, stage, challenge, reduce, ban, public, places, social, acceptability, widespread, 20th, century, Global, North, solutions, now, later, Kaloko, Mustapha, Impact, Tobacco, Use, Health, Socio-Economic, Development, African, Union, Commission, Bill, Melinda, Gates, Foundation, Strategy, Overview Nip, problem, bud, smoking, rates, Africa, low, average, 18%, population, tobacco, epidemic, early, stage, challenge, reduce, ban, public, places, widespread, social, acceptability, Global, North, 20th, century, solutions, now, later, Kaloko, Mustapha, Impact, Tobacco, Use, Health, Socio-Economic, Development, African, Union, Commission, 2013, Bill, Melinda, Gates, Foundation, strategy, overview
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-con01a	"There is no proven cause of harm and parents routinely make medical decisions for children to give their consent or otherwise  Circumcision is akin, in many ways, to vaccination; a routine and simple procedure with miniscule risks and compelling probable benefits. We acknowledge the right of parents to take these decisions on the behalf of their children, even if the benefits in question are primarily cultural and spiritual, and relativistic in character.  Parents routinely make decisions with far greater implications for their children’s futures in terms of their education and general welfare on a regular basis and this should really be seen as no different [i] .  As has been established, even in the most impromptu settings, male circumcision, unlike FGM, runs almost no risk of causing severe injury or infection. MGM does not endanger or restrict a child's development, or his ability to living and normal, fulfilled adult life. Parents make much more damaging choices for their children all the time - choices that do not involve modification of a child's body.  The cost of raising a child as a junior rugby player is an increased risk that the child may sustain life changing injuries. The cost of sending a child to a Montessori nursery as opposed to a curriculum-based institution is the possibility that they may lack personal discipline or respect for authority later in life.  Parents are still permitted to make these decisions, despite the impact they may have on a child’s development. Why not allow them to submit their children to a relatively minor and inconsequential aesthetic procedure?  [i] Dr. Brian Morris, Professor of Molecular Medical Sciences. ""Circumcision Should Be Routine; is Akin to a Safe Surgical ‘Vaccine’"". Opposing Views circumcision, vaccination, parental consent, medical decisions, children, benefits, risks, cultural, spiritual, education, welfare, male, FGM, injury, infection, development, rugby, Montessori, personal discipline, authority, minor procedure, aesthetic, Dr. Brian Morris, Molecular Medical Sciences, surgical vaccine, routine male circumcision, parental consent, medical decisions, children, vaccination, risks, benefits, cultural practices, spiritual practices, education choices, welfare, injury, infection, Montessori, rugby, personal discipline, authority, minor procedure, Dr. Brian Morris, Molecular Medical Sciences, surgical vaccine, routine procedure, compelling benefits, miniscule risks, child development, decision making, legal rights, parental rights, circumcision safety, FGM comparison, non-body modifications, lifestyle choices, child rearing, informed consent, medical ethics, Pediatrics, child welfare, health benefits, circumcision procedure, parental authority, medical procedures, child safety, public health medical decisions, parental consent, circumcision, vaccination, routine procedure, miniscule risks, compelling benefits, cultural benefits, spiritual benefits, education decisions, welfare decisions, male circumcision, FGM, child development, junior rugby, Montessori nursery, personal discipline, respect for authority, minor procedure, aesthetic procedure, Dr. Brian Morris, Molecular Medical Sciences, safe surgical vaccine male circumcision, parental consent, medical decisions, children, vaccination, risks, benefits, cultural, spiritual, education, welfare, FGM, MGM, injuries, infection, child development, rugby, Montessori, discipline, authority, minor procedure, aesthetic, Dr. Brian Morris, Molecular Medical Sciences, routine, safe, surgical vaccine circumcision, parental consent, medical decisions, children, vaccination, risks, benefits, cultural, spiritual, education, welfare, male circumcision, FGM, development, minor procedure, aesthetic, rugby, Montessori, personal discipline, authority, Dr. Brian Morris, molecular medical sciences, surgical vaccine"
test-international-sepiahbaaw-pro01a	Resource abundance has led to poor governance  Corruption in African governance is a common feature of African governance [1] , with resources being a major source of exploitation by the political class. Natural resources are often controlled by the government. As resources fund the government’s actions rather than tax, there is a decrease in accountability to the citizenry which enables the government to abuse its ownership of this land to make profit [2] . To benefit from resource wealth, money from the exploitation of mineral wealth and other sources needs to be reinvested in to the country’s economy and human capital [3] . Investing in infrastructure and education can encourage long term growth. However a large amount of funds are pocketed by politicians and bureaucrats instead, hindering growth [4] . Africa Progress Panel (APP) conducted a survey on five mining deals between 2010 and 2012 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). They found that the DRC was selling off state-owned mining companies at low prices. The new offshore owner would then resell the companies for much more, with much of the profit finding its way to DRC government officials [5] . The profits were twice as high as the combined budget for education and health, demonstrating that corruption caused by resource exploitation detracts from any long term growth.  [1] Straziuso,J. ‘No African Leader wins $45m Good Governance Award’ Yahoo News 14 October 2013   [2] Hollingshead,A. ‘Why are extractive industries prone to corruption?’ Financial Transparency Coalition 19 September 2013   [3] Pendergast,S.M., Kooten,G.C., &amp; Clarke,J.A. ‘Corruption and the Curse of Natural Resources’ Department of Economics University of Victoria, 2008 pg.5   [4] Ibid  [5] Africa Progress Panel ‘Report: DRC mining deals highlight resource corruption’ 14 May 2013, Resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, natural resources, political class, government control, accountability, citizenry, resource wealth, reinvestment, economic growth, human capital, infrastructure, education, long-term growth, politicians, bureaucrats, Africa Progress Panel, mining deals, Democratic Republic of Congo, state-owned mining companies, offshore owners, resale, profit, education budget, health budget, extractive industries, corruption causes, long-term growth hindrance Resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, natural resources, exploitation, political class, government control, accountability, citizenry, abuse, profit, resource wealth, reinvestment, economy, human capital, infrastructure, education, long-term growth, politicians, bureaucrats, Africa Progress Panel, mining deals, Democratic Republic of Congo, state-owned mining companies, offshore owners, resale, profit, education budget, health budget, extractive industries, corruption causes, resource curse Resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, natural resources, political class, government control, accountability, citizenry, resource exploitation, reinvestment, economic growth, human capital, infrastructure, education, long-term growth, politicians, bureaucrats, Africa Progress Panel, mining deals, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC, state-owned mining companies, offshore owners, profit, education budget, health budget, long-term growth, extractive industries, financial transparency, natural resource curse, economics, University of Victoria Resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, resource exploitation, political class, government control, natural resources, accountability, citizenry, government abuse, profit, reinvestment, economy, human capital, infrastructure, education, long-term growth, funds misappropriation, politicians, bureaucrats, Africa Progress Panel, mining deals, Democratic Republic of Congo, state-owned mining companies, offshore owners, resale, profit diversion, education budget, health budget, extractive industries, transparency, natural resource curse Resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, natural resources, exploitation, political class, government control, accountability, citizenry, abuse, profit, resource wealth, reinvestment, economy, human capital, infrastructure, education, long-term growth, politicians, bureaucrats, Africa Progress Panel, mining deals, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC, state-owned mining companies, offshore owners, resale, profit diversion, education budget, health budget, extractive industries, corruption causes, long-term growth hindrance
test-law-tlcplghwfne-pro03a	"Needle exchanges can help social services to locate addicts who are in need of treatment  Needle exchanges allow drug addicts to see formal parts of the state that they often associate with negatively as institutions that can help them. This allows them to more positively associate with other state mechanisms such as rehabilitation clinics in the future.  This is further helped by clinic staff being able to recommend drug addicts to rehabilitation centres should they be looking for help and due to the more anonymous nature of clinic staff, drug addicts might ask for help from them as opposed to a closer person who they fear might judge them.  In addition, social services for addicts can be centred on needle exchanges. Rehabilitation clinics as well as simpler facilities such as washrooms can be centred there as well as clinics for disease diagnosis. Further, in the clinics themselves, posters and information pertaining to drug awareness can be circulated in order to help addicts.1, 2  1. Debra L. O’Neill. ""Needle Exchange Programs: A Review of the Issues"". Missouri Institute of Mental Health. September 27, 2004 www.mimh200.mimh.edu/mimhweb/pie/reports/Needle%20Exchange.pdf  2. Noffs, David. “Should Needle Exchange Programmes Be publicly Funded?” Close to Home Online, needle exchanges, social services, locating addicts, treatment, formal state institutions, positive association, state mechanisms, rehabilitation clinics, clinic staff, recommendations, anonymity, seeking help, judgment, social services for addicts, rehabilitation centers, washrooms, disease diagnosis, drug awareness, posters, information, public funding, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, David Noffs, Close to Home Online needle exchanges, social services, locating addicts, treatment, state institutions, positive associations, rehabilitation clinics, clinic staff, anonymous help, disease diagnosis, drug awareness, public funding, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, David Noffs, Close to Home Online needle exchanges, social services, locating addicts, treatment access, positive association, state mechanisms, rehabilitation clinics, staff recommendations, anonymity, help seeking, disease diagnosis, drug awareness, public funding, policy issues, healthcare integration, community support, addiction services, outreach programs, harm reduction, public health strategies needle exchanges, social services, locating addicts, treatment, state institutions, positive associations, rehabilitation centres, staff recommendations, anonymity, avoiding judgment, social services centers, rehabilitation clinics, washrooms, disease diagnosis, drug awareness, posters, information, public funding, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, David Noffs, needle exchange programs needle exchanges, social services, locate addicts, treatment, positive association, state mechanisms, rehabilitation centers, clinic staff, anonymous nature, social support, disease diagnosis, drug awareness, public funding, policy issues, health interventions, addiction services, community health, public health strategies, harm reduction programs"
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro01a	Legitimacy  In extreme cases, in which peaceful and democratic methods have been exhausted, it is legitimate and justified to resort to terror. In cases of repression and suffering, with an implacably oppressive state and no obvious possibility of international relief, it is sometimes necessary to resort to violence to defend one’s people and pursue one’s cause.  Every individual or (minority) group has the right to express its discontent. The state, being a representation of the people, should facilitate this possibility. Even more, the state should support the rights of minorities, in order to prevent the will of the majority suppressing the rights of people with other interests. If this does not happen, the state has failed to serve its purpose and loses its legitimacy. This, in combination with the growing inequalities and injustices amongst certain groups, justifies committing acts of terror in order to defend these rights, that were denied in the first place.  For instance, Umkhonto we Sizwe, a liberation organisation associated with the African National Congress in South Africa and led by Nelson Mandela, decided in 1961 to turn to violence in order to achieve liberation and the abolishment of Apartheid. The reason they gave was:  “The time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only two choices: submit or fight. That time has now come to South Africa. (...) Refusal to resort to force has been interpreted by the government as an invitation to use armed force against the people without any fear of reprisals. The methods of Umkhonto we Sizwe mark a break with that past.” [1]  [1] African National Congress. (1961, December 16). Manifesto. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from African National Congress: legitimacy, extreme cases, peaceful methods, democratic methods, terror, repression, suffering, oppressive state, international relief, violence, defend, cause, individual rights, minority rights, state representation, majority suppression, inequalities, injustices, acts of terror, Umkhonto we Sizwe, African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, Apartheid, liberation, armed force, reprisals legitimacy, extreme cases, peaceful methods, democratic methods, terror, repression, suffering, oppressive state, international relief, violence, defend, cause, individual rights, minority rights, state representation, majority suppression, state failure, inequalities, injustices, acts of terror, Umkhonto we Sizwe, African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, Apartheid, liberation, force, government interpretation, armed force, reprisals, manifesto Legitimacy, Extreme, Peaceful, Democratic, Methods, Exhausted, Terror, Repression, Suffering, Oppressive, State, International, Relief, Violence, Defend, Cause, Individual, Minority, Group, Discontent, Representation, People, Rights, Majority, Suppression, Purpose, Inequalities, Injustices, Acts, Committing, Terror, Liberation, Organisation, African, National, Congress, South, Africa, Nelson, Mandela, Apartheid, Umkhonto, we, Sizwe, Submit, Fight, Government, Reprisals, Manifesto, 196 legitimacy, extreme, peaceful, democratic, methods, exhausted, justified, terror, repression, suffering, oppressive, state, international, relief, violence, defend, people, cause, right, discontent, representation, majority, suppress, rights, inequalities, injustices, acts, terror, umkhonto, we, sizwe, liberation, organisation, african, national, congress, nelson, mandela,submit, fight, government, interpretation, armed, force, reprisals, methods, past Legitimacy, Extreme Cases, Peaceful Methods, Democratic Methods, Terror, Repression, Suffering, Oppressive State, International Relief, Violence, Defend People, Pursue Cause, Individual Rights, Minority Groups, State Representation, Rights of Minorities, Majority Suppression, State Purpose, Inequalities, Injustices, Acts of Terror, Umkhonto we Sizwe, African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, Liberation, Apartheid, Submit or Fight, Government Interpretation, Armed Force, Reprisals, Manifesto
test-law-phwmfri-pro02a	The rich are now also deterred  Another purpose of fines is to provide a deterrent. If fines are applied at one rate regardless of income, they must be low enough not to be un-payable for those who do not earn much money. Consequently, they are set so low that they fail to have a deterrent effect on the richest in society, who are easily able to afford to break the law.  This is especially the case when you consider the sorts of crimes that are punishable by fines, e.g. illicit parking and littering. These crimes have an indirect harm, and thus it is easy for the rich to consider that once they have paid the fine they have paid for the damage done, even though in reality this is not the case.1  1 Gneezy, U., Rustichini, A., 2000. ‘A Fine is a Price’. Journal of Legal Studies., vol. 29 pp1-17 rich, deterred, fines, deterrent, income, un-payable, low-income, low-fines, richest, society, break-law, illicit-parking, littering, crimes, indirect-harm, paid-fine, damage, Gneezy, Rustichini, A-Fine-is-a-Price, Journal-of-Legal-Studies rich, deterred, fines, deterrent, income, un-payable, low-income, high-income, richest, society, break, law, illicit, parking, littering, crimes, indirect, harm, damage, Gneezy, Rustichini, 2000, Fine, Price, Journal, Legal, Studies rich, deterred, fines, deterrent, income, payable, low-income, high-income, richest, society, break law, crimes, punishable, illicit parking, littering, indirect harm, paid, damage, Gneezy, Rustichini, 2000, Fine is a Price, Journal of Legal Studies rich, deterred, fines, deterrent, income, un-payable, low-income, richest, society, break, law, illicit, parking, littering, crimes, indirect, harm, damage, Gneezy, Rustichini, 2000, legal, studies rich, deterred, fines, deterrent, income, low, un-payable, earners, low-income, high-income, richest, society, break, law, crimes, punishable, illicit, parking, littering, indirect, harm, damage, paid, reality, Gneezy, Rustichini, 2000, Fine, Price, Journal, Legal, Studies
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-con02a	Affirmative action can create social tensions  Under the policy of affirmative action, there is a real danger that social tensions become inflamed. This is because in the process of benefiting minority groups it helps to disenfranchise the majority. For example in the 2001 riots in Oldham and other cities of Northern England one of the main complaints from poor white areas was alleged discrimination in council funding. [1] There was a possibility that the more privileged from minority groups such as upper-class blacks will be favoured at the expense of the marginalised within majority groups such as lower-class whites. Therefore, rather correct racial bias, affirmative action may inevitably deepen it.  [1] Amin, A., 2002. ‘Ethnicity and the multicultural city: living with diversity.’ Environment and Planning, 34, pp.959-980, p.963 affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority groups, disenfranchisement, 2001 riots, Oldham, Northern England, council funding, discrimination, upper-class blacks, lower-class whites, racial bias, multicultural city, ethnicity, urban diversity, Amin, Environment and Planning affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority groups, disenfranchisement, discrimination, council funding, poor white areas, upper-class blacks, lower-class whites, racial bias, multicultural city, diversity, social policy, inequality, urban studies affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority disenfranchisement, 2001 Oldham riots, Northern England, council funding, upper-class blacks, lower-class whites, racial bias, Amin 2002, multicultural city, living with diversity affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority disenfranchisement, 2001 Oldham riots, Northern England, council funding, poor white areas, upper-class blacks, lower-class whites, racial bias, multicultural city, diversity, Amin 2002, Environment and Planning affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority disenfranchisement, 2001 Oldham riots, Northern England, council funding, upper-class blacks, lower-class whites, racial bias, multicultural city, diversity, ethnic tensions, policy impact, social inequality
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-pro02a	The right to internet access fills a gap in traditional human rights.  In our traditional human rights there is a hole when it comes to a right to receive and be able to seek out information. Almost everyone would consider freedom of speech and freedom of expression to be human rights but these rights are not very effective if there is not a way for those who wish to access that information. Michael L Best contends that Article 19 of the universal declaration of human rights on freedom of expression implies some symmetry but that freedom of authorship is privileged over freedom of readership. [1] In short governments could allow freedom of expression while ensuring that those expressing dissenting views have a very minimal audience without breaking human rights.  A right to the internet is the perfect human right to fill this gap. The internet is estimated to have over 35 billion web pages, [2] and the most recent digital universe study estimates that 1.8 trillion gigabytes would be created in 2011. [3] The sheer size of the internet means that it is the ideal medium for providing this right to access information. [4] The internet is also increasingly accessible to everyone making it possible to be considered universal; it is no longer something that the poor cannot hope to have access to. There are already over 2.1 billion people using the internet worldwide including 118 million in Africa. [5]  [1] Best, Michael L., ‘Can the Internet be a Human Right?’ Human Rights and Human Welfare, Vol.4 2004, p.23 (n.b. this link comes up with a warning when opened, dont worry it is safe - ahelling)  [2] World Wide Web Size.com, ‘The size of the World Wide Web (The Internet)’, 17 April 2012 .  [3] McGaughey, Katryn, ‘World’s Data More Than Doubling Every Two Years – Driving Big Data Opportunity, EMC2, 28 June 2011.  [4] Best, Michael L., ‘Can the Internet be a Human Right?’ Human Rights and Human Welfare, Vol.4 2004, p.23  [5] Clayton, Nick, ‘Internet has More Than 2 Billion Users’, TechEurope The Wall Street Journal, 19 January 2012. right to internet access, traditional human rights, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, symmetry, freedom of authorship, freedom of readership, access to information, internet size, web pages, digital universe, internet accessibility, global internet users, Africa internet users, human right to internet, information access right, internet as human right right to internet access, traditional human rights, information access, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, symmetry, freedom of authorship, freedom of readership, government censorship, dissenting views, human rights gap, internet size, web pages, digital universe, internet accessibility, global internet users, internet in Africa, Michael L Best, human rights and welfare right to internet access, traditional human rights, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, information access, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, freedom of readership, government control, dissenting views, internet size, web pages, digital universe, internet accessibility, global internet users, Africa internet users, human rights gap, digital information, internet as human right, information symmetry, digital rights, internet freedom, global connectivity, digital divide, information dissemination, online access, digital citizenship right to internet access, traditional human rights, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, information access, Michael L Best, Article 19, universal declaration of human rights, internet size, digital universe, internet accessibility, global internet users, human rights gap, freedom of readership, internet as human right, digital divide, internet growth, digital information, human welfare, internet rights, freedom of authorship, dissenting views, information medium, internet universality, internet users worldwide, internet in Africa right to internet access, traditional human rights, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, information access, Article 19, universal declaration of human rights, freedom of readership, digital universe, web pages, internet accessibility, universal access, global internet users, internet as human right, information symmetry, dissenting views, human rights gap, internet size, data creation, internet usage, Africa internet users
test-economy-bhahwbsps-con02a	"Smokers have a right to enjoy themselves.  Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that ""All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood""1. So, smokers have the same rights as non-smokers and should not be targeted because of how they choose to live their lives. Article 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that ""Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay"" 1.If some people get their rest and leisure by smoking with friends in a pub, it seems that governments should make it possible, by at least having smoking areas in pubs, restaurants, etc. A ban on smoking in all public places would mean smokers could never enjoy themselves like they want to, at least not legally. There are many groups which feel that the rights of the smoker are being ignored, e.g. ""Forest"".  1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, General Assembly of the United Nations, smokers, rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1, equality, dignity, Article 24, rest, leisure, smoking areas, pubs, restaurants, smoking ban, public places, Forest, smokers' rights smokers, rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1, Article 24, rest, leisure, public places, smoking areas, pubs, restaurants, Forest, non-smokers, human dignity, legal enjoyment, government regulation, smoke-free policies, leisure activities, smoker's rights groups smokers, rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1, Article 24, rest, leisure, smoking areas, public places, Forest, non-smokers, dignity, equality, conscience, brotherhood, legal, enjoyment, governments, pubs, restaurants, working hours, holidays, pay, human beings, freedom, choice, lifestyle, targeted, ignored, banned Smokers, Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Equality, Dignity, Leisure, Rest, Smoking Areas, Public Places, Legislation, Forest, Non-Smokers, Human Rights, United Nations, Ban, Social Activities, Personal Choice, Health Policies smokers, rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1, Article 24, rest, leisure, public places, smoking areas, pubs, restaurants, government, Forest, non-smokers, human dignity, equal rights, conscience, brotherhood, working hours, holidays, legal restrictions, smoker rights,Enjoyment,Targeting"
test-law-lgplhbssbco-con02a	The right to life means a right to death  When we speak of the right to life it means more than merely the right to be alive, it encompasses the right to self-ownership, the notion that one’s life is one’s own and that you are not beholden to anyone else by the mere fact that you are alive. It follows from this that there can be no duty on anyone to live beyond a point of their own choosing, and there should be no attempt to interfere with suicidal behaviour whether by individuals or by the law. [1]  [1] Chobli, Michael, ‘Suicide’, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward n. Zalta (ed.), Fall 2009, right to life, right to death, self-ownership, life autonomy, no duty to live, interfere with suicide, individual choice, suicidal behavior, legal interference, philosophical ethics, Chobli Michael, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy right to life, right to death, self-ownership, individual autonomy, suicide, suicidal behavior, legal interference, personal choice, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Chobli Michael right to life, right to death, self-ownership, personal autonomy, bodily integrity, suicidal behavior, legal interference, individual choice, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Chobli right to life, right to death, self-ownership, personal autonomy, no duty to live, interference with suicide, legal intervention, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Chobli, ethical considerations, philosophical perspectives, suicide rights right to life, right to death, self-ownership, individual autonomy, suicidal behavior, legal interference, philosophical perspectives, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Chobli Michael, ethical considerations, personal freedoms, duty to live
test-international-aegmeppghw-pro01a	Turkey is a poverty stricken country and entry into the EU would help to raise the living standards for its entire population  The EU has welcomed poorer entrants than Turkey without disaster; Ireland, Spain, Portugal and Greece were all much poorer than the EU average when they joined and all are now well integrated and much more prosperous. Disastrous migration was forecast in their cases too, but did not occur. Nor is Turkey as poor as has been suggested; Turkey with a GDP per capita of $8215 in 2009 is richer than Romania at $7500 and Bulgaria with a GDP per capita of $6423 [1] both of which are already members. Turkey’s economy is also in the process of reform, including the restructuring of its banking system and IMF programmes; in the next few years this process will allow for faster, more sustained growth. Turkey provides a large new market for EU goods; should it be accepted into the single market the economic benefits would not be solely limited to that country.  Turkey’s inclusion in the EU would not threaten other members with overwhelming economic or immigration issues. It is possible that, as has happened with Bulgaria and Romania, that a delay is enacted for the Schengen passport-free zone [2] . This would give both the current EU and Turkey a period of time to adjust.  [1]  The World Bank, GDP per capita (current US$), 2009  [2]  ‘EU newcomers smart over Schengen delay’ by Chris Bryant, 21st Jan 2011 Turkey, poverty, EU, living standards, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, migration, GDP per capita, Romania, Bulgaria, economy, reform, banking system, IMF, single market, Schengen, passport-free zone Turkey, poverty, EU, living standards, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, migration, GDP per capita, Romania, Bulgaria, economy, reform, banking system, IMF, market, single market, economic benefits, Schengen, passport-free zone, adjustment period Turkey, poverty, EU, living standards, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, GDP per capita, Romania, Bulgaria, economy, banking system, IMF, market, single market, economic benefits, Schengen, passport-free zone, migration, integration, reform, growth, economic issues, immigration issues, World Bank, Chris Bryant Turkey, poverty, EU, living standards, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, GDP per capita, Romania, Bulgaria, economy, reform, banking system, IMF, market, single market, Schengen, passport-free zone, migration, economic issues, prosperity, integration, forecasts, disaster, entrants, delay, adjustment, World Bank, Chris Bryant, EU newcomers, 2009, 2011 Turkey, poverty, EU, living standards, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, migration, GDP per capita, Romania, Bulgaria, IMF, single market, Schengen, economic benefits, immigration issues, World Bank, Chris Bryant, EU newcomers, Schengen delay
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro02a	Being vegetarian helps the environment  Becoming a vegetarian is an environmentally friendly thing to do. Modern farming is one of the main sources of pollution in our rivers. Beef farming is one of the main causes of deforestation, and as long as people continue to buy fast food in their billions, there will be a financial incentive to continue cutting down trees to make room for cattle. Because of our desire to eat fish, our rivers and seas are being emptied of fish and many species are facing extinction. Energy resources are used up much more greedily by meat farming than my farming cereals, pulses etc. Eating meat and fish not only causes cruelty to animals, it causes serious harm to the environment and to biodiversity. For example consider Meat production related pollution and deforestation  At Toronto’s 1992 Royal Agricultural Winter Fair, Agriculture Canada displayed two contrasting statistics: “it takes four football fields of land (about 1.6 hectares) to feed each Canadian” and “one apple tree produces enough fruit to make 320 pies.” Think about it — a couple of apple trees and a few rows of wheat on a mere fraction of a hectare could produce enough food for one person! [1]  The 2006 U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report concluded that worldwide livestock farming generates 18% of the planet's greenhouse gas emissions — by comparison, all the world's cars, trains, planes and boats account for a combined 13% of greenhouse gas emissions. [2]  As a result of the above point producing meat damages the environment. The demand for meat drives deforestation. Daniel Cesar Avelino of Brazil's Federal Public Prosecution Office says “We know that the single biggest driver of deforestation in the Amazon is cattle.” This clearing of tropical rainforests such as the Amazon for agriculture is estimated to produce 17% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. [3] Not only this but the production of meat takes a lot more energy than it ultimately gives us chicken meat production consumes energy in a 4:1 ratio to protein output; beef cattle production requires an energy input to protein output ratio of 54:1.  The same is true with water use due to the same phenomenon of meat being inefficient to produce in terms of the amount of grain needed to produce the same weight of meat, production requires a lot of water. Water is another scarce resource that we will soon not have enough of in various areas of the globe. Grain-fed beef production takes 100,000 liters of water for every kilogram of food. Raising broiler chickens takes 3,500 liters of water to make a kilogram of meat. In comparison, soybean production uses 2,000 liters for kilogram of food produced; rice, 1,912; wheat, 900; and potatoes, 500 liters. [4] This is while there are areas of the globe that have severe water shortages. With farming using up to 70 times more water than is used for domestic purposes: cooking and washing. A third of the population of the world is already suffering from a shortage of water. [5] Groundwater levels are falling all over the world and rivers are beginning to dry up. Already some of the biggest rivers such as China’s Yellow river do not reach the sea. [6]  With a rising population becoming vegetarian is the only responsible way to eat.  [1] Stephen Leckie, ‘How Meat-centred Eating Patterns Affect Food Security and the Environment’, International development research center  [2] Bryan Walsh, Meat: Making Global Warming Worse, Time magazine, 10 September 2008 .  [3] David Adam, Supermarket suppliers ‘helping to destroy Amazon rainforest’, The Guardian, 21st June 2009.  [4] Roger Segelken, U.S. could feed 800 million people with grain that livestock eat, Cornell Science News, 7th August 1997.  [5] Fiona Harvey, Water scarcity affects one in three, FT.com, 21st August 2003  [6] Rupert Wingfield-Hayes, Yellow river ‘drying up’, BBC News, 29th July 2004 vegetarian, environment, farming, pollution, rivers, beef, deforestation, fast food, cattle, fish, extinction, energy resources, meat farming, cereals, pulses, greenhouse gas emissions, livestock farming, Amazon, cattle farming, water use, grain, domestic water use, water shortages, food security, population, responsible eating, global warming, meat production, apple trees, soybean production, wheat, potatoes, groundwater levels, Yellow River, water scarcity, global population, ethical eating, biodiversity, cruelty to animals vegetarian, environment, farming, pollution, rivers, beef, deforestation, fast food, fish, extinction, energy resources, meat, biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, cattle, Amazon, water use, grain, soybean, wheat, potatoes, population, food security, climate change, livestock, sustainability, protein output, groundwater, water scarcity, China, Yellow River, responsible eating, meat production, vegetarianism, environmental impact, ethical eating, carbon footprint, land use, resource efficiency, pollution reduction, deforestation prevention, animal welfare, global warming, meat consumption, agricultural practices, water conservation, ecological footprint, sustainable agriculture, food vegetarian, environment, pollution, deforestation, beef farming, fast food, fish, biodiversity, meat production, greenhouse gas emissions, land use, water consumption, food security, climate change, cattle, Amazon, energy efficiency, water scarcity, population growth, sustainable eating, carbon footprint, livestock farming, global warming, grain, protein, apple trees, soybeans, wheat, potatoes, rivers, groundwater, food production, environmental impact, responsible eating, meat consumption vegetarian, environment, environmentally friendly, farming, pollution, rivers, beef, deforestation, fast food, trees, cattle, overfishing, extinction, energy resources, meat farming, cereals, pulses, greenhouse gas emissions, livestock, land use, apple trees, wheat, greenhouse gases, climate change, cattle, Amazon, rainforest, water use, grain, soybeans, rice, water scarcity, population, food security, ethical eating, sustainability vegetarian, environment, farming, pollution, rivers, beef, deforestation, fast food, trees, cattle, fish, species extinction, energy resources, meat farming, cereals, pulses, greenhouse gas emissions, cars, trains, planes, boats, Amazon, cattle, tropical rainforests, water use, grain, water shortage, population, food security, livestock, protein, energy input, water consumption, groundwater, Yellow River, responsible eating, global warming, meat-centered diet, water scarcity, domestic water use, vegetation, biodiversity, cruelty, animal welfare, cornell science news, time magazine, guardian, ft.com, bbc
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con02a	"Targeting schools will be an ineffective strategy.  Schools may seem like a perfect place to effect behavioral change in youth, since 95% of young people are enrolled in schools. [1]  But what researchers find is that changing the choices we have available does not necessarily lead to any behavioral change. Penny Gordon-Larsen, one of the researchers, wrote: ""Our findings suggest that no single approach, such as just having access to fresh fruits and veggies, might be effective in changing the way people eat. We really need to look at numerous ways of changing diet behaviors. There are likely more effective ways to influence what people eat.” [2]  In the case of school children is this point seems particularly salient. Given that high school students in the US average only 6 hours in school [3] and the widespread availability of fast and other forms of “junk food”, we can hardly expect that impacting this single environment of the school will lead to any lasting behavioral changes. Realistically, what we can expect is for school children to go outside the school to find their favorite snacks and dishes.  Even if, by some miracle, the ban would change the behavior of children in schools, there is still the matter of 10 hours (the ATUS suggests kids sleep an average of 8 hours per day) they will spend outside schools, where their meal choices will not be as tailored and limited.  [1] Wechsler, H., et al., 'The Role of Schools in Preventing Childhood Obesity', National Association of State Boards of Education, December 2004,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [2] Nordqvist, C., 'No Single Approach Will Solve America's Obesity Epidemic', Medical News Today, 11 June 2011,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [3] Bureau of Labor Statistics, 'American Time Use Survey', 22 May 2011,  , accessed 9/11/2011 targeting schools, ineffective strategy, behavioral change, youth, school enrollment, changing choices, diet behavior, Penny Gordon-Larsen, single approach, fresh fruits, vegetables, high school students, school hours, fast food, junk food, meal choices, outside school, obesity, childhood obesity, American Time Use Survey, sleep duration Targeting schools, ineffective strategy, behavioral change, youth, access to fresh fruits, diet behaviors, high school students, fast food, junk food, meal choices, outside schools, obesity epidemic, American Time Use Survey, childhood obesity, National Association of State Boards of Education, Medical News Today, Bureau of Labor Statistics Targeting schools, ineffective strategy, behavioral change, youth, school enrollment, changing choices, behavioral impact, Penny Gordon-Larsen, diet behaviors, single approach, influence eating, high school students, school hours, fast food, junk food, lasting changes, favorite snacks, meal choices, outside school, ATUS, childhood obesity, prevention, obesity epidemic, American Time Use Survey, time use, sleep hours, daily activities, lifestyle factors, environmental influences, comprehensive approach, multiple strategies targeting schools, behavioral change, youth, 95% enrollment, access to fresh fruits, effective strategies, diet behaviors, high school students, school hours, junk food, lasting behavioral changes, outside school, meal choices, childhood obesity, obesity epidemic, American Time Use Survey, sleep duration, food environment, public health, intervention effectiveness targeting schools, ineffective strategy, behavioral change, youth, school enrollment, changing choices, diet behaviors, access to fresh fruits, vegetables, single approach, influencing eating habits, high school students, school hours, fast food, junk food, meal choices, outside school, childhood obesity, obesity epidemic, American Time Use Survey, sleep duration"
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro01a	Entirely natural theories can adequately explain the existence and development of the Universe and all it contains, making God irrelevant to the discussion of reality:  Physics and cosmology explain the development and evolution of the Universe and the bodies within it. Chemistry explains the interactions of substances and the origin of life. Biology explains the development of life’s complexity through the long process of evolution. God, or gods, is a superfluous entity in the discussion of existence; He is entirely unnecessary to human scientific understanding. [1] At best, believers can point to various missing links in science’s explanation, using God to fill the gaps. The God of the Gaps is a weak God whose domain grows smaller each day as science progresses. Furthermore, there is no evidence of the supernatural existing at all, if that is what God is meant to be. The burden of proof in a debate concerning the existence of something is on the individual making the positive claim. In a debate over the existence of God, it is up to the believer to provide evidence for that belief. [2] The rational position in the absence of evidence is atheism. It is not a positive claim about anything, but is merely the absence of belief in God, which makes sense in the light of there being no positive evidence of God’s existence. If believers claim God lives outside the Universe, or that He cannot be empirically identified due to His ethereal nature, then in truth they are saying nothing. Only the natural world exists insofar as humans can demonstrate. The supernatural is pure fantasy.  [1] Boyer, Pascal. 2001. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York: Basic Books.  [2] Russell, Bertrand. 1952. “Is There a God?” Campaign for Philosophical Freedom. Available: Natural theories, Universe, existence, development, Physics, Cosmology, Chemistry, origin of life, Biology, evolution, complexity, God, irrelevant, superfluous, missing links, God of the Gaps, supernatural, evidence, burden of proof, atheism, rational position, natural world, empirical identification, supernatural fantasy, Bertrand Russell, Pascal Boyer natural theories, Universe, God, physics, cosmology, chemistry, origin of life, biology, evolution, superfluous entity, God of the Gaps, supernatural, burden of proof, atheism, empirical evidence, natural world, supernatural fantasy, Bertrand Russell, Pascal Boyer natural theories, Universe, development, God, irrelevant, reality, physics, cosmology, chemistry, interactions, substances, origin of life, biology, evolution, complexity, superfluous entity, missing links, God of the Gaps, supernatural, evidence, burden of proof, debate, existence, positive claim, atheism, absence of belief, natural world, pure fantasy, Bertrand Russell, Pascal Boyer natural theories, Universe, development, God, irrelevant, physics, cosmology, chemistry, substances, origin of life, biology, evolution, complexity, superfluous entity, God of the Gaps, scientific progress, supernatural, evidence, burden of proof, atheism, absence of belief, empirical identification, natural world, supernatural, fantasy, religious thought, philosophical freedom natural theories, physics, cosmology, chemistry, biology, evolution, God, superfluous entity, God of the Gaps, supernatural, evidence, burden of proof, atheism, natural world, supernatural fantasy, religious thought, philosophical freedom
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-con01a	Should recognise a democracy  São Tomé is a multiparty democracy and has been since 1995 with free and fair elections. [1] The country is eleventh on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance. [2] It should therefore be supporting its fellow democracy; Taiwan. As a country that was a colony of Portugal for five hundred years having only secured independence in 1975 São Tomé should not wish to support a country that colonises others such as Tibet and Inner Mongolia, seeks to colonise Taiwan, and engages in aggressive actions to seize small islands in nearby seas.  [1] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, ‘Sao Tome and Principe’, U.S. Department of State, 2012,   [2] ‘The Ibrahim Index of African Governance’, Mo Ibrahim Foundation,  accessed 10/2/2014 São Tomé, democracy, multiparty, elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, Taiwan, colony, Portugal, independence, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, aggressive actions, small islands, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, Labor, U.S. Department State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation São Tomé, democracy, multiparty, free elections, fair elections, 1995, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, support, Taiwan, colony, Portugal, independence, 1975, colonisation, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, aggressive actions, small islands, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, Labor, U.S. Department State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation São Tomé, democracy, multiparty, free elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, Taiwan, colonial history, Portugal, independence, 1975, human rights, political support, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, aggressive actions, small islands, seas, U.S. Department State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation democracy, São Tomé, multiparty, free elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, Taiwan, Portugal, colony, independence, 1975, human rights, U.S. Department State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, aggressive actions, small islands, nearby seas São Tomé, democracy, multiparty, free elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, Taiwan, Portugal, colony, independence, 1975, human rights, U.S. Department State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, aggressive actions, small islands, seas
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-pro03a	Most South Africans support quotas  In 2006, the South African Social Attitudes Survey revealed that most South Africans (56%) support a quota system [1] . This support remained roughly the same over a four year period. Sport should reflect the will of the population of the country, if the population wants quotas then there should be quotas. There is particularly strong support from quotas among black people (63%) implying they feel that something needs to be done in order to let them into the sport. Doing nothing will simply ensure the status quo with very few non-white rugby players remains indefinitely.  [1] Struwig, Jare, and Roberts, Ben, ‘The numbers game Public support for sports quotas’, South African Social Attitudes Survey, p.13, South Africans, support, quotas, 2006, South African Social Attitudes Survey, 56%, sport, population, black people, 63%, status quo, non-white rugby players South Africans, support, quotas, 2006, South African Social Attitudes Survey, 56%, quota system, sport, population, black people, 63%, non-white rugby players, status quo, Struwig, Jare, Roberts, Ben, The numbers game, Public support for sports quotas South Africans, support, quotas, 2006, South African Social Attitudes Survey, 56%, quota system, sport, population, black people, 63%, non-white rugby players, status quo, public opinion, Ben Roberts, Jare Struwig South Africans, support, quotas, 2006, South African Social Attitudes Survey, 56%, quota system, sport, population, black people, 63%, non-white rugby players, status quo, public opinion, Jare Struwig, Ben Roberts, The numbers game, sports quotas South Africans, support, quotas, 2006, Social Attitudes Survey, sport, population, black people, rugby, non-white, status quo
test-science-eassgbatj-con05a	Research animals are well treated  Animals used in research generally don’t suffer. While they may be in pain, they are generally given pain killers, and when they are put down this is done humanely. [16] They are looked after, as healthy animals mean better experimental results. These animals live better lives than they would in the wild.  As long as animals are treated well there shouldn’t be a moral objection to animal research. This is exactly the same as with raising animals that will be used for meat. animal research, animal welfare, pain management, humane treatment, experimental results, moral objections, animal ethics, animal farming, laboratory animals, veterinary care, research ethics, animal suffering, humane euthanasia, wild animals, domesticated animals, animal testing, scientific research, ethical treatment, animal rights, animal husbandry animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, experimental results, moral objections, animal ethics, animal husbandry, meat production, wild animals, laboratory animals animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, experimental results, moral objection, animal rights, animal testing, laboratory animals, ethical treatment, animal husbandry, research ethics, animal care, wild animals, farming animals, meat production animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, experimental results, moral objection, animal ethics, meat production, animal care, scientific research, animal rights, laboratory animals, research ethics, animal husbandry, wild animals, veterinary care, ethical treatment, regulatory compliance, animal models, research standards, humane treatment, animal suffering, health monitoring, ethics review, informed consent, animal advocacy, species-specific care, research protocol, pain relief, animal testing, humane practices, animal experimentation, veterinary oversight, animal welfare standards, ethical sourcing, research animal care, laboratory animal science, animal use justification, animal health animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane practices, ethical considerations, animal welfare, experimental results, moral objections, animal farming, meat production
test-culture-mthbah-pro02a	People are given too much choice, which makes them less happy.  Advertising leads to many people being overwhelmed by the endless need to decide between competing demands on their attention – this is known as the tyranny of choice or choice overload. Recent research suggests that people are on average less happy than they were 30 years ago - despite being better off and having much more choice of things to spend their money on1. The claims of adverts crowd in on people, raising expectations about a product and leading to inevitable disappointment after it is bought. A recent advertisement for make-up was banned in Britain due to the company presenting its product as being more effective than it actually was2. Shoppers feel that a poor purchase is their fault for not choosing more wisely, and regret not choosing something else instead. Some people are so overwhelmed that they cannot choose at all.  1Schwartz, The Tyranny of Choice, 2004.  2 Kekeh , Too Beautiful? British MP Draws Line in Sand for Cosmetic Ads , 2011. tyranny of choice, choice overload, advertising, consumer decision-making, consumer unhappiness, product expectations, advertisement regulation, consumer regret, decision fatigue, consumer well-being, Schwartz, Kekeh, cosmetic advertising, consumer choice, economic affluence, psychological impact of choice tyranny of choice, choice overload, advertising, consumerism, decision fatigue, product claims, shopper regret, consumer disappointment, better off less happy, banned advertisement, cosmetic ads, Schwartz, Kekeh choice overload, tyranny of choice, advertising, consumer decision-making, consumer dissatisfaction, product expectations, shopper regret, purchasing behavior, consumer psychology, overchoice, advertising ethics, banned advertisements, makeup advertising, consumer well-being, happiness decline, economic prosperity, Schwartz, Kekeh tyranny of choice, choice overload, advertising, consumer decision-making, consumer satisfaction, consumer disappointment, product expectations, purchase regret, consumer overwhelm, better-off paradox, Schwartz,Too Beautiful, British MP, cosmetic ads, banned advertisement, make-up advertisement choice overload, tyranny of choice, happiness decline, increased choice, advertising pressure, decision fatigue, consumer dissatisfaction, product expectations, purchase regret, banned advertisements, cosmetic advertising, consumer responsibility, overwhelmed consumers, Schwartz, Kekeh, consumer choice, modern consumption, advertising ethics, consumer psychology, consumer behavior
test-economy-beplcpdffe-pro01a	Gambling is bad for you.  Gamblers may win money from time to time, but in the long run, the House always wins. Why should governments allow an activity that helps their citizens lose the money they have worked so hard to earn? The harm is not just the loss of money and possible bankruptcy; it causes depression, insomnia, and other stress related disorders [4]. The internet has made gambling so much easier to do and encouraged lots of new people to place bets so dramatically multiplying the harm. gambling, negative impacts, financial loss, government regulation, public health, addiction, mental health, internet gambling, societal harm, bankruptcy, stress disorders, depression, insomnia gambling, negative, financial, loss, government, regulation, health, mental, stress, internet, accessibility, addiction, bankruptcy, depression, insomnia, societal, impact, ethics, betting, online, expansion, harm, multiplier, new, gamblers, house, advantage, long-term, consequences gambling, negative impacts, financial loss, bankruptcy, psychological harm, depression, insomnia, stress disorders, internet influence, increased accessibility, new gamblers, societal harm, government regulation, gambling addiction, long-term consequences gambling, harm, money loss, bankruptcy, depression, insomnia, stress, government regulation, internet gambling, new gamblers, societal impact Gambling, addiction, financial loss, bankruptcy, depression, insomnia, stress, government regulation, internet gambling, societal harm, betting, new gamblers, long-term consequences
test-law-lghbacpsba-con03a	Client-Attorney Privilege is already qualified appropriately  In exceptional circumstances, solicitors are told that they may depart from the rule of confidentiality contained in Rule 4 of the Solicitors' Code of conduct. Note 9 states that there are some regulatory bodies that are entitled to be informed of apparently confidential client communications. [1] In cases of suspected money laundering, solicitors have a duty under the Money Laundering Regulations 2007 [2] to inform relevant bodies of any suspected money laundering or any handling of the proceeds of crime. This means that there is flexibility in the rule of client confidentiality and client-attorney privilege which allows for justice to take its course in serious circumstances.  [1] Rule 4: Confidentiality and disclosure, Solicitors’ Code of Conduct 2007,  accessed 18/05/11  [2] The Money Laundering Regulations 2007, legislation.gov.uk, No2157, 2007, Client-Attorney Privilege, Confidentiality, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Rule 4, Regulatory Bodies, Money Laundering, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, Proceeds of Crime, Duty to Report, Serious Circumstances, Legal Ethics, Professional Conduct Client-Attorney Privilege, Confidentiality, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Rule 4, Regulatory Bodies, Client Communications, Money Laundering, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, Proceeds of Crime, Duty to Report, Exceptional Circumstances, Flexibility, Client Confidentiality, Serious Circumstances, Legal Ethics, Professional Conduct, Disclosure, Reporting Requirements, Anti-Money Laundering, Solicitors, Legal Profession Client-Attorney Privilege, Exceptional Circumstances, Solicitors, Rule 4, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Confidentiality, Regulatory Bodies, Money Laundering, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, Proceeds of Crime, Flexibility, Client Confidentiality, Justice, Serious Circumstances Client-Attorney Privilege, Confidentiality, Rule 4, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Regulatory Bodies, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, Suspected Money Laundering, Proceeds of Crime, Duty to Inform, Flexibility, Client Confidentiality, Serious Circumstances, Legal Ethics, Professional Responsibility, Regulatory Compliance, Financial Crimes, Legal Obligations, Solicitor-Client Relationship, Confidential Communications, Disclosure Exceptions, Legal Rules, Conduct Standards, Justice System, Professional Conduct, Legal Framework, Compliance Duties, Criminal Activities, Financial Regulation, Solicitor's Duty, Confidential Information, Reporting Requirements, Client-Attorney Privilege, Confidentiality, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, Regulatory Bodies, Suspected Money Laundering, Proceeds of Crime, Duty to Inform, Flexibility in Confidentiality Rules, Serious Circumstances, Legal Ethics, Professional Conduct, Compliance, Reporting Obligations, Client Communications, Regulatory Compliance, Solicitor-Client Relationship, Legal Profession, Confidential Information, Money Laundering Prevention
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro05a	The Null Hypothesis  With regards to any proposition the only consistent and rational view is to assume that it is not true unless sufficient evidence is put forward to nullify that assumption.  The proposition need also be falsifiable, that is to say, there must be some potential fact that could be proven in order to disprove it. God is unfalsifiable because there is nothing. Null Hypothesis, Proposition, Rational View, Assumption, Evidence, Falsifiable, Fact, Disprove, God, Unfalsifiable Null Hypothesis, Proposition, Rational View, Assume Not True, Sufficient Evidence, Nullify Assumption, Falsifiable, Potential Fact, Disprove, God, Unfalsifiable null hypothesis, rational view, assumption, evidence, falsifiable, proposition, disprove, God, unfalsifiable Null Hypothesis, Proposition, Rational View, Assumption, Evidence, Falsifiable, Potential Fact, Disprove, God, Unfalsifiable null hypothesis, rational view, assumption, evidence, falsifiable, proposition, disprove, God, unfalsifiable, potential fact
test-economy-epsihbdns-con04a	Restrictions cause an incredible loss of potential  One of the best things about a functioning developed nation is that young people can choose their profession. Apart from this being beneficial for the individual, this means that the best suited person for a given trade will often be the same that pursues it. If we prevent people from moving freely we deprive the cities of talented people whose talents and skills are much better suited for urban professions than for rural jobs. In short, this policy would make farmers out of the potential lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers etc. Indeed this is the whole basis of most models of migration, people leave rural areas because there is surplus labour in that area while the cities needs new workers. [1]  [1] Taylor, J. Edward, and Martin, Philip L., “Human Capital: Migration and Rural Population Change”, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, restrictions, loss, potential, developed, nation, young, people, choose, profession, beneficial, individual, best, suited, prevents, moving, freely, deprive, cities, talented, talents, skills, urban, professions, rural, jobs, policy, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, migration, models, surplus, labour, needs, workers, Taylor, Edward, Martin, Philip, Human, Capital, Rural, Population, Change, Handbook, Agricultural, Economics restrictions, loss, potential, developed, nation, young, people, profession, beneficial, individual, best, suited, talented, cities, rural, jobs, policy, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, migration, surplus, labour, urban, workers, human, capital, population, change, agricultural, economics restrictions, loss, potential, developed, nation, young, people, profession, beneficial, individual, best, suited, trade, prevents, moving, freely, deprive, cities, talented, skills, urban, professions, rural, jobs, policy, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, models, migration, surplus, labour, needs, workers, Taylor, Edward, Martin, Philip, Human, Capital, Rural, Population, Change, Handbook, Agricultural, Economics restrictions, potential, developed nation, young people, profession, individual, best suited, talented, cities, rural jobs, policy, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, migration, rural population, surplus labour, urban workers, human capital, agricultural economics Restrictions, Loss of Potential, Developed Nation, Young People, Profession Choice, Individual Benefit, Best Suited Person, Preventing Free Movement, Depriving Cities, Talented People, Urban Professions, Rural Jobs, Policy Impact, Potential Lawyers, Politicians, Doctors, Teachers, Migration Models, Rural Areas, Surplus Labour, Urban Labour Needs, Human Capital, Rural Population Change, Taylor, Edward, Martin, Philip
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro04a	Reduces growth of tobacco  Less people smoking means less tobacco being purchased – something that would contribute to the reduction in the tobacco industry. The industry is known for its exploitative labour practices, from child labour (80,000 children in Malawi work in tobacco farming, can result in nicotine poisoning – 90% of what is grown is sold to American Big Tobacco 1 ) to extortionate loans. 2 Reducing the size of such an industry can only be a good thing.  1 Palitza, Kristin, “Child labour: tobacco’s smoking gun”, The Guardian, 14 September 2011,   2 Action on Smoking and Health, p3 tobacco, reduction, smoking, purchase, industry, exploitative, labor, child, Malawi, nicotine, poisoning, Big, Tobacco, loans, size, impact, health, ASH, Guardian, Palitza, Kristin Reduces, tobacco, growth, smoking, less, purchased, reduction, tobacco, industry, exploitative, labour, practices, child, labour, Malawi, nicotine, poisoning, American, Big, Tobacco, extortionate, loans, industry, size, reduction, good, Palitza, Kristin, smoking, gun, Guardian, Action, Smoking, Health tobacco, smoking reduction, tobacco industry, exploitative labour, child labour, Malawi, nicotine poisoning, American Big Tobacco, extortionate loans, industry size reduction, health impacts, economic impacts, labor exploitation, tobacco farming, child workers, health concerns, economic benefits, ethical concerns, tobacco control, public health, labor rights Reduces, tobacco, growth, fewer, smokers, decreased, purchases, industry, reduction, exploitative, labor, practices, child, labor, Malawi, children, work, farming, nicotine, poisoning, American, Big, Tobacco, loans, size, positive, impact, Kristin, Palitza, Guardian, Action, Smoking, Health tobacco, smoking, reduction, industry, child labour, Malawi, nicotine poisoning, exploitation, loans, big tobacco, health, guardian, action on smoking and health
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-pro03a	Women in arranged marriages in Europe are disproportionately likely to suffer abuse  Arranged marriages are often different when practiced in the home countries of many immigrant families in Europe, where women often have networks of friends and relatives to rely on. The danger with allowing arranged marriages to happen in EU countries are that the women at the centre are often far more vulnerable, away from their own family, unfamiliar with the local language and fully reliant on their husband’s family. This makes it easier for domestic abuses to go undetected which is simply compounding problems of underreporting. [1] It is therefore likely that there is more domestic violence within arranged marriages. [2]  This is shown even amongst women who still consented to arranged marriages but faced abuse from their husbands – such as with the case of Razia Sodagar, whose husband abandoned her for another woman after she failed to fall pregnant. [3]  This illustrates how it is not always easy to draw a clear division between arranged marriages and forced marriages, as the former can often bear the same characteristics as the latter. It would therefore be safer to outlaw both.  [1] ‘Ethnic domestic violence ‘hidden’’, BBC News, 20 September 2007,   [2] Gotrik, Jennifer, ‘India domestic abuse more common in ‘arranged’ marriages’, Womennewsnetwork, 12 September 2011,   [3] ‘Fighting Arranged Marriage Abuse,’ BBC, 12 July 1999 - Women, arranged marriages, Europe, abuse, immigrant families, vulnerability, domestic violence, underreporting, Razia Sodagar, forced marriages, outlaw, BBC, domestic abuse, India, Womennewsnetwork Women, arranged marriages, Europe, abuse, vulnerability, immigrant families, domestic violence, underreporting, Razia Sodagar, forced marriages, outlaw, BBC, India, Jennifer Gotrik, Womennewsnetwork Women, arranged marriages, Europe, abuse, vulnerability, domestic violence, immigrant families, language barriers, family support, underreporting, Razia Sodagar, forced marriages, outlaw, BBC News, India, Womennewsnetwork Women, arranged marriages, Europe, abuse, vulnerability, immigrant families, domestic violence, underreporting, Razia Sodagar, forced marriages, outlaw, BBC News, Jennifer Gotrik, Womennewsnetwork, Fighting Arranged Marriage Abuse Women, arranged marriages, Europe, abuse, immigrant families, vulnerability, domestic violence, underreporting, language barriers, husbands, family, Razia Sodagar, forced marriages, outlaw, Ethnic domestic violence, India, domestic abuse, BBC News, Womennewsnetwork, Fighting Arranged Marriage Abuse
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-con02a	A practice that is thousands of years old and has not been found to cause harm during that time is unlikely to now  Where there compelling evidence from medical science that a process that predates it had some proven harm then there might be good reason to restrict it but that evidence simply isn’t there. What is known is that circumcisions have been performed for millennia without causing widespread difficulties. In addition, historically, the procedure has been performed in circumstances far less safe than the confines of a modern, well-equipped hospital where it usually takes place now, and to no apparent ill effect.  Even using the term ‘abuse’ to describe such a practice shows a lack of respect for those people who are genuinely victims of abuse. circumcision, ancient, practice, millennia, harm, medical, science, evidence, restriction, safety, hospital, abuse, victims, respect circumcision, historical practice, safety, medical evidence, harm, abuse, cultural respect, millennia, procedure, modern hospital, victims, terminology circumcision, millennia, harm, medical science, evidence, tradition, safety, hospital, abuse, respect, victims circumcision, millennia, safety, medical science, harm, evidence, abuse, victims, respect, historical context, practice, tradition, modern hospital, ill effect circumcision, millennia, harm, medical science, evidence, practice, abuse, victims, safety, hospital, procedure, respect
test-international-sepiahbaaw-pro02a	Environmental Damage  Both licit and illicit resource extraction have caused ecological and environmental damage in Africa. The procurement of many natural resources requires processes such as mining and deforestation, which are harmful to the environment. Deforestation for access purposes, timber and cattle has led to around 3.4 million hectares of woodland being destroyed between 2000 and 2010 and, in turn, soil degradation [1] . As Africa’s rainforest are necessary for global ecological systems, this is a significant loss. Mining and transportation also create damage through pollution and the scarring of the landscape. Mining produces various harmful chemicals which contaminate water and soil, a process which is worsened by illicit groups who cut corners to ensure higher profits [2] .  [1] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States ‘World deforestation decreases, but remains in many countries’   [2] Kolver,L. ‘Illegal mining threat to lawful operations, safety and the environment’ Mining Weekly 16 August 2013 Environmental damage, Africa, licit resource extraction, illicit resource extraction, ecological damage, mining, deforestation, soil degradation, woodland destruction, rainforest loss, global ecological systems, pollution, landscape scarring, water contamination, soil contamination, illicit mining, higher profits, Food and Agriculture Organization, World deforestation, illegal mining, lawful operations, safety, environment, Mining Weekly Environmental damage, Africa, licit resource extraction, illicit resource extraction, ecological harm, mining, deforestation, soil degradation, timber, cattle, woodland destruction, rainforest, global ecological systems, pollution, landscape scarring, harmful chemicals, water contamination, soil contamination, illegal mining, lawful operations, safety, profits, Food and Agriculture Organization, World deforestation, Mining Weekly Environmental damage, Africa, licit resource extraction, illicit resource extraction, ecological damage, mining, deforestation, soil degradation, woodland destruction, rainforest, global ecological systems, pollution, landscape scarring, harmful chemicals, water contamination, soil contamination, illicit mining, lawful operations, safety, Kolver, Food and Agriculture Organization, World deforestation decreases, Mining Weekly Environmental damage, illicit resource extraction, licit resource extraction, ecological damage, Africa, mining, deforestation, soil degradation, woodland destruction, Africa’s rainforest, global ecological systems, pollution, landscape scarring, harmful chemicals, water contamination, soil contamination, illicit groups, higher profits, Food and Agriculture Organization, World deforestation, illegal mining, lawful operations, safety, Kolver, Mining Weekly Environmental damage, Africa, licit resource extraction, illicit resource extraction, ecological damage, mining, deforestation, cattle, soil degradation, rainforest, global ecological systems, mining pollution, landscape scarring, water contamination, soil contamination, illicit mining, lawful operations, safety, environmental impact, natural resources, timber,Illegal mining, Mining Weekly, Food and Agriculture Organization, United States, World deforestation
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-pro01a	"Internet access as a new human right.  Access to the internet can be considered a separate human right in and of itself. The UN special rapporteur in June 2011 published a report that implied that access to the internet is a human right “The Special Rapporteur remains concerned that legitimate online expression is being criminalized in contravention of States' international human rights obligations.” [1]  The right to internet access can meet the necessary conditions to be a human right; as a right is should be universal, everyone should have access not just a few. The internet is becoming much more than just a tool but is becoming a fundamental part of society creating a new sphere of interaction that everyone has a right to have access to.  Creating a right to internet access would be addressing a specific contemporary problem as with other human rights that are specific such as a right to basic schooling, enshrined in article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human rights. Not having access to the internet is similar to not having basic schooling; it considerably narrows people’s options and their horizons. As Tim Berners-Lee, the founder of the world wide web, argues ""Given the many ways the web is crucial to our lives and our work, disconnection is a form of deprivation of liberty."" [2]  [1] La Rue, Frank, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Human Rights Council, Seventeenth session, A/HRC/17/27, 16 May 2011, p.10 .  [2] Burkeman, Oliver, ‘Inside Washington’s high risk mission to beat web censors’, guardian.co.uk, 15 April 2012. Internet access, human right, UN special rapporteur, online expression, criminalization, universal access, fundamental part of society, contemporary problem, right to basic schooling, deprivation of liberty, Tim Berners-Lee, freedom of opinion, web censors, human rights obligations Internet access, human right, UN special rapporteur, freedom of expression, Tim Berners-Lee, right to basic schooling, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, disconnection, deprivation of liberty, online censorship, societal interaction, digital rights, global connectivity, information access, freedom of information, digital divide, web censors, internet freedom, human rights obligations, online expression, criminalization Internet access, human right, UN special rapporteur, online expression, criminalization, international obligations, universal access, fundamental part of society, new sphere of interaction, specific contemporary problem, basic schooling, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, disconnection, deprivation of liberty, Tim Berners-Lee, web censors, freedom of opinion, protection of rights Internet access, human right, UN special rapporteur, freedom of expression, universal right, digital divide, societal interaction, basic schooling, Tim Berners-Lee, liberty, web censors, human rights obligations Internet access, human right, UN Special Rapporteur, report, online expression, criminalization, international human rights, universality, fundamental part of society, new sphere of interaction, contemporary problem, basic schooling, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, disconnection, deprivation of liberty, Tim Berners-Lee, web censors, freedom of opinion, promotion, protection, right to information, digital divide, access to knowledge, global citizenship, privacy, security, digital rights, online freedom, censorship, surveillance, equitable access, information society, digital inclusion, social justice, technological advancement, modern communication, web technology, global connectivity, digital literacy"
test-education-pteuhwfphe-pro01a	Delivering funding via a graduate tax is the best way to encourage more students to enter higher education  A graduate tax is the best way to increase access to higher education without massively burdening the government with an open-ended financial commitment. It is not a deterrent to the poorer students in the way fees and loans-based schemes are and which simply appear to block access, yet it still delivers sufficient extra capital to fund the increase of students entering university. Australia’s introduction of a graduate tax has been successful enough to allow university places to grow rapidly following its introduction with participation from both high and low income groups increasing by approximately one third. (Chapman, B. 1997). Therefore, a graduate tax removes the expensive barriers to entry that had previously kept out low-income groups, whilst not discouraging the high-income groups from tertiary education. graduate tax, funding, higher education, access, government commitment, deterrence, poorer students, fees, loans, capital increase, students entering university, Australia, university places, participation, high income, low income, barriers, tertiary education, financial commitment, education policy, equity, higher education financing, socio-economic diversity, education access, economic barriers, educational opportunity, public funding, sustainable funding models, higher education reform, student finance, tertiary education access, economic impact of education, education economics, policy analysis, education policy-making, higher education expansion, inclusive education, educational equity, socioeconomic factors, education finance reform, graduate contribution, education investment graduate tax, higher education, funding, access, financial commitment, poorer students, fees, loans, barriers, low-income groups, high-income groups, Australia, tertiary education, university places, participation, Chapman, 1997 graduate tax, higher education, funding, student access, financial commitment, government, low-income students, high-income students, university places, participation, barriers to entry, tertiary education, Australia, Chapman 1997 graduate tax, higher education, funding, access, government commitment, deterrence, poorer students, fees, loans, capital increase, university places, participation growth, income groups, tertiary education, barriers, low-income, high-income, Chapman, 1997, Australia graduate tax, higher education, funding, student access, low-income groups, high-income groups, financial commitment, university places, participation increase, education barriers, Australia, Chapman 1997, tertiary education, fees, loans, education policy, government funding, education financing, socioeconomic impact, education equity
test-environment-assgbatj-pro05a	It would send out a consistent message  Most countries have animal welfare laws to prevent animal cruelty but have laws like the UK’s Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, [10] that stop animal testing being a crime. This makes means some people can do things to animals, but not others. If the government are serious about animal abuse, why allow anyone to do it? animal welfare, animal cruelty, legal consistency, government policy, animal testing, Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, UK law, animal abuse, ethical treatment, regulatory contradiction animal welfare, animal cruelty, animal testing, scientific procedures, Animals Act 1986, government policy, animal abuse, legal inconsistencies, ethical treatment, animal rights animal welfare, anti-cruelty laws, scientific testing, animal experimentation, legislative inconsistency, ethical concerns, government policy, animal rights, scientific procedures act, animal abuse animal welfare, cruelty prevention, scientific procedures, animal testing, legal inconsistencies, government policy, animal abuse, legislation, regulatory standards, ethical concerns animal welfare, animal cruelty, animal testing, scientific procedures, legal inconsistencies, government policies, animal abuse, UK Animals Act 1986, ethical treatment, animal rights
test-law-lgplhbssbco-con01a	This is not the role of the criminal law  Criminal legislation is not the vehicle for society’s pronouncements on questions of how one should live one’s life. It instead involves the entirely practical exercise of ensuring that individuals are able to live freely and enjoy their freedom without fear of external interferences like theft, violence or murder. Criminal legislation should guarantee a safe space for autonomous individual action - like suicide. criminal law, legislation, societal norms, individual freedom, external interferences, theft, violence, murder, safe space, autonomous action, suicide criminal law, legislation, society, morality, personal freedom, autonomy, external interferences, theft, violence, murder, safe space, individual action, suicide criminal law, legislation, society, moral pronouncements, individual freedom, external interferences, theft, violence, murder, autonomous action, suicide, legal principles, public policy, personal autonomy criminal law, legislation, society, living, freedom, fear, external interferences, theft, violence, murder, safe space, autonomous, individual action, suicide criminal law, society's values, personal autonomy, legal legislation, practical exercise, individual freedom, external interferences, theft, violence, murder, safe space, autonomous action, suicide
test-law-tlcplghwfne-pro02a	Needle exchanges protect the public  Needle exchanges allow drug addicts a convenient and safe place to throw away used needles. This directly protects the public from stray needles that are sometimes put in rubbish bins or left lying around. Specifically this protects children who often don’t know to avoid needles but it also protects sanitation workers and other staff from being accidentally struck by a needle.  Further, the families of those who are drug addicts can also be helped. Partners and loved ones are much more likely to come into contact with the drug addict and fluid exchange is possible. Given that this is the case, the benefits of needle exchanges also extend to these people.1  1. Franciscus, Alan. “Needle Exchange - A Matter of Public Health So why is the government playing politics with this ticking time bomb?” Hepatitis Mag, April 2003. needle exchanges, public safety, drug addicts, used needles, rubbish bins, stray needles, children, sanitation workers, accidental needle strikes, fluid exchange, drug addict families, partners, loved ones, public health, government policies, hepatitis, Alan Franciscus, April 2003, Hepatitis Mag needle exchanges, public protection, safe disposal, used needles, stray needles, rubbish bins, children safety, sanitation workers, accidental needle sticks, drug addicts, fluid exchange, family members, partners, loved ones, public health, government policy, hepatitis, Alan Franciscus, Hepatitis Mag needle exchanges, public safety, drug addicts, used needles, rubbish bins, children, sanitation workers, families, partners, loved ones, fluid exchange, public health, government, politics, Hepatitis Mag needle exchanges, public safety, used needles, rubbish bins, stray needles, children, sanitation workers, drug addicts, fluid exchange, families, partners, loved ones, public health, government, politics, Hepatitis Mag, April 2003 needle exchanges, public safety, used needles, rubbish bins, stray needles, children, sanitation workers, drug addicts, fluid exchange, families, partners, loved ones, public health, government, politics, Hepatitis Mag, April 2003, Alan Franciscus
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-con01a	Achievements should be earned not given  There is a great possibility that beneficiaries of positive discrimination may not be regarded as good role models as their achievements may be viewed as unearned. [1] A role model is someone others can look up to and admire for the things they achieved through hard work and talent – by parachuting people into university, their ability to act as a role model is undermined. It is also patronising to assume that young people from ethnic minorities can only look up to people who have the same colour skin, or went to the same type of school – in a society that admires diversity and cosmopolitanism, we should surely accept that anyone can act as a role model.  [1] The British Psychological Society. “The Hillary Clinton effect - how role models work for some people but not others”. Achievements, earned, positive discrimination, beneficiaries, role models, unearned, admiration, hard work, talent, university, patronising, ethnic minorities, diversity, cosmopolitanism, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect, role models effectiveness, societal perceptions, educational opportunities, social mobility Achievements, earned, positive discrimination, beneficiaries, unearned, role models, admire, hard work, talent, university, ability, patronising, ethnic minorities, diversity, cosmopolitanism, society, Hillary Clinton effect, British Psychological Society achievements, earned, positive discrimination, beneficiaries, unearned, role models, hard work, talent, parachuting, university, patronising, ethnic minorities, skin colour, school type, diversity, cosmopolitanism, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect achievements, earned, positive discrimination, role models, unearned, parachuted, university, patronising, ethnic minorities, diversity, cosmopolitanism, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect Achievements, earned, positive discrimination, beneficiaries, role models, unearned, hard work, talent, university, patronising, ethnic minorities, skin color, diversity, cosmopolitanism, Hillary Clinton effect, British Psychological Society
test-economy-bhahwbsps-con03a	This ban would put many pubs, clubs, etc. out of business.  If smokers are not allowed to smoke in pubs, they will not spend as much time in them, preferring to stay at home where they can smoke with their friends. This will put many pubs out of business. In fact, since the smoking ban was introduced in the UK, many pubs have closed and blamed their loss of business on the smoking ban1. The Save Our Pubs &amp; Clubs campaign estimates that the smoking ban in the UK is responsible for 20 pub closures a week2. This is an unfair consequence for the many pub-owners across the world.  1 'MPs campaign to relax smoking ban in pubs', BBC News, 29 June 2011,   2 'Why we want government to amend the smoking ban', Save Our Pubs &amp; Clubs, smoking ban, pubs, clubs, business loss, closures, UK, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, campaign, MP support, amendments, economic impact, smoking restrictions, hospitality industry, pub owners, legislation effects, smoker behavior, home preference, social implications smoking ban, pubs, clubs, business loss, closures, UK, campaign, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, MPs, relax smoking ban, unfair consequence, pub-owners, spend time, stay home, friends, smoking with friends smoking ban, pubs, clubs, out of business, smokers, stay at home, UK, pub closures, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, unfair consequence, pub-owners, relax smoking ban, MPs campaign, BBC News smoking ban, pubs, clubs, business loss, pub closures, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, campaign, UK, smokers, spending time, home smoking, unfair consequence, pub-owners, relaxation, MPs, BBC News, amendment, smoking ban consequences smoking ban, pubs, clubs, business impact, closures, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, UK, MP campaign, relax smoking ban, pub owners, economic consequences, smoking at home, social impact, amendment request
test-law-phwmfri-pro01a	Rich and poor now face equality of impact of punishment  The purpose of a fine is to ensure that the offender faces the consequences of their actions. The extent to which a financial penalty feels like a negative consequence is relative to the amount of income someone has, not to the simple amount that the fine is. That is, if someone earning £200 per week is fined £100, that will feel more severe than a £100 fine would feel to someone earning £2000 per week.  Therefore, if you make fines proportional to the income someone has, all people feel the impact of the punishment equally, rather than the poor facing a punishment with a harsher impact on them than on the rich. equality, impact, punishment, fines, income, proportional, consequences, rich, poor, financial, penalty, severity, relative, week, harsher, equally, offender, actions, amount, simple, feel, faced income-proportional fines, equality of punishment impact, financial penalty fairness, proportional justice, income-based fines, economic disparity in penalties, equitable sentencing, fair punishment distribution, relative financial impact, socioeconomic fairness in fines equality, punishment, fines, income, proportionality, financial penalty, consequences, socioeconomic status, relative impact, justice system, legal reform, economic disparity, penal system, deterrence, fairness, socio-economic, law enforcement, rich, poor, penalty scale, judicial fairness equality, punishment, fines, income, proportionality, offender, consequences, financial penalty, severity, relative, impact, rich, poor, justice, socioeconomic status, equity, legal system, fairness, penal system, proportional fines Rich, poor, equality, impact, punishment, fines, financial penalty, consequences, income, proportional, severity, justice, socioeconomic status, penalty, fairness, legal system, economic disparity, enforcement, deterrence
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro02a	Terrorism can lead to discussion  In some cases, terrorism can result in the acknowledgement of certain groups. Therefore, terrorism is justified by its success in achieving results when peaceful means have failed. In many countries terrorists have succeeded in bringing governments to negotiate with them and make concessions to them. Where governments have not been willing to concede to rational argument and peaceful protest, terrorism can compel recognition of a cause. Nelson Mandela moved from terrorist to President. In many other countries we see this trend too – in Israel, Northern Ireland, in Sri Lanka, and in the Oslo peace process that led to the creation of the Palestinian Authority. [1]  [1] Palestine Facts. (n.d.). Details of the Oslo Accords. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from Palestine Facts: Terrorism, discussion, acknowledgment, groups, justification, success, peaceful means, governments, negotiation, concessions, recognition, cause, Nelson Mandela, President, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo peace process, Palestinian Authority, Palestine Facts, Oslo Accords terrorism, discussion, acknowledgement, justification, success, peaceful means, government negotiation, concessions, rational argument, peaceful protest, Nelson Mandela, presidency, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo peace process, Palestinian Authority, Palestine Facts, Oslo Accords terrorism, discussion, acknowledgement, groups, justified, success, peaceful means, governments, negotiate, concessions, recognition, cause, Nelson Mandela, President, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo peace process, Palestinian Authority, Palestine Facts, Oslo Accords terrorism, discussion, acknowledgment, justification, success, peaceful means, government negotiation, concessions, rational argument, peaceful protest, Nelson Mandela, presidency, trend, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo peace process, Palestinian Authority, Palestine Facts terrorism, discussion, acknowledgement, groups, justification, success, results, peaceful means, governments, negotiation, concessions, recognition, cause, Nelson Mandela, President, trend, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo peace process, Palestinian Authority, Palestine Facts, Oslo Accords
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro01a	It is immoral to kill animals  As evolved human beings it is our moral duty to inflict as little pain as possible for our survival. So if we do not need to inflict pain to animals in order to survive, we should not do it. Farm animals such as chickens, pigs, sheep, and cows are sentient living beings like us - they are our evolutionary cousins and like us they can feel pleasure and pain. The 18th century utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham even believed that animal suffering was just as serious as human suffering and likened the idea of human superiority to racism. It is wrong to farm and kill these animals for food when we do not need to do so. The methods of farming and slaughter of these animals are often barbaric and cruel - even on supposedly 'free range' farms. [1] Ten billion animals were slaughtered for human consumption each year, stated PETA. And unlike the farms long time ago, where animals roamed freely, today, most animals are factory farmed: —crammed into cages where they can barely move and fed a diet adulterated with pesticides and antibiotics. These animals spend their entire lives in their “prisoner cells” so small that they can't even turn around. Many suffer serious health problems and even death because they are selectively bred to grow or produce milk or eggs at a far greater rate than their bodies are capable of coping with. At the slaughterhouse, there were millions of others who are killed every year for food.  Further on Tom Regan explains that all duties regarding animals are indirect duties to one another from a philosophical point of view. He illustrates it with an analogy regarding children: “Children, for example, are unable to sign contracts and lack rights. But they are protected by the moral contract nonetheless because of the sentimental interests of others. So we have, then, duties involving these children, duties regarding them, but no duties to them. Our duties in their case are indirect duties to other human beings, usually their parents.” [2] With this he supports the theory that animals must be protected from suffering, as it is moral to protect any living being from suffering, not because we have a moral contract with them, but mainly due to respect of life and recognition of suffering itself.  [1] Claire Suddath, A brief history of Veganism, Time, 30 October 2008  [2] Tom Regan, The case for animal rights, 1989 morality, animal rights, human evolution, pain infliction, survival, farm animals, sentience, evolutionary cousins, Jeremy Bentham, utilitarianism, animal suffering, racism, farming methods, slaughter, PETA, factory farming, animal health, selective breeding, Tom Regan, indirect duties, moral contract, protection from suffering, respect for life, veganism immoral, kill, animals, moral, duty, pain, survival, sentient, beings, evolutionary, cousins, feel, pleasure, Jeremy, Bentham, animal, suffering, human, superiority, racism, farming, slaughter, PETA, factory, farmed, cages, pesticides, antibiotics, health, problems, death, slaughterhouse, Tom, Regan, indirect, duties, children, moral, contract, respect, life, veganism immoral, kill animals, moral duty, minimal pain, survival, sentient beings, evolutionary cousins, pleasure, pain, Jeremy Bentham, animal suffering, human suffering, racism, farming, slaughter, unnecessary, barbaric, cruel, free range, PETA, factory farmed, cages, pesticides, antibiotics, health problems, slaughterhouse, Tom Regan, indirect duties, moral contract, children, rights, protection, respect of life, recognition of suffering, veganism immoral, kill, animals, moral, duty, pain, survival, farm, chickens, pigs, sheep, cows, sentient, living, beings, evolutionary, cousins, pleasure, pain, Jeremy, Bentham, suffering, human, racism, wrong, farm, kill, food, methods, farming, slaughter, barbaric, cruel, free, range, PETA, factory, farmed, cages, move, diet, pesticides, antibiotics, health, problems, death, selective, breeding, milk, eggs, slaughterhouse, moral, contract, indirect, duties, philosophical, children, Tom, Regan, analogy, protected immoral, kill, animals, moral, duty, pain, survival, farm, chickens, pigs, sheep, cows, sentient, living, beings, evolutionary, cousins, feel, pleasure, Jeremy, Bentham, suffering, human, racism, wrong, farm, kill, food, factory, farmed, cages, move, diet, pesticides, antibiotics, health, problems, death, selectively, bred, milk, eggs, slaughterhouse, killed, consumption, PETA, duties, indirect, Tom, Regan, children, contracts, rights, moral, contract, respect, life, recognition, Veganism, Claire, S
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con01a	Schools should educate about healthy choices, not make them on the students’ behalf.  Although it might be very tempting for the government to try and attack the problem of childhood obesity by attempting to change, in essence, the very choices our kids can make, this is the wrong way of going about doing it.  The purpose of schools is education – the genesis of active and useful members of society. A large extent of what schools do is imprinting the ideas the society values. In most western countries those would be the ideas of fairness, democracy, freedom of expression, etc. The other side of the coin is the transference of knowledge, knowledge of mathematics, history, but also of biology, health and nutrition.  We see thus that the proposed ban on specific choices one makes in school, whether be it choices regarding food or choices regarding the clothes one wears, the ideas one expresses, and so on, is truly meaningless in the existing concept of education.  What the schools should be doing is putting more emphasis on getting the message of the importance of a healthy lifestyle across. Our kids should be taught that this lifestyle consists of more than just whether or not we chose to eat a hamburger and fries for lunch. In short, this ban falls short of truly educating the children about how important physical activity, balanced meals and indulging in moderation are.  They should also focus on the importance of choice, since in the case of childhood obesity, making the right nutritional and lifestyle choices is of paramount importance. But they should also focus on the importance of choice for a society and how all should take responsibility for their choices in such a society. schools, healthy choices, childhood obesity, government intervention, education purpose, social values, democracy, freedom, knowledge transfer, biology, health, nutrition, ban, food choices, clothing choices, expression, healthy lifestyle, physical activity, balanced meals, moderation, choice importance, societal responsibility, nutritional choices, lifestyle choices, responsible citizenship schools, education, healthy choices, childhood obesity, government intervention, freedom of choice, societal values, democracy, nutrition, physical activity, balanced meals, personal responsibility, societal responsibility, educational goals school education, healthy choices, childhood obesity, government intervention, freedom of choice, social values, knowledge transfer, healthy lifestyle, physical activity, balanced meals, nutritional choices, societal responsibility, personal responsibility, education philosophy, school policies, student autonomy, democratic values, health education, obesity prevention, dietary freedom, educational goals, student well-being, informed decision-making, nutrition education, holistic health, lifestyle education, school nutrition, policy debate, choice in education, public health, student empowerment, responsible citizenship, teaching methodology, educational content, health awareness, school environment, student rights, nutritional guidelines, healthy eating, physical education, mental health, school education, healthy choices, childhood obesity, government intervention, schools, society values, democracy, freedom of expression, knowledge transfer, biology, health, nutrition, ban, food choices, clothing choices, expression choices, healthy lifestyle, physical activity, balanced meals, moderation, choice importance, societal responsibility, nutritional choices, lifestyle choices Schools, education, healthy choices, childhood obesity, government, freedom, democracy, fairness, nutrition, physical activity, lifestyle, responsibility, society, choice, ban, food, clothes, expression, mathematics, history, biology, health, active, useful members, Western values, knowledge transfer, indulgence, moderation, importance, teaching, message, making choices, nutritional choices, lifestyle choices, societal importance, taking responsibility.
test-international-aegmeppghw-pro02a	Turkey has precedents, such as Romania and Bulgaria, both of whom were accepted into the EU  Romania and Bulgaria, who have by far the worst human rights’ records, were prioritized over Turkey when they were granted the right of accession, joining the EU in 2007. The EU rewarded states that have made a big effort to democratize and change policy in order to be allowed in to the EU. By essentially procrastinating on Turkey's case, the EU are discouraging Turkey from making the required changes to their legislature and norms and thus hindering their chances of accession. Countries such as Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic were pressurized to reform at a rapid pace after being promised by the EU they would likely be in the EU in a relatively short period of time; Turkey has been given no such promises. Turkey should have even more 'right' to be in the EU as these states, as it formally applied for membership long before these states and should thus be given priority over them. Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, EU accession, human rights records, democratization, policy changes, EU procrastination, legislative reform, accession priority, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, membership application, EU membership promises Turkey, EU accession, Romania, Bulgaria, human rights, democratization, legislative changes, EU procrastination, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, membership application, priority, EU membership criteria, political reform, accession timeline Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, EU accession, human rights records, democratization, policy change, legislation reform, EU membership, priorities, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, application timeline, membership promises, procrastination, discouragement, reform pressure, accession delay, state efforts, democratic norms, European Union, political criteria, membership conditions, state comparisons, accession process, prioritization issues, formal application, membership rights, EU integration, political reforms, state reforms, EU membership benefits, accession criteria, political pressure, state development, EU expansion, democratic development, state priorities, membership negotiations, accession timeline, reform encouragement, political change, accession standards Turkey, EU accession, Romania, Bulgaria, human rights, democratization, legislative reform, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, EU membership, application priority, accession delay, political pressure, EU promises Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, EU accession, human rights, democratization, policy change, EU membership, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, reform, priorities, application, legislation, norms
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro01a	"It may be necessary to limit trial by jury in terrorism cases, or other cases surrounding large national security issues.  There are three reasons why this is the case. First, terrorist groups may threaten jury members (see Argument 2 for more detail). Second, terrorism may politicize the jury (see Argument 3 for more detail). Third, the state may be limited in what information it can provide if jurors are present. The government may be unable or unwilling to present classified information for fear of intelligence leaks; for example if it does not want to reveal intelligence methods and sources to the public. This reluctance may make it very difficult to prosecute terrorists. The implication is that the unique national security issues terrorism trials pose may make juries untenable if we ever want to convict terrorists of serious crimes.1 1Laura K. Donohue, ""Terrorism and Trial by Jury: The Vices and Virtues of British and American Criminal Law"" jury, terrorism, national security, threats, politicization, classified information, prosecution, intelligence leaks, criminal law, trial limitations, juror safety, legal procedures, terrorism trials, government reluctance, Laura K. Donohue jury, terrorism, national security, threats, politicization, classified information, intelligence leaks, prosecution, conviction, Laura K. Donohue, British law, American law trial by jury, terrorism cases, national security, jury threats, politicization of jury, classified information, intelligence leaks, prosecution difficulties, terrorism trials, jury limitations, Laura K. Donohue, Terrorism and Trial by Jury, British and American Criminal Law terrorism, jury, national security, threats, politicization, classified information, prosecution, intelligence leaks, crime, Laura K. Donohue, trial, British, American, criminal law trial by jury, terrorism cases, national security, jury threats, politicized jury, classified information, intelligence leaks, prosecution difficulties, terrorist conviction, Laura K. Donohue, terrorism trials, criminal law"
test-science-eassgbatj-con04a	Animal research is only used when it’s needed  EU member states and the US have laws to stop animals being used for research if there is any alternative. The 3Rs principles are commonly used. Animal testing is being Refined for better results and less suffering, Replaced, and Reduced in terms of the number of animals used. This means that less animals have to suffer, and the research is better. Animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, refinement, replacement, reduction, animal testing, ethical standards, alternatives, suffering, scientific research, animal welfare Animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, Refinement, Replacement, Reduction, Animal testing, Research alternatives, Suffering reduction, Improved research methods animal research, EU member states, US laws, alternatives, 3Rs principles, refinement, replacement, reduction, animal testing, suffering, research quality Animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, Refined, Replaced, Reduced, animal testing, alternatives, research ethics, animal welfare, scientific methods, laboratory animals, regulatory requirements, humane testing, minimization, suffering reduction, ethical research practices animal research, EU member states, US laws, alternatives, 3Rs principles, refined, replaced, reduced, suffering, research quality, animal testing, ethical standards, laboratory animals, scientific methods, humane treatment, regulatory compliance, animal welfare, experimental design, biotechnology, pharmaceutical development
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-con02a	‘Separation of town and gown’  There are two parties involved in this interaction, the state and the university. To pretend that is an entirely one way process is to ignore reality. Contrary to the belief of many Senior Common Rooms, states do not exist for the convenience of universities. Indeed universities quite happily accept the political and economic stability provided by states at exactly the same time as criticising the methods they need to use to maintain it.  However, ultimately universities are service providers from the point of view of the state, training and skilling the workforce. The university provides its expertise in exchange for funding and student fees. Where, exactly, the opinions of the faculty enter into such an equation is not clear and appears to have been assumed by proposition. Of course individual academics and students have the right to their own political views but the idea that a university as an institution has rights distinct from, say, a supermarket chain is impossible to justify. If a supermarket announced that it should be free to ignore local laws and adopt those of its base state instead, that would clearly be rejected. Just as when a food chain invests in a country for, say, beef, the arrangement is predicated on the understanding that both parties benefit and each has a little room for negotiation. [i] The same should apply here. If prop were to argue that Asian nations should relax there approach to cannabis so that it students could enjoy a more genuine ‘Western student experience’ the statement would be the subject of ridicule, so should this be.  [i] Smith, David, ‘Tesco should give us some of these billions’, guardian.co.uk, 15 May 2009, separation of town and gown, state and university, political and economic stability, workforce training, faculty opinions, academic political views, university institutional rights, supermarket rights, local laws, Western student experience, academic freedom, institutional autonomy, state-university relationship, service providers, funding and student fees, academic criticism, state methods, higher education policy, university-state interaction, corporate analogy, legal compliance, academic civic responsibility university, state, separation, town, gown, political, economic, stability, service, providers, workforce, training, skilling, funding, student, fees, faculty, opinions, academics, political, views, institution, rights, supermarket, laws, investment, country, beef, negotiation, Asian, nations, cannabis, Western, student, experience, Tesco, billions, guardian.co.uk separation, town, gown, state, university, interaction, political, economic, stability, service, providers, workforce, training, skilling, funding, student, fees, faculty, opinions, academics, political, views, institution, rights, supermarket, chain, laws, investment, country, negotiation, Asian, nations, cannabis, Western, student, experience, ridicule, Smith, David, Tesco, billions, guardian.co.uk, May, 2009 town and gown, state-university relationship, political and economic stability, service providers, workforce training, academic freedom, institutional rights, local laws, cultural differences, student experience, Western education model, academic-political interdependence, university autonomy, state regulations, faculty opinions, student rights, academic-political balance, institutional responsibilities, academic governance, state-university partnership, political neutrality in education, academic integrity, institutional autonomy, state oversight, international education standards, academic policy, governance models, public-private partnership, education policy, academic-community relations, university-community engagement, state-university dynamics, academic-state collaboration, institutional rights debate, academic freedom debate separation of town and gown, state-university relationship, political and economic stability, universities as service providers, faculty political views, institutional rights, supermarket chain analogy, local laws, negotiation, student experience, Western student life, cannabis laws, Asian nations, academic freedom, institutional autonomy, public-private partnership, education policy, governance, academic-community relations, mutual benefit, regulatory compliance, institutional responsibilities, political neutrality, academic influence, state-university partnership, service provision, workforce training, funding models, student fees, academic rights, institutional identity, community engagement, academic-community interaction, higher education policy, state intervention, academic governance, institutional autonomy debate
test-international-bldimehbn-con02a	Citizens deserve the right to know what is happening in their name.  It is up to the public to decide whether those actions that are reported are right or wrong, journalists and broadcasters should not act as a filter in that process. Many of these actions – imprisonments, internments, brutality and others – are conducted by governments in the name of the people. Sometimes this is done under euphemisms such as ‘protecting public morality’ or in the name of a majority religion. This is used as a catch all as shown by the case of journalist Sofiene Chourabi who was arrested for ‘harming public morals’ in response to calling for a protest against the governing party in Tunisia. [1] It seems only reasonable that people have the right to know what is being done in their name, how their morality is being ‘protected’ or what their faith is being used to justify.  The failure to do so assumes that the public – individually and collectively – are either to foolish to understand or too callous to care. Either or both of those things may be true, although it seems unlikely, but it is certainly not the role of the individual journalist or editor to make such an assumption. Even was that assumption true, it still does not change the facts. In the words of C.P. Snow, “Comment is free but facts are sacred”. [2] These events happened, they happened to citizens of that country, they affect how the rest of the world views that country and how the government views and treats its citizens. On every count, that is news.  [1] ‘Tunisian journalist faces ‘public morals’ charge after criticizing government’, Amnesty International, 8 August 2012,   [2] ‘Comment is free’, guardian.co.uk, citizens, right, transparency, public, decision, journalists, broadcasters, filter, government, actions, imprisonments, internments, brutality, public morality, majority religion, case, Sofiene Chourabi, arrested, harming public morals, protest, governing party, Tunisia, reason, morality, faith, assumption, foolish, callous, role, journalist, editor, C.P. Snow, comment, facts, sacred, events, citizens, country, world, views, government, news Citizens, right, transparency, public, decision, journalists, broadcasters, filter, government, actions, imprisonments, internments, brutality, euphemisms, public morality, majority religion, Sofiene Chourabi, arrested, harm public morals, protest, governing party, Tunisia, right to know, morality, faith, assumption, foolish, callous, C.P. Snow, comment, facts, news, country, world view, government treatment, citizens citizens, right, know, happening, name, public, decide, actions, reported, right, wrong, journalists, broadcasters, filter, imprisonments, internments, brutality, governments, people, euphemisms, protecting, public, morality, majority, religion, journalist, Sofiene Chourabi, arrested, harming, public, morals, protest, governing, party, Tunisia, reasonable, morality, protected, faith, justify, failure, assume, public, foolish, understand, callous, care, journalist, editor, C.P. Snow, comment, free, facts, sacred, events, happened, citizens, country Citizens, Right, Know, Public, Decide, Actions, Reported, Journalists, Broadcasters, Filter, Government, Imprisonments, Internments, Brutality, Euphemisms, Protecting, Public, Morality, Majority, Religion, Case, Sofiene, Chourabi, Arrested, Harming, Public, Morals, Protest, Governing, Party, Tunisia, Reasonable, Morality, Protected, Faith, Justify, Failure, Assume, Public, Foolish, Callous, Individual, Journalist, Editor, assumption, Facts, Sacred, C.P. Snow, Events, Citizens Citizens, right, know, government, actions, imprisonment, internment, brutality, public, morality, religion, journalist, broadcaster, filter, protest, governing, party, Tunisia, harm, public, morals, assumption, foolish, callous, C.P. Snow, comment, facts, sacred, news, world, view, treatment, Amnesty International, guardian.co.uk
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro03a	Reduce the prominence of bad and fake drugs  The increased availability of high quality generic drugs will reduce the numbers of bad and fake pharmaceuticals on the markets. The cost of patented drugs has forced many to search for other options. This is exploited by the billion dollar global counterfeit drug trade [1] . Fake drugs are the cause of around 100,000 deaths in Africa every year. Bad drugs, which are substandard, have also found their way in to Africa; one in six tuberculosis pills have been found to be of a poor quality [2] . The widespread introduction of low cost, high quality drugs will hopefully ensure that consumers do not turn to sellers in market places.  [1] Sambira,J. ‘Counterfeit drugs raise Africa’s temperature’  [2] Ibid reduce, prominence, bad, fake, drugs, high, quality, generic, drugs, cost, patented, drugs, billion, dollar, global, counterfeit, trade, deaths, Africa, substandard, tuberculosis, pills, low, cost, consumers, market, places bad drugs, fake drugs, high quality generics, counterfeit drug trade, Africa, deaths, substandard drugs, tuberculosis, low cost drugs, marketplaces, pharmaceuticals, health, patents, cost, consumers, quality, availability, trade, public health, regulation, enforcement, safety reduce, prominence, bad, fake, drugs, high, quality, generic, drugs, cost, patented, drugs, billion, dollar, global, counterfeit, drug, trade, deaths, Africa, substandard, tuberculosis, pills, low, cost, market, places, consumers, sellers, introduction, ensure, marketplaces, tuberculosis, pills, substandard, quality, healthcare, regulation, enforcement, public, awareness, affordable, alternatives, health, safety, pharmaceutical, industry, intellectual, property, rights, economic, impact, counterfeit, prevention, strategies, medical, treatment, access, equity, policy, intervention, consumer, protection reduce, prominence, bad, fake, drugs, high, quality, generic, drugs, cost, patented, drugs, billion, dollar, global, counterfeit, drug, trade, deaths, Africa, substandard, tuberculosis, pills, low, cost, market, places, consumers, sellers, Sambira, J, Counterfeit, drugs, raise, Africa’s, temperature bad drugs, fake drugs, high quality generics, counterfeit drug trade, drug cost, patented drugs, Africa, deaths, substandard drugs, tuberculosis, low cost drugs, marketplaces, pharmaceuticals, health safety, regulatory measures, drug authenticity, consumer protection, public health, medicinal quality, health economics
test-culture-mthbah-pro05a	Advertisements tell children that they should have everything they want.  Advertising gives the impression, especially to children, that they can and should have everything they want. This makes people too interested in material things. People are becoming more selfish and obsessed with their possessions, and losing their values of patience, hard work, moderation and the importance of non-material things like family and friends. This harms their relationships and their personal development, which has serious effects for society as a whole. advertisements, children, wants, materialism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, hard work, moderation, non-material things, family, friends, relationships, personal development, society advertisements, children, materialism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, hard work, moderation, non-material things, family, friends, relationships, personal development, society, consumerism, marketing, youth, psychological effects, social impact advertisements, children, materialism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, hard work, moderation, non-material, family, friends, relationships, personal development, society, consumerism, marketing, influence, youth, social impact advertisements, children, materialism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, hard work, moderation, non-material, family, friends, relationships, personal development, society advertisements, children, materialism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, hard work, moderation, non-material, family, friends, relationships, personal development, society, consumerism, marketing, youth, social impact
test-law-lghbacpsba-con02a	It better enables Attorneys to advance their client's case  An attorney's main duty is owed to their client. Under Rule 1.04 of the Solicitors' Code of Conduct a solicitor “must act in the best interests of each client”. [1] It is part of the adversarial system that we have that two opposing parties in litigation argue for their best interests. The whole working of the adversarial system of justice is that each party knows the facts but argues the facts that most support their case. To take away client-attorney privilege is to undermine this way of achieving justice.  [1] Rule 1: Core duties, Solicitors’ Code of Conduct 2007,  accessed 18/05/11 Attorneys, client's case, main duty, Rule 1.04, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, best interests, adversarial system, litigation, client-attorney privilege, justice, facts, arguing, undermining, core duties Attorneys, client's case, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Rule 1.04, best interests, adversarial system, litigation, client-attorney privilege, justice, Core duties Attorneys, client's case, main duty, Rule 1.04, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, best interests, adversarial system, litigation, client-attorney privilege, justice, facts, arguing, undermining, core duties attorneys, client's case, duty, Rule 1.04, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, adversarial system, litigation, client-attorney privilege, justice, facts, Core duties, 2007, legal ethics, professional conduct, advocacy Attorneys, client's case, main duty, Rule 1.04, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, best interests, adversarial system, litigation, client-attorney privilege, justice, facts, legal ethics, professional conduct, solicitors, legal representation, legal duty, client confidentiality
test-international-appghblsba-pro02a	The historical reasons for which the state of Lesotho exists are no longer relevant in a post-apartheid South Africa  The reason why Moshoeshoe, the leader of Lesotho, wished to become a British protectorate was because of the Boers of the Orange Free State was trying to take their land. In 1966, when the Kingdom of Lesotho gained its independence from Britain, it remained separate from SA as it had been a separate colony. Lesotho was under direct rule while South Africa was a dominion. There was no incentive to change at the point of independence because SA was ruled by the apartheid regime. Lesotho was a strong public opponent of the regime and granted a number of SA refugees’ political asylum. The African National Congress, the ruling party in SA since 1994, was founded in Lesotho. Moreover, during the struggle against apartheid, the ANC’s armed wing organized its guerilla units from the enclave. [1] We can firmly say that Lesotho vas a very important actor in a post-apartheid SA, but the times have changed. The ANC is now in power in South Africa and SA and Lesotho are closer together than ever before.  [1] Smith, 2010, Lesotho, apartheid, South Africa, Moshoeshoe, British protectorate, Boers, Orange Free State, independence, 1966, African National Congress, ANC, political asylum, anti-apartheid, guerilla units, post-apartheid, proximity, historical context, Smith 2010 Lesotho, apartheid, South Africa, Moshoeshoe, British protectorate, Boers, Orange Free State, independence, 1966, separate colony, direct rule, African National Congress, ANC, political asylum, guerilla units, post-apartheid, Smith, 2010 Lesotho, historical reasons, post-apartheid South Africa, Moshoeshoe, British protectorate, Boers, Orange Free State, 1966 independence, Kingdom of Lesotho, separate colony, direct rule, apartheid regime, political asylum, African National Congress, ANC, struggle against apartheid, guerilla units, important actor, ANC in power, closer relations Lesotho, South Africa, apartheid, independence, British protectorate, Moshoeshoe, Boers, Orange Free State, 1966, African National Congress, ANC, political asylum, guerilla units, post-apartheid, Smith 2010 Lesotho, apartheid, South Africa, Moshoeshoe, British protectorate, Boers, Orange Free State, independence, 1966, African National Congress, ANC, post-apartheid, political asylum, guerilla units, Smith 2010
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro03a	Easy to introduce  A ban on smoking in public places would be simple to enforce – it is an obvious activity, and does not require any form of complex equipment or other special techniques . It would largely be enforced by other users of public places and those working there. If it changes attitudes enough, it could be largely self-enforcing – by changing attitudes and creating peer pressure 1 .  1 See Hartocollis, Anemona, “Why Citizens (gasp) are the smoking police), New York Times, 16 September 2010, ban, smoking, public places, enforce, obvious, activity, simple, equipment, peer pressure, attitudes, self-enforcing, users, workers, New York Times, Hartocollis, Anemona, 2010, September 16 ban, smoking, public places, enforcement, simple, obvious, users, self-enforcing, attitudes, peer pressure, New York Times, Hartocollis, Anemona public places, smoking ban, enforcement, simplicity, obvious activity, user enforcement, peer pressure, attitude change, self-enforcing, New York Times, Anemona Hartocollis ban, smoking, public places, enforcement, users, peer pressure, attitudes, self-enforcing, New York Times, Hartocollis ban, smoking, public places, enforce, simple, obvious, activity, equipment, techniques, users, workers, attitudes, self-enforcing, peer pressure, Hartocollis, Anemona, New York Times, citizens, smoking police
test-law-sdfclhrppph-con01a	Free speech allows challenges to orthodox beliefs  Free speech is not merely a ‘nice thing to have’, it is a mechanism which brings real, tangible benefits to society by allowing people to challenge orthodoxy. States that do not allow orthodox beliefs to be challenged stagnate and decline.  Reducing restrictions on free speech to ‘special exceptions’ frustrates the whole point because it is precisely those special exceptions where established truth needs to be challenged. This is not restricted to matters of pure opinion – the modern scientific process relies upon professionals being able to vehemently disagree on matters of crucial fact. “Real science depends for its progress on continual challenges to the current state of always-imperfect knowledge.” [1]  [1] Sarewitz, Daniel, ‘The voice of science: let’s agree to disagree’, Nature, Vol 487, No.7, 5 October 2011, free speech, challenges, orthodox beliefs, societal benefits, state stagnation, restrictions, special exceptions, scientific process, professional disagreement, imperfect knowledge, science progress, Sarewitz, Nature journal free speech, challenges, orthodox beliefs, societal benefits, state stagnation, decline, special exceptions, established truth, scientific process, professional disagreement, scientific progress, imperfect knowledge, Sarewitz, Nature, disagreement, crucial facts Free speech, challenges, orthodox beliefs, societal benefits, state stagnation, restrictions, special exceptions, established truth, scientific process, professional disagreement, scientific progress, imperfect knowledge, Sarewitz, Nature free speech, challenges, orthodox beliefs, societal benefits, state stagnation, restrictions, special exceptions, scientific process, professional disagreement, scientific progress, imperfect knowledge, Sarewitz, Nature journal free speech, challenges, orthodox beliefs, societal benefits, state stagnation, restrictions, special exceptions, scientific process, professional disagreement, scientific progress, imperfect knowledge, Sarewitz, Nature journal
test-international-sepiahbaaw-pro03a	Foreign companies gain most of the profits  The majority of investment in Africa by Trans National Companies (TNCs) goes towards resource extraction [1] . Many companies use transfer pricing, tax avoidance and anonymous company ownership to increase profits at the expense of resource abundant nations [2] . Production sharing agreements, where companies and states share in the profit of a venture, can often benefit the former over the latter. In 2012 Ugandan activists sued the government for one such deal where the country was to likely to receive only half the profits rather than three quarters [3] .  Kofi Annan, former United Nations Security General, has claimed that Africa’s outflow of funds by TNCs in the extractive industries is twice as high as inflows to the continent. Businesses such as Barclays have been criticised for their promotion of tax havens in Africa [4] . These allow TNCs to avoid government taxation for projects such as resource extraction, a symptom of the attitude of foreign companies to investment in Africa. The unfavourable inflow/outflow balance prevents reinvestment in Africa’s infrastructure, education and health services.  [1] African Development Bank ‘African Development Report 2007’ pg.110   [2] Stewart,H. ‘Annan calls for end to ‘unconscionable’ exploitation of Africa’s resources’ The Guardian 10 May 2013   [3] Akankwasa,S. ‘Uganda activists sue government over oil Production Sharing Agreements.’ International Bar Association 01/05/2012   [4] Provost,C. ‘Row as Barclays promotes tax havens as ‘gateway for investment in Africa’ The Guardian 20 November 2013 Foreign companies, profits, Trans National Companies, TNCs, Africa, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous company ownership, Production Sharing Agreements, Ugandan activists, government, Kofi Annan, United Nations, outflow of funds, Barclays, tax havens, infrastructure, education, health services Foreign companies, profits, investment, Africa, Trans National Companies, TNCs, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous company ownership, production sharing agreements, Kofi Annan, United Nations, outflow of funds, Barclays, tax havens, infrastructure, education, health services, exploitation, Ugandan activists, oil, government taxation Foreign companies, profits, investment, Africa, Trans National Companies, TNCs, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous company ownership, production sharing agreements, Kofi Annan, outflow of funds, Barclays, tax havens, infrastructure, education, health services, Uganda, oil, activists, government, exploitation, unconscionable, investment balance, reinvestment Foreign companies, profits, investment, Africa, Trans National Companies, TNCs, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous company ownership, production sharing agreements, Kofi Annan, United Nations, outflow of funds, Barclays, tax havens, infrastructure, education, health services, Ugandan activists, oil, International Bar Association, African Development Bank, The Guardian Foreign companies, profits, investment, Africa, Trans National Companies, TNCs, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous company ownership, production sharing agreements, Kofi Annan, United Nations, outflow of funds, Barclays, tax havens, infrastructure, education, health services, Ugandan activists, oil, government taxation
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-pro02a	The failure of rule of law  As the anthropologist and lawyer Sally Falk-Moore observed “law is only ever a piecemeal intervention by the state in the life of society.” [i]  Laws are, ultimately, social norms that are taught, enforced and arbitrated on by the state. The value of these norms is such that they are deemed to be a vital part of a society’s identity and the state is entrusted with their protection. However, this ideal can be difficult to achieve. Debate as to which norms the state should be custodian of is constant. Where there is a disconnect between a law and the daily lives, aspirations and struggles of a society, it becomes unlikely that that law will be complied with. Generally, a state will not be able to give a pronouncement the force of law if it does not reflect the values held by a majority of a society.  Compliance with the law can be even harder to obtain in highly plural societies. Even in plural societies ruled peacefully by an effective central government (such as India), communities’ conceptions of children’s rights may be radically different from those set down in law. The Indian child marriage restraint act has been in force since 1929, but the practice remains endemic in southern India to this day [ii] . Governments can attempt to enforce compliance with a law, through education, incentives or deterrence.  What if the state that is intended to mount the “piecemeal intervention” of banning the use of child soldiers is weak, corrupt or non-existent? What if a state cannot carry out structured interventions of the type described above? Norms that state that the conscription of children is acceptable- due to tradition or need- will be dominant.  Situations of this type will be the rule rather than the exception in underdeveloped states and states where conflict is so rife that children have become participants in warfare. The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals with command over military units who use children as combatants [iii] , but how should the concept of a “commander” be defined in these circumstances?  In order for the juristic principles underlying the authority of the ICC to function properly, it is necessary for there to be a degree of certainty and accessibility underlying laws promulgated by a state. While ignorance of the law is not a defence before the ICC, it impossible to call a system of law fair or just that is not overseen by a stable or accepted government. This is not possible if a state is so corrupt that it does not command the trust of its people; if a state is so poor that it cannot afford to operate an open, reliable and transparent court and advocacy system; if territory with a state’s borders is occupied by an armed aggressor. Western notions of rule-of-law are almost impossible to enforce under such conditions. All of these are scenarios encountered frequently in Africa, and central and southern Asia.  Some regions within developing nations are so isolated from the influence of the state, or so heavily contested in internecine conflicts, that communities living within them cannot be expected to know that the state nominally responsible for them has signed the Convention of the Rights of The Child or the Rome Statute. Nor can the state attempt to inform them of this fact. Laws still exist and are enforced within such communities, but these are not state-made forms of law.  For an individual living within a community of the type described above- an individual living in the DRC, in pre-secession South Sudan [iv] or an ethnic minority enclave on the border of Myanmar [v] - the question is a simple one. Does the most immediate source of authority and protection within his world- his community- condone the role that children play in armed conflict? He should not be made liable for abiding by laws and norms that have sprung up to fill a void created by a weak or corrupt central state. There is little hope that he will ever be able to access the counter-point that state sponsored education and engagement could provide.  Child soldiers and their commanders are simply obeying the strongest, the most effective and the most stable source of law in their immediate environment.  [i] “Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa”, Werner Menski, Cambridge University Press, 2006  [ii] “State of the World’s Children 2009”, UNICEF, United Nations, 2008  [iii] “Elements of Crimes”, International Criminal Court,   [iv] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p315,   [v] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p240, rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, law as social norms, state intervention, compliance with law, plural societies, children's rights, Indian child marriage, state weakness, child soldiers, International Criminal Court, command responsibility, state corruption, legal accessibility, Western rule-of-law, developing nations, community law, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, legal education, armed conflict norms rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, children's rights, child marriage, enforcement, education, deterrence, weak state, corruption, non-existent state, child soldiers, International Criminal Court, commanders, underdeveloped states, conflict, prosecution, jurisdiction, stable government, transparent court system, isolation, internecine conflicts, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minority, immediate authority, state-sponsored education, strongest source of law, legal systems, Asia, Africa, Werner Menski, UNICEF, rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, society identity, compliance, plural societies, children's rights, India, child marriage, enforcement, education, incentives, deterrence, weak states, corruption, non-existent state, child soldiers, conflict, ICC, commanders, underdeveloped states, Western notions, fair law, just law, stable government, transparent court, advocacy system, armed aggressor, Africa, central Asia, southern Asia, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minority, immediate authority, state-sponsored education, child combatants rule of law, state intervention, social norms, compliance, plural societies, child marriage, enforcement, child soldiers, weak states, corruption, ICC, command responsibility, legal certainty, developing nations, isolation, conflict zones, community law, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, legal education, state sponsorship, immediate authority, global context, legal systems, UNICEF, child rights, Elements of Crimes, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, child protection, state trust, legal enforcement, state capacity, armed conflict, legal norms, customary law, international law, human rights, legal pluralism, state responsibility, legal education, legal rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, child rights, Indian child marriage, law enforcement, weak states, child soldiers, International Criminal Court, jurisdiction, commanders, underdeveloped states, conflict, corruption, poverty, transparency, court system, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, community law, state education, global context, UNICEF, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers
test-international-epglghbni-con01a	Unification would be damaging for the economies of both parts of Ireland  The Republic of Ireland is currently in a crisis. It is the I in P.I.G.S, the European Union countries whose economies are bust and require a bailout package. It would not be to the benefit of either Northern Ireland joining such a fragile economy, nor would it be good for the Republic of Ireland, having the cut back on public spending whilst trying to integrate Northern Irish transport/police systems etc.  Northern Ireland is a weak economy anyway and a lot of employment comes from the public sector, 30% compared to the UK average of 21%.* The region is £9billion in the red or £5,502 per person, three times the UK average.** These jobs will obviously no longer be an option under re-unification and so there is likely to be mass employment amongst the newly integrated Northern Irish. To counter this, money from Republican taxpayers will have to go to subsidize business/building projects etc in the way the Germans in the West still subsidize the Eastern parts of Germany, over 50 years since the wall came down.  *HM Treasury, 2011, p.9   **Fitzpatrick, 2011, Unification, Ireland, Economy, Crisis, PIGS, European Union, Bailout, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, Public Spending, Integration, Transport, Police Systems, Weak Economy, Employment, Public Sector, UK Average, Fiscal Deficit, Taxpayers, German Reunification, Subsidization, Mass Unemployment Unification, Ireland, economy, crisis, PIGS, bailout, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, public spending, transport, police, weak economy, public sector, employment, deficit, re-unification, taxpayers, German reunification, subsidies, building projects, HM Treasury, Fitzpatrick Unification, Ireland, economic damage, Republic of Ireland, crisis, PIGS, EU, bailout, Northern Ireland, fragile economy, public spending, integration, transport systems, police systems, weak economy, public sector employment, UK average, fiscal deficit, unemployment, taxpayer subsidy, German reunification, economic burden Economic Crisis, Republic of Ireland, PIGS, EU Bailout, Northern Ireland, Unification, Public Spending, Transport Systems, Police Systems, Weak Economy, Public Sector Employment, Financial Deficit, Taxpayers, Subsidization, German Reunification Unification, economic damage, Ireland, Republic of Ireland, crisis, PIGS, bailout, Northern Ireland, fragile economy, public spending, integration, transport systems, police systems, weak economy, public sector employment, economic deficit, mass unemployment, taxpayer subsidy, German reunification, fiscal impact
test-culture-mmciahbans-con02a	Prohibition is counterproductive  As tempting as it is to feel that banning is the solution to problems, it doesn’t work. Almost all states prohibits certain drugs, but that does not stop them being used. [1] Despite being banned in Ghana, skin whitening creams are still openly advertised on billboards [2] .  Counterfeit cosmetics of all types exist worldwide [3] , they are illegal for a variety of reasons, not least intellectual property abuse: banning skin lighting creams would simply give more space to the counterfeits. A ban could lead users towards either a homemade substance, or pills and injections which would almost certainly be more damaging as a result of a lack of regulation.  [1] See the Debatabase debate ‘ This House supports the legalisation of drugs’  [2] Al Jazeera English, “The Stream: Fair Beauty”, YouTube, 22 August 2013,  , roughly 18 minutes in  [3] RIA Novosti, “Counterfeit cosmetics: Turning beauties in to beasts”, RT, 08 November 2010, prohibition, counterproductive, banning, drug laws, skin whitening creams, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property abuse, homemade substances, pills, injections, regulation, Debatabase, legalisation of drugs, Al Jazeera, The Stream, RIA Novosti, counterfeit cosmetics dangers Prohibition, counterproductive, banning, drugs, skin whitening creams, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property, homemade substances, pills, injections, regulation, legalisation, debate, Al Jazeera, RIA Novosti Prohibition, counterproductive, banning, drug prohibition, skin whitening creams, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property, homemade substances, pills, injections, regulation, legalisation of drugs, Ghana, Al Jazeera, RIA Novosti, The Stream, Fair Beauty, Turning beauties into beasts Prohibition, counterproductive, banning, drug regulation, skin whitening creams, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property, homemade substances, injections, Debatabase, legalisation of drugs, Al Jazeera, The Stream, Fair Beauty, RIA Novosti, turning beauties into beasts Prohibition, counterproductive, banning, problems, states, drugs, Ghana, skin whitening creams, billboards, counterfeit cosmetics, worldwide, intellectual property, abuse, skin lighting creams, homemade substance, pills, injections, regulation, legalisation, drugs debate, The Stream, Fair Beauty, Al Jazeera, RIA Novosti, Turning beauties into beasts, RT
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-con03a	"Parents have the right to use their best judgment, in the light of medical advice, as to what is in the best interest of their child  There is compelling evidence that shortly after birth is the best time to perform this operation and that the rate of complications at this age is generally agreed to be between 0.2 and 0.4 percent. When performed later in life the risk of complications increases ten-fold to between two and four percent. In the light of this it is appropriate to recognize the rights of parents to approve a procedure that would be riskier if elected later in life on behalf of their child [i] .  [i] Michael Benatar. ""How Not to Argue About Circumcision"". The American Journal of Bioethics. 2003 parents, best judgment, medical advice, best interest, child, compelling evidence, shortly after birth, operation, complications, age, risk, increases, ten-fold, later in life, recognize rights, approve procedure, riskier, elected, Michael Benatar, circumcision, American Journal of Bioethics, 2003 parents, judgment, medical advice, best interest, child, evidence, birth, operation, complications, age, risk, later life, rights, approve, procedure, circumcision, bioethics, Michael Benatar parents, best judgment, medical advice, best interest, child, compelling evidence, shortly after birth, operation, complications, age, risk, increases, ten-fold, later in life, rights, approve, procedure, riskier, circumcision, Michael Benatar, The American Journal of Bioethics, 2003 parents, rights, best judgment, medical advice, child's best interest, circumcision, neonatal circumcision, complications, risk, age, later life, ten-fold increase, Michael Benatar, American Journal of Bioethics, bioethics, infant circumcision, pediatric surgery, parental consent, medical ethics Parents, rights, best judgment, medical advice, best interest, child, compelling evidence, shortly after birth, operation, complications, risk, increases, ten-fold, appropriate, recognize, procedure, riskier, later life, Michael Benatar, circumcision, bioethics"
test-culture-mmciahbans-con01a	Personal autonomy  Like many other debates, this simply boils down to personal autonomy. Individuals should be free to take actions, even ones harmful to them as long as they do not harm others, at least not without good reason. Thus things that are almost entirely harmful such as smoking are allowed.  It is a matter of personal choice – to suggest otherwise non-white women do not have the capacity to make that choice. personal autonomy, individual freedom, self-determination, personal choice, harmful actions, non-harm principle, smoking, capacity for choice, non-white women, autonomy debates personal autonomy, individual freedom, self-determination, personal choice, non-harm principle, smoking, non-white women, decision-making capacity, autonomy debates, ethical individualism personal autonomy, individual freedom, self-determination, personal choice, non-harm principle, smoking, non-white women, capacity for choice, autonomy debates, ethical individualism personal autonomy, individual freedom, personal choice, self-determination, harm principle, non-libertarian restrictions, gender equality, capacity for choice, non-white women, smoking, harmful actions, moral autonomy personal autonomy, individual freedom, personal choice, harm principle, self-harm, non-coercion, smoking, capacity for choice, non-white women, decision-making rights
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con05a	It is better to monitor riots through the social media rioters are using  It is wrong to suggest that social networks only provide advantages to the rioters in a riot. Many of the networks that can be used are open to the public and even where they are not as with blackberry messenger the police and intelligence services can likely gain access. This means that the police can also benefit from rioters use of social networks. Allowing the rioters to communicate can help the police to track what the rioters are doing and potentially to intercept any plans before they can be put into action. The same logic is used with websites that promote extremist ideologies; it is often better to monitor them for the intelligence they provide. The police already monitor protest groups in this way during demonstrations and even use it to help police impromptu raves so will surely apply it to riots. [1] Yet the social media is useful in other ways, particularly after the rioting it can be used to work out who was involved and to provide evidence against them so making the police much more efficient at catching and charging rioters.  [1] Rawlinson, K., “Activists warned to watch what they say as social media monitoring becomes 'next big thing in law enforcement”, The Independent, 1 October 2012, social media, riot monitoring, police intelligence, public networks, blackberry messenger, extremism, protest groups, demonstrations, social media monitoring, law enforcement, rioters communication, intercept plans, post-rioting, evidence gathering, charging rioters, activist monitoring monitor, riots, social media, rioters, advantages, police, intelligence, access, tracking, plans, interception, extremist ideologies, websites, protest groups, demonstrations, impromptu raves, evidence, charging, law enforcement, activists, social networks, public, communication, efficiency, catching monitor, riots, social media, rioters, advantages, police, intelligence, access, track, intercept, plans, extremist ideologies, websites, protest groups, demonstrations, impromptu raves, evidence, charging, social media monitoring, law enforcement monitor, riots, social media, rioters, advantages, police, intelligence, access, communication, track, intercept, plans, extremist ideologies, websites, protest groups, demonstrations, impromptu raves, useful, evidence, charging, law enforcement, activists, warning, social networks, public, blackberry messenger, monitoring, efficient, catching monitor, riots, social, media, rioters, advantages, police, intelligence, services, access, track, intercept, plans, websites, extremist, ideologies, protest, groups, demonstrations, impromptu, raves, useful, evidence, charging, activists, warning, law, enforcement
test-environment-assgbatj-pro04a	Most animals can suffer more than some people  It’s possible to think of people that can’t suffer, like those in a persistent vegetative state, or with significant intellectual disabilities.  We could go for one of three options. Either we could experiment on animals, but not such people, which is morally not consistent. We could allow both, but do we want to do painful medical research on the disabled? Or, we could do neither.[9] animal suffering, human suffering, moral consistency, medical research ethics, disabled individuals, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, ethical experimentation animal suffering, human suffering, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, medical research, ethical dilemmas, disability rights, animal experimentation, human experimentation animal suffering, human suffering, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, medical research, ethical considerations, experimentation on animals, experimentation on humans, disabled rights, pain in research, ethical dilemmas, moral philosophy, animal ethics, human ethics animal suffering, human suffering, moral consistency, medical research, disabled individuals, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, ethical experimentation, animal rights, human rights animal suffering, human suffering, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, medical research ethics, disabled individuals, animal experimentation, human experimentation, ethical dilemmas, pain in animals, pain in humans, moral philosophy, bioethics, research ethics, disability rights, animal rights, moral responsibilities, ethical considerations, human-animal comparison
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-con01a	Collisions are dangerous and lead to injury.  Ray Fosse and Buster Posey (mentioned above in the Introduction) are just two examples of players who suffered major injuries in crashes at home plate. Texas Rangers star Josh Hamilton, reigning Most Valuable Player of the American League, broke his arm when he collided with a catcher in 2011. In August 2010, Cleveland Indians catcher Carlos Santana suffered a season-ending knee injury when he was hit by Red Sox runner Ryan Kalish. To go back a few more seasons, Braves catcher Greg Olson was having a career year in 1992 until Ken Caminiti broke his leg in a collision. There have been literally dozens of severe injuries suffered in bang-bang plays at the plate.  This high rate of injury should come as no surprise, given the physics involved in this type of play. A simulation with a crash-test dummy wired with sensors showed that a catcher can get hit by a runner travelling 18 miles per hour, resulting in 3,200 pounds of force—much worse than an American football hit, with much less padding. [1]  Teams make heavy investments in their players, paying them millions of dollars a year. Thus, serious injuries are very expensive, both because of the treatment required and because the player is missing many games. This is why the Oakland Athletics instructed their top catcher, Kurt Suzuki, to avoid blocking the plate—because their investment in him is worth more than whatever runs he allows by failing to stop the runner from scoring. [2]  When players are injured in these plays, it’s also bad for fans, who will lose the opportunity to see their favourite athletes on the field. As Bruce Bochy, Busty Posey’s manager with the Giants, told the media after he lost his star catcher to injury: “And here’s a guy that’s very popular in baseball. Fans want to see him play, and now he’s out for a while.” [3]  [1] Joel Siegel, Barbara Pinto, and Tahman Bradley, “Catcher Collision Ignites Baseball Rules Debate,” ABC News, May 28, 2011,  .  [2] Buster Olney, “Billy Beane issues home plate directive,” ESPN The Magazine, June 1, 2011,  .  [3] Tim Kawakami, “Bochy on Posey’s injury: ‘Hopefully the guys are not happy—I’m certainly not happy,’” MercuryNews.com (Talking Points blog), May 26, 2011,  . collisions, dangerous, injury, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Texas Rangers, Josh Hamilton, broken arm, Cleveland Indians, Carlos Santana, knee injury, Ryan Kalish, Braves, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, bang-bang plays, physics, crash-test dummy, sensors, 18 miles per hour, 3200 pounds force, American football, teams, investments, players, millions, dollars, serious injuries, expensive, treatment, missing games, Oakland Athletics, Kurt Suzuki, avoid blocking plate, baseball, fans, favourite athletes, Bruce Bochy, Giants Collisions, dangerous, injury, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Ryan Kalish, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, physics, crash-test dummy, force, American football, padding, Oakland Athletics, Kurt Suzuki, investment, treatment, games, Bruce Bochy, fans, baseball, rules, debate, Billy Beane, home plate, directive, Bochy, Posey, injury, popularity, sports, athletics, MLB, Major League Baseball, catcher, runner, injuries, prevention, safety collisions, injuries, baseball, home plate, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Greg Olson, physics, force, investment, players, Kurt Suzuki, Oakland Athletics, fans, Bruce Bochy, San Francisco Giants, ABC News, ESPN The Magazine, MercuryNews.com Collisions, injury, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Ryan Kalish, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, physics, force, American football, team investments, player salaries, Kurt Suzuki, Oakland Athletics, baseball rules, Bruce Bochy, fan experience, media reactions Collisions, injury, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Ryan Kalish, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, physics, crash-test dummy, force, team investments, player salaries, Kurt Suzuki, Oakland Athletics, Bruce Bochy, fans, popularity, baseball rules, Billy Beane, home plate directive
test-education-pteuhwfphe-pro02a	A graduate tax would make university funding more sustainable  A graduate tax would potentially give universities more than they get from traditional funding, as a contribution would depend directly on a person’s salary rather than just being a flat rate fare for services rendered over a short time. For example a person earning £40,000 would pay about £125 per month. (Shepard, J. 2009) That over 20 years could amount to £30,000, more than enough to cover the costs of a university education in a way which is manageable. Admittedly that sum is based on a person rising like a rocket but it still hints at the possibilities of the tax and how it could bring in more money than simply universities rising their fees. Secondly, it would change as a person’s salary rises or falls over a twenty year period, being more sustainable and increasing the chance of the costs being recovered. Thirdly, rather than giving a person a required fee to pay it would be giving a person a chance to pay over a set time period, reducing the financial impact of the bill. graduate tax, university funding, sustainable, salary-based contribution, flat rate, financial impact, recovery costs, income-contingent repayment, equity, affordability graduate tax, university funding, sustainable, salary-based contribution, flat rate, £40,000, £125 per month, 20 years, £30,000, education costs, manageable, person’s salary, financial impact, set time period, fees, recovery, economic model, higher education finance graduate tax, university funding, sustainable, salary-based contribution, flat rate, £40,000, £125 per month, £30,000, 20 years, cost recovery, financial impact, set time period, fee payment, salary changes, higher education, funding model, long-term sustainability, income-contingent repayment, educational finance, student debt, economic contribution, public policy, tertiary education, financial aid, payment flexibility graduate tax, university funding, sustainable financing, salary-based contribution, flat rate fare, earnings-linked payment, long-term recovery, financial impact, fee structure, higher education finance graduate tax, university funding, sustainable, salary-based contribution, flat rate fare, financial impact, recovery costs, time period, salary changes, fee increase, manageable payments, education costs, long-term funding, Shepard 2009
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro03a	Terrorism can bring attention  Terrorism can raise the profile of a neglected cause. The hi-jackings of the 1970s and 1980s brought publicity to the Palestinian cause, helping to bring it to the attention of the world. [1] States can use their wealth and media to put across their side of the story; their opponents do not have these resources and perhaps need to resort to terrorism to publicise their cause. In this way, limited and focused use of violence can have a dramatic international impact.  [1] Tristam, P. (n.d.). The 1970 Palestinian Hijackings of Three Jets to Jordan. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from About.com: terrorism, attention, raise, profile, neglected, cause, hi-jackings, 1970s, 1980s, Palestinian, publicity, world, states, wealth, media, opponents, resources, resort, limited, focused, violence, dramatic, international, impact, Tristam, 1970, jets, Jordan, About.com terrorism, attention, raise, profile, neglected, cause, hi-jackings, 1970s, 1980s, Palestinian, publicity, world, states, wealth, media, opponents, resources, resort, violence, dramatic, international, impact, Tristam, jets, Jordan, About.com terrorism, attention, profile, neglected, cause, hi-jackings, 1970s, 1980s, Palestinian, publicity, world, states, wealth, media, opponents, resources, violence, dramatic, international, impact, Tristam, 1970, Jordan, jets terrorism, attention, profile, neglected cause, hi-jackings, 1970s, 1980s, Palestinian, publicity, world, states, wealth, media, opponents, resources, violence, international impact, Tristam, 1970, jets, Jordan, About.com terrorism, attention, neglected cause, hi-jackings, 1970s, 1980s, Palestinian, publicity, states, wealth, media, opponents, resources, violence, international impact, 1970 Palestinian Hijackings, Jordan, Tristam, About.com
test-international-appghblsba-pro01a	Annexation will allow the free movement of Basotho people, goods and services  For the Basotho in a landlocked country the free movement of their people is a right that is in large part dependent on the South African (SA) government rather their own national one. Its importance is shown by 40% of border crossings into South Africa being from Lesotho. Acknowledging the fact that Lesotho is an enclave state surrounded by SA, the ability of people to move freely depends on whether they are allowed to enter SA or not. There is corruption at border posts and the number of crossings results in long queues and slow service; 63% of border crossers experience problems. [1] This is sometimes made even more difficult by SA government actions as before the World Cup in 2010 when border restrictions were tightened making it almost impossible for Basotho to leave their country. [2] This happened due to the detention of several Lesotho nationals after a spate of criminal activities along the border.  The same situation applies to trade. Lesotho is dependent on the trade with South Africa, even for goods that come from beyond South Africa as Lesotho has no port of its own most goods will have to be transported through South Africa. This dependency is rising. In 1980, Lesotho produced 80% of the cereals it consumed. Now it imports 70%. [3] Annexation would eliminate these borders boosting trade between the countries, helping to make both richer. In the best interest of Basotho is to be able to control and be listened to by the entity that is metaphorically and literally feeding them.  [1] Crush, Jonathan, ‘The border within: The future of the Lesotho-South African international boundary’, Migration Policy Series No.26,   [2] Patel, Khadija, Lesotho and South Africa: ‘Good fences make good neighbours’, 19 April 2013,   [3] Smith, Alex Duval, ‘Lesotho's people plead with South Africa to annex their troubled country’, theguardian.com, 6 June 2010 Annexation, Basotho, free movement, landlocked, South Africa, border crossings, enclave state, corruption, border posts, queues, World Cup, border restrictions, trade dependency, cereals, import, economic benefits, control, governance, international relations, Lesotho-South African boundary, migration, security, economic integration, poverty, development, infrastructure, political stability, human rights annexation, free movement, Basotho people, goods, services, landlocked country, South African government, border crossings, Lesotho, enclave state, corruption, border posts, long queues, World Cup 2010, border restrictions, detention, Lesotho nationals, criminal activities, trade dependency, port, cereals, imports, wealth, control, South Africa, Lesotho-South African boundary, international relations, economic integration, political annexation annexation, free movement, Basotho, Lesotho, South Africa, border crossings, corruption, trade, dependency, cereals, import, economic benefit, border restrictions, World Cup, crime, port, transportation, economic integration, migration, policy, cross-border issues, enclave state, international boundary, neighbours, plea, troubled country, integration, sovereignty, control annexation, free movement, Basotho people, goods, services, landlocked country, South African government, border crossings, Lesotho, enclave state, corruption, border posts, long queues, slow service, World Cup 2010, border restrictions, trade, port, dependency, cereals, imports, economic benefits, control, governance Annexation, Basotho, free movement, Lesotho, South Africa, border crossings, corruption, trade, economic dependency, cereals, import, border restrictions, World Cup 2010, Lesotho nationals, criminal activities, international boundary, GOOD fences, metaphorical feeding, people's right, national control
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-pro01a	Europe must not give approval to this regime.  Viktor Yanukovych fairly came to power in 2010 however since then he has set about attacking the country’s fragile democracy. There are numerous cases showing this democratic decline. For example changes to the constitution that occurred after the Orange revolution have been rolled back to give more power to the presidency. [1] Most visibly opponents of the regime such as Yulia Timoshenko have been jailed in politically motivated trials. At the same time there have been attacks on the freedom of the media and Ukraine has fallen down rankings of press freedom in 2010-11 with its score from freedom house falling from 56 to 59 with its ranking falling to 130th. [2]  Ukraine, like its neighbours Russia and Belarus, has become a ‘virtual mafia state’ where the SBU (Ukraine’s successor to the KGB) is all powerful and the elite are unaccountable. [3] It is becoming more and more corrupt as is shown by its fall down the Corruption Perceptions Index from 118th in 2007 to 152nd in 2011. [4] Ukraine is clearly going in the wrong direction and European leaders need to stand up and show that the will not allow this to continue.  [1] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, ‘2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Report’, U.S. Department of State, 8 April 2011.  [2] Karlekar, Karin Deutsch and Dunham, Jennifer, ‘Press Freedom in 2011: Breakthroughs and Pushback in the Middle East’, Freedom House, 2012, pp.7, 16.  [3] Luzio, Taras, ‘Ukraine, Like Russia, Is Becoming a ‘Virtual Mafia State’’, Atlantic Council, 1 March 2012.  [4] Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2011 , Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2007 . Europe, approval, regime, Viktor Yanukovych, 2010, democratic decline, constitutional changes, Orange Revolution, Yulia Timoshenko, political trials, media freedom, Freedom House, SBU, KGB, virtual mafia state, corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, European leaders, accountability, human rights, transparency Europe, approval, regime, Viktor Yanukovych, democracy, constitution, Orange revolution, presidency, Yulia Timoshenko, politically motivated trials, media freedom, press freedom, Freedom House, virtual mafia state, SBU, corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, Transparency International, human rights, Atlantic Council Europe, approval, regime, Viktor Yanukovych, power, democracy, constitutional changes, Orange Revolution, presidency, Yulia Timoshenko, politically motivated trials, media freedom, Freedom House, rankings, press freedom, Ukraine, neighbors, Russia, Belarus, virtual mafia state, SBU, KGB, elite, unaccountable, corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, European leaders, human rights, Transparency International Europe, approval, regime, Viktor Yanukovych, power, democratic decline, constitution, Orange revolution, presidency, opponents, Yulia Timoshenko, politically motivated trials, media freedom, press freedom, rankings, freedom house, neighbours, Russia, Belarus, virtual mafia state, SBU, KGB, elite, unaccountable, corrupt, Corruption Perceptions Index, European leaders, stand, human rights, Freedom House, Transparency International Europe, approval, regime, Viktor Yanukovych, 2010, democracy, constitutional changes, Orange Revolution, presidency power, Yulia Timoshenko, political trials, media freedom, press freedom, Freedom House, SBU, KGB, corruption, Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index, virtual mafia state, European leaders, human rights, political opposition, Ukraine, Russia, Belarus
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro02a	Savings can be used in other sections of medical care  The decreased cost of pharmaceuticals allows African states to focus on other aspects of medical schemes. Pharmaceuticals are not the only aspect in treatment, there needs to be sufficient staff, medical equipment and infrastructure [1] . These requirements cost money, which the savings made on pharmaceuticals provide. In Europe, 50% of dispensed medicines are generic yet they cost only 18% of pharmaceutical expenditure, with a similar model predicted for South Africa. This allows the state to focus on other aspects of medical schemes [2] .  [1] Ibid  [2] Health24, ‘South Africans embrace generic meds’ savings, medical care, decreased cost, pharmaceuticals, African states, medical schemes, staff, medical equipment, infrastructure, generic medicines, pharmaceutical expenditure, South Africa, Health24 savings, medical care, decreased cost, pharmaceuticals, African states, medical schemes, staff, medical equipment, infrastructure, generic medicines, pharmaceutical expenditure, South Africa, Health24 savings, medical care, pharmaceuticals, African states, medical schemes, staff, medical equipment, infrastructure, generic medicines, pharmaceutical expenditure, South Africa, Health24 Savings, medical care, decreased cost, pharmaceuticals, African states, medical schemes, staff, medical equipment, infrastructure, generic medicines, pharmaceutical expenditure, South Africa, Health24, generic meds savings, medical care, decreased cost, pharmaceuticals, African states, medical schemes, staff, medical equipment, infrastructure, generic medicines, pharmaceutical expenditure, South Africa, Health24
test-international-aegmeppghw-pro03a	"Turkey joining the EU would help the international fight against terrorism  Turkey is a key geo-political strategic ally to the West and should be integrated fully in order to ensure its continued cooperation. ""Turkey is a secular Muslim democracy and a crucial ally for the West. The eastern flank of NATO, straddling Europe and Asia, it played a critical role in containing the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In the 1990s, it helped monitor Saddam Hussein and protect Iraqi Kurds by permitting U.S. warplanes to use its bases. After the September 11, 2001, attacks, it became a staging area for coalition forces in Afghanistan, where Turkish forces eventually assumed overall command of the International Stabilization Force. Turkey continues to be a pivotal partner in the fight against al Qaeda and other terrorist groups, despite attacks by radical Islamists at home."" [1]  [1]  ‘Turkey’s Dreams of Accession’ by David Phillips, Foreign Affairs September/October 2004 Turkey, EU membership, terrorism, strategic ally, West, secular democracy, NATO, Cold War, Soviet Union, Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Kurds, September 11, coalition forces, Afghanistan, International Stabilization Force, al Qaeda, terrorist groups, radical Islamists, David Phillips, Foreign Affairs, Turkey’s Dreams of Accession Turkey, EU, terrorism, geo-political, ally, West, integrated, cooperation, secular, Muslim, democracy, NATO, Cold War, containment, Soviet Union, Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Kurds, September 11, coalition, Afghanistan, International Stabilization Force, al Qaeda, radical Islamists, pivotal, partnership Turkey, EU, international, terrorism, geo-political, strategic ally, West, integration, cooperation, secular, Muslim, democracy, ally, NATO, Cold War, Soviet Union, Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Kurds, U.S. warplanes, bases, September 11, 2001, coalition forces, Afghanistan, Turkish forces, International Stabilization Force, al Qaeda, terrorist groups, radical Islamists, pivotal partner, accession, David Phillips, Foreign Affairs Turkey, EU, international, terrorism, geo-political, strategic ally, West, integration, cooperation, secular, Muslim, democracy, NATO, eastern flank, Europe, Asia, Cold War, Soviet Union, 1990s, Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Kurds, September 11, 2001, coalition forces, Afghanistan, International Stabilization Force, al Qaeda, terrorist groups, radical Islamists, Dreams of Accession, David Phillips, Foreign Affairs Turkey, EU, international, terrorism, geo-political, strategic ally, West, secular, Muslim, democracy, NATO, Cold War, Soviet Union, Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Kurds, September 11, coalition forces, Afghanistan, International Stabilization Force, al Qaeda, terrorist groups, radical Islamists"
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-pro01a	Radical action needed for racial equality in South Africa  It is plain for all to see how unrepresentative rugby union in South Africa is. While there is not necessarily a deliberate policy of racism, it is very easy for biases to creep in. Across the division where the quotas will come in only about 6% of players are black, a number that should increase to 33%. [1] Quotas could help concentrate the mind to ensure that the best team is picked.  At grass roots level, there have been some cases of flat-out racial abuse of non-white players, including using racial terms that are particularly offensive in a South African context.  [1] Peacock, James, ‘Peter de Villiers says racial quotas are ‘waste of time’, BBC Sport, 15 August 2013, Radical action, racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, unrepresentative, racial quotas, racial bias, grass roots, racial abuse, Peter de Villiers, BBC Sport radical action, racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, unrepresentative, racial quotas, biases, player representation, grass roots, racial abuse, non-white players, offensive terms, Peter de Villiers, waste of time radical action, racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, unrepresentative, biases, quotas, player representation, grass roots, racial abuse, non-white players, offensive terms, Peter de Villiers, racial quotas, BBC Sport Radical action, racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, unrepresentative, biases, quotas, player representation, grass roots, racial abuse, non-white players, offensive terms, Peter de Villiers, waste of time racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, representation, quotas, bias, racial abuse, grass roots, Peter de Villiers, racial quotas, BBC Sport
test-science-eassgbatj-con03a	Testing is needed for really new drugs  The real benefit of animal testing is making totally new drugs, which is about a quarter of them. After non-animal and then animal tests, it will be tested on humans. The reason why the risk is low (but not non-existent) for these brave volunteers, is because of the animal tests.  These new chemicals are the ones most likely to produce improvements to people’s lives, because they are new. You couldn’t do research on these new drugs without either animal testing or putting humans at a much higher risk. Testing, new drugs, animal testing, human volunteers, drug development, non-animal tests, chemical improvements, research methods, human risk, pharmaceutical innovation Testing, new drugs, animal testing, human testing, drug development, chemical research, pharmaceutical research, drug safety, clinical trials, non-animal testing, risk assessment, volunteer safety, drug efficacy, medical advancements, ethical considerations new drugs, animal testing, human volunteers, risk reduction, chemical research, medical improvements, non-animal tests, drug development, pharmaceutical research, human safety Testing, new drugs, animal testing, human testing, non-animal testing, drug development, pharmaceutical research, chemical compounds, medical improvements, human volunteers, risk assessment, drug safety, ethical considerations, preclinical trials, clinical trials Testing, new drugs, animal testing, human testing, drug development, research, chemical compounds, risk assessment, medical improvements, ethical considerations
test-politics-oapghwliva-pro01a	The present system of earmarking in Congress is wide open to abuse. The party leaderships in each house can use the offer of pork, or the threat to withhold it to enforce party discipline. “Logrolling” occurs whereby an earmark is obtained in return for support on an unrelated piece of legislation. All this leads to legislators who put party above country and vote for bad legislation in pursuit of their own vested interest. They basically “are federal dollars that members of Congress dole out to favor seekers — often campaign donors. In the process, lawmakers advocate for the companies, helping them bypass the normal system of evaluation and competition.”1Forcing pork out in the open by making Congress vote to defend it after a Presidential line-item veto is the best way to remedy matters. Overall the President is more accountable to the people as a whole than individual representatives, and with their national mandate, more able to stand up to powerful interest groups.  1 David Heath and Hal Bernton, $4.5 million for a boat that nobody wanted, The Seattle Times, 15/10/07 , accessed 5/5/11 earmarking, Congress, abuse, party leadership, pork, logrolling, party discipline, bad legislation, vested interest, campaign donors, Presidential line-item veto, accountability, powerful interest groups, David Heath, Hal Bernton, Seattle Times earmarking, Congress, abuse, party leadership, pork, party discipline, logrolling, legislators, vested interest, federal dollars, campaign donors, evaluation, competition, Presidential line-item veto, accountability, national mandate, interest groups, David Heath, Hal Bernton, Seattle Times earmarking, Congress, abuse, party leadership, pork, party discipline, logrolling, lawmakers, vested interest, federal dollars, campaign donors, evaluation, competition, line-item veto, President, accountability, national mandate, interest groups, legislation, Seattle Times earmark, abuse, party discipline, logrolling, pork, vested interest, campaign donors, evaluation, competition, presidential line-item veto, national mandate, interest groups, accountability, legislation, congress, representative, president earmarking, Congress, abuse, party leadership, pork, logrolling, party discipline, federal dollars, vested interest, campaign donors, evaluation, competition, Presidential line-item veto, accountability, interest groups, legislation, national mandate, David Heath, Hal Bernton, Seattle Times
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro05a	Communities should have a say in what is taught in schools, and many communities want to teach creationism.  Society is made up of communities with their own views on politics, religion, education, etc. School boards should be able to set curriculum based on the desires of the public, not just on what the scientific elites command to be taught. Children deserve to hear that their beliefs and those of their community are respected in the classroom. This is why Creationism, a belief held to varying extents in many countries, should be taught in the classroom. This is particularly true in the United States, where in several states the majority of people does not accept evolution, but have instead adopted Creationism, considering the evidence for the latter to be more convincing. [1] In a poll in 2009 a majority (57%) said that creationism should be taught in schools either without evolution or alongside it. [2] The teaching of Creationism should not be taught exclusively, but should share time with other prevailing theories, particularly those of evolution and abiogenesis. Furthermore, evolution taught exclusively threatens religious belief, telling children they are no more than animals and lack the spark of grace given by God. It is important for social stability that schools are allowed to teach what communities believe to be true.  [1] Goodstein, Laurie. 2005. “Teaching of Creationism is Endorsed in New Survey”. New York Times.  [2] HarrisInteractive. 2009. “No Consensus, and Much Confusion, on Evolution and the Origin of Species.” BBC World News America/The Harris Poll, 18th February, 2009. communities, say, curriculum, creationism, school, boards, public, beliefs, respect, classroom, United, States, poll, evolution, abiogenesis, religious, social, stability, teaching, theories, animals, spark, grace, God, survey, endorsement, confusion, species, origin Communities, say, taught, schools, creationism, society, views, politics, religion, education, school boards, curriculum, public desires, scientific elites, children, beliefs, respected, classroom, United States, states, majority, people, poll, 2009, 57%, taught, evolution, Creationism, theories, abiogenesis, religious belief, social stability, allowed, teach, true communities, say, taught, schools, creationism, society, views, politics, religion, education, school, boards, curriculum, public, scientific, elites, children, beliefs, classroom, belief, countries, United, States, majority, people, accepted, evolution, poll, 2009, 57%, taught, alongside, theories, abiogenesis, social, stability, allowed, true Communities, say, taught, schools, creationism, society, views, politics, religion, education, school boards, curriculum, public, scientific elites, children, beliefs, respected, classroom, United States, states, majority, adopted, evidence, poll, 2009, 57%, alongside, exclusively, prevailing theories, evolution, abiogenesis, religious belief, social stability, true Communities, say, curriculum, creationism, society, views, politics, religion, education, school boards, public desires, scientific elites, children, beliefs, classroom, respect, United States, states, majority, evolution, adoption, Creationism, evidence, poll, 2009, 57%, teaching, exclusively, sharing, theories, abiogenesis, social stability, religious belief, animals, spark, grace, God, social cohesion, local values, educational freedom, public opinion, scientific theory, religious education, cultural values, teaching methods, school policy, community values, educational content, diversity, inclusion, alternative
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro04a	Being vegetarian reduces risks of food poisoning  Almost all dangerous types of food poisoning are passed on through meat or eggs. So Campylobacter bacteria, the most common cause of food poisoning in England, are usually found in raw meat and poultry, unpasteurised milk and untreated water. Salmonella come from raw meat, poultry and dairy products and most cases of escherichia coli (E-Coli) food poisoning occur after eating undercooked beef or drinking unpasteurised milk. [1]  Close contact between humans and animals also leads to zoonosis – diseases such as bird ‘flu which can be passed on from animals to humans. Using animal brains in the processed feed for livestock led to BSE in cattle and to CJD in humans who ate beef from infected cows.  [1] Causes of food poisoning, nhs.co.uk, 23rd June 2009 vegetarian, reduces, food, poisoning, Campylobacter, bacteria, Salmonella, E-Coli, raw, meat, poultry, unpasteurised, milk, untreated, water, dairy, undercooked, beef, zoonosis, bird, flu, BSE, CJD, livestock, humans, causes, NHS vegetarian, food poisoning, Campylobacter, Salmonella, E-Coli, raw meat, poultry, unpasteurised milk, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, CJD, cattle, human diseases, animal products, meat, eggs, dairy, processed feed, livestock, undercooked beef, untreated water, close contact, animals, humans, causes, NHS, 2009 vegetarian, food poisoning, meat, eggs, Campylobacter, Salmonella, E-Coli, raw meat, poultry, unpasteurised milk, untreated water, dairy products, beef, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, CJD, animal brains, processed feed, livestock, humans, causes, NHS vegetarian, food poisoning, risks, meat, eggs, Campylobacter, bacteria, food poisoning causes, England, raw meat, poultry, unpasteurised milk, untreated water, Salmonella, dairy products, E-Coli, undercooked beef, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, CJD, livestock, processed feed, cattle, humans, nhs.co.uk vegetarian, reduces, food, poisoning, meat, eggs, Campylobacter, bacteria, common, England, raw, poultry, unpasteurised, milk, untreated, water, Salmonella, dairy, Escherichia, coli, E-Coli, undercooked, beef, zoonosis, bird, flu, animals, humans, BSE, cattle, CJD, processed, feed, livestock, infected, causes, nhs, co, uk
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-con03a	Universities should exchange ideas not impose them  Of all possible institutions, for a university to suggest that it is not open to defending its ideas rather than insisting that they be artificially imported seems counter-intuitive. As Asian and European intellectual traditions increasingly interact as a result of economic interaction there are going to be clashes between and attempts to integrate the Confucian and Socratic approaches [i] . Part of that is the relationship between academia and the state. Western institutions seeking to establish themselves as a presence in Asia should at least be open to the idea that a different approach may have something to offer. After all a willingness to accept new ideas and attitudes is key to the ethic of any university – the assumption that such an exchange would only flow in one direction is astonishingly arrogant.  [i] This is true at every level, including simple things such as the approach taken by students to their studies. Inevitably, universities have responded to these in different ways in the two traditions.  Paton, Michael, ‘Asian Students, Critical Thinking and English as an Academic Lingua Franca’, Analytic teaching and philosophical praxis, Vol.32, No.1, pp.27-39 p.28 universities, exchange, ideas, impose, academic, traditions, Confucian, Socratic, integration, clashes, academia, state, Western, institutions, Asia, new, approaches, critical, thinking, English, lingua franca, students, studies, Paton, Michael, Analytic teaching, philosophical praxis universities, exchange, ideas, impose, Asian, European, intellectual, traditions, Confucian, Socratic, academia, state, Western, institutions, presence, Asia, new, attitudes, ethic, unidirectional, arrogant, students, studies, critical, thinking, English, academic, lingua, franca, Paton, Michael, teaching, philosophical, praxis universities, idea exchange, impose ideas, academic openness, Confucian approach, Socratic approach, intellectual traditions, cultural interaction, academic-state relationship, western institutions, asian academic presence, critical thinking, academic lingua franca, educational traditions, student approaches, academic integration, intellectual arrogance, academic ethics, idea flow, intellectual integration, university ethics, academic diversity, educational methods, cultural exchange, educational philosophy, academic dialogue, international education, academic freedom, intellectual humility, university mission, academic innovation, cultural sensitivity, academic patience, cross-cultural understanding, international students, academic adaptability, educational pluralism, academic influences, higher education trends universities, exchange ideas, impose ideas, academic openness, Confucian approach, Socratic approach, intellectual traditions, academia-state relationship, Western institutions, Asian presence, new ideas, academic attitudes, critical thinking, academic lingua franca, student studies, academic traditions, cultural integration, academic arrogance, international education, academic exchange, university ethics universities, exchange, ideas, impose, academic, traditions, Confucian, Socratic, interaction, integration, intellectual, approaches, academia, state, Western, institutions, Asia, presence, open, new, attitudes, ethic, unidirectional, arrogance, students, studies, critical, thinking, English, lingua franca, Paton, Michael, Analytic teaching, philosophical praxis
test-law-lghbacpsba-con01a	It supports the principle that everyone is entitled to a defence  In criminal, civil or commercial matters, it is important that everyone has equal access to the law. This ensures a fair and just system. In order to facilitate this principle, even those in the wrong need to know that what they say to their legal representative will not be used against them at a later date. It is this principle that provides equality in the court room and therefore the principle of client attorney privilege needs to be maintained. principle, entitled, defence, criminal, civil, commercial, matters, equal, access, law, fair, just, system, wrong, legal, representative, client, attorney, privilege, maintained, equality, courtroom principle, entitled, defence, criminal, civil, commercial, matters, equal, access, law, fair, just, system, facilitate, wrong, legal, representative, client, attorney, privilege, maintained, courtroom, equality client attorney privilege, legal representation, equal access to law, fair and just system, criminal matters, civil matters, commercial matters, defence entitlement, confidentiality, legal privilege, courtroom equality client attorney privilege, legal representation, equal access to law, fair and just system, criminal matters, civil matters, commercial matters, defence entitlement, legal privilege, courtroom equality, confidential communication, attorney-client confidentiality defence, equal access, law, fair, just system, client attorney privilege, legal representation, confidentiality, court room, principles of justice, legal rights, advocacy, legal counsel, professional secrecy, justice system, legal protection, representation equality, advocacy confidentiality
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro04a	Creationism is as valid a scientific theory as those of evolution and abiogenesis, and should therefore be given equal time in the classroom.  Creationism can be drawn as an entirely reasonable scientific hypothesis, and it forms a coherent theory of the origin and development of life that opposes the naturalist theories of abiogenesis and evolution. Abiogenesis describes the development of life from nonliving materials and evolution seeks to explain the development and diversity of life through a gradual process of mutation and natural selection, yet no one has ever demonstrated either process sufficiently in the laboratory. In the case of abiogenesis, all experiments to create an environment similar to the supposed prebiotic soup whence life first sprang have resulted in no new life forming. In the case of evolution, evolutionists consistently fail to show the development of new kinds of organisms [1] . While there is no doubt that some change occurs within species, such as the breeding of wolves into dogs, it appears to happen only within certain limited bounds. Certainly no experiment or study has shown evolution to be capable of explaining such huge diversity in the world of living things. Creationism, on the other hand, offers the explanation that abiogenesis and evolution cannot. The diversity of life and its origin are rationally explicable as the product of intelligent agency. This is not a statement of religious belief, but of scientific observation. Describing the nature of the designer, however, is another question all together, one that need not be answered in order to accept that there is such a designer.  [1] Wells, Jonathan. 2009. “Why Darwinism is False”. Discovery Institute. Creationism, evolution, abiogenesis, scientific theory, classroom, naturalist theories, origin of life, development of life, nonliving materials, mutation, natural selection, laboratory demonstration, prebiotic soup, new life formation, new kinds of organisms, species variation, breeding, wolves into dogs, intelligent agency, scientific observation, religious belief, Jonathan Wells, Darwinism, Discovery Institute Creationism, evolution, abiogenesis, scientific theory, classroom education, intelligent design, natural selection, prebiotic soup, mutation, diversity of life, experimental evidence, scientific observation, Jonathan Wells, Darwinism, biological development, nonliving materials, life origins, scientific hypothesis, naturalist theories, religious belief Creationism, evolution, abiogenesis, scientific theory, classroom, naturalist theories, origin of life, development of life, nonliving materials, mutation, natural selection, laboratory demonstration, prebiotic soup, new life formation, new kinds of organisms, intra-species change, biodiversity, intelligent agency, scientific observation, religious belief, Jonathan Wells, Darwinism, Discovery Institute creationism, evolution, abiogenesis, scientific theory, classroom education, naturalist theories, prebiotic soup, mutation, natural selection, experimental evidence, species diversity, intelligent agency, Darwinism, scientific observation, Jonathan Wells, Discovery Institute Creationism, evolution, abiogenesis, scientific theory, classroom, naturalist theories, prebiotic soup, mutation, natural selection, laboratory demonstration, new life forms, diversity of life, intelligent agency, scientific observation, Jonathan Wells, Darwinism, false, limited bounds, change within species, origin of life, designer, rational explanation, experimental evidence, educational content
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro02a	Reduce smoking  A ban on smoking in public places would help reduce the rates of people smoking, by making it appear socially unusual – people will have to leave enclosed public places to smoke, each time they want to smoke. This is particularly important in Africa which is at an early stage of the tobacco epidemic where it can be prevented from ever coming to be seen as being normal.  The ban both through the new obstacle and the change in norms could reduce smoking rates. In England, nine months after such a ban, the fall in smoking rates (such as with much of the Global North) accelerated 1 - it has been claimed by up to 400,000.  1 Daily Mail Reporter, “Smoking ban spurs 400,000 people to quit the habit”, Daily Mail, 4 July 2008, reduce smoking, public places, social norms, tobacco epidemic, smoking ban, africa, global north, england, smoking rates, health policy, tobacco control, public health, behavior change, quit smoking, daily mail reduce smoking, ban smoking, public places, social norms, tobacco epidemic, africa, smoking rates, england, global north, daily mail, quit smoking, smoking ban impact reduce smoking, ban on smoking, public places, social norms, tobacco epidemic, africa, prevention, smoking rates, england, global north, quitting smoking, daily mail reduce smoking, public places, smoking ban, social norms, tobacco epidemic, africa, prevention, obstacle, norms, smoking rates, england, global north, daily mail, quit smoking reduce smoking, public places ban, social norms, tobacco epidemic, africa, smoking rates, england, smoking ban, quit smoking, daily mail, public health, tobacco control, smoking cessation, societal change, health policy
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro04a	Unfair to apply same patent laws universally  It is unrealistic to expect poorer countries, such as those in Africa, to pay the same price as the developed world’s markets. Current patent laws for many countries dictate that prices for buying patented drugs should be universally the same. This makes it extremely difficult for African countries to purchase pharmaceuticals set at the market price of developed countries. In the US there are nine patented drugs which cost in excess of $200,000 [1] . To expect developing African states to afford this price is unfair and reinforces the exploitative relationship between the developed and developing world. Generic drugs escape this problem due to their universally low prices.  [1] Herper,M. ‘The World’s Most Expensive Drugs’ patent laws, poorer countries, Africa, drug prices, developed world, market price, pharmaceuticals, patented drugs, generic drugs, exploitation, developing states, drug affordability, Herper, expensive drugs, world's most expensive drugs, universal pricing, healthcare inequality, pharmaceutical pricing, economic disparity unfair, patent, laws, universally, poorer, countries, Africa, price, developed, world, markets, patent, laws, countries, prices, patented, drugs, African, countries, pharmaceuticals, market, price, developed, countries, US, patented, drugs, cost, expensive, developing, African, states, afford, price, unfair, reinforces, exploitative, relationship, developed, developing, world, generic, drugs, low, prices patent laws, poorer countries, Africa, drug prices, developed world, pharmaceuticals, market price, US, patented drugs, expensive, generic drugs, low prices, exploitative relationship, developing states patent laws, universal application, poorer countries, Africa, developed world, market price, pharmaceuticals, patented drugs, cost, US, generic drugs, low prices, exploitation, developing states, healthcare inequality unfair, patent, laws, universally, poorer, countries, Africa, price, developed, world, markets, pharmaceuticals, market, US, patented, drugs, cost, expensive, developing, states, afford, reinforces, exploitative, relationship, generic, low, prices, Herper, world's, most, Forbes
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-pro01a	Individual Freedom  Even if marriages are not made absolutely mandatory, covert family pressure can still propel people into unions where they will be unhappy. This is a form of restricted liberty as the consequences of people rebelling against arranged marriages can include being forced to leave home or suffering stigmatisation and reduced contact with family members. The stigma may also be the other way with the family feeling shame when their children reject their arrangements this in turn can lead to attempts at compulsion and even some cases like that of Shafilea Ahmed murder for the rejection of the marriage. [1] Clearly there is a thin line between arranged and forced marriages. Although things like stigmatisation are harder to police than physical intimidation or violence, it is only right that the state steps in to regulate these harms, giving people the legal mandate to challenge the practice as well as to discourage relatives from attempting it from the outset.  [1] Carter, Helen, ‘Shafilea Ahmed killed by parents for bringing shame on family, court hears’, guardian.co.uk, 21 May 2012, Individual Freedom, Covert Family Pressure, Unhappy Unions, Restricted Liberty, Rebellion, Arranged Marriages, Forced to Leave Home, Stigmatisation, Reduced Family Contact, Family Shame, Children Rejection, Compulsion, Shafilea Ahmed Murder, Thin Line, Arranged Marriages, Forced Marriages, State Regulation, Legal Mandate, Discourage Relatives, Physical Intimidation, Violence, Police, Harms Individual Freedom, Covert Family Pressure, Unhappy Unions, Restricted Liberty, Rebellion Consequences, Forced Leaving Home, Stigmatization, Reduced Family Contact, Family Shame, Children Rejection, Arranged Marriages, Forced Marriages, State Regulation, Legal Mandate, Physical Intimidation, Violence, Shafilea Ahmed, Murder, Honor Killing, Police Intervention, Social Stigma, Cultural Practices, Human Rights, Legal Protection, Family Dynamics, Intergenerational Conflict, Cultural Sensitivity, Public Policy, Legal Framework, Domestic Violence, Emotional Abuse, Societal Norms, Marriage Rights, Victim Support, Community Awareness, Judicial Individual Freedom, Covert Family Pressure, Arranged Marriages, Forced Marriages, Unhappiness, Restricted Liberty, Rebellion, Stigmatisation, Reduced Family Contact, Shame, Compulsion, Murder, Physical Intimidation, Violence, State Regulation, Legal Mandate, Harm Prevention, Shafilea Ahmed, Honor Killing, Helen Carter, Guardian, 2012 Individual Freedom, Covert Family Pressure, Unions, Unhappiness, Restricted Liberty, Rebellions, Arranged Marriages, Forced Leave, Stigmatisation, Reduced Family Contact, Family Shame, Children Rejection, Compulsion, Murder, Shafilea Ahmed, Thin Line, Arranged Marriages, Forced Marriages, State Regulation, Legal Mandate, Police, Physical Intimidation, Violence, Helen Carter, Guardian, Article, Legal Protections, Family Honor, Cultural Practices, Human Rights individual freedom, arranged marriages, family pressure, unhappy unions, restricted liberty, rebellion, leaving home, stigmatization, reduced family contact, family shame, children rejecting arrangements, compulsion, forced marriages, Shafilea Ahmed, murder, physical intimidation, violence, state intervention, legal mandate, discouraging practices
test-culture-mthbah-pro04a	Advertisements try to make people feel bad about not having the product  Many adverts do more than just advertising products. Some try to make people feel inferior if they don't have the product, or if they have something which the product would change. Perceptions of beauty and fashion in particular have been terribly distorted. Many young people have low self-esteem, and lead unhealthy lifestyles because they feel they should be thinner and more attractive like the models they see in adverts. This leads to serious problems like eating-disorders and self-harm. Research that proved this effect also concluded that 'the media can boost self-esteem (happiness with one's self) where it is providing examples of a variety of body shapes. However, it often tends to portray a limited (small) number of body shapes'1.  1 Skinny models 'send unhealthy message'. The Guardian. Advertisements, Inferiority, Self-Esteem, Body-Shapes, Skinny-Models, Eating-Disorders, Self-Harm, Media-Influence, Beauty-Perceptions, Fashion-Industry, Unhealthy-Lifestyles, Youth-Issues, Mental-Health, Media-Diversity, Body-Positivity advertisements, feel bad, not having product, inferiority, perceptions, beauty, fashion, distorted, young people, low self-esteem, unhealthy lifestyles, thinner, more attractive, models, adverts, serious problems, eating-disorders, self-harm, research, media, boost self-esteem, variety body shapes, limited body shapes, skinny models, unhealthy message, The Guardian advertisements, inferiority, product, self-esteem, body-image, eating-disorders, self-harm, media-influence, models, skinny, unhealthy-message, body-shapes, variety, distorted-perceptions, young-people, lifestyle, attractiveness, fashion, beauty, research, happiness, self-worth, portrayal, limited-representation advertisements, self-esteem, body-image, eating-disorders, self-harm, media-influence, skinny-models, unhealthy-message, beauty-standards, fashion-industry, psychological-effects, young-people, diverse-body-shapes, media-representation, health-awareness, societal-pressures, advertising-ethics, body-positivity, mental-health, media-impact, consumer-behavior advertisements, self-esteem, body-image, eating-disorders, self-harm, media-influence, beauty-standards, fashion-industry, skinny-models, unhealthy-message, body-shapes, young-people, lifestyle-impact, mental-health, media-representation
test-international-appghblsba-pro03a	Lesotho is in a dire condition and needs help from its closest ally  With about 40% of Basotho people living below the international poverty line [1] , Lesotho needs urgent help both from the economic and social perspective. A third of the population is infected with HIV and in urban areas; about 50% of the women under 40 have the virus. [2] There is a major lack of funding and corruption in the system is halting any progress. The Kingdom of Lesotho is clearly unable to deal with its issues and should be annexed by SA. Annexation is the only way in which the SA government is going to care about this enclave territory. Give Basotho citizenship and the right to vote in elections and they will be taken into consideration. Give SA the power to control and they will assume the responsibility for pulling the Basotho out of poverty, giving them a better social system and a country in which they can thrive. A simple look at the GDP per capita of each state shows the potential benefit to Lesotho and ability of SA to deliver. While Lesotho is stable at $1,700 per capita, SA has a GDP of $10,700 per person. Only by giving them full responsibility of the territory, the SA government is going to step in and make the necessary change.  [1] Human Development Reports, United Nations Development Project,   [2] The World Factbook, ‘Lesotho’, cia.gov, 11 March 2014, Lesotho, poverty, HIV, women, corruption, annexation, SA, citizenship, GDP, per capita, social system, Basotho, United Nations Development Project, The World Factbook, cia.gov Lesotho, poverty, HIV, economic issues, social issues, funding, corruption, annexation, South Africa, Basotho citizenship, voting rights, GDP per capita, United Nations Development Project, CIA World Factbook Lesotho, Basotho, poverty, HIV, funding, corruption, annexation, SA, citizenship, GDP, per capita, social system, United Nations Development Project, CIA World Factbook Lesotho, economic aid, social issues, poverty, Basotho people, HIV infection, women's health, funding, corruption, government responsibility, annexation, South Africa, citizenship, voting rights, GDP per capita, development, United Nations Development Project, The World Factbook, CIA, international poverty line, urban areas, social system, economic development, political responsibility, enclave territory, economic stability, social improvement, governance, economic disparity, health policy, international intervention, regional cooperation, humanitarian assistance, public health, economic reform, political reform, sustainable development, economic growth, economic integration, social welfare, political stability, international support Lesotho, poverty, HIV, corruption, annexation, South Africa, Basotho, citizenship, GDP, economic aid, social system, United Nations Development Project, CIA World Factbook
test-international-amehbuaisji-pro01a	The ICC is a force for good, and the all states should be seen to be standing fully behind it.  The International Criminal Court is a major breakthrough in providing a permanent and durable system that can effectively prosecute and independently try war criminals.  In the past there was no permanent framework for dealing with grave breaches of human rights protection, often allowing states to perform evil acts with impunity. Only for the very worst atrocities were special courts and tribunals set up. It should also act as a deterrent to future violations; it may not reduce conflict but will encourage states to keep a tighter rein on their militaries.  An attempt at a solution to the problem of enforcement of international criminal law is something to be applauded, for the same reason the criminal law on the domestic sphere is – it saves lives, protects human rights and provides civilization to what would otherwise be anarchy. ICC, International Criminal Court, states support, permanent system, prosecute, war criminals, human rights, impunity, special courts, tribunals, atrocities, deterrence, violations, conflict, militaries, enforcement, international criminal law, domestic law, lives, civilization, anarchy ICC, International Criminal Court, force for good, states support, permanent system, prosecute, independently try, war criminals, grave breaches, human rights protection, special courts, tribunals, deterrent, violations, reduce conflict, militaries, enforcement, international criminal law, criminal law, domestic sphere, saves lives, protects human rights, civilization, anarchy ICC, International Criminal Court, force for good, states support, permanent system, prosecute, independently try, war criminals, human rights protection, impunity, special courts, tribunals, atrocities, deterrent, violations, conflict reduction, militaries control, enforcement, international criminal law, domestic sphere, criminal law, saves lives, human rights, civilization, anarchy prevention ICC, International Criminal Court, force for good, states support, permanent system, prosecute, independently try, war criminals, past framework, human rights protection, impunity, special courts, tribunals, deterrent, future violations, conflict reduction, militaries control, enforcement, international criminal law, criminal law, domestic sphere, saves lives, protects human rights, civilization, anarchy prevention ICC, International Criminal Court, force for good, states support, permanent system, prosecute war criminals, independent trials, human rights protection, breaches, impunity, special courts, tribunals, atrocities, deter violations, reduce conflict, military control, enforcement international criminal law, criminal law, domestic sphere, saves lives, protects human rights, civilization, anarchy
test-international-sepiahbaaw-pro04a	Resources are a source of conflict  There is a strong connection between the presence of natural resources and conflict within Africa. Natural resources, especially those with a high commodity price such as diamonds, are a useful means of funding rebellions and governments [1] . The 1991 civil war in Sierra Leone became infamous for the blood diamonds which came from mines with forced slavery. These diamonds were used to fund the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) for eleven years, extending the blood-shed. Continued conflict in the Congo is also attributed to the control of mineral wealth [2] and exemplifies how resources have negatively impacted Africa.  [1] Pandergast, 2008,   [2] Kharlamov,I. ‘Africa’s “Resource Wars” Assume Epidemic Proportions’ Global Research 24 November 2014 resources, conflict, Africa, natural resources, commodity price, diamonds, blood diamonds, funding rebellions, governments, civil war, Sierra Leone, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, Congo, mineral wealth, impact, resource wars, epidemic proportions resources, conflict, Africa, natural resources, high commodity price, diamonds, funding, rebellions, governments, blood diamonds, forced slavery, civil war, Sierra Leone, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, eleven years, bloodshed, Congo, mineral wealth, control, negative impact, epidemics, resource wars resources, conflict, Africa, natural resources, high commodity price, diamonds, funding rebellions, governments, blood diamonds, Sierra Leone, civil war, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, Congo, mineral wealth, negative impact, resource wars, epidemic proportions natural resources, conflict, Africa, high commodity price, diamonds, funding rebellions, governments, blood diamonds, Sierra Leone, civil war, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, eleven years, Congo, mineral wealth, negative impact, resource wars, epidemic proportions resources, conflict, Africa, natural resources, high commodity price, diamonds, funding, rebellions, governments, blood diamonds, Sierra Leone, civil war, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, Congo, mineral wealth, negative impact, resource wars, epidemic proportions
test-culture-mmciahbans-con03a	Banning these is papering over the issue  It would be all too tempting for governments to consider that a ban on these products would sort out issues of skin tone discrimination as they would be hidden away from public view.  Class and race are both divisive issues, and are often inextricably linked. Those with lighter skin will still have advantages over those with darker skin hues. The banning of whiteners will simply reduce the ability of individuals to change how others perceive them. We can all agree that there needs to be less colourism but that has to be achieved by reducing prejudices. Only broader education on the issue of skin colour discrimination can achieve such a change. banning, papering, issue, government, ban, products, skin, tone, discrimination, hidden, public, view, class, race, divisive, linked, lighter, advantages, darker, whiteners, ability, change, perception, colourism, prejudices, education, change, skin, colour, discrimination banning, papering, issue, governments, ban, products, skin, tone, discrimination, hidden, class, race, divisive, linked, lighter, advantages, darker, whiteners, change, perception, colourism, prejudices, education, broader, change, achievement banning, skin, whiteners, discrimination, colourism, education, prejudice, class, race, advantages, lighter, darker, skin-tone, government, public, perception, change, issues, reduction, products, sorting, hiding, Derek, public-view, divisive, linked, individuals, ability, achieve, broader, issue, colour, reducing, prejudices, achieving, society, cultural, societal, norms, fairness, equality banning, papering, issue, governments, ban, products, sort, issues, skin, tone, discrimination, hidden, public, view, class, race, divisive, inextricably, linked, lighter, advantages, darker, whiteners, reduce, ability, change, perceived, colourism, achieved, reducing, prejudices, broader, education, skin, colour, discrimination, change banning, papering, issue, governments, products, skin, tone, discrimination, class, race, advantages, whiteners, perception, colourism, prejudices, education, change, public, view, reduction, perception, broader, achievement
test-international-bldimehbn-con01a	The job of a journalist is to report the world and events as they see them. Cultural sensibilities do not alter the fact that these events have happened.  It is difficult to see how a matter that is undeniably controversial on the international stage and impacts on the perception of the perpetrating government around the world could not be deemed newsworthy [1] . It should not be the responsibility of journalists to determine whether or not viewers and readers might find something of interest but, rather, to report events that have happened and that may have an impact on the lives of consumers either as individuals or as a nation. By that standard, these matters are clearly news.  News organisations and individual journalists do not report on military, political, financial or terrorist actions because they agree with them but do so because of their impact on the world in which their consumers live. Often the very stories which are the most important to report – and do so impartially – are those very stories that evoke strong feelings on both – or all – sides. Al Jazeera gained its reputation by being willing to go where other Arabic channels had not gone such as showing Israeli guests speaking Hebrew which shocked the Arab world. [2] It should be willing to do the same with gay issues.  [1] CNN. Hala Gorani. The Struggle for Gay Rights in the Middle East. June 02 2006.  [2] Yeginsu, Ceylan, ‘Al Jazeera English Fresh outlook from the Middle East’, Global Media Wars, journalist, report, world, events, cultural, sensibilities, controversial, international, perception, perpetrating, government, newsworthy, viewers, readers, impact, lives, individuals, nation, military, political, financial, terrorist, actions, agree, important, impartial, strong, feelings, sides, Al Jazeera, reputation, Arabic, channels, Israeli, guests, Hebrew, shocked, Arab world, gay issues, CNN, Hala Gorani, struggle, gay rights, Middle East, Yeginsu, Ceylan, Al Jazeera English, fresh outlook, Global Media Wars journalist, report, world, events, cultural, sensibilities, controversial, international, newsworthy, viewers, readers, military, political, financial, terrorist, impact, consumers, impartial, important, feelings, Al Jazeera, Arabic, channels, Israeli, guests, Hebrew, Arab world, gay issues, CNN, Hala Gorani, gay rights, Middle East, Ceylan Yeginsu, Al Jazeera English, fresh outlook, Global Media Wars journalist, report, world, events, cultural, sensibilities, controversial, international, newsworthy, responsibility, viewers, readers, impact, consumers, military, political, financial, terrorist, actions, impartial, important, feelings, Al Jazeera, reputation, Israeli, guests, Arabic, channels, gay, issues, CNN, Hala Gorani, Middle East, Ceylan Yeginsu, Global Media Wars journalist, report, world, events, cultural, sensibilities, controversial, international, newsworthy, responsibility, viewers, readers, impact, lives, individuals, nation, news, organizations, military, political, financial, terrorist, actions, agree, impartial, important, feelings, sides, Al Jazeera, reputation, Arabic, channels, Israeli, guests, Hebrew, Arab, world, gay, issues, CNN, Hala Gorani, struggle, gay rights, Middle East, Yeginsu, Ceylan, Al Jazeera English, fresh, outlook, Global Media Wars journalist, report, world, events, cultural, sensibilities, controversial, international, newsworthy, responsibility, viewers, readers, impact, consumers, military, political, financial, terrorist, actions, important, impartial, Al Jazeera, reputation, Arabic, channels, Israeli, guests, Hebrew, Arab world, gay issues, CNN, Hala Gorani, Middle East, gay rights, Ceylan Yeginsu, Global Media Wars
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-pro01a	Cultural relativism and adapting to conflict  The issues underlying all debates on child soldiers go to the very heart of intercultural justice, politics and governance. International and supranational legislation notwithstanding, the notion that children should be protected from all forms of violence at any cost is expressly western.  The facts stated in the introduction are not sufficient to support the creation of a defence of cultural relativism to charges of recruiting and using child soldiers. “Cultures” are not simply sets of practices defined by history and tradition. They are also methods of living, of survival and of ordering societies that change and develop in response to societies’ environments. Within many communities, children are inducted (or induct themselves) into military organisations as a result of necessity. The traditional providers of physical safety within a society may have been killed or displaced by war. Communities left vulnerable by long running and vaguely defined conflicts may have no other option but to begin arming their children, in order to help them avoid violent exploitation. A great many child soldiers in South Sudan actively sought out units of the rebel army known to accept child recruits [i] . Following the death of parents and the dispersal of extended families, children gravitated towards known sources of safety and strength – organisations capable of providing protection and independence within nations utterly distorted and ruined by conflict.  Western notions of inviolate childhood, free of worry and violence, are merely a cultural construct. This construct cannot be duplicated in societies beset by forms of privation and conflict that have been alien to western liberal democracies for the last seventy years. Attempting to enforce this construct as law- and as a form of law that can trump domestic legislation- endangers vulnerable communities, inhibits the creation of democratic norms and can even criminalise the children it claims to protect.  [i] “Raised by war: Child Soldiers of the Southern Sudanese Second Civil War”, Christine Emily Ryan, PhD Thesis, University of London, 2009 cultural relativism, conflict, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, western protection, violence, cultural practices, survival, society development, military induction, necessity, physical safety, war, vulnerable communities, armed children, protection, independence, inviolate childhood, cultural construct, privation, western democracies, domestic legislation, democratic norms, criminalisation cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, western protection, violence, cultural practices, survival, societal change, military induction, necessity, safety, conflict, South Sudan, rebellion, protection, independence, inviolate childhood, western construct, law, domestic legislation, vulnerable communities, democratic norms, criminalisation cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, western protection, violence, societal practices, survival, military organisations, conflict, South Sudan, rebel army, inviolate childhood, privation, western democracies, democratic norms, criminalisation, vulnerable communities cultural relativism, conflict adaptation, intercultural justice, politics, governance, child soldiers, western protection, violence, cultural practices, societal survival, military induction, safety provision, vulnerable communities, armed conflict, South Sudan, rebel army, childhood construct, privation, western democracies, law enforcement, democratic norms, criminalisation, protection laws, intercultural differences, legal enforcement, societal norms, child protection, conflict zones, cultural constructs, child recruitment, war impacts, societal change, survival methods, legal conflict, cultural methods, societal ordering, environmental adaptation, physical safety, societal vulnerability, long-term conflicts, child exploitation, Cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, western protection, violence, cultural practices, survival, societal change, military induction, physical safety, conflict, South Sudan, rebel army, childhood, western construct, privation, democratic norms, criminalisation, vulnerable communities
test-international-epglghbni-con02a	The majority of the inhabitants of Northern Ireland do not support unification  The Good Friday agreement affirmed “That if, in the future, the people of the island of Ireland exercise their right of self-determination … to bring about a united Ireland, it will be a binding obligation on both Governments [UK and Ireland] to introduce and support in their respective Parliaments legislation to give effect to that wish”.* However as yet the Northern Irish do not wish to exercise this right. In a recent survey conducted by The Northern Ireland Life and Times it transpired that, “Overall, 73 per cent believe the long-term policy for the North should be maintaining the union, with 58 per cent supporting devolution and 15 per cent in favour of direct rule. Just 16 per cent want a united Ireland, with 3 per favoring an independent Northern Ireland.” This is not just amongst the Protestant population. The survey also showed that, “just one in three Catholics (33 per cent) wants a united Ireland, while 52 per cent want the North to stay in the UK, with 46 per cent of Catholics happy with the devolved arrangements and 6 per cent favoring a return to direct rule from Westminster.”**  *NIO, 1998,   **Moriarty, 2011, Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, right of self-determination, united Ireland, UK government, Irish government, Northern Irish, survey, Northern Ireland Life and Times, union, devolution, direct rule, independent Northern Ireland, Protestant, Catholic, Moriarty, 2011, NIO, 1998 Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, union, devolution, direct rule, united Ireland, survey, Northern Ireland Life and Times, Protestant, Catholic, Moriarty, 2011, NIO, 1998 Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, United Kingdom, Irish Government, survey, Northern Ireland Life and Times, union, devolution, direct rule, united Ireland, Protestant, Catholic, Moriarty, 2011, NIO, 1998 Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, United Kingdom, Ireland, survey, Northern Ireland Life and Times, union, devolution, direct rule, united Ireland, Protestant, Catholic, Moriarty, 2011, NIO, 1998 Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, United Kingdom, Ireland, survey, Northern Ireland Life and Times, union, devolution, direct rule, united Ireland, Protestant, Catholic, Moriarty, 2011, NIO, 1998
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-con02a	Collisions are an example of violence that has no place in baseball.  Baseball is not a contact sport. It is not a sport that is supposed to rely on violence. This is one commentator’s point: “if you want to watch violent collisions, you can watch [American] football. Or hockey. Or MMA. There’s no reason baseball needs to have similar kinds of plays; it’s an entirely different sport with a different premise and different rules.” [1]  Baseball tries to make the game safe for its players. That’s why beanballs—pitches that endanger hitters—are disallowed. Baseball should not promote violence, and it certainly shouldn’t allow it when players’ careers hang in the balance.  [1] Dave Cameron, “It’s Time to End Home Plate Collisions,” FanGraphs, May 26, 2011,  . Collisions, Violence, Baseball, Contact Sport, American Football, Hockey, MMA, Safety, Players, Beanballs, Pitches, Endanger, Hitters, Home Plate Collisions, Dave Cameron, FanGraphs collisions, violence, baseball, contact sport, commentator, American football, hockey, MMA, safety, players, beanballs, pitches, endanger, hitters, disallowed, promote, players' careers, home plate collisions, Dave Cameron, FanGraphs baseball, violence, collisions, contact sport, football, hockey, MMA, safety, players, careers, beanballs, pitches, endanger, hitters, home plate collisions, Dave Cameron, FanGraphs collisions, violence, baseball, contact sport, American football, hockey, MMA, player safety, beanballs, career risk, home plate collisions, Dave Cameron, FanGraphs collisions, violence, baseball, contact sport, commentator, football, hockey, MMA, beanballs, player safety, career risk, home plate collisions, Dave Cameron, FanGraphs
test-education-pteuhwfphe-pro03a	A graduate tax would make access to higher education fairer and more equitable  A graduate tax would be fairer for everyone in society. Graduates earn considerably more than non-graduates, on average over £100,000 more in a lifetime (Channel 4 News, 2010.), experience lower rates of unemployment and greater job security, they therefore benefit hugely from higher education. They should therefore be expected to pay for the privilege of having an education which has put them in that position rather than having the rest of society fund there degrees, going to university should be an honor and not a privilege. While having a degree is useful it is not necessary for getting on with life, if someone wants to go to university they should have that opportunity regardless of their background but they should be expected to contribute to that education which is why the graduate tax works as students of all social classes can join university, not be loaded with debt and can contribute fiscally when viable. graduate tax, higher education, fairer, equitable, society, graduates, non-graduates, earnings, unemployment, job security, benefit, privilege, education, rest of society, university, honor, opportunity, background, social classes, debt, contribute, fiscally, viable graduate tax, higher education, fairer, equitable, society, graduates, non-graduates, earnings, unemployment, job security, benefit, privilege, education, rest of society, fund, degrees, honor, opportunity, background, social classes, university, debt, contribute, fiscally, viable graduate tax, higher education, fairness, equity, societal benefit, graduate earnings, unemployment rates, job security, education privilege, non-graduates, social funding, university access, social class, student debt, fiscal contribution, educational opportunity, background diversity graduate tax, higher education, fairness, equity, societal benefit, economic advantage, unemployment rates, job security, privilege, personal investment, lifetime earnings, social mobility, financial contribution, educational opportunity, social class, debt-free, fiscal responsibility graduate tax, higher education, fairness, equity, societal benefit, graduate earnings, unemployment rates, job security, education funding, social contribution, opportunity, social mobility, debt, fiscal contribution, social classes, university access
test-environment-assgbatj-pro03a	It isn’t necessary  We don’t know how we will be able to develop new drugs without animal testing until we end it. We now know how most chemicals work, and computer simulations of chemicals are very good.[6] Experimenting on tissue can show how drugs work, without the need for actual animals. Even skin left over from surgery can be experiment on, and being human, is more useful.  The fact that animal research was needed in the past isn’t a good excuse any more. We still have all the advancements from animal testing in the past, but it’s no longer needed. [7] animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experimentation, human skin samples, historical research benefits, unethical practices, modern alternatives, scientific advancement animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experimentation, human skin testing, historical advancements, ethical research methods, alternative testing, animal research ethics animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemicals, tissue experimentation, human skin, medical advancements, ethical research, alternative methods, animal research, past necessity, current irrelevance animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experimentation, human skin samples, past advancements, ethical research methods, non-animal alternatives, scientific progress, animal research necessity, modern medical techniques, pharmaceutical testing, humane science, laboratory practices, drug efficacy studies, animal welfare, research ethics, clinical trials, biomedical research animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical understanding, tissue experiments, human skin, past advancements, unnecessary research, ethical alternatives, scientific progression
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro04a	Terrorism is relative  The definition of terrorism depends very much upon your point of view - the proposition does not need to defend every atrocity against innocent civilians to argue that terrorism is sometimes justified. A broad definition would say terrorism was the use of violence for political ends by any group which breaks the Geneva Conventions (which govern actions between armies in wartime) or ignores generally accepted concepts of human rights. Under such a broad definition, states and their armed forces could be accused of terrorism. So could many resistance groups in wartime or freedom fighters struggling against dictatorships, as well as participants in civil wars - all irregular groups outside the scope of the Geneva Conventions.  A narrower definition would say that terrorism was the use of violence against innocent civilians to achieve a political end. Such a definition would allow freedom fighters and resistance groups with a legitimate grievance to use force against dictatorship and occupation, providing they only targeted the troops and other agents of oppression. Yet even this tight definition has grey areas - what if the soldiers being targeted are reluctant conscripts? Are not civilian settlers in occupied territories legitimate targets as agents of oppression? What about their children? Doesn't it make a difference if civilians are armed or unarmed? Don't civil servants such as teachers and doctors count as agents of an occupying or oppressive state?  There will always be grey areas that might be justified, under the broader definition most armed forces in history could be accused of terrorism particularly acts such as the bombing of cities during World War II. While under the narrower definition the various resisitance groups during the same war would count. Perhaps at a half way house would be independence movements including the American Revolution. terrorism, relative, definition, point of view, justification, violence, political ends, Geneva Conventions, human rights, states, armed forces, resistance groups, freedom fighters, dictatorships, civil wars, irregular groups, civilians, targets, oppression, settlers, children, armed, unarmed, civil servants, teachers, doctors, grey areas, World War II, bombing, cities, history, independence movements, American Revolution terrorism, relative, definition, point of view, violence, political ends, Geneva Conventions, human rights, states, armed forces, resistance groups, freedom fighters, dictatorships, civil wars, narrower definition, innocent civilians, force, oppression, grey areas, reluctant conscripts, civilian settlers, occupied territories, children, armed, unarmed, civil servants, teachers, doctors, occupying state, oppressive state, World War II, bombing, cities, resistance groups, independence movements, American Revolution terrorism, definition, point of view, justification, violence, political ends, Geneva Conventions, human rights, states, armed forces, resistance groups, freedom fighters, dictatorships, civil wars, narrower definition, innocent civilians, legitimate grievance, grey areas, reluctant conscripts, civilian settlers, occupied territories, armed civilians, civil servants, teachers, doctors, World War II, bombing of cities, independence movements, American Revolution terrorism, definition, point of view, justification, violence, political ends, Geneva Conventions, human rights, states, armed forces, resistance groups, freedom fighters, civil wars, innocent civilians, political end, grey areas, reluctant conscripts, civilian settlers, armed civilians, civil servants, bombing, World War II, independence movements, American Revolution terrorism, definition, point of view, justification, violence, political ends, Geneva Conventions, human rights, states, resistance groups, freedom fighters, civil wars, innocent civilians, dictatorship, occupation, grey areas, reluctant conscripts, civilian settlers, children, armed civilians, civil servants, World War II, bombing of cities, independence movements, American Revolution
test-economy-bhahwbsps-con01a	This ban would be difficult to enforce.  Given the popularity of smoking, a ban on smoking in all enclosed public places would be difficult to enforce, requiring constant vigilance by many police officers or security cameras. It has been reported that smoking bans are not being enforced in Yakima, Washington 1, Atlantic City2, Berlin 3and other places. In New York City, the major has said that the New York Police Department (NYPD) are too busy to enforce the ban on smoking in their parks and on their beaches, and that the job will be left to citizens4.  1. Guenthner, Hayley, 'Smoking Ban Difficult to Enforce in Yakima', KIMA TV, 1 April 2011,   2. Sajor, Stephanie, 'Smoking Ban Not Enforced at Atlantic City Casinos', ThirdAge.com, 25 April 2011,   3. AFP, 'Smoking Ban not Enforced in Parts of Germany', Spiegel Online, 2 July 2008,   4. 'NYC Smoking Ban In Parks Will Not Be Enforced By NYPD: Mayor', Huffington Post, 2 November 2011, smoking ban, enforcement, public places, police officers, security cameras, Yakima, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, NYPD, citizen enforcement, popularity of smoking, ban non-compliance, government resources, smoking regulations smoking ban, enforcement difficulties, public places, police officers, security cameras, Yakima, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, NYPD, citizen enforcement, ThirdAge.com, KIMA TV, Spiegel Online, Huffington Post ban, enforcement, difficulty, smoking, public places, police, security cameras, vigilance, popularity, smoking bans, Yakima, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, NYPD, parks, beaches, citizens, mayor, enforcement challenges, non-compliance ban, enforcement, smoking, public places, police, security cameras, vigilance, Yakima, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, NYPD, parks, beaches, citizens ban enforcement, smoking ban, public places, police officers, security cameras, Yakima, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, NYPD, citizen enforcement, ThirdAge.com, KIMA TV, Spiegel Online, Huffington Post
test-law-lgplhbssbco-con03a	We are all dying  Death is an inevitable fact of life. We will all die. Suicide is therefore not a matter of choosing between life and death per se, but of choosing the time and manner of death one wishes. We would all prefer a painless death over a slow and agonising one, and it is better to be able to prepare oneself and if possible anyone else who will be affected, so why should the difference between the two be a matter of luck and not one of choice? death, inevitable, suicide, choice, painless, preparation, morality, euthanasia, suffering, dignity death, inevitable, suicide, choice, painless, preparation, affected, luck, morality, euthanasia, terminal, suffering, dignity, right-to-die death, inevitable, suicide, choice, painless, preparation, affected, luck death, inevitable, suicide, choice, painless, preparation, affected, luck, morality, euthanasia, suffering, dignity death, inevitability, suicide, choice, time, manner, painless, agonising, preparation, impact, luck, morality, euthanasia, end-of-life, decision-making, suffering, dignity, terminal, control, philosophical, ethical, legal, palliative, care, quality, life, debate, human, rights, autonomy
test-science-eassgbatj-con02a	People will die if we don’t do animal testing  Every year, 23 new drugs are introduced in the UK alone.[13] Almost all will be tested on animals. A new drug will be used for a long time. Think of all the people saved by the use of penicillin. If drugs cost more to test, that means drug companies will develop less. This means more people suffering and dying animal testing, drug development, drug testing, new drugs, UK, penicillin, cost of testing, drug companies, medical research, patient safety, treatment availability, public health animal testing, drug development, UK, new drugs, penicillin, drug cost, drug companies, patient safety, medical research, pharmaceutical industry, animal welfare, human health, regulations, ethics, alternatives to animal testing, clinical trials, drug efficacy, drug safety, public health, disease treatment, innovation in medicine animal testing, drug development, UK drugs, drug cost, penicillin, human benefits, medical research, animal welfare, drug efficacy, pharmaceutical industry, patient safety, drug testing methods, alternative testing, drug approval process, health advancements, ethical considerations, medical ethics, drug accessibility, treatment availability, public health, medical innovation animal testing, drug development, drug costs, human lives, penicillin, UK drug introduction, drug testing alternatives, medical research, pharmaceutical industry, drug efficacy, patient safety, healthcare innovation, ethical considerations, animal welfare, clinical trials, regulatory requirements, drug availability, public health, treatment access, medical ethics animal testing, drug development, human safety, pharmaceutical costs, drug efficacy, medical research, penicillin, drug approval, healthcare innovation, patient outcomes, drug testing, animal welfare, human health, medical ethics, drug availability, treatment access, research ethics, healthcare economics, morality in medicine, drug regulation
test-international-aegmeppghw-pro04a	Any country that fulfils the accession criteria should be allowed to join  Turkey was promised a chance to join the EU by a unanimous vote at the Helsinki summit in 1999, when its candidacy was unanimously accepted after three decades of consistent Turkish requests. As a candidate country Turkey should be allowed in once it meets the membership criteria which were first set out in the Copenhagen European Council of 1993. These were stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union and the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic &amp; monetary union. [1] Clearly economic and political reforms are necessary, but that is true of all states attempting to join the EU and should not be used as an excuse to backtrack now. It would be hypocritical to apply one set of criteria to Central and Eastern European states and another to Turkey. Such blatant hypocrisy would have consequences, if the EU is seen to break its promise to Turkey it may turn a potential friend and partner into a suspicious and hostile neighbour.  [1]  European Commission Enlargement, Accession criteria, 30th October 2010 Turkey, EU, accession criteria, Helsinki summit, Copenhagen criteria, democracy, rule of law, human rights, market economy, political reforms, economic reforms, Central and Eastern European states, hypocrisy, consequences, partnership, neighbour, European Commission, enlargement, candidacy, membership obligations, political union, economic union, monetary union, competitive pressure, market forces, institutions stability, minorities protection, consistent requests, unanimous vote, promise, backtracking, suspicion, hostility, potential friend, breaking promise, international relations, European integration, candidacy acceptance, membership criteria, political criteria, economic criteria, social criteria, legal criteria, institutional criteria, market economy capacity, EU accession, Turkey, Helsinki summit, Copenhagen criteria, democracy, rule of law, human rights, market economy, political reforms, economic reforms, EU membership, hypocrisy, Central and Eastern European states, EU promises, potential ally, hostile neighbor Turkey, EU, accession criteria, Copenhagen criteria, Helsinki summit, candidacy, membership, democracy, rule of law, human rights, market economy, political reforms, Central and Eastern European states, hypocrisy, consequences, partnership, neighbor Turkey, EU, accession criteria, Helsinki summit, 1999, candidacy, Copenhagen European Council, 1993, democracy, rule of law, human rights, market economy, political reforms, economic reforms, Central and Eastern European states, hypocrisy, promise, consequences, suspicious, hostile, European Commission, Enlargement accession criteria, Turkey, EU membership, Helsinki summit, candidacy acceptance, Copenhagen criteria, stability, democracy, rule of law, human rights, market economy, competitive pressure, obligations of membership, political union, economic union, monetary union, economic reforms, political reforms, EU enlargement, Central and Eastern European states, EU promise, consequences, potential friend, suspicious neighbour, European Commission, enlargement policy
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-pro02a	Broadening participation  The talent pool in South African rugby is not as racially diverse as one would expect from the “Rainbow Nation” – some commentators have argued that England and France produce more top level black players than South Africa [1] . This is because top level players are a result of development from the grassroots up.  Targets or quotas could not only improve the talent pool of today, but could broaden it for the future. A new generation of youth across all races in South Africa would be able to see that rugby union is a sport that accepts people from their backgrounds, making them more likely to participate in rugby union, either as players, coaches, referees or as a general part of the rugby fraternity.  [1] Blackwell, James, ‘South African Rugby Quotas – Right or Wrong?’, Sporting Mad, 16 September 2013, South African rugby, racial diversity, talent pool, Rainbow Nation, England, France, top level players, grassroots development, quotas, targets, youth participation, rugby union, racial quotas, sports development, James Blackwell, Sporting Mad Broadening participation, racial diversity, South African rugby, talent pool, Rainbow Nation, England, France, top level black players, grassroots development, targets, quotas, youth participation, rugby union, racial acceptance, sports fraternity, James Blackwell, South African Rugby Quotas, Sporting Mad Broadening participation,Racial diversity,South African rugby,Rainbow Nation,Top level players,Grassroots development,Targets,Quotas,Talent pool,Youth participation,Rugby union,Black players,England,France,Sporting inclusion,Rugby fraternity Broadening participation,South African rugby,racial diversity,Rainbow Nation,England,France,top level black players,grassroots development,targets,quotas,talent pool,youth involvement,rugby union,player background,coaches,referees,rugby fraternity Broadening participation,Racial diversity,South African rugby,Rainbow Nation,Top level players,Grassroots development,Targets,Quotas,Talent pool,Diverse backgrounds,Youth engagement,Rugby union,Race in sport,Sport inclusivity,James Blackwell,South African Rugby Union
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro03a	Vegetarianism is healthier  There are significant health benefits to 'going veggie'; a vegetarian diet contains high quantities of fibre, vitamins, and minerals, and is low in fat. (A vegan diet is even better since eggs and dairy products are high in cholesterol.) The risk of contracting many forms of cancer is increased by eating meat: in 1996 the American Cancer Society recommended that red meat should be excluded from the diet entirely. Eating meat also increases the risk of heart disease - vegetables contain no cholesterol, which can build up to cause blocked arteries in meat-eaters. An American study found out that: “that men in the highest quintile of red-meat consumption — those who ate about 5 oz. of red meat a day, roughly the equivalent of a small steak had a 31% higher risk of death over a 10-year period than men in the lowest-consumption quintile, who ate less than 1 oz. of red meat per day, or approximately three slices of corned beef.” [1] A vegetarian diet reduces the risk for chronic degenerative diseases such as obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and types of cancer including colon, breast, stomach, and lung cancer because of it's low fat/cholesterol content. There are plenty of vegetarian sources of protein, such as beans and bean curd; and spinach is one of the best sources of iron.  [1] Tiffany Sharples, ‘The Growing Case Against Red Meat’, Time, 23rd March 2009 vegetarianism, health benefits, going veggie, high fibre, vitamins, minerals, low fat, vegan diet, cholesterol, meat risks, cancer, American Cancer Society, red meat, heart disease, cholesterol buildup, blocked arteries, chronic degenerative diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, protein sources, beans, bean curd, spinach, iron Vegetarianism, health benefits, vegan diet, high fibre, vitamins, minerals, low fat, cholesterol, cancer risk, red meat, American Cancer Society, heart disease, cholesterol-free, blocked arteries, chronic degenerative diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, beans, bean curd, spinach, iron, protein sources, Time magazine, Tiffany Sharples, red meat consumption, health risks, vegetarian sources, plant-based nutrition, meat alternatives, healthy diet, cardiovascular health, cancer prevention, diet recommendations, nutritional benefits, plant-based diet, health studies, medical research, dietary choices, healthy eating, food and health, meat Vegetarianism, health benefits, vegan diet, cholesterol, red meat, American Cancer Society, heart disease, vegetables, cholesterol-free, cancer risk, degenerative diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, protein sources, beans, spinach, iron, Tiffany Sharples, Time Magazine Vegetarianism, health benefits, going veggie, vegan diet, high fibre, vitamins, minerals, low fat, cholesterol, red meat, American Cancer Society, heart disease, blocked arteries, chronic degenerative diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, protein sources, beans, bean curd, spinach, iron, Tiffany Sharples, Time Magazine, red meat consumption, health risks, meat-eaters, vegetarian sources, low cholesterol, nutritional benefits vegetarianism, health benefits, vegan diet, fibre, vitamins, minerals, low fat, meat, cancer, cholesterol, heart disease, arteries, red meat, death risk, chronic diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, protein sources, beans, bean curd, spinach, iron